1419 files changed, 35598 insertions, 28918 deletions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 52a431867c..854fdbf450 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ debug.log
 /railties/test/fixtures/tmp
 /railties/test/initializer/root/log
 /railties/doc
-/railties/guides/output
 /railties/tmp
+/guides/output
 /RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 68d5c594ae..c6f868498d 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 script: 'ci/travis.rb'
+before_install:
+  - gem install bundler
 rvm:
   - 1.9.3
 env:
   - "GEM=railties"
-  - "GEM=ap,am,amo,ares,as"
+  - "GEM=ap,am,amo,as"
   - "GEM=ar:mysql"
   - "GEM=ar:mysql2"
   - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 5bd9d4a215..0ce4541074 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -3,34 +3,38 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 gemspec
 
 if ENV['AREL']
-  gem 'arel', :path => ENV['AREL']
+  gem 'arel', path: ENV['AREL']
 else
-  gem 'arel'
+  gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
 end
 
-gem 'rack-test', :git => "https://github.com/brynary/rack-test.git"
+gem 'mocha', '>= 0.11.2', :require => false
+gem 'rack-test', github: "brynary/rack-test"
 gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.0.0'
 gem 'jquery-rails'
 
 if ENV['JOURNEY']
-  gem 'journey', :path => ENV['JOURNEY']
+  gem 'journey', path: ENV['JOURNEY']
 else
-  gem 'journey', :git => "git://github.com/rails/journey"
+  gem 'journey', github: "rails/journey"
+end
+
+if ENV['AR_DEPRECATED_FINDERS']
+  gem 'active_record_deprecated_finders', path: ENV['AR_DEPRECATED_FINDERS']
+else
+  gem 'active_record_deprecated_finders', github: 'rails/active_record_deprecated_finders'
 end
 
 # This needs to be with require false to avoid
 # it being automatically loaded by sprockets
-gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.0.3', :require => false
-
-gem 'rake', '>= 0.8.7'
-gem 'mocha', '>= 0.9.8'
+gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.0.3', require: false
 
 group :doc do
   # The current sdoc cannot generate GitHub links due
   # to a bug, but the PR that fixes it has been there
   # for some weeks unapplied. As a temporary solution
   # this is our own fork with the fix.
-  gem 'sdoc',  :git => 'git://github.com/fxn/sdoc.git'
+  gem 'sdoc',  github: 'fxn/sdoc'
   gem 'RedCloth', '~> 4.2'
   gem 'w3c_validators'
 end
@@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ instance_eval File.read local_gemfile if File.exists? local_gemfile
 
 platforms :mri do
   group :test do
-    gem 'ruby-prof'
+    gem 'ruby-prof', '~> 0.11.2'
   end
 end
 
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ platforms :ruby do
   gem 'nokogiri', '>= 1.4.5'
 
   # AR
-  gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.5'
+  gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.6'
 
   group :db do
     gem 'pg', '>= 0.11.0'
@@ -84,9 +88,9 @@ if ENV['ORACLE_ENHANCED_PATH'] || ENV['ORACLE_ENHANCED']
     gem 'ruby-oci8', '>= 2.0.4'
   end
   if ENV['ORACLE_ENHANCED_PATH']
-    gem 'activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter', :path => ENV['ORACLE_ENHANCED_PATH']
+    gem 'activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter', path: ENV['ORACLE_ENHANCED_PATH']
   else
-    gem 'activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter', :git => 'git://github.com/rsim/oracle-enhanced.git'
+    gem 'activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter', github: 'rsim/oracle-enhanced'
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/README.rdoc b/README.rdoc
index 78640b39aa..c9fb595efb 100644
--- a/README.rdoc
+++ b/README.rdoc
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ can read more about Action Pack in its {README}[link:/rails/rails/blob/master/ac
 
     cd myapp; rails server
 
-   Run with <tt>--help</tt> for options.
+   Run with <tt>--help</tt> or <tt>-h</tt> for options.
 
 4. Go to http://localhost:3000 and you'll see:
 
diff --git a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc b/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
index 7a77f9bba2..bdf0ffc2d0 100644
--- a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
+++ b/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ You can do this, or ask the security team to do it.
 Email the security reports to:
 
 * rubyonrails-security@googlegroups.com
-* linux-distros@vs.openwall.org
+* oss-security@lists.openwall.com
 
 Be sure to note the security fixes in your announcement along with CVE numbers
 and links to each patch.  Some people may not be able to upgrade right away,
diff --git a/Rakefile b/Rakefile
index 03b8a952c3..21eb60bbe1 100755..100644
--- a/Rakefile
+++ b/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rake
-
 require 'rdoc/task'
 require 'sdoc'
 require 'net/http'
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@ task :build => "all:build"
 desc "Release all gems to gemcutter and create a tag"
 task :release => "all:release"
 
-PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionmailer activeresource activerecord railties)
+PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionmailer activerecord railties)
 
 desc 'Run all tests by default'
 task :default => %w(test test:isolated)
@@ -109,11 +107,6 @@ RDoc::Task.new do |rdoc|
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('activerecord/lib/active_record/**/*.rb')
   rdoc.rdoc_files.exclude('activerecord/lib/active_record/vendor/*')
 
-  rdoc.rdoc_files.include('activeresource/README.rdoc')
-  rdoc.rdoc_files.include('activeresource/CHANGELOG.md')
-  rdoc.rdoc_files.include('activeresource/lib/active_resource.rb')
-  rdoc.rdoc_files.include('activeresource/lib/active_resource/*')
-
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('actionpack/README.rdoc')
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('actionpack/CHANGELOG.md')
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/**/*.rb')
@@ -157,7 +150,6 @@ task :update_versions do
     "activemodel"     => "ActiveModel",
     "actionpack"      => "ActionPack",
     "actionmailer"    => "ActionMailer",
-    "activeresource"  => "ActiveResource",
     "activerecord"    => "ActiveRecord",
     "railties"        => "Rails"
   }
diff --git a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
index da5d5c4086..96cfb43e0b 100644
--- a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,6 +1,29 @@
 ## Rails 4.0.0 (unreleased) ##
 
-*   No changes
+* Allow to set default Action Mailer options via `config.action_mailer.default_options=` *Robert Pankowecki*
+
+* Raise an `ActionView::MissingTemplate` exception when no implicit template could be found. *Damien Mathieu*
+
+* Asynchronously send messages via the Rails Queue *Brian Cardarella*
+
+## Rails 3.2.5 (Jun 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.4 (May 31, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.3 (March 30, 2012) ##
+
+*   Upgrade mail version to 2.4.3 *ML*
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.2 (March 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
 
 
 ## Rails 3.2.1 (January 26, 2012) ##
@@ -128,6 +151,7 @@
 *   Mail does not have "quoted_body", "quoted_subject" etc.  All of these are accessed via body.encoded, subject.encoded etc
 
 *   Every object in a Mail object returns an object, never a string.  So Mail.body returns a Mail::Body class object, need to call #encoded or #decoded to get the string you want.
+
 *   Mail::Message#set_content_type does not exist, it is simply Mail::Message#content_type
 
 *   Every mail message gets a unique message_id unless you specify one, had to change all the tests that check for equality with expected.encoded == actual.encoded to first replace their message_ids with control values
diff --git a/actionmailer/README.rdoc b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
index 755717cfba..cf10bfffdb 100644
--- a/actionmailer/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ the email.
 This can be as simple as:
 
   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
-    delivers_from 'system@loudthinking.com'
+    default from: 'system@loudthinking.com'
 
     def welcome(recipient)
       @recipient = recipient
-      mail(:to => recipient,
-           :subject => "[Signed up] Welcome #{recipient}")
+      mail(to: recipient,
+           subject: "[Signed up] Welcome #{recipient}")
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/Rakefile b/actionmailer/Rakefile
index 8f5aeb9603..c1c4171cdf 100755..100644
--- a/actionmailer/Rakefile
+++ b/actionmailer/Rakefile
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rake
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rake/packagetask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
diff --git a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
index f03240acb1..0c669e2e91 100644
--- a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
+++ b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Email composition, delivery, and receiving framework (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Email on Rails. Compose, deliver, receive, and test emails using the familiar controller/view pattern. First-class support for multipart email and attachments.'
   s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.license     = 'MIT'
 
   s.author            = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
   s.email             = 'david@loudthinking.com'
@@ -17,5 +18,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.requirements << 'none'
 
   s.add_dependency('actionpack',  version)
-  s.add_dependency('mail',        '~> 2.4.3')
+  s.add_dependency('mail',        '~> 2.4.4')
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
index 1045dd58ef..e45a1cd5ff 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@
 # WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 #++
 
-actionpack_path = File.expand_path('../../../actionpack/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(actionpack_path) if File.directory?(actionpack_path) && !$:.include?(actionpack_path)
-
 require 'abstract_controller'
 require 'action_view'
 require 'action_mailer/version'
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/async.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/async.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a364342745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/async.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require 'delegate'
+
+module ActionMailer
+  module Async
+    def method_missing(method_name, *args)
+      if action_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
+        QueuedMessage.new(queue, self, method_name, *args)
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def queue
+      Rails.queue
+    end
+
+    class QueuedMessage < ::Delegator
+      attr_reader :queue
+
+      def initialize(queue, mailer_class, method_name, *args)
+        @queue        = queue
+        @mailer_class = mailer_class
+        @method_name  = method_name
+        @args         = args
+      end
+
+      def __getobj__
+        @actual_message ||= @mailer_class.send(:new, @method_name, *@args).message
+      end
+
+      def run
+        __getobj__.deliver
+      end
+
+      # Will push the message onto the Queue to be processed
+      def deliver
+        @queue << self
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index 1800ff5839..150d435140 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'action_mailer/collector'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'action_mailer/log_subscriber'
 
 module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
@@ -14,15 +15,15 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
   #
   #   $ rails generate mailer Notifier
   #
-  # The generated model inherits from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. Emails are defined by creating methods
-  # within the model which are then used to set variables to be used in the mail template, to
-  # change options on the mail, or to add attachments.
+  # The generated model inherits from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. A mailer model defines methods
+  # used to generate an email message. In these methods, you can setup variables to be used in
+  # the mailer views, options on the mail itself such as the <tt>:from</tt> address, and attachments.
   #
   # Examples:
   #
   #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
   #     default :from => 'no-reply@example.com',
-  #            :return_path => 'system@example.com'
+  #             :return_path => 'system@example.com'
   #
   #     def welcome(recipient)
   #       @account = recipient
@@ -183,6 +184,16 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
   # and the second being a <tt>application/pdf</tt> with a Base64 encoded copy of the file.pdf book
   # with the filename +free_book.pdf+.
   #
+  # If you need to send attachments with no content, you need to create an empty view for it,
+  # or add an empty body parameter like this:
+  #
+  #     class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #       def welcome(recipient)
+  #         attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
+  #         mail(:to => recipient, :subject => "New account information", :body => "")
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #
   # = Inline Attachments
   #
   # You can also specify that a file should be displayed inline with other HTML. This is useful
@@ -267,6 +278,38 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
   # set something in the defaults using a proc, and then set the same thing inside of your
   # mailer method, it will get over written by the mailer method.
   #
+  # It is also possible to set these default options that will be used in all mailers through
+  # the <tt>default_options=</tt> configuration in <tt>config/application.rb</tt>:
+  #
+  #    config.action_mailer.default_options = { from: "no-reply@example.org" }
+  #
+  # = Callbacks
+  #
+  # You can specify callbacks using before_filter and after_filter for configuring your messages.
+  # This may be useful, for example, when you want to add default inline attachments for all
+  # messages sent out by a certain mailer class:
+  #
+  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #     before_filter :add_inline_attachment!
+  #
+  #     def welcome
+  #       mail
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     private
+  #
+  #       def add_inline_attachment!
+  #         attachments.inline["footer.jpg"] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Callbacks in ActionMailer are implemented using AbstractController::Callbacks, so you
+  # can define and configure callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in
+  # classes that inherit from ActionController::Base.
+  #
+  # Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer using before_filter
+  # rather than after_filter in your ActionMailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
+  #
   # = Configuration options
   #
   # These options are specified on the class level, like
@@ -310,7 +353,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
   #
   # * <tt>delivery_method</tt> - Defines a delivery method. Possible values are <tt>:smtp</tt> (default),
   #   <tt>:sendmail</tt>, <tt>:test</tt>, and <tt>:file</tt>. Or you may provide a custom delivery method
-  #   object eg. MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass.new. See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to
+  #   object e.g. MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass. See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to
   #   implement for a custom delivery agent.
   #
   # * <tt>perform_deliveries</tt> - Determines whether emails are actually sent from Action Mailer when you
@@ -330,6 +373,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
     include AbstractController::Helpers
     include AbstractController::Translation
     include AbstractController::AssetPaths
+    include AbstractController::Callbacks
 
     self.protected_instance_variables = [:@_action_has_layout]
 
@@ -373,7 +417,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def mailer_name
-        @mailer_name ||= name.underscore
+        @mailer_name ||= anonymous? ? "anonymous" : name.underscore
       end
       attr_writer :mailer_name
       alias :controller_path :mailer_name
@@ -382,6 +426,10 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
         self.default_params = default_params.merge(value).freeze if value
         default_params
       end
+      # Allows to set defaults through app configuration:
+      #
+      #    config.action_mailer.default_options = { from: "no-reply@example.org" }
+      alias :default_options= :default
 
       # Receives a raw email, parses it into an email object, decodes it,
       # instantiates a new mailer, and passes the email object to the mailer
@@ -417,6 +465,19 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
         super || action_methods.include?(method.to_s)
       end
 
+      # Will force ActionMailer to push new messages to the queue defined
+      # in the ActionMailer class when set to true.
+      #
+      #   class WelcomeMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      #     self.async = true
+      #   end
+      def async=(truth)
+        if truth
+          require 'action_mailer/async'
+          extend ActionMailer::Async
+        end
+      end
+
     protected
 
       def set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail) #:nodoc:
@@ -458,7 +519,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
       self.class.mailer_name
     end
 
-    # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new +Mail::Message+ object
+    # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object
     # which will add them to itself.
     #
     #   headers['X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header'] = "SecretValue"
@@ -469,7 +530,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
     #   headers 'X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header' => "SecretValue",
     #           'In-Reply-To' => incoming.message_id
     #
-    # The resulting Mail::Message will have the following in it's header:
+    # The resulting Mail::Message will have the following in its header:
     #
     #   X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header: SecretValue
     def headers(args=nil)
@@ -569,8 +630,10 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # Will look for all templates at "app/views/notifier" with name "welcome". However, those
-    # can be customized:
+    # Will look for all templates at "app/views/notifier" with name "welcome".
+    # If no welcome template exists, it will raise an ActionView::MissingTemplate error.
+    #
+    # However, those can be customized:
     #
     #   mail(:template_path => 'notifications', :template_name => 'another')
     #
@@ -668,7 +731,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
     # If it does not find a translation for the +subject+ under the specified scope it will default to a
     # humanized version of the <tt>action_name</tt>.
     def default_i18n_subject #:nodoc:
-      mailer_scope = self.class.mailer_name.gsub('/', '.')
+      mailer_scope = self.class.mailer_name.tr('/', '.')
       I18n.t(:subject, :scope => [mailer_scope, action_name], :default => action_name.humanize)
     end
 
@@ -704,7 +767,11 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
 
     def each_template(paths, name, &block) #:nodoc:
       templates = lookup_context.find_all(name, Array(paths))
-      templates.uniq { |t| t.formats }.each(&block)
+      if templates.empty?
+        raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new([paths], name, [paths], false, 'mailer')
+      else
+        templates.uniq { |t| t.formats }.each(&block)
+      end
     end
 
     def create_parts_from_responses(m, responses) #:nodoc:
@@ -729,4 +796,3 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_mailer, self)
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/collector.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/collector.rb
index 17b22aea2a..b8d1db9558 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/collector.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/collector.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
 
     def any(*args, &block)
       options = args.extract_options!
-      raise "You have to supply at least one format" if args.empty?
+      raise ArgumentError, "You have to supply at least one format" if args.empty?
       args.each { |type| send(type, options.dup, &block) }
     end
     alias :all :any
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
index d1467fb526..3b38dbccc7 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ module ActionMailer
         when NilClass
           raise "Delivery method cannot be nil"
         when Symbol
-          if klass = delivery_methods[method.to_sym]
+          if klass = delivery_methods[method]
             mail.delivery_method(klass, send(:"#{method}_settings"))
           else
             raise "Invalid delivery method #{method.inspect}"
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
index aaa1f79732..edcfb4233d 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= class_name %> < ActionMailer::Base
-  default <%= key_value :from, '"from@example.com"' %>
+  default from: "from@example.com"
 <% actions.each do |action| -%>
 
   # Subject can be set in your I18n file at config/locales/en.yml
   # with the following lookup:
   #
-  #   en.<%= file_path.gsub("/",".") %>.<%= action %>.subject
+  #   en.<%= file_path.tr("/",".") %>.<%= action %>.subject
   #
   def <%= action %>
     @greeting = "Hi"
 
-    mail <%= key_value :to, '"to@example.org"' %>
+    mail to: "to@example.org"
   end
 <% end -%>
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 3a519253f9..99c44179fd 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,4 @@
-# Pathname has a warning, so require it first while silencing
-# warnings to shut it up.
-#
-# Also, in 1.9, Bundler creates warnings due to overriding
-# Rubygems methods
-begin
-  old, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
-  require 'pathname'
-  require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
-ensure
-  $VERBOSE = old
-end
-
+require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 
 # These are the normal settings that will be set up by Railties
@@ -20,9 +8,6 @@ silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_external = "UTF-8"
 end
 
-lib = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../lib")
-$:.unshift(lib) unless $:.include?('lib') || $:.include?(lib)
-
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'action_mailer'
 require 'action_mailer/test_case'
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
index 65550ab505..4ed332d13d 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'set'
+
 require 'active_support/time'
 
 require 'mailers/base_mailer'
 require 'mailers/proc_mailer'
 require 'mailers/asset_mailer'
+require 'mailers/async_mailer'
+require 'rails/queueing'
 
 class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def teardown
@@ -417,6 +421,26 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal(1, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
   end
 
+  def stub_queue(klass, queue)
+    Class.new(klass) {
+      extend Module.new {
+        define_method :queue do
+          queue
+        end
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "delivering message asynchronously" do
+    testing_queue = Rails::Queueing::TestQueue.new
+    AsyncMailer.delivery_method = :test
+    AsyncMailer.deliveries.clear
+    stub_queue(AsyncMailer, testing_queue).welcome.deliver
+    assert_equal(0, AsyncMailer.deliveries.length)
+    testing_queue.drain
+    assert_equal(1, AsyncMailer.deliveries.length)
+  end
+
   test "calling deliver, ActionMailer should yield back to mail to let it call :do_delivery on itself" do
     mail = Mail::Message.new
     mail.expects(:do_delivery).once
@@ -431,6 +455,14 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal("TEXT Implicit Multipart", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
+  test "should raise if missing template in implicit render" do
+    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
+    assert_raises ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('missing_template').deliver
+    end
+    assert_equal(0, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
+  end
+
   test "you can specify a different template for explicit render" do
     mail = BaseMailer.explicit_different_template('explicit_multipart_templates').deliver
     assert_equal("HTML Explicit Multipart Templates", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
@@ -550,6 +582,52 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal("Thanks for signing up this afternoon", mail.subject)
   end
 
+  test "modifying the mail message with a before_filter" do
+    class BeforeFilterMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      before_filter :add_special_header!
+
+      def welcome ; mail ; end
+
+      private
+      def add_special_header!
+        headers('X-Special-Header' => 'Wow, so special')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal('Wow, so special', BeforeFilterMailer.welcome['X-Special-Header'].to_s)
+  end
+
+  test "modifying the mail message with an after_filter" do
+    class AfterFilterMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      after_filter :add_special_header!
+
+      def welcome ; mail ; end
+
+      private
+      def add_special_header!
+        headers('X-Special-Header' => 'Testing')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal('Testing', AfterFilterMailer.welcome['X-Special-Header'].to_s)
+  end
+
+  test "adding an inline attachment using a before_filter" do
+    class DefaultInlineAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      before_filter :add_inline_attachment!
+
+      def welcome ; mail ; end
+
+      private
+      def add_inline_attachment!
+        attachments.inline["footer.jpg"] = 'hey there'
+      end
+    end
+
+    mail = DefaultInlineAttachmentMailer.welcome
+    assert_equal('image/jpeg; filename=footer.jpg', mail.attachments.inline.first['Content-Type'].to_s)
+  end
+
   test "action methods should be refreshed after defining new method" do
     class FooMailer < ActionMailer::Base
       # this triggers action_methods
@@ -559,7 +637,33 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert_equal ["notify"], FooMailer.action_methods
+    assert_equal Set.new(["notify"]), FooMailer.action_methods
+  end
+
+  test "mailer can be anonymous" do
+    mailer = Class.new(ActionMailer::Base) do
+      def welcome
+        mail
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "anonymous", mailer.mailer_name
+
+    assert_equal "Welcome", mailer.welcome.subject
+    assert_equal "Anonymous mailer body", mailer.welcome.body.encoded.strip
+  end
+
+  test "default_from can be set" do
+    class DefaultFromMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      default :to => 'system@test.lindsaar.net'
+      self.default_options = {from: "robert.pankowecki@gmail.com"}
+
+      def welcome
+        mail(subject: "subject", body: "hello world")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal ["robert.pankowecki@gmail.com"], DefaultFromMailer.welcome.from
   end
 
   protected
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/anonymous/welcome.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/anonymous/welcome.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8361da62c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/anonymous/welcome.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Anonymous mailer body
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/async_mailer/welcome.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/async_mailer/welcome.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01f3f00c63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/async_mailer/welcome.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Welcome
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/fonts/dir/font.ttf b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/attachment_with_hash.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/fonts/dir/font.ttf
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/attachment_with_hash.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/fonts/font.ttf b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/attachment_with_hash_default_encoding.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/fonts/font.ttf
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/attachment_with_hash_default_encoding.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/dir/xmlhr.js b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/welcome_with_headers.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/dir/xmlhr.js
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/welcome_with_headers.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/extra.js b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/after_filter_mailer/welcome.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/extra.js
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/after_filter_mailer/welcome.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/xmlhr.js b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/before_filter_mailer/welcome.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/xmlhr.js
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/before_filter_mailer/welcome.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/dir/style.css b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/default_inline_attachment_mailer/welcome.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/dir/style.css
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/default_inline_attachment_mailer/welcome.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/extra.css b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/mail_delivery_test/delivery_mailer/welcome.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/extra.css
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/mail_delivery_test/delivery_mailer/welcome.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/style.css b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/proc_mailer/welcome.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/style.css
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/proc_mailer/welcome.html.erb
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
index 7040ae6f8d..68ed86e0d4 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ end
 class ActionMailerI18nWithControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
   Routes.draw do
-    match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+    get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
   end
 
   def app
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/async_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/async_mailer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce601e7343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/async_mailer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class AsyncMailer < BaseMailer
+  self.async = true
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
index 0536e83098..2ea1723434 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class ActionMailerUrlTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     UrlTestMailer.delivery_method = :test
 
     AppRoutes.draw do
-      match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
-      match '/welcome' => "foo#bar", :as => "welcome"
+      get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get '/welcome' => "foo#bar", :as => "welcome"
     end
 
     expected = new_mail
diff --git a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
index 78ac05389c..ec85f67e58 100644
--- a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,12 +1,167 @@
 ## Rails 4.0.0 (unreleased) ##
 
-* Adds support for layouts when rendering a partial with a given collection. *serabe*
+*   Remove ActionDispatch::Head middleware in favor of Rack::Head. *Santiago Pastorino*
 
-* Allows the route helper `root` to take a string argument. For example, `root 'pages#main'`. *bcardarella*
+*   Deprecate `:confirm` in favor of `:data => { :confirm => "Text" }` option for `button_to`, `button_tag`, `image_submit_tag`, `link_to` and `submit_tag` helpers.
 
-* Forms of persisted records use always PATCH (via the `_method` hack). *fxn*
+    *Carlos Galdino + Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-* For resources, both PATCH and PUT are routed to the `update` action. *fxn*
+*   Show routes in exception page while debugging a `RoutingError` in development. *Richard Schneeman and Mattt Thompson*
+
+*   Add `ActionController::Flash.add_flash_types` method to allow people to register their own flash types. e.g.:
+
+        class ApplicationController
+          add_flash_types :error, :warning
+        end
+
+    If you add the above code, you can use `<%= error %>` in an erb, and `redirect_to /foo, :error => 'message'` in a controller.
+
+    *kennyj*
+
+*   Remove Active Model dependency from Action Pack. *Guillermo Iguaran*
+
+*   Support unicode characters in routes. Route will be automatically escaped, so instead of manually escaping:
+
+        get Rack::Utils.escape('こんにちは') => 'home#index'
+
+    You just have to write the unicode route:
+
+        get 'こんにちは' => 'home#index'
+
+    *kennyj*
+
+*   Return proper format on exceptions. *Santiago Pastorino*
+
+*   Allow to use `mounted_helpers` (helpers for accessing mounted engines) in `ActionView::TestCase`. *Piotr Sarnacki*
+
+*   Include `mounted_helpers` (helpers for accessing mounted engines) in `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` by default. *Piotr Sarnacki*
+
+*   Extracted redirect logic from `ActionController::ForceSSL::ClassMethods.force_ssl`  into `ActionController::ForceSSL#force_ssl_redirect`
+
+    *Jeremy Friesen*
+
+*   Make possible to use a block in button_to helper if button text is hard
+    to fit into the name parameter, e.g.:
+
+        <%= button_to [:make_happy, @user] do %>
+          Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
+        <% end %>
+        # => "<form method="post" action="/users/1/make_happy" class="button_to">
+        #      <div>
+        #        <button type="submit">
+        #          Make happy <strong>Name</strong>
+        #        </button>
+        #      </div>
+        #    </form>"
+
+    *Sergey Nartimov*
+
+*   change a way of ordering helpers from several directories. Previously,
+    when loading helpers from multiple paths, all of the helpers files were
+    gathered into one array an then they were sorted. Helpers from different
+    directories should not be mixed before loading them to make loading more
+    predictable. The most common use case for such behavior is loading helpers
+    from engines. When you load helpers from application and engine Foo, in
+    that order, first rails will load all of the helpers from application,
+    sorted alphabetically and then it will do the same for Foo engine.
+
+    *Piotr Sarnacki*
+
+*   `truncate` now always returns an escaped HTML-safe string. The option `:escape` can be used as
+    false to not escape the result.
+
+    *Li Ellis Gallardo + Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   `truncate` now accepts a block to show extra content when the text is truncated. *Li Ellis Gallardo*
+
+*   Add `week_field`, `week_field_tag`, `month_field`, `month_field_tag`, `datetime_local_field`,
+    `datetime_local_field_tag`, `datetime_field` and `datetime_field_tag` helpers. *Carlos Galdino*
+
+*   Add `color_field` and `color_field_tag` helpers. *Carlos Galdino*
+
+*   `assert_generates`, `assert_recognizes`, and `assert_routing` all raise
+    `Assertion` instead of `RoutingError` *David Chelimsky*
+
+*   URL path parameters with invalid encoding now raise ActionController::BadRequest. *Andrew White*
+
+*   Malformed query and request parameter hashes now raise ActionController::BadRequest. *Andrew White*
+
+*   Add `divider` option to `grouped_options_for_select` to generate a separator
+    `optgroup` automatically, and deprecate `prompt` as third argument, in favor
+    of using an options hash. *Nicholas Greenfield*
+
+*   Add `time_field` and `time_field_tag` helpers which render an `input[type="time"]` tag. *Alex Soulim*
+
+*   Removed old text_helper apis for highlight, excerpt and word_wrap *Jeremy Walker*
+
+*   Templates without a handler extension now raises a deprecation warning but still
+    defaults to ERb. In future releases, it will simply return the template contents. *Steve Klabnik*
+
+*   Deprecate `:disable_with` in favor of `:data => { :disable_with => "Text" }` option from `submit_tag`, `button_tag` and `button_to` helpers.
+
+    *Carlos Galdino + Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove `:mouseover` option from `image_tag` helper. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   The `select` method (select tag) forces :include_blank  if `required` is true and
+    `display size` is one and `multiple` is not true. *Angelo Capilleri*
+
+*   Copy literal route constraints to defaults so that url generation know about them.
+    The copied constraints are `:protocol`, `:subdomain`, `:domain`, `:host` and `:port`.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   `respond_to` and `respond_with` now raise ActionController::UnknownFormat instead
+    of directly returning head 406. The exception is rescued and converted to 406
+    in the exception handling middleware. *Steven Soroka*
+
+*   Allows `assert_redirected_to` to match against a regular expression. *Andy Lindeman*
+
+*   Add backtrace to development routing error page. *Richard Schneeman*
+
+*   Replace `include_seconds` boolean argument with `:include_seconds => true` option
+    in `distance_of_time_in_words` and `time_ago_in_words` signature. *Dmitriy Kiriyenko*
+
+*   Remove `button_to_function` and `link_to_function` helpers. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Make current object and counter (when it applies) variables accessible when
+    rendering templates with :object / :collection. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+
+*   JSONP now uses mimetype application/javascript instead of application/json. *omjokine*
+
+*   Allow to lazy load `default_form_builder` by passing a `String` instead of a constant. *Piotr Sarnacki*
+
+*   Session arguments passed to `process` calls in functional tests are now merged into
+    the existing session, whereas previously they would replace the existing session.
+    This change may break some existing tests if they are asserting the exact contents of
+    the session but should not break existing tests that only assert individual keys.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Add `index` method to FormBuilder class. *Jorge Bejar*
+
+*   Remove the leading \n added by textarea on assert_select. *Santiago Pastorino*
+
+*   Changed default value for `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms`
+    to `false`. This change breaks remote forms that need to work also without javascript,
+    so if you need such behavior, you can either set it to `true` or explicitly pass
+    `:authenticity_token => true` in form options
+
+*   Added ActionDispatch::SSL middleware that when included force all the requests to be under HTTPS protocol. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Add `include_hidden` option to select tag. With `:include_hidden => false` select with `multiple` attribute doesn't generate hidden input with blank value. *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+
+*   Removed default `size` option from the `text_field`, `search_field`, `telephone_field`, `url_field`, `email_field` helpers. *Philip Arndt*
+
+*   Removed default `cols` and `rows` options from the `text_area` helper. *Philip Arndt*
+
+*   Adds support for layouts when rendering a partial with a given collection. *serabe*
+
+*   Allows the route helper `root` to take a string argument. For example, `root 'pages#main'`. *bcardarella*
+
+*   Forms of persisted records use always PATCH (via the `_method` hack). *fxn*
+
+*   For resources, both PATCH and PUT are routed to the `update` action. *fxn*
 
 *   Don't ignore `force_ssl` in development. This is a change of behavior - use a `:if` condition to recreate the old behavior.
 
@@ -83,6 +238,9 @@
 *   check_box with `:form` html5 attribute will now replicate the `:form`
     attribute to the hidden field as well. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
+*   Turn off verbose mode of rack-cache, we still have X-Rack-Cache to
+    check that info. Closes #5245. *Santiago Pastorino*
+
 *   `label` form helper accepts :for => nil to not generate the attribute. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
 *   Add `:format` option to number_to_percentage *Rodrigo Flores*
@@ -111,8 +269,59 @@
 
 *   `favicon_link_tag` helper will now use the favicon in app/assets by default. *Lucas Caton*
 
-*    `ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper#highlight` now defaults to the
-     HTML5 `mark` element. *Brian Cardarella*
+*   `ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper#highlight` now defaults to the
+    HTML5 `mark` element. *Brian Cardarella*
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.5 (Jun 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.4 (May 31, 2012) ##
+
+*   Deprecate old APIs for highlight, excerpt and word_wrap *Jeremy Walker*
+
+*   Deprecate `:disable_with` in favor of `'data-disable-with'` option for `button_to`, `button_tag` and `submit_tag` helpers.
+
+    *Carlos Galdino + Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Deprecate `:mouseover` option for `image_tag` helper. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Deprecate `button_to_function` and `link_to_function` helpers. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Don't break Haml with textarea newline fix.  GH #393, #4000, #5190, #5191
+
+*   Fix options handling on labels. GH #2492, #5614
+
+*   Added config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms to deal
+    with regression from 16ee611fa
+
+*   Set rendered_format when doing render :inline. GH #5632
+
+*   Fix the redirect when it receive blocks with arity of 1. Closes #5677
+
+*   Strip [nil] from parameters hash. Thanks to Ben Murphy for
+    reporting this! CVE-2012-2660
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.3 (March 30, 2012) ##
+
+*   Add `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms` (defaults to true) which allows to set if authenticity token will be included by default in remote forms. If you change it to false, you can still force authenticity token by passing `:authenticity_token => true` in form options *Piotr Sarnacki*
+
+*   Do not include the authenticity token in forms where remote: true as ajax forms use the meta-tag value *DHH*
+
+*   Upgrade rack-cache to 1.2. *José Valim*
+
+*   ActionController::SessionManagement is removed. *Santiago Pastorino*
+
+*   Since the router holds references to many parts of the system like engines, controllers and the application itself, inspecting the route set can actually be really slow, therefore we default alias inspect to to_s. *José Valim*
+
+*   Add a new line after the textarea opening tag. Closes #393 *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Always pass a respond block from to responder. We should let the responder decide what to do with the given overridden response block, and not short circuit it. *Prem Sichanugrist*
+
+*   Fixes layout rendering regression from 3.2.2. *José Valim*
 
 
 ## Rails 3.2.2 (March 1, 2012) ##
@@ -305,6 +514,7 @@
     returned by the class method attribute_names will be wrapped. This fixes
     the wrapping of nested attributes by adding them to attr_accessible.
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.4 (March 1, 2012) ##
 
 *   Skip assets group in Gemfile and all assets configurations options
@@ -321,6 +531,7 @@
 
 *   Assets should use the request protocol by default or default to relative if no request is available *Jonathan del Strother*
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.3 (November 20, 2011) ##
 
 *   Downgrade sprockets to ~> 2.0.3. Using 2.1.0 caused regressions.
@@ -330,6 +541,7 @@
 
     *Jon Leighton*
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.2 (November 18, 2011) ##
 
 *   Fix XSS security vulnerability in the `translate` helper method. When using interpolation
@@ -371,6 +583,7 @@
 
 *   Ensure users upgrading from 3.0.x to 3.1.x will properly upgrade their flash object in session (issues #3298 and #2509)
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.1 (October 07, 2011) ##
 
 *   javascript_path and stylesheet_path now refer to /assets if asset pipelining
@@ -5705,7 +5918,7 @@
         == Rendering a collection of partials
 
         The example of partial use describes a familar pattern where a template needs
-        to iterate over a array and render a sub template for each of the elements.
+        to iterate over an array and render a sub template for each of the elements.
         This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and
         renders a partial by the same name of as the elements contained within. So the
         three-lined example in "Using partials" can be rewritten with a single line:
diff --git a/actionpack/Rakefile b/actionpack/Rakefile
index bb1e704767..50e3bb0d48 100755..100644
--- a/actionpack/Rakefile
+++ b/actionpack/Rakefile
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rake
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rake/packagetask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
@@ -24,6 +23,7 @@ end
 
 namespace :test do
   Rake::TestTask.new(:isolated) do |t|
+    t.libs << 'test'
     t.pattern = 'test/ts_isolated.rb'
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
index 089913be3c..dde51da497 100644
--- a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
+++ b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Web-flow and rendering framework putting the VC in MVC (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Web apps on Rails. Simple, battle-tested conventions for building and testing MVC web applications. Works with any Rack-compatible server.'
   s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.license     = 'MIT'
 
   s.author            = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
   s.email             = 'david@loudthinking.com'
@@ -17,14 +18,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.requirements << 'none'
 
   s.add_dependency('activesupport', version)
-  s.add_dependency('activemodel',   version)
   s.add_dependency('rack-cache',    '~> 1.2')
   s.add_dependency('builder',       '~> 3.0.0')
   s.add_dependency('rack',          '~> 1.4.1')
   s.add_dependency('rack-test',     '~> 0.6.1')
-  s.add_dependency('journey',       '~> 1.0.1')
-  s.add_dependency('sprockets',     '~> 2.2.0')
+  s.add_dependency('journey',       '~> 2.0.0')
   s.add_dependency('erubis',        '~> 2.7.0')
 
-  s.add_development_dependency('tzinfo', '~> 0.3.29')
+  s.add_development_dependency('activemodel', version)
+  s.add_development_dependency('tzinfo', '~> 0.3.33')
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/examples/performance.rb b/actionpack/examples/performance.rb
index 994e745bb0..8ea4758961 100644
--- a/actionpack/examples/performance.rb
+++ b/actionpack/examples/performance.rb
@@ -166,15 +166,7 @@ def run_all!(times, verbose)
   Runner.run(:diff_100,    times, verbose)
 end
 
-unless ENV["PROFILE"]
-  run_all!(1, false)
-
-  (ENV["M"] || 1).to_i.times do
-    $ran = []
-    run_all!(N, true)
-    Runner.done
-  end
-else
+if ENV["PROFILE"]
   Runner.run(ENV["PROFILE"].to_sym, 1, false)
   require "ruby-prof"
   RubyProf.start
@@ -182,4 +174,12 @@ else
   result = RubyProf.stop
   printer = RubyProf::CallStackPrinter.new(result)
   printer.print(File.open("output.html", "w"))
+else
+  run_all!(1, false)
+
+  (ENV["M"] || 1).to_i.times do
+    $ran = []
+    run_all!(N, true)
+    Runner.done
+  end
 end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
index cc5878c88e..b95ea5f0b2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-activesupport_path = File.expand_path('../../../activesupport/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activesupport_path) if File.directory?(activesupport_path) && !$:.include?(activesupport_path)
-
 require 'action_pack'
 require 'active_support/concern'
-require 'active_support/ruby/shim'
 require 'active_support/dependencies/autoload'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/asset_paths.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/asset_paths.rb
index dd5f9a1942..822254b1a4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/asset_paths.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/asset_paths.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module AbstractController
-  module AssetPaths
+  module AssetPaths #:nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
index 43cea3b79e..9c3960961b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 require 'erubis'
+require 'set'
 require 'active_support/configurable'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 
 module AbstractController
-  class Error < StandardError; end
-  class ActionNotFound < StandardError; end
+  class Error < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class ActionNotFound < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
 
   # <tt>AbstractController::Base</tt> is a low-level API. Nobody should be
   # using it directly, and subclasses (like ActionController::Base) are
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ module AbstractController
       # to specify particular actions as hidden.
       #
       # ==== Returns
-      # * <tt>array</tt> - An array of method names that should not be considered actions.
+      # * <tt>Array</tt> - An array of method names that should not be considered actions.
       def hidden_actions
         []
       end
@@ -59,7 +63,7 @@ module AbstractController
       # itself. Finally, #hidden_actions are removed.
       #
       # ==== Returns
-      # * <tt>array</tt> - A list of all methods that should be considered actions.
+      # * <tt>Set</tt> - A set of all methods that should be considered actions.
       def action_methods
         @action_methods ||= begin
           # All public instance methods of this class, including ancestors
@@ -72,7 +76,7 @@ module AbstractController
             hidden_actions.to_a
 
           # Clear out AS callback method pollution
-          methods.reject { |method| method =~ /_one_time_conditions/ }
+          Set.new(methods.reject { |method| method =~ /_one_time_conditions/ })
         end
       end
 
@@ -88,11 +92,12 @@ module AbstractController
       # controller_path.
       #
       # ==== Returns
-      # * <tt>string</tt>
+      # * <tt>String</tt>
       def controller_path
         @controller_path ||= name.sub(/Controller$/, '').underscore unless anonymous?
       end
 
+      # Refresh the cached action_methods when a new action_method is added.
       def method_added(name)
         super
         clear_action_methods!
@@ -126,6 +131,7 @@ module AbstractController
       self.class.controller_path
     end
 
+    # Delegates to the class' #action_methods
     def action_methods
       self.class.action_methods
     end
@@ -135,8 +141,14 @@ module AbstractController
     #
     # Notice that <tt>action_methods.include?("foo")</tt> may return
     # false and <tt>available_action?("foo")</tt> returns true because
-    # available action consider actions that are also available
+    # this method considers actions that are also available
     # through other means, for example, implicit render ones.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # * <tt>action_name</tt> - The name of an action to be tested
+    #
+    # ==== Returns
+    # * <tt>TrueClass</tt>, <tt>FalseClass</tt>
     def available_action?(action_name)
       method_for_action(action_name).present?
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
index c0fa28cae9..5705ab590c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module AbstractController
     # Override AbstractController::Base's process_action to run the
     # process_action callbacks around the normal behavior.
     def process_action(*args)
-      run_callbacks(:process_action, action_name) do
+      run_callbacks(:process_action) do
         super
       end
     end
@@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ module AbstractController
         class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           # Append a before, after or around filter. See _insert_callbacks
           # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def #{filter}_filter(*names, &blk)                                                 # def before_filter(*names, &blk)
-            _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|                                 #   _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
-              set_callback(:process_action, :#{filter}, name, options)                       #     set_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
-            end                                                                              #   end
-          end                                                                                # end
+          def #{filter}_filter(*names, &blk)                                                    # def before_filter(*names, &blk)
+            _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|                                    #   _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
+              set_callback(:process_action, :#{filter}, name, options)                          #     set_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
+            end                                                                                 #   end
+          end                                                                                   # end
 
           # Prepend a before, after or around filter. See _insert_callbacks
           # for details on the allowed parameters.
@@ -179,11 +179,11 @@ module AbstractController
 
           # Skip a before, after or around filter. See _insert_callbacks
           # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def skip_#{filter}_filter(*names)                              # def skip_before_filter(*names)
-            _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|                  #   _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|
-              skip_callback(:process_action, :#{filter}, name, options)  #     skip_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
-            end                                                          #   end
-          end                                                            # end
+          def skip_#{filter}_filter(*names)                                                     # def skip_before_filter(*names)
+            _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|                                         #   _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|
+              skip_callback(:process_action, :#{filter}, name, options)                         #     skip_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
+            end                                                                                 #   end
+          end                                                                                   # end
 
           # *_filter is the same as append_*_filter
           alias_method :append_#{filter}_filter, :#{filter}_filter  # alias_method :append_before_filter, :before_filter
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
index 81fb514770..09b9e7ddf0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module AbstractController
   module Collector
     def self.generate_method_for_mime(mime)
       sym = mime.is_a?(Symbol) ? mime : mime.to_sym
-      const = sym.to_s.upcase
+      const = sym.upcase
       class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{sym}(*args, &block)                # def html(*args, &block)
           custom(Mime::#{const}, *args, &block)  #   custom(Mime::HTML, *args, &block)
@@ -16,10 +16,14 @@ module AbstractController
       generate_method_for_mime(mime)
     end
 
+    Mime::Type.register_callback do |mime|
+      generate_method_for_mime(mime) unless self.instance_methods.include?(mime.to_sym)
+    end
+
   protected
 
     def method_missing(symbol, &block)
-      mime_constant = Mime.const_get(symbol.to_s.upcase)
+      mime_constant = Mime.const_get(symbol.upcase)
 
       if Mime::SET.include?(mime_constant)
         AbstractController::Collector.generate_method_for_mime(mime_constant)
@@ -29,4 +33,4 @@ module AbstractController
       end
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
index 77cc4c07d9..d63d17f4c5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ module AbstractController
 
         meths.each do |meth|
           _helpers.class_eval <<-ruby_eval, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def #{meth}(*args, &blk)
-              controller.send(%(#{meth}), *args, &blk)
-            end
+            def #{meth}(*args, &blk)                               # def current_user(*args, &blk)
+              controller.send(%(#{meth}), *args, &blk)             #   controller.send(:current_user, *args, &blk)
+            end                                                    # end
           ruby_eval
         end
       end
@@ -132,7 +132,11 @@ module AbstractController
           case arg
           when String, Symbol
             file_name = "#{arg.to_s.underscore}_helper"
-            require_dependency(file_name, "Missing helper file helpers/%s.rb")
+            begin
+              require_dependency(file_name)
+            rescue LoadError => e
+              raise MissingHelperError.new(e, file_name)
+            end
             file_name.camelize.constantize
           when Module
             arg
@@ -142,6 +146,15 @@ module AbstractController
         end
       end
 
+      class MissingHelperError < LoadError
+        def initialize(error, path)
+          @error = error
+          @path  = "helpers/#{path}.rb"
+          set_backtrace error.backtrace
+          super("Missing helper file helpers/%s.rb" % path)
+        end
+      end
+
       private
       # Makes all the (instance) methods in the helper module available to templates
       # rendered through this controller.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/layouts.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/layouts.rb
index 92e93cbee7..c1b3994035 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/layouts.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/layouts.rb
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ module AbstractController
   #   class TillController < BankController
   #     layout false
   #
-  # In these examples, we have three implicit lookup scenrios:
+  # In these examples, we have three implicit lookup scenarios:
   # * The BankController uses the "bank" layout.
   # * The ExchangeController uses the "exchange" layout.
   # * The CurrencyController inherits the layout from BankController.
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ module AbstractController
   #       def writers_and_readers
   #         logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout"
   #       end
+  #   end
   #
   # Now when a new request for the index action is processed, the layout will vary depending on whether the person accessing
   # is logged in or not.
@@ -127,7 +128,14 @@ module AbstractController
   # If you want to use an inline method, such as a proc, do something like this:
   #
   #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
-  #     layout proc{ |controller| controller.logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout" }
+  #     layout proc { |controller| controller.logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout" }
+  #   end
+  #
+  # If an argument isn't given to the proc, it's evaluated in the context of
+  # the current controller anyway.
+  #
+  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
+  #     layout proc { logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout" }
   #   end
   #
   # Of course, the most common way of specifying a layout is still just as a plain template name:
@@ -136,8 +144,8 @@ module AbstractController
   #     layout "weblog_standard"
   #   end
   #
-  # If no directory is specified for the template name, the template will by default be looked for in <tt>app/views/layouts/</tt>.
-  # Otherwise, it will be looked up relative to the template root.
+  # The template will be looked always in <tt>app/views/layouts/</tt> folder. But you can point
+  # <tt>layouts</tt> folder direct also. <tt>layout "layouts/demo"</tt> is the same as <tt>layout "demo"</tt>.
   #
   # Setting the layout to nil forces it to be looked up in the filesystem and fallbacks to the parent behavior if none exists.
   # Setting it to nil is useful to re-enable template lookup overriding a previous configuration set in the parent:
@@ -195,8 +203,7 @@ module AbstractController
     include Rendering
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :_layout, :_layout_conditions,
-        :instance_reader => false, :instance_writer => false
+      class_attribute :_layout, :_layout_conditions, :instance_accessor => false
       self._layout = nil
       self._layout_conditions = {}
       _write_layout_method
@@ -238,10 +245,10 @@ module AbstractController
       #
       # If the specified layout is a:
       # String:: the String is the template name
-      # Symbol:: call the method specified by the symbol, which will return
-      #   the template name
+      # Symbol:: call the method specified by the symbol, which will return the template name
       # false::  There is no layout
       # true::   raise an ArgumentError
+      # nil::    Force default layout behavior with inheritance
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       # * <tt>layout</tt> - The layout to use.
@@ -299,12 +306,12 @@ module AbstractController
               end
             RUBY
           when Proc
-            define_method :_layout_from_proc, &_layout
-            "_layout_from_proc(self)"
+              define_method :_layout_from_proc, &_layout
+              _layout.arity == 0 ? "_layout_from_proc" : "_layout_from_proc(self)"
           when false
             nil
           when true
-            raise ArgumentError, "Layouts must be specified as a String, Symbol, false, or nil"
+            raise ArgumentError, "Layouts must be specified as a String, Symbol, Proc, false, or nil"
           when nil
             name_clause
         end
@@ -364,7 +371,7 @@ module AbstractController
       when false, nil then nil
       else
         raise ArgumentError,
-          "String, true, or false, expected for `layout'; you passed #{name.inspect}"
+          "String, Proc, :default, true, or false, expected for `layout'; you passed #{name.inspect}"
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/logger.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/logger.rb
index a4e31cd2e5..c31ea6c5b5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/logger.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/logger.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require "active_support/benchmarkable"
 
 module AbstractController
-  module Logger
+  module Logger #:nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
index ddc93464cd..3da2834af0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
@@ -49,9 +49,19 @@ module AbstractController
     module ClassMethods
       def view_context_class
         @view_context_class ||= begin
-          routes  = _routes  if respond_to?(:_routes)
-          helpers = _helpers if respond_to?(:_helpers)
-          ActionView::Base.prepare(routes, helpers)
+          routes = respond_to?(:_routes) && _routes
+          helpers = respond_to?(:_helpers) && _helpers
+          
+          Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
+            if routes
+              include routes.url_helpers
+              include routes.mounted_helpers
+            end
+
+            if helpers
+              include helpers
+            end
+          end
         end
       end
     end
@@ -105,6 +115,7 @@ module AbstractController
     # Find and renders a template based on the options given.
     # :api: private
     def _render_template(options) #:nodoc:
+      lookup_context.rendered_format = nil if options[:formats]
       view_renderer.render(view_context, options)
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
index 6d68cf4944..b6c484d188 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 module AbstractController
   module Translation
     def translate(*args)
+      key = args.first
+      if key.is_a?(String) && (key[0] == '.')
+        key = "#{ controller_path.gsub('/', '.') }.#{ action_name }#{ key }"
+        args[0] = key
+      end
+
       I18n.translate(*args)
     end
     alias :t :translate
@@ -10,4 +16,4 @@ module AbstractController
     end
     alias :l :localize
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index e20680ef35..71425cd542 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -171,6 +171,16 @@ module ActionController
   class Base < Metal
     abstract!
 
+    # Shortcut helper that returns all the ActionController::Base modules except the ones passed in the argument:
+    #
+    #   class MetalController
+    #     ActionController::Base.without_modules(:ParamsWrapper, :Streaming).each do |left|
+    #       include left
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # This gives better control over what you want to exclude and makes it easier
+    # to create a bare controller class, instead of listing the modules required manually.
     def self.without_modules(*modules)
       modules = modules.map do |m|
         m.is_a?(Symbol) ? ActionController.const_get(m) : m
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
index 112573a38d..9118806059 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
+    include RackDelegation
+    include AbstractController::Callbacks
+
     include ConfigMethods
     include Pages, Actions, Fragments
     include Sweeping if defined?(ActiveRecord)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/actions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/actions.rb
index ba96735e56..0238135bc1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/actions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/actions.rb
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #
     # You can modify the default action cache path by passing a
     # <tt>:cache_path</tt> option. This will be passed directly to
-    # <tt>ActionCachePath.path_for</tt>. This is handy for actions with
+    # <tt>ActionCachePath.new</tt>. This is handy for actions with
     # multiple possible routes that should be cached differently. If a
     # block is given, it is called with the current controller instance.
     #
     # And you can also use <tt>:if</tt> (or <tt>:unless</tt>) to pass a
     # proc that specifies when the action should be cached.
     #
-    # As of Rails 3.0, you can also pass <tt>:expires_in</tt> with a time 
+    # As of Rails 3.0, you can also pass <tt>:expires_in</tt> with a time
     # interval (in seconds) to schedule expiration of the cached item.
     #
     # The following example depicts some of the points made above:
@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         end
 
         def filter(controller)
+          cache_layout = @cache_layout.respond_to?(:call) ? @cache_layout.call(controller) : @cache_layout
+
           path_options = if @cache_path.respond_to?(:call)
             controller.instance_exec(controller, &@cache_path)
           else
@@ -144,13 +146,13 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           body = controller.read_fragment(cache_path.path, @store_options)
 
           unless body
-            controller.action_has_layout = false unless @cache_layout
+            controller.action_has_layout = false unless cache_layout
             yield
             controller.action_has_layout = true
             body = controller._save_fragment(cache_path.path, @store_options)
           end
 
-          body = controller.render_to_string(:text => body, :layout => true) unless @cache_layout
+          body = controller.render_to_string(:text => body, :layout => true) unless cache_layout
 
           controller.response_body = body
           controller.content_type = Mime[cache_path.extension || :html]
@@ -170,14 +172,15 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
             options.reverse_merge!(:format => @extension) if options.is_a?(Hash)
           end
 
-          path = controller.url_for(options).split(%r{://}).last
+          path = controller.url_for(options).split('://', 2).last
           @path = normalize!(path)
         end
 
       private
         def normalize!(path)
+          ext = URI.parser.escape(extension) if extension
           path << 'index' if path[-1] == ?/
-          path << ".#{extension}" if extension and !path.split('?').first.ends_with?(".#{extension}")
+          path << ".#{ext}" if extension and !path.split('?', 2).first.ends_with?(".#{ext}")
           URI.parser.unescape(path)
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
index 159f718029..73b8cd383c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
-        # Expires the page that was cached with the +path+ as a key. Example:
+        # Expires the page that was cached with the +path+ as a key.
+        #
         #   expire_page "/lists/show"
         def expire_page(path)
           return unless perform_caching
@@ -72,7 +73,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           end
         end
 
-        # Manually cache the +content+ in the key determined by +path+. Example:
+        # Manually cache the +content+ in the key determined by +path+.
+        #
         #   cache_page "I'm the cached content", "/lists/show"
         def cache_page(content, path, extension = nil, gzip = Zlib::BEST_COMPRESSION)
           return unless perform_caching
@@ -93,13 +95,11 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         #
         # You can also pass a :gzip option to override the class configuration one.
         #
-        # Usage:
-        #
         #   # cache the index action
         #   caches_page :index
         #
         #   # cache the index action except for JSON requests
-        #   caches_page :index, :if => Proc.new { |c| !c.request.format.json? }
+        #   caches_page :index, :if => Proc.new { !request.format.json? }
         #
         #   # don't gzip images
         #   caches_page :image, :gzip => false
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           gzip_level = options.fetch(:gzip, page_cache_compression)
           gzip_level = case gzip_level
           when Symbol
-            Zlib.const_get(gzip_level.to_s.upcase)
+            Zlib.const_get(gzip_level.upcase)
           when Fixnum
             gzip_level
           when false
@@ -142,7 +142,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           end
       end
 
-      # Expires the page that was cached with the +options+ as a key. Example:
+      # Expires the page that was cached with the +options+ as a key.
+      #
       #   expire_page :controller => "lists", :action => "show"
       def expire_page(options = {})
         return unless self.class.perform_caching
@@ -161,7 +162,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       # Manually cache the +content+ in the key determined by +options+. If no content is provided, the contents of response.body is used.
-      # If no options are provided, the url of the current request being handled is used. Example:
+      # If no options are provided, the url of the current request being handled is used.
+      #
       #   cache_page "I'm the cached content", :controller => "lists", :action => "show"
       def cache_page(content = nil, options = nil, gzip = Zlib::BEST_COMPRESSION)
         return unless self.class.perform_caching && caching_allowed?
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/sweeping.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/sweeping.rb
index 49cf70ec21..73291ce083 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/sweeping.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/sweeping.rb
@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       class Sweeper < ActiveRecord::Observer #:nodoc:
         attr_accessor :controller
 
+        def initialize(*args)
+          super
+          @controller = nil
+        end
+
         def before(controller)
           self.controller = controller
           callback(:before) if controller.perform_caching
@@ -63,8 +68,14 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         def after(controller)
           self.controller = controller
           callback(:after) if controller.perform_caching
-          # Clean up, so that the controller can be collected after this request
-          self.controller = nil
+        end
+
+        def around(controller)
+          before(controller)
+          yield
+          after(controller)
+        ensure
+          clean_up
         end
 
         protected
@@ -79,6 +90,11 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           end
 
         private
+          def clean_up
+            # Clean up, so that the controller can be collected after this request
+            self.controller = nil
+          end
+
           def callback(timing)
             controller_callback_method_name = "#{timing}_#{controller.controller_name.underscore}"
             action_callback_method_name     = "#{controller_callback_method_name}_#{controller.action_name}"
@@ -88,7 +104,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           end
 
           def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
-            return unless @controller
+            return super unless @controller
             @controller.__send__(method, *arguments, &block)
           end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
index 4c76f4c43b..0fb419f941 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActionController
 
       status = payload[:status]
       if status.nil? && payload[:exception].present?
-        status = Rack::Utils.status_code(ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.new({}, payload[:exception]).status_code)
+        status = ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.new({}, payload[:exception]).status_code
       end
       message = "Completed #{status} #{Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[status]} in %.0fms" % event.duration
       message << " (#{additions.join(" | ")})" unless additions.blank?
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def send_file(event)
-      message = "Sent file %s"
-      message << " (%.1fms)"
-      info(message % [event.payload[:path], event.duration])
+      info("Sent file %s (%.1fms)" % [event.payload[:path], event.duration])
     end
 
     def redirect_to(event)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
index 5b25a0d303..2193dde667 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@ module ActionController
     # Sets a HTTP 1.1 Cache-Control header. Defaults to issuing a <tt>private</tt> instruction, so that
     # intermediate caches must not cache the response.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   expires_in 20.minutes
     #   expires_in 3.hours, :public => true
     #   expires_in 3.hours, :public => true, :must_revalidate => true
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
index 30ddf6c16e..379ff97048 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
     include ActionController::Rendering
 
-    DEFAULT_SEND_FILE_OPTIONS = {
-      :type         => 'application/octet-stream'.freeze,
-      :disposition  => 'attachment'.freeze,
-    }.freeze
+    DEFAULT_SEND_FILE_TYPE        = 'application/octet-stream'.freeze #:nodoc:
+    DEFAULT_SEND_FILE_DISPOSITION = 'attachment'.freeze #:nodoc:
 
     protected
       # Sends the file. This uses a server-appropriate method (such as X-Sendfile)
       # via the Rack::Sendfile middleware. The header to use is set via
-      # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header.
+      # +config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header+.
       # Your server can also configure this for you by setting the X-Sendfile-Type header.
       #
       # Be careful to sanitize the path parameter if it is coming from a web
@@ -74,7 +72,27 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
         self.status = options[:status] || 200
         self.content_type = options[:content_type] if options.key?(:content_type)
-        self.response_body = File.open(path, "rb")
+        self.response_body = FileBody.new(path)
+      end
+
+      # Avoid having to pass an open file handle as the response body.
+      # Rack::Sendfile will usually intercepts the response and just uses
+      # the path directly, so no reason to open the file.
+      class FileBody #:nodoc:
+        attr_reader :to_path
+
+        def initialize(path)
+          @to_path = path
+        end
+
+        # Stream the file's contents if Rack::Sendfile isn't present.
+        def each
+          File.open(to_path, 'rb') do |file|
+            while chunk = file.read(16384)
+              yield chunk
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       # Sends the given binary data to the browser. This method is similar to
@@ -107,7 +125,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       #
       # See +send_file+ for more information on HTTP Content-* headers and caching.
       def send_data(data, options = {}) #:doc:
-        send_file_headers! options.dup
+        send_file_headers! options
         render options.slice(:status, :content_type).merge(:text => data)
       end
 
@@ -115,15 +133,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       def send_file_headers!(options)
         type_provided = options.has_key?(:type)
 
-        options.update(DEFAULT_SEND_FILE_OPTIONS.merge(options))
-        [:type, :disposition].each do |arg|
-          raise ArgumentError, ":#{arg} option required" if options[arg].nil?
-        end
-
-        disposition = options[:disposition]
-        disposition += %(; filename="#{options[:filename]}") if options[:filename]
-
-        content_type = options[:type]
+        content_type = options.fetch(:type, DEFAULT_SEND_FILE_TYPE)
+        raise ArgumentError, ":type option required" if content_type.nil?
 
         if content_type.is_a?(Symbol)
           extension = Mime[content_type]
@@ -132,15 +143,18 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         else
           if !type_provided && options[:filename]
             # If type wasn't provided, try guessing from file extension.
-            content_type = Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(File.extname(options[:filename]).downcase.tr('.','')) || content_type
+            content_type = Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(File.extname(options[:filename]).downcase.delete('.')) || content_type
           end
           self.content_type = content_type
         end
 
-        headers.merge!(
-          'Content-Disposition'       => disposition,
-          'Content-Transfer-Encoding' => 'binary'
-        )
+        disposition = options.fetch(:disposition, DEFAULT_SEND_FILE_DISPOSITION)
+        unless disposition.nil?
+          disposition += %(; filename="#{options[:filename]}") if options[:filename]
+          headers['Content-Disposition'] = disposition
+        end
+
+        headers['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = 'binary'
 
         response.sending_file = true
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
index ece9ba3725..8fd8f4797c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ module ActionController
   class ActionControllerError < StandardError #:nodoc:
   end
 
+  class BadRequest < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
   class RenderError < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
   end
 
@@ -14,8 +17,6 @@ module ActionController
   end
 
   class MethodNotAllowed < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
-    attr_reader :allowed_methods
-
     def initialize(*allowed_methods)
       super("Only #{allowed_methods.to_sentence(:locale => :en)} requests are allowed.")
     end
@@ -30,9 +31,6 @@ module ActionController
   class MissingFile < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
   end
 
-  class RenderError < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
-  end
-
   class SessionOverflowError < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
     DEFAULT_MESSAGE = 'Your session data is larger than the data column in which it is to be stored. You must increase the size of your data column if you intend to store large data.'
 
@@ -43,4 +41,7 @@ module ActionController
 
   class UnknownHttpMethod < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
   end
+
+  class UnknownFormat < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
index bd768b634e..b078beb675 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
@@ -3,19 +3,34 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      delegate :flash, :to => :request
-      delegate :alert, :notice, :to => "request.flash"
-      helper_method :alert, :notice
+      class_attribute :_flash_types, instance_accessor: false
+      self._flash_types = []
+
+      delegate :flash, to: :request
+      add_flash_types(:alert, :notice)
     end
 
-    protected
-      def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status_and_flash = {}) #:doc:
-        if alert = response_status_and_flash.delete(:alert)
-          flash[:alert] = alert
+    module ClassMethods
+      def add_flash_types(*types)
+        types.each do |type|
+          next if _flash_types.include?(type)
+
+          define_method(type) do
+            request.flash[type]
+          end
+          helper_method type
+
+          _flash_types << type
         end
+      end
+    end
 
-        if notice = response_status_and_flash.delete(:notice)
-          flash[:notice] = notice
+    protected
+      def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status_and_flash = {}) #:doc:
+        self.class._flash_types.each do |flash_type|
+          if type = response_status_and_flash.delete(flash_type)
+            flash[flash_type] = type
+          end
         end
 
         if other_flashes = response_status_and_flash.delete(:flash)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
index a1e40fc4e0..77d799a38a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
@@ -40,15 +40,23 @@ module ActionController
       def force_ssl(options = {})
         host = options.delete(:host)
         before_filter(options) do
-          unless request.ssl?
-            redirect_options = {:protocol => 'https://', :status => :moved_permanently}
-            redirect_options.merge!(:host => host) if host
-            redirect_options.merge!(:params => request.query_parameters)
-            flash.keep
-            redirect_to redirect_options
-          end
+          force_ssl_redirect(host)
         end
       end
     end
+
+    # Redirect the existing request to use the HTTPS protocol.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # * <tt>host</tt> - Redirect to a different host name
+    def force_ssl_redirect(host = nil)
+      unless request.ssl?
+        redirect_options = {:protocol => 'https://', :status => :moved_permanently}
+        redirect_options.merge!(:host => host) if host
+        redirect_options.merge!(:params => request.query_parameters)
+        flash.keep if respond_to?(:flash)
+        redirect_to redirect_options
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
index a618533d09..2fcd933d32 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ module ActionController
       options, status = status, nil if status.is_a?(Hash)
       status ||= options.delete(:status) || :ok
       location = options.delete(:location)
+      content_type = options.delete(:content_type)
 
       options.each do |key, value|
         headers[key.to_s.dasherize.split('-').each { |v| v[0] = v[0].chr.upcase }.join('-')] = value.to_s
@@ -27,8 +28,28 @@ module ActionController
 
       self.status = status
       self.location = url_for(location) if location
-      self.content_type = Mime[formats.first] if formats
+
+      if include_content_headers?(self.status)
+        self.content_type = content_type || (Mime[formats.first] if formats)
+      else
+        headers.delete('Content-Type')
+        headers.delete('Content-Length')
+      end
+
       self.response_body = " "
     end
+
+    private
+    # :nodoc:
+    def include_content_headers?(status)
+      case status
+      when 100..199
+        false
+      when 204, 205, 304
+        false
+      else
+        true
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
index d070eaae5d..66cdfd40ff 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ module ActionController
   # Additional helpers can be specified using the +helper+ class method in ActionController::Base or any
   # controller which inherits from it.
   #
-  # ==== Examples
   # The +to_s+ method from the \Time class can be wrapped in a helper method to display a custom message if
   # a \Time object is blank:
   #
@@ -52,6 +51,7 @@ module ActionController
   module Helpers
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    class << self; attr_accessor :helpers_path; end
     include AbstractController::Helpers
 
     included do
@@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ module ActionController
         helpers = []
         Array(path).each do |_path|
           extract  = /^#{Regexp.quote(_path.to_s)}\/?(.*)_helper.rb$/
-          helpers += Dir["#{_path}/**/*_helper.rb"].map { |file| file.sub(extract, '\1') }
+          names = Dir["#{_path}/**/*_helper.rb"].map { |file| file.sub(extract, '\1') }
+          helpers += names.sort
         end
-        helpers.sort!
         helpers.uniq!
         helpers
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
index 44d2f740e6..0050ede806 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ require 'base64'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 module ActionController
+  # Makes it dead easy to do HTTP Basic, Digest and Token authentication.
   module HttpAuthentication
-    # Makes it dead easy to do HTTP \Basic and \Digest authentication.
+    # Makes it dead easy to do HTTP \Basic authentication.
     #
     # === Simple \Basic example
     #
@@ -60,47 +61,6 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #     assert_equal 200, status
     #   end
-    #
-    # === Simple \Digest example
-    #
-    #   require 'digest/md5'
-    #   class PostsController < ApplicationController
-    #     REALM = "SuperSecret"
-    #     USERS = {"dhh" => "secret", #plain text password
-    #              "dap" => Digest::MD5.hexdigest(["dap",REALM,"secret"].join(":"))}  #ha1 digest password
-    #
-    #     before_filter :authenticate, :except => [:index]
-    #
-    #     def index
-    #       render :text => "Everyone can see me!"
-    #     end
-    #
-    #     def edit
-    #       render :text => "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
-    #     end
-    #
-    #     private
-    #       def authenticate
-    #         authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest(REALM) do |username|
-    #           USERS[username]
-    #         end
-    #       end
-    #   end
-    #
-    # === Notes
-    #
-    # The +authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest+ block must return the user's password
-    # or the ha1 digest hash so the framework can appropriately hash to check the user's
-    # credentials. Returning +nil+ will cause authentication to fail.
-    #
-    # Storing the ha1 hash: MD5(username:realm:password), is better than storing a plain password. If
-    # the password file or database is compromised, the attacker would be able to use the ha1 hash to
-    # authenticate as the user at this +realm+, but would not have the user's password to try using at
-    # other sites.
-    #
-    # In rare instances, web servers or front proxies strip authorization headers before
-    # they reach your application. You can debug this situation by logging all environment
-    # variables, and check for HTTP_AUTHORIZATION, amongst others.
     module Basic
       extend self
 
@@ -155,6 +115,48 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
+    # Makes it dead easy to do HTTP \Digest authentication.
+    #
+    # === Simple \Digest example
+    #
+    #   require 'digest/md5'
+    #   class PostsController < ApplicationController
+    #     REALM = "SuperSecret"
+    #     USERS = {"dhh" => "secret", #plain text password
+    #              "dap" => Digest::MD5.hexdigest(["dap",REALM,"secret"].join(":"))}  #ha1 digest password
+    #
+    #     before_filter :authenticate, :except => [:index]
+    #
+    #     def index
+    #       render :text => "Everyone can see me!"
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     def edit
+    #       render :text => "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     private
+    #       def authenticate
+    #         authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest(REALM) do |username|
+    #           USERS[username]
+    #         end
+    #       end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # === Notes
+    #
+    # The +authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest+ block must return the user's password
+    # or the ha1 digest hash so the framework can appropriately hash to check the user's
+    # credentials. Returning +nil+ will cause authentication to fail.
+    #
+    # Storing the ha1 hash: MD5(username:realm:password), is better than storing a plain password. If
+    # the password file or database is compromised, the attacker would be able to use the ha1 hash to
+    # authenticate as the user at this +realm+, but would not have the user's password to try using at
+    # other sites.
+    #
+    # In rare instances, web servers or front proxies strip authorization headers before
+    # they reach your application. You can debug this situation by logging all environment
+    # variables, and check for HTTP_AUTHORIZATION, amongst others.
     module Digest
       extend self
 
@@ -229,7 +231,7 @@ module ActionController
       def decode_credentials(header)
         Hash[header.to_s.gsub(/^Digest\s+/,'').split(',').map do |pair|
           key, value = pair.split('=', 2)
-          [key.strip.to_sym, value.to_s.gsub(/^"|"$/,'').gsub(/'/, '')]
+          [key.strip.to_sym, value.to_s.gsub(/^"|"$/,'').delete('\'')]
         end]
       end
 
@@ -399,16 +401,20 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      # If token Authorization header is present, call the login procedure with
-      # the present token and options.
+      # If token Authorization header is present, call the login
+      # procedure with the present token and options.
       #
-      # controller      - ActionController::Base instance for the current request.
-      # login_procedure - Proc to call if a token is present. The Proc should
-      #                   take 2 arguments:
-      #                     authenticate(controller) { |token, options| ... }
+      # [controller]
+      #   ActionController::Base instance for the current request.
       #
-      # Returns the return value of `&login_procedure` if a token is found.
-      # Returns nil if no token is found.
+      # [login_procedure]
+      #   Proc to call if a token is present. The Proc should take two arguments:
+      #
+      #     authenticate(controller) { |token, options| ... }
+      #
+      # Returns the return value of <tt>login_procedure</tt> if a
+      # token is found. Returns <tt>nil</tt> if no token is found.
+
       def authenticate(controller, &login_procedure)
         token, options = token_and_options(controller.request)
         unless token.blank?
@@ -430,10 +436,12 @@ module ActionController
           values = Hash[$1.split(',').map do |value|
             value.strip!                      # remove any spaces between commas and values
             key, value = value.split(/\=\"?/) # split key=value pairs
-            value.chomp!('"')                 # chomp trailing " in value
-            value.gsub!(/\\\"/, '"')          # unescape remaining quotes
-            [key, value]
-          end]
+            if value
+              value.chomp!('"')                 # chomp trailing " in value
+              value.gsub!(/\\\"/, '"')          # unescape remaining quotes
+              [key, value]
+            end
+          end.compact]
           [values.delete("token"), values.with_indifferent_access]
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
index 800752975c..4665fea91a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # Defines mime types that are rendered by default when invoking
       # <tt>respond_with</tt>.
       #
-      # Examples:
-      #
       #   respond_to :html, :xml, :json
       #
       # Specifies that all actions in the controller respond to requests
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #
     #     respond_to do |format|
     #       format.html
-    #       format.xml { render :xml => @people.to_xml }
+    #       format.xml { render :xml => @people }
     #     end
     #   end
     #
@@ -184,8 +182,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # Be sure to check respond_with and respond_to documentation for more examples.
-    #
+    # Be sure to check the documentation of +respond_with+ and
+    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds.respond_to</tt> for more examples.
     def respond_to(*mimes, &block)
       raise ArgumentError, "respond_to takes either types or a block, never both" if mimes.any? && block_given?
 
@@ -195,20 +193,106 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    # respond_with wraps a resource around a responder for default representation.
-    # First it invokes respond_to, if a response cannot be found (ie. no block
-    # for the request was given and template was not available), it instantiates
-    # an ActionController::Responder with the controller and resource.
+    # For a given controller action, respond_with generates an appropriate
+    # response based on the mime-type requested by the client.
     #
-    # ==== Example
+    # If the method is called with just a resource, as in this example -
     #
-    #   def index
-    #     @users = User.all
-    #     respond_with(@users)
+    #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
+    #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
+    #
+    #     def index
+    #       @people = Person.all
+    #       respond_with @people
+    #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # It also accepts a block to be given. It's used to overwrite a default
-    # response:
+    # then the mime-type of the response is typically selected based on the
+    # request's Accept header and the set of available formats declared
+    # by previous calls to the controller's class method +respond_to+. Alternatively
+    # the mime-type can be selected by explicitly setting <tt>request.format</tt> in
+    # the controller.
+    #
+    # If an acceptable format is not identified, the application returns a
+    # '406 - not acceptable' status. Otherwise, the default response is to render
+    # a template named after the current action and the selected format,
+    # e.g. <tt>index.html.erb</tt>. If no template is available, the behavior
+    # depends on the selected format:
+    #
+    # * for an html response - if the request method is +get+, an exception
+    #   is raised but for other requests such as +post+ the response
+    #   depends on whether the resource has any validation errors (i.e.
+    #   assuming that an attempt has been made to save the resource,
+    #   e.g. by a +create+ action) -
+    #   1. If there are no errors, i.e. the resource
+    #      was saved successfully, the response +redirect+'s to the resource
+    #      i.e. its +show+ action.
+    #   2. If there are validation errors, the response
+    #      renders a default action, which is <tt>:new</tt> for a
+    #      +post+ request or <tt>:edit</tt> for +put+.
+    #   Thus an example like this -
+    #
+    #     respond_to :html, :xml
+    #
+    #     def create
+    #       @user = User.new(params[:user])
+    #       flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.' if @user.save
+    #       respond_with(@user)
+    #     end
+    #
+    #   is equivalent, in the absence of <tt>create.html.erb</tt>, to -
+    #
+    #     def create
+    #       @user = User.new(params[:user])
+    #       respond_to do |format|
+    #         if @user.save
+    #           flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.'
+    #           format.html { redirect_to(@user) }
+    #           format.xml { render :xml => @user }
+    #         else
+    #           format.html { render :action => "new" }
+    #           format.xml { render :xml => @user }
+    #         end
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #
+    # * for a javascript request - if the template isn't found, an exception is
+    #   raised.
+    # * for other requests - i.e. data formats such as xml, json, csv etc, if
+    #   the resource passed to +respond_with+ responds to <code>to_<format></code>,
+    #   the method attempts to render the resource in the requested format
+    #   directly, e.g. for an xml request, the response is equivalent to calling 
+    #   <code>render :xml => resource</code>.
+    #
+    # === Nested resources
+    #
+    # As outlined above, the +resources+ argument passed to +respond_with+
+    # can play two roles. It can be used to generate the redirect url
+    # for successful html requests (e.g. for +create+ actions when
+    # no template exists), while for formats other than html and javascript
+    # it is the object that gets rendered, by being converted directly to the
+    # required format (again assuming no template exists).
+    #
+    # For redirecting successful html requests, +respond_with+ also supports
+    # the use of nested resources, which are supplied in the same way as
+    # in <code>form_for</code> and <code>polymorphic_url</code>. For example -
+    #
+    #   def create
+    #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
+    #     @task = @project.comments.build(params[:task])
+    #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
+    #     respond_with(@project, @task)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # This would cause +respond_with+ to redirect to <code>project_task_url</code>
+    # instead of <code>task_url</code>. For request formats other than html or
+    # javascript, if multiple resources are passed in this way, it is the last
+    # one specified that is rendered.
+    #
+    # === Customizing response behavior
+    #
+    # Like +respond_to+, +respond_with+ may also be called with a block that
+    # can be used to overwrite any of the default responses, e.g. -
     #
     #   def create
     #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
@@ -219,14 +303,24 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # All options given to respond_with are sent to the underlying responder,
-    # except for the option :responder itself. Since the responder interface
-    # is quite simple (it just needs to respond to call), you can even give
-    # a proc to it.
-    #
-    # In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the formats your
-    # controller responds to in the class level with a call to <tt>respond_to</tt>.
-    #
+    # The argument passed to the block is an ActionController::MimeResponds::Collector
+    # object which stores the responses for the formats defined within the
+    # block. Note that formats with responses defined explicitly in this way
+    # do not have to first be declared using the class method +respond_to+.
+    #
+    # Also, a hash passed to +respond_with+ immediately after the specified
+    # resource(s) is interpreted as a set of options relevant to all
+    # formats. Any option accepted by +render+ can be used, e.g.
+    #   respond_with @people, :status => 200
+    # However, note that these options are ignored after an unsuccessful attempt
+    # to save a resource, e.g. when automatically rendering <tt>:new</tt>
+    # after a post request.
+    #
+    # Two additional options are relevant specifically to +respond_with+ -
+    # 1. <tt>:location</tt> - overwrites the default redirect location used after
+    #    a successful html +post+ request.
+    # 2. <tt>:action</tt> - overwrites the default render action used after an
+    #    unsuccessful html +post+ request.
     def respond_with(*resources, &block)
       raise "In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the formats your " <<
             "controller responds to in the class level" if self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.empty?
@@ -242,7 +336,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
     # Collect mimes declared in the class method respond_to valid for the
     # current action.
-    #
     def collect_mimes_from_class_level #:nodoc:
       action = action_name.to_s
 
@@ -259,9 +352,12 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    # Collects mimes and return the response for the negotiated format. Returns
-    # nil if :not_acceptable was sent to the client.
+    # Returns a Collector object containing the appropriate mime-type response
+    # for the current request, based on the available responses defined by a block.
+    # In typical usage this is the block passed to +respond_with+ or +respond_to+.
     #
+    # Sends :not_acceptable to the client and returns nil if no suitable format
+    # is available.
     def retrieve_collector_from_mimes(mimes=nil, &block) #:nodoc:
       mimes ||= collect_mimes_from_class_level
       collector = Collector.new(mimes)
@@ -274,12 +370,33 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         lookup_context.rendered_format = lookup_context.formats.first
         collector
       else
-        head :not_acceptable
-        nil
+        raise ActionController::UnknownFormat
       end
     end
 
-    class Collector #:nodoc:
+    # A container for responses available from the current controller for
+    # requests for different mime-types sent to a particular action.
+    #
+    # The public controller methods +respond_with+ and +respond_to+ may be called
+    # with a block that is used to define responses to different mime-types, e.g.
+    # for +respond_to+ :
+    #
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html
+    #     format.xml { render :xml => @people }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # In this usage, the argument passed to the block (+format+ above) is an
+    # instance of the ActionController::MimeResponds::Collector class. This
+    # object serves as a container in which available responses can be stored by
+    # calling any of the dynamically generated, mime-type-specific methods such
+    # as +html+, +xml+ etc on the Collector. Each response is represented by a
+    # corresponding block if present.
+    #
+    # A subsequent call to #negotiate_format(request) will enable the Collector
+    # to determine which specific mime-type it should respond with for the current
+    # request, with this response then being accessible by calling #response.
+    class Collector
       include AbstractController::Collector
       attr_accessor :order, :format
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
index fa760f2658..aa67fa7f23 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActionController
   # method attribute_names.
   #
   # If you're going to pass the parameters to an +ActiveModel+ object (such as
-  # +User.new(params[:user])+), you might consider passing the model class to
+  # <tt>User.new(params[:user])</tt>), you might consider passing the model class to
   # the method instead. The +ParamsWrapper+ will actually try to determine the
   # list of attribute names from the model and only wrap those attributes:
   #
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ module ActionController
   #     class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController
   #     end
   #
-  # will try to check if +Admin::User+ or +User+ model exists, and use it to
+  # will try to check if <tt>Admin::User</tt> or +User+ model exists, and use it to
   # determine the wrapper key respectively. If both models don't exist,
   # it will then fallback to use +user+ as the key.
   module ParamsWrapper
@@ -166,8 +166,9 @@ module ActionController
 
         unless options[:include] || options[:exclude]
           model ||= _default_wrap_model
-          if model.respond_to?(:accessible_attributes) && model.accessible_attributes.present?
-            options[:include] = model.accessible_attributes.to_a
+          role = options.fetch(:as, :default)
+          if model.respond_to?(:accessible_attributes) && model.accessible_attributes(role).present?
+            options[:include] = model.accessible_attributes(role).to_a
           elsif model.respond_to?(:attribute_names) && model.attribute_names.present?
             options[:include] = model.attribute_names
           end
@@ -192,7 +193,8 @@ module ActionController
     def process_action(*args)
       if _wrapper_enabled?
         wrapped_hash = _wrap_parameters request.request_parameters
-        wrapped_filtered_hash = _wrap_parameters request.filtered_parameters
+        wrapped_keys = request.request_parameters.keys
+        wrapped_filtered_hash = _wrap_parameters request.filtered_parameters.slice(*wrapped_keys)
 
         # This will make the wrapped hash accessible from controller and view
         request.parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
index 544b4989c7..bdf6e88699 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@ module ActionController
     delegate :headers, :status=, :location=, :content_type=,
              :status, :location, :content_type, :to => "@_response"
 
-    def dispatch(action, request, response = ActionDispatch::Response.new)
-      @_response ||= response
-      @_response.request ||= request
+    def dispatch(action, request)
+      set_response!(request)
       super(action, request)
     end
 
@@ -22,5 +21,12 @@ module ActionController
     def reset_session
       @_request.reset_session
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def set_response!(request)
+      @_response         = ActionDispatch::Response.new
+      @_response.request = request
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
index b07742e0e1..ee0e69d87c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:back</tt> - Back to the page that issued the request. Useful for forms that are triggered from multiple places.
     #   Short-hand for <tt>redirect_to(request.env["HTTP_REFERER"])</tt>
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   redirect_to :action => "show", :id => 5
     #   redirect_to post
     #   redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org"
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ module ActionController
     #
     # The redirection happens as a "302 Moved" header unless otherwise specified.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), :status => :found
     #   redirect_to :action=>'atom', :status => :moved_permanently
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), :status => 301
@@ -45,10 +43,18 @@ module ActionController
     # integer, or a symbol representing the downcased, underscored and symbolized description.
     # Note that the status code must be a 3xx HTTP code, or redirection will not occur.
     #
+    # If you are using XHR requests other than GET or POST and redirecting after the
+    # request then some browsers will follow the redirect using the original request
+    # method. This may lead to undesirable behavior such as a double DELETE. To work
+    # around this  you can return a <tt>303 See Other</tt> status code which will be
+    # followed using a GET request.
+    #
+    #   redirect_to posts_url, :status => :see_other
+    #   redirect_to :action => 'index', :status => 303
+    #
     # It is also possible to assign a flash message as part of the redirection. There are two special accessors for the commonly used flash names
     # +alert+ and +notice+ as well as a general purpose +flash+ bucket.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), :alert => "Watch it, mister!"
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), :status=> :found, :notice => "Pay attention to the road"
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), :status => 301, :flash => { :updated_post_id => @post.id }
@@ -59,6 +65,7 @@ module ActionController
     def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status = {}) #:doc:
       raise ActionControllerError.new("Cannot redirect to nil!") unless options
       raise AbstractController::DoubleRenderError if response_body
+      logger.debug { "Redirected by #{caller(1).first rescue "unknown"}" } if logger
 
       self.status        = _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
       self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(options)
@@ -93,7 +100,7 @@ module ActionController
           _compute_redirect_to_location options.call
         else
           url_for(options)
-        end.gsub(/[\r\n]/, '')
+        end.delete("\0\r\n")
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
index 6e9ce450ac..1927c8bdc7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ module ActionController
     # is the value paired with its key and the second is the remaining
     # hash of options passed to +render+.
     #
-    # === Example
     # Create a csv renderer:
     #
     #   ActionController::Renderers.add :csv do |obj, options|
@@ -91,9 +90,14 @@ module ActionController
 
     add :json do |json, options|
       json = json.to_json(options) unless json.kind_of?(String)
-      json = "#{options[:callback]}(#{json})" unless options[:callback].blank?
-      self.content_type ||= Mime::JSON
-      json
+
+      if options[:callback].present?
+        self.content_type ||= Mime::JS
+        "#{options[:callback]}(#{json})"
+      else
+        self.content_type ||= Mime::JSON
+        json
+      end
     end
 
     add :js do |js, options|
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
index afa9243f02..53534c0307 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
@@ -14,10 +14,23 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   # authentication scheme there anyway). Also, GET requests are not protected as these
   # should be idempotent.
   #
+  # It's important to remember that XML or JSON requests are also affected and if
+  # you're building an API you'll need something like:
+  #
+  #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  #     protect_from_forgery
+  #     skip_before_filter :verify_authenticity_token, :if => :json_request?
+  #
+  #     protected
+  #
+  #     def json_request?
+  #       request.format.json?
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
   # CSRF protection is turned on with the <tt>protect_from_forgery</tt> method,
   # which checks the token and resets the session if it doesn't match what was expected.
   # A call to this method is generated for new \Rails applications by default.
-  # You can customize the error message by editing public/422.html.
   #
   # The token parameter is named <tt>authenticity_token</tt> by default. The name and
   # value of this token must be added to every layout that renders forms by including
@@ -37,6 +50,10 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       config_accessor :request_forgery_protection_token
       self.request_forgery_protection_token ||= :authenticity_token
 
+      # Controls how unverified request will be handled
+      config_accessor :request_forgery_protection_method
+      self.request_forgery_protection_method ||= :reset_session
+
       # Controls whether request forgery protection is turned on or not. Turned off by default only in test mode.
       config_accessor :allow_forgery_protection
       self.allow_forgery_protection = true if allow_forgery_protection.nil?
@@ -48,8 +65,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     module ClassMethods
       # Turn on request forgery protection. Bear in mind that only non-GET, HTML/JavaScript requests are checked.
       #
-      # Example:
-      #
       #   class FooController < ApplicationController
       #     protect_from_forgery :except => :index
       #
@@ -64,8 +79,10 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # Valid Options:
       #
       # * <tt>:only/:except</tt> - Passed to the <tt>before_filter</tt> call. Set which actions are verified.
+      # * <tt>:with</tt> - Set the method to handle unverified request. Valid values: <tt>:exception</tt> and <tt>:reset_session</tt> (default).
       def protect_from_forgery(options = {})
         self.request_forgery_protection_token ||= :authenticity_token
+        self.request_forgery_protection_method = options.delete(:with) if options.key?(:with)
         prepend_before_filter :verify_authenticity_token, options
       end
     end
@@ -80,9 +97,19 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       # This is the method that defines the application behavior when a request is found to be unverified.
-      # By default, \Rails resets the session when it finds an unverified request.
+      # By default, \Rails uses <tt>request_forgery_protection_method</tt> when it finds an unverified request:
+      #
+      # * <tt>:reset_session</tt> - Resets the session.
+      # * <tt>:exception</tt>: - Raises ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken exception.
       def handle_unverified_request
-        reset_session
+        case request_forgery_protection_method
+        when :exception
+          raise ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken
+        when :reset_session
+          reset_session
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, 'Invalid request forgery protection method, use :exception or :reset_session'
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns true or false if a request is verified. Checks:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
index 1e8990495c..d9c89a74f1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   #
   #   def create
   #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.comments.build(params[:task])
+  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
   #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
   #     respond_with(@project, @task)
   #   end
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   #
   #   def create
   #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.comments.build(params[:task])
+  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
   #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
   #     respond_with(@project, @task, :status => 201)
   #   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
index e9783e6919..9f3c997024 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
@@ -139,17 +139,14 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   # session or flash after the template starts rendering will not propagate
   # to the client.
   #
-  # If you try to modify cookies, session or flash, an +ActionDispatch::ClosedError+
-  # will be raised, showing those objects are closed for modification.
-  #
   # == Middlewares
   #
   # Middlewares that need to manipulate the body won't work with streaming.
   # You should disable those middlewares whenever streaming in development
-  # or production. For instance, +Rack::Bug+ won't work when streaming as it
+  # or production. For instance, <tt>Rack::Bug</tt> won't work when streaming as it
   # needs to inject contents in the HTML body.
   #
-  # Also +Rack::Cache+ won't work with streaming as it does not support
+  # Also <tt>Rack::Cache</tt> won't work with streaming as it does not support
   # streaming bodies yet. Whenever streaming Cache-Control is automatically
   # set to "no-cache".
   #
@@ -162,7 +159,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   # Currently, when an exception happens in development or production, Rails
   # will automatically stream to the client:
   #
-  #   "><script type="text/javascript">window.location = "/500.html"</script></html>
+  #   "><script>window.location = "/500.html"</script></html>
   #
   # The first two characters (">) are required in case the exception happens
   # while rendering attributes for a given tag. You can check the real cause
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
index d1813ee745..0377b8c4cf 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
@@ -4,30 +4,25 @@ module ActionController
 
     include RackDelegation
 
-    def recycle!
-      @_url_options = nil
-    end
-
-
-    # TODO: Clean this up
-    def process_with_new_base_test(request, response)
-      @_request = request
-      @_response = response
-      @_response.request = request
-      ret = process(request.parameters[:action])
-      if cookies = @_request.env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-        cookies.write(@_response)
-      end
-      @_response.prepare!
-      ret
-    end
-
     # TODO : Rewrite tests using controller.headers= to use Rack env
     def headers=(new_headers)
       @_response ||= ActionDispatch::Response.new
       @_response.headers.replace(new_headers)
     end
 
+    # Behavior specific to functional tests
+    module Functional # :nodoc:
+      def set_response!(request)
+      end
+
+      def recycle!
+        @_url_options = nil
+        self.response_body = nil
+        self.formats = nil
+        self.params = nil
+      end
+    end
+
     module ClassMethods
       def before_filters
         _process_action_callbacks.find_all{|x| x.kind == :before}.map{|x| x.name}
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
index 8e7b56dbcc..e28c05cc2d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ module ActionController
   # url options like the +host+. In order to do so, this module requires the host class
   # to implement +env+ and +request+, which need to be a Rack-compatible.
   #
-  # Example:
-  #
   #   class RootUrl
   #     include ActionController::UrlFor
   #     include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
@@ -19,7 +17,6 @@ module ActionController
   #       @url        = root_path # named route from the application.
   #     end
   #   end
-  #
   module UrlFor
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..785221dc3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module ActionController
+  module ModelNaming
+    # Converts the given object to an ActiveModel compliant one.
+    def convert_to_model(object)
+      object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
+    end
+
+    def model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class)
+      (record_or_class.is_a?(Class) ? record_or_class : convert_to_model(record_or_class).class).model_name
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
index 3e170d7872..851a2c4aee 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
@@ -3,33 +3,32 @@ require "action_controller"
 require "action_dispatch/railtie"
 require "action_view/railtie"
 require "abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers"
-require "action_controller/railties/paths"
+require "action_controller/railties/helpers"
 
 module ActionController
   class Railtie < Rails::Railtie #:nodoc:
     config.action_controller = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
 
-    initializer "action_controller.logger" do
-      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) { self.logger ||= Rails.logger }
-    end
-
-    initializer "action_controller.initialize_framework_caches" do
-      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) { self.cache_store ||= Rails.cache }
-    end
-
     initializer "action_controller.assets_config", :group => :all do |app|
       app.config.action_controller.assets_dir ||= app.config.paths["public"].first
     end
 
+    initializer "action_controller.set_helpers_path" do |app|
+      ActionController::Helpers.helpers_path = app.helpers_paths
+    end
+
     initializer "action_controller.set_configs" do |app|
       paths   = app.config.paths
       options = app.config.action_controller
 
+      options.logger               ||= Rails.logger
+      options.cache_store          ||= Rails.cache
+
       options.javascripts_dir      ||= paths["public/javascripts"].first
       options.stylesheets_dir      ||= paths["public/stylesheets"].first
       options.page_cache_directory ||= paths["public"].first
 
-      # make sure readers methods get compiled
+      # Ensure readers methods get compiled
       options.asset_path           ||= app.config.asset_path
       options.asset_host           ||= app.config.asset_host
       options.relative_url_root    ||= app.config.relative_url_root
@@ -37,8 +36,16 @@ module ActionController
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
         include app.routes.mounted_helpers
         extend ::AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(app.routes)
-        extend ::ActionController::Railties::Paths.with(app)
-        options.each { |k,v| send("#{k}=", v) }
+        extend ::ActionController::Railties::Helpers
+
+        options.each do |k,v|
+          k = "#{k}="
+          if respond_to?(k)
+            send(k, v)
+          elsif !Base.respond_to?(k)
+            raise "Invalid option key: #{k}"
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3985c6b273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module ActionController
+  module Railties
+    module Helpers
+      def inherited(klass)
+        super
+        return unless klass.respond_to?(:helpers_path=)
+
+        if namespace = klass.parents.detect { |m| m.respond_to?(:railtie_helpers_paths) }
+          paths = namespace.railtie_helpers_paths
+        else
+          paths = ActionController::Helpers.helpers_path
+        end
+
+        klass.helpers_path = paths
+
+        if klass.superclass == ActionController::Base && ActionController::Base.include_all_helpers
+          klass.helper :all
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/paths.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/paths.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bbe63149ad..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/paths.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-module ActionController
-  module Railties
-    module Paths
-      def self.with(app)
-        Module.new do
-          define_method(:inherited) do |klass|
-            super(klass)
-
-            if namespace = klass.parents.detect { |m| m.respond_to?(:railtie_helpers_paths) }
-              paths = namespace.railtie_helpers_paths
-            else
-              paths = app.helpers_paths
-            end
-
-            klass.helpers_path = paths
-
-            if klass.superclass == ActionController::Base && ActionController::Base.include_all_helpers
-              klass.helper :all
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/record_identifier.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/record_identifier.rb
index 9c38ff44d8..d3ac406618 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/record_identifier.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/record_identifier.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module'
+require 'action_controller/model_naming'
 
 module ActionController
   # The record identifier encapsulates a number of naming conventions for dealing with records, like Active Records or
-  # Active Resources or pretty much any other model type that has an id. These patterns are then used to try elevate
-  # the view actions to a higher logical level. Example:
+  # pretty much any other model type that has an id. These patterns are then used to try elevate the view actions to
+  # a higher logical level.
   #
   #   # routes
   #   resources :posts
@@ -27,10 +28,12 @@ module ActionController
   module RecordIdentifier
     extend self
 
+    include ModelNaming
+
     JOIN = '_'.freeze
     NEW = 'new'.freeze
 
-    # The DOM class convention is to use the singular form of an object or class. Examples:
+    # The DOM class convention is to use the singular form of an object or class.
     #
     #   dom_class(post)   # => "post"
     #   dom_class(Person) # => "person"
@@ -40,12 +43,12 @@ module ActionController
     #   dom_class(post, :edit)   # => "edit_post"
     #   dom_class(Person, :edit) # => "edit_person"
     def dom_class(record_or_class, prefix = nil)
-      singular = ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(record_or_class)
+      singular = model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).param_key
       prefix ? "#{prefix}#{JOIN}#{singular}" : singular
     end
 
     # The DOM id convention is to use the singular form of an object or class with the id following an underscore.
-    # If no id is found, prefix with "new_" instead. Examples:
+    # If no id is found, prefix with "new_" instead.
     #
     #   dom_id(Post.find(45))       # => "post_45"
     #   dom_id(Post.new)            # => "new_post"
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@ module ActionController
     # If you need to address multiple instances of the same class in the same view, you can prefix the dom_id:
     #
     #   dom_id(Post.find(45), :edit) # => "edit_post_45"
+    #   dom_id(Post.new, :custom)    # => "custom_post"
     def dom_id(record, prefix = nil)
       if record_id = record_key_for_dom_id(record)
         "#{dom_class(record, prefix)}#{JOIN}#{record_id}"
@@ -72,14 +76,8 @@ module ActionController
     # method that replaces all characters that are invalid inside DOM ids, with valid ones. You need to
     # make sure yourself that your dom ids are valid, in case you overwrite this method.
     def record_key_for_dom_id(record)
-      record = record.to_model if record.respond_to?(:to_model)
-      key = record.to_key
-      key ? sanitize_dom_id(key.join('_')) : key
-    end
-
-    # Replaces characters that are invalid in HTML DOM ids with valid ones.
-    def sanitize_dom_id(candidate_id)
-      candidate_id # TODO implement conversion to valid DOM id values
+      key = convert_to_model(record).to_key
+      key ? key.join('_') : key
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
index e9a3ec5a22..5f50bf5de6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
@@ -20,20 +20,25 @@ module ActionController
 
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("render_template.action_view") do |name, start, finish, id, payload|
         path = payload[:layout]
-        @layouts[path] += 1
+        if path
+          @layouts[path] += 1
+          if path =~ /^layouts\/(.*)/
+            @layouts[$1] += 1
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |name, start, finish, id, payload|
         path = payload[:virtual_path]
         next unless path
         partial = path =~ /^.*\/_[^\/]*$/
+
         if partial
           @partials[path] += 1
           @partials[path.split("/").last] += 1
-          @templates[path] += 1
-        else
-          @templates[path] += 1
         end
+
+        @templates[path] += 1
       end
     end
 
@@ -51,11 +56,21 @@ module ActionController
 
     # Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file or partials.
     #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
     #   # assert that the "new" view template was rendered
     #   assert_template "new"
     #
+    #   # assert that the exact template "admin/posts/new" was rendered
+    #   assert_template %r{\Aadmin/posts/new\Z}
+    #
+    #   # assert that the layout 'admin' was rendered
+    #   assert_template :layout => 'admin'
+    #   assert_template :layout => 'layouts/admin'
+    #   assert_template :layout => :admin
+    #
+    #   # assert that no layout was rendered
+    #   assert_template :layout => nil
+    #   assert_template :layout => false
+    #
     #   # assert that the "_customer" partial was rendered twice
     #   assert_template :partial => '_customer', :count => 2
     #
@@ -67,36 +82,36 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #   # assert that the "_customer" partial was rendered with a specific object
     #   assert_template :partial => '_customer', :locals => { :customer => @customer }
-    #
     def assert_template(options = {}, message = nil)
       # Force body to be read in case the
       # template is being streamed
       response.body
 
       case options
-      when NilClass, String, Symbol
+      when NilClass, String, Symbol, Regexp
         options = options.to_s if Symbol === options
         rendered = @templates
         msg = message || sprintf("expecting <%s> but rendering with <%s>",
-                options, rendered.keys)
-        assert_block(msg) do
+                options.inspect, rendered.keys)
+        matches_template =
           if options
             rendered.any? { |t,num| t.match(options) }
           else
             @templates.blank?
           end
-        end
+        assert matches_template, msg
       when Hash
-        if expected_layout = options[:layout]
+        if options.key?(:layout)
+          expected_layout = options[:layout]
           msg = message || sprintf("expecting layout <%s> but action rendered <%s>",
                   expected_layout, @layouts.keys)
 
           case expected_layout
-          when String
-            assert_includes @layouts.keys, expected_layout, msg
+          when String, Symbol
+            assert_includes @layouts.keys, expected_layout.to_s, msg
           when Regexp
             assert(@layouts.keys.any? {|l| l =~ expected_layout }, msg)
-          when nil
+          when nil, false
             assert(@layouts.empty?, msg)
           end
         end
@@ -117,15 +132,20 @@ module ActionController
                     options[:partial], @partials.keys)
             assert_includes @partials, expected_partial, msg
           end
-        else
+        elsif options.key?(:partial)
           assert @partials.empty?,
             "Expected no partials to be rendered"
         end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "assert_template only accepts a String, Symbol, Hash, Regexp, or nil"
       end
     end
   end
 
   class TestRequest < ActionDispatch::TestRequest #:nodoc:
+    DEFAULT_ENV = ActionDispatch::TestRequest::DEFAULT_ENV.dup
+    DEFAULT_ENV.delete 'PATH_INFO'
+
     def initialize(env = {})
       super
 
@@ -133,29 +153,28 @@ module ActionController
       self.session_options = TestSession::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(:id => SecureRandom.hex(16))
     end
 
-    class Result < ::Array #:nodoc:
-      def to_s() join '/' end
-      def self.new_escaped(strings)
-        new strings.collect {|str| uri_parser.unescape str}
-      end
-    end
-
     def assign_parameters(routes, controller_path, action, parameters = {})
       parameters = parameters.symbolize_keys.merge(:controller => controller_path, :action => action)
       extra_keys = routes.extra_keys(parameters)
       non_path_parameters = get? ? query_parameters : request_parameters
       parameters.each do |key, value|
-        if value.is_a? Fixnum
-          value = value.to_s
-        elsif value.is_a? Array
-          value = Result.new(value.map { |v| v.is_a?(String) ? v.dup : v })
-        elsif value.is_a? String
+        if value.is_a?(Array) && (value.frozen? || value.any?(&:frozen?))
+          value = value.map{ |v| v.duplicable? ? v.dup : v }
+        elsif value.is_a?(Hash) && (value.frozen? || value.any?{ |k,v| v.frozen? })
+          value = Hash[value.map{ |k,v| [k, v.duplicable? ? v.dup : v] }]
+        elsif value.frozen? && value.duplicable?
           value = value.dup
         end
 
         if extra_keys.include?(key.to_sym)
           non_path_parameters[key] = value
         else
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value = value.map(&:to_param)
+          else
+            value = value.to_param
+          end
+
           path_parameters[key.to_s] = value
         end
       end
@@ -191,6 +210,12 @@ module ActionController
       cookie_jar.update(@set_cookies)
       cookie_jar.recycle!
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def default_env
+      DEFAULT_ENV
+    end
   end
 
   class TestResponse < ActionDispatch::TestResponse
@@ -327,14 +352,13 @@ module ActionController
   # == \Testing named routes
   #
   # If you're using named routes, they can be easily tested using the original named routes' methods straight in the test case.
-  # Example:
   #
   #  assert_redirected_to page_url(:title => 'foo')
   class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     # Use AS::TestCase for the base class when describing a model
     register_spec_type(self) do |desc|
-      desc < ActionController::Base
+      Class === desc && desc < ActionController::Base
     end
 
     module Behavior
@@ -346,12 +370,11 @@ module ActionController
       module ClassMethods
 
         # Sets the controller class name. Useful if the name can't be inferred from test class.
-        # Normalizes +controller_class+ before using. Examples:
+        # Normalizes +controller_class+ before using.
         #
         #   tests WidgetController
         #   tests :widget
         #   tests 'widget'
-        #
         def tests(controller_class)
           case controller_class
           when String, Symbol
@@ -412,8 +435,13 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       # Executes a request simulating HEAD HTTP method and set/volley the response
-      def head(action, parameters = nil, session = nil, flash = nil)
-        process(action, "HEAD", parameters, session, flash)
+      def head(action, *args)
+        process(action, "HEAD", *args)
+      end
+
+      # Executes a request simulating OPTIONS HTTP method and set/volley the response
+      def options(action, *args)
+        process(action, "OPTIONS", *args)
       end
 
       def xml_http_request(request_method, action, parameters = nil, session = nil, flash = nil)
@@ -432,7 +460,7 @@ module ActionController
           Hash[hash_or_array_or_value.map{|key, value| [key, paramify_values(value)] }]
         when Array
           hash_or_array_or_value.map {|i| paramify_values(i)}
-        when Rack::Test::UploadedFile
+        when Rack::Test::UploadedFile, ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile
           hash_or_array_or_value
         else
           hash_or_array_or_value.to_param
@@ -451,60 +479,65 @@ module ActionController
 
         # Ensure that numbers and symbols passed as params are converted to
         # proper params, as is the case when engaging rack.
-        parameters = paramify_values(parameters)
+        parameters = paramify_values(parameters) if html_format?(parameters)
+
+        @html_document = nil
+
+        unless @controller.respond_to?(:recycle!)
+          @controller.extend(Testing::Functional)
+          @controller.class.class_eval { include Testing }
+        end
 
         @request.recycle!
         @response.recycle!
-        @controller.response_body = nil
-        @controller.formats = nil
-        @controller.params = nil
+        @controller.recycle!
 
-        @html_document = nil
         @request.env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = http_method
 
         parameters ||= {}
         controller_class_name = @controller.class.anonymous? ?
-          "anonymous_controller" :
+          "anonymous" :
           @controller.class.name.underscore.sub(/_controller$/, '')
 
         @request.assign_parameters(@routes, controller_class_name, action.to_s, parameters)
 
-        @request.session = ActionController::TestSession.new(session) if session
+        @request.session.update(session) if session
         @request.session["flash"] = @request.flash.update(flash || {})
-        @request.session["flash"].sweep
 
-        @controller.request = @request
-        @controller.params.merge!(parameters)
+        @controller.request  = @request
+        @controller.response = @response
+
         build_request_uri(action, parameters)
-        @controller.class.class_eval { include Testing }
-        @controller.recycle!
-        @controller.process_with_new_base_test(@request, @response)
+
+        name = @request.parameters[:action]
+
+        @controller.process(name)
+
+        if cookies = @request.env['action_dispatch.cookies']
+          cookies.write(@response)
+        end
+        @response.prepare!
+
         @assigns = @controller.respond_to?(:view_assigns) ? @controller.view_assigns : {}
         @request.session.delete('flash') if @request.session['flash'].blank?
         @response
       end
 
       def setup_controller_request_and_response
-        @request = TestRequest.new
-        @response = TestResponse.new
+        @request          = TestRequest.new
+        @response         = TestResponse.new
+        @response.request = @request
 
         if klass = self.class.controller_class
           @controller ||= klass.new rescue nil
         end
 
-        @request.env.delete('PATH_INFO')
-
         if defined?(@controller) && @controller
           @controller.request = @request
           @controller.params = {}
         end
       end
 
-      # Cause the action to be rescued according to the regular rules for rescue_action when the visitor is not local
-      def rescue_action_in_public!
-        @request.remote_addr = '208.77.188.166' # example.com
-      end
-
       included do
         include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
         include ActionDispatch::Assertions
@@ -512,7 +545,7 @@ module ActionController
         setup :setup_controller_request_and_response
       end
 
-    private
+      private
       def check_required_ivars
         # Sanity check for required instance variables so we can give an
         # understandable error message.
@@ -550,6 +583,11 @@ module ActionController
           @request.env["QUERY_STRING"] = query_string || ""
         end
       end
+
+      def html_format?(parameters)
+        return true unless parameters.is_a?(Hash)
+        Mime.fetch(parameters[:format]) { Mime['html'] }.html?
+      end
     end
 
     # When the request.remote_addr remains the default for testing, which is 0.0.0.0, the exception is simply raised inline
@@ -559,7 +597,7 @@ module ActionController
     #
     # The exception is stored in the exception accessor for further inspection.
     module RaiseActionExceptions
-      def self.included(base)
+      def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
         unless base.method_defined?(:exception) && base.method_defined?(:exception=)
           base.class_eval do
             attr_accessor :exception
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
index 24ffc28710..6b269e7a31 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 require 'set'
 require 'cgi'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
 
 module HTML
   class Sanitizer
     def sanitize(text, options = {})
+      validate_options(options)
       return text unless sanitizeable?(text)
       tokenize(text, options).join
     end
@@ -27,6 +29,16 @@ module HTML
     def process_node(node, result, options)
       result << node.to_s
     end
+
+    def validate_options(options)
+      if options[:tags] && !options[:tags].is_a?(Enumerable)
+        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable"
+      end
+
+      if options[:attributes] && !options[:attributes].is_a?(Enumerable)
+        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable"
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   class FullSanitizer < Sanitizer
@@ -88,7 +100,7 @@ module HTML
     self.allowed_protocols      = Set.new(%w(ed2k ftp http https irc mailto news gopher nntp telnet webcal xmpp callto
       feed svn urn aim rsync tag ssh sftp rtsp afs))
 
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css keywords that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
+    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
     self.allowed_css_properties = Set.new(%w(azimuth background-color border-bottom-color border-collapse
       border-color border-left-color border-right-color border-top-color clear color cursor direction display
       elevation float font font-family font-size font-style font-variant font-weight height letter-spacing line-height
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
index a9542a7d1b..1e4ac70f3d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
@@ -21,12 +21,6 @@
 # WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 #++
 
-activesupport_path = File.expand_path('../../../activesupport/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activesupport_path) if File.directory?(activesupport_path) && !$:.include?(activesupport_path)
-
-activemodel_path = File.expand_path('../../../activemodel/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activemodel_path) if File.directory?(activemodel_path) && !$:.include?(activemodel_path)
-
 require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/dependencies/autoload'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
@@ -61,6 +55,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :Reloader
     autoload :RemoteIp
     autoload :ShowExceptions
+    autoload :SSL
     autoload :Static
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
index 5ee4c044ea..0b895e7860 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
@@ -84,17 +84,29 @@ module ActionDispatch
         LAST_MODIFIED = "Last-Modified".freeze
         ETAG          = "ETag".freeze
         CACHE_CONTROL = "Cache-Control".freeze
+        SPESHUL_KEYS  = %w[extras no-cache max-age public must-revalidate]
+
+        def cache_control_headers
+          cache_control = {}
+          if cc = self[CACHE_CONTROL]
+            cc.delete(' ').split(',').each do |segment|
+              directive, argument = segment.split('=', 2)
+              case directive
+              when *SPESHUL_KEYS
+                key = directive.tr('-', '_')
+                cache_control[key.to_sym] = argument || true
+              else
+                cache_control[:extras] ||= []
+                cache_control[:extras] << segment
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          cache_control
+        end
 
         def prepare_cache_control!
-          @cache_control = {}
+          @cache_control = cache_control_headers
           @etag = self[ETAG]
-
-          if cache_control = self[CACHE_CONTROL]
-            cache_control.split(/,\s*/).each do |segment|
-              first, last = segment.split("=")
-              @cache_control[first.to_sym] = last || true
-            end
-          end
         end
 
         def handle_conditional_get!
@@ -110,14 +122,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
         MUST_REVALIDATE       = "must-revalidate".freeze
 
         def set_conditional_cache_control!
-          return if self[CACHE_CONTROL].present?
+          control = {}
+          cc_headers = cache_control_headers
+          if extras = cc_headers.delete(:extras)
+            @cache_control[:extras] ||= []
+            @cache_control[:extras] += extras
+            @cache_control[:extras].uniq!
+          end
 
-          control = @cache_control
+          control.merge! cc_headers
+          control.merge! @cache_control
 
           if control.empty?
             headers[CACHE_CONTROL] = DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL
           elsif control[:no_cache]
             headers[CACHE_CONTROL] = NO_CACHE
+            if control[:extras]
+              headers[CACHE_CONTROL] += ", #{control[:extras].join(', ')}"
+            end
           else
             extras  = control[:extras]
             max_age = control[:max_age]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
index 132b0c82bc..6413929be3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # value of the params hash and all subhashes is passed to it, the value
     # or key can be replaced using String#replace or similar method.
     #
-    # Examples:
-    #
     #   env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = [:password]
     #   => replaces the value to all keys matching /password/i with "[FILTERED]"
     #
@@ -22,7 +20,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #     v.reverse! if k =~ /secret/i
     #   end
     #   => reverses the value to all keys matching /secret/i
-    #
     module FilterParameters
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
index 040b51e040..a3bb25f75a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
@@ -14,17 +14,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def [](header_name)
-        if include?(header_name)
-          super
-        else
-          super(env_name(header_name))
-        end
+        super env_name(header_name)
+      end
+
+      def fetch(header_name, default=nil, &block)
+        super env_name(header_name), default, &block
       end
 
       private
-        # Converts a HTTP header name to an environment variable name.
+        # Converts a HTTP header name to an environment variable name if it is
+        # not contained within the headers hash.
         def env_name(header_name)
-          @@env_cache[header_name]
+          include?(header_name) ? header_name : @@env_cache[header_name]
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
index 5c48a60469..e31f3b823d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     module MimeNegotiation
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
index e039eb1288..fe39c220a5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ module Mime
     Type.lookup_by_extension(type.to_s)
   end
 
+  def self.fetch(type)
+    return type if type.is_a?(Type)
+    EXTENSION_LOOKUP.fetch(type.to_s) { |k| yield k }
+  end
+
   # Encapsulates the notion of a mime type. Can be used at render time, for example, with:
   #
   #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
@@ -38,7 +43,7 @@ module Mime
   #       respond_to do |format|
   #         format.html
   #         format.ics { render :text => post.to_ics, :mime_type => Mime::Type["text/calendar"]  }
-  #         format.xml { render :xml => @people.to_xml }
+  #         format.xml { render :xml => @people }
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -53,6 +58,8 @@ module Mime
     cattr_reader :browser_generated_types
     attr_reader :symbol
 
+    @register_callbacks = []
+
     # A simple helper class used in parsing the accept header
     class AcceptItem #:nodoc:
       attr_accessor :order, :name, :q
@@ -84,6 +91,10 @@ module Mime
       TRAILING_STAR_REGEXP = /(text|application)\/\*/
       PARAMETER_SEPARATOR_REGEXP = /;\s*\w+="?\w+"?/
 
+      def register_callback(&block)
+        @register_callbacks << block
+      end
+
       def lookup(string)
         LOOKUP[string]
       end
@@ -99,12 +110,17 @@ module Mime
       end
 
       def register(string, symbol, mime_type_synonyms = [], extension_synonyms = [], skip_lookup = false)
-        Mime.const_set(symbol.to_s.upcase, Type.new(string, symbol, mime_type_synonyms))
+        Mime.const_set(symbol.upcase, Type.new(string, symbol, mime_type_synonyms))
 
-        SET << Mime.const_get(symbol.to_s.upcase)
+        new_mime = Mime.const_get(symbol.upcase)
+        SET << new_mime
 
         ([string] + mime_type_synonyms).each { |str| LOOKUP[str] = SET.last } unless skip_lookup
         ([symbol] + extension_synonyms).each { |ext| EXTENSION_LOOKUP[ext.to_s] = SET.last }
+
+        @register_callbacks.each do |callback|
+          callback.call(new_mime)
+        end
       end
 
       def parse(accept_header)
@@ -179,11 +195,11 @@ module Mime
         end
       end
 
-      # input: 'text'
-      # returned value:  [Mime::JSON, Mime::XML, Mime::ICS, Mime::HTML, Mime::CSS, Mime::CSV, Mime::JS, Mime::YAML, Mime::TEXT]
+      # For an input of <tt>'text'</tt>, returns <tt>[Mime::JSON, Mime::XML, Mime::ICS,
+      # Mime::HTML, Mime::CSS, Mime::CSV, Mime::JS, Mime::YAML, Mime::TEXT]</tt>.
       #
-      # input: 'application'
-      # returned value: [Mime::HTML, Mime::JS, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::ATOM, Mime::JSON, Mime::RSS, Mime::URL_ENCODED_FORM]
+      # For an input of <tt>'application'</tt>, returns <tt>[Mime::HTML, Mime::JS,
+      # Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::ATOM, Mime::JSON, Mime::RSS, Mime::URL_ENCODED_FORM]</tt>.
       def parse_data_with_trailing_star(input)
         Mime::SET.select { |m| m =~ input }
       end
@@ -192,9 +208,9 @@ module Mime
       #
       # Usage:
       #
-      # Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
+      #   Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
       def unregister(symbol)
-        symbol = symbol.to_s.upcase
+        symbol = symbol.upcase
         mime = Mime.const_get(symbol)
         Mime.instance_eval { remove_const(symbol) }
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
index d9b63faf5e..bcfd0b0d00 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] ||= {}
       end
 
+      def reset_parameters #:nodoc:
+        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
+      end
+
     private
 
       # TODO: Validate that the characters are UTF-8. If they aren't,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
index 796e0dbc45..1377e53ce8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     include ActionDispatch::Http::Upload
     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
 
+    autoload :Session, 'action_dispatch/request/session'
+
     LOCALHOST   = Regexp.union [/^127\.0\.0\.\d{1,3}$/, /^::1$/, /^0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1(%.*)?$/]
 
     ENV_METHODS = %w[ AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
@@ -117,9 +119,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     # Is this a HEAD request?
-    # Equivalent to <tt>request.method_symbol == :head</tt>.
+    # Equivalent to <tt>request.request_method_symbol == :head</tt>.
     def head?
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[method] == :head
+      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method] == :head
     end
 
     # Provides access to the request's HTTP headers, for example:
@@ -220,26 +222,33 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def session=(session) #:nodoc:
-      @env['rack.session'] = session
+      Session.set @env, session
     end
 
     def session_options=(options)
-      @env['rack.session.options'] = options
+      Session::Options.set @env, options
     end
 
     # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
     def GET
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= (normalize_parameters(super) || {})
+      begin
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= (normalize_parameters(super) || {})
+      rescue TypeError => e
+        raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid query parameters: #{e.message}"
+      end
     end
     alias :query_parameters :GET
 
     # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
     def POST
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= (normalize_parameters(super) || {})
+      begin
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= (normalize_parameters(super) || {})
+      rescue TypeError => e
+        raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid request parameters: #{e.message}"
+      end
     end
     alias :request_parameters :POST
 
-
     # Returns the authorization header regardless of whether it was specified directly or through one of the
     # proxy alternatives.
     def authorization
@@ -254,6 +263,27 @@ module ActionDispatch
       LOCALHOST =~ remote_addr && LOCALHOST =~ remote_ip
     end
 
+    protected
+
+    # Remove nils from the params hash
+    def deep_munge(hash)
+      hash.each_value do |v|
+        case v
+        when Array
+          v.grep(Hash) { |x| deep_munge(x) }
+          v.compact!
+        when Hash
+          deep_munge(v)
+        end
+      end
+
+      hash
+    end
+
+    def parse_query(qs)
+      deep_munge(super)
+    end
+
     private
 
     def check_method(name)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
index 84732085f0..cc46f9983c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
   #  class DemoControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   #    def test_print_root_path_to_console
   #      get('/')
-  #      puts @response.body
+  #      puts response.body
   #    end
   #  end
   class Response
@@ -51,12 +51,13 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     # If a character set has been defined for this response (see charset=) then
     # the character set information will also be included in the content type
     # information.
-    attr_accessor :charset, :content_type
+    attr_accessor :charset
+    attr_reader   :content_type
 
     CONTENT_TYPE = "Content-Type".freeze
     SET_COOKIE   = "Set-Cookie".freeze
     LOCATION     = "Location".freeze
- 
+
     cattr_accessor(:default_charset) { "utf-8" }
 
     include Rack::Response::Helpers
@@ -83,6 +84,10 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       @status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
     end
 
+    def content_type=(content_type)
+      @content_type = content_type.to_s
+    end
+
     # The response code of the request
     def response_code
       @status
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
index c4a915d1ad..ce8c2729e9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Delegate these methods to the tempfile.
-      [:open, :path, :rewind, :size].each do |method|
+      [:open, :path, :rewind, :size, :eof?].each do |method|
         class_eval "def #{method}; @tempfile.#{method}; end"
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
index f9dae5dad7..4266ec042e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
@@ -23,23 +23,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def url_for(options = {})
-          if options[:host].blank? && options[:only_path].blank?
-            raise ArgumentError, 'Missing host to link to! Please provide the :host parameter, set default_url_options[:host], or set :only_path to true'
-          end
-
-          rewritten_url = ""
-
-          unless options[:only_path]
-            unless options[:protocol] == false
-              rewritten_url << (options[:protocol] || "http")
-              rewritten_url << ":" unless rewritten_url.match(%r{:|//})
-            end
-            rewritten_url << "//" unless rewritten_url.match("//")
-            rewritten_url << rewrite_authentication(options)
-            rewritten_url << host_or_subdomain_and_domain(options)
-            rewritten_url << ":#{options.delete(:port)}" if options[:port]
-          end
-
           path = ""
           path << options.delete(:script_name).to_s.chomp("/")
           path << options.delete(:path).to_s
@@ -47,14 +30,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
           params = options[:params] || {}
           params.reject! {|k,v| v.to_param.nil? }
 
-          rewritten_url << (options[:trailing_slash] ? path.sub(/\?|\z/) { "/" + $& } : path)
-          rewritten_url << "?#{params.to_query}" unless params.empty?
-          rewritten_url << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(options[:anchor].to_param.to_s)}" if options[:anchor]
-          rewritten_url
+          result = build_host_url(options)
+
+          result << (options[:trailing_slash] ? path.sub(/\?|\z/) { "/" + $& } : path)
+          result << "?#{params.to_query}" unless params.empty?
+          result << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(options[:anchor].to_param.to_s)}" if options[:anchor]
+          result
         end
 
         private
 
+        def build_host_url(options)
+          if options[:host].blank? && options[:only_path].blank?
+            raise ArgumentError, 'Missing host to link to! Please provide the :host parameter, set default_url_options[:host], or set :only_path to true'
+          end
+
+          result = ""
+
+          unless options[:only_path]
+            unless options[:protocol] == false
+              result << (options[:protocol] || "http")
+              result << ":" unless result.match(%r{:|//})
+            end
+            result << "//" unless result.match("//")
+            result << rewrite_authentication(options)
+            result << host_or_subdomain_and_domain(options)
+            result << ":#{options.delete(:port)}" if options[:port]
+          end
+          result
+        end
+
         def named_host?(host)
           host && IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
index 25f1db8228..771f075275 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 
 module ActionDispatch
-  class Request
+  class Request < Rack::Request
     def cookie_jar
       env['action_dispatch.cookies'] ||= Cookies::CookieJar.build(self)
     end
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   # Sets a cookie that expires in 1 hour.
   #   cookies[:login] = { :value => "XJ-122", :expires => 1.hour.from_now }
   #
-  #   # Sets a signed cookie, which prevents a user from tampering with its value.
+  #   # Sets a signed cookie, which prevents users from tampering with its value.
   #   # The cookie is signed by your app's <tt>config.secret_token</tt> value.
-  #   # Rails generates this value by default when you create a new Rails app.
+  #   # It can be read using the signed method <tt>cookies.signed[:key]</tt>
   #   cookies.signed[:user_id] = current_user.id
   #
   #   # Sets a "permanent" cookie (which expires in 20 years from now).
@@ -39,9 +39,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   # Examples for reading:
   #
-  #   cookies[:user_name] # => "david"
-  #   cookies.size        # => 2
-  #   cookies[:lat_lon]   # => [47.68, -122.37]
+  #   cookies[:user_name]    # => "david"
+  #   cookies.size           # => 2
+  #   cookies[:lat_lon]      # => [47.68, -122.37]
+  #   cookies.signed[:login] # => "XJ-122"
   #
   # Example for deleting:
   #
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     TOKEN_KEY   = "action_dispatch.secret_token".freeze
 
     # Raised when storing more than 4K of session data.
-    class CookieOverflow < StandardError; end
+    CookieOverflow = Class.new StandardError
 
     class CookieJar #:nodoc:
       include Enumerable
@@ -117,7 +118,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @delete_cookies = {}
         @host = host
         @secure = secure
-        @closed = false
         @cookies = {}
       end
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         elsif options[:domain].is_a? Array
           # if host matches one of the supplied domains without a dot in front of it
-          options[:domain] = options[:domain].find {|domain| @host.include? domain[/^\.?(.*)$/, 1] }
+          options[:domain] = options[:domain].find {|domain| @host.include? domain.sub(/^\./, '') }
         end
       end
 
@@ -169,12 +169,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
           options = { :value => value }
         end
 
-        @cookies[key.to_s] = value
-
         handle_options(options)
 
-        @set_cookies[key.to_s] = options
-        @delete_cookies.delete(key.to_s)
+        if @cookies[key.to_s] != value or options[:expires]
+          @cookies[key.to_s] = value
+          @set_cookies[key.to_s] = options
+          @delete_cookies.delete(key.to_s)
+        end
+
         value
       end
 
@@ -182,8 +184,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # and setting its expiration date into the past. Like <tt>[]=</tt>, you can pass in
       # an options hash to delete cookies with extra data such as a <tt>:path</tt>.
       def delete(key, options = {})
-        options.symbolize_keys!
+        return unless @cookies.has_key? key.to_s
 
+        options.symbolize_keys!
         handle_options(options)
 
         value = @cookies.delete(key.to_s)
@@ -225,7 +228,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), an ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature exception will
       # be raised.
       #
-      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's config.secret_token.
+      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +config.secret_token+.
       #
       # Example:
       #
@@ -273,10 +276,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @parent_jar[key] = options
       end
 
-      def signed
-        @signed ||= SignedCookieJar.new(self, @secret)
-      end
-
       def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
         @parent_jar.send(method, *arguments, &block)
       end
@@ -343,7 +342,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      cookie_jar = nil
       status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
 
       if cookie_jar = env['action_dispatch.cookies']
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
index b903f98761..0f0589a844 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
 require 'action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
+
 
 module ActionDispatch
   # This middleware is responsible for logging exceptions and
@@ -7,8 +9,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
   class DebugExceptions
     RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'templates')
 
-    def initialize(app)
-      @app = app
+    def initialize(app, routes_app = nil)
+      @app        = app
+      @routes_app = routes_app
     end
 
     def call(env)
@@ -39,7 +42,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           :exception => wrapper.exception,
           :application_trace => wrapper.application_trace,
           :framework_trace => wrapper.framework_trace,
-          :full_trace => wrapper.full_trace
+          :full_trace => wrapper.full_trace,
+          :routes => formatted_routes(exception)
         )
 
         file = "rescues/#{wrapper.rescue_template}"
@@ -78,5 +82,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def stderr_logger
       @stderr_logger ||= ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stderr)
     end
+
+    def formatted_routes(exception)
+      return false unless @routes_app.respond_to?(:routes)
+      if exception.is_a?(ActionController::RoutingError) || exception.is_a?(ActionView::Template::Error)
+        inspector = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new
+        inspector.format(@routes_app.routes.routes).join("\n")
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
index c0532c80c4..7349b578d2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/exception'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class ExceptionWrapper
@@ -10,7 +11,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       'AbstractController::ActionNotFound'         => :not_found,
       'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed'         => :method_not_allowed,
       'ActionController::NotImplemented'           => :not_implemented,
-      'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken' => :unprocessable_entity
+      'ActionController::UnknownFormat'            => :not_acceptable,
+      'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken' => :unprocessable_entity,
+      'ActionController::BadRequest'               => :bad_request
     )
 
     cattr_accessor :rescue_templates
@@ -75,4 +78,4 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @backtrace_cleaner ||= @env['action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner']
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
index cff0877030..9928b7cc3a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 module ActionDispatch
-  class Request
+  class Request < Rack::Request
     # Access the contents of the flash. Use <tt>flash["notice"]</tt> to
     # read a notice you put there or <tt>flash["notice"] = "hello"</tt>
     # to put a new one.
     def flash
-      @env[Flash::KEY] ||= (session["flash"] || Flash::FlashHash.new)
+      @env[Flash::KEY] ||= (session["flash"] || Flash::FlashHash.new).tap(&:sweep)
     end
   end
 
   # The flash provides a way to pass temporary objects between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
   # to the very next action and then cleared out. This is a great way of doing notices and alerts, such as a create
   # action that sets <tt>flash[:notice] = "Post successfully created"</tt> before redirecting to a display action that can
-  # then expose the flash to its template. Actually, that exposure is automatically done. Example:
+  # then expose the flash to its template. Actually, that exposure is automatically done.
   #
   #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
   #     def create
   #       # save post
   #       flash[:notice] = "Post successfully created"
-  #       redirect_to posts_path(@post)
+  #       redirect_to @post
   #     end
   #
   #     def show
@@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def initialize #:nodoc:
         @discard = Set.new
-        @closed  = false
         @flashes = {}
         @now     = nil
       end
@@ -217,13 +216,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      if (session = env['rack.session']) && (flash = session['flash'])
-        flash.sweep
-      end
-
       @app.call(env)
     ensure
-      session    = env['rack.session'] || {}
+      session    = Request::Session.find(env) || {}
       flash_hash = env[KEY]
 
       if flash_hash
@@ -237,7 +232,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         env[KEY] = new_hash
       end
 
-      if session.key?('flash') && session['flash'].empty?
+      if (!session.respond_to?(:loaded?) || session.loaded?) && # (reset_session uses {}, which doesn't implement #loaded?)
+         session.key?('flash') && session['flash'].empty?
         session.delete('flash')
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f1906a3ab3..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-module ActionDispatch
-  class Head
-    def initialize(app)
-      @app = app
-    end
-
-    def call(env)
-      if env["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "HEAD"
-        env["REQUEST_METHOD"] = "GET"
-        env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "HEAD"
-        status, headers, _ = @app.call(env)
-        [status, headers, []]
-      else
-        @app.call(env)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
index 85b8d178bf..53bedaa40a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 module ActionDispatch
-  # A simple Rack application that renders exceptions in the given public path.
   class PublicExceptions
     attr_accessor :public_path
 
@@ -8,23 +7,41 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      status      = env["PATH_INFO"][1..-1]
-      locale_path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.#{I18n.locale}.html" if I18n.locale
-      path        = "#{public_path}/#{status}.html"
-
-      if locale_path && File.exist?(locale_path)
-        render(status, File.read(locale_path))
-      elsif File.exist?(path)
-        render(status, File.read(path))
+      exception    = env["action_dispatch.exception"]
+      status       = env["PATH_INFO"][1..-1]
+      request      = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+      content_type = request.formats.first
+      body         = { :status => status, :error => exception.message }
+
+      render(status, content_type, body)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def render(status, content_type, body)
+      format = content_type && "to_#{content_type.to_sym}"
+      if format && body.respond_to?(format)
+        render_format(status, content_type, body.public_send(format))
       else
-        [404, { "X-Cascade" => "pass" }, []]
+        render_html(status)
       end
     end
 
-    private
+    def render_format(status, content_type, body)
+      [status, {'Content-Type' => "#{content_type}; charset=#{ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset}",
+                'Content-Length' => body.bytesize.to_s}, [body]]
+    end
+
+    def render_html(status)
+      found = false
+      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.#{I18n.locale}.html" if I18n.locale
+      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.html" unless path && (found = File.exist?(path))
 
-    def render(status, body)
-      [status, {'Content-Type' => "text/html; charset=#{Response.default_charset}", 'Content-Length' => body.bytesize.to_s}, [body]]
+      if found || File.exist?(path)
+        render_format(status, 'text/html', File.read(path))
+      else
+        [404, { "X-Cascade" => "pass" }, []]
+      end
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
index a0388e0e13..2f6968eb2e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # classes before they are unloaded.
   #
   # By default, ActionDispatch::Reloader is included in the middleware stack
-  # only in the development environment; specifically, when config.cache_classes
+  # only in the development environment; specifically, when +config.cache_classes+
   # is false. Callbacks may be registered even when it is not included in the
-  # middleware stack, but are executed only when +ActionDispatch::Reloader.prepare!+
-  # or +ActionDispatch::Reloader.cleanup!+ are called manually.
+  # middleware stack, but are executed only when <tt>ActionDispatch::Reloader.prepare!</tt>
+  # or <tt>ActionDispatch::Reloader.cleanup!</tt> are called manually.
   #
   class Reloader
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
index d924f21fad..ec15a2a715 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # IP addresses that are "trusted proxies" that can be stripped from
     # the comma-delimited list in the X-Forwarded-For header. See also:
     # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network#Private_IPv4_address_spaces
+    # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network#Private_IPv6_addresses.
     TRUSTED_PROXIES = %r{
       ^127\.0\.0\.1$                | # localhost
+      ^::1$                         |
       ^(10                          | # private IP 10.x.x.x
         172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[0-1]) | # private IP in the range 172.16.0.0 .. 172.31.255.255
-        192\.168                      # private IP 192.168.x.x
+        192\.168                    | # private IP 192.168.x.x
+        fc00::                        # private IP fc00
        )\.
     }x
 
@@ -19,13 +22,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @app = app
       @check_ip = check_ip_spoofing
       @proxies = case custom_proxies
-      when Regexp
-        custom_proxies
-      when nil
-        TRUSTED_PROXIES
-      else
-        Regexp.union(TRUSTED_PROXIES, custom_proxies)
-      end
+        when Regexp
+          custom_proxies
+        when nil
+          TRUSTED_PROXIES
+        else
+          Regexp.union(TRUSTED_PROXIES, custom_proxies)
+        end
     end
 
     def call(env)
@@ -34,6 +37,31 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     class GetIp
+
+      # IP v4 and v6 (with compression) validation regexp
+      # https://gist.github.com/1289635
+      VALID_IP = %r{
+        (^(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[0-9]{1,2})(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[0-9]{1,2})){3}$)                                                        | # ip v4
+        (^(
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                                   | # ip v6 not abbreviated
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                                  | # ip v6 with double colon in the end
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:)?[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                              | # - ip addresses v6
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - with
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - double colon
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - in the middle
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6} ((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3} (\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                            | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1,5}:((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                           | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))     | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))   | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))   | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))     | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
+        (::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,5}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d) |(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                         | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
+        ([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,5}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                               | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
+        (::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,6}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                               | # ip v6 with double colon at the begining
+        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1,7}:)                                                                                                                                  # ip v6 without ending
+        )$)
+      }x
+
       def initialize(env, middleware)
         @env           = env
         @middleware    = middleware
@@ -44,25 +72,31 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # but will be wrong if the user is behind a proxy. Proxies will set
       # HTTP_CLIENT_IP and/or HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR, so we prioritize those.
       # HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR may be a comma-delimited list in the case of
-      # multiple chained proxies. The last address which is not a known proxy
-      # will be the originating IP.
+      # multiple chained proxies. The first address which is in this list
+      # if it's not a known proxy will be the originating IP.
+      # Format of HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR:
+      # client_ip, proxy_ip1, proxy_ip2...
+      # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Forwarded-For
       def calculate_ip
-        client_ip     = @env['HTTP_CLIENT_IP']
-        forwarded_ips = ips_from('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
-        remote_addrs  = ips_from('REMOTE_ADDR')
+        client_ip    = @env['HTTP_CLIENT_IP']
+        forwarded_ip = ips_from('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR').first
+        remote_addrs = ips_from('REMOTE_ADDR')
 
         check_ip = client_ip && @middleware.check_ip
-        if check_ip && !forwarded_ips.include?(client_ip)
+        if check_ip && forwarded_ip != client_ip
           # We don't know which came from the proxy, and which from the user
           raise IpSpoofAttackError, "IP spoofing attack?!" \
             "HTTP_CLIENT_IP=#{@env['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'].inspect}" \
             "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR=#{@env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'].inspect}"
         end
 
-        not_proxy = client_ip || forwarded_ips.first || remote_addrs.first
-
-        # Return first REMOTE_ADDR if there are no other options
-        not_proxy || ips_from('REMOTE_ADDR', :allow_proxies).first
+        client_ips = remove_proxies [client_ip, forwarded_ip, remote_addrs].flatten
+        if client_ips.present?
+          client_ips.first
+        else
+          # If there is no client ip we can return first valid proxy ip from REMOTE_ADDR
+          remote_addrs.find { |ip| valid_ip? ip }
+        end
       end
 
       def to_s
@@ -71,12 +105,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @ip = calculate_ip
       end
 
-    protected
+      private
 
-      def ips_from(header, allow_proxies = false)
-        ips = @env[header] ? @env[header].strip.split(/[,\s]+/) : []
-        allow_proxies ? ips : ips.reject{|ip| ip =~ @middleware.proxies }
+      def ips_from(header)
+        @env[header] ? @env[header].strip.split(/[,\s]+/) : []
       end
+
+      def valid_ip?(ip)
+        ip =~ VALID_IP
+      end
+
+      def not_a_proxy?(ip)
+        ip !~ @middleware.proxies
+      end
+
+      def remove_proxies(ips)
+        ips.select { |ip| valid_ip?(ip) && not_a_proxy?(ip) }
+      end
+
     end
 
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
index 6a8e690d18..64159fa8e7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
@@ -2,26 +2,23 @@ require 'rack/utils'
 require 'rack/request'
 require 'rack/session/abstract/id'
 require 'action_dispatch/middleware/cookies'
+require 'action_dispatch/request/session'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Session
     class SessionRestoreError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-    end
+      attr_reader :original_exception
+
+      def initialize(const_error)
+        @original_exception = const_error
 
-    module DestroyableSession
-      def destroy
-        clear
-        options = @env[Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY] if @env
-        options ||= {}
-        @by.send(:destroy_session, @env, options[:id], options) if @by
-        options[:id] = nil
-        @loaded = false
+        super("Session contains objects whose class definition isn't available.\n" +
+          "Remember to require the classes for all objects kept in the session.\n" +
+          "(Original exception: #{const_error.message} [#{const_error.class}])\n")
       end
     end
 
-    ::Rack::Session::Abstract::SessionHash.send :include, DestroyableSession
-
     module Compatibility
       def initialize(app, options = {})
         options[:key] ||= '_session_id'
@@ -58,11 +55,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           begin
             # Note that the regexp does not allow $1 to end with a ':'
             $1.constantize
-          rescue LoadError, NameError => const_error
-            raise ActionDispatch::Session::SessionRestoreError,
-              "Session contains objects whose class definition isn't available.\n" +
-              "Remember to require the classes for all objects kept in the session.\n" +
-              "(Original exception: #{const_error.message} [#{const_error.class}])\n"
+          rescue LoadError, NameError => e
+            raise ActionDispatch::Session::SessionRestoreError, e, e.backtrace
           end
           retry
         else
@@ -71,9 +65,27 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
+    module SessionObject # :nodoc:
+      def prepare_session(env)
+        Request::Session.create(self, env, @default_options)
+      end
+
+      def loaded_session?(session)
+        !session.is_a?(Request::Session) || session.loaded?
+      end
+    end
+
     class AbstractStore < Rack::Session::Abstract::ID
       include Compatibility
       include StaleSessionCheck
+      include SessionObject
+
+      private
+
+      def set_cookie(env, session_id, cookie)
+        request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+        request.cookie_jar[key] = cookie
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
index 8ebf870b95..7efc094f98 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #   CGI::Session instance as an argument. It's important that the secret
     #   is not vulnerable to a dictionary attack. Therefore, you should choose
     #   a secret consisting of random numbers and letters and more than 30
-    #   characters. Examples:
+    #   characters.
     #
     #     :secret => '449fe2e7daee471bffae2fd8dc02313d'
     #     :secret => Proc.new { User.current_user.secret_key }
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class CookieStore < Rack::Session::Cookie
       include Compatibility
       include StaleSessionCheck
+      include SessionObject
 
       private
 
@@ -59,7 +60,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def set_session(env, sid, session_data, options)
-        session_data.merge("session_id" => sid)
+        session_data["session_id"] = sid
+        session_data
       end
 
       def set_cookie(env, session_id, cookie)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb
index 4dd9a946c2..38a737cd2b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class MemCacheStore < Rack::Session::Memcache
       include Compatibility
       include StaleSessionCheck
+      include SessionObject
 
       def initialize(app, options = {})
         require 'memcache'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index 836136eb95..ab740a0190 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # of ShowExceptions. Everytime there is an exception, ShowExceptions will
   # store the exception in env["action_dispatch.exception"], rewrite the
   # PATH_INFO to the exception status code and call the rack app.
-  # 
+  #
   # If the application returns a "X-Cascade" pass response, this middleware
   # will send an empty response as result with the correct status code.
   # If any exception happens inside the exceptions app, this middleware
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9098f4e170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  class SSL
+    YEAR = 31536000
+
+    def self.default_hsts_options
+      { :expires => YEAR, :subdomains => false }
+    end
+
+    def initialize(app, options = {})
+      @app = app
+
+      @hsts = options.fetch(:hsts, {})
+      @hsts = {} if @hsts == true
+      @hsts = self.class.default_hsts_options.merge(@hsts) if @hsts
+
+      @host    = options[:host]
+      @port    = options[:port]
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      request = Request.new(env)
+
+      if request.ssl?
+        status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
+        headers = hsts_headers.merge(headers)
+        flag_cookies_as_secure!(headers)
+        [status, headers, body]
+      else
+        redirect_to_https(request)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def redirect_to_https(request)
+        url        = URI(request.url)
+        url.scheme = "https"
+        url.host   = @host if @host
+        url.port   = @port if @port
+        headers    = hsts_headers.merge('Content-Type' => 'text/html',
+                                        'Location'     => url.to_s)
+
+        [301, headers, []]
+      end
+
+      # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hodges-strict-transport-sec-02
+      def hsts_headers
+        if @hsts
+          value = "max-age=#{@hsts[:expires]}"
+          value += "; includeSubDomains" if @hsts[:subdomains]
+          { 'Strict-Transport-Security' => value }
+        else
+          {}
+        end
+      end
+
+      def flag_cookies_as_secure!(headers)
+        if cookies = headers['Set-Cookie']
+          cookies = cookies.split("\n")
+
+          headers['Set-Cookie'] = cookies.map { |cookie|
+            if cookie !~ /;\s+secure(;|$)/
+              "#{cookie}; secure"
+            else
+              cookie
+            end
+          }.join("\n")
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
index 28e8fbdab8..bbf734f103 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
@@ -75,6 +75,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       middlewares[i]
     end
 
+    def unshift(*args, &block)
+      middleware = self.class::Middleware.new(*args, &block)
+      middlewares.unshift(middleware)
+    end
+
     def initialize_copy(other)
       self.middlewares = other.middlewares.dup
     end
@@ -110,7 +115,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def build(app = nil, &block)
       app ||= block
       raise "MiddlewareStack#build requires an app" unless app
-      middlewares.reverse.inject(app) { |a, e| e.build(a) }
+      middlewares.freeze.reverse.inject(app) { |a, e| e.build(a) }
     end
 
   protected
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
index 63b7422287..9073e6582d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def escape_glob_chars(path)
+      path.force_encoding('binary') if path.respond_to? :force_encoding
       path.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, "\\\\\\&")
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.erb
index 0c5bafa666..823f5d25b6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.erb
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 
   request_dump = clean_params.empty? ? 'None' : clean_params.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n")
 
-  def debug_hash(hash)
-    hash.sort_by { |k, v| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
+  def debug_hash(object)
+    object.to_hash.sort_by { |k, v| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
   end unless self.class.method_defined?(:debug_hash)
 %>
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.erb
index f06c07daa5..8c594c1523 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.erb
@@ -10,6 +10,14 @@
     </ol>
   </p>
 <% end %>
+<%= render :template => "rescues/_trace" %>
+
+<h2>
+  Routes
+</h2>
+
 <p>
-  Try running <code>rake routes</code> for more information on available routes.
-</p>
\ No newline at end of file
+  Routes match in priority from top to bottom
+</p>
+
+<p><pre><%= @routes %></pre></p>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8bcc28613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+require 'rack/session/abstract/id'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class Request < Rack::Request
+    # SessionHash is responsible to lazily load the session from store.
+    class Session # :nodoc:
+      ENV_SESSION_KEY         = Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_KEY # :nodoc:
+      ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY = Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY # :nodoc:
+
+      def self.create(store, env, default_options)
+        session_was = find env
+        session     = Request::Session.new(store, env)
+        session.merge! session_was if session_was
+
+        set(env, session)
+        Options.set(env, Request::Session::Options.new(store, env, default_options))
+        session
+      end
+
+      def self.find(env)
+        env[ENV_SESSION_KEY]
+      end
+
+      def self.set(env, session)
+        env[ENV_SESSION_KEY] = session
+      end
+
+      class Options #:nodoc:
+        def self.set(env, options)
+          env[ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY] = options
+        end
+
+        def self.find(env)
+          env[ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY]
+        end
+
+        def initialize(by, env, default_options)
+          @by       = by
+          @env      = env
+          @delegate = default_options.dup
+        end
+
+        def [](key)
+          if key == :id
+            @delegate.fetch(key) {
+              @delegate[:id] = @by.send(:extract_session_id, @env)
+            }
+          else
+            @delegate[key]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def []=(k,v);         @delegate[k] = v; end
+        def to_hash;          @delegate.dup; end
+        def values_at(*args); @delegate.values_at(*args); end
+      end
+
+      def initialize(by, env)
+        @by       = by
+        @env      = env
+        @delegate = {}
+        @loaded   = false
+        @exists   = nil # we haven't checked yet
+      end
+
+      def options
+        Options.find @env
+      end
+
+      def destroy
+        clear
+        options = self.options || {}
+        @by.send(:destroy_session, @env, options[:id], options)
+        options[:id] = nil
+        @loaded = false
+      end
+
+      def [](key)
+        load_for_read!
+        @delegate[key.to_s]
+      end
+
+      def has_key?(key)
+        load_for_read!
+        @delegate.key?(key.to_s)
+      end
+      alias :key? :has_key?
+      alias :include? :has_key?
+
+      def keys
+        @delegate.keys
+      end
+
+      def values
+        @delegate.values
+      end
+
+      def []=(key, value)
+        load_for_write!
+        @delegate[key.to_s] = value
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        load_for_write!
+        @delegate.clear
+      end
+
+      def to_hash
+        load_for_read!
+        @delegate.dup.delete_if { |_,v| v.nil? }
+      end
+
+      def update(hash)
+        load_for_write!
+        @delegate.update stringify_keys(hash)
+      end
+
+      def delete(key)
+        load_for_write!
+        @delegate.delete key.to_s
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        if loaded?
+          super
+        else
+          "#<#{self.class}:0x#{(object_id << 1).to_s(16)} not yet loaded>"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def exists?
+        return @exists unless @exists.nil?
+        @exists = @by.send(:session_exists?, @env)
+      end
+
+      def loaded?
+        @loaded
+      end
+
+      def empty?
+        load_for_read!
+        @delegate.empty?
+      end
+
+      def merge!(other)
+        load_for_write!
+        @delegate.merge!(other)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def load_for_read!
+        load! if !loaded? && exists?
+      end
+
+      def load_for_write!
+        load! unless loaded?
+      end
+
+      def load!
+        id, session = @by.load_session @env
+        options[:id] = id
+        @delegate.replace(stringify_keys(session))
+        @loaded = true
+      end
+
+      def stringify_keys(other)
+        other.each_with_object({}) { |(key, value), hash|
+          hash[key.to_s] = value
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
index 38a0270151..29090882a5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# encoding: UTF-8
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/regexp'
 
@@ -218,6 +219,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   #   match "/stories" => redirect("/posts")
   #
+  # == Unicode character routes
+  #
+  # You can specify unicode character routes in your router:
+  #
+  #   match "こんにちは" => "welcome#index"
+  #
   # == Routing to Rack Applications
   #
   # Instead of a String, like <tt>posts#index</tt>, which corresponds to the
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/route_inspector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
index 1e5ce67a58..bc7229b6a1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/route_inspector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'delegate'
 
-module Rails
-  class Application
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Routing
     class RouteWrapper < SimpleDelegator
       def endpoint
         rack_app ? rack_app.inspect : "#{controller}##{action}"
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module Rails
           class_name = app.class.name.to_s
           if class_name == "ActionDispatch::Routing::Mapper::Constraints"
             rack_app(app.app)
-          elsif class_name !~ /^ActionDispatch::Routing/
+          elsif ActionDispatch::Routing::Redirect === app || class_name !~ /^ActionDispatch::Routing/
             app
           end
         end
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def internal?
-        path =~ %r{/rails/info/properties|^#{Rails.application.config.assets.prefix}}
+        path =~ %r{/rails/info.*|^#{Rails.application.config.assets.prefix}}
       end
 
       def engine?
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ module Rails
     ##
     # This class is just used for displaying route information when someone
     # executes `rake routes`.  People should not use this class.
-    class RouteInspector # :nodoc:
+    class RoutesInspector # :nodoc:
       def initialize
         @engines = Hash.new
       end
 
-      def format all_routes, filter = nil
+      def format(all_routes, filter = nil)
         if filter
           all_routes = all_routes.select{ |route| route.defaults[:controller] == filter }
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index cd215034dc..0a65b4dbcc 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/redirection'
 
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           }
 
           return true
+        ensure
+          req.reset_parameters
         end
 
         def call(env)
@@ -58,6 +62,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @options = (@scope[:options] || {}).merge(options)
           @path = normalize_path(path)
           normalize_options!
+
+          via_all = @options.delete(:via) if @options[:via] == :all
+
+          if !via_all && request_method_condition.empty?
+            msg = "You should not use the `match` method in your router without specifying an HTTP method.\n" \
+                  "If you want to expose your action to GET, use `get` in the router:\n\n" \
+                  "  Instead of: match \"controller#action\"\n" \
+                  "  Do: get \"controller#action\""
+            raise msg
+          end
         end
 
         def to_route
@@ -87,6 +101,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
                 raise ArgumentError, "Regexp multiline option not allowed in routing requirements: #{requirement.inspect}"
               end
             end
+
+            if @options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
+              (@options[:defaults] ||= {}).reverse_merge!(defaults_from_constraints(@options[:constraints]))
+            end
           end
 
           # match "account/overview"
@@ -232,6 +250,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def default_action
             @options[:action] || @scope[:action]
           end
+
+          def defaults_from_constraints(constraints)
+            url_keys = [:protocol, :subdomain, :domain, :host, :port]
+            constraints.slice(*url_keys).select{ |k, v| v.is_a?(String) || v.is_a?(Fixnum) }
+          end
       end
 
       # Invokes Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize path and ensure that
@@ -239,12 +262,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # for root cases, where the latter is the correct one.
       def self.normalize_path(path)
         path = Journey::Router::Utils.normalize_path(path)
-        path.gsub!(%r{/(\(+)/?}, '\1/') unless path =~ %r{^/\(+[^/]+\)$}
+        path.gsub!(%r{/(\(+)/?}, '\1/') unless path =~ %r{^/\(+[^)]+\)$}
         path
       end
 
       def self.normalize_name(name)
-        normalize_path(name)[1..-1].gsub("/", "_")
+        normalize_path(name)[1..-1].tr("/", "_")
       end
 
       module Base
@@ -263,7 +286,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # of most Rails applications, this is beneficial.
         def root(options = {})
           options = { :to => options } if options.is_a?(String)
-          match '/', { :as => :root }.merge(options)
+          match '/', { :as => :root, :via => :get }.merge(options)
         end
 
         # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes. Any symbols in a pattern
@@ -407,6 +430,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if options
             path = options.delete(:at)
           else
+            unless Hash === app
+              raise ArgumentError, "must be called with mount point"
+            end
+
             options = app
             app, path = options.find { |k, v| k.respond_to?(:call) }
             options.delete(app) if app
@@ -416,7 +443,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           options[:as] ||= app_name(app)
 
-          match(path, options.merge(:to => app, :anchor => false, :format => false))
+          match(path, options.merge(:to => app, :anchor => false, :format => false, :via => :all))
 
           define_generate_prefix(app, options[:as])
           self
@@ -441,7 +468,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
               app.railtie_name
             else
               class_name = app.class.is_a?(Class) ? app.name : app.class.name
-              ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_name).gsub("/", "_")
+              ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_name).tr("/", "_")
             end
           end
 
@@ -472,8 +499,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Define a route that only recognizes HTTP GET.
         # For supported arguments, see <tt>Base#match</tt>.
         #
-        # Example:
-        #
         #   get 'bacon', :to => 'food#bacon'
         def get(*args, &block)
           map_method(:get, args, &block)
@@ -482,8 +507,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Define a route that only recognizes HTTP POST.
         # For supported arguments, see <tt>Base#match</tt>.
         #
-        # Example:
-        #
         #   post 'bacon', :to => 'food#bacon'
         def post(*args, &block)
           map_method(:post, args, &block)
@@ -492,8 +515,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Define a route that only recognizes HTTP PATCH.
         # For supported arguments, see <tt>Base#match</tt>.
         #
-        # Example:
-        #
         #   patch 'bacon', :to => 'food#bacon'
         def patch(*args, &block)
           map_method(:patch, args, &block)
@@ -502,8 +523,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Define a route that only recognizes HTTP PUT.
         # For supported arguments, see <tt>Base#match</tt>.
         #
-        # Example:
-        #
         #   put 'bacon', :to => 'food#bacon'
         def put(*args, &block)
           map_method(:put, args, &block)
@@ -512,8 +531,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Define a route that only recognizes HTTP DELETE.
         # For supported arguments, see <tt>Base#match</tt>.
         #
-        # Example:
-        #
         #   delete 'broccoli', :to => 'food#broccoli'
         def delete(*args, &block)
           map_method(:delete, args, &block)
@@ -522,7 +539,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         private
           def map_method(method, args, &block)
             options = args.extract_options!
-            options[:via] = method
+            options[:via]    = method
+            options[:path] ||= args.first if args.first.is_a?(String)
             match(*args, options, &block)
             self
           end
@@ -627,6 +645,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
             block, options[:constraints] = options[:constraints], {}
           end
 
+          if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
+            (options[:defaults] ||= {}).reverse_merge!(defaults_from_constraints(options[:constraints]))
+          end
+
           scope_options.each do |option|
             if value = options.delete(option)
               recover[option] = @scope[option]
@@ -653,7 +675,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # Scopes routes to a specific controller
         #
-        # Example:
         #   controller "food" do
         #     match "bacon", :action => "bacon"
         #   end
@@ -835,6 +856,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def override_keys(child) #:nodoc:
             child.key?(:only) || child.key?(:except) ? [:only, :except] : []
           end
+
+          def defaults_from_constraints(constraints)
+            url_keys = [:protocol, :subdomain, :domain, :host, :port]
+            constraints.slice(*url_keys).select{ |k, v| v.is_a?(String) || v.is_a?(Fixnum) }
+          end
       end
 
       # Resource routing allows you to quickly declare all of the common routes
@@ -880,17 +906,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # CANONICAL_ACTIONS holds all actions that does not need a prefix or
         # a path appended since they fit properly in their scope level.
         VALID_ON_OPTIONS  = [:new, :collection, :member]
-        RESOURCE_OPTIONS  = [:as, :controller, :path, :only, :except]
+        RESOURCE_OPTIONS  = [:as, :controller, :path, :only, :except, :param]
         CANONICAL_ACTIONS = %w(index create new show update destroy)
 
         class Resource #:nodoc:
-          attr_reader :controller, :path, :options
+          attr_reader :controller, :path, :options, :param
 
           def initialize(entities, options = {})
             @name       = entities.to_s
             @path       = (options[:path] || @name).to_s
             @controller = (options[:controller] || @name).to_s
             @as         = options[:as]
+            @param      = (options[:param] || :id).to_sym
             @options    = options
           end
 
@@ -935,15 +962,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
           alias :collection_scope :path
 
           def member_scope
-            "#{path}/:id"
+            "#{path}/:#{param}"
           end
 
+          alias :shallow_scope :member_scope
+
           def new_scope(new_path)
             "#{path}/#{new_path}"
           end
 
+          def nested_param
+            :"#{singular}_#{param}"
+          end
+
           def nested_scope
-            "#{path}/:#{singular}_id"
+            "#{path}/:#{nested_param}"
           end
 
         end
@@ -1134,6 +1167,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #     comment          PATCH/PUT /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)
         #     comment          DELETE    /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)
         #
+        # [:shallow_prefix]
+        #   Prefixes nested shallow route names with specified prefix.
+        #
+        #     scope :shallow_prefix => "sekret" do
+        #       resources :posts do
+        #         resources :comments, :shallow => true
+        #       end
+        #     end
+        #
+        #   The +comments+ resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
+        #
+        #     post_comments           GET       /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)
+        #     post_comments           POST      /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)
+        #     new_post_comment        GET       /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format)
+        #     edit_sekret_comment     GET       /comments/:id/edit(.:format)
+        #     sekret_comment          GET       /comments/:id(.:format)
+        #     sekret_comment          PATCH/PUT /comments/:id(.:format)
+        #     sekret_comment          DELETE    /comments/:id(.:format)
+        #
         # === Examples
         #
         #   # routes call <tt>Admin::PostsController</tt>
@@ -1329,7 +1381,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options[:as] = name_for_action(options[:as], action)
           end
 
-          mapping = Mapping.new(@set, @scope, path, options)
+          mapping = Mapping.new(@set, @scope, URI.parser.escape(path), options)
           app, conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor = mapping.to_route
           @set.add_route(app, conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor)
         end
@@ -1435,18 +1487,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def nested_options #:nodoc:
             options = { :as => parent_resource.member_name }
             options[:constraints] = {
-              :"#{parent_resource.singular}_id" => id_constraint
-            } if id_constraint?
+              parent_resource.nested_param => param_constraint
+            } if param_constraint?
 
             options
           end
 
-          def id_constraint? #:nodoc:
-            @scope[:constraints] && @scope[:constraints][:id].is_a?(Regexp)
+          def param_constraint? #:nodoc:
+            @scope[:constraints] && @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param].is_a?(Regexp)
           end
 
-          def id_constraint #:nodoc:
-            @scope[:constraints][:id]
+          def param_constraint #:nodoc:
+            @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param]
           end
 
           def canonical_action?(action, flag) #:nodoc:
@@ -1459,9 +1511,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           def path_for_action(action, path) #:nodoc:
             prefix = shallow_scoping? ?
-              "#{@scope[:shallow_path]}/#{parent_resource.path}/:id" : @scope[:path]
+              "#{@scope[:shallow_path]}/#{parent_resource.shallow_scope}" : @scope[:path]
 
-            path = if canonical_action?(action, path.blank?)
+            if canonical_action?(action, path.blank?)
               prefix.to_s
             else
               "#{prefix}/#{action_path(action, path)}"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
index 013cf93dbc..3d7b8878b8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'action_controller/model_naming'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     # Polymorphic URL helpers are methods for smart resolution to a named route call when
@@ -43,18 +45,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #   edit_polymorphic_path(@post)              # => "/posts/1/edit"
     #   polymorphic_path(@post, :format => :pdf)  # => "/posts/1.pdf"
     #
-    # == Using with mounted engines
-    #
-    # If you use mounted engine, there is a possibility that you will need to use
-    # polymorphic_url pointing at engine's routes. To do that, just pass proxy used
-    # to reach engine's routes as a first argument:
+    # == Usage with mounted engines
     #
-    # For example:
+    # If you are using a mounted engine and you need to use a polymorphic_url
+    # pointing at the engine's routes, pass in the engine's route proxy as the first
+    # argument to the method. For example:
     #
-    # polymorphic_url([blog, @post])  # it will call blog.post_path(@post)
-    # form_for([blog, @post])         # => "/blog/posts/1
+    #   polymorphic_url([blog, @post])  # calls blog.post_path(@post)
+    #   form_for([blog, @post])         # => "/blog/posts/1"
     #
     module PolymorphicRoutes
+      include ActionController::ModelNaming
+
       # Constructs a call to a named RESTful route for the given record and returns the
       # resulting URL string. For example:
       #
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         record = extract_record(record_or_hash_or_array)
-        record = record.to_model if record.respond_to?(:to_model)
+        record = convert_to_model(record)
 
         args = Array === record_or_hash_or_array ?
           record_or_hash_or_array.dup :
@@ -124,6 +126,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.last.merge!(url_options) : args << url_options
         end
 
+        args.collect! { |a| convert_to_model(a) }
+
         (proxy || self).send(named_route, *args)
       end
 
@@ -165,7 +169,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
               if parent.is_a?(Symbol) || parent.is_a?(String)
                 parent
               else
-                ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(parent)
+                model_name_from_record_or_class(parent).singular_route_key
               end
             end
           else
@@ -177,9 +181,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
             route << record
           elsif record
             if inflection == :singular
-              route << ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(record)
+              route << model_name_from_record_or_class(record).singular_route_key
             else
-              route << ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(record)
+              route << model_name_from_record_or_class(record).route_key
             end
           else
             raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
index 617b24b46a..205ff44b1c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+require 'rack/utils'
+require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
@@ -13,6 +17,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def call(env)
         req = Request.new(env)
 
+        # If any of the path parameters has a invalid encoding then
+        # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
+        req.symbolized_path_parameters.each do |key, value|
+          unless value.valid_encoding?
+            raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
+          end
+        end
+
         uri = URI.parse(path(req.symbolized_path_parameters, req))
         uri.scheme ||= req.scheme
         uri.host   ||= req.host
@@ -32,6 +44,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def path(params, request)
         block.call params, request
       end
+
+      def inspect
+        "redirect(#{status})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class PathRedirect < Redirect
+      def path(params, request)
+        (params.empty? || !block.match(/%\{\w*\}/)) ? block : (block % escape(params))
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        "redirect(#{status}, #{block})"
+      end
+
+      private
+        def escape(params)
+          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Rack::Utils.escape(v)] }]
+        end
     end
 
     class OptionRedirect < Redirect # :nodoc:
@@ -46,8 +77,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
           :params   => request.query_parameters
         }.merge options
 
+        if !params.empty? && url_options[:path].match(/%\{\w*\}/)
+          url_options[:path] = (url_options[:path] % escape_path(params))
+        end
+
         ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for url_options
       end
+
+      def inspect
+        "redirect(#{status}, #{options.map{ |k,v| "#{k}: #{v}" }.join(', ')})"
+      end
+
+      private
+        def escape_path(params)
+          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, URI.parser.escape(v)] }]
+        end
     end
 
     module Redirection
@@ -67,10 +111,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # params, depending of how many arguments your block accepts. A string is required as a
       # return value.
       #
-      #   match 'jokes/:number', :to => redirect do |params, request|
-      #     path = (params[:number].to_i.even? ? "/wheres-the-beef" : "/i-love-lamp")
+      #   match 'jokes/:number', :to => redirect { |params, request|
+      #     path = (params[:number].to_i.even? ? "wheres-the-beef" : "i-love-lamp")
       #     "http://#{request.host_with_port}/#{path}"
-      #   end
+      #   }
+      #
+      # Note that the +do end+ syntax for the redirect block wouldn't work, as Ruby would pass
+      # the block to +match+ instead of +redirect+. Use <tt>{ ... }</tt> instead.
       #
       # The options version of redirect allows you to supply only the parts of the url which need
       # to change, it also supports interpolation of the path similar to the first example.
@@ -85,16 +132,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   match 'accounts/:name' => redirect(SubdomainRedirector.new('api'))
       #
       def redirect(*args, &block)
-        options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+        options = args.extract_options!
         status  = options.delete(:status) || 301
+        path    = args.shift
 
         return OptionRedirect.new(status, options) if options.any?
-
-        path = args.shift
-
-        block = lambda { |params, request|
-          (params.empty? || !path.match(/%\{\w*\}/)) ? path : (path % params)
-        } if String === path
+        return PathRedirect.new(status, path) if String === path
 
         block = path if path.respond_to? :call
         raise ArgumentError, "redirection argument not supported" unless block
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
index 30e9e5634b..0bbed6cbea 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def call(env)
           params = env[PARAMETERS_KEY]
+
+          # If any of the path parameters has a invalid encoding then
+          # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
+          params.each do |key, value|
+            unless value.valid_encoding?
+              raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
+            end
+          end
+
           prepare_params!(params)
 
           # Just raise undefined constant errors if a controller was specified as default.
@@ -96,7 +105,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def initialize
           @routes  = {}
           @helpers = []
-          @module  = Module.new
+          @module  = Module.new do
+            protected
+
+            def handle_positional_args(args, options, segment_keys)
+              inner_options = args.extract_options!
+              result = options.dup
+
+              if args.size > 0
+                keys = segment_keys
+                if args.size < keys.size - 1 # take format into account
+                  keys -= self.url_options.keys if self.respond_to?(:url_options)
+                  keys -= options.keys
+                end
+                result.merge!(Hash[keys.zip(args)])
+              end
+
+              result.merge!(inner_options)
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         def helper_names
@@ -135,43 +162,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-          def url_helper_name(name, kind = :url)
-            :"#{name}_#{kind}"
-          end
-
-          def hash_access_name(name, kind = :url)
-            :"hash_for_#{name}_#{kind}"
-          end
-
-          def define_named_route_methods(name, route)
-            {:url => {:only_path => false}, :path => {:only_path => true}}.each do |kind, opts|
-              hash = route.defaults.merge(:use_route => name).merge(opts)
-              define_hash_access route, name, kind, hash
-              define_url_helper route, name, kind, hash
+          def url_helper_name(name, only_path)
+            if only_path
+              :"#{name}_path"
+            else
+              :"#{name}_url"
             end
           end
 
-          def define_hash_access(route, name, kind, options)
-            selector = hash_access_name(name, kind)
-
-            @module.module_eval do
-              remove_possible_method selector
-
-              define_method(selector) do |*args|
-                inner_options = args.extract_options!
-                result = options.dup
-
-                if args.any?
-                  result[:_positional_args] = args
-                  result[:_positional_keys] = route.segment_keys
-                end
-
-                result.merge(inner_options)
-              end
-
-              protected selector
+          def define_named_route_methods(name, route)
+            [true, false].each do |only_path|
+              hash = route.defaults.merge(:use_route => name, :only_path => only_path)
+              define_url_helper route, name, hash
             end
-            helpers << selector
           end
 
           # Create a url helper allowing ordered parameters to be associated
@@ -187,38 +190,29 @@ module ActionDispatch
           #
           #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang, :sort_by => 'baz')
           #
-          def define_url_helper(route, name, kind, options)
-            selector = url_helper_name(name, kind)
-            hash_access_method = hash_access_name(name, kind)
-
-            if optimize_helper?(route)
-              @module.module_eval <<-END_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                remove_possible_method :#{selector}
-                def #{selector}(*args)
-                  if args.size == #{route.required_parts.size} && !args.last.is_a?(Hash) && optimize_routes_generation?
-                    options = #{options.inspect}.merge!(url_options)
-                    options[:path] = "#{optimized_helper(route)}"
-                    ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options)
-                  else
-                    url_for(#{hash_access_method}(*args))
-                  end
+          def define_url_helper(route, name, options)
+            selector = url_helper_name(name, options[:only_path])
+
+            @module.module_eval <<-END_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+              remove_possible_method :#{selector}
+              def #{selector}(*args)
+                if #{optimize_helper?(route)} && args.size == #{route.required_parts.size} && !args.last.is_a?(Hash) && optimize_routes_generation?
+                  options = #{options.inspect}
+                  options.merge!(url_options) if respond_to?(:url_options)
+                  options[:path] = "#{optimized_helper(route)}"
+                  ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options)
+                else
+                  url_for(handle_positional_args(args, #{options.inspect}, #{route.segment_keys.inspect}))
                 end
-              END_EVAL
-            else
-              @module.module_eval <<-END_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                remove_possible_method :#{selector}
-                def #{selector}(*args)
-                  url_for(#{hash_access_method}(*args))
-                end
-              END_EVAL
-            end
+              end
+            END_EVAL
 
             helpers << selector
           end
 
           # Clause check about when we need to generate an optimized helper.
           def optimize_helper?(route) #:nodoc:
-            route.ast.grep(Journey::Nodes::Star).empty? && route.requirements.except(:controller, :action).empty?
+            route.requirements.except(:controller, :action).empty?
           end
 
           # Generates the interpolation to be used in the optimized helper.
@@ -230,7 +224,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
 
             route.required_parts.each_with_index do |part, i|
-              string_route.gsub!(part.inspect, "\#{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(args[#{i}].to_param)}")
+              # Replace each route parameter
+              # e.g. :id for regular parameter or *path for globbing
+              # with ruby string interpolation code
+              string_route.gsub!(/(\*|:)#{part}/, "\#{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(args[#{i}].to_param)}")
             end
 
             string_route
@@ -253,15 +250,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         self.default_url_options = {}
 
         self.request_class = request_class
-        @valid_conditions = {}
-
+        @valid_conditions = { :controller => true, :action => true }
         request_class.public_instance_methods.each { |m|
-          @valid_conditions[m.to_sym] = true
+          @valid_conditions[m] = true
         }
-        @valid_conditions[:controller] = true
-        @valid_conditions[:action] = true
-
-        self.valid_conditions.delete(:id)
+        @valid_conditions.delete(:id)
 
         @append                     = []
         @prepend                    = []
@@ -340,7 +333,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
-        MountedHelpers.class_eval <<-RUBY
+        MountedHelpers.class_eval(<<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
           def #{name}
             @#{name} ||= _#{name}
           end
@@ -470,12 +463,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           normalize_options!
           normalize_controller_action_id!
           use_relative_controller!
-          controller.sub!(%r{^/}, '') if controller
+          normalize_controller!
           handle_nil_action!
         end
 
         def controller
-          @controller ||= @options[:controller]
+          @options[:controller]
         end
 
         def current_controller
@@ -532,10 +525,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
             old_parts = current_controller.split('/')
             size = controller.count("/") + 1
             parts = old_parts[0...-size] << controller
-            @controller = @options[:controller] = parts.join("/")
+            @options[:controller] = parts.join("/")
           end
         end
 
+        # Remove leading slashes from controllers
+        def normalize_controller!
+          @options[:controller] = controller.sub(%r{^/}, '') if controller
+        end
+
         # This handles the case of :action => nil being explicitly passed.
         # It is identical to :action => "index"
         def handle_nil_action!
@@ -605,10 +603,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         nil
       end
 
+      # The +options+ argument must be +nil+ or a hash whose keys are *symbols*.
       def url_for(options)
-        options = (options || {}).reverse_merge!(default_url_options)
-
-        handle_positional_args(options)
+        options = default_url_options.merge(options || {})
 
         user, password = extract_authentication(options)
         path_segments  = options.delete(:_path_segments)
@@ -660,9 +657,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
             dispatcher = dispatcher.app
           end
 
-          if dispatcher.is_a?(Dispatcher) && dispatcher.controller(params, false)
-            dispatcher.prepare_params!(params)
-            return params
+          if dispatcher.is_a?(Dispatcher)
+            if dispatcher.controller(params, false)
+              dispatcher.prepare_params!(params)
+              return params
+            else
+              raise ActionController::RoutingError, "A route matches #{path.inspect}, but references missing controller: #{params[:controller].camelize}Controller"
+            end
           end
         end
 
@@ -679,16 +680,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
-        def handle_positional_args(options)
-          return unless args = options.delete(:_positional_args)
-
-          keys = options.delete(:_positional_keys)
-          keys -= options.keys if args.size < keys.size - 1 # take format into account
-
-          # Tell url_for to skip default_url_options
-          options.merge!(Hash[args.zip(keys).map { |v, k| [k, v] }])
-        end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
index 94db36ce1f..fd3bed7e8f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # This generates, among other things, the method <tt>users_path</tt>. By default,
     # this method is accessible from your controllers, views and mailers. If you need
     # to access this auto-generated method from other places (such as a model), then
-    # you can do that by including ActionController::UrlFor in your class:
+    # you can do that by including Rails.application.routes.url_helpers in your class:
     #
     #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
@@ -132,8 +132,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # Any other key (<tt>:controller</tt>, <tt>:action</tt>, etc.) given to
       # +url_for+ is forwarded to the Routes module.
       #
-      # Examples:
-      #
       #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :host => 'somehost.org', :port => '8080'
       #    # => 'http://somehost.org:8080/tasks/testing'
       #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :host => 'somehost.org', :anchor => 'ok', :only_path => true
@@ -144,10 +142,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #    # => 'http://somehost.org/tasks/testing?number=33'
       def url_for(options = nil)
         case options
+        when nil
+          _routes.url_for(url_options.symbolize_keys)
+        when Hash
+          _routes.url_for(options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options))
         when String
           options
-        when nil, Hash
-          _routes.url_for((options || {}).symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options))
         else
           polymorphic_url(options)
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
index edea6dab39..7dc3d0f97c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     module DomAssertions
       # \Test two HTML strings for equivalency (e.g., identical up to reordering of attributes)
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   # assert that the referenced method generates the appropriate HTML string
       #   assert_dom_equal '<a href="http://www.example.com">Apples</a>', link_to("Apples", "http://www.example.com")
-      #
       def assert_dom_equal(expected, actual, message = "")
         expected_dom = HTML::Document.new(expected).root
         actual_dom   = HTML::Document.new(actual).root
@@ -18,11 +15,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       # The negated form of +assert_dom_equivalent+.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   # assert that the referenced method does not generate the specified HTML string
       #   assert_dom_not_equal '<a href="http://www.example.com">Apples</a>', link_to("Oranges", "http://www.example.com")
-      #
       def assert_dom_not_equal(expected, actual, message = "")
         expected_dom = HTML::Document.new(expected).root
         actual_dom   = HTML::Document.new(actual).root
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
index 094cfbfc76..b4c8f839ac 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
@@ -4,11 +4,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Assertions
     # A small suite of assertions that test responses from \Rails applications.
     module ResponseAssertions
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
       # Asserts that the response is one of the following types:
       #
-      # * <tt>:success</tt>   - Status code was 200
+      # * <tt>:success</tt>   - Status code was in the 200-299 range
       # * <tt>:redirect</tt>  - Status code was in the 300-399 range
       # * <tt>:missing</tt>   - Status code was 404
       # * <tt>:error</tt>     - Status code was in the 500-599 range
@@ -17,14 +15,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # or its symbolic equivalent <tt>assert_response(:not_implemented)</tt>.
       # See Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE for a full list.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   # assert that the response was a redirection
       #   assert_response :redirect
       #
       #   # assert that the response code was status code 401 (unauthorized)
       #   assert_response 401
-      #
       def assert_response(type, message = nil)
         message ||= "Expected response to be a <#{type}>, but was <#{@response.response_code}>"
 
@@ -33,7 +28,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             assert @response.send("#{type}?"), message
           else
             code = Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE[type]
-            assert_equal @response.response_code, code, message
+            assert_equal code, @response.response_code, message
           end
         else
           assert_equal type, @response.response_code, message
@@ -44,8 +39,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # This match can be partial, such that <tt>assert_redirected_to(:controller => "weblog")</tt> will also
       # match the redirection of <tt>redirect_to(:controller => "weblog", :action => "show")</tt> and so on.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   # assert that the redirection was to the "index" action on the WeblogController
       #   assert_redirected_to :controller => "weblog", :action => "index"
       #
@@ -55,15 +48,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   # assert that the redirection was to the url for @customer
       #   assert_redirected_to @customer
       #
+      #   # asserts that the redirection matches the regular expression
+      #   assert_redirected_to %r(\Ahttp://example.org)
       def assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)
         assert_response(:redirect, message)
-        return true if options == @response.location
+        return true if options === @response.location
 
         redirect_is       = normalize_argument_to_redirection(@response.location)
         redirect_expected = normalize_argument_to_redirection(options)
 
         message ||= "Expected response to be a redirect to <#{redirect_expected}> but was a redirect to <#{redirect_is}>"
-        assert_equal redirect_expected, redirect_is, message
+        assert_operator redirect_expected, :===, redirect_is, message
       end
 
       private
@@ -73,17 +68,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def normalize_argument_to_redirection(fragment)
-          case fragment
-          when %r{^\w[A-Za-z\d+.-]*:.*}
-            fragment
-          when String
-            @request.protocol + @request.host_with_port + fragment
-          when :back
-            raise RedirectBackError unless refer = @request.headers["Referer"]
-            refer
-          else
-            @controller.url_for(fragment)
-          end.gsub(/[\r\n]/, '')
+          normalized = case fragment
+            when Regexp
+              fragment
+            when %r{^\w[A-Za-z\d+.-]*:.*}
+              fragment
+            when String
+              @request.protocol + @request.host_with_port + fragment
+            when :back
+              raise RedirectBackError unless refer = @request.headers["Referer"]
+              refer
+            else
+              @controller.url_for(fragment)
+            end
+
+          normalized.respond_to?(:delete) ? normalized.delete("\0\r\n") : normalized
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
index 1f4b905d18..9de545b3c5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # The +message+ parameter allows you to pass in an error message that is displayed upon failure.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Check the default route (i.e., the index action)
       #   assert_recognizes({:controller => 'items', :action => 'index'}, 'items')
       #
@@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # The +defaults+ parameter is unused.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Asserts that the default action is generated for a route with no action
       #   assert_generates "/items", :controller => "items", :action => "index"
       #
@@ -71,11 +69,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   assert_generates "changesets/12", { :controller => 'scm', :action => 'show_diff', :revision => "12" }
       def assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)
         if expected_path =~ %r{://}
-          begin
+          fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError) do
             uri = URI.parse(expected_path)
             expected_path = uri.path.to_s.empty? ? "/" : uri.path
-          rescue URI::InvalidURIError => e
-            raise ActionController::RoutingError, e.message
           end
         else
           expected_path = "/#{expected_path}" unless expected_path.first == '/'
@@ -100,7 +96,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # The +extras+ hash allows you to specify options that would normally be provided as a query string to the action. The
       # +message+ parameter allows you to specify a custom error message to display upon failure.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #  # Assert a basic route: a controller with the default action (index)
       #  assert_routing '/home', :controller => 'home', :action => 'index'
       #
@@ -132,16 +127,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # with a new RouteSet instance.
       #
       # The new instance is yielded to the passed block. Typically the block
-      # will create some routes using <tt>map.draw { map.connect ... }</tt>:
+      # will create some routes using <tt>set.draw { match ... }</tt>:
       #
       #   with_routing do |set|
-      #     set.draw do |map|
-      #       map.connect ':controller/:action/:id'
-      #         assert_equal(
-      #           ['/content/10/show', {}],
-      #           map.generate(:controller => 'content', :id => 10, :action => 'show')
-      #       end
+      #     set.draw do
+      #       resources :users
       #     end
+      #     assert_equal "/users", users_path
       #   end
       #
       def with_routing
@@ -192,14 +184,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
 
           if path =~ %r{://}
-            begin
+            fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError) do
               uri = URI.parse(path)
               request.env["rack.url_scheme"] = uri.scheme || "http"
               request.host = uri.host if uri.host
               request.port = uri.port if uri.port
               request.path = uri.path.to_s.empty? ? "/" : uri.path
-            rescue URI::InvalidURIError => e
-              raise ActionController::RoutingError, e.message
             end
           else
             path = "/#{path}" unless path.first == "/"
@@ -208,11 +198,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           request.request_method = method if method
 
-          params = @routes.recognize_path(path, { :method => method, :extras => extras })
+          params = fail_on(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+            @routes.recognize_path(path, { :method => method, :extras => extras })
+          end
           request.path_parameters = params.with_indifferent_access
 
           request
         end
+
+        def fail_on(exception_class)
+          begin
+            yield
+          rescue exception_class => e
+            raise MiniTest::Assertion, e.message
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
index 8eed85bce2..5f9c3bbf48 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression
       # with substitution values (Array) or an HTML::Selector object.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Selects all div tags
       #   divs = css_select("div")
       #
@@ -58,7 +57,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #     inputs = css_select(form, "input")
       #     ...
       #   end
-      #
       def css_select(*args)
         # See assert_select to understand what's going on here.
         arg = args.shift
@@ -269,6 +267,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
               end
             end
             text.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
+            text.sub!(/\A\n/, '') if match.name == "textarea"
             unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (text =~ match_with) : (text == match_with.to_s)
               content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, text)
               true
@@ -339,7 +338,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # The content of each element is un-encoded, and wrapped in the root
       # element +encoded+. It then calls the block with all un-encoded elements.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Selects all bold tags from within the title of an Atom feed's entries (perhaps to nab a section name prefix)
       #   assert_select "feed[xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom']" do
       #     # Select each entry item and then the title item
@@ -400,8 +398,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # You must enable deliveries for this assertion to work, use:
       #   ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #  assert_select_email do
       #    assert_select "h1", "Email alert"
       #  end
@@ -412,7 +408,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #       # Work with items here...
       #    end
       #  end
-      #
       def assert_select_email(&block)
         deliveries = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries
         assert !deliveries.empty?, "No e-mail in delivery list"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
index 5c735e61b2..68f1347e7c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
       # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
       #
-      # === Examples
-      #
       #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag
       #   assert_tag :tag => "span"
       #
@@ -104,7 +102,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # Identical to +assert_tag+, but asserts that a matching tag does _not_
       # exist. (See +assert_tag+ for a full discussion of the syntax.)
       #
-      # === Examples
       #   # Assert that there is not a "div" containing a "p"
       #   assert_no_tag :tag => "div", :descendant => { :tag => "p" }
       #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index 69d54f6981..50ca28395b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   a Hash, or a String that is appropriately encoded
       #   (<tt>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt> or
       #   <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>).
-      # - +headers+: Additional HTTP headers to pass, as a Hash. The keys will
-      #   automatically be upcased, with the prefix 'HTTP_' added if needed.
+      # - +headers+: Additional headers to pass, as a Hash. The headers will be
+      #   merged into the Rack env hash.
       #
       # This method returns an Response object, which one can use to
       # inspect the details of the response. Furthermore, if this method was
@@ -73,8 +73,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # The request_method is +:get+, +:post+, +:patch+, +:put+, +:delete+ or
       # +:head+; the parameters are +nil+, a hash, or a url-encoded or multipart
-      # string; the headers are a hash.  Keys are automatically upcased and
-      # prefixed with 'HTTP_' if not already.
+      # string; the headers are a hash.
       def xml_http_request(request_method, path, parameters = nil, headers = nil)
         headers ||= {}
         headers['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
@@ -194,16 +193,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # If the app is a Rails app, make url_helpers available on the session
         # This makes app.url_for and app.foo_path available in the console
-        if app.respond_to?(:routes) && app.routes.respond_to?(:url_helpers)
-          singleton_class.class_eval { include app.routes.url_helpers }
+        if app.respond_to?(:routes)
+          singleton_class.class_eval do
+            include app.routes.url_helpers if app.routes.respond_to?(:url_helpers)
+            include app.routes.mounted_helpers if app.routes.respond_to?(:mounted_helpers)
+          end
         end
 
         reset!
       end
 
-      remove_method :default_url_options
-      def default_url_options
-        { :host => host, :protocol => https? ? "https" : "http" }
+      def url_options
+        @url_options ||= default_url_options.dup.tap do |url_options|
+          url_options.reverse_merge!(controller.url_options) if controller
+
+          if @app.respond_to?(:routes) && @app.routes.respond_to?(:default_url_options)
+            url_options.reverse_merge!(@app.routes.default_url_options)
+          end
+
+          url_options.reverse_merge!(:host => host, :protocol => https? ? "https" : "http")
+        end
       end
 
       # Resets the instance. This can be used to reset the state information
@@ -216,6 +225,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @controller = @request = @response = nil
         @_mock_session = nil
         @request_count = 0
+        @url_options = nil
 
         self.host        = DEFAULT_HOST
         self.remote_addr = "127.0.0.1"
@@ -310,6 +320,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           response = _mock_session.last_response
           @response = ActionDispatch::TestResponse.new(response.status, response.headers, response.body)
           @html_document = nil
+          @url_options = nil
 
           @controller = session.last_request.env['action_controller.instance']
 
@@ -367,12 +378,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-      include ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor
+      def default_url_options
+        reset! unless integration_session
+        integration_session.default_url_options
+      end
 
-      def url_options
+      def default_url_options=(options)
         reset! unless integration_session
-        integration_session.url_options
+        integration_session.default_url_options = options
       end
 
       def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
@@ -476,6 +489,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   class IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include Integration::Runner
     include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
+    include ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor
 
     @@app = nil
 
@@ -495,5 +509,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def app
       super || self.class.app
     end
+
+    def url_options
+      reset! unless integration_session
+      integration_session.url_options
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
index 7280e9a93b..639ae6f398 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'rack/utils'
 
 module ActionDispatch
@@ -12,8 +11,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def initialize(env = {})
-      env = Rails.application.env_config.merge(env) if defined?(Rails.application)
-      super(DEFAULT_ENV.merge(env))
+      env = Rails.application.env_config.merge(env) if defined?(Rails.application) && Rails.application
+      super(default_env.merge(env))
 
       self.host        = 'test.host'
       self.remote_addr = '0.0.0.0'
@@ -70,5 +69,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def cookies
       @cookies ||= {}.with_indifferent_access
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def default_env
+      DEFAULT_ENV
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb
index 349a3fcc6e..03dfa110e3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb
@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@
 # WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 #++
 
-require 'active_support/ruby/shim'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-
+require 'active_support'
 require 'action_pack'
 
 module ActionView
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ module ActionView
     autoload :LookupContext
     autoload :PathSet
     autoload :Template
-    autoload :TestCase
+
 
     autoload_under "renderer" do
       autoload :Renderer
@@ -75,10 +73,13 @@ module ActionView
     end
   end
 
+  autoload :TestCase
+
   ENCODING_FLAG = '#.*coding[:=]\s*(\S+)[ \t]*'
 end
 
-require 'active_support/i18n'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 
-I18n.load_path << "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/action_view/locale/en.yml"
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:i18n) do
+  I18n.load_path << "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/action_view/locale/en.yml"
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/asset_paths.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/asset_paths.rb
index add8d94b70..81880d17ea 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/asset_paths.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/asset_paths.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
 
 module ActionView
   class AssetPaths #:nodoc:
-    URI_REGEXP = %r{^[-a-z]+://|^cid:|^//}
+    URI_REGEXP = %r{^[-a-z]+://|^(?:cid|data):|^//}
 
     attr_reader :config, :controller
 
@@ -35,7 +35,13 @@ module ActionView
     # Return the filesystem path for the source
     def compute_source_path(source, dir, ext)
       source = rewrite_extension(source, dir, ext) if ext
-      File.join(config.assets_dir, dir, source)
+
+      sources = []
+      sources << config.assets_dir
+      sources << dir unless source[0] == ?/
+      sources << source
+
+      File.join(sources)
     end
 
     def is_uri?(path)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
index 23329d7f35..7bfbc1f0aa 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/ordered_options'
 require 'action_view/log_subscriber'
 
@@ -139,9 +140,14 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
     # How to complete the streaming when an exception occurs.
     # This is our best guess: first try to close the attribute, then the tag.
     cattr_accessor :streaming_completion_on_exception
-    @@streaming_completion_on_exception = %("><script type="text/javascript">window.location = "/500.html"</script></html>)
+    @@streaming_completion_on_exception = %("><script>window.location = "/500.html"</script></html>)
+
+    # Specify whether rendering within namespaced controllers should prefix
+    # the partial paths for ActiveModel objects with the namespace.
+    # (e.g., an Admin::PostsController would render @post using /admin/posts/_post.erb)
+    cattr_accessor :prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+    @@prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = true
 
-    class_attribute :helpers
     class_attribute :_routes
     class_attribute :logger
 
@@ -159,22 +165,6 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       def xss_safe? #:nodoc:
         true
       end
-
-      # This method receives routes and helpers from the controller
-      # and return a subclass ready to be used as view context.
-      def prepare(routes, helpers) #:nodoc:
-        Class.new(self) do
-          if routes
-            include routes.url_helpers
-            include routes.mounted_helpers
-          end
-
-          if helpers
-            include helpers
-            self.helpers = helpers
-          end
-        end
-      end
     end
 
     attr_accessor :view_renderer
@@ -194,7 +184,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       # TODO Provide a new API for AV::Base and deprecate this one.
       if context.is_a?(ActionView::Renderer)
         @view_renderer = context
-      elsif
+      else
         lookup_context = context.is_a?(ActionView::LookupContext) ?
           context : ActionView::LookupContext.new(context)
         lookup_context.formats  = formats if formats
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/context.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/context.rb
index 083856b2ca..ee263df484 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/context.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/context.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionView
 
   # = Action View Context
   #
-  # Action View contexts are supplied to Action Controller to render template.
+  # Action View contexts are supplied to Action Controller to render a template.
   # The default Action View context is ActionView::Base.
   #
   # In order to work with ActionController, a Context must just include this module.
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     # Encapsulates the interaction with the view flow so it
-    # returns the correct buffer on yield. This is usually
-    # overwriten by helpers to add more behavior.
+    # returns the correct buffer on +yield+. This is usually
+    # overwritten by helpers to add more behavior.
     # :api: plugin
     def _layout_for(name=nil)
       name ||= :layout
       view_flow.get(name).html_safe
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
index 6dd52d8186..68b0195700 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
@@ -13,15 +13,16 @@ module ActionView
     # the assets exist before linking to them:
     #
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="/images/rails.png?1230601161" />
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="/assets/rails.png" />
     #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="/stylesheets/application.css?1232285206" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    #   # => <link href="/assets/application.css?body=1" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+    #
     #
     # === Using asset hosts
     #
     # By default, Rails links to these assets on the current host in the public
     # folder, but you can direct Rails to link to assets from a dedicated asset
-    # server by setting ActionController::Base.asset_host in the application
+    # server by setting <tt>ActionController::Base.asset_host</tt> in the application
     # configuration, typically in <tt>config/environments/production.rb</tt>.
     # For example, you'd define <tt>assets.example.com</tt> to be your asset
     # host this way, inside the <tt>configure</tt> block of your environment-specific
@@ -32,9 +33,9 @@ module ActionView
     # Helpers take that into account:
     #
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets.example.com/images/rails.png?1230601161" />
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
     #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="http://assets.example.com/stylesheets/application.css?1232285206" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    #   # => <link href="http://assets.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
     #
     # Browsers typically open at most two simultaneous connections to a single
     # host, which means your assets often have to wait for other assets to finish
@@ -45,9 +46,9 @@ module ActionView
     # will open eight simultaneous connections rather than two.
     #
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets0.example.com/images/rails.png?1230601161" />
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets0.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
     #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/stylesheets/application.css?1232285206" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
     #
     # To do this, you can either setup four actual hosts, or you can use wildcard
     # DNS to CNAME the wildcard to a single asset host. You can read more about
@@ -64,29 +65,28 @@ module ActionView
     #     "http://assets#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(source).to_i(16) % 2 + 1}.example.com"
     #   }
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets1.example.com/images/rails.png?1230601161" />
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets1.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
     #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/stylesheets/application.css?1232285206" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
     #
     # The example above generates "http://assets1.example.com" and
     # "http://assets2.example.com". This option is useful for example if
     # you need fewer/more than four hosts, custom host names, etc.
     #
     # As you see the proc takes a +source+ parameter. That's a string with the
-    # absolute path of the asset with any extensions and timestamps in place,
-    # for example "/images/rails.png?1230601161".
+    # absolute path of the asset, for example "/assets/rails.png".
     #
     #    ActionController::Base.asset_host = Proc.new { |source|
-    #      if source.starts_with?('/images')
-    #        "http://images.example.com"
+    #      if source.ends_with?('.css')
+    #        "http://stylesheets.example.com"
     #      else
     #        "http://assets.example.com"
     #      end
     #    }
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://images.example.com/images/rails.png?1230601161" />
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
     #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="http://assets.example.com/stylesheets/application.css?1232285206" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    #   # => <link href="http://stylesheets.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
     #
     # Alternatively you may ask for a second parameter +request+. That one is
     # particularly useful for serving assets from an SSL-protected page. The
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ module ActionView
     # have SSL certificates for each of the asset hosts this technique allows you
     # to avoid warnings in the client about mixed media.
     #
-    #   ActionController::Base.asset_host = Proc.new { |source, request|
+    #   config.action_controller.asset_host = Proc.new { |source, request|
     #     if request.ssl?
     #       "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}"
     #     else
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ module ActionView
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
     #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="/release-12345/images/rails.png" />
     #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="/release-12345/stylesheets/application.css?1232285206" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    #   # => <link href="/release-12345/stylesheets/application.css?1232285206" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
     #
     # Changing the asset_path does require that your web servers have
     # knowledge of the asset template paths that you rewrite to so it's not
@@ -252,7 +252,6 @@ module ActionView
       # The following call would generate such a tag:
       #
       #   <%= favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', :rel => 'apple-touch-icon', :type => 'image/png' %>
-      #
       def favicon_link_tag(source='favicon.ico', options={})
         tag('link', {
           :rel  => 'shortcut icon',
@@ -261,13 +260,13 @@ module ActionView
         }.merge(options.symbolize_keys))
       end
 
-      # Computes the path to an image asset in the public images directory.
+      # Computes the path to an image asset.
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       # Used internally by +image_tag+ to build the image path:
       #
-      #   image_path("edit")                                         # => "/images/edit"
-      #   image_path("edit.png")                                     # => "/images/edit.png"
-      #   image_path("icons/edit.png")                               # => "/images/icons/edit.png"
+      #   image_path("edit")                                         # => "/assets/edit"
+      #   image_path("edit.png")                                     # => "/assets/edit.png"
+      #   image_path("icons/edit.png")                               # => "/assets/icons/edit.png"
       #   image_path("/icons/edit.png")                              # => "/icons/edit.png"
       #   image_path("http://www.example.com/img/edit.png")          # => "http://www.example.com/img/edit.png"
       #
@@ -275,11 +274,11 @@ module ActionView
       # The alias +path_to_image+ is provided to avoid that. Rails uses the alias internally, and
       # plugin authors are encouraged to do so.
       def image_path(source)
-        asset_paths.compute_public_path(source, 'images')
+        source.present? ? asset_paths.compute_public_path(source, 'images') : ""
       end
       alias_method :path_to_image, :image_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an image_path named route
 
-      # Computes the full URL to an image asset in the public images directory.
+      # Computes the full URL to an image asset.
       # This will use +image_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
       def image_url(source)
         URI.join(current_host, path_to_image(source)).to_s
@@ -290,7 +289,6 @@ module ActionView
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       # Used internally by +video_tag+ to build the video path.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   video_path("hd")                                            # => /videos/hd
       #   video_path("hd.avi")                                        # => /videos/hd.avi
       #   video_path("trailers/hd.avi")                               # => /videos/trailers/hd.avi
@@ -312,7 +310,6 @@ module ActionView
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       # Used internally by +audio_tag+ to build the audio path.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   audio_path("horse")                                            # => /audios/horse
       #   audio_path("horse.wav")                                        # => /audios/horse.wav
       #   audio_path("sounds/horse.wav")                                 # => /audios/sounds/horse.wav
@@ -323,20 +320,19 @@ module ActionView
       end
       alias_method :path_to_audio, :audio_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an audio_path named route
 
-      # Computes the full URL to a audio asset in the public audios directory.
+      # Computes the full URL to an audio asset in the public audios directory.
       # This will use +audio_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
       def audio_url(source)
         URI.join(current_host, path_to_audio(source)).to_s
       end
       alias_method :url_to_audio, :audio_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an audio_url named route
 
-      # Computes the path to a font asset in the public fonts directory.
+      # Computes the path to a font asset.
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /fonts/font
-      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /fonts/font.ttf
-      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /fonts/dir/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /assets/font
+      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /assets/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /assets/dir/font.ttf
       #   font_path("/dir/font.ttf")                                  # => /dir/font.ttf
       #   font_path("http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf")            # => http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf
       def font_path(source)
@@ -344,7 +340,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
       alias_method :path_to_font, :font_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an font_path named route
 
-      # Computes the full URL to a font asset in the public fonts directory.
+      # Computes the full URL to a font asset.
       # This will use +font_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
       def font_url(source)
         URI.join(current_host, path_to_font(source)).to_s
@@ -352,7 +348,7 @@ module ActionView
       alias_method :url_to_font, :font_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an font_url named route
 
       # Returns an html image tag for the +source+. The +source+ can be a full
-      # path or a file that exists in your public images directory.
+      # path or a file.
       #
       # ==== Options
       # You can add HTML attributes using the +options+. The +options+ supports
@@ -363,33 +359,25 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:size</tt> - Supplied as "{Width}x{Height}", so "30x45" becomes
       #   width="30" and height="45". <tt>:size</tt> will be ignored if the
       #   value is not in the correct format.
-      # * <tt>:mouseover</tt> - Set an alternate image to be used when the onmouseover
-      #   event is fired, and sets the original image to be replaced onmouseout.
-      #   This can be used to implement an easy image toggle that fires on onmouseover.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #  image_tag("icon")  # =>
-      #    <img src="/images/icon" alt="Icon" />
+      #    <img src="/assets/icon" alt="Icon" />
       #  image_tag("icon.png")  # =>
-      #    <img src="/images/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
+      #    <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
       #  image_tag("icon.png", :size => "16x10", :alt => "Edit Entry")  # =>
-      #    <img src="/images/icon.png" width="16" height="10" alt="Edit Entry" />
+      #    <img src="/assets/icon.png" width="16" height="10" alt="Edit Entry" />
       #  image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", :size => "16x16")  # =>
       #    <img src="/icons/icon.gif" width="16" height="16" alt="Icon" />
       #  image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", :height => '32', :width => '32') # =>
       #    <img alt="Icon" height="32" src="/icons/icon.gif" width="32" />
       #  image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", :class => "menu_icon") # =>
       #    <img alt="Icon" class="menu_icon" src="/icons/icon.gif" />
-      #  image_tag("mouse.png", :mouseover => "/images/mouse_over.png") # =>
-      #    <img src="/images/mouse.png" onmouseover="this.src='/images/mouse_over.png'" onmouseout="this.src='/images/mouse.png'" alt="Mouse" />
-      #  image_tag("mouse.png", :mouseover => image_path("mouse_over.png")) # =>
-      #    <img src="/images/mouse.png" onmouseover="this.src='/images/mouse_over.png'" onmouseout="this.src='/images/mouse.png'" alt="Mouse" />
       def image_tag(source, options={})
-        options = options.dup.symbolize_keys!
+        options = options.symbolize_keys
 
         src = options[:src] = path_to_image(source)
 
-        unless src =~ /^cid:/
+        unless src =~ /^(?:cid|data):/ || src.blank?
           options[:alt] = options.fetch(:alt){ image_alt(src) }
         end
 
@@ -397,11 +385,6 @@ module ActionView
           options[:width], options[:height] = size.split("x") if size =~ %r{^\d+x\d+$}
         end
 
-        if mouseover = options.delete(:mouseover)
-          options[:onmouseover] = "this.src='#{path_to_image(mouseover)}'"
-          options[:onmouseout]  = "this.src='#{src}'"
-        end
-
         tag("img", options)
       end
 
@@ -425,7 +408,6 @@ module ActionView
       #   width="30" and height="45". <tt>:size</tt> will be ignored if the
       #   value is not in the correct format.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #  video_tag("trailer")  # =>
       #    <video src="/videos/trailer" />
       #  video_tag("trailer.ogg")  # =>
@@ -433,7 +415,7 @@ module ActionView
       #  video_tag("trailer.ogg", :controls => true, :autobuffer => true)  # =>
       #    <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
       #  video_tag("trailer.m4v", :size => "16x10", :poster => "screenshot.png")  # =>
-      #    <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/images/screenshot.png" />
+      #    <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png" />
       #  video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", :size => "16x16")  # =>
       #    <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16" />
       #  video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", :height => '32', :width => '32') # =>
@@ -442,7 +424,7 @@ module ActionView
       #    <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
       #  video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"]) # =>
       #    <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
-      #  video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"] :size => "160x120") # =>
+      #  video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"], :size => "160x120") # =>
       #    <video height="120" width="160"><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
       def video_tag(*sources)
         multiple_sources_tag('video', sources) do |options|
@@ -458,15 +440,14 @@ module ActionView
       # The +source+ can be full path or file that exists in
       # your public audios directory.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #  audio_tag("sound")  # =>
-      #    <audio src="/audios/sound" />
-      #  audio_tag("sound.wav")  # =>
-      #    <audio src="/audios/sound.wav" />
-      #  audio_tag("sound.wav", :autoplay => true, :controls => true)  # =>
-      #    <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav" />
-      #  audio_tag("sound.wav", "sound.mid")  # =>
-      #    <audio><source src="/audios/sound.wav" /><source src="/audios/sound.mid" /></audio>
+      #   audio_tag("sound")  # =>
+      #     <audio src="/audios/sound" />
+      #   audio_tag("sound.wav")  # =>
+      #     <audio src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   audio_tag("sound.wav", :autoplay => true, :controls => true)  # =>
+      #     <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   audio_tag("sound.wav", "sound.mid")  # =>
+      #     <audio><source src="/audios/sound.wav" /><source src="/audios/sound.mid" /></audio>
       def audio_tag(*sources)
         multiple_sources_tag('audio', sources)
       end
@@ -478,7 +459,7 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def multiple_sources_tag(type, sources)
-          options = sources.extract_options!.dup.symbolize_keys!
+          options = sources.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
           sources.flatten!
 
           yield options if block_given?
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/asset_include_tag.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/asset_include_tag.rb
index 05d5f1870a..1a54ca2399 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/asset_include_tag.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/asset_include_tag.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module AssetTagHelper
 
-      class AssetIncludeTag
+      class AssetIncludeTag #:nodoc:
         include TagHelper
 
         attr_reader :config, :asset_paths
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/asset_paths.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/asset_paths.rb
index dd4e9ae4cc..35f91cec18 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/asset_paths.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/asset_paths.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'thread'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/file'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActionView
   module Helpers
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/javascript_tag_helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/javascript_tag_helpers.rb
index c67f81dcf4..e0dbfe62c6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/javascript_tag_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/javascript_tag_helpers.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module AssetTagHelper
 
-      class JavascriptIncludeTag < AssetIncludeTag
+      class JavascriptIncludeTag < AssetIncludeTag #:nodoc:
         def asset_name
           'javascript'
         end
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def asset_tag(source, options)
-          content_tag("script", "", { "type" => Mime::JS, "src" => path_to_asset(source) }.merge(options))
+          content_tag("script", "", { "src" => path_to_asset(source) }.merge(options))
         end
 
         def custom_dir
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ module ActionView
           #   ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_javascript_expansion :monkey => ["head", "body", "tail"]
           #
           #   javascript_include_tag :monkey # =>
-          #     <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/head.js"></script>
-          #     <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/body.js"></script>
-          #     <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/tail.js"></script>
+          #     <script src="/javascripts/head.js"></script>
+          #     <script src="/javascripts/body.js"></script>
+          #     <script src="/javascripts/tail.js"></script>
           def register_javascript_expansion(expansions)
             js_expansions = JavascriptIncludeTag.expansions
             expansions.each do |key, values|
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ module ActionView
         # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
         # Used internally by javascript_include_tag to build the script path.
         #
-        # ==== Examples
         #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /javascripts/xmlhr.js
         #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /javascripts/dir/xmlhr.js
         #   javascript_path "/dir/xmlhr"                         # => /dir/xmlhr.js
@@ -114,38 +113,35 @@ module ActionView
         # You can modify the HTML attributes of the script tag by passing a hash as the
         # last argument.
         #
-        # ==== Examples
         #   javascript_include_tag "xmlhr"
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/xmlhr.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/xmlhr.js?1284139606"></script>
         #
         #   javascript_include_tag "xmlhr.js"
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/xmlhr.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/xmlhr.js?1284139606"></script>
         #
         #   javascript_include_tag "common.javascript", "/elsewhere/cools"
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/common.javascript?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/elsewhere/cools.js?1423139606"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/common.javascript?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/elsewhere/cools.js?1423139606"></script>
         #
         #   javascript_include_tag "http://www.example.com/xmlhr"
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr"></script>
         #
         #   javascript_include_tag "http://www.example.com/xmlhr.js"
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr.js"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr.js"></script>
         #
         #   javascript_include_tag :defaults
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/jquery.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/rails.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/application.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #
-        # * = The application.js file is only referenced if it exists
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/jquery.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/rails.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/application.js?1284139606"></script>
         #
         # You can also include all JavaScripts in the +javascripts+ directory using <tt>:all</tt> as the source:
         #
         #   javascript_include_tag :all
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/jquery.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/rails.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/application.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/shop.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/checkout.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/jquery.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/rails.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/application.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/shop.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/checkout.js?1284139606"></script>
         #
         # Note that your defaults of choice will be included first, so they will be available to all subsequently
         # included files.
@@ -162,29 +158,27 @@ module ActionView
         # <tt>config.perform_caching</tt> is set to true (which is the case by default for the Rails
         # production environment, but not for the development environment).
         #
-        # ==== Examples
-        #
         #   # assuming config.perform_caching is false
         #   javascript_include_tag :all, :cache => true
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/jquery.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/rails.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/application.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/shop.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/checkout.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/jquery.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/rails.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/application.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/shop.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/checkout.js?1284139606"></script>
         #
         #   # assuming config.perform_caching is true
         #   javascript_include_tag :all, :cache => true
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/all.js?1344139789"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/all.js?1344139789"></script>
         #
         #   # assuming config.perform_caching is false
         #   javascript_include_tag "jquery", "cart", "checkout", :cache => "shop"
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/jquery.js?1284139606"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/cart.js?1289139157"></script>
-        #   #    <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/checkout.js?1299139816"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/jquery.js?1284139606"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/cart.js?1289139157"></script>
+        #   #    <script src="/javascripts/checkout.js?1299139816"></script>
         #
         #   # assuming config.perform_caching is true
         #   javascript_include_tag "jquery", "cart", "checkout", :cache => "shop"
-        #   # => <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/shop.js?1299139816"></script>
+        #   # => <script src="/javascripts/shop.js?1299139816"></script>
         #
         # The <tt>:recursive</tt> option is also available for caching:
         #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/stylesheet_tag_helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/stylesheet_tag_helpers.rb
index 2584b67548..91318b2812 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/stylesheet_tag_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helpers/stylesheet_tag_helpers.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module AssetTagHelper
 
-      class StylesheetIncludeTag < AssetIncludeTag
+      class StylesheetIncludeTag < AssetIncludeTag #:nodoc:
         def asset_name
           'stylesheet'
         end
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         def asset_tag(source, options)
           # We force the :request protocol here to avoid a double-download bug in IE7 and IE8
-          tag("link", { "rel" => "stylesheet", "type" => Mime::CSS, "media" => "screen", "href" => path_to_asset(source, :protocol => :request) }.merge(options))
+          tag("link", { "rel" => "stylesheet", "media" => "screen", "href" => path_to_asset(source, :protocol => :request) }.merge(options))
         end
 
         def custom_dir
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ module ActionView
           #   ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_stylesheet_expansion :monkey => ["head", "body", "tail"]
           #
           #   stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # =>
-          #     <link href="/stylesheets/head.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-          #     <link href="/stylesheets/body.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-          #     <link href="/stylesheets/tail.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+          #     <link href="/stylesheets/head.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+          #     <link href="/stylesheets/body.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+          #     <link href="/stylesheets/tail.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
           def register_stylesheet_expansion(expansions)
             style_expansions = StylesheetIncludeTag.expansions
             expansions.each do |key, values|
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ module ActionView
         # If the +source+ filename has no extension, <tt>.css</tt> will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
         # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
         # Used internally by +stylesheet_link_tag+ to build the stylesheet path.
-        # 
-        # ==== Examples
+        #
         #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /stylesheets/style.css
         #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /stylesheets/dir/style.css
         #   stylesheet_path "/dir/style.css"                         # => /dir/style.css
@@ -79,32 +78,31 @@ module ActionView
         # to "screen", so you must explicitely set it to "all" for the stylesheet(s) to
         # apply to all media types.
         #
-        # ==== Examples
         #   stylesheet_link_tag "style" # =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag "style.css" # =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag "http://www.example.com/style.css" # =>
-        #     <link href="http://www.example.com/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="http://www.example.com/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag "style", :media => "all" # =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag "style", :media => "print" # =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag "random.styles", "/css/stylish" # =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/random.styles" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-        #     <link href="/css/stylish.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/random.styles" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+        #     <link href="/css/stylish.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         # You can also include all styles in the stylesheets directory using <tt>:all</tt> as the source:
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag :all # =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style1.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/styleB.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/styleX2.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style1.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/styleB.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/styleX2.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         # If you want Rails to search in all the subdirectories under stylesheets, you should explicitly set <tt>:recursive</tt>:
         #
@@ -113,26 +111,25 @@ module ActionView
         # == Caching multiple stylesheets into one
         #
         # You can also cache multiple stylesheets into one file, which requires less HTTP connections and can better be
-        # compressed by gzip (leading to faster transfers). Caching will only happen if config.perform_caching
+        # compressed by gzip (leading to faster transfers). Caching will only happen if +config.perform_caching+
         # is set to true (which is the case by default for the Rails production environment, but not for the development
         # environment). Examples:
         #
-        # ==== Examples
         #   stylesheet_link_tag :all, :cache => true # when config.perform_caching is false =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style1.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/styleB.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/styleX2.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/style1.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/styleB.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/styleX2.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag :all, :cache => true # when config.perform_caching is true =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/all.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/all.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag "shop", "cart", "checkout", :cache => "payment" # when config.perform_caching is false =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/shop.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/cart.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/checkout.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/shop.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/cart.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/checkout.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         #   stylesheet_link_tag "shop", "cart", "checkout", :cache => "payment" # when config.perform_caching is true =>
-        #     <link href="/stylesheets/payment.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+        #     <link href="/stylesheets/payment.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
         #
         # The <tt>:recursive</tt> option is also available for caching:
         #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
index 73824dc1f8..f9aa8d7cee 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ module ActionView
         # * <tt>:updated</tt>: Time of update. Defaults to the updated_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
         # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this entry. Defaults to the polymorphic_url for the record.
         # * <tt>:id</tt>: The ID for this entry. Defaults to "tag:#{@view.request.host},#{@feed_options[:schema_date]}:#{record.class}/#{record.id}"
+        # * <tt>:type</tt>: The TYPE for this entry. Defaults to "text/html".
         def entry(record, options = {})
           @xml.entry do
             @xml.id(options[:id] || "tag:#{@view.request.host},#{@feed_options[:schema_date]}:#{record.class}/#{record.id}")
@@ -188,7 +189,9 @@ module ActionView
               @xml.updated((options[:updated] || record.updated_at).xmlschema)
             end
 
-            @xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => 'text/html', :href => options[:url] || @view.polymorphic_url(record))
+            type = options.fetch(:type, 'text/html')
+
+            @xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => type, :href => options[:url] || @view.polymorphic_url(record))
 
             yield AtomBuilder.new(@xml)
           end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
index 850dd5f448..33799d7d71 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # See ActionController::Caching::Fragments for usage instructions.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       # If you want to cache a navigation menu, you can do following:
       #
       #   <% cache do %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
index 278139cadb..9186855319 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ module ActionView
       # The capture method allows you to extract part of a template into a
       # variable. You can then use this variable anywhere in your templates or layout.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       # The capture method can be used in ERB templates...
       #
       #   <% @greeting = capture do %>
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   Please login!
       #
       #   <% content_for :script do %>
-      #     <script type="text/javascript">alert('You are not authorized to view this page!')</script>
+      #     <script>alert('You are not authorized to view this page!')</script>
       #   <% end %>
       #
       # Then, in another view, you could to do something like this:
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   <%#  Add some other content, or use a different template: %>
       #
-      #   <% content_for :navigation, true do %>
+      #   <% content_for :navigation, flush: true do %>
       #     <li><%= link_to 'Login', :action => 'login' %></li>
       #   <% end %>
       #
@@ -149,14 +148,14 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # WARNING: content_for is ignored in caches. So you shouldn't use it
       # for elements that will be fragment cached.
-      def content_for(name, content = nil, flush = false, &block)
+      def content_for(name, content = nil, options = {}, &block)
         if content || block_given?
           if block_given?
-            flush = content if content
+            options = content if content
             content = capture(&block)
           end
           if content
-            flush ? @view_flow.set(name, content) : @view_flow.append(name, content)
+            options[:flush] ? @view_flow.set(name, content) : @view_flow.append(name, content)
           end
           nil
         else
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
index 1a583e62ae..74ef25f7c1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
@@ -10,14 +10,16 @@ module ActionView
       delegate :request_forgery_protection_token, :params, :session, :cookies, :response, :headers,
                :flash, :action_name, :controller_name, :controller_path, :to => :controller
 
-      delegate :logger, :to => :controller, :allow_nil => true
-
       def assign_controller(controller)
         if @_controller = controller
           @_request = controller.request if controller.respond_to?(:request)
           @_config  = controller.config.inheritable_copy if controller.respond_to?(:config)
         end
       end
+
+      def logger
+        controller.logger if controller.respond_to?(:logger)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
index 2d37923825..659aacf6d7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ module ActionView
     # elements. All of the select-type methods share a number of common options that are as follows:
     #
     # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - overwrites the default prefix of "date" used for the select names. So specifying "birthday"
-    # would give birthday[month] instead of date[month] if passed to the <tt>select_month</tt> method.
+    # would give \birthday[month] instead of \date[month] if passed to the <tt>select_month</tt> method.
     # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - set to true if it should be possible to set an empty date.
     # * <tt>:discard_type</tt> - set to true if you want to discard the type part of the select name. If set to true,
     #   the <tt>select_month</tt> method would use simply "date" (which can be overwritten using <tt>:prefix</tt>) instead
-    #   of "date[month]".
+    #   of \date[month].
     module DateHelper
       # Reports the approximate distance in time between two Time, Date or DateTime objects or integers as seconds.
-      # Set <tt>include_seconds</tt> to true if you want more detailed approximations when distance < 1 min, 29 secs.
+      # Pass <tt>:include_seconds => true</tt> if you want more detailed approximations when distance < 1 min, 29 secs.
       # Distances are reported based on the following table:
       #
       #   0 <-> 29 secs                                                             # => less than a minute
@@ -29,14 +29,15 @@ module ActionView
       #   89 mins, 30 secs <-> 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs                             # => about [2..24] hours
       #   23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 41 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs                     # => 1 day
       #   41 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs  <-> 29 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs           # => [2..29] days
-      #   29 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 59 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs   # => about 1 month
+      #   29 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 44 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs   # => about 1 month
+      #   44 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 59 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs   # => about 2 months
       #   59 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 1 yr minus 1 sec                    # => [2..12] months
       #   1 yr <-> 1 yr, 3 months                                                   # => about 1 year
       #   1 yr, 3 months <-> 1 yr, 9 months                                         # => over 1 year
       #   1 yr, 9 months <-> 2 yr minus 1 sec                                       # => almost 2 years
       #   2 yrs <-> max time or date                                                # => (same rules as 1 yr)
       #
-      # With <tt>include_seconds</tt> = true and the difference < 1 minute 29 seconds:
+      # With <tt>:include_seconds => true</tt> and the difference < 1 minute 29 seconds:
       #   0-4   secs      # => less than 5 seconds
       #   5-9   secs      # => less than 10 seconds
       #   10-19 secs      # => less than 20 seconds
@@ -46,36 +47,44 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   from_time = Time.now
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 50.minutes)        # => about 1 hour
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 50.minutes.from_now)           # => about 1 hour
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds)        # => less than a minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds, true)  # => less than 20 seconds
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 3.years.from_now)              # => about 3 years
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 60.hours)          # => 3 days
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 45.seconds, true)  # => less than a minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time - 45.seconds, true)  # => less than a minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 76.seconds.from_now)           # => 1 minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 1.year + 3.days)   # => about 1 year
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 3.years + 6.months) # => over 3 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 50.minutes)                                # => about 1 hour
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 50.minutes.from_now)                                   # => about 1 hour
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds)                                # => less than a minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds, :include_seconds => true)      # => less than 20 seconds
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 3.years.from_now)                                      # => about 3 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 60.hours)                                  # => 3 days
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 45.seconds, :include_seconds => true)      # => less than a minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time - 45.seconds, :include_seconds => true)      # => less than a minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 76.seconds.from_now)                                   # => 1 minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 1.year + 3.days)                           # => about 1 year
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 3.years + 6.months)                        # => over 3 years
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 4.years + 9.days + 30.minutes + 5.seconds) # => about 4 years
       #
       #   to_time = Time.now + 6.years + 19.days
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time, true)     # => about 6 years
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(to_time, from_time, true)     # => about 6 years
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now)           # => less than a minute
-      #
-      def distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time = 0, include_seconds = false, options = {})
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time, :include_seconds => true)                     # => about 6 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(to_time, from_time, :include_seconds => true)                     # => about 6 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now)                                               # => less than a minute
+      def distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time = 0, include_seconds_or_options = {}, options = {})
+        if include_seconds_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
+          options = include_seconds_or_options
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "distance_of_time_in_words and time_ago_in_words now accept :include_seconds " +
+                                          "as a part of options hash, not a boolean argument", caller
+          options[:include_seconds] ||= !!include_seconds_or_options
+        end
+
         from_time = from_time.to_time if from_time.respond_to?(:to_time)
         to_time = to_time.to_time if to_time.respond_to?(:to_time)
-        distance_in_minutes = (((to_time - from_time).abs)/60).round
-        distance_in_seconds = ((to_time - from_time).abs).round
+        from_time, to_time = to_time, from_time if from_time > to_time
+        distance_in_minutes = ((to_time - from_time)/60.0).round
+        distance_in_seconds = (to_time - from_time).round
 
         I18n.with_options :locale => options[:locale], :scope => :'datetime.distance_in_words' do |locale|
           case distance_in_minutes
             when 0..1
               return distance_in_minutes == 0 ?
                      locale.t(:less_than_x_minutes, :count => 1) :
-                     locale.t(:x_minutes, :count => distance_in_minutes) unless include_seconds
+                     locale.t(:x_minutes, :count => distance_in_minutes) unless options[:include_seconds]
 
               case distance_in_seconds
                 when 0..4   then locale.t :less_than_x_seconds, :count => 5
@@ -86,26 +95,35 @@ module ActionView
                 else             locale.t :x_minutes,           :count => 1
               end
 
-            when 2..44           then locale.t :x_minutes,      :count => distance_in_minutes
-            when 45..89          then locale.t :about_x_hours,  :count => 1
-            when 90..1439        then locale.t :about_x_hours,  :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 60.0).round
-            when 1440..2519      then locale.t :x_days,         :count => 1
-            when 2520..43199     then locale.t :x_days,         :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 1440.0).round
-            when 43200..86399    then locale.t :about_x_months, :count => 1
-            when 86400..525599   then locale.t :x_months,       :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 43200.0).round
+            when 2...45           then locale.t :x_minutes,      :count => distance_in_minutes
+            when 45...90          then locale.t :about_x_hours,  :count => 1
+            # 90 mins up to 24 hours
+            when 90...1440        then locale.t :about_x_hours,  :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 60.0).round
+            # 24 hours up to 42 hours
+            when 1440...2520      then locale.t :x_days,         :count => 1
+            # 42 hours up to 30 days
+            when 2520...43200     then locale.t :x_days,         :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 1440.0).round
+            # 30 days up to 60 days
+            when 43200...86400    then locale.t :about_x_months, :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 43200.0).round
+            # 60 days up to 365 days
+            when 86400...525600   then locale.t :x_months,       :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 43200.0).round
             else
-              fyear = from_time.year
-              fyear += 1 if from_time.month >= 3
-              tyear = to_time.year
-              tyear -= 1 if to_time.month < 3
-              leap_years = (fyear > tyear) ? 0 : (fyear..tyear).count{|x| Date.leap?(x)}
-              minute_offset_for_leap_year = leap_years * 1440
-              # Discount the leap year days when calculating year distance.
-              # e.g. if there are 20 leap year days between 2 dates having the same day
-              # and month then the based on 365 days calculation
-              # the distance in years will come out to over 80 years when in written
-              # english it would read better as about 80 years.
-              minutes_with_offset         = distance_in_minutes - minute_offset_for_leap_year
+              if from_time.acts_like?(:time) && to_time.acts_like?(:time)
+                fyear = from_time.year
+                fyear += 1 if from_time.month >= 3
+                tyear = to_time.year
+                tyear -= 1 if to_time.month < 3
+                leap_years = (fyear > tyear) ? 0 : (fyear..tyear).count{|x| Date.leap?(x)}
+                minute_offset_for_leap_year = leap_years * 1440
+                # Discount the leap year days when calculating year distance.
+                # e.g. if there are 20 leap year days between 2 dates having the same day
+                # and month then the based on 365 days calculation
+                # the distance in years will come out to over 80 years when in written
+                # english it would read better as about 80 years.
+                minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes - minute_offset_for_leap_year
+              else
+                minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes
+              end
               remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % 525600)
               distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset / 525600)
               if remainder < 131400
@@ -121,16 +139,15 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Like <tt>distance_of_time_in_words</tt>, but where <tt>to_time</tt> is fixed to <tt>Time.now</tt>.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   time_ago_in_words(3.minutes.from_now)       # => 3 minutes
-      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now - 15.hours)      # => about 15 hours
-      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now)                 # => less than a minute
+      #   time_ago_in_words(3.minutes.from_now)                 # => 3 minutes
+      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now - 15.hours)                # => about 15 hours
+      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now)                           # => less than a minute
+      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now, :include_seconds => true) # => less than 5 seconds
       #
       #   from_time = Time.now - 3.days - 14.minutes - 25.seconds
       #   time_ago_in_words(from_time)      # => 3 days
-      #
-      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, include_seconds = false)
-        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, include_seconds)
+      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, include_seconds_or_options = {})
+        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, include_seconds_or_options)
       end
 
       alias_method :distance_of_time_in_words_to_now, :time_ago_in_words
@@ -177,7 +194,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # NOTE: Discarded selects will default to 1. So if no month select is available, January will be assumed.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute.
       #   date_select("article", "written_on")
       #
@@ -233,7 +249,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Creates a time select tag that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variable in the sunrise attribute.
       #   time_select("article", "sunrise")
       #
@@ -266,7 +281,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Generates a datetime select that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variable in the written_on
       #   # attribute.
       #   datetime_select("article", "written_on")
@@ -305,7 +319,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   my_date_time = Time.now + 4.days
       #
       #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today).
@@ -342,7 +355,6 @@ module ActionView
       #   select_datetime(my_date_time, :prompt => {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month', :year => 'Choose year'})
       #   select_datetime(my_date_time, :prompt => {:hour => true}) # generic prompt for hours
       #   select_datetime(my_date_time, :prompt => true) # generic prompts for all
-      #
       def select_datetime(datetime = Time.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_datetime
       end
@@ -354,7 +366,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   my_date = Time.now + 6.days
       #
       #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the date in my_date (six days after today).
@@ -383,7 +394,6 @@ module ActionView
       #   select_date(my_date, :prompt => {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month', :year => 'Choose year'})
       #   select_date(my_date, :prompt => {:hour => true}) # generic prompt for hours
       #   select_date(my_date, :prompt => true) # generic prompts for all
-      #
       def select_date(date = Date.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_date
       end
@@ -394,7 +404,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   my_time = Time.now + 5.days + 7.hours + 3.minutes + 14.seconds
       #
       #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time.
@@ -422,7 +431,6 @@ module ActionView
       #   select_time(my_time, :prompt => {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month', :year => 'Choose year'})
       #   select_time(my_time, :prompt => {:hour => true}) # generic prompt for hours
       #   select_time(my_time, :prompt => true) # generic prompts for all
-      #
       def select_time(datetime = Time.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_time
       end
@@ -431,7 +439,6 @@ module ActionView
       # The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
       # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'second' by default.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   my_time = Time.now + 16.minutes
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time in my_time.
@@ -447,7 +454,6 @@ module ActionView
       #   # Generates a select field for seconds with a custom prompt. Use <tt>:prompt => true</tt> for a
       #   # generic prompt.
       #   select_second(14, :prompt => 'Choose seconds')
-      #
       def select_second(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_second
       end
@@ -457,7 +463,6 @@ module ActionView
       # selected. The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
       # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'minute' by default.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   my_time = Time.now + 6.hours
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time in my_time.
@@ -473,7 +478,6 @@ module ActionView
       #   # Generates a select field for minutes with a custom prompt. Use <tt>:prompt => true</tt> for a
       #   # generic prompt.
       #   select_minute(14, :prompt => 'Choose minutes')
-      #
       def select_minute(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_minute
       end
@@ -482,7 +486,6 @@ module ActionView
       # The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
       # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'hour' by default.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   my_time = Time.now + 6.hours
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for hours that defaults to the hour for the time in my_time.
@@ -501,7 +504,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   # Generate a select field for hours in the AM/PM format
       #   select_hour(my_time, :ampm => true)
-      #
       def select_hour(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_hour
       end
@@ -511,7 +513,6 @@ module ActionView
       # If you want to display days with a leading zero set the <tt>:use_two_digit_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true.
       # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'day' by default.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   my_date = Time.now + 2.days
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the day for the date in my_date.
@@ -530,7 +531,6 @@ module ActionView
       #   # Generates a select field for days with a custom prompt. Use <tt>:prompt => true</tt> for a
       #   # generic prompt.
       #   select_day(5, :prompt => 'Choose day')
-      #
       def select_day(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_day
       end
@@ -545,7 +545,6 @@ module ActionView
       # If you want to display months with a leading zero set the <tt>:use_two_digit_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true.
       # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'month' by default.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
       #   # will use keys like "January", "March".
       #   select_month(Date.today)
@@ -577,7 +576,6 @@ module ActionView
       #   # Generates a select field for months with a custom prompt. Use <tt>:prompt => true</tt> for a
       #   # generic prompt.
       #   select_month(14, :prompt => 'Choose month')
-      #
       def select_month(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_month
       end
@@ -588,7 +586,6 @@ module ActionView
       # greater than <tt>:end_year</tt>. The <tt>date</tt> can also be substituted for a year given as a number.
       # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'year' by default.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the current year that
       #   # has ascending year values.
       #   select_year(Date.today, :start_year => 1992, :end_year => 2007)
@@ -608,14 +605,12 @@ module ActionView
       #   # Generates a select field for years with a custom prompt. Use <tt>:prompt => true</tt> for a
       #   # generic prompt.
       #   select_year(14, :prompt => 'Choose year')
-      #
       def select_year(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_year
       end
 
       # Returns an html time tag for the given date or time.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   time_tag Date.today  # =>
       #     <time datetime="2010-11-04">November 04, 2010</time>
       #   time_tag Time.now  # =>
@@ -625,13 +620,17 @@ module ActionView
       #   time_tag Date.today, :pubdate => true  # =>
       #     <time datetime="2010-11-04" pubdate="pubdate">November 04, 2010</time>
       #
-      def time_tag(date_or_time, *args)
+      #   <%= time_tag Time.now do %>
+      #     <span>Right now</span>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => <time datetime="2010-11-04T17:55:45+01:00"><span>Right now</span></time>
+      def time_tag(date_or_time, *args, &block)
         options  = args.extract_options!
         format   = options.delete(:format) || :long
         content  = args.first || I18n.l(date_or_time, :format => format)
         datetime = date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.xmlschema : date_or_time.rfc3339
 
-        content_tag(:time, content, options.reverse_merge(:datetime => datetime))
+        content_tag(:time, content, options.reverse_merge(:datetime => datetime), &block)
       end
     end
 
@@ -669,11 +668,7 @@ module ActionView
         @options[:discard_minute] ||= true if @options[:discard_hour]
         @options[:discard_second] ||= true unless @options[:include_seconds] && !@options[:discard_minute]
 
-        # If the day is hidden and the month is visible, the day should be set to the 1st so all month choices are
-        # valid (otherwise it could be 31 and February wouldn't be a valid date)
-        if @datetime && @options[:discard_day] && !@options[:discard_month]
-          @datetime = @datetime.change(:day => 1)
-        end
+        set_day_if_discarded
 
         if @options[:tag] && @options[:ignore_date]
           select_time
@@ -696,11 +691,7 @@ module ActionView
         @options[:discard_month]  ||= true unless order.include?(:month)
         @options[:discard_day]    ||= true if @options[:discard_month] || !order.include?(:day)
 
-        # If the day is hidden and the month is visible, the day should be set to the 1st so all month choices are
-        # valid (otherwise it could be 31 and February wouldn't be a valid date)
-        if @datetime && @options[:discard_day] && !@options[:discard_month]
-          @datetime = @datetime.change(:day => 1)
-        end
+        set_day_if_discarded
 
         [:day, :month, :year].each { |o| order.unshift(o) unless order.include?(o) }
 
@@ -798,7 +789,15 @@ module ActionView
       private
         %w( sec min hour day month year ).each do |method|
           define_method(method) do
-            @datetime.kind_of?(Fixnum) ? @datetime : @datetime.send(method) if @datetime
+            @datetime.kind_of?(Numeric) ? @datetime : @datetime.send(method) if @datetime
+          end
+        end
+
+        # If the day is hidden, the day should be set to the 1st so all month and year choices are
+        # valid. Otherwise, February 31st or February 29th, 2011 can be selected, which are invalid.
+        def set_day_if_discarded
+          if @datetime && @options[:discard_day]
+            @datetime = @datetime.change(:day => 1)
           end
         end
 
@@ -972,7 +971,10 @@ module ActionView
         # Returns the id attribute for the input tag.
         #  => "post_written_on_1i"
         def input_id_from_type(type)
-          input_name_from_type(type).gsub(/([\[\(])|(\]\[)/, '_').gsub(/[\]\)]/, '')
+          id = input_name_from_type(type).gsub(/([\[\(])|(\]\[)/, '_').gsub(/[\]\)]/, '')
+          id = @options[:namespace] + '_' + id if @options[:namespace]
+
+          id
         end
 
         # Given an ordering of datetime components, create the selection HTML
@@ -989,6 +991,8 @@ module ActionView
 
         # Returns the separator for a given datetime component.
         def separator(type)
+          return "" if @options[:use_hidden]
+
           case type
             when :year, :month, :day
               @options[:"discard_#{type}"] ? "" : @options[:date_separator]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
index c0cc7d347c..878a8734a4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ module ActionView
       # If the object cannot be converted to YAML using +to_yaml+, +inspect+ will be called instead.
       # Useful for inspecting an object at the time of rendering.
       #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
       #   @user = User.new({ :username => 'testing', :password => 'xyz', :age => 42}) %>
       #   debug(@user)
       #   # =>
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   new_record: true
       #   </pre>
-
       def debug(object)
         begin
           Marshal::dump(object)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
index 7492ef56c6..b34f6c8650 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,14 @@ require 'action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper'
 require 'action_view/helpers/active_model_helper'
 require 'action_view/helpers/tags'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'action_controller/model_naming'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Form Helpers
@@ -16,17 +20,28 @@ module ActionView
     # Form helpers are designed to make working with resources much easier
     # compared to using vanilla HTML.
     #
-    # Forms for models are created with +form_for+. That method yields a form
-    # builder that knows the model the form is about. The form builder is thus
-    # able to generate default values for input fields that correspond to model
-    # attributes, and also convenient names, IDs, endpoints, etc.
+    # Typically, a form designed to create or update a resource reflects the
+    # identity of the resource in several ways: (i) the url that the form is
+    # sent to (the form element's +action+ attribute) should result in a request
+    # being routed to the appropriate controller action (with the appropriate <tt>:id</tt>
+    # parameter in the case of an existing resource), (ii) input fields should
+    # be named in such a way that in the controller their values appear in the
+    # appropriate places within the +params+ hash, and (iii) for an existing record,
+    # when the form is initially displayed, input fields corresponding to attributes
+    # of the resource should show the current values of those attributes.
     #
-    # Conventions in the generated field names allow controllers to receive form
-    # data nicely structured in +params+ with no effort on your side.
+    # In Rails, this is usually achieved by creating the form using +form_for+ and
+    # a number of related helper methods. +form_for+ generates an appropriate <tt>form</tt>
+    # tag and yields a form builder object that knows the model the form is about.
+    # Input fields are created by calling methods defined on the form builder, which
+    # means they are able to generate the appropriate names and default values
+    # corresponding to the model attributes, as well as convenient IDs, etc.
+    # Conventions in the generated field names allow controllers to receive form data
+    # nicely structured in +params+ with no effort on your side.
     #
     # For example, to create a new person you typically set up a new instance of
     # +Person+ in the <tt>PeopleController#new</tt> action, <tt>@person</tt>, and
-    # pass it to +form_for+:
+    # in the view template pass that object to +form_for+:
     #
     #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
     #     <%= f.label :first_name %>:
@@ -45,10 +60,10 @@ module ActionView
     #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
     #     </div>
     #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
-    #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" size="30" type="text" /><br />
+    #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" /><br />
     #
     #     <label for="person_last_name">Last name</label>:
-    #     <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" size="30" type="text" /><br />
+    #     <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" /><br />
     #
     #     <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create Person" />
     #   </form>
@@ -76,10 +91,10 @@ module ActionView
     #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
     #     </div>
     #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
-    #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" size="30" type="text" value="John" /><br />
+    #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" value="John" /><br />
     #
     #     <label for="person_last_name">Last name</label>:
-    #     <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" size="30" type="text" value="Smith" /><br />
+    #     <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" value="Smith" /><br />
     #
     #     <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Update Person" />
     #   </form>
@@ -103,35 +118,16 @@ module ActionView
 
       include FormTagHelper
       include UrlHelper
+      include ActionController::ModelNaming
 
-      # Converts the given object to an ActiveModel compliant one.
-      def convert_to_model(object)
-        object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
-      end
-
-      # Creates a form and a scope around a specific model object that is used
-      # as a base for questioning about values for the fields.
-      #
-      # Rails provides succinct resource-oriented form generation with +form_for+
-      # like this:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @offer do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.label :version, 'Version' %>:
-      #     <%= f.text_field :version %><br />
-      #     <%= f.label :author, 'Author' %>:
-      #     <%= f.text_field :author %><br />
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # There, +form_for+ is able to generate the rest of RESTful form
-      # parameters based on introspection on the record, but to understand what
-      # it does we need to dig first into the alternative generic usage it is
-      # based upon.
+      # Creates a form that allows the user to create or update the attributes
+      # of a specific model object.
       #
-      # === Generic form_for
-      #
-      # The generic way to call +form_for+ yields a form builder around a
-      # model:
+      # The method can be used in several slightly different ways, depending on
+      # how much you wish to rely on Rails to infer automatically from the model
+      # how the form should be constructed. For a generic model object, a form
+      # can be created by passing +form_for+ a string or symbol representing
+      # the object we are concerned with:
       #
       #   <%= form_for :person do |f| %>
       #     First name: <%= f.text_field :first_name %><br />
@@ -141,24 +137,39 @@ module ActionView
       #     <%= f.submit %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
-      # There, the argument is a symbol or string with the name of the
-      # object the form is about.
-      #
-      # The form builder acts as a regular form helper that somehow carries the
-      # model. Thus, the idea is that
+      # The variable +f+ yielded to the block is a FormBuilder object that
+      # incorporates the knowledge about the model object represented by
+      # <tt>:person</tt> passed to +form_for+. Methods defined on the FormBuilder
+      # are used to generate fields bound to this model. Thus, for example,
       #
       #   <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
       #
-      # gets expanded to
+      # will get expanded to
       #
       #   <%= text_field :person, :first_name %>
+      # which results in an html <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
+      # <tt>person[first_name]</tt>. This means that when the form is submitted,
+      # the value entered by the user will be available in the controller as
+      # <tt>params[:person][:first_name]</tt>.
+      #
+      # For fields generated in this way using the FormBuilder,
+      # if <tt>:person</tt> also happens to be the name of an instance variable
+      # <tt>@person</tt>, the default value of the field shown when the form is
+      # initially displayed (e.g. in the situation where you are editing an
+      # existing record) will be the value of the corresponding attribute of
+      # <tt>@person</tt>.
       #
       # The rightmost argument to +form_for+ is an
-      # optional hash of options:
-      #
-      # * <tt>:url</tt> - The URL the form is submitted to. It takes the same
-      #   fields you pass to +url_for+ or +link_to+. In particular you may pass
-      #   here a named route directly as well. Defaults to the current action.
+      # optional hash of options -
+      #
+      # * <tt>:url</tt> - The URL the form is to be submitted to. This may be
+      #   represented in the same way as values passed to +url_for+ or +link_to+.
+      #   So for example you may use a named route directly. When the model is
+      #   represented by a string or symbol, as in the example above, if the
+      #   <tt>:url</tt> option is not specified, by default the form will be
+      #   sent back to the current url (We will describe below an alternative
+      #   resource-oriented usage of +form_for+ in which the URL does not need
+      #   to be specified explicitly).
       # * <tt>:namespace</tt> - A namespace for your form to ensure uniqueness of
       #   id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed
       #   with underscore on the generated HTML id.
@@ -168,11 +179,11 @@ module ActionView
       # possible to use both the stand-alone FormHelper methods and methods
       # from FormTagHelper. For example:
       #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+      #   <%= form_for :person do |f| %>
       #     First name: <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
       #     Last name : <%= f.text_field :last_name %>
       #     Biography : <%= text_area :person, :biography %>
-      #     Admin?    : <%= check_box_tag "person[admin]", @person.company.admin? %>
+      #     Admin?    : <%= check_box_tag "person[admin]", "1", @person.company.admin? %>
       #     <%= f.submit %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
@@ -180,26 +191,65 @@ module ActionView
       # are designed to work with an object as base, like
       # FormOptionHelper#collection_select and DateHelper#datetime_select.
       #
-      # === Resource-oriented style
+      # === #form_for with a model object
+      #
+      # In the examples above, the object to be created or edited was
+      # represented by a symbol passed to +form_for+, and we noted that
+      # a string can also be used equivalently. It is also possible, however,
+      # to pass a model object itself to +form_for+. For example, if <tt>@post</tt>
+      # is an existing record you wish to edit, you can create the form using
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # This behaves in almost the same way as outlined previously, with a
+      # couple of small exceptions. First, the prefix used to name the input
+      # elements within the form (hence the key that denotes them in the +params+
+      # hash) is actually derived from the object's _class_, e.g. <tt>params[:post]</tt>
+      # if the object's class is +Post+. However, this can be overwritten using
+      # the <tt>:as</tt> option, e.g. -
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for(@person, :as => :client) do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # would result in <tt>params[:client]</tt>.
+      #
+      # Secondly, the field values shown when the form is initially displayed
+      # are taken from the attributes of the object passed to +form_for+,
+      # regardless of whether the object is an instance
+      # variable. So, for example, if we had a _local_ variable +post+
+      # representing an existing record,
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for post do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # would produce a form with fields whose initial state reflect the current
+      # values of the attributes of +post+.
       #
-      # As we said above, in addition to manually configuring the +form_for+
-      # call, you can rely on automated resource identification, which will use
-      # the conventions and named routes of that approach. This is the
-      # preferred way to use +form_for+ nowadays.
+      # === Resource-oriented style
       #
-      # For example, if <tt>@post</tt> is an existing record you want to edit
+      # In the examples just shown, although not indicated explicitly, we still
+      # need to use the <tt>:url</tt> option in order to specify where the
+      # form is going to be sent. However, further simplification is possible
+      # if the record passed to +form_for+ is a _resource_, i.e. it corresponds
+      # to a set of RESTful routes, e.g. defined using the +resources+ method
+      # in <tt>config/routes.rb</tt>. In this case Rails will simply infer the
+      # appropriate URL from the record itself. For example,
       #
       #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
       #     ...
       #   <% end %>
       #
-      # is equivalent to something like:
+      # is then equivalent to something like:
       #
       #   <%= form_for @post, :as => :post, :url => post_path(@post), :method => :put, :html => { :class => "edit_post", :id => "edit_post_45" } do |f| %>
       #     ...
       #   <% end %>
       #
-      # And for new records
+      # And for a new record
       #
       #   <%= form_for(Post.new) do |f| %>
       #     ...
@@ -211,7 +261,7 @@ module ActionView
       #     ...
       #   <% end %>
       #
-      # You can also overwrite the individual conventions, like this:
+      # However you can still overwrite individual conventions, such as:
       #
       #   <%= form_for(@post, :url => super_posts_path) do |f| %>
       #     ...
@@ -223,13 +273,6 @@ module ActionView
       #     ...
       #   <% end %>
       #
-      # If you have an object that needs to be represented as a different
-      # parameter, like a Person that acts as a Client:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for(@person, :as => :client) do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
       # For namespaced routes, like +admin_post_url+:
       #
       #   <%= form_for([:admin, @post]) do |f| %>
@@ -252,9 +295,9 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #    :method => (:get|:post|:patch|:put|:delete)
       #
-      # in the options hash. If the verb is not GET or POST, which are natively supported by HTML forms, the
-      # form will be set to POST and a hidden input called _method will carry the intended verb for the server
-      # to interpret.
+      # in the options hash. If the verb is not GET or POST, which are natively
+      # supported by HTML forms, the form will be set to POST and a hidden input
+      # called _method will carry the intended verb for the server to interpret.
       #
       # === Unobtrusive JavaScript
       #
@@ -296,7 +339,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Example:
       #
       #   <%= form_for(@post) do |f| %>
-      #     <% f.fields_for(:comments, :include_id => false) do |cf| %>
+      #     <%= f.fields_for(:comments, :include_id => false) do |cf| %>
       #       ...
       #     <% end %>
       #   <% end %>
@@ -365,7 +408,7 @@ module ActionView
           object      = nil
         else
           object      = record.is_a?(Array) ? record.last : record
-          object_name = options[:as] || ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(object)
+          object_name = options[:as] || model_name_from_record_or_class(object).param_key
           apply_form_for_options!(record, object, options)
         end
 
@@ -402,30 +445,59 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # === Generic Examples
       #
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
+      # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
+      # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
+      # generate fields associated with the model object. Fields may reflect
+      # a model object in two ways - how they are named (hence how submitted
+      # values appear within the +params+ hash in the controller) and what
+      # default values are shown when the form the fields appear in is first
+      # displayed. In order for both of these features to be specified independently,
+      # both an object name (represented by either a symbol or string) and the
+      # object itself can be passed to the method separately -
+      #
       #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
       #     First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %>
       #     Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %>
       #
-      #     <%= fields_for @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
+      #     <%= fields_for :permission, @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
       #       Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
       #     <% end %>
       #
       #     <%= f.submit %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
-      # ...or if you have an object that needs to be represented as a different
-      # parameter, like a Client that acts as a Person:
+      # In this case, the checkbox field will be represented by an HTML +input+
+      # tag with the +name+ attribute <tt>permission[admin]</tt>, and the submitted
+      # value will appear in the controller as <tt>params[:permission][:admin]</tt>.
+      # If <tt>@person.permission</tt> is an existing record with an attribute
+      # +admin+, the initial state of the checkbox when first displayed will
+      # reflect the value of <tt>@person.permission.admin</tt>.
       #
-      #   <%= fields_for :person, @client do |permission_fields| %>
+      # Often this can be simplified by passing just the name of the model
+      # object to +fields_for+ -
+      #
+      #   <%= fields_for :permission do |permission_fields| %>
       #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
-      # ...or if you don't have an object, just a name of the parameter:
+      # ...in which case, if <tt>:permission</tt> also happens to be the name of an
+      # instance variable <tt>@permission</tt>, the initial state of the input
+      # field will reflect the value of that variable's attribute <tt>@permission.admin</tt>.
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass just the model object itself (if the first
+      # argument isn't a string or symbol +fields_for+ will realize that the
+      # name has been omitted) -
       #
-      #   <%= fields_for :person do |permission_fields| %>
+      #   <%= fields_for @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
       #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
+      # and +fields_for+ will derive the required name of the field from the
+      # _class_ of the model object, e.g. if <tt>@person.permission</tt>, is
+      # of class +Permission+, the field will still be named <tt>permission[admin]</tt>.
+      #
       # Note: This also works for the methods in FormOptionHelper and
       # DateHelper that are designed to work with an object as base, like
       # FormOptionHelper#collection_select and DateHelper#datetime_select.
@@ -600,6 +672,19 @@ module ActionView
       #     <% end %>
       #     ...
       #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # When a collection is used you might want to know the index of each
+      # object into the array. For this purpose, the <tt>index</tt> method
+      # is available in the FormBuilder object.
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       Project #<%= project_fields.index %>
+      #       ...
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
       def fields_for(record_name, record_object = nil, options = {}, &block)
         builder = instantiate_builder(record_name, record_object, options)
         output = capture(builder, &block)
@@ -812,11 +897,10 @@ module ActionView
       # In that case it is preferable to either use +check_box_tag+ or to use
       # hashes instead of arrays.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
       #   check_box("post", "validated")
       #   # => <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
-      #   #    <input type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
+      #   #    <input checked="checked" type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
       #
       #   # Let's say that @puppy.gooddog is "no":
       #   check_box("puppy", "gooddog", {}, "yes", "no")
@@ -838,7 +922,6 @@ module ActionView
       # To force the radio button to be checked pass <tt>:checked => true</tt> in the
       # +options+ hash. You may pass HTML options there as well.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
       #   radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
       #   radio_button("post", "category", "java")
@@ -853,28 +936,34 @@ module ActionView
         Tags::RadioButton.new(object_name, method, self, tag_value, options).render
       end
 
+      # Returns a text_field of type "color".
+      #
+      #   color_field("car", "color")
+      #   # => <input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000000" />
+      #
+      def color_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::ColorField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
       # Returns an input of type "search" for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
       # assigned to the template (identified by +object_name+). Inputs of type "search" may be styled differently by
       # some browsers.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   search_field(:user, :name)
-      #   # => <input id="user_name" name="user[name]" size="30" type="search" />
+      #   # => <input id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
       #   search_field(:user, :name, :autosave => false)
-      #   # => <input autosave="false" id="user_name" name="user[name]" size="30" type="search" />
+      #   # => <input autosave="false" id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
       #   search_field(:user, :name, :results => 3)
-      #   # => <input id="user_name" name="user[name]" results="3" size="30" type="search" />
+      #   # => <input id="user_name" name="user[name]" results="3" type="search" />
       #   #  Assume request.host returns "www.example.com"
       #   search_field(:user, :name, :autosave => true)
-      #   # => <input autosave="com.example.www" id="user_name" name="user[name]" results="10" size="30" type="search" />
+      #   # => <input autosave="com.example.www" id="user_name" name="user[name]" results="10" type="search" />
       #   search_field(:user, :name, :onsearch => true)
-      #   # => <input id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" size="30" type="search" />
+      #   # => <input id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" type="search" />
       #   search_field(:user, :name, :autosave => false, :onsearch => true)
-      #   # => <input autosave="false" id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" size="30" type="search" />
+      #   # => <input autosave="false" id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" type="search" />
       #   search_field(:user, :name, :autosave => true, :onsearch => true)
-      #   # => <input autosave="com.example.www" id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" results="10" size="30" type="search" />
-      #
+      #   # => <input autosave="com.example.www" id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" results="10" type="search" />
       def search_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::SearchField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -882,11 +971,12 @@ module ActionView
       # Returns a text_field of type "tel".
       #
       #   telephone_field("user", "phone")
-      #   # => <input id="user_phone" name="user[phone]" size="30" type="tel" />
+      #   # => <input id="user_phone" name="user[phone]" type="tel" />
       #
       def telephone_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::TelField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
+      # aliases telephone_field
       alias phone_field telephone_field
 
       # Returns a text_field of type "date".
@@ -907,10 +997,95 @@ module ActionView
         Tags::DateField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
 
+      # Returns a text_field of type "time".
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%T.%L"
+      # on the objects's value. It is still possible to override that
+      # by passing the "value" option.
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * Accepts same options as time_field_tag
+      #
+      # === Example
+      #   time_field("task", "started_at")
+      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
+      #
+      def time_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::TimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "datetime".
+      #
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 12)
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00.000+0000" />
+      #
+      def datetime_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::DatetimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "datetime-local".
+      #
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m-%dT%T"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 12)
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00" />
+      #
+      def datetime_local_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::DatetimeLocalField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "month".
+      #
+      #   month_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="month" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 27)
+      #   month_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-01" />
+      #
+      def month_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::MonthField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "week".
+      #
+      #   week_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="week" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-W%W"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 5, 12)
+      #   week_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-W19" />
+      #
+      def week_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::WeekField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
       # Returns a text_field of type "url".
       #
       #   url_field("user", "homepage")
-      #   # => <input id="user_homepage" size="30" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />
+      #   # => <input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />
       #
       def url_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::UrlField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
@@ -919,7 +1094,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Returns a text_field of type "email".
       #
       #   email_field("user", "address")
-      #   # => <input id="user_address" size="30" name="user[address]" type="email" />
+      #   # => <input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />
       #
       def email_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::EmailField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
@@ -950,22 +1125,29 @@ module ActionView
             object_name = record_name
           else
             object = record_name
-            object_name = ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(object)
+            object_name = model_name_from_record_or_class(object).param_key
           end
 
-          builder = options[:builder] || ActionView::Base.default_form_builder
+          builder = options[:builder] || default_form_builder
           builder.new(object_name, object, self, options)
         end
+
+        def default_form_builder
+          builder = ActionView::Base.default_form_builder
+          builder.respond_to?(:constantize) ? builder.constantize : builder
+        end
     end
 
     class FormBuilder
+      include ActionController::ModelNaming
+
       # The methods which wrap a form helper call.
       class_attribute :field_helpers
-      self.field_helpers = FormHelper.instance_methods - [:form_for, :convert_to_model]
+      self.field_helpers = FormHelper.instance_methods - [:form_for, :convert_to_model, :model_name_from_record_or_class]
 
       attr_accessor :object_name, :object, :options
 
-      attr_reader :multipart, :parent_builder
+      attr_reader :multipart, :parent_builder, :index
       alias :multipart? :multipart
 
       def multipart=(multipart)
@@ -985,7 +1167,12 @@ module ActionView
         self
       end
 
-      def initialize(object_name, object, template, options)
+      def initialize(object_name, object, template, options, block=nil)
+        if block
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+            "Giving a block to FormBuilder is deprecated and has no effect anymore.")
+        end
+
         @nested_child_index = {}
         @object_name, @object, @template, @options = object_name, object, template, options
         @parent_builder = options[:parent_builder]
@@ -998,6 +1185,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
         end
         @multipart = nil
+        @index = options[:index] || options[:child_index]
       end
 
       (field_helpers - [:label, :check_box, :radio_button, :fields_for, :hidden_field, :file_field]).each do |selector|
@@ -1025,16 +1213,18 @@ module ActionView
           end
         else
           record_object = record_name.is_a?(Array) ? record_name.last : record_name
-          record_name   = ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(record_object)
+          record_name   = model_name_from_record_or_class(record_object).param_key
         end
 
         index = if options.has_key?(:index)
-          "[#{options[:index]}]"
+          options[:index]
         elsif defined?(@auto_index)
           self.object_name = @object_name.to_s.sub(/\[\]$/,"")
-          "[#{@auto_index}]"
+          @auto_index
         end
-        record_name = "#{object_name}#{index}[#{record_name}]"
+
+        record_name = index ? "#{object_name}[#{index}][#{record_name}]" : "#{object_name}[#{record_name}]"
+        fields_options[:child_index] = index
 
         @template.fields_for(record_name, record_object, fields_options, &block)
       end
@@ -1121,10 +1311,21 @@ module ActionView
       #         post:
       #           create: "Add %{model}"
       #
-      def button(value=nil, options={})
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   button("Create a post")
+      #   # => <button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>
+      #
+      #   button do
+      #     content_tag(:strong, 'Ask me!')
+      #   end
+      #   # => <button name='button' type='submit'>
+      #   #      <strong>Ask me!</strong>
+      #   #    </button>
+      #
+      def button(value = nil, options = {}, &block)
         value, options = nil, value if value.is_a?(Hash)
         value ||= submit_default_value
-        @template.button_tag(value, options)
+        @template.button_tag(value, options, &block)
       end
 
       def emitted_hidden_id?
@@ -1172,7 +1373,8 @@ module ActionView
             explicit_child_index = options[:child_index]
             output = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
             association.each do |child|
-              output << fields_for_nested_model("#{name}[#{explicit_child_index || nested_child_index(name)}]", child, options, block)
+              options[:child_index] = nested_child_index(name) unless explicit_child_index
+              output << fields_for_nested_model("#{name}[#{options[:child_index]}]", child, options, block)
             end
             output
           elsif association
@@ -1193,10 +1395,6 @@ module ActionView
           @nested_child_index[name] ||= -1
           @nested_child_index[name] += 1
         end
-
-        def convert_to_model(object)
-          object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
-        end
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
index 5be3da9b94..c88af0355f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
@@ -153,6 +153,8 @@ module ActionView
       # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
       # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
       #
+      # In case if you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can specify <tt>:include_blank => false</tt> option.
+      #
       def select(object, method, choices, options = {}, html_options = {})
         Tags::Select.new(object, method, self, choices, options, html_options).render
       end
@@ -262,7 +264,6 @@ module ActionView
       # Finally, this method supports a <tt>:default</tt> option, which selects
       # a default ActiveSupport::TimeZone if the object's time zone is +nil+.
       #
-      # Examples:
       #   time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone", nil, :include_blank => true)
       #
       #   time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone", nil, :default => "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" )
@@ -286,38 +287,55 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # Examples (call, result):
       #   options_for_select([["Dollar", "$"], ["Kroner", "DKK"]])
-      #     <option value="$">Dollar</option>\n<option value="DKK">Kroner</option>
+      #   # <option value="$">Dollar</option>
+      #   # <option value="DKK">Kroner</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard" ], "MasterCard")
-      #     <option>VISA</option>\n<option selected="selected">MasterCard</option>
+      #   # <option>VISA</option>
+      #   # <option selected="selected">MasterCard</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select({ "Basic" => "$20", "Plus" => "$40" }, "$40")
-      #     <option value="$20">Basic</option>\n<option value="$40" selected="selected">Plus</option>
+      #   # <option value="$20">Basic</option>
+      #   # <option value="$40" selected="selected">Plus</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard", "Discover" ], ["VISA", "Discover"])
-      #     <option selected="selected">VISA</option>\n<option>MasterCard</option>\n<option selected="selected">Discover</option>
+      #   # <option selected="selected">VISA</option>
+      #   # <option>MasterCard</option>
+      #   # <option selected="selected">Discover</option>
       #
       # You can optionally provide html attributes as the last element of the array.
       #
       # Examples:
       #   options_for_select([ "Denmark", ["USA", {:class => 'bold'}], "Sweden" ], ["USA", "Sweden"])
-      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>\n<option value="USA" class="bold" selected="selected">USA</option>\n<option value="Sweden" selected="selected">Sweden</option>
+      #   # <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
+      #   # <option value="USA" class="bold" selected="selected">USA</option>
+      #   # <option value="Sweden" selected="selected">Sweden</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select([["Dollar", "$", {:class => "bold"}], ["Kroner", "DKK", {:onclick => "alert('HI');"}]])
-      #     <option value="$" class="bold">Dollar</option>\n<option value="DKK" onclick="alert('HI');">Kroner</option>
+      #   # <option value="$" class="bold">Dollar</option>
+      #   # <option value="DKK" onclick="alert('HI');">Kroner</option>
       #
       # If you wish to specify disabled option tags, set +selected+ to be a hash, with <tt>:disabled</tt> being either a value
       # or array of values to be disabled. In this case, you can use <tt>:selected</tt> to specify selected option tags.
       #
       # Examples:
       #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], :disabled => "Super Platinum")
-      #     <option value="Free">Free</option>\n<option value="Basic">Basic</option>\n<option value="Advanced">Advanced</option>\n<option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
+      #   # <option value="Free">Free</option>
+      #   # <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
+      #   # <option value="Advanced">Advanced</option>
+      #   # <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], :disabled => ["Advanced", "Super Platinum"])
-      #     <option value="Free">Free</option>\n<option value="Basic">Basic</option>\n<option value="Advanced" disabled="disabled">Advanced</option>\n<option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
+      #   # <option value="Free">Free</option>
+      #   # <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
+      #   # <option value="Advanced" disabled="disabled">Advanced</option>
+      #   # <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], :selected => "Free", :disabled => "Super Platinum")
-      #     <option value="Free" selected="selected">Free</option>\n<option value="Basic">Basic</option>\n<option value="Advanced">Advanced</option>\n<option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
+      #   # <option value="Free" selected="selected">Free</option>
+      #   # <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
+      #   # <option value="Advanced">Advanced</option>
+      #   # <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
       #
       # NOTE: Only the option tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML select tag.
       def options_for_select(container, selected = nil)
@@ -335,7 +353,7 @@ module ActionView
           html_attributes[:disabled] = 'disabled' if disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
           html_attributes[:value] = value
 
-          content_tag(:option, text, html_attributes)
+          content_tag_string(:option, text, html_attributes)
         end.join("\n").html_safe
       end
 
@@ -442,8 +460,11 @@ module ActionView
       # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
       #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
       #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
-      # * +prompt+ - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
       #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
+      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
       #
       # Sample usage (Array):
       #   grouped_options = [
@@ -456,8 +477,8 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # Sample usage (Hash):
       #   grouped_options = {
-      #    'North America' => [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
-      #    'Europe' => ['Denmark','Germany','France']
+      #     'North America' => [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
+      #     'Europe' => ['Denmark','Germany','France']
       #   }
       #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options)
       #
@@ -472,15 +493,50 @@ module ActionView
       #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
       #   </optgroup>
       #
+      # Sample usage (divider):
+      #   grouped_options = [
+      #     [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
+      #     ['Denmark','Germany','France']
+      #   ]
+      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
+      #
+      # Possible output:
+      #   <optgroup label="---------">
+      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
+      #     <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
+      #     <option value="France">France</option>
+      #   </optgroup>
+      #   <optgroup label="---------">
+      #     <option value="US">United States</option>
+      #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
+      #   </optgroup>
+      #
       # <b>Note:</b> Only the <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags are returned, so you still have to
       # wrap the output in an appropriate <tt><select></tt> tag.
-      def grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, selected_key = nil, prompt = nil)
+      def grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, selected_key = nil, options = {})
+        if options.is_a?(Hash)
+          prompt  = options[:prompt]
+          divider = options[:divider]
+        else
+          prompt  = options
+          options = {}
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Passing the prompt to grouped_options_for_select as an argument is deprecated. Please use an options hash like `{ prompt: #{prompt.inspect} }`."
+        end
+
         body = "".html_safe
-        body.safe_concat content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => "") if prompt
+
+        if prompt
+          body.safe_concat content_tag(:option, prompt_text(prompt), :value => "")
+        end
 
         grouped_options = grouped_options.sort if grouped_options.is_a?(Hash)
 
-        grouped_options.each do |label, container|
+        grouped_options.each do |container|
+          if divider
+            label = divider
+          else
+            label, container = container
+          end
           body.safe_concat content_tag(:optgroup, options_for_select(container, selected_key), :label => label)
         end
 
@@ -655,7 +711,7 @@ module ActionView
         def option_html_attributes(element)
           return {} unless Array === element
 
-          Hash[element.select { |e| Hash === e }.reduce({}, :merge).map { |k, v| [k, ERB::Util.html_escape(v.to_s)] }]
+          Hash[element.select { |e| Hash === e }.reduce({}, :merge).map { |k, v| [k, v] }]
         end
 
         def option_text_and_value(option)
@@ -696,6 +752,10 @@ module ActionView
         def value_for_collection(item, value)
           value.respond_to?(:call) ? value.call(item) : item.send(value)
         end
+
+        def prompt_text(prompt)
+          prompt = prompt.kind_of?(String) ? prompt : I18n.translate('helpers.select.prompt', :default => 'Please select')
+        end
     end
 
     class FormBuilder
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
index 9fad30a48f..d7d9c45120 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require 'cgi'
 require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Form Tag Helpers
@@ -17,6 +18,9 @@ module ActionView
       include UrlHelper
       include TextHelper
 
+      mattr_accessor :embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms
+      self.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false
+
       # Starts a form tag that points the action to an url configured with <tt>url_for_options</tt> just like
       # ActionController::Base#url_for. The method for the form defaults to POST.
       #
@@ -27,7 +31,11 @@ module ActionView
       #   is added to simulate the verb over post.
       # * <tt>:authenticity_token</tt> - Authenticity token to use in the form. Use only if you need to
       #   pass custom authenticity token string, or to not add authenticity_token field at all
-      #   (by passing <tt>false</tt>).
+      #   (by passing <tt>false</tt>).  Remote forms may omit the embedded authenticity token
+      #   by setting <tt>config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false</tt>.
+      #   This is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the
+      #   authenticity from the <tt>meta</tt> tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you
+      #   support browsers without JavaScript.
       # * A list of parameters to feed to the URL the form will be posted to.
       # * <tt>:remote</tt> - If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
       #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
@@ -37,7 +45,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <form action="/posts" method="post">
       #
       #   form_tag('/posts/1', :method => :put)
-      #   # => <form action="/posts/1" method="put">
+      #   # => <form action="/posts/1" method="post"> ... <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="put" /> ...
       #
       #   form_tag('/upload', :multipart => true)
       #   # => <form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
@@ -93,7 +101,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <select id="colors" multiple="multiple" name="colors[]"><option>Red</option>
       #   #    <option>Green</option><option>Blue</option></select>
       #
-      #   select_tag "locations", "<option>Home</option><option selected="selected">Work</option><option>Out</option>".html_safe
+      #   select_tag "locations", "<option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option><option>Out</option>".html_safe
       #   # => <select id="locations" name="locations"><option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option>
       #   #    <option>Out</option></select>
       #
@@ -114,11 +122,11 @@ module ActionView
         html_name = (options[:multiple] == true && !name.to_s.ends_with?("[]")) ? "#{name}[]" : name
 
         if options.delete(:include_blank)
-          option_tags = "<option value=\"\"></option>".html_safe + option_tags
+          option_tags = content_tag(:option, '', :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
         end
 
         if prompt = options.delete(:prompt)
-          option_tags = "<option value=\"\">#{prompt}</option>".html_safe + option_tags
+          option_tags = content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
         end
 
         content_tag :select, option_tags, { "name" => html_name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name) }.update(options.stringify_keys)
@@ -374,14 +382,18 @@ module ActionView
       # Creates a submit button with the text <tt>value</tt> as the caption.
       #
       # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
       # * <tt>:confirm => 'question?'</tt> - If present the unobtrusive JavaScript
       #   drivers will provide a prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts,
       #   the form is processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If true, the user will not be able to use this input.
       # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be used as the value for a
       #   disabled version of the submit button when the form is submitted. This feature is
       #   provided by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   submit_tag
@@ -393,26 +405,30 @@ module ActionView
       #   submit_tag "Save edits", :disabled => true
       #   # => <input disabled="disabled" name="commit" type="submit" value="Save edits" />
       #
-      #   submit_tag "Complete sale", :disable_with => "Please wait..."
+      #   submit_tag "Complete sale", :data => { :disable_with => "Please wait..." }
       #   # => <input name="commit" data-disable-with="Please wait..." type="submit" value="Complete sale" />
       #
       #   submit_tag nil, :class => "form_submit"
       #   # => <input class="form_submit" name="commit" type="submit" />
       #
-      #   submit_tag "Edit", :disable_with => "Editing...", :class => "edit_button"
-      #   # => <input class="edit_button" data-disable_with="Editing..." name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit" />
+      #   submit_tag "Edit", :class => "edit_button"
+      #   # => <input class="edit_button" name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit" />
       #
-      #   submit_tag "Save", :confirm => "Are you sure?"
+      #   submit_tag "Save", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" }
       #   # => <input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />
       #
       def submit_tag(value = "Save changes", options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
 
         if disable_with = options.delete("disable_with")
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :disable_with => \'Text\' }' instead"
+
           options["data-disable-with"] = disable_with
         end
 
         if confirm = options.delete("confirm")
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead'"
+
           options["data-confirm"] = confirm
         end
 
@@ -427,17 +443,21 @@ module ActionView
       # so this helper will also accept a block.
       #
       # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If true, the user will not be able to
+      #   use this input.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
       # * <tt>:confirm => 'question?'</tt> - If present, the
       #   unobtrusive JavaScript drivers will provide a prompt with
       #   the question specified. If the user accepts, the form is
       #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If true, the user will not be able to
-      #   use this input.
       # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
       #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
       #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
       #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   button_tag
@@ -450,7 +470,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   #     <strong>Ask me!</strong>
       #   #    </button>
       #
-      #   button_tag "Checkout", :disable_with => "Please wait..."
+      #   button_tag "Checkout", :data => { disable_with => "Please wait..." }
       #   # => <button data-disable-with="Please wait..." name="button" type="submit">Checkout</button>
       #
       def button_tag(content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
@@ -459,10 +479,14 @@ module ActionView
         options = options.stringify_keys
 
         if disable_with = options.delete("disable_with")
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :disable_with => \'Text\' }' instead"
+
           options["data-disable-with"] = disable_with
         end
 
         if confirm = options.delete("confirm")
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead'"
+
           options["data-confirm"] = confirm
         end
 
@@ -476,11 +500,15 @@ module ActionView
       # <tt>source</tt> is passed to AssetTagHelper#path_to_image
       #
       # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
       # * <tt>:confirm => 'question?'</tt> - This will add a JavaScript confirm
       #   prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the form is
       #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   image_submit_tag("login.png")
@@ -494,10 +522,15 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("agree.png", :disabled => true, :class => "agree_disagree_button")
       #   # => <input class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/images/agree.png" type="image" />
+      #
+      #   image_submit_tag("save.png", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
+      #   # => <input src="/images/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
       def image_submit_tag(source, options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
 
         if confirm = options.delete("confirm")
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead'"
+
           options["data-confirm"] = confirm
         end
 
@@ -531,6 +564,14 @@ module ActionView
         output.safe_concat("</fieldset>")
       end
 
+      # Creates a text field of type "color".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def color_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "color"))
+      end
+
       # Creates a text field of type "search".
       #
       # ==== Options
@@ -556,6 +597,61 @@ module ActionView
         text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "date"))
       end
 
+      # Creates a text field of type "time".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def time_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "time"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "datetime".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def datetime_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "datetime-local".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def datetime_local_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime-local"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "month".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def month_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "month"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "week".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def week_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "week"))
+      end
+
       # Creates a text field of type "url".
       #
       # ==== Options
@@ -616,8 +712,19 @@ module ActionView
             # responsibility of the caller to escape all the values.
             html_options["action"]  = url_for(url_for_options)
             html_options["accept-charset"] = "UTF-8"
+
             html_options["data-remote"] = true if html_options.delete("remote")
-            html_options["authenticity_token"] = html_options.delete("authenticity_token") if html_options.has_key?("authenticity_token")
+
+            if html_options["data-remote"] &&
+               !embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms &&
+               html_options["authenticity_token"].blank?
+              # The authenticity token is taken from the meta tag in this case
+              html_options["authenticity_token"] = false
+            elsif html_options["authenticity_token"] == true
+              # Include the default authenticity_token, which is only generated when its set to nil,
+              # but we needed the true value to override the default of no authenticity_token on data-remote.
+              html_options["authenticity_token"] = nil
+            end
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
index ac9e530f01..cc20518b93 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ module ActionView
       }
 
       JS_ESCAPE_MAP["\342\200\250".force_encoding('UTF-8').encode!] = '&#x2028;'
+      JS_ESCAPE_MAP["\342\200\251".force_encoding('UTF-8').encode!] = '&#x2029;'
 
       # Escapes carriage returns and single and double quotes for JavaScript segments.
       #
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   $('some_element').replaceWith('<%=j render 'some/element_template' %>');
       def escape_javascript(javascript)
         if javascript
-          result = javascript.gsub(/(\\|<\/|\r\n|\342\200\250|[\n\r"'])/u) {|match| JS_ESCAPE_MAP[match] }
+          result = javascript.gsub(/(\\|<\/|\r\n|\342\200\250|\342\200\251|[\n\r"'])/u) {|match| JS_ESCAPE_MAP[match] }
           javascript.html_safe? ? result.html_safe : result
         else
           ''
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')"
       #
       # Returns:
-      #   <script type="text/javascript">
+      #   <script>
       #   //<![CDATA[
       #   alert('All is good')
       #   //]]>
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ module ActionView
       # +html_options+ may be a hash of attributes for the <tt>\<script></tt>
       # tag. Example:
       #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')", :defer => 'defer'
-      #   # => <script defer="defer" type="text/javascript">alert('All is good')</script>
+      #   # => <script defer="defer">alert('All is good')</script>
       #
       # Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block
       # in which case, you pass your +html_options+ as the first parameter.
@@ -60,46 +61,12 @@ module ActionView
             content_or_options_with_block
           end
 
-        content_tag(:script, javascript_cdata_section(content), html_options.merge(:type => Mime::JS))
+        content_tag(:script, javascript_cdata_section(content), html_options)
       end
 
       def javascript_cdata_section(content) #:nodoc:
         "\n//#{cdata_section("\n#{content}\n//")}\n".html_safe
       end
-
-      # Returns a button whose +onclick+ handler triggers the passed JavaScript.
-      #
-      # The helper receives a name, JavaScript code, and an optional hash of HTML options. The
-      # name is used as button label and the JavaScript code goes into its +onclick+ attribute.
-      # If +html_options+ has an <tt>:onclick</tt>, that one is put before +function+.
-      #
-      #   button_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", :class => "ok"
-      #   # => <input class="ok" onclick="alert('Hello world!');" type="button" value="Greeting" />
-      #
-      def button_to_function(name, function=nil, html_options={})
-        onclick = "#{"#{html_options[:onclick]}; " if html_options[:onclick]}#{function};"
-
-        tag(:input, html_options.merge(:type => 'button', :value => name, :onclick => onclick))
-      end
-
-      # Returns a link whose +onclick+ handler triggers the passed JavaScript.
-      #
-      # The helper receives a name, JavaScript code, and an optional hash of HTML options. The
-      # name is used as the link text and the JavaScript code goes into the +onclick+ attribute.
-      # If +html_options+ has an <tt>:onclick</tt>, that one is put before +function+. Once all
-      # the JavaScript is set, the helper appends "; return false;".
-      #
-      # The +href+ attribute of the tag is set to "#" unless +html_options+ has one.
-      #
-      #   link_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", :class => "nav_link"
-      #   # => <a class="nav_link" href="#" onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;">Greeting</a>
-      #
-      def link_to_function(name, function, html_options={})
-        onclick = "#{"#{html_options[:onclick]}; " if html_options[:onclick]}#{function}; return false;"
-        href = html_options[:href] || '#'
-
-        content_tag(:a, name, html_options.merge(:href => href, :onclick => onclick))
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
index b0860f87c4..9720e90429 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+require 'active_support/number_helper'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Number Helpers
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ module ActionView
     # unchanged if can't be converted into a valid number.
     module NumberHelper
 
-      DEFAULT_CURRENCY_VALUES = { :format => "%u%n", :negative_format => "-%u%n", :unit => "$", :separator => ".", :delimiter => ",",
-                                  :precision => 2, :significant => false, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false }
-
       # Raised when argument +number+ param given to the helpers is invalid and
       # the option :raise is set to  +true+.
       class InvalidNumberError < StandardError
@@ -28,17 +25,20 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
-      # Formats a +number+ into a US phone number (e.g., (555) 123-9876). You can customize the format
-      # in the +options+ hash.
+      # Formats a +number+ into a US phone number (e.g., (555)
+      # 123-9876). You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
       #
       # ==== Options
       #
-      # * <tt>:area_code</tt>     - Adds parentheses around the area code.
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt>     - Specifies the delimiter to use (defaults to "-").
-      # * <tt>:extension</tt>     - Specifies an extension to add to the end of the
-      #                             generated number.
-      # * <tt>:country_code</tt>  - Sets the country code for the phone number.
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt>         - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when the argument is invalid.
+      # * <tt>:area_code</tt> - Adds parentheses around the area code.
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Specifies the delimiter to use
+      #   (defaults to "-").
+      # * <tt>:extension</tt> - Specifies an extension to add to the
+      #   end of the generated number.
+      # * <tt>:country_code</tt> - Sets the country code for the phone
+      #   number.
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -59,46 +59,35 @@ module ActionView
         return unless number
         options = options.symbolize_keys
 
-        parse_float(number, true) if options[:raise]
-
-        number       = number.to_s.strip
-        area_code    = options[:area_code]
-        delimiter    = options[:delimiter] || "-"
-        extension    = options[:extension]
-        country_code = options[:country_code]
-
-        if area_code
-          number.gsub!(/(\d{1,3})(\d{3})(\d{4}$)/,"(\\1) \\2#{delimiter}\\3")
-        else
-          number.gsub!(/(\d{0,3})(\d{3})(\d{4})$/,"\\1#{delimiter}\\2#{delimiter}\\3")
-          number.slice!(0, 1) if number.start_with?(delimiter) && !delimiter.blank?
-        end
-
-        str = []
-        str << "+#{country_code}#{delimiter}" unless country_code.blank?
-        str << number
-        str << " x #{extension}" unless extension.blank?
-        ERB::Util.html_escape(str.join)
+        parse_float(number, true) if options.delete(:raise)
+        ERB::Util.html_escape(ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_phone(number, options))
       end
 
-      # Formats a +number+ into a currency string (e.g., $13.65). You can customize the format
-      # in the +options+ hash.
+      # Formats a +number+ into a currency string (e.g., $13.65). You
+      # can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
       #
       # ==== Options
       #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt>           - Sets the locale to be used for formatting (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt>        - Sets the level of precision (defaults to 2).
-      # * <tt>:unit</tt>             - Sets the denomination of the currency (defaults to "$").
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt>        - Sets the separator between the units (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt>        - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults to ",").
-      # * <tt>:format</tt>           - Sets the format for non-negative numbers (defaults to "%u%n").
-      #                                Fields are <tt>%u</tt> for the currency, and <tt>%n</tt>
-      #                                for the number.
-      # * <tt>:negative_format</tt>  - Sets the format for negative numbers (defaults to prepending
-      #                                an hyphen to the formatted number given by <tt>:format</tt>).
-      #                                Accepts the same fields than <tt>:format</tt>, except
-      #                                <tt>%n</tt> is here the absolute value of the number.
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt>            - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when the argument is invalid.
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the level of precision (defaults
+      #   to 2).
+      # * <tt>:unit</tt> - Sets the denomination of the currency
+      #   (defaults to "$").
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the units
+      #   (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to ",").
+      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format for non-negative numbers
+      #   (defaults to "%u%n").  Fields are <tt>%u</tt> for the
+      #   currency, and <tt>%n</tt> for the number.
+      # * <tt>:negative_format</tt> - Sets the format for negative
+      #   numbers (defaults to prepending an hyphen to the formatted
+      #   number given by <tt>:format</tt>).  Accepts the same fields
+      #   than <tt>:format</tt>, except <tt>%n</tt> is here the
+      #   absolute value of the number.
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -118,53 +107,36 @@ module ActionView
       #  # => 1234567890,50 &pound;
       def number_to_currency(number, options = {})
         return unless number
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-        currency = translations_for('currency', options[:locale])
-        currency[:negative_format] ||= "-" + currency[:format] if currency[:format]
+        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-        defaults  = DEFAULT_CURRENCY_VALUES.merge(defaults_translations(options[:locale])).merge!(currency)
-        defaults[:negative_format] = "-" + options[:format] if options[:format]
-        options   = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-        unit      = options.delete(:unit)
-        format    = options.delete(:format)
-
-        if number.to_f < 0
-          format = options.delete(:negative_format)
-          number = number.respond_to?("abs") ? number.abs : number.sub(/^-/, '')
-        end
-
-        begin
-          value = number_with_precision(number, options.merge(:raise => true))
-          format.gsub(/%n/, value).gsub(/%u/, unit).html_safe
-        rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-          if options[:raise]
-            raise
-          else
-            formatted_number = format.gsub(/%n/, e.number).gsub(/%u/, unit)
-            e.number.to_s.html_safe? ? formatted_number.html_safe : formatted_number
-          end
-        end
+        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
+          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_currency(number, options)
+        }
       end
 
-      # Formats a +number+ as a percentage string (e.g., 65%). You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+      # Formats a +number+ as a percentage string (e.g., 65%). You can
+      # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
       #
       # ==== Options
       #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt>                      - Sets the locale to be used for formatting (defaults to current
-      #                                           locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt>                   - Sets the precision of the number (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt>                 - If +true+, precision will be the # of significant_digits. If +false+,
-      #                                           the # of fractional digits (defaults to +false+).
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt>                   - Sets the separator between the fractional and integer digits (defaults
-      #                                           to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt>                   - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults to "").
-      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt>   - If +true+ removes insignificant zeros after the decimal separator
-      #                                           (defaults to +false+).
-      # * <tt>:format</tt>                      - Specifies the format of the percentage string
-      #                                           The number field is <tt>%n</tt> (defaults to "%n%").
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt>                       - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when the argument is invalid.
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+      #   (defaults to 3).
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      #   digits (defaults to +false+).
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to "").
+      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+      #   +false+).
+      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Specifies the format of the percentage
+      #   string The number field is <tt>%n</tt> (defaults to "%n%").
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -180,35 +152,27 @@ module ActionView
       #  number_to_percentage("98a", :raise => true)                      # => InvalidNumberError
       def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
         return unless number
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-        defaults = format_translations('percentage', options[:locale])
-        options  = defaults.merge!(options)
+        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-        format = options[:format] || "%n%"
-
-        begin
-          value = number_with_precision(number, options.merge(:raise => true))
-          format.gsub(/%n/, value).html_safe
-        rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-          if options[:raise]
-            raise
-          else
-            formatted_number = format.gsub(/%n/, e.number)
-            e.number.to_s.html_safe? ? formatted_number.html_safe : formatted_number
-          end
-        end
+        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
+          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_percentage(number, options)
+        }
       end
 
-      # Formats a +number+ with grouped thousands using +delimiter+ (e.g., 12,324). You can
-      # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+      # Formats a +number+ with grouped thousands using +delimiter+
+      # (e.g., 12,324). You can customize the format in the +options+
+      # hash.
       #
       # ==== Options
       #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt>     - Sets the locale to be used for formatting (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt>  - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults to ",").
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt>  - Sets the separator between the fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt>      - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when the argument is invalid.
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to ",").
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -225,34 +189,39 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #  number_with_delimiter("112a", :raise => true)          # => raise InvalidNumberError
       def number_with_delimiter(number, options = {})
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
+        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-        parse_float(number, options[:raise]) or return number
-
-        options = defaults_translations(options[:locale]).merge(options)
-
-        parts = number.to_s.to_str.split('.')
-        parts[0].gsub!(/(\d)(?=(\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/, "\\1#{options[:delimiter]}")
-        parts.join(options[:separator]).html_safe
+        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
+          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_delimited(number, options)
+        }
       end
 
-      # Formats a +number+ with the specified level of <tt>:precision</tt> (e.g., 112.32 has a precision
-      # of 2 if +:significant+ is +false+, and 5 if +:significant+ is +true+).
+      # Formats a +number+ with the specified level of
+      # <tt>:precision</tt> (e.g., 112.32 has a precision of 2 if
+      # +:significant+ is +false+, and 5 if +:significant+ is +true+).
       # You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt>                     - Sets the locale to be used for formatting (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt>                  - Sets the precision of the number (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt>                - If +true+, precision will be the # of significant_digits. If +false+,
-      #                                          the # of fractional digits (defaults to +false+).
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt>                  - Sets the separator between the fractional and integer digits (defaults
-      #                                          to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt>                  - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults to "").
-      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt>  - If +true+ removes insignificant zeros after the decimal separator
-      #                                          (defaults to +false+).
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt>                      - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+      #   (defaults to 3).
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      #   digits (defaults to +false+).
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to "").
+      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+      #   +false+).
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
       #
       # ==== Examples
+      #
       #  number_with_precision(111.2345)                                            # => 111.235
       #  number_with_precision(111.2345, :precision => 2)                           # => 111.23
       #  number_with_precision(13, :precision => 5)                                 # => 13.00000
@@ -269,58 +238,45 @@ module ActionView
       #  number_with_precision(1111.2345, :precision => 2, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
       #  # => 1.111,23
       def number_with_precision(number, options = {})
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-        number = (parse_float(number, options[:raise]) or return number)
-
-        defaults = format_translations('precision', options[:locale])
-        options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-        precision = options.delete :precision
-        significant = options.delete :significant
-        strip_insignificant_zeros = options.delete :strip_insignificant_zeros
+        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-        if significant and precision > 0
-          if number == 0
-            digits, rounded_number = 1, 0
-          else
-            digits = (Math.log10(number.abs) + 1).floor
-            rounded_number = (BigDecimal.new(number.to_s) / BigDecimal.new((10 ** (digits - precision)).to_f.to_s)).round.to_f * 10 ** (digits - precision)
-            digits = (Math.log10(rounded_number.abs) + 1).floor # After rounding, the number of digits may have changed
-          end
-          precision -= digits
-          precision = precision > 0 ? precision : 0  #don't let it be negative
-        else
-          rounded_number = BigDecimal.new(number.to_s).round(precision).to_f
-        end
-        formatted_number = number_with_delimiter("%01.#{precision}f" % rounded_number, options)
-        if strip_insignificant_zeros
-          escaped_separator = Regexp.escape(options[:separator])
-          formatted_number.sub(/(#{escaped_separator})(\d*[1-9])?0+\z/, '\1\2').sub(/#{escaped_separator}\z/, '').html_safe
-        else
-          formatted_number
-        end
+        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
+          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded(number, options)
+        }
       end
 
-      STORAGE_UNITS = [:byte, :kb, :mb, :gb, :tb].freeze
 
-      # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable representation
-      # (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.5 KB). This method is useful for
-      # reporting file sizes to users. You can customize the
-      # format in the +options+ hash.
+      # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
+      # representation (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.5 KB). This
+      # method is useful for reporting file sizes to users. You can
+      # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
       #
-      # See <tt>number_to_human</tt> if you want to pretty-print a generic number.
+      # See <tt>number_to_human</tt> if you want to pretty-print a
+      # generic number.
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt>     - Sets the locale to be used for formatting (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt>  - Sets the precision of the number (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt>  - If +true+, precision will be the # of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional digits (defaults to +true+)
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt>  - Sets the separator between the fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt>  - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults to "").
-      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt>  - If +true+ removes insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to +true+)
-      # * <tt>:prefix</tt>  - If +:si+ formats the number using the SI prefix (defaults to :binary)
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt>         - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+      #   (defaults to 3).
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      #   digits (defaults to +true+)
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to "").
+      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+      #   +true+)
+      # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - If +:si+ formats the number using the SI
+      #   prefix (defaults to :binary)
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
+      #
       # ==== Examples
+      #
       #  number_to_human_size(123)                                          # => 123 Bytes
       #  number_to_human_size(1234)                                         # => 1.21 KB
       #  number_to_human_size(12345)                                        # => 12.1 KB
@@ -331,72 +287,69 @@ module ActionView
       #  number_to_human_size(483989, :precision => 2)                      # => 470 KB
       #  number_to_human_size(1234567, :precision => 2, :separator => ',')  # => 1,2 MB
       #
-      # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are stripped out by default (set
-      # <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change that):
+      # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are
+      # stripped out by default (set
+      # <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change
+      # that):
       #  number_to_human_size(1234567890123, :precision => 5)        # => "1.1229 TB"
       #  number_to_human_size(524288000, :precision => 5)            # => "500 MB"
       def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-        number = (parse_float(number, options[:raise]) or return number)
-
-        defaults = format_translations('human', options[:locale])
-        options  = defaults.merge!(options)
+        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-        #for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
-        options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true if not options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
-
-        storage_units_format = I18n.translate(:'number.human.storage_units.format', :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-
-        base = options[:prefix] == :si ? 1000 : 1024
-
-        if number.to_i < base
-          unit = I18n.translate(:'number.human.storage_units.units.byte', :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i, :raise => true)
-          storage_units_format.gsub(/%n/, number.to_i.to_s).gsub(/%u/, unit).html_safe
-        else
-          max_exp  = STORAGE_UNITS.size - 1
-          exponent = (Math.log(number) / Math.log(base)).to_i # Convert to base
-          exponent = max_exp if exponent > max_exp # we need this to avoid overflow for the highest unit
-          number  /= base ** exponent
-
-          unit_key = STORAGE_UNITS[exponent]
-          unit = I18n.translate(:"number.human.storage_units.units.#{unit_key}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number, :raise => true)
-
-          formatted_number = number_with_precision(number, options)
-          storage_units_format.gsub(/%n/, formatted_number).gsub(/%u/, unit).html_safe
-        end
+        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
+          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human_size(number, options)
+        }
       end
 
-      DECIMAL_UNITS = {0 => :unit, 1 => :ten, 2 => :hundred, 3 => :thousand, 6 => :million, 9 => :billion, 12 => :trillion, 15 => :quadrillion,
-        -1 => :deci, -2 => :centi, -3 => :mili, -6 => :micro, -9 => :nano, -12 => :pico, -15 => :femto}.freeze
-
-      # Pretty prints (formats and approximates) a number in a way it is more readable by humans
-      # (eg.: 1200000000 becomes "1.2 Billion"). This is useful for numbers that
-      # can get very large (and too hard to read).
+      # Pretty prints (formats and approximates) a number in a way it
+      # is more readable by humans (eg.: 1200000000 becomes "1.2
+      # Billion"). This is useful for numbers that can get very large
+      # (and too hard to read).
       #
-      # See <tt>number_to_human_size</tt> if you want to print a file size.
+      # See <tt>number_to_human_size</tt> if you want to print a file
+      # size.
       #
-      # You can also define you own unit-quantifier names if you want to use other decimal units
-      # (eg.: 1500 becomes "1.5 kilometers", 0.150 becomes "150 milliliters", etc). You may define
-      # a wide range of unit quantifiers, even fractional ones (centi, deci, mili, etc).
+      # You can also define you own unit-quantifier names if you want
+      # to use other decimal units (eg.: 1500 becomes "1.5
+      # kilometers", 0.150 becomes "150 milliliters", etc). You may
+      # define a wide range of unit quantifiers, even fractional ones
+      # (centi, deci, mili, etc).
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt>     - Sets the locale to be used for formatting (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt>  - Sets the precision of the number (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt>  - If +true+, precision will be the # of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional digits (defaults to +true+)
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt>  - Sets the separator between the fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt>  - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults to "").
-      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt>  - If +true+ removes insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to +true+)
-      # * <tt>:units</tt> - A Hash of unit quantifier names. Or a string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It might have the following keys:
-      #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>, <tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>,  <tt>:million</tt>,  <tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>, <tt>:quadrillion</tt>
-      #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>, <tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>, <tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
-      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt>         - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when the argument is invalid.
-      #
-      #     %u  The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
-      #     %n  The number
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+      #   (defaults to 3).
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      #   digits (defaults to +true+)
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to "").
+      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+      #   +true+)
+      # * <tt>:units</tt> - A Hash of unit quantifier names. Or a
+      #   string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It
+      #   might have the following keys:
+      #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:quadrillion</tt>
+      #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
+      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string
+      #   (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
+      #   * %u - The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
+      #   * %n - The number
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
       #
       # ==== Examples
+      #
       #  number_to_human(123)                                          # => "123"
       #  number_to_human(1234)                                         # => "1.23 Thousand"
       #  number_to_human(12345)                                        # => "12.3 Thousand"
@@ -413,8 +366,9 @@ module ActionView
       #                           :separator => ',',
       #                           :significant => false)               # => "1,2 Million"
       #
-      # Unsignificant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped out by default (set
-      # <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change that):
+      # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
+      # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
+      # +false+ to change that):
       #  number_to_human(12345012345, :significant_digits => 6)       # => "12.345 Billion"
       #  number_to_human(500000000, :precision => 5)                  # => "500 Million"
       #
@@ -446,60 +400,36 @@ module ActionView
       #  number_to_human(0.34, :units => :distance)                                # => "34 centimeters"
       #
       def number_to_human(number, options = {})
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-        number = (parse_float(number, options[:raise]) or return number)
+        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-        defaults = format_translations('human', options[:locale])
-        options  = defaults.merge!(options)
+        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
+          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human(number, options)
+        }
+      end
 
-        #for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
-        options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true if not options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
+      private
 
-        inverted_du = DECIMAL_UNITS.invert
+      def escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options)
+        options[:separator] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:separator]) if options[:separator] && !options[:separator].html_safe?
+        options[:delimiter] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:delimiter]) if options[:delimiter] && !options[:delimiter].html_safe?
+        options
+      end
 
-        units = options.delete :units
-        unit_exponents = case units
-        when Hash
-          units
-        when String, Symbol
-          I18n.translate(:"#{units}", :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-        when nil
-          I18n.translate(:"number.human.decimal_units.units", :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-        else
-          raise ArgumentError, ":units must be a Hash or String translation scope."
-        end.keys.map{|e_name| inverted_du[e_name] }.sort_by{|e| -e}
+      def wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, raise_on_invalid, &block)
+        valid_float = valid_float?(number)
+        raise InvalidNumberError, number if raise_on_invalid && !valid_float
 
-        number_exponent = number != 0 ? Math.log10(number.abs).floor : 0
-        display_exponent = unit_exponents.find{ |e| number_exponent >= e } || 0
-        number  /= 10 ** display_exponent
+        formatted_number = yield
 
-        unit = case units
-        when Hash
-          units[DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]]
-        when String, Symbol
-          I18n.translate(:"#{units}.#{DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
+        if valid_float || number.html_safe?
+          formatted_number.html_safe
         else
-          I18n.translate(:"number.human.decimal_units.units.#{DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
+          formatted_number
         end
-
-        decimal_format = options[:format] || I18n.translate(:'number.human.decimal_units.format', :locale => options[:locale], :default => "%n %u")
-        formatted_number = number_with_precision(number, options)
-        decimal_format.gsub(/%n/, formatted_number).gsub(/%u/, unit).strip.html_safe
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def format_translations(namespace, locale)
-        defaults_translations(locale).merge(translations_for(namespace, locale))
-      end
-
-      def defaults_translations(locale)
-        I18n.translate(:'number.format', :locale => locale, :default => {})
       end
 
-      def translations_for(namespace, locale)
-        I18n.translate(:"number.#{namespace}.format", :locale => locale, :default => {})
+      def valid_float?(number)
+        !parse_float(number, false).nil?
       end
 
       def parse_float(number, raise_error)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
index 1a15459406..9b35f076e5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
@@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ module ActionView
         # for each record.
         def content_tag_for_single_record(tag_name, record, prefix, options, &block)
           options = options ? options.dup : {}
-          options.merge!(:class => "#{dom_class(record, prefix)} #{options[:class]}".rstrip, :id => dom_id(record, prefix))
+          options[:class] = "#{dom_class(record, prefix)} #{options[:class]}".rstrip
+          options[:id]    = dom_id(record, prefix)
 
-          content = block.arity == 0 ? capture(&block) : capture(record, &block)
-          content_tag(tag_name, content, options)
+          content_tag(tag_name, capture(record, &block), options)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
index 7768c8c151..a727b910e5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
@@ -69,8 +69,6 @@ module ActionView
       # html-scanner tokenizer and so its HTML parsing ability is limited by
       # that of html-scanner.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   strip_tags("Strip <i>these</i> tags!")
       #   # => Strip these tags!
       #
@@ -85,7 +83,6 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Strips all link tags from +text+ leaving just the link text.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   strip_links('<a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org">Ruby on Rails</a>')
       #   # => Ruby on Rails
       #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
index ecd26891d6..9572f1c192 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
@@ -14,9 +14,13 @@ module ActionView
       BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES = %w(disabled readonly multiple checked autobuffer
                            autoplay controls loop selected hidden scoped async
                            defer reversed ismap seemless muted required
-                           autofocus novalidate formnovalidate open pubdate).to_set
+                           autofocus novalidate formnovalidate open pubdate itemscope).to_set
       BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.merge(BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.map {|attribute| attribute.to_sym })
 
+      PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS = {
+        :textarea => "\n"
+      }
+
       # Returns an empty HTML tag of type +name+ which by default is XHTML
       # compliant. Set +open+ to true to create an open tag compatible
       # with HTML 4.0 and below. Add HTML attributes by passing an attributes
@@ -37,7 +41,7 @@ module ActionView
       # thus accessed as <tt>dataset.userId</tt>.
       #
       # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings and symbols.
-      # This may come in handy when using jQuery's HTML5-aware <tt>.data()<tt>
+      # This may come in handy when using jQuery's HTML5-aware <tt>.data()</tt>
       # from 1.4.3.
       #
       # ==== Examples
@@ -99,19 +103,21 @@ module ActionView
       # otherwise be recognized as markup. CDATA sections begin with the string
       # <tt><![CDATA[</tt> and end with (and may not contain) the string <tt>]]></tt>.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   cdata_section("<hello world>")
       #   # => <![CDATA[<hello world>]]>
       #
       #   cdata_section(File.read("hello_world.txt"))
       #   # => <![CDATA[<hello from a text file]]>
+      #
+      #   cdata_section("hello]]>world")
+      #   # => <![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>
       def cdata_section(content)
-        "<![CDATA[#{content}]]>".html_safe
+        splitted = content.gsub(']]>', ']]]]><![CDATA[>')
+        "<![CDATA[#{splitted}]]>".html_safe
       end
 
       # Returns an escaped version of +html+ without affecting existing escaped entities.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   escape_once("1 < 2 &amp; 3")
       #   # => "1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3"
       #
@@ -126,7 +132,7 @@ module ActionView
         def content_tag_string(name, content, options, escape = true)
           tag_options = tag_options(options, escape) if options
           content     = ERB::Util.h(content) if escape
-          "<#{name}#{tag_options}>#{content}</#{name}>".html_safe
+          "<#{name}#{tag_options}>#{PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS[name.to_sym]}#{content}</#{name}>".html_safe
         end
 
         def tag_options(options, escape = true)
@@ -148,8 +154,9 @@ module ActionView
 
         def data_tag_option(key, value, escape)
           key   = "data-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
-          value = value.to_json if !value.is_a?(String) && !value.is_a?(Symbol)
-
+          unless value.is_a?(String) || value.is_a?(Symbol) || value.is_a?(BigDecimal)
+            value = value.to_json
+          end
           tag_option(key, value, escape)
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
index 3cf762877f..a05e16979a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
@@ -8,14 +8,18 @@ module ActionView
       autoload :CollectionCheckBoxes
       autoload :CollectionRadioButtons
       autoload :CollectionSelect
+      autoload :ColorField
       autoload :DateField
       autoload :DateSelect
+      autoload :DatetimeField
+      autoload :DatetimeLocalField
       autoload :DatetimeSelect
       autoload :EmailField
       autoload :FileField
       autoload :GroupedCollectionSelect
       autoload :HiddenField
       autoload :Label
+      autoload :MonthField
       autoload :NumberField
       autoload :PasswordField
       autoload :RadioButton
@@ -25,9 +29,11 @@ module ActionView
       autoload :TelField
       autoload :TextArea
       autoload :TextField
+      autoload :TimeField
       autoload :TimeSelect
       autoload :TimeZoneSelect
       autoload :UrlField
+      autoload :WeekField
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
index 22c16de057..192f5eebaa 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ module ActionView
         include Helpers::ActiveModelInstanceTag, Helpers::TagHelper, Helpers::FormTagHelper
         include FormOptionsHelper
 
-        DEFAULT_FIELD_OPTIONS = { "size" => 30 }
-
         attr_reader :object
 
         def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, options = {})
@@ -123,21 +121,26 @@ module ActionView
         def select_content_tag(option_tags, options, html_options)
           html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
           add_default_name_and_id(html_options)
+          options[:include_blank] ||= true unless options[:prompt] || select_not_required?(html_options)
           select = content_tag("select", add_options(option_tags, options, value(object)), html_options)
-          if html_options["multiple"]
+
+          if html_options["multiple"] && options.fetch(:include_hidden, true)
             tag("input", :disabled => html_options["disabled"], :name => html_options["name"], :type => "hidden", :value => "") + select
           else
             select
           end
         end
 
+        def select_not_required?(html_options)
+          !html_options["required"] || html_options["multiple"] || html_options["size"].to_i > 1
+        end
+
         def add_options(option_tags, options, value = nil)
           if options[:include_blank]
-            option_tags = content_tag('option', options[:include_blank].kind_of?(String) ? options[:include_blank] : nil, :value => '') + "\n" + option_tags
+            option_tags = content_tag_string('option', options[:include_blank].kind_of?(String) ? options[:include_blank] : nil, :value => '') + "\n" + option_tags
           end
           if value.blank? && options[:prompt]
-            prompt = options[:prompt].kind_of?(String) ? options[:prompt] : I18n.translate('helpers.select.prompt', :default => 'Please select')
-            option_tags = content_tag('option', prompt, :value => '') + "\n" + option_tags
+            option_tags = content_tag_string('option', prompt_text(options[:prompt]), :value => '') + "\n" + option_tags
           end
           option_tags
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
index 579cdb9fc9..9d17a1dde3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
@@ -25,9 +25,15 @@ module ActionView
             add_default_name_and_id(options)
           end
 
-          hidden   = hidden_field_for_checkbox(options)
+          include_hidden = options.delete("include_hidden") { true }
           checkbox = tag("input", options)
-          hidden + checkbox
+
+          if include_hidden
+            hidden = hidden_field_for_checkbox(options)
+            hidden + checkbox
+          else
+            checkbox
+          end
         end
 
         private
@@ -35,17 +41,15 @@ module ActionView
         def checked?(value)
           case value
           when TrueClass, FalseClass
-            value
+            value == !!@checked_value
           when NilClass
             false
-          when Integer
-            value != 0
           when String
             value == @checked_value
           when Array
             value.include?(@checked_value)
           else
-            value.to_i != 0
+            value.to_i == @checked_value.to_i
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
index 6a1479069f..4e33e79a36 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ module ActionView
             accept = if current_value.respond_to?(:call)
               current_value.call(item)
             else
-              Array(current_value).include?(value)
+              Array(current_value).map(&:to_s).include?(value.to_s)
             end
 
             if accept
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f08f8483a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags
+      class ColorField < TextField #:nodoc:
+        def render
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
+          options["value"] = @options.fetch("value") { validate_color_string(value(object)) }
+          @options = options
+          super
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def validate_color_string(string)
+            regex = /#[0-9a-fA-F]{6}/
+            if regex.match(string)
+              string.downcase
+            else
+              "#000000"
+            end
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
index bb968e9f39..64c29dea3d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags
-      class DateField < TextField #:nodoc:
-        def render
-          options = @options.stringify_keys
-          options["value"] = @options.fetch("value") { value(object).try(:to_date) }
-          options["size"] = nil
-          @options = options
-          super
-        end
+      class DateField < DatetimeField #:nodoc:
+        private
+
+          def format_date(value)
+            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%d")
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e407146e96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags
+      class DatetimeField < TextField #:nodoc:
+        def render
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
+          options["value"] = @options.fetch("value") { format_date(value(object)) }
+          options["min"] = format_date(options["min"])
+          options["max"] = format_date(options["max"])
+          @options = options
+          super
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def format_date(value)
+            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z")
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6668d6d718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags
+      class DatetimeLocalField < DatetimeField #:nodoc:
+        class << self
+          def field_type
+            @field_type ||= "datetime-local"
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def format_date(value)
+            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%dT%T")
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
index 56442e1c14..59f2ff71b4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags
       class FileField < TextField #:nodoc:
-        def render
-          @options.update(:size => nil)
-          super
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/hidden_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/hidden_field.rb
index ea86596e0b..a8d13dc1b1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/hidden_field.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/hidden_field.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags
       class HiddenField < TextField #:nodoc:
-        def render
-          @options.update(:size => nil)
-          super
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
index 1bd71c2778..16135fcd5a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags
       class Label < Base #:nodoc:
         def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, content_or_options = nil, options = nil)
+          options ||= {}
+
           content_is_options = content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
           if content_is_options
-            options = content_or_options
+            options.merge! content_or_options
             @content = nil
           else
             @content = content_or_options
           end
 
-          options ||= {}
-
           super(object_name, method_name, template_object, options)
         end
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module ActionView
           options["for"] = name_and_id["id"] unless options.key?("for")
 
           if block_given?
-            @template_object.label_tag(name_and_id["id"], options, &block)
+            content = @template_object.capture(&block)
           else
             content = if @content.blank?
                         @object_name.gsub!(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d\]/, '.\1')
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ module ActionView
                         end
 
             content ||= @method_name.humanize
-
-            label_tag(name_and_id["id"], content, options)
           end
+
+          label_tag(name_and_id["id"], content, options)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d3c32d847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags
+      class MonthField < DatetimeField #:nodoc:
+        private
+
+          def format_date(value)
+            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m")
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/number_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/number_field.rb
index e89fdbec46..9cd04434f0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/number_field.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/number_field.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module ActionView
       class NumberField < TextField #:nodoc:
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
-          options['size'] ||= nil
 
           if range = options.delete("in") || options.delete("within")
             options.update("min" => range.min, "max" => range.max)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
index 461a049fc2..f74652c5e7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
@@ -2,17 +2,15 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags
       class TextArea < Base #:nodoc:
-        DEFAULT_TEXT_AREA_OPTIONS = { "cols" => 40, "rows" => 20 }
-
         def render
-          options = DEFAULT_TEXT_AREA_OPTIONS.merge(@options.stringify_keys)
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
           add_default_name_and_id(options)
 
           if size = options.delete("size")
             options["cols"], options["rows"] = size.split("x") if size.respond_to?(:split)
           end
 
-          content_tag("textarea", "\n#{options.delete('value') || value_before_type_cast(object)}", options)
+          content_tag("textarea", options.delete('value') || value_before_type_cast(object), options)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
index ce5182d20f..024a1a8af2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ module ActionView
       class TextField < Base #:nodoc:
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
-          options["size"] = options["maxlength"] || DEFAULT_FIELD_OPTIONS["size"] unless options.key?("size")
-          options = DEFAULT_FIELD_OPTIONS.merge(options)
+          options["size"] = options["maxlength"] unless options.key?("size")
           options["type"]  ||= field_type
           options["value"] = options.fetch("value"){ value_before_type_cast(object) } unless field_type == "file"
           options["value"] &&= ERB::Util.html_escape(options["value"])
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3941860c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags
+      class TimeField < DatetimeField #:nodoc:
+        private
+
+          def format_date(value)
+            value.try(:strftime, "%T.%L")
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e13939a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags
+      class WeekField < DatetimeField #:nodoc:
+        private
+
+          def format_date(value)
+            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-W%W")
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
index 3dc651501e..0cc0d069ea 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Text Helpers
@@ -36,7 +37,6 @@ module ActionView
       # do not operate as expected in an eRuby code block. If you absolutely must
       # output text within a non-output code block (i.e., <% %>), you can use the concat method.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   <%
       #       concat "hello"
       #       # is the equivalent of <%= "hello" %>
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module ActionView
       #       if logged_in
       #         concat "Logged in!"
       #       else
-      #         concat link_to('login', :action => login)
+      #         concat link_to('login', :action => :login)
       #       end
       #       # will either display "Logged in!" or a login link
       #   %>
@@ -62,11 +62,11 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # Pass a <tt>:separator</tt> to truncate +text+ at a natural break.
       #
-      # The result is not marked as HTML-safe, so will be subject to the default escaping when
-      # used in views, unless wrapped by <tt>raw()</tt>. Care should be taken if +text+ contains HTML tags
-      # or entities, because truncation may produce invalid HTML (such as unbalanced or incomplete tags).
+      # Pass a block if you want to show extra content when the text is truncated.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
+      # The result is marked as HTML-safe, but it is escaped by default, unless <tt>:escape</tt> is
+      # +false+. Care should be taken if +text+ contains HTML tags or entities, because truncation
+      # may produce invalid HTML (such as unbalanced or incomplete tags).
       #
       #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away")
       #   # => "Once upon a time in a world..."
@@ -82,17 +82,25 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   truncate("<p>Once upon a time in a world far far away</p>")
       #   # => "<p>Once upon a time in a wo..."
-      def truncate(text, options = {})
-        options.reverse_merge!(:length => 30)
-        text.truncate(options.delete(:length), options) if text
+      #
+      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away") { link_to "Continue", "#" }
+      #   # => "Once upon a time in a wo...<a href="#">Continue</a>"
+      def truncate(text, options = {}, &block)
+        if text
+          length  = options.fetch(:length, 30)
+
+          content = text.truncate(length, options)
+          content = options[:escape] == false ? content.html_safe : ERB::Util.html_escape(content)
+          content << capture(&block) if block_given? && text.length > length
+          content
+        end
       end
 
       # Highlights one or more +phrases+ everywhere in +text+ by inserting it into
       # a <tt>:highlighter</tt> string. The highlighter can be specialized by passing <tt>:highlighter</tt>
-      # as a single-quoted string with \1 where the phrase is to be inserted (defaults to
+      # as a single-quoted string with <tt>\1</tt> where the phrase is to be inserted (defaults to
       # '<mark>\1</mark>')
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails')
       #   # => You searched for: <mark>rails</mark>
       #
@@ -104,23 +112,15 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails', :highlighter => '<a href="search?q=\1">\1</a>')
       #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
-      #
-      # You can still use <tt>highlight</tt> with the old API that accepts the
-      # +highlighter+ as its optional third parameter:
-      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails', '<a href="search?q=\1">\1</a>')     # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
-      def highlight(text, phrases, *args)
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        unless args.empty?
-          options[:highlighter] = args[0] || '<mark>\1</mark>'
-        end
-        options.reverse_merge!(:highlighter => '<mark>\1</mark>')
+      def highlight(text, phrases, options = {})
+        highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
 
-        text = sanitize(text) unless options[:sanitize] == false
+        text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
         if text.blank? || phrases.blank?
           text
         else
           match = Array(phrases).map { |p| Regexp.escape(p) }.join('|')
-          text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, options[:highlighter])
+          text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
         end.html_safe
       end
 
@@ -130,7 +130,6 @@ module ActionView
       # then the <tt>:omission</tt> option (which defaults to "...") will be prepended/appended accordingly. The resulting string
       # will be stripped in any case. If the +phrase+ isn't found, nil is returned.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   excerpt('This is an example', 'an', :radius => 5)
       #   # => ...s is an exam...
       #
@@ -145,39 +144,27 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   excerpt('This is also an example', 'an', :radius => 8, :omission => '<chop> ')
       #   # => <chop> is also an example
-      #
-      # You can still use <tt>excerpt</tt> with the old API that accepts the
-      # +radius+ as its optional third and the +ellipsis+ as its
-      # optional forth parameter:
-      #   excerpt('This is an example', 'an', 5)                   # => ...s is an exam...
-      #   excerpt('This is also an example', 'an', 8, '<chop> ')   # => <chop> is also an example
-      def excerpt(text, phrase, *args)
+      def excerpt(text, phrase, options = {})
         return unless text && phrase
-
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        unless args.empty?
-          options[:radius] = args[0] || 100
-          options[:omission] = args[1] || "..."
-        end
-        options.reverse_merge!(:radius => 100, :omission => "...")
+        radius   = options.fetch(:radius, 100)
+        omission = options.fetch(:omission, "...")
 
         phrase = Regexp.escape(phrase)
         return unless found_pos = text =~ /(#{phrase})/i
 
-        start_pos = [ found_pos - options[:radius], 0 ].max
-        end_pos   = [ [ found_pos + phrase.length + options[:radius] - 1, 0].max, text.length ].min
+        start_pos = [ found_pos - radius, 0 ].max
+        end_pos   = [ [ found_pos + phrase.length + radius - 1, 0].max, text.length ].min
 
-        prefix  = start_pos > 0 ? options[:omission] : ""
-        postfix = end_pos < text.length - 1 ? options[:omission] : ""
+        prefix  = start_pos > 0 ? omission : ""
+        postfix = end_pos < text.length - 1 ? omission : ""
 
         prefix + text[start_pos..end_pos].strip + postfix
       end
 
       # Attempts to pluralize the +singular+ word unless +count+ is 1. If
       # +plural+ is supplied, it will use that when count is > 1, otherwise
-      # it will use the Inflector to determine the plural form
+      # it will use the Inflector to determine the plural form.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   pluralize(1, 'person')
       #   # => 1 person
       #
@@ -190,39 +177,35 @@ module ActionView
       #   pluralize(0, 'person')
       #   # => 0 people
       def pluralize(count, singular, plural = nil)
-        "#{count || 0} " + ((count == 1 || count =~ /^1(\.0+)?$/) ? singular : (plural || singular.pluralize))
+        word = if (count == 1 || count =~ /^1(\.0+)?$/)
+          singular
+        else
+          plural || singular.pluralize
+        end
+
+        "#{count || 0} #{word}"
       end
 
       # Wraps the +text+ into lines no longer than +line_width+ width. This method
       # breaks on the first whitespace character that does not exceed +line_width+
       # (which is 80 by default).
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   word_wrap('Once upon a time')
       #   # => Once upon a time
       #
       #   word_wrap('Once upon a time, in a kingdom called Far Far Away, a king fell ill, and finding a successor to the throne turned out to be more trouble than anyone could have imagined...')
-      #   # => Once upon a time, in a kingdom called Far Far Away, a king fell ill, and finding\n a successor to the throne turned out to be more trouble than anyone could have\n imagined...
+      #   # => Once upon a time, in a kingdom called Far Far Away, a king fell ill, and finding\na successor to the throne turned out to be more trouble than anyone could have\nimagined...
       #
       #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', :line_width => 8)
-      #   # => Once upon\na time
+      #   # => Once\nupon a\ntime
       #
       #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', :line_width => 1)
       #   # => Once\nupon\na\ntime
-      #
-      # You can still use <tt>word_wrap</tt> with the old API that accepts the
-      # +line_width+ as its optional second parameter:
-      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', 8)     # => Once upon\na time
-      def word_wrap(text, *args)
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        unless args.blank?
-          options[:line_width] = args[0] || 80
-        end
-        options.reverse_merge!(:line_width => 80)
+      def word_wrap(text, options = {})
+        line_width = options.fetch(:line_width, 80)
 
         text.split("\n").collect do |line|
-          line.length > options[:line_width] ? line.gsub(/(.{1,#{options[:line_width]}})(\s+|$)/, "\\1\n").strip : line
+          line.length > line_width ? line.gsub(/(.{1,#{line_width}})(\s+|$)/, "\\1\n").strip : line
         end * "\n"
       end
 
@@ -237,6 +220,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * <tt>:sanitize</tt> - If +false+, does not sanitize +text+.
+      # * <tt>:wrapper_tag</tt> - String representing the wrapper tag, defaults to <tt>"p"</tt>
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   my_text = "Here is some basic text...\n...with a line break."
@@ -244,6 +228,9 @@ module ActionView
       #   simple_format(my_text)
       #   # => "<p>Here is some basic text...\n<br />...with a line break.</p>"
       #
+      #   simple_format(my_text, {}, :wrapper_tag => "div")
+      #   # => "<div>Here is some basic text...\n<br />...with a line break.</div>"
+      #
       #   more_text = "We want to put a paragraph...\n\n...right there."
       #
       #   simple_format(more_text)
@@ -254,17 +241,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   simple_format("<span>I'm allowed!</span> It's true.", {}, :sanitize => false)
       #   # => "<p><span>I'm allowed!</span> It's true.</p>"
-      def simple_format(text, html_options={}, options={})
-        text = '' if text.nil?
-        text = text.dup
-        start_tag = tag('p', html_options, true)
-        text = sanitize(text) unless options[:sanitize] == false
-        text = text.to_str
-        text.gsub!(/\r\n?/, "\n")                    # \r\n and \r -> \n
-        text.gsub!(/\n\n+/, "</p>\n\n#{start_tag}")  # 2+ newline  -> paragraph
-        text.gsub!(/([^\n]\n)(?=[^\n])/, '\1<br />') # 1 newline   -> br
-        text.insert 0, start_tag
-        text.html_safe.safe_concat("</p>")
+      def simple_format(text, html_options = {}, options = {})
+        wrapper_tag = options.fetch(:wrapper_tag, :p)
+
+        text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
+        paragraphs = split_paragraphs(text)
+
+        if paragraphs.empty?
+          content_tag(wrapper_tag, nil, html_options)
+        else
+          paragraphs.map { |paragraph|
+            content_tag(wrapper_tag, paragraph, html_options, options[:sanitize])
+          }.join("\n\n").html_safe
+        end
       end
 
       # Creates a Cycle object whose _to_s_ method cycles through elements of an
@@ -276,7 +265,6 @@ module ActionView
       # and passing the name of the cycle. The current cycle string can be obtained
       # anytime using the current_cycle method.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
       #   # Alternate CSS classes for even and odd numbers...
       #   @items = [1,2,3,4]
       #   <table>
@@ -306,12 +294,9 @@ module ActionView
       #    </tr>
       #  <% end %>
       def cycle(first_value, *values)
-        if (values.last.instance_of? Hash)
-          params = values.pop
-          name = params[:name]
-        else
-          name = "default"
-        end
+        options = values.extract_options!
+        name = options.fetch(:name, 'default')
+
         values.unshift(first_value)
 
         cycle = get_cycle(name)
@@ -325,7 +310,6 @@ module ActionView
       # for complex table highlighting or any other design need which requires
       # the current cycle string in more than one place.
       #
-      # ==== Example
       #   # Alternate background colors
       #   @items = [1,2,3,4]
       #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
@@ -341,7 +325,6 @@ module ActionView
       # Resets a cycle so that it starts from the first element the next time
       # it is called. Pass in +name+ to reset a named cycle.
       #
-      # ==== Example
       #   # Alternate CSS classes for even and odd numbers...
       #   @items = [[1,2,3,4], [5,6,3], [3,4,5,6,7,4]]
       #   <table>
@@ -412,6 +395,14 @@ module ActionView
           @_cycles = Hash.new unless defined?(@_cycles)
           @_cycles[name] = cycle_object
         end
+
+        def split_paragraphs(text)
+          return [] if text.blank?
+
+          text.to_str.gsub(/\r\n?/, "\n").split(/\n\n+/).map! do |t|
+            t.gsub!(/([^\n]\n)(?=[^\n])/, '\1<br />') || t
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
index cc74eff53a..552c9ba660 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ module ActionView
       # you know what kind of output to expect when you call translate in a template.
       def translate(key, options = {})
         options.merge!(:rescue_format => :html) unless options.key?(:rescue_format)
+        options[:default] = wrap_translate_defaults(options[:default]) if options[:default]
         if html_safe_translation_key?(key)
           html_safe_options = options.dup
           options.except(*I18n::RESERVED_KEYS).each do |name, value|
@@ -62,6 +63,9 @@ module ActionView
       alias :t :translate
 
       # Delegates to <tt>I18n.localize</tt> with no additional functionality.
+      #
+      # See http://rubydoc.info/github/svenfuchs/i18n/master/I18n/Backend/Base:localize
+      # for more information.
       def localize(*args)
         I18n.localize(*args)
       end
@@ -83,6 +87,21 @@ module ActionView
         def html_safe_translation_key?(key)
           key.to_s =~ /(\b|_|\.)html$/
         end
+
+        def wrap_translate_defaults(defaults)
+          new_defaults = []
+          defaults     = Array(defaults)
+          while key = defaults.shift
+            if key.is_a?(Symbol)
+              new_defaults << lambda { |_, options| translate key, options.merge(:default => defaults) }
+              break
+            else
+              new_defaults << key
+            end
+          end
+
+          new_defaults
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
index f4946e65b5..3d86790a8f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActionView
       include ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor
       include TagHelper
 
-      # We need to override url_optoins, _routes_context
+      # We need to override url_options, _routes_context
       # and optimize_routes_generation? to consider the controller.
 
       def url_options #:nodoc:
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Relying on named routes
       #
-      # Passing a record (like an Active Record or Active Resource) instead of a Hash as the options parameter will
+      # Passing a record (like an Active Record) instead of a Hash as the options parameter will
       # trigger the named route for that record. The lookup will happen on the name of the class. So passing a
       # Workshop object will attempt to use the +workshop_path+ route. If you have a nested route, such as
       # +admin_workshop_path+ you'll have to call that explicitly (it's impossible for +url_for+ to guess that route).
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ module ActionView
           options
         when nil, Hash
           options ||= {}
-          options = options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(:only_path => options[:host].nil?)
+          options = { :only_path => options[:host].nil? }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
           super
         when :back
           controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"] || 'javascript:history.back()'
@@ -132,8 +132,7 @@ module ActionView
       #     # posts_path
       #
       #   link_to(body, url_options = {}, html_options = {})
-      #     # url_options, except :confirm or :method,
-      #     # is passed to url_for
+      #     # url_options, except :method, is passed to url_for
       #
       #   link_to(options = {}, html_options = {}) do
       #     # name
@@ -144,9 +143,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   end
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:confirm => 'question?'</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
-      #   driver to prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the link is
-      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
       # * <tt>:method => symbol of HTTP verb</tt> - This modifier will dynamically
       #   create an HTML form and immediately submit the form for processing using
       #   the HTTP verb specified. Useful for having links perform a POST operation
@@ -163,6 +160,16 @@ module ActionView
       #   completion of the Ajax request and performing JavaScript operations once
       #   they're complete
       #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
+      # * <tt>:confirm => 'question?'</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
+      #   driver to prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the link is
+      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
+      #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
+      #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
+      #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
+      #
       # ==== Examples
       # Because it relies on +url_for+, +link_to+ supports both older-style controller/action/id arguments
       # and newer RESTful routes. Current Rails style favors RESTful routes whenever possible, so base
@@ -226,32 +233,24 @@ module ActionView
       #   link_to "Nonsense search", searches_path(:foo => "bar", :baz => "quux")
       #   # => <a href="/searches?foo=bar&amp;baz=quux">Nonsense search</a>
       #
-      # The two options specific to +link_to+ (<tt>:confirm</tt> and <tt>:method</tt>) are used as follows:
+      # The only option specific to +link_to+ (<tt>:method</tt>) is used as follows:
       #
-      #   link_to "Visit Other Site", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", :confirm => "Are you sure?"
-      #   # => <a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org/" data-confirm="Are you sure?"">Visit Other Site</a>
+      #   link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", :method => :delete)
+      #   # => <a href='http://www.example.com' rel="nofollow" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>
       #
-      #   link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", :method => :delete, :confirm => "Are you sure?")
-      #   # => <a href='http://www.example.com' rel="nofollow" data-method="delete" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Destroy</a>
-      def link_to(*args, &block)
-        if block_given?
-          options      = args.first || {}
-          html_options = args.second
-          link_to(capture(&block), options, html_options)
-        else
-          name         = args[0]
-          options      = args[1] || {}
-          html_options = args[2]
-
-          html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
-          url = url_for(options)
+      # You can also use custom data attributes using the <tt>:data</tt> option:
+      #
+      #   link_to "Visit Other Site", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" }
+      #   # => <a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org/" data-confirm="Are you sure?"">Visit Other Site</a>
+      def link_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
+        html_options, options = options, name if block_given?
+        options ||= {}
+        url       = url_for(options)
 
-          href = html_options['href']
-          tag_options = tag_options(html_options)
+        html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
+        html_options['href'] ||= url
 
-          href_attr = "href=\"#{ERB::Util.html_escape(url)}\"" unless href
-          "<a #{href_attr}#{tag_options}>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(name || url)}</a>".html_safe
-        end
+        content_tag(:a, name || url, html_options, &block)
       end
 
       # Generates a form containing a single button that submits to the URL created
@@ -265,10 +264,9 @@ module ActionView
       # to allow styling of the form itself and its children. This can be changed
       # using the <tt>:form_class</tt> modifier within +html_options+. You can control
       # the form submission and input element behavior using +html_options+.
-      # This method accepts the <tt>:method</tt> and <tt>:confirm</tt> modifiers
-      # described in the +link_to+ documentation. If no <tt>:method</tt> modifier
-      # is given, it will default to performing a POST operation. You can also
-      # disable the button by passing <tt>:disabled => true</tt> in +html_options+.
+      # This method accepts the <tt>:method</tt> modifier described in the +link_to+ documentation.
+      # If no <tt>:method</tt> modifier is given, it will default to performing a POST operation.
+      # You can also disable the button by passing <tt>:disabled => true</tt> in +html_options+.
       # If you are using RESTful routes, you can pass the <tt>:method</tt>
       # to change the HTTP verb used to submit the form.
       #
@@ -279,21 +277,39 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:method</tt> - Symbol of HTTP verb. Supported verbs are <tt>:post</tt>, <tt>:get</tt>,
       #   <tt>:delete</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, and <tt>:put</tt>. By default it will be <tt>:post</tt>.
       # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, it will generate a disabled button.
-      # * <tt>:confirm</tt> - This will use the unobtrusive JavaScript driver to
-      #   prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the link is
-      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
       # * <tt>:remote</tt> -  If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
       #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
       # * <tt>:form</tt> - This hash will be form attributes
       # * <tt>:form_class</tt> - This controls the class of the form within which the submit button will
       #   be placed
       #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
+      # * <tt>:confirm</tt> - This will use the unobtrusive JavaScript driver to
+      #   prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the link is
+      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
+      #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
+      #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
+      #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
+      #
       # ==== Examples
       #   <%= button_to "New", :action => "new" %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="button_to">
       #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
+      #   <%= button_to [:make_happy, @user] do %>
+      #     Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/users/1/make_happy" class="button_to">
+      #   #      <div>
+      #   #        <button type="submit">
+      #   #          Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
+      #   #        </button>
+      #   #      </div>
+      #   #    </form>"
       #
       #   <%= button_to "New", :action => "new", :form_class => "new-thing" %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="new-thing">
@@ -303,30 +319,39 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   <%= button_to "Create", :action => "create", :remote => true, :form => { "data-type" => "json" } %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/create" class="button_to" data-remote="true" data-type="json">
-      #   #      <div><input value="Create" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #      <div>
+      #   #        <input value="Create" type="submit" />
+      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
+      #   #      </div>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #
       #   <%= button_to "Delete Image", { :action => "delete", :id => @image.id },
-      #             :confirm => "Are you sure?", :method => :delete %>
+      #                                   :method => :delete, :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" } %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/delete/1" class="button_to">
       #   #      <div>
       #   #        <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
-      #   #        <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete" type="submit" />
+      #   #        <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete Image" type="submit" />
+      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
       #   #      </div>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #
-      #   <%= button_to('Destroy', 'http://www.example.com', :confirm => 'Are you sure?',
-      #             :method => "delete", :remote => true, :disable_with => 'loading...') %>
+      #   <%= button_to('Destroy', 'http://www.example.com',
+      #             :method => "delete", :remote => true, :data => { :confirm' => 'Are you sure?', :disable_with => 'loading...' }) %>
       #   # => "<form class='button_to' method='post' action='http://www.example.com' data-remote='true'>
       #   #       <div>
       #   #         <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
-      #   #         <input value='Destroy' type='submit' disable_with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
+      #   #         <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
+      #   #         <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
       #   #       </div>
       #   #     </form>"
       #   #
-      def button_to(name, options = {}, html_options = {})
+      def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
+        html_options, options = options, name if block_given?
+        options      ||= {}
+        html_options ||= {}
+
         html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
         convert_boolean_attributes!(html_options, %w(disabled))
 
@@ -334,7 +359,7 @@ module ActionView
         remote = html_options.delete('remote')
 
         method     = html_options.delete('method').to_s
-        method_tag = %w{patch put delete}.include?(method) ? method_tag(method) : ""
+        method_tag = %w{patch put delete}.include?(method) ? method_tag(method) : ''.html_safe
 
         form_method  = method == 'get' ? 'get' : 'post'
         form_options = html_options.delete('form') || {}
@@ -345,9 +370,17 @@ module ActionView
         request_token_tag = form_method == 'post' ? token_tag : ''
 
         html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
-        html_options.merge!("type" => "submit", "value" => name || url)
+        html_options['type'] = 'submit'
+
+        button = if block_given?
+          content_tag('button', html_options, &block)
+        else
+          html_options['value'] = name || url
+          tag('input', html_options)
+        end
 
-        "#{tag(:form, form_options, true)}<div>#{method_tag}#{tag("input", html_options)}#{request_token_tag}</div></form>".html_safe
+        inner_tags = method_tag.safe_concat(button).safe_concat(request_token_tag)
+        content_tag('form', content_tag('div', inner_tags), form_options)
       end
 
 
@@ -480,7 +513,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <a href="mailto:me@domain.com">me@domain.com</a>
       #
       #   mail_to "me@domain.com", "My email", :encode => "javascript"
-      #   # => <script type="text/javascript">eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63...%27%29%3b'))</script>
+      #   # => <script>eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63...%27%29%3b'))</script>
       #
       #   mail_to "me@domain.com", "My email", :encode => "hex"
       #   # => <a href="mailto:%6d%65@%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e.%63%6f%6d">My email</a>
@@ -514,7 +547,7 @@ module ActionView
           "document.write('#{html}');".each_byte do |c|
             string << sprintf("%%%x", c)
           end
-          "<script type=\"#{Mime::JS}\">eval(decodeURIComponent('#{string}'))</script>".html_safe
+          "<script>eval(decodeURIComponent('#{string}'))</script>".html_safe
         when "hex"
           email_address_encoded = email_address_obfuscated.unpack('C*').map {|c|
             sprintf("&#%d;", c)
@@ -614,10 +647,20 @@ module ActionView
             confirm = html_options.delete('confirm')
             method  = html_options.delete('method')
 
-            html_options["data-disable-with"] = disable_with if disable_with
-            html_options["data-confirm"] = confirm if confirm
+            if confirm
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead"
+
+              html_options["data-confirm"] = confirm
+            end
+
             add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method) if method
 
+            if disable_with
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :disable_with => \'Text\' }' instead"
+
+              html_options["data-disable-with"] = disable_with
+            end
+
             html_options
           else
             link_to_remote_options?(options) ? {'data-remote' => 'true'} : {}
@@ -664,11 +707,11 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def token_tag(token=nil)
-          if token == false || !protect_against_forgery?
-            ''
-          else
+          if token != false && protect_against_forgery?
             token ||= form_authenticity_token
             tag(:input, :type => "hidden", :name => request_forgery_protection_token.to_s, :value => token)
+          else
+            ''
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml b/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
index 8e9db634fb..8a56f147b8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
@@ -1,102 +1,4 @@
 "en":
-  number:
-    # Used in number_with_delimiter()
-    # These are also the defaults for 'currency', 'percentage', 'precision', and 'human'
-    format:
-      # Sets the separator between the units, for more precision (e.g. 1.0 / 2.0 == 0.5)
-      separator: "."
-      # Delimits thousands (e.g. 1,000,000 is a million) (always in groups of three)
-      delimiter: ","
-      # Number of decimals, behind the separator (the number 1 with a precision of 2 gives: 1.00)
-      precision: 3
-      # If set to true, precision will mean the number of significant digits instead
-      # of the number of decimal digits (1234 with precision 2 becomes 1200, 1.23543 becomes 1.2)
-      significant: false
-      # If set, the zeros after the decimal separator will always be stripped (eg.: 1.200 will be 1.2)
-      strip_insignificant_zeros: false
-
-    # Used in number_to_currency()
-    currency:
-      format:
-        # Where is the currency sign? %u is the currency unit, %n the number (default: $5.00)
-        format: "%u%n"
-        unit: "$"
-        # These five are to override number.format and are optional
-        separator: "."
-        delimiter: ","
-        precision: 2
-        significant: false
-        strip_insignificant_zeros: false
-
-    # Used in number_to_percentage()
-    percentage:
-      format:
-        # These five are to override number.format and are optional
-        # separator:
-        delimiter: ""
-        # precision:
-        # significant: false
-        # strip_insignificant_zeros: false
-        format: "%n%"
-
-    # Used in number_to_precision()
-    precision:
-      format:
-        # These five are to override number.format and are optional
-        # separator:
-        delimiter: ""
-        # precision:
-        # significant: false
-        # strip_insignificant_zeros: false
-
-    # Used in number_to_human_size() and number_to_human()
-    human:
-      format:
-        # These five are to override number.format and are optional
-        # separator:
-        delimiter: ""
-        precision: 3
-        significant: true
-        strip_insignificant_zeros: true
-      # Used in number_to_human_size()
-      storage_units:
-        # Storage units output formatting.
-        # %u is the storage unit, %n is the number (default: 2 MB)
-        format: "%n %u"
-        units:
-          byte:
-            one:   "Byte"
-            other: "Bytes"
-          kb: "KB"
-          mb: "MB"
-          gb: "GB"
-          tb: "TB"
-      # Used in number_to_human()
-      decimal_units:
-        format: "%n %u"
-        # Decimal units output formatting
-        # By default we will only quantify some of the exponents
-        # but the commented ones might be defined or overridden
-        # by the user.
-        units:
-          # femto: Quadrillionth
-          # pico: Trillionth
-          # nano: Billionth
-          # micro: Millionth
-          # mili: Thousandth
-          # centi: Hundredth
-          # deci: Tenth
-          unit: ""
-          # ten:
-          #   one: Ten
-          #   other: Tens
-          # hundred: Hundred
-          thousand: Thousand
-          million: Million
-          billion: Billion
-          trillion: Trillion
-          quadrillion: Quadrillion
-
   # Used in distance_of_time_in_words(), distance_of_time_in_words_to_now(), time_ago_in_words()
   datetime:
     distance_in_words:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
index b7945a23be..47dd932c71 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module ActionView
       Accessors.send :define_method, :"default_#{name}", &block
       Accessors.module_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}
-          @details[:#{name}]
+          @details.fetch(:#{name}, [])
         end
 
         def #{name}=(value)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ module ActionView
 
     # Helpers related to template lookup using the lookup context information.
     module ViewPaths
-      attr_reader :view_paths
+      attr_reader :view_paths, :html_fallback_for_js
 
       # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so we can manipulate then in
       # instance objects as we wish.
@@ -184,7 +184,10 @@ module ActionView
     def formats=(values)
       if values
         values.concat(default_formats) if values.delete "*/*"
-        values << :html if values == [:js]
+        if values == [:js]
+          values << :html
+          @html_fallback_for_js = true
+        end
       end
       super(values)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
index 43371a1c49..9f5e3be454 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ module ActionView
     config.action_view = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
     config.action_view.stylesheet_expansions = {}
     config.action_view.javascript_expansions = { :defaults => %w(jquery jquery_ujs) }
+    config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false
+
+    initializer "action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms" do |app|
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
+        ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms =
+          app.config.action_view.delete(:embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms)
+      end
+    end
 
     initializer "action_view.logger" do
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) { self.logger ||= Rails.logger }
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
index 52473cd222..6fb8cbb46c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 module ActionView
   class AbstractRenderer #:nodoc:
-    delegate :find_template, :template_exists?, :with_fallbacks, :update_details,
-      :with_layout_format, :formats, :to => :@lookup_context
+    delegate :find_template, :template_exists?, :with_fallbacks, :with_layout_format, :formats, :to => :@lookup_context
 
     def initialize(lookup_context)
       @lookup_context = lookup_context
@@ -14,16 +13,20 @@ module ActionView
     protected
 
     def extract_details(options)
-      details = {}
-      @lookup_context.registered_details.each do |key|
+      @lookup_context.registered_details.each_with_object({}) do |key, details|
         next unless value = options[key]
         details[key] = Array(value)
       end
-      details
     end
 
     def instrument(name, options={})
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("render_#{name}.action_view", options){ yield }
     end
+
+    def prepend_formats(formats)
+      formats = Array(formats)
+      return if formats.empty? || @lookup_context.html_fallback_for_js
+      @lookup_context.formats = formats | @lookup_context.formats
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
index 245a19deec..a08a566b35 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   #   <%= render :partial => "account", :object => @buyer %>
   #
-  # would provide the +@buyer+ object to the partial, available under the local variable +account+ and is
+  # would provide the <tt>@buyer</tt> object to the partial, available under the local variable +account+ and is
   # equivalent to:
   #
   #   <%= render :partial => "account", :locals => { :account => @buyer } %>
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ module ActionView
   #     Name: <%= user.name %>
   #   </div>
   #
-  # If a collection is given, the layout will be rendered once for each item in the collection. Just think
-  # these two snippets have the same output:
+  # If a collection is given, the layout will be rendered once for each item in
+  # the collection. Just think these two snippets have the same output:
   #
   #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb %>
   #   Name: <%= user.name %>
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ module ActionView
   #     <%= render :partial => "user", :layout => "li_layout", :collection => users %>
   #   </ul>
   #
-  #   Given two users whose names are Alice and Bob, these snippets return:
+  # Given two users whose names are Alice and Bob, these snippets return:
   #
   #   <ul>
   #     <li>
@@ -195,6 +195,10 @@ module ActionView
   #     </li>
   #   </ul>
   #
+  # The current object being rendered, as well as the object_counter, will be
+  # available as local variables inside the layout template under the same names
+  # as available in the partial.
+  #
   # You can also apply a layout to a block within any template:
   #
   #   <%# app/views/users/_chief.html.erb &>
@@ -245,18 +249,25 @@ module ActionView
   #     <%- end -%>
   #   <% end %>
   class PartialRenderer < AbstractRenderer
-    PARTIAL_NAMES = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
+    PREFIXED_PARTIAL_NAMES = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
 
     def initialize(*)
       super
       @context_prefix = @lookup_context.prefixes.first
-      @partial_names = PARTIAL_NAMES[@context_prefix]
     end
 
     def render(context, options, block)
       setup(context, options, block)
       identifier = (@template = find_partial) ? @template.identifier : @path
 
+      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= begin
+        if @template && @template.formats.present?
+          @template.formats.first
+        else
+          formats.first
+        end
+      end
+
       if @collection
         instrument(:collection, :identifier => identifier || "collection", :count => @collection.size) do
           render_collection
@@ -272,26 +283,19 @@ module ActionView
       return nil if @collection.blank?
 
       if @options.key?(:spacer_template)
-        spacer = find_template(@options[:spacer_template]).render(@view, @locals)
-      end
-
-      if layout = @options[:layout]
-        layout = find_template(layout)
+        spacer = find_template(@options[:spacer_template], @locals.keys).render(@view, @locals)
       end
 
       result = @template ? collection_with_template : collection_without_template
-      
-      result.map!{|content| layout.render(@view, @locals) { content } } if layout
-      
       result.join(spacer).html_safe
     end
 
     def render_partial
-      locals, view, block = @locals, @view, @block
+      view, locals, block = @view, @locals, @block
       object, as = @object, @variable
 
       if !block && (layout = @options[:layout])
-        layout = find_template(layout)
+        layout = find_template(layout, @template_keys)
       end
 
       object ||= locals[as]
@@ -316,7 +320,7 @@ module ActionView
       @block   = block
       @details = extract_details(options)
 
-      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= formats.first
+      prepend_formats(options[:formats])
 
       if String === partial
         @object     = options[:object]
@@ -335,14 +339,15 @@ module ActionView
 
       if @path
         @variable, @variable_counter = retrieve_variable(@path)
+        @template_keys = retrieve_template_keys
       else
         paths.map! { |path| retrieve_variable(path).unshift(path) }
       end
 
       if String === partial && @variable.to_s !~ /^[a-z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*$/
         raise ArgumentError.new("The partial name (#{partial}) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-                                "make sure your partial name starts with a letter or underscore, " +
-                                "and is followed by any combinations of letters, numbers, or underscores.")
+                                "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+                                "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.")
       end
 
       self
@@ -356,56 +361,55 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def collection_from_object
-      if @object.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-        @object.to_ary
-      end
+      @object.to_ary if @object.respond_to?(:to_ary)
     end
 
     def find_partial
       if path = @path
-        locals = @locals.keys
-        locals << @variable
-        locals << @variable_counter if @collection
-        find_template(path, locals)
+        find_template(path, @template_keys)
       end
     end
 
-    def find_template(path=@path, locals=@locals.keys)
+    def find_template(path, locals)
       prefixes = path.include?(?/) ? [] : @lookup_context.prefixes
       @lookup_context.find_template(path, prefixes, true, locals, @details)
     end
 
     def collection_with_template
-      segments, locals, template = [], @locals, @template
+      view, locals, template = @view, @locals, @template
       as, counter = @variable, @variable_counter
 
-      locals[counter] = -1
+      if layout = @options[:layout]
+        layout = find_template(layout, @template_keys)
+      end
+
+      index = -1
+      @collection.map do |object|
+        locals[as]      = object
+        locals[counter] = (index += 1)
 
-      @collection.each do |object|
-        locals[counter] += 1
-        locals[as] = object
-        segments << template.render(@view, locals)
+        content = template.render(view, locals)
+        content = layout.render(view, locals) { content } if layout
+        content
       end
-      
-      segments
     end
-    
 
     def collection_without_template
-      segments, locals, collection_data = [], @locals, @collection_data
-      index, template, cache = -1, nil, {}
-      keys = @locals.keys
+      view, locals, collection_data = @view, @locals, @collection_data
+      cache = {}
+      keys  = @locals.keys
 
-      @collection.each_with_index do |object, i|
-        path, *data = collection_data[i]
-        template = (cache[path] ||= find_template(path, keys + data))
-        locals[data[0]] = object
-        locals[data[1]] = (index += 1)
-        segments << template.render(@view, locals)
-      end
+      index = -1
+      @collection.map do |object|
+        index += 1
+        path, as, counter = collection_data[index]
+
+        locals[as]      = object
+        locals[counter] = index
 
-      @template = template
-      segments
+        template = (cache[path] ||= find_template(path, keys + [as, counter]))
+        template.render(view, locals)
+      end
     end
 
     def partial_path(object = @object)
@@ -417,7 +421,15 @@ module ActionView
         raise ArgumentError.new("'#{object.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.")
       end
 
-      @partial_names[path] ||= merge_prefix_into_object_path(@context_prefix, path.dup)
+      if @view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+        prefixed_partial_names[path] ||= merge_prefix_into_object_path(@context_prefix, path.dup)
+      else
+        path
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prefixed_partial_names
+      @prefixed_partial_names ||= PREFIXED_PARTIAL_NAMES[@context_prefix]
     end
 
     def merge_prefix_into_object_path(prefix, object_path)
@@ -437,8 +449,15 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
+    def retrieve_template_keys
+      keys = @locals.keys
+      keys << @variable
+      keys << @variable_counter if @collection
+      keys
+    end
+
     def retrieve_variable(path)
-      variable = @options[:as].try(:to_sym) || path[%r'_?(\w+)(\.\w+)*$', 1].to_sym
+      variable = @options.fetch(:as) { path[%r'_?(\w+)(\.\w+)*$', 1] }.try(:to_sym)
       variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter" if @collection
       [variable, variable_counter]
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
index f7df9a6322..156ad4e547 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ module ActionView
       template = determine_template(options)
       context  = @lookup_context
 
+      prepend_formats(template.formats)
+
       unless context.rendered_format
-        context.rendered_format = template.formats.first
-        context.formats = template.formats
+        context.rendered_format = template.formats.first || formats.last
       end
 
       render_template(template, options[:layout], options[:locals])
@@ -18,10 +19,10 @@ module ActionView
 
     # Determine the template to be rendered using the given options.
     def determine_template(options) #:nodoc:
-      keys = options[:locals].try(:keys) || []
+      keys = options.fetch(:locals, {}).keys
 
       if options.key?(:text)
-        Template::Text.new(options[:text], formats.try(:first))
+        Template::Text.new(options[:text], formats.first)
       elsif options.key?(:file)
         with_fallbacks { find_template(options[:file], nil, false, keys, @details) }
       elsif options.key?(:inline)
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
-    # Renders the given template. An string representing the layout can be
+    # Renders the given template. A string representing the layout can be
     # supplied as well.
     def render_template(template, layout_name = nil, locals = {}) #:nodoc:
       view, locals = @view, locals || {}
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template.rb
index edb3d427d5..cd79468502 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'thread'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Template
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ module ActionView
       @virtual_path      = details[:virtual_path]
       @updated_at        = details[:updated_at] || Time.now
       @formats           = Array(format).map { |f| f.is_a?(Mime::Type) ? f.ref : f }
+      @compile_mutex     = Mutex.new
     end
 
     # Returns if the underlying handler supports streaming. If so,
@@ -223,18 +225,28 @@ module ActionView
       def compile!(view) #:nodoc:
         return if @compiled
 
-        if view.is_a?(ActionView::CompiledTemplates)
-          mod = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
-        else
-          mod = view.singleton_class
-        end
+        # Templates can be used concurrently in threaded environments
+        # so compilation and any instance variable modification must
+        # be synchronized
+        @compile_mutex.synchronize do
+          # Any thread holding this lock will be compiling the template needed
+          # by the threads waiting. So re-check the @compiled flag to avoid
+          # re-compilation
+          return if @compiled
+
+          if view.is_a?(ActionView::CompiledTemplates)
+            mod = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
+          else
+            mod = view.singleton_class
+          end
 
-        compile(view, mod)
+          compile(view, mod)
 
-        # Just discard the source if we have a virtual path. This
-        # means we can get the template back.
-        @source = nil if @virtual_path
-        @compiled = true
+          # Just discard the source if we have a virtual path. This
+          # means we can get the template back.
+          @source = nil if @virtual_path
+          @compiled = true
+        end
       end
 
       # Among other things, this method is responsible for properly setting
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
index 4e22bec6cc..41b14373a3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
     module Handlers #:nodoc:
       autoload :ERB, 'action_view/template/handlers/erb'
       autoload :Builder, 'action_view/template/handlers/builder'
+      autoload :Raw, 'action_view/template/handlers/raw'
 
       def self.extended(base)
         base.register_default_template_handler :erb, ERB.new
         base.register_template_handler :builder, Builder.new
+        base.register_template_handler :raw, Raw.new
       end
 
       @@template_handlers = {}
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c0d1fffcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Template::Handlers
+    class Raw
+      def call(template)
+        escaped = template.source.gsub(':', '\:')
+
+        '%q:' + escaped + ':;'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
index 7fa86866a7..2bb656fac9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 require "pathname"
 require "active_support/core_ext/class"
+require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors"
 require "action_view/template"
+require "thread"
+require "mutex_m"
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Resolver
   class Resolver
     # Keeps all information about view path and builds virtual path.
-    class Path < String
+    class Path
       attr_reader :name, :prefix, :partial, :virtual
       alias_method :partial?, :partial
 
@@ -18,8 +21,77 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def initialize(name, prefix, partial, virtual)
-        @name, @prefix, @partial = name, prefix, partial
-        super(virtual)
+        @name    = name
+        @prefix  = prefix
+        @partial = partial
+        @virtual = virtual
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        @virtual
+      end
+      alias :to_s :to_str
+    end
+
+    # Threadsafe template cache
+    class Cache #:nodoc:
+      class CacheEntry
+        include Mutex_m
+
+        attr_accessor :templates
+      end
+
+      def initialize
+        @data = Hash.new { |h1,k1| h1[k1] = Hash.new { |h2,k2|
+                  h2[k2] = Hash.new { |h3,k3| h3[k3] = Hash.new { |h4,k4| h4[k4] = {} } } } }
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+      end
+
+      # Cache the templates returned by the block
+      def cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals)
+        cache_entry = nil
+
+        # first obtain a lock on the main data structure to create the cache entry
+        @mutex.synchronize do
+          cache_entry = @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] ||= CacheEntry.new
+        end
+
+        # then to avoid a long lasting global lock, obtain a more granular lock
+        # on the CacheEntry itself
+        cache_entry.synchronize do
+          if Resolver.caching?
+            cache_entry.templates ||= yield
+          else
+            fresh_templates = yield
+
+            if templates_have_changed?(cache_entry.templates, fresh_templates)
+              cache_entry.templates = fresh_templates
+            else
+              cache_entry.templates ||= []
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        @mutex.synchronize do
+          @data.clear
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def templates_have_changed?(cached_templates, fresh_templates)
+        # if either the old or new template list is empty, we don't need to (and can't)
+        # compare modification times, and instead just check whether the lists are different
+        if cached_templates.blank? || fresh_templates.blank?
+          return fresh_templates.blank? != cached_templates.blank?
+        end
+
+        cached_templates_max_updated_at = cached_templates.map(&:updated_at).max
+
+        # if a template has changed, it will be now be newer than all the cached templates
+        fresh_templates.any? { |t| t.updated_at > cached_templates_max_updated_at }
       end
     end
 
@@ -31,12 +103,11 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def initialize
-      @cached = Hash.new { |h1,k1| h1[k1] = Hash.new { |h2,k2|
-        h2[k2] = Hash.new { |h3,k3| h3[k3] = Hash.new { |h4,k4| h4[k4] = {} } } } }
+      @cache = Cache.new
     end
 
     def clear_cache
-      @cached.clear
+      @cache.clear
     end
 
     # Normalizes the arguments and passes it on to find_template.
@@ -64,27 +135,18 @@ module ActionView
 
     # Handles templates caching. If a key is given and caching is on
     # always check the cache before hitting the resolver. Otherwise,
-    # it always hits the resolver but check if the resolver is fresher
-    # before returning it.
+    # it always hits the resolver but if the key is present, check if the
+    # resolver is fresher before returning it.
     def cached(key, path_info, details, locals) #:nodoc:
       name, prefix, partial = path_info
       locals = locals.map { |x| x.to_s }.sort!
 
-      if key && caching?
-        @cached[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] ||= decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
-      else
-        fresh = decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
-        return fresh unless key
-
-        scope = @cached[key][name][prefix][partial]
-        cache = scope[locals]
-        mtime = cache && cache.map(&:updated_at).max
-
-        if !mtime || fresh.empty?  || fresh.any? { |t| t.updated_at > mtime }
-          scope[locals] = fresh
-        else
-          cache
+      if key
+        @cache.cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals) do
+          decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
         end
+      else
+        decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
       end
     end
 
@@ -170,13 +232,15 @@ module ActionView
     def extract_handler_and_format(path, default_formats)
       pieces = File.basename(path).split(".")
       pieces.shift
-      handler = Template.handler_for_extension(pieces.pop)
+      extension = pieces.pop
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "The file #{path} did not specify a template handler. The default is currently ERB, but will change to RAW in the future." unless extension
+      handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
       format  = pieces.last && Mime[pieces.last]
       [handler, format]
     end
   end
 
-  # A resolver that loads files from the filesystem. It allows to set your own
+  # A resolver that loads files from the filesystem. It allows setting your own
   # resolving pattern. Such pattern can be a glob string supported by some variables.
   #
   # ==== Examples
@@ -192,7 +256,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
   #
-  # If you don't specify pattern then the default will be used.
+  # If you don't specify a pattern then the default will be used.
   #
   # In order to use any of the customized resolvers above in a Rails application, you just need
   # to configure ActionController::Base.view_paths in an initializer, for example:
@@ -204,10 +268,10 @@ module ActionView
   #
   # ==== Pattern format and variables
   #
-  # Pattern have to be a valid glob string, and it allows you to use the
+  # Pattern has to be a valid glob string, and it allows you to use the
   # following variables:
   #
-  # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - usualy the controller path
+  # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - usually the controller path
   # * <tt>:action</tt> - name of the action
   # * <tt>:locale</tt> - possible locale versions
   # * <tt>:formats</tt> - possible request formats (for example html, json, xml...)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
index 4261c3b5e2..3af76dfcdb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 module ActionView #:nodoc:
   # = Action View Text Template
   class Template
-    class Text < String #:nodoc:
+    class Text #:nodoc:
       attr_accessor :mime_type
 
       def initialize(string, mime_type = nil)
-        super(string.to_s)
+        @string      = string.to_s
         @mime_type   = Mime[mime_type] || mime_type if mime_type
         @mime_type ||= Mime::TEXT
       end
@@ -18,8 +18,12 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         'text template'
       end
 
+      def to_str
+        @string
+      end
+
       def render(*args)
-        to_s
+        to_str
       end
 
       def formats
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
index fece499c94..53bde48e4d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
@@ -229,7 +229,8 @@ module ActionView
 
       def method_missing(selector, *args)
         if @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) &&
-          @controller._routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector)
+          ( @controller._routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector) ||
+            @controller._routes.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(selector) )
           @controller.__send__(selector, *args)
         else
           super
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/assets.rake b/actionpack/lib/sprockets/assets.rake
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e92fe416b..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/assets.rake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-require "fileutils"
-
-namespace :assets do
-  def ruby_rake_task(task, fork = true)
-    env    = ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || 'production'
-    groups = ENV['RAILS_GROUPS'] || 'assets'
-    args   = [$0, task,"RAILS_ENV=#{env}","RAILS_GROUPS=#{groups}"]
-    args << "--trace" if Rake.application.options.trace
-    if $0 =~ /rake\.bat\Z/i
-      Kernel.exec $0, *args
-    else  
-      fork ? ruby(*args) : Kernel.exec(FileUtils::RUBY, *args)
-    end    
-  end
-
-  # We are currently running with no explicit bundler group
-  # and/or no explicit environment - we have to reinvoke rake to
-  # execute this task.
-  def invoke_or_reboot_rake_task(task)
-    if ENV['RAILS_GROUPS'].to_s.empty? || ENV['RAILS_ENV'].to_s.empty?
-      ruby_rake_task task
-    else
-      Rake::Task[task].invoke
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "Compile all the assets named in config.assets.precompile"
-  task :precompile do
-    invoke_or_reboot_rake_task "assets:precompile:all"
-  end
-
-  namespace :precompile do
-    def internal_precompile(digest=nil)
-      unless Rails.application.config.assets.enabled
-        warn "Cannot precompile assets if sprockets is disabled. Please set config.assets.enabled to true"
-        exit
-      end
-
-      # Ensure that action view is loaded and the appropriate
-      # sprockets hooks get executed
-      _ = ActionView::Base
-
-      config = Rails.application.config
-      config.assets.compile = true
-      config.assets.digest  = digest unless digest.nil?
-      config.assets.digests = {}
-
-      env      = Rails.application.assets
-      target   = File.join(Rails.public_path, config.assets.prefix)
-      compiler = Sprockets::StaticCompiler.new(env,
-                                               target,
-                                               config.assets.precompile,
-                                               :manifest_path => config.assets.manifest,
-                                               :digest => config.assets.digest,
-                                               :manifest => digest.nil?)
-      compiler.compile
-    end
-
-    task :all do
-      Rake::Task["assets:precompile:primary"].invoke
-      # We need to reinvoke in order to run the secondary digestless
-      # asset compilation run - a fresh Sprockets environment is
-      # required in order to compile digestless assets as the
-      # environment has already cached the assets on the primary
-      # run.
-      ruby_rake_task("assets:precompile:nondigest", false) if Rails.application.config.assets.digest
-    end
-
-    task :primary => ["assets:cache:clean"] do
-      internal_precompile
-    end
-
-    task :nondigest => ["assets:cache:clean"] do
-      internal_precompile(false)
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "Remove compiled assets"
-  task :clean do
-    invoke_or_reboot_rake_task "assets:clean:all"
-  end
-
-  namespace :clean do
-    task :all => ["assets:cache:clean"] do
-      config = Rails.application.config
-      public_asset_path = File.join(Rails.public_path, config.assets.prefix)
-      rm_rf public_asset_path, :secure => true
-    end
-  end
-
-  namespace :cache do
-    task :clean => ["assets:environment"] do
-      Rails.application.assets.cache.clear
-    end
-  end
-
-  task :environment do
-    if Rails.application.config.assets.initialize_on_precompile
-      Rake::Task["environment"].invoke
-    else
-      Rails.application.initialize!(:assets)
-      Sprockets::Bootstrap.new(Rails.application).run
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/bootstrap.rb b/actionpack/lib/sprockets/bootstrap.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 395b264fe7..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/bootstrap.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-module Sprockets
-  class Bootstrap
-    def initialize(app)
-      @app = app
-    end
-
-    # TODO: Get rid of config.assets.enabled
-    def run
-      app, config = @app, @app.config
-      return unless app.assets
-
-      config.assets.paths.each { |path| app.assets.append_path(path) }
-
-      if config.assets.compress
-        # temporarily hardcode default JS compressor to uglify. Soon, it will work
-        # the same as SCSS, where a default plugin sets the default.
-        unless config.assets.js_compressor == false
-          app.assets.js_compressor = LazyCompressor.new { Sprockets::Compressors.registered_js_compressor(config.assets.js_compressor || :uglifier) }
-        end
-
-        unless config.assets.css_compressor == false
-          app.assets.css_compressor = LazyCompressor.new { Sprockets::Compressors.registered_css_compressor(config.assets.css_compressor) }
-        end
-      end
-
-      if config.assets.compile
-        app.routes.prepend do
-          mount app.assets => config.assets.prefix
-        end
-      end
-
-      if config.assets.digest
-        app.assets = app.assets.index
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/compressors.rb b/actionpack/lib/sprockets/compressors.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b728d6570..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/compressors.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-module Sprockets
-  module Compressors
-    extend self
-
-    @@css_compressors = {}
-    @@js_compressors = {}
-    @@default_css_compressor = nil
-    @@default_js_compressor = nil
-
-    def register_css_compressor(name, klass, options = {})
-      @@default_css_compressor = name.to_sym if options[:default] || @@default_css_compressor.nil?
-      @@css_compressors[name.to_sym] = { :klass => klass.to_s, :require => options[:require] }
-    end
-
-    def register_js_compressor(name, klass, options = {})
-      @@default_js_compressor = name.to_sym if options[:default] || @@default_js_compressor.nil?
-      @@js_compressors[name.to_sym] = { :klass => klass.to_s, :require => options[:require] }
-    end
-
-    def registered_css_compressor(name)
-      find_registered_compressor name, @@css_compressors, @@default_css_compressor
-    end
-
-    def registered_js_compressor(name)
-      find_registered_compressor name, @@js_compressors, @@default_js_compressor
-    end
-
-    # The default compressors must be registered in default plugins (ex. Sass-Rails)
-    register_css_compressor(:scss, 'Sass::Rails::Compressor', :require => 'sass/rails/compressor', :default => true)
-    register_js_compressor(:uglifier, 'Uglifier', :require => 'uglifier', :default => true)
-
-    # Automaticaly register some compressors
-    register_css_compressor(:yui, 'YUI::CssCompressor', :require => 'yui/compressor')
-    register_js_compressor(:closure, 'Closure::Compiler', :require => 'closure-compiler')
-    register_js_compressor(:yui, 'YUI::JavaScriptCompressor', :require => 'yui/compressor')
-
-    private
-
-    def find_registered_compressor(name, compressors_hash, default_compressor_name)
-      if name.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-        compressor = compressors_hash[name.to_sym] || compressors_hash[default_compressor_name]
-        require compressor[:require] if compressor[:require]
-        compressor[:klass].constantize.new
-      else
-        name
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # An asset compressor which does nothing.
-  #
-  # This compressor simply returns the asset as-is, without any compression
-  # whatsoever. It is useful in development mode, when compression isn't
-  # needed but using the same asset pipeline as production is desired.
-  class NullCompressor #:nodoc:
-    def compress(content)
-      content
-    end
-  end
-
-  # An asset compressor which only initializes the underlying compression
-  # engine when needed.
-  #
-  # This postpones the initialization of the compressor until
-  # <code>#compress</code> is called the first time.
-  class LazyCompressor #:nodoc:
-    # Initializes a new LazyCompressor.
-    #
-    # The block should return a compressor when called, i.e. an object
-    # which responds to <code>#compress</code>.
-    def initialize(&block)
-      @block = block
-    end
-
-    def compress(content)
-      compressor.compress(content)
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def compressor
-      @compressor ||= (@block.call || NullCompressor.new)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fee48386e0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-module Sprockets
-  module Helpers
-    autoload :RailsHelper,    "sprockets/helpers/rails_helper"
-    autoload :IsolatedHelper, "sprockets/helpers/isolated_helper"
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers/isolated_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers/isolated_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3adb928c45..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers/isolated_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-module Sprockets
-  module Helpers
-    module IsolatedHelper
-      def controller
-        nil
-      end
-
-      def config
-        Rails.application.config.action_controller
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers/rails_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers/rails_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 839ec7635f..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/helpers/rails_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-require "action_view"
-
-module Sprockets
-  module Helpers
-    module RailsHelper
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-      include ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper
-
-      def asset_paths
-        @asset_paths ||= begin
-          paths = RailsHelper::AssetPaths.new(config, controller)
-          paths.asset_environment = asset_environment
-          paths.asset_digests     = asset_digests
-          paths.compile_assets    = compile_assets?
-          paths.digest_assets     = digest_assets?
-          paths
-        end
-      end
-
-      def javascript_include_tag(*sources)
-        options = sources.extract_options!
-        debug   = options.delete(:debug)  { debug_assets? }
-        body    = options.delete(:body)   { false }
-        digest  = options.delete(:digest) { digest_assets? }
-
-        sources.collect do |source|
-          if debug && asset = asset_paths.asset_for(source, 'js')
-            asset.to_a.map { |dep|
-              super(dep.pathname.to_s, { :src => path_to_asset(dep, :ext => 'js', :body => true, :digest => digest) }.merge!(options))
-            }
-          else
-            super(source.to_s, { :src => path_to_asset(source, :ext => 'js', :body => body, :digest => digest) }.merge!(options))
-          end
-        end.join("\n").html_safe
-      end
-
-      def stylesheet_link_tag(*sources)
-        options = sources.extract_options!
-        debug   = options.delete(:debug)  { debug_assets? }
-        body    = options.delete(:body)   { false }
-        digest  = options.delete(:digest) { digest_assets? }
-
-        sources.collect do |source|
-          if debug && asset = asset_paths.asset_for(source, 'css')
-            asset.to_a.map { |dep|
-              super(dep.pathname.to_s, { :href => path_to_asset(dep, :ext => 'css', :body => true, :protocol => :request, :digest => digest) }.merge!(options))
-            }
-          else
-            super(source.to_s, { :href => path_to_asset(source, :ext => 'css', :body => body, :protocol => :request, :digest => digest) }.merge!(options))
-          end
-        end.join("\n").html_safe
-      end
-
-      def asset_path(source, options = {})
-        source = source.logical_path if source.respond_to?(:logical_path)
-        path = asset_paths.compute_public_path(source, asset_prefix, options.merge(:body => true))
-        options[:body] ? "#{path}?body=1" : path
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_asset, :asset_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an asset_path named route
-
-      def image_path(source)
-        path_to_asset(source)
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_image, :image_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an image_path named route
-
-      def font_path(source)
-        path_to_asset(source)
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_font, :font_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an font_path named route
-
-      def javascript_path(source)
-        path_to_asset(source, :ext => 'js')
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_javascript, :javascript_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an javascript_path named route
-
-      def stylesheet_path(source)
-        path_to_asset(source, :ext => 'css')
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_stylesheet, :stylesheet_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an stylesheet_path named route
-
-    private
-      def debug_assets?
-        compile_assets? && (Rails.application.config.assets.debug || params[:debug_assets])
-      rescue NoMethodError
-        false
-      end
-
-      # Override to specify an alternative prefix for asset path generation.
-      # When combined with a custom +asset_environment+, this can be used to
-      # implement themes that can take advantage of the asset pipeline.
-      #
-      # If you only want to change where the assets are mounted, refer to
-      # +config.assets.prefix+ instead.
-      def asset_prefix
-        Rails.application.config.assets.prefix
-      end
-
-      def asset_digests
-        Rails.application.config.assets.digests
-      end
-
-      def compile_assets?
-        Rails.application.config.assets.compile
-      end
-
-      def digest_assets?
-        Rails.application.config.assets.digest
-      end
-
-      # Override to specify an alternative asset environment for asset
-      # path generation. The environment should already have been mounted
-      # at the prefix returned by +asset_prefix+.
-      def asset_environment
-        Rails.application.assets
-      end
-
-      class AssetPaths < ::ActionView::AssetPaths #:nodoc:
-        attr_accessor :asset_environment, :asset_prefix, :asset_digests, :compile_assets, :digest_assets
-
-        class AssetNotPrecompiledError < StandardError; end
-
-        def asset_for(source, ext)
-          source = source.to_s
-          return nil if is_uri?(source)
-          source = rewrite_extension(source, nil, ext)
-          asset_environment[source]
-        rescue Sprockets::FileOutsidePaths
-          nil
-        end
-
-        def digest_for(logical_path)
-          if digest_assets && asset_digests && (digest = asset_digests[logical_path])
-            return digest
-          end
-
-          if compile_assets
-            if digest_assets && asset = asset_environment[logical_path]
-              return asset.digest_path
-            end
-            return logical_path
-          else
-            raise AssetNotPrecompiledError.new("#{logical_path} isn't precompiled")
-          end
-        end
-
-        def rewrite_asset_path(source, dir, options = {})
-          if source[0] == ?/
-            source
-          else
-            source = digest_for(source) unless options[:digest] == false
-            source = File.join(dir, source)
-            source = "/#{source}" unless source =~ /^\//
-            source
-          end
-        end
-
-        def rewrite_extension(source, dir, ext)
-          if ext && File.extname(source) != ".#{ext}"
-            "#{source}.#{ext}"
-          else
-            source
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/sprockets/railtie.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bc482a39d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/railtie.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-require "action_controller/railtie"
-
-module Sprockets
-  autoload :Bootstrap,      "sprockets/bootstrap"
-  autoload :Helpers,        "sprockets/helpers"
-  autoload :Compressors,    "sprockets/compressors"
-  autoload :LazyCompressor, "sprockets/compressors"
-  autoload :NullCompressor, "sprockets/compressors"
-  autoload :StaticCompiler, "sprockets/static_compiler"
-
-  # TODO: Get rid of config.assets.enabled
-  class Railtie < ::Rails::Railtie
-    rake_tasks do
-      load "sprockets/assets.rake"
-    end
-
-    initializer "sprockets.environment", :group => :all do |app|
-      config = app.config
-      next unless config.assets.enabled
-
-      require 'sprockets'
-
-      app.assets = Sprockets::Environment.new(app.root.to_s) do |env|
-        env.version = ::Rails.env + "-#{config.assets.version}"
-
-        if config.assets.logger != false
-          env.logger = config.assets.logger || ::Rails.logger
-        end
-
-        if config.assets.cache_store != false
-          env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(config.assets.cache_store) || ::Rails.cache
-        end
-      end
-
-      if config.assets.manifest
-        path = File.join(config.assets.manifest, "manifest.yml")
-      else
-        path = File.join(Rails.public_path, config.assets.prefix, "manifest.yml")
-      end
-
-      if File.exist?(path)
-        config.assets.digests = YAML.load_file(path)
-      end
-
-      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-        include ::Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper
-        app.assets.context_class.instance_eval do
-          include ::Sprockets::Helpers::IsolatedHelper
-          include ::Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # We need to configure this after initialization to ensure we collect
-    # paths from all engines. This hook is invoked exactly before routes
-    # are compiled, and so that other Railties have an opportunity to
-    # register compressors.
-    config.after_initialize do |app|
-      Sprockets::Bootstrap.new(app).run
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/static_compiler.rb b/actionpack/lib/sprockets/static_compiler.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bbb464474..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/sprockets/static_compiler.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-require 'fileutils'
-
-module Sprockets
-  class StaticCompiler
-    attr_accessor :env, :target, :paths
-
-    def initialize(env, target, paths, options = {})
-      @env = env
-      @target = target
-      @paths = paths
-      @digest = options.fetch(:digest, true)
-      @manifest = options.fetch(:manifest, true)
-      @manifest_path = options.delete(:manifest_path) || target
-      @zip_files = options.delete(:zip_files) || /\.(?:css|html|js|svg|txt|xml)$/
-    end
-
-    def compile
-      manifest = {}
-      env.each_logical_path do |logical_path|
-        next unless compile_path?(logical_path)
-        if asset = env.find_asset(logical_path)
-          manifest[logical_path] = write_asset(asset)
-        end
-      end
-      write_manifest(manifest) if @manifest
-    end
-
-    def write_manifest(manifest)
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p(@manifest_path)
-      File.open("#{@manifest_path}/manifest.yml", 'wb') do |f|
-        YAML.dump(manifest, f)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def write_asset(asset)
-      path_for(asset).tap do |path|
-        filename = File.join(target, path)
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(filename)
-        asset.write_to(filename)
-        asset.write_to("#{filename}.gz") if filename.to_s =~ @zip_files
-      end
-    end
-
-    def compile_path?(logical_path)
-      paths.each do |path|
-        case path
-        when Regexp
-          return true if path.match(logical_path)
-        when Proc
-          return true if path.call(logical_path)
-        else
-          return true if File.fnmatch(path.to_s, logical_path)
-        end
-      end
-      false
-    end
-
-    def path_for(asset)
-      @digest ? asset.digest_path : asset.logical_path
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
index bf068aedcd..62f82a4c7a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'set'
 
 module AbstractController
   module Testing
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ module AbstractController
     # Test Render mixin
     # ====
     class RenderingController < AbstractController::Base
-      include ::AbstractController::Rendering
+      include AbstractController::Rendering
 
       def _prefixes
         []
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ module AbstractController
     # ====
     # self._layout is used when defined
     class WithLayouts < PrefixedViews
-      include Layouts
+      include AbstractController::Layouts
 
       private
       def self.layout(formats)
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ module AbstractController
     class TestActionMethodsReloading < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       test "action_methods should be reloaded after defining a new method" do
-        assert_equal ["index"], Me6.action_methods
+        assert_equal Set.new(["index"]), Me6.action_methods
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
index 2ebcebbbb7..c14d24905b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module AbstractController
   module Testing
     class MyCollector
-      include Collector
+      include AbstractController::Collector
       attr_accessor :responses
 
       def initialize
@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ module AbstractController
       end
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/helper_test.rb
index b28a5b5afb..e79008fa9d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/helper_test.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     class ControllerWithHelpers < AbstractController::Base
       include AbstractController::Rendering
-      include Helpers
+      include AbstractController::Helpers
 
       def with_module
         render :inline => "Module <%= included_method %>"
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     class AbstractHelpersBlock < ControllerWithHelpers
       helper do
-        include ::AbstractController::Testing::HelperyTest
+        include AbstractController::Testing::HelperyTest
       end
     end
 
@@ -69,7 +69,12 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_declare_missing_helper
-        assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) { AbstractHelpers.helper :missing }
+        begin
+          AbstractHelpers.helper :missing
+          flunk "should have raised an exception"
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          assert_equal "helpers/missing_helper.rb", e.path
+        end
       end
 
       def test_helpers_with_module_through_block
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/layouts_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/layouts_test.rb
index e07a6de4a9..558a45b87f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/layouts_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/layouts_test.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
         "layouts/overwrite.erb"         => "Overwrite <%= yield %>",
         "layouts/with_false_layout.erb" => "False Layout <%= yield %>",
         "abstract_controller_tests/layouts/with_string_implied_child.erb" =>
-                                           "With Implied <%= yield %>"
+                                           "With Implied <%= yield %>",
+        "abstract_controller_tests/layouts/with_grand_child_of_implied.erb" =>
+                                           "With Grand Child <%= yield %>"
+
       )]
     end
 
@@ -64,6 +67,10 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
     class WithChildOfImplied < WithStringImpliedChild
     end
 
+    class WithGrandChildOfImplied < WithStringImpliedChild
+      layout nil
+    end
+
     class WithProc < Base
       layout proc { |c| "overwrite" }
 
@@ -72,6 +79,27 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
       end
     end
 
+    class WithZeroArityProc < Base
+      layout proc { "overwrite" }
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello zero arity proc!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithProcInContextOfInstance < Base
+      def an_instance_method; end
+
+      layout proc {
+        break unless respond_to? :an_instance_method
+        "overwrite"
+      }
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello again zero arity proc!")
+      end
+    end
+
     class WithSymbol < Base
       layout :hello
 
@@ -221,6 +249,18 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
         assert_equal "Overwrite Hello proc!", controller.response_body
       end
 
+      test "when layout is specified as a proc without parameters it works just the same" do
+        controller = WithZeroArityProc.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello zero arity proc!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a proc without parameters the block is evaluated in the context of an instance" do
+        controller = WithProcInContextOfInstance.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello again zero arity proc!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
       test "when layout is specified as a symbol, call the requested method and use the layout returned" do
         controller = WithSymbol.new
         controller.process(:index)
@@ -266,6 +306,13 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
           assert_equal "With Implied Hello string!", controller.response_body
       end
 
+      test "when a grandchild has nil layout specified, the child has an implied layout, and the " \
+        "parent has specified a layout, use the child controller layout" do
+          controller = WithGrandChildOfImplied.new
+          controller.process(:index)
+          assert_equal "With Grand Child Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
       test "raises an exception when specifying layout true" do
         assert_raises ArgumentError do
           Object.class_eval do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/translation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/translation_test.rb
index 0194ee943f..99064a8b87 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/translation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/translation_test.rb
@@ -23,4 +23,17 @@ class TranslationControllerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_action_controller_base_responds_to_l
     assert_respond_to @controller, :l
   end
+
+  def test_lazy_lookup
+    expected = 'bar'
+    @controller.stubs(:action_name => :index)
+    I18n.stubs(:translate).with('action_controller.base.index.foo').returns(expected)
+    assert_equal expected, @controller.t('.foo')
+  end
+
+  def test_default_translation
+    key, expected = 'one.two' 'bar'
+    I18n.stubs(:translate).with(key).returns(expected)
+    assert_equal expected, @controller.t(key)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
index b1a5356ddd..8c7f6474e5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
 
-lib = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../lib")
-$:.unshift(lib) unless $:.include?('lib') || $:.include?(lib)
-
-activemodel_path = File.expand_path('../../../activemodel/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activemodel_path) if File.directory?(activemodel_path) && !$:.include?(activemodel_path)
-
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/lib')
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/helpers')
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/alternate_helpers')
@@ -125,11 +119,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # have been loaded.
     setup_once do
       SharedTestRoutes.draw do
-        match ':controller(/:action)'
+        get ':controller(/:action)'
       end
 
       ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.app.routes.draw do
-        match ':controller(/:action)'
+        get ':controller(/:action)'
       end
     end
   end
@@ -177,7 +171,7 @@ class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       middleware.use "ActionDispatch::ParamsParser"
       middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Cookies"
       middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Flash"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Head"
+      middleware.use "Rack::Head"
       yield(middleware) if block_given?
     end
   end
@@ -283,6 +277,7 @@ module ActionController
     include ActionController::Testing
     # This stub emulates the Railtie including the URL helpers from a Rails application
     include SharedTestRoutes.url_helpers
+    include SharedTestRoutes.mounted_helpers
 
     self.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/activerecord/active_record_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/activerecord/active_record_store_test.rb
index 2fe7959f5a..275f25f597 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/activerecord/active_record_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/activerecord/active_record_store_test.rb
@@ -254,12 +254,19 @@ class ActiveRecordStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  def test_session_store_with_all_domains
+    with_test_route_set(:domain => :all) do
+      get '/set_session_value'
+      assert_response :success
+    end
+  end
+
   private
 
     def with_test_route_set(options = {})
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => 'active_record_store_test/test'
+          get ':action', :to => 'active_record_store_test/test'
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
diff --git a/actionpack/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb b/actionpack/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
index 90e7f4ae59..afb714484b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
@@ -25,6 +25,24 @@ class Series < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'projects'
 end
 
+class ModelDelegator < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'projects'
+
+  def to_model
+    ModelDelegate.new
+  end
+end
+
+class ModelDelegate
+  def self.model_name
+    ActiveModel::Name.new(self)
+  end
+
+  def to_param
+    'overridden'
+  end
+end
+
 module Blog
   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'projects'
@@ -50,6 +68,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @bid = Bid.new
     @tax = Tax.new
     @fax = Fax.new
+    @delegator = ModelDelegator.new
     @series = Series.new
     @blog_post = Blog::Post.new
     @blog_blog = Blog::Blog.new
@@ -439,6 +458,13 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_routing_a_to_model_delegate
+    with_test_routes do
+      @delegator.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/model_delegates/overridden", polymorphic_url(@delegator)
+    end
+  end
+
   def with_namespaced_routes(name)
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
@@ -469,6 +495,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
           resource :bid
         end
         resources :series
+        resources :model_delegates
       end
 
       self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
@@ -516,5 +543,4 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       yield
     end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb b/actionpack/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
index 97be5a5bb0..409370104d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def render_with_has_many_through_association
-    @developer = Developer.find(:first)
+    @developer = Developer.first
     render :partial => @developer.topics
   end
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def render_with_record
-    @developer = Developer.find(:first)
+    @developer = Developer.first
     render :partial => @developer
   end
 
@@ -130,14 +130,40 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedControllersTest < ActiveReco
 
   def test_render_with_record_in_nested_controller
     get :render_with_record_in_nested_controller
-    assert_template 'fun/games/_game'
-    assert_equal 'Pong', @response.body
+    assert_template %r{\Afun/games/_game\Z}
+    assert_equal "Fun Pong\n", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_with_record_collection_in_nested_controller
     get :render_with_record_collection_in_nested_controller
-    assert_template 'fun/games/_game'
-    assert_equal 'PongTank', @response.body
+    assert_template %r{\Afun/games/_game\Z}
+    assert_equal "Fun Pong\nFun Tank\n", @response.body
+  end
+end
+
+class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedControllersWithoutPrefixTest < ActiveRecordTestCase
+  tests Fun::NestedController
+
+  def test_render_with_record_in_nested_controller
+    old_config = ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+    ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = false
+
+    get :render_with_record_in_nested_controller
+    assert_template %r{\Agames/_game\Z}
+    assert_equal "Just Pong\n", @response.body
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = old_config
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_record_collection_in_nested_controller
+    old_config = ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+    ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = false
+
+    get :render_with_record_collection_in_nested_controller
+    assert_template %r{\Agames/_game\Z}
+    assert_equal "Just Pong\nJust Tank\n", @response.body
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = old_config
   end
 end
 
@@ -146,13 +172,39 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedDeeperControllersTest < Acti
 
   def test_render_with_record_in_deeper_nested_controller
     get :render_with_record_in_deeper_nested_controller
-    assert_template 'fun/serious/games/_game'
-    assert_equal 'Chess', @response.body
+    assert_template %r{\Afun/serious/games/_game\Z}
+    assert_equal "Serious Chess\n", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_with_record_collection_in_deeper_nested_controller
     get :render_with_record_collection_in_deeper_nested_controller
-    assert_template 'fun/serious/games/_game'
-    assert_equal 'ChessSudokuSolitaire', @response.body
+    assert_template %r{\Afun/serious/games/_game\Z}
+    assert_equal "Serious Chess\nSerious Sudoku\nSerious Solitaire\n", @response.body
+  end
+end
+
+class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedDeeperControllersWithoutPrefixTest < ActiveRecordTestCase
+  tests Fun::Serious::NestedDeeperController
+
+  def test_render_with_record_in_deeper_nested_controller
+    old_config = ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+    ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = false
+
+    get :render_with_record_in_deeper_nested_controller
+    assert_template %r{\Agames/_game\Z}
+    assert_equal "Just Chess\n", @response.body
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = old_config
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_record_collection_in_deeper_nested_controller
+    old_config = ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+    ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = false
+
+    get :render_with_record_collection_in_deeper_nested_controller
+    assert_template %r{\Agames/_game\Z}
+    assert_equal "Just Chess\nJust Sudoku\nJust Solitaire\n", @response.body
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = old_config
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
index 01cafe1aca..9b0d4d0f4c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
@@ -76,6 +76,11 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
     render "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/standard"
   end
 
+  def render_with_layout_and_partial
+    @variable_for_layout = nil
+    render "test/hello_world_with_partial", :layout => "layouts/standard"
+  end
+
   def session_stuffing
     session['xmas'] = 'turkey'
     render :text => "ho ho ho"
@@ -162,7 +167,7 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_string_constraint
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match "photos", :to => 'action_pack_assertions#nothing', :constraints => {:subdomain => "admin"}
+        get "photos", :to => 'action_pack_assertions#nothing', :constraints => {:subdomain => "admin"}
       end
     end
   end
@@ -170,15 +175,18 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_assert_redirect_to_named_route_failure
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match 'route_one', :to => 'action_pack_assertions#nothing', :as => :route_one
-        match 'route_two', :to => 'action_pack_assertions#nothing', :id => 'two', :as => :route_two
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get 'route_one', :to => 'action_pack_assertions#nothing', :as => :route_one
+        get 'route_two', :to => 'action_pack_assertions#nothing', :id => 'two', :as => :route_two
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
       process :redirect_to_named_route
       assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
         assert_redirected_to 'http://test.host/route_two'
       end
       assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
+        assert_redirected_to %r(^http://test.host/route_two)
+      end
+      assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
         assert_redirected_to :controller => 'action_pack_assertions', :action => 'nothing', :id => 'two'
       end
       assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
@@ -192,8 +200,8 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match 'admin/inner_module', :to => 'admin/inner_module#index', :as => :admin_inner_module
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get 'admin/inner_module', :to => 'admin/inner_module#index', :as => :admin_inner_module
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
       process :redirect_to_index
       # redirection is <{"action"=>"index", "controller"=>"admin/admin/inner_module"}>
@@ -206,12 +214,13 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match '/action_pack_assertions/:id', :to => 'action_pack_assertions#index', :as => :top_level
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get '/action_pack_assertions/:id', :to => 'action_pack_assertions#index', :as => :top_level
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
       process :redirect_to_top_level_named_route
       # assert_redirected_to "http://test.host/action_pack_assertions/foo" would pass because of exact match early return
       assert_redirected_to "/action_pack_assertions/foo"
+      assert_redirected_to %r(/action_pack_assertions/foo)
     end
   end
 
@@ -221,8 +230,8 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
         # this controller exists in the admin namespace as well which is the only difference from previous test
-        match '/user/:id', :to => 'user#index', :as => :top_level
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get '/user/:id', :to => 'user#index', :as => :top_level
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
       process :redirect_to_top_level_named_route
       # assert_redirected_to top_level_url('foo') would pass because of exact match early return
@@ -469,11 +478,43 @@ class AssertTemplateTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_fails_expecting_no_layout
+    get :render_with_layout
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
+      assert_template :layout => nil
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_passes_with_correct_layout
     get :render_with_layout
     assert_template :layout => "layouts/standard"
   end
 
+  def test_passes_with_layout_and_partial
+    get :render_with_layout_and_partial
+    assert_template :layout => "layouts/standard"
+  end
+
+  def test_passed_with_no_layout
+    get :hello_world
+    assert_template :layout => nil
+  end
+
+  def test_passed_with_no_layout_false
+    get :hello_world
+    assert_template :layout => false
+  end
+
+  def test_passes_with_correct_layout_without_layouts_prefix
+    get :render_with_layout
+    assert_template :layout => "standard"
+  end
+
+  def test_passes_with_correct_layout_symbol
+    get :render_with_layout
+    assert_template :layout => :standard
+  end
+
   def test_assert_template_reset_between_requests
     get :hello_world
     assert_template 'test/hello_world'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
index d3359e79a6..3d667f0a2f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
@@ -131,6 +131,13 @@ class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "pre", :html=>text }
   end
 
+  def test_strip_textarea
+    render_html %Q{<textarea>\n\nfoo\n</textarea>}
+    assert_select "textarea", "\nfoo\n"
+    render_html %Q{<textarea>\nfoo</textarea>}
+    assert_select "textarea", "foo"
+  end
+
   def test_counts
     render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 2 }
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
index 7d0609751f..b9513ccff4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
     render :inline => "<%= #{params[:route]} %>"
   end
 
-  def default_url_options(options = nil)
+  def default_url_options
     { :host => 'www.override.com', :action => 'new', :locale => 'en' }
   end
 end
@@ -130,8 +130,6 @@ class PerformActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @request     = ActionController::TestRequest.new
     @response    = ActionController::TestResponse.new
     @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
-
-    rescue_action_in_public!
   end
 
   def test_process_should_be_precise
@@ -155,13 +153,12 @@ class UrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = 'www.example.com'
-    rescue_action_in_public!
   end
 
   def test_url_for_query_params_included
     rs = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     rs.draw do
-      match 'home' => 'pages#home'
+      get 'home' => 'pages#home'
     end
 
     options = {
@@ -177,8 +174,8 @@ class UrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_url_options_override
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match 'from_view', :to => 'url_options#from_view', :as => :from_view
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get 'from_view', :to => 'url_options#from_view', :as => :from_view
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
       get :from_view, :route => "from_view_url"
@@ -192,10 +189,9 @@ class UrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_url_helpers_does_not_become_actions
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match "account/overview"
+        get "account/overview"
       end
 
-      @controller.class.send(:include, set.url_helpers)
       assert !@controller.class.action_methods.include?("account_overview_path")
     end
   end
@@ -207,14 +203,13 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = 'www.example.com'
-    rescue_action_in_public!
   end
 
   def test_default_url_options_override
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match 'from_view', :to => 'default_url_options#from_view', :as => :from_view
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get 'from_view', :to => 'default_url_options#from_view', :as => :from_view
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
       get :from_view, :route => "from_view_url"
@@ -231,7 +226,7 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
         scope("/:locale") do
           resources :descriptions
         end
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
       get :from_view, :route => "description_path(1)"
@@ -258,7 +253,6 @@ class EmptyUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = 'www.example.com'
-    rescue_action_in_public!
   end
 
   def test_ensure_url_for_works_as_expected_when_called_with_no_options_if_default_url_options_is_not_set
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
index a42c68a628..d5afef9086 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ class PageCachingTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_page_caching_resources_saves_to_correct_path_with_extension_even_if_default_route
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match 'posts.:format', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :formatted_posts
-        match '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
+        get 'posts.:format', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :formatted_posts
+        get '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
       end
       @params[:format] = 'rss'
       assert_equal '/posts.rss', @routes.url_for(@params)
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ end
 
 class ActionCachingTestController < CachingController
   rescue_from(Exception) { head 500 }
+  rescue_from(ActionController::UnknownFormat) { head :not_acceptable }
   if defined? ActiveRecord
     rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { head :not_found }
   end
@@ -230,14 +231,16 @@ class ActionCachingTestController < CachingController
   # Eliminate uninitialized ivar warning
   before_filter { @title = nil }
 
-  caches_action :index, :redirected, :forbidden, :if => Proc.new { |c| !c.request.format.json? }, :expires_in => 1.hour
+  caches_action :index, :redirected, :forbidden, :if => Proc.new { |c| c.request.format && !c.request.format.json? }, :expires_in => 1.hour
   caches_action :show, :cache_path => 'http://test.host/custom/show'
   caches_action :edit, :cache_path => Proc.new { |c| c.params[:id] ? "http://test.host/#{c.params[:id]};edit" : "http://test.host/edit" }
   caches_action :with_layout
   caches_action :with_format_and_http_param, :cache_path => Proc.new { |c| { :key => 'value' } }
   caches_action :layout_false, :layout => false
+  caches_action :with_layout_proc_param, :layout => Proc.new { |c| c.params[:layout] }
   caches_action :record_not_found, :four_oh_four, :simple_runtime_error
   caches_action :streaming
+  caches_action :invalid
 
   layout 'talk_from_action'
 
@@ -282,6 +285,7 @@ class ActionCachingTestController < CachingController
   alias_method :edit, :index
   alias_method :destroy, :index
   alias_method :layout_false, :with_layout
+  alias_method :with_layout_proc_param, :with_layout
 
   def expire
     expire_action :controller => 'action_caching_test', :action => 'index'
@@ -301,6 +305,14 @@ class ActionCachingTestController < CachingController
   def streaming
     render :text => "streaming", :stream => true
   end
+
+  def invalid
+    @cache_this = MockTime.now.to_f.to_s
+
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.json{ render :json => @cache_this }
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class MockTime < Time
@@ -403,11 +415,40 @@ class ActionCacheTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :layout_false
     assert_response :success
     assert_not_equal cached_time, @response.body
-
     body = body_to_string(read_fragment('hostname.com/action_caching_test/layout_false'))
     assert_equal cached_time, body
   end
 
+  def test_action_cache_with_layout_and_layout_cache_false_via_proc
+    get :with_layout_proc_param, :layout => false
+    assert_response :success
+    cached_time = content_to_cache
+    assert_not_equal cached_time, @response.body
+    assert fragment_exist?('hostname.com/action_caching_test/with_layout_proc_param')
+    reset!
+
+    get :with_layout_proc_param, :layout => false
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_not_equal cached_time, @response.body
+    body = body_to_string(read_fragment('hostname.com/action_caching_test/with_layout_proc_param'))
+    assert_equal cached_time, body
+  end
+
+  def test_action_cache_with_layout_and_layout_cache_true_via_proc
+    get :with_layout_proc_param, :layout => true
+    assert_response :success
+    cached_time = content_to_cache
+    assert_not_equal cached_time, @response.body
+    assert fragment_exist?('hostname.com/action_caching_test/with_layout_proc_param')
+    reset!
+
+    get :with_layout_proc_param, :layout => true
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_not_equal cached_time, @response.body
+    body = body_to_string(read_fragment('hostname.com/action_caching_test/with_layout_proc_param'))
+    assert_equal @response.body, body
+  end
+
   def test_action_cache_conditional_options
     @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = 'application/json'
     get :index
@@ -560,7 +601,7 @@ class ActionCacheTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_xml_version_of_resource_is_treated_as_different_cache
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match ':controller(/:action(.:format))'
+        get ':controller(/:action(.:format))'
       end
 
       get :index, :format => 'xml'
@@ -659,6 +700,25 @@ class ActionCacheTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert fragment_exist?('hostname.com/action_caching_test/streaming')
   end
 
+  def test_invalid_format_returns_not_acceptable
+    get :invalid, :format => "json"
+    assert_response :success
+    cached_time = content_to_cache
+    assert_equal cached_time, @response.body
+
+    assert fragment_exist?("hostname.com/action_caching_test/invalid.json")
+
+    get :invalid, :format => "json"
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal cached_time, @response.body
+
+    get :invalid, :format => "xml"
+    assert_response :not_acceptable
+
+    get :invalid, :format => "\xC3\x83"
+    assert_response :not_acceptable
+  end
+
   private
     def content_to_cache
       assigns(:cache_this)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
index 65c853f6eb..afc00a3c9d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
@@ -326,6 +326,12 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       controller.instance_variable_set(:"@after_ran", true)
       controller.class.execution_log << " after aroundfilter " if controller.respond_to? :execution_log
     end
+
+    def around(controller)
+      before(controller)
+      yield
+      after(controller)
+    end
   end
 
   class AppendedAroundFilter
@@ -336,6 +342,12 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     def after(controller)
       controller.class.execution_log << " after appended aroundfilter "
     end
+
+    def around(controller)
+      before(controller)
+      yield
+      after(controller)
+    end
   end
 
   class AuditController < ActionController::Base
@@ -493,6 +505,10 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     def show
       render :text => 'hello world'
     end
+
+    def error
+      raise StandardError.new
+    end
   end
 
   class ImplicitActionsController < ActionController::Base
@@ -510,11 +526,25 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_sweeper_should_not_ignore_no_method_error
+    sweeper = ActionController::Caching::Sweeper.send(:new)
+    assert_raise NoMethodError do
+      sweeper.send_not_defined
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_sweeper_should_not_block_rendering
     response = test_process(SweeperTestController)
     assert_equal 'hello world', response.body
   end
 
+  def test_sweeper_should_clean_up_if_exception_is_raised
+    assert_raise StandardError do
+      test_process(SweeperTestController, 'error')
+    end
+    assert_nil AppSweeper.instance.controller
+  end
+
   def test_before_method_of_sweeper_should_always_return_true
     sweeper = ActionController::Caching::Sweeper.send(:new)
     assert sweeper.before(TestController.new)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
index 37ccc7a4a5..8340aab4d2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
     def redirect_with_other_flashes
       redirect_to '/wonderland', :flash => { :joyride => "Horses!" }
     end
+
+    def redirect_with_foo_flash
+      redirect_to "/wonderland", :foo => 'for great justice'
+    end
   end
 
   tests TestController
@@ -203,6 +207,12 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :redirect_with_other_flashes
     assert_equal "Horses!", @controller.send(:flash)[:joyride]
   end
+
+  def test_redirect_to_with_adding_flash_types
+    @controller.class.add_flash_types :foo
+    get :redirect_with_foo_flash
+    assert_equal "for great justice", @controller.send(:flash)[:foo]
+  end
 end
 
 class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -210,9 +220,7 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   SessionSecret = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
 
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
-    def dont_set_flash
-      head :ok
-    end
+    add_flash_types :bar
 
     def set_flash
       flash["that"] = "hello"
@@ -227,6 +235,11 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def use_flash
       render :inline => "flash: #{flash["that"]}"
     end
+
+    def set_bar
+      flash[:bar] = "for great justice"
+      head :ok
+    end
   end
 
   def test_flash
@@ -266,6 +279,14 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  def test_added_flash_types_method
+    with_test_route_set do
+      get '/set_bar'
+      assert_response :success
+      assert_equal 'for great justice', @controller.bar
+    end
+  end
+
   private
 
     # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
@@ -277,7 +298,7 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_route_set
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => FlashIntegrationTest::TestController
+          get ':action', :to => FlashIntegrationTest::TestController
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
index 7feeda25b3..6758668b7a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,14 @@ class ForceSSLExceptAction < ForceSSLController
   force_ssl :except => :banana
 end
 
+class ForceSSLIfCondition < ForceSSLController
+  force_ssl :if => :use_force_ssl?
+
+  def use_force_ssl?
+    action_name == 'cheeseburger'
+  end
+end
+
 class ForceSSLFlash < ForceSSLController
   force_ssl :except => [:banana, :set_flash, :use_flash]
 
@@ -41,6 +49,15 @@ class ForceSSLFlash < ForceSSLController
   end
 end
 
+class RedirectToSSL < ForceSSLController
+  def banana
+    force_ssl_redirect || render(:text => 'monkey')
+  end
+  def cheeseburger
+    force_ssl_redirect('secure.cheeseburger.host') || render(:text => 'ihaz')
+  end
+end
+
 class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests ForceSSLControllerLevel
 
@@ -109,6 +126,21 @@ class ForceSSLExceptActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class ForceSSLIfConditionTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests ForceSSLIfCondition
+
+  def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
+    get :banana
+    assert_response 200
+  end
+
+  def test_cheeseburger_redirects_to_https
+    get :cheeseburger
+    assert_response 301
+    assert_equal "https://test.host/force_ssl_if_condition/cheeseburger", redirect_to_url
+  end
+end
+
 class ForceSSLFlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests ForceSSLFlash
 
@@ -126,3 +158,25 @@ class ForceSSLFlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "hello", assigns["flashy"]
   end
 end
+
+class RedirectToSSLTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests RedirectToSSL
+  def test_banana_redirects_to_https_if_not_https
+    get :banana
+    assert_response 301
+    assert_equal "https://test.host/redirect_to_ssl/banana", redirect_to_url
+  end
+
+  def test_cheeseburgers_redirects_to_https_with_new_host_if_not_https
+    get :cheeseburger
+    assert_response 301
+    assert_equal "https://secure.cheeseburger.host/redirect_to_ssl/cheeseburger", redirect_to_url
+  end
+
+  def test_banana_does_not_redirect_if_already_https
+    request.env['HTTPS'] = 'on'
+    get :cheeseburger
+    assert_response 200
+    assert_equal 'ihaz', response.body
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
index 757661d8d0..248c81193e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
@@ -46,12 +46,42 @@ end
 class MeTooController < JustMeController
 end
 
+class HelpersPathsController < ActionController::Base
+  paths = ["helpers2_pack", "helpers1_pack"].map do |path|
+    File.join(File.expand_path('../../fixtures', __FILE__), path)
+  end
+  $:.unshift(*paths)
+
+  self.helpers_path = paths
+  helper :all
+
+  def index
+    render :inline => "<%= conflicting_helper %>"
+  end
+end
+
 module LocalAbcHelper
   def a() end
   def b() end
   def c() end
 end
 
+class HelperPathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
+    @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
+  end
+
+  def test_helpers_paths_priority
+    request  = ActionController::TestRequest.new
+    responses = HelpersPathsController.action(:index).call(request.env)
+
+    # helpers1_pack was given as a second path, so pack1_helper should be
+    # included as the second one
+    assert_equal "pack1", responses.last.body
+  end
+end
+
 class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     attr_accessor :delegate_attr
@@ -79,13 +109,13 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_helper_method
     assert_nothing_raised { @controller_class.helper_method :delegate_method }
-    assert master_helper_methods.include?('delegate_method')
+    assert master_helper_methods.include?(:delegate_method)
   end
 
   def test_helper_attr
     assert_nothing_raised { @controller_class.helper_attr :delegate_attr }
-    assert master_helper_methods.include?('delegate_attr')
-    assert master_helper_methods.include?('delegate_attr=')
+    assert master_helper_methods.include?(:delegate_attr)
+    assert master_helper_methods.include?(:delegate_attr=)
   end
 
   def call_controller(klass, action)
@@ -130,16 +160,16 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_all_helpers
-    methods = AllHelpersController._helpers.instance_methods.map {|m| m.to_s}
+    methods = AllHelpersController._helpers.instance_methods
 
     # abc_helper.rb
-    assert methods.include?('bare_a')
+    assert methods.include?(:bare_a)
 
     # fun/games_helper.rb
-    assert methods.include?('stratego')
+    assert methods.include?(:stratego)
 
     # fun/pdf_helper.rb
-    assert methods.include?('foobar')
+    assert methods.include?(:foobar)
   end
 
   def test_all_helpers_with_alternate_helper_dir
@@ -150,35 +180,35 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @controller_class.helper :all
 
     # helpers/abc_helper.rb should not be included
-    assert !master_helper_methods.include?('bare_a')
+    assert !master_helper_methods.include?(:bare_a)
 
     # alternate_helpers/foo_helper.rb
-    assert master_helper_methods.include?('baz')
+    assert master_helper_methods.include?(:baz)
   end
 
   def test_helper_proxy
-    methods = AllHelpersController.helpers.methods.map(&:to_s)
+    methods = AllHelpersController.helpers.methods
 
     # Action View
-    assert methods.include?('pluralize')
+    assert methods.include?(:pluralize)
 
     # abc_helper.rb
-    assert methods.include?('bare_a')
+    assert methods.include?(:bare_a)
 
     # fun/games_helper.rb
-    assert methods.include?('stratego')
+    assert methods.include?(:stratego)
 
     # fun/pdf_helper.rb
-    assert methods.include?('foobar')
+    assert methods.include?(:foobar)
   end
 
   private
     def expected_helper_methods
-      TestHelper.instance_methods.map {|m| m.to_s }
+      TestHelper.instance_methods
     end
 
     def master_helper_methods
-      @controller_class._helpers.instance_methods.map {|m| m.to_s }
+      @controller_class._helpers.instance_methods
     end
 
     def missing_methods
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
index a91e3cafa5..828ea5b0fb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
@@ -274,6 +274,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def decode_credentials(header)
-    ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Digest.decode_credentials(@response.headers['WWW-Authenticate'])
+    ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Digest.decode_credentials(header)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
index 3054c1684c..ad4e743be8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,14 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "authentication request with badly formatted header" do
+    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = "Token foobar"
+    get :index
+
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+    assert_equal "HTTP Token: Access denied.\n", @response.body, "Authentication header was not properly parsed"
+  end
+
   test "authentication request without credential" do
     get :display
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
index 44f033119d..f18bf33969 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
@@ -405,6 +405,15 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  def test_request_with_bad_format
+    with_test_route_set do
+      xhr :get, '/get.php'
+      assert_equal 406, status
+      assert_response 406
+      assert_response :not_acceptable
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_get_with_query_string
     with_test_route_set do
       get '/get_with_params?foo=bar'
@@ -466,7 +475,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => controller
+          match ':action', :to => controller, :via => [:get, :post]
           get 'get/:action', :to => controller
         end
 
@@ -529,11 +538,26 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
   end
 
+  class MountedApp
+    def self.routes
+      @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    end
+
+    routes.draw do
+      get 'baz', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :baz
+    end
+
+    def self.call(*)
+    end
+  end
+
   routes.draw do
-    match '',    :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :empty_string
+    get '',    :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :empty_string
+
+    get 'foo', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :foo
+    get 'bar', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :bar
 
-    match 'foo', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :foo
-    match 'bar', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :bar
+    mount MountedApp => '/mounted', :as => "mounted"
   end
 
   def app
@@ -546,6 +570,10 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/bar', bar_path
   end
 
+  test "includes mounted helpers" do
+    assert_equal '/mounted/baz', mounted.baz_path
+  end
+
   test "route helpers after controller access" do
     get '/'
     assert_equal '/', empty_string_path
@@ -606,3 +634,83 @@ class EnvironmentFilterIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '[FILTERED]', request.filtered_env['rack.request.form_vars']
   end
 end
+
+class UrlOptionsIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def index
+      render :text => "foo#index"
+    end
+
+    def show
+      render :text => "foo#show"
+    end
+
+    def edit
+      render :text => "foo#show"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BarController < ActionController::Base
+    def default_url_options
+      { :host => "bar.com" }
+    end
+
+    def index
+      render :text => "foo#index"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.routes
+    @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  end
+
+  def self.call(env)
+    routes.call(env)
+  end
+
+  def app
+    self.class
+  end
+
+  routes.draw do
+    default_url_options :host => "foo.com"
+
+    scope :module => "url_options_integration_test" do
+      get "/foo" => "foo#index", :as => :foos
+      get "/foo/:id" => "foo#show", :as => :foo
+      get "/foo/:id/edit" => "foo#edit", :as => :edit_foo
+      get "/bar" => "bar#index", :as => :bars
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "session uses default url options from routes" do
+    assert_equal "http://foo.com/foo", foos_url
+  end
+
+  test "current host overrides default url options from routes" do
+    get "/foo"
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foos_url
+  end
+
+  test "controller can override default url options from request" do
+    get "/bar"
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal "http://bar.com/foo", foos_url
+  end
+
+  test "test can override default url options" do
+    default_url_options[:host] = "foobar.com"
+    assert_equal "http://foobar.com/foo", foos_url
+
+    get "/bar"
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal "http://foobar.com/foo", foos_url
+  end
+
+  test "current request path parameters are recalled" do
+    get "/foo/1"
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal "/foo/1/edit", url_for(:action => 'edit', :only_path => true)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb
index 0e4099ddc6..c8e036b116 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb
@@ -207,8 +207,9 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :html_or_xml
     assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
 
-    get :just_xml
-    assert_response 406
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :just_xml
+    end
   end
 
   def test_all
@@ -239,8 +240,10 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
 
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-    xhr :get, :just_xml
-    assert_response 406
+    
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      xhr :get, :just_xml
+    end
   end
 
   def test_json_or_yaml_with_leading_star_star
@@ -495,14 +498,14 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_invalid_format
-    get :using_defaults, :format => "invalidformat"
-    assert_equal " ", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :using_defaults, :format => "invalidformat"
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class RespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  respond_to :html, :json
+  respond_to :html, :json, :touch
   respond_to :xml, :except => :using_resource_with_block
   respond_to :js,  :only => [ :using_resource_with_block, :using_resource, 'using_hash_resource' ]
 
@@ -620,12 +623,14 @@ class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     super
     @request.host = "www.example.com"
     Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :iphone)
+    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :touch)
     Mime::Type.register('text/x-mobile', :mobile)
   end
 
   def teardown
     super
     Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:touch)
     Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
   end
 
@@ -701,12 +706,14 @@ class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_not_acceptable
     @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal 406, @response.status
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :using_resource_with_block
+    end
 
     @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    assert_equal 406, @response.status
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
+    end
   end
 
   def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_redirects_on_success
@@ -984,8 +991,9 @@ class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_clear_respond_to
     @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
     @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 406, @response.status
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :index
+    end
   end
 
   def test_first_in_respond_to_has_higher_priority
@@ -1118,7 +1126,7 @@ class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
           resources :quiz_stores do
             resources :customers
           end
-          match ":controller/:action"
+          get ":controller/:action"
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
index c424dcbd8d..5bcd79ebec 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,36 @@ module BareMetalTest
     def index
       head :not_found
     end
+
+    def continue
+      self.content_type = "text/html"
+      head 100
+    end
+
+    def switching_protocols
+      self.content_type = "text/html"
+      head 101
+    end
+
+    def processing
+      self.content_type = "text/html"
+      head 102
+    end
+
+    def no_content
+      self.content_type = "text/html"
+      head 204
+    end
+
+    def reset_content
+      self.content_type = "text/html"
+      head 205
+    end
+
+    def not_modified
+      self.content_type = "text/html"
+      head 304
+    end
   end
 
   class HeadTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -44,6 +74,42 @@ module BareMetalTest
       status = HeadController.action(:index).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).first
       assert_equal 404, status
     end
+
+    test "head :continue (100) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:continue).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
+    end
+
+    test "head :continue (101) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:continue).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
+    end
+
+    test "head :processing (102) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:processing).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
+    end
+
+    test "head :no_content (204) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:no_content).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
+    end
+
+    test "head :reset_content (205) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:reset_content).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
+    end
+
+    test "head :not_modified (304) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:not_modified).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
+      assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
+    end
   end
 
   class BareControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
index 4b70031c90..9b57641e75 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module ContentType
     test "default response is HTML and UTF8" do
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':controller', :action => 'index'
+          get ':controller', :action => 'index'
         end
 
         get "/content_type/base"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
index aa44e0b282..475bf9d3c9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
@@ -86,8 +86,6 @@ module RenderAction
     def setup
     end
 
-    describe "Both <controller_path>.html.erb and application.html.erb are missing"
-
     test "rendering with layout => true" do
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
         get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_layout", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
@@ -154,8 +152,6 @@ module RenderActionWithApplicationLayout
   end
 
   class LayoutTest < Rack::TestCase
-    describe "Only application.html.erb is present and <controller_path>.html.erb is missing"
-
     test "rendering implicit application.html.erb as layout" do
       get "/render_action_with_application_layout/basic/hello_world"
 
@@ -232,8 +228,6 @@ module RenderActionWithControllerLayout
   end
 
   class ControllerLayoutTest < Rack::TestCase
-    describe "Only <controller_path>.html.erb is present and application.html.erb is missing"
-
     test "render hello_world and implicitly use <controller_path>.html.erb as a layout." do
       get "/render_action_with_controller_layout/basic/hello_world"
 
@@ -290,8 +284,6 @@ module RenderActionWithBothLayouts
   end
 
   class ControllerLayoutTest < Rack::TestCase
-    describe "Both <controller_path>.html.erb and application.html.erb are present"
-
     test "rendering implicitly use <controller_path>.html.erb over application.html.erb as a layout" do
       get "/render_action_with_both_layouts/basic/hello_world"
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
index 61ea68e3f7..bfca8c5c24 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
@@ -73,13 +73,13 @@ module RenderStreaming
 
     test "rendering with layout exception" do
       get "/render_streaming/basic/layout_exception"
-      assert_body "d\r\n<body class=\"\r\n4e\r\n\"><script type=\"text/javascript\">window.location = \"/500.html\"</script></html>\r\n0\r\n\r\n"
+      assert_body "d\r\n<body class=\"\r\n37\r\n\"><script>window.location = \"/500.html\"</script></html>\r\n0\r\n\r\n"
       assert_streaming!
     end
 
     test "rendering with template exception" do
       get "/render_streaming/basic/template_exception"
-      assert_body "4e\r\n\"><script type=\"text/javascript\">window.location = \"/500.html\"</script></html>\r\n0\r\n\r\n"
+      assert_body "37\r\n\"><script>window.location = \"/500.html\"</script></html>\r\n0\r\n\r\n"
       assert_streaming!
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
index ade204c387..156d87c321 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
@@ -160,11 +160,9 @@ module RenderTemplate
   end
 
   class TestWithLayout < Rack::TestCase
-    describe "Rendering with :template using implicit or explicit layout"
-
     test "rendering with implicit layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { match ':controller', :action => :index }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => :index }
 
         get "/render_template/with_layout"
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
index 60468bf5c7..cc7f12ac6d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ module Render
     test "render with blank" do
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ":controller", :action => 'index'
+          get ":controller", :action => 'index'
         end
 
         get "/render/blank_render"
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module Render
     test "rendering more than once raises an exception" do
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ":controller", :action => 'index'
+          get ":controller", :action => 'index'
         end
 
         assert_raises(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
index 06d500cca7..d6c3926a4d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
@@ -63,11 +63,9 @@ module RenderText
   end
 
   class RenderTextTest < Rack::TestCase
-    describe "Rendering text using render :text"
-
-    test "rendering text from a action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { match ':controller', :action => 'index' }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => 'index' }
 
         get "/render_text/simple"
         assert_body "hello david"
@@ -75,9 +73,9 @@ module RenderText
       end
     end
 
-    test "rendering text from a action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { match ':controller', :action => 'index' }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => 'index' }
 
         get "/render_text/with_layout"
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
index c4d2614200..5b05f77045 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     UsersController.last_parameters = nil
   end
 
+  def test_filtered_parameters
+    with_default_wrapper_options do
+      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      assert_equal @request.filtered_parameters, { 'controller' => 'params_wrapper_test/users', 'action' => 'parse', 'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' } }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_derived_name_from_controller
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
@@ -174,7 +182,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   
   def test_accessible_wrapped_keys_from_matching_model
     User.expects(:respond_to?).with(:accessible_attributes).returns(true)
-    User.expects(:accessible_attributes).twice.returns(["username"])
+    User.expects(:accessible_attributes).with(:default).twice.returns(["username"])
     
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
@@ -186,7 +194,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_accessible_wrapped_keys_from_specified_model
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       Person.expects(:respond_to?).with(:accessible_attributes).returns(true)
-      Person.expects(:accessible_attributes).twice.returns(["username"])
+      Person.expects(:accessible_attributes).with(:default).twice.returns(["username"])
 
       UsersController.wrap_parameters Person
 
@@ -195,6 +203,19 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
+  
+  def test_accessible_wrapped_keys_with_role_from_specified_model
+    with_default_wrapper_options do
+      Person.expects(:respond_to?).with(:accessible_attributes).returns(true)
+      Person.expects(:accessible_attributes).with(:admin).twice.returns(["username"])
+
+      UsersController.wrap_parameters Person, :as => :admin
+
+      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
+    end
+  end
 
   def test_not_wrapping_abstract_model
     User.expects(:respond_to?).with(:accessible_attributes).returns(false)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
index b1d76150f8..4331333b98 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
@@ -103,6 +103,14 @@ class RedirectController < ActionController::Base
     redirect_to proc { {:action => "hello_world"} }
   end
 
+  def redirect_with_header_break
+    redirect_to "/lol\r\nwat"
+  end
+
+  def redirect_with_null_bytes
+    redirect_to "\000/lol\r\nwat"
+  end
+
   def rescue_errors(e) raise e end
 
   protected
@@ -120,6 +128,18 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "http://test.host/redirect/hello_world", redirect_to_url
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_with_header_break
+    get :redirect_with_header_break
+    assert_response :redirect
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/lolwat", redirect_to_url
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_with_null_bytes
+    get :redirect_with_null_bytes
+    assert_response :redirect
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/lolwat", redirect_to_url
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_with_no_status
     get :simple_redirect
     assert_response 302
@@ -242,7 +262,7 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
         resources :workshops
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
       get :redirect_to_existing_record
@@ -276,7 +296,7 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_redirect_to_with_block_and_accepted_options
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
       get :redirect_to_with_block_and_options
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
index 75fed8e933..7c0a6bd67e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_json_with_callback
     get :render_json_hello_world_with_callback
     assert_equal 'alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
-    assert_equal 'application/json', @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_custom_content_type
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
index 8167fc2fd2..6bebe7e1ed 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -102,12 +102,12 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_with_more_keys
-    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, 'max-stale' => 5.hours
+    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, 's-maxage' => 5.hours
     render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
   def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_with_more_keys_old_syntax
-    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, :private => nil, 'max-stale' => 5.hours
+    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, :private => nil, 's-maxage' => 5.hours
     render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
@@ -116,6 +116,12 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
+  def conditional_hello_with_cache_control_headers
+    response.headers['Cache-Control'] = 'no-transform'
+    expires_now
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
+  end
+
   def conditional_hello_with_bangs
     render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
@@ -505,6 +511,14 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     render :text => "hello world!"
   end
 
+  def head_created
+    head :created
+  end
+
+  def head_created_with_application_json_content_type
+    head :created, :content_type => "application/json"
+  end
+
   def head_with_location_header
     head :location => "/foo"
   end
@@ -553,12 +567,33 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     render :partial => 'partial'
   end
 
+  def partial_html_erb
+    render :partial => 'partial_html_erb'
+  end
+
   def render_to_string_with_partial
     @partial_only = render_to_string :partial => "partial_only"
     @partial_with_locals = render_to_string :partial => "customer", :locals => { :customer => Customer.new("david") }
     render :template => "test/hello_world"
   end
 
+  def render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
+    @text = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:text]
+    @html = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:html]
+    render :template => "test/with_html_partial"
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
+    @html = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:html]
+    render :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:text]
+  end
+
+  def render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
+    render  :template => "test/with_xml_template",
+            :formats  => [:html],
+            :layout   => "with_html_partial"
+  end
+
   def partial_with_counter
     render :partial => "counter", :locals => { :counter_counter => 5 }
   end
@@ -695,6 +730,14 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     end
 end
 
+class MetalTestController < ActionController::Metal
+  include ActionController::Rendering
+
+  def accessing_logger_in_template
+    render :inline =>  "<%= logger.class %>"
+  end
+end
+
 class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
@@ -1001,6 +1044,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template
     get :accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template, :local_name => "Local David"
     assert_equal "Goodbye, Local David", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_should_implicitly_render_html_template_from_xhr_request
@@ -1155,6 +1199,19 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_head_created
+    post :head_created
+    assert_blank @response.body
+    assert_response :created
+  end
+
+  def test_head_created_with_application_json_content_type
+    post :head_created_with_application_json_content_type
+    assert_blank @response.body
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_response :created
+  end
+
   def test_head_with_location_header
     get :head_with_location_header
     assert_blank @response.body
@@ -1166,7 +1223,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
         resources :customers
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
       get :head_with_location_object
@@ -1255,6 +1312,15 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
   end
 
+  def test_render_html_formatted_partial_even_with_other_mime_time_in_accept
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
+
+    get :partial_html_erb
+
+    assert_equal "partial.html.erb", @response.body.strip
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
   def test_should_render_html_partial_with_formats
     get :partial_formats_html
     assert_equal "partial html", @response.body
@@ -1268,6 +1334,28 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
   end
 
+  def test_render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
+    get :render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
+    assert_equal "**only partial**\n", assigns(:text)
+    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", assigns(:html)
+    assert_equal "<strong>only html partial</strong>\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
+    get :render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
+    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", assigns(:html)
+    assert_equal "**only partial**\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/plain", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
+    get :render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
+    expected = "only html partial<p>This is grand!</p>"
+    assert_equal expected, @response.body.strip
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
   def test_partial_with_counter
     get :partial_with_counter
     assert_equal "5", @response.body
@@ -1425,12 +1513,12 @@ class ExpiresInRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_expires_in_header_with_additional_headers
     get :conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_with_more_keys
-    assert_equal "max-age=60, public, max-stale=18000", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+    assert_equal "max-age=60, public, s-maxage=18000", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
   end
 
   def test_expires_in_old_syntax
     get :conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_with_more_keys_old_syntax
-    assert_equal "max-age=60, public, max-stale=18000", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+    assert_equal "max-age=60, public, s-maxage=18000", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
   end
 
   def test_expires_now
@@ -1438,6 +1526,12 @@ class ExpiresInRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "no-cache", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
   end
 
+  def test_expires_now_with_cache_control_headers
+    get :conditional_hello_with_cache_control_headers
+    assert_match(/no-cache/, @response.headers["Cache-Control"])
+    assert_match(/no-transform/, @response.headers["Cache-Control"])
+  end
+
   def test_date_header_when_expires_in
     time = Time.mktime(2011,10,30)
     Time.stubs(:now).returns(time)
@@ -1531,3 +1625,12 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :success
   end
 end
+
+class MetalRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests MetalTestController
+
+  def test_access_to_logger_in_view
+    get :accessing_logger_in_template
+    assert_equal "NilClass", @response.body
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
index 8b4f2f5349..4f280c4bec 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class RenderXmlTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
         resources :customers
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
       get :render_with_object_location
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
index 64ed7f667f..0289f4070b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionActions
   end
 
   def show_button
-    render :inline => "<%= button_to('New', '/') {} %>"
+    render :inline => "<%= button_to('New', '/') %>"
   end
 
   def external_form
@@ -35,6 +35,24 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionActions
   def form_for_without_protection
     render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :authenticity_token => false ) {} %>"
   end
+
+  def form_for_remote
+    render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :remote => true ) {} %>"
+  end
+
+  def form_for_remote_with_token
+    render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :remote => true, :authenticity_token => true ) {} %>"
+  end
+
+  def form_for_with_token
+    render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :authenticity_token => true ) {} %>"
+  end
+
+  def form_for_remote_with_external_token
+    render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :remote => true, :authenticity_token => 'external_token') {} %>"
+  end
+
+  def rescue_action(e) raise e end
 end
 
 # sample controllers
@@ -43,7 +61,7 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionController < ActionController::Base
   protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta)
 end
 
-class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingOldBehaviour < ActionController::Base
+class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingException < ActionController::Base
   include RequestForgeryProtectionActions
   protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta)
 
@@ -61,7 +79,7 @@ class FreeCookieController < RequestForgeryProtectionController
   end
 
   def show_button
-    render :inline => "<%= button_to('New', '/') {} %>"
+    render :inline => "<%= button_to('New', '/') %>"
   end
 end
 
@@ -98,6 +116,60 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
+  def test_should_render_form_without_token_tag_if_remote
+    assert_not_blocked do
+      get :form_for_remote
+    end
+    assert_no_match(/authenticity_token/, response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_if_remote_and_embedding_token_is_on
+    original = ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms
+    begin
+      ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = true
+      assert_not_blocked do
+        get :form_for_remote
+      end
+      assert_match(/authenticity_token/, response.body)
+    ensure
+      ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = original
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_if_remote_and_external_authenticity_token_requested_and_embedding_is_on
+    original = ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms
+    begin
+      ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = true
+      assert_not_blocked do
+        get :form_for_remote_with_external_token
+      end
+      assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
+    ensure
+      ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = original
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_if_remote_and_external_authenticity_token_requested
+    assert_not_blocked do
+      get :form_for_remote_with_external_token
+    end
+    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_if_remote_and_authenticity_token_requested
+    assert_not_blocked do
+      get :form_for_remote_with_token
+    end
+    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_with_authenticity_token_requested
+    assert_not_blocked do
+      get :form_for_with_token
+    end
+    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+  end
+
   def test_should_allow_get
     assert_not_blocked { get :index }
   end
@@ -215,7 +287,7 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingOldBehaviourTest < ActionController::TestCase
+class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingExceptionTest < ActionController::TestCase
   include RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   def assert_blocked
     assert_raises(ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken) do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
index 9c51db135b..48e2d6491e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
@@ -60,11 +60,6 @@ class RescueController < ActionController::Base
     render :text => exception.message
   end
 
-  # This is a Dispatcher exception and should be in ApplicationController.
-  rescue_from ActionController::RoutingError do
-    render :text => 'no way'
-  end
-
   rescue_from ActionView::TemplateError do
     render :text => 'action_view templater error'
   end
@@ -343,9 +338,9 @@ class RescueTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match 'foo', :to => ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:foo)
-          match 'invalid', :to => ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:invalid)
-          match 'b00m', :to => ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:b00m)
+          get 'foo', :to => ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:foo)
+          get 'invalid', :to => ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:invalid)
+          get 'b00m', :to => ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:b00m)
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
index 3c0a5d36ca..de1bff17eb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     expected_options = {:controller => 'messages', :action => 'show', :id => '1.1.1'}
 
     with_restful_routing :messages do
-      assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+      assert_raise(Assertion) do
         assert_recognizes(expected_options, :path => 'messages/1.1.1', :method => :get)
       end
     end
@@ -660,15 +660,15 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       options = { :controller => controller_name.to_s }
       collection_path = "/#{controller_name}"
 
-      assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+      assert_raise(Assertion) do
         assert_recognizes(options.merge(:action => 'update'), :path => collection_path, :method => :patch)
       end
 
-      assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+      assert_raise(Assertion) do
         assert_recognizes(options.merge(:action => 'update'), :path => collection_path, :method => :put)
       end
 
-      assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+      assert_raise(Assertion) do
         assert_recognizes(options.merge(:action => 'destroy'), :path => collection_path, :method => :delete)
       end
     end
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         scope '/threads/:thread_id' do
           resources :messages, :as => 'thread_messages' do
             get :search, :on => :collection
-            match :preview, :on => :new
+            get :preview, :on => :new
           end
         end
       end
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         scope '/admin' do
           resource :account, :as => :admin_account do
             get :login, :on => :member
-            match :preview, :on => :new
+            get :preview, :on => :new
           end
         end
       end
@@ -1353,7 +1353,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     def assert_not_recognizes(expected_options, path)
-      assert_raise ActionController::RoutingError, Assertion do
+      assert_raise Assertion do
         assert_recognizes(expected_options, path)
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
index 272a7da8c5..6cc1370105 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class UriReservedCharactersRoutingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     @set = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     @set.draw do
-      match ':controller/:action/:variable/*additional'
+      get ':controller/:action/:variable/*additional'
     end
 
     safe, unsafe = %w(: @ & = + $ , ;), %w(^ ? # [ ])
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_symbols_with_dashes
     rs.draw do
-      match '/:artist/:song-omg', :to => lambda { |env|
+      get '/:artist/:song-omg', :to => lambda { |env|
         resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_id_with_dash
     rs.draw do
-      match '/journey/:id', :to => lambda { |env|
+      get '/journey/:id', :to => lambda { |env|
         resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
-      match '/:artist/:song-omg', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
+      get '/:artist/:song-omg', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
         resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_pre_dash
     rs.draw do
-      match '/:artist/omg-:song', :to => lambda { |env|
+      get '/:artist/omg-:song', :to => lambda { |env|
         resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_pre_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
-      match '/:artist/omg-:song', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
+      get '/:artist/omg-:song', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
         resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_star_paths_are_greedy
     rs.draw do
-      match "/*path", :to => lambda { |env|
+      get "/*path", :to => lambda { |env|
         x = env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"][:path]
         [200, {}, [x]]
       }, :format => false
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_star_paths_are_greedy_but_not_too_much
     rs.draw do
-      match "/*path", :to => lambda { |env|
+      get "/*path", :to => lambda { |env|
         x = JSON.dump env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
         [200, {}, [x]]
       }
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_optional_star_paths_are_greedy
     rs.draw do
-      match "/(*filters)", :to => lambda { |env|
+      get "/(*filters)", :to => lambda { |env|
         x = env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"][:filters]
         [200, {}, [x]]
       }, :format => false
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_optional_star_paths_are_greedy_but_not_too_much
     rs.draw do
-      match "/(*filters)", :to => lambda { |env|
+      get "/(*filters)", :to => lambda { |env|
         x = JSON.dump env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
         [200, {}, [x]]
       }
@@ -198,11 +198,11 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_regexp_precidence
     @rs.draw do
-      match '/whois/:domain', :constraints => {
+      get '/whois/:domain', :constraints => {
         :domain => /\w+\.[\w\.]+/ },
         :to     => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{regexp}] }
 
-      match '/whois/:id', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{id}] }
+      get '/whois/:id', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{id}] }
     end
 
     assert_equal 'regexp', get(URI('http://example.org/whois/example.org'))
@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     }
 
     @rs.draw do
-      match '/', :constraints => subdomain.new,
+      get '/', :constraints => subdomain.new,
                  :to          => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{default}] }
-      match '/', :constraints => { :subdomain => 'clients' },
+      get '/', :constraints => { :subdomain => 'clients' },
                  :to          => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{clients}] }
     end
 
@@ -229,11 +229,11 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_lambda_constraints
     @rs.draw do
-      match '/', :constraints => lambda { |req|
+      get '/', :constraints => lambda { |req|
         req.subdomain.present? and req.subdomain != "clients" },
                  :to          => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{default}] }
 
-      match '/', :constraints => lambda { |req|
+      get '/', :constraints => lambda { |req|
         req.subdomain.present? && req.subdomain == "clients" },
                  :to          => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{clients}] }
     end
@@ -270,8 +270,18 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_specific_controller_action_failure
+    @rs.draw do
+      mount lambda {} => "/foo"
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+      url_for(@rs, :controller => "omg", :action => "lol")
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_default_setup
-    @rs.draw { match '/:controller(/:action(/:id))' }
+    @rs.draw { get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))' }
     assert_equal({:controller => "content", :action => 'index'}, rs.recognize_path("/content"))
     assert_equal({:controller => "content", :action => 'list'},  rs.recognize_path("/content/list"))
     assert_equal({:controller => "content", :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, rs.recognize_path("/content/show/10"))
@@ -289,21 +299,21 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_ignores_leading_slash
     @rs.clear!
-    @rs.draw { match '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'}
+    @rs.draw { get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'}
     test_default_setup
   end
 
   def test_route_with_colon_first
     rs.draw do
-      match '/:controller/:action/:id', :action => 'index', :id => nil
-      match ':url', :controller => 'tiny_url', :action => 'translate'
+      get '/:controller/:action/:id', :action => 'index', :id => nil
+      get ':url', :controller => 'tiny_url', :action => 'translate'
     end
   end
 
   def test_route_with_regexp_for_controller
     rs.draw do
-      match ':controller/:admintoken(/:action(/:id))', :controller => /admin\/.+/
-      match '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get ':controller/:admintoken(/:action(/:id))', :controller => /admin\/.+/
+      get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
     assert_equal({:controller => "admin/user", :admintoken => "foo", :action => "index"},
@@ -317,7 +327,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_route_with_regexp_and_captures_for_controller
     rs.draw do
-      match '/:controller(/:action(/:id))', :controller => /admin\/(accounts|users)/
+      get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))', :controller => /admin\/(accounts|users)/
     end
     assert_equal({:controller => "admin/accounts", :action => "index"}, rs.recognize_path("/admin/accounts"))
     assert_equal({:controller => "admin/users", :action => "index"}, rs.recognize_path("/admin/users"))
@@ -326,7 +336,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_route_with_regexp_and_dot
     rs.draw do
-      match ':controller/:action/:file',
+      get ':controller/:action/:file',
                 :controller => /admin|user/,
                 :action => /upload|download/,
                 :defaults => {:file => nil},
@@ -356,7 +366,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_named_route_with_option
     rs.draw do
-      match 'page/:title' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'page'
+      get 'page/:title' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'page'
     end
 
     assert_equal("http://test.host/page/new%20stuff",
@@ -365,7 +375,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_named_route_with_default
     rs.draw do
-      match 'page/:title' => 'content#show_page', :title => 'AboutPage', :as => 'page'
+      get 'page/:title' => 'content#show_page', :title => 'AboutPage', :as => 'page'
     end
 
     assert_equal("http://test.host/page/AboutRails",
@@ -375,7 +385,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_named_route_with_path_prefix
     rs.draw do
       scope "my" do
-        match 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'page'
+        get 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'page'
       end
     end
 
@@ -386,7 +396,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_named_route_with_blank_path_prefix
     rs.draw do
       scope "" do
-        match 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'page'
+        get 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'page'
       end
     end
 
@@ -396,7 +406,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_named_route_with_nested_controller
     rs.draw do
-      match 'admin/user' => 'admin/user#index', :as => "users"
+      get 'admin/user' => 'admin/user#index', :as => "users"
     end
 
     assert_equal("http://test.host/admin/user",
@@ -405,7 +415,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_optimised_named_route_with_host
     rs.draw do
-      match 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'pages', :host => 'foo.com'
+      get 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'pages', :host => 'foo.com'
     end
     routes = setup_for_named_route
     routes.expects(:url_for).with({
@@ -424,7 +434,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_named_route_without_hash
     rs.draw do
-      match ':controller/:action/:id', :as => 'normal'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id', :as => 'normal'
     end
   end
 
@@ -448,9 +458,9 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_named_route_with_regexps
     rs.draw do
-      match 'page/:year/:month/:day/:title' => 'page#show', :as => 'article',
+      get 'page/:year/:month/:day/:title' => 'page#show', :as => 'article',
         :year => /\d+/, :month => /\d+/, :day => /\d+/
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     routes = setup_for_named_route
@@ -460,7 +470,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_changing_controller
-    @rs.draw { match ':controller/:action/:id' }
+    @rs.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
 
     assert_equal '/admin/stuff/show/10',
         url_for(rs, {:controller => 'stuff', :action => 'show', :id => 10},
@@ -469,8 +479,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_paths_escaped
     rs.draw do
-      match 'file/*path' => 'content#show_file', :as => 'path'
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get 'file/*path' => 'content#show_file', :as => 'path'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     # No + to space in URI escaping, only for query params.
@@ -486,7 +496,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_paths_slashes_unescaped_with_ordered_parameters
     rs.draw do
-      match '/file/*path' => 'content#index', :as => 'path'
+      get '/file/*path' => 'content#index', :as => 'path'
     end
 
     # No / to %2F in URI, only for query params.
@@ -495,14 +505,14 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_non_controllers_cannot_be_matched
     rs.draw do
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
     assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) { rs.recognize_path("/not_a/show/10") }
   end
 
   def test_should_list_options_diff_when_routing_constraints_dont_match
     rs.draw do
-      match 'post/:id' => 'post#show', :constraints => { :id => /\d+/ }, :as => 'post'
+      get 'post/:id' => 'post#show', :constraints => { :id => /\d+/ }, :as => 'post'
     end
     assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
       url_for(rs, { :controller => 'post', :action => 'show', :bad_param => "foo", :use_route => "post" })
@@ -511,7 +521,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_dynamic_path_allowed
     rs.draw do
-      match '*path' => 'content#show_file'
+      get '*path' => 'content#show_file'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/pages/boo',
@@ -520,7 +530,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_dynamic_recall_paths_allowed
     rs.draw do
-      match '*path' => 'content#show_file'
+      get '*path' => 'content#show_file'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/pages/boo',
@@ -529,8 +539,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_backwards
     rs.draw do
-      match 'page/:id(/:action)' => 'pages#show'
-      match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get 'page/:id(/:action)' => 'pages#show'
+      get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/page/20',   url_for(rs, { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'show' })
@@ -540,8 +550,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_route_with_fixnum_default
     rs.draw do
-      match 'page(/:id)' => 'content#show_page', :id => 1
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get 'page(/:id)' => 'content#show_page', :id => 1
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/page',    url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show_page' })
@@ -557,8 +567,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # For newer revision
   def test_route_with_text_default
     rs.draw do
-      match 'page/:id' => 'content#show_page', :id => 1
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get 'page/:id' => 'content#show_page', :id => 1
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/page/foo', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show_page', :id => 'foo' })
@@ -573,13 +583,13 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_action_expiry
-    @rs.draw { match ':controller(/:action(/:id))' }
+    @rs.draw { get ':controller(/:action(/:id))' }
     assert_equal '/content', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content' }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show' })
   end
 
   def test_requirement_should_prevent_optional_id
     rs.draw do
-      match 'post/:id' => 'post#show', :constraints => {:id => /\d+/}, :as => 'post'
+      get 'post/:id' => 'post#show', :constraints => {:id => /\d+/}, :as => 'post'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/post/10', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'post', :action => 'show', :id => 10 })
@@ -591,11 +601,11 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_both_requirement_and_optional
     rs.draw do
-      match('test(/:year)' => 'post#show', :as => 'blog',
+      get('test(/:year)' => 'post#show', :as => 'blog',
         :defaults => { :year => nil },
         :constraints => { :year => /\d{4}/ }
       )
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/test', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'post', :action => 'show' })
@@ -606,8 +616,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_set_to_nil_forgets
     rs.draw do
-      match 'pages(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => 'content#list_pages', :month => nil, :day => nil
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get 'pages(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => 'content#list_pages', :month => nil, :day => nil
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/pages/2005',
@@ -649,8 +659,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_named_route_method
     rs.draw do
-      match 'categories' => 'content#categories', :as => 'categories'
-      match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get 'categories' => 'content#categories', :as => 'categories'
+      get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/categories', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'categories' })
@@ -664,9 +674,9 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_nil_defaults
     rs.draw do
-      match 'journal' => 'content#list_journal',
+      get 'journal' => 'content#list_journal',
         :date => nil, :user_id => nil
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/journal', url_for(rs, {
@@ -698,7 +708,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_recognize_array_of_methods
     rs.draw do
       match '/match' => 'books#get_or_post', :via => [:get, :post]
-      match '/match' => 'books#not_get_or_post'
+      put '/match' => 'books#not_get_or_post'
     end
 
     params = rs.recognize_path("/match", :method => :post)
@@ -710,10 +720,10 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_subpath_recognized
     rs.draw do
-      match '/books/:id/edit'    => 'subpath_books#edit'
-      match '/items/:id/:action' => 'subpath_books'
-      match '/posts/new/:action' => 'subpath_books'
-      match '/posts/:id'         => 'subpath_books#show'
+      get '/books/:id/edit'    => 'subpath_books#edit'
+      get '/items/:id/:action' => 'subpath_books'
+      get '/posts/new/:action' => 'subpath_books'
+      get '/posts/:id'         => 'subpath_books#show'
     end
 
     hash = rs.recognize_path "/books/17/edit"
@@ -735,9 +745,9 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_subpath_generated
     rs.draw do
-      match '/books/:id/edit'    => 'subpath_books#edit'
-      match '/items/:id/:action' => 'subpath_books'
-      match '/posts/new/:action' => 'subpath_books'
+      get '/books/:id/edit'    => 'subpath_books#edit'
+      get '/items/:id/:action' => 'subpath_books'
+      get '/posts/new/:action' => 'subpath_books'
     end
 
     assert_equal "/books/7/edit",      url_for(rs, { :controller => "subpath_books", :id => 7, :action => "edit" })
@@ -747,7 +757,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_failed_constraints_raises_exception_with_violated_constraints
     rs.draw do
-      match 'foos/:id' => 'foos#show', :as => 'foo_with_requirement', :constraints => { :id => /\d+/ }
+      get 'foos/:id' => 'foos#show', :as => 'foo_with_requirement', :constraints => { :id => /\d+/ }
     end
 
     assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
@@ -758,11 +768,11 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_routes_changed_correctly_after_clear
     rs = ::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     rs.draw do
-      match 'ca' => 'ca#aa'
-      match 'cb' => 'cb#ab'
-      match 'cc' => 'cc#ac'
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
-      match ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
+      get 'ca' => 'ca#aa'
+      get 'cb' => 'cb#ab'
+      get 'cc' => 'cc#ac'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
     end
 
     hash = rs.recognize_path "/cc"
@@ -771,10 +781,10 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal %w(cc ac), [hash[:controller], hash[:action]]
 
     rs.draw do
-      match 'cb' => 'cb#ab'
-      match 'cc' => 'cc#ac'
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
-      match ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
+      get 'cb' => 'cb#ab'
+      get 'cc' => 'cc#ac'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
     end
 
     hash = rs.recognize_path "/cc"
@@ -799,29 +809,29 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @default_route_set ||= begin
       set = ROUTING::RouteSet.new
       set.draw do
-        match '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+        get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
       end
       set
     end
   end
 
   def test_generate_extras
-    set.draw { match ':controller/(:action(/:id))' }
+    set.draw { get ':controller/(:action(/:id))' }
     path, extras = set.generate_extras(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/15", path
     assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
   end
 
   def test_extra_keys
-    set.draw { match ':controller/:action/:id' }
+    set.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
     extras = set.extra_keys(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
     assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
   end
 
   def test_generate_extras_not_first
     set.draw do
-      match ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
     path, extras = set.generate_extras(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/15", path
@@ -830,8 +840,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_generate_not_first
     set.draw do
-      match ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/15?this=hello",
         url_for(set, { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello" })
@@ -839,8 +849,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_extra_keys_not_first
     set.draw do
-      match ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
     extras = set.extra_keys(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
     assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
@@ -849,7 +859,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_draw
     assert_equal 0, set.routes.size
     set.draw do
-      match '/hello/world' => 'a#b'
+      get '/hello/world' => 'a#b'
     end
     assert_equal 1, set.routes.size
   end
@@ -857,7 +867,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_draw_symbol_controller_name
     assert_equal 0, set.routes.size
     set.draw do
-      match '/users/index' => 'users#index'
+      get '/users/index' => 'users#index'
     end
     set.recognize_path('/users/index', :method => :get)
     assert_equal 1, set.routes.size
@@ -866,7 +876,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_named_draw
     assert_equal 0, set.routes.size
     set.draw do
-      match '/hello/world' => 'a#b', :as => 'hello'
+      get '/hello/world' => 'a#b', :as => 'hello'
     end
     assert_equal 1, set.routes.size
     assert_equal set.routes.first, set.named_routes[:hello]
@@ -874,40 +884,23 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_earlier_named_routes_take_precedence
     set.draw do
-      match '/hello/world' => 'a#b', :as => 'hello'
-      match '/hello'       => 'a#b', :as => 'hello'
+      get '/hello/world' => 'a#b', :as => 'hello'
+      get '/hello'       => 'a#b', :as => 'hello'
     end
     assert_equal set.routes.first, set.named_routes[:hello]
   end
 
   def setup_named_route_test
     set.draw do
-      match '/people(/:id)' => 'people#show', :as => 'show'
-      match '/people' => 'people#index', :as => 'index'
-      match '/people/go/:foo/:bar/joe(/:id)' => 'people#multi', :as => 'multi'
-      match '/admin/users' => 'admin/users#index', :as => "users"
+      get '/people(/:id)' => 'people#show', :as => 'show'
+      get '/people' => 'people#index', :as => 'index'
+      get '/people/go/:foo/:bar/joe(/:id)' => 'people#multi', :as => 'multi'
+      get '/admin/users' => 'admin/users#index', :as => "users"
     end
 
     MockController.build(set.url_helpers).new
   end
 
-  def test_named_route_hash_access_method
-    controller = setup_named_route_test
-
-    assert_equal(
-      { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => 5, :use_route => "show", :only_path => false },
-      controller.send(:hash_for_show_url, :id => 5))
-
-    assert_equal(
-      { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index', :use_route => "index", :only_path => false },
-      controller.send(:hash_for_index_url))
-
-    assert_equal(
-      { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => 5, :use_route => "show", :only_path => true },
-      controller.send(:hash_for_show_path, :id => 5)
-    )
-  end
-
   def test_named_route_url_method
     controller = setup_named_route_test
 
@@ -919,7 +912,6 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "http://test.host/admin/users", controller.send(:users_url)
     assert_equal '/admin/users', controller.send(:users_path)
-    assert_equal '/admin/users', url_for(set, controller.send(:hash_for_users_url), { :controller => 'users', :action => 'index' })
   end
 
   def test_named_route_url_method_with_anchor
@@ -985,7 +977,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_draw_default_route
     set.draw do
-      match '/:controller/:action/:id'
+      get '/:controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     assert_equal 1, set.routes.size
@@ -999,8 +991,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_route_with_parameter_shell
     set.draw do
-      match 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\d+/
-      match '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\d+/
+      get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
     assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, set.recognize_path('/pages'))
@@ -1014,7 +1006,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_route_constraints_on_request_object_with_anchors_are_valid
     assert_nothing_raised do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :constraints => { :host => /^foo$/ }
+        get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :constraints => { :host => /^foo$/ }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -1022,27 +1014,27 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_route_constraints_with_anchor_chars_are_invalid
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /^\d+/
+        get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /^\d+/
       end
     end
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\A\d+/
+        get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\A\d+/
       end
     end
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\d+$/
+        get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\d+$/
       end
     end
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\d+\Z/
+        get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\d+\Z/
       end
     end
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\d+\z/
+        get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /\d+\z/
       end
     end
   end
@@ -1055,9 +1047,19 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_route_error_with_missing_controller
+    set.draw do
+      get    "/people" => "missing#index"
+    end
+    
+    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) {
+      set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_recognize_with_encoded_id_and_regex
     set.draw do
-      match 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /[a-zA-Z0-9\+]+/
+      get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /[a-zA-Z0-9\+]+/
     end
 
     assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/page/10'))
@@ -1128,7 +1130,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_typo_recognition
     set.draw do
-      match 'articles/:year/:month/:day/:title' => 'articles#permalink',
+      get 'articles/:year/:month/:day/:title' => 'articles#permalink',
              :year => /\d{4}/, :day => /\d{1,2}/, :month => /\d{1,2}/
     end
 
@@ -1143,7 +1145,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_routing_traversal_does_not_load_extra_classes
     assert !Object.const_defined?("Profiler__"), "Profiler should not be loaded"
     set.draw do
-      match '/profile' => 'profile#index'
+      get '/profile' => 'profile#index'
     end
 
     set.recognize_path("/profile") rescue nil
@@ -1177,8 +1179,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_generate_with_default_action
     set.draw do
-      match "/people", :controller => "people", :action => "index"
-      match "/people/list", :controller => "people", :action => "list"
+      get "/people", :controller => "people", :action => "index"
+      get "/people/list", :controller => "people", :action => "list"
     end
 
     url = url_for(set, { :controller => "people", :action => "list" })
@@ -1197,7 +1199,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     set.draw do
 
       namespace 'api' do
-        match 'inventory' => 'products#inventory'
+        get 'inventory' => 'products#inventory'
       end
 
     end
@@ -1222,7 +1224,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_namespace_with_path_prefix
     set.draw do
       scope :module => "api", :path => "prefix" do
-        match 'inventory' => 'products#inventory'
+        get 'inventory' => 'products#inventory'
       end
     end
 
@@ -1234,7 +1236,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_namespace_with_blank_path_prefix
     set.draw do
       scope :module => "api", :path => "" do
-        match 'inventory' => 'products#inventory'
+        get 'inventory' => 'products#inventory'
       end
     end
 
@@ -1244,7 +1246,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_changes_controller_module
-    set.draw { match ':controller/:action/:id' }
+    set.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
     current = { :controller => "bling/bloop", :action => "bap", :id => 9 }
 
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/baz/7",
@@ -1253,7 +1255,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_id_is_sticky_when_it_ought_to_be
     set.draw do
-      match ':controller/:id/:action'
+      get ':controller/:id/:action'
     end
 
     url = url_for(set, { :action => "destroy" }, { :controller => "people", :action => "show", :id => "7" })
@@ -1262,8 +1264,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_use_static_path_when_possible
     set.draw do
-      match 'about' => "welcome#about"
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get 'about' => "welcome#about"
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     url = url_for(set, { :controller => "welcome", :action => "about" },
@@ -1273,7 +1275,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate
-    set.draw { match ':controller/:action/:id' }
+    set.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
 
     args = { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => "7", :x => "y" }
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/7?x=y",     url_for(set, args)
@@ -1284,7 +1286,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_generate_with_path_prefix
     set.draw do
       scope "my" do
-        match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+        get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
       end
     end
 
@@ -1295,7 +1297,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_generate_with_blank_path_prefix
     set.draw do
       scope "" do
-        match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+        get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
       end
     end
 
@@ -1305,9 +1307,9 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_named_routes_are_never_relative_to_modules
     set.draw do
-      match "/connection/manage(/:action)" => 'connection/manage#index'
-      match "/connection/connection" => "connection/connection#index"
-      match '/connection' => 'connection#index', :as => 'family_connection'
+      get "/connection/manage(/:action)" => 'connection/manage#index'
+      get "/connection/connection" => "connection/connection#index"
+      get '/connection' => 'connection#index', :as => 'family_connection'
     end
 
     url = url_for(set, { :controller => "connection" }, { :controller => 'connection/manage' })
@@ -1319,7 +1321,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_action_left_off_when_id_is_recalled
     set.draw do
-      match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
     assert_equal '/books', url_for(set,
       {:controller => 'books', :action => 'index'},
@@ -1329,8 +1331,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_query_params_will_be_shown_when_recalled
     set.draw do
-      match 'show_weblog/:parameter' => 'weblog#show'
-      match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get 'show_weblog/:parameter' => 'weblog#show'
+      get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
     assert_equal '/weblog/edit?parameter=1', url_for(set,
       {:action => 'edit', :parameter => 1},
@@ -1340,7 +1342,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_format_is_not_inherit
     set.draw do
-      match '/posts(.:format)' => 'posts#index'
+      get '/posts(.:format)' => 'posts#index'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/posts', url_for(set,
@@ -1355,7 +1357,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_expiry_determination_should_consider_values_with_to_param
-    set.draw { match 'projects/:project_id/:controller/:action' }
+    set.draw { get 'projects/:project_id/:controller/:action' }
     assert_equal '/projects/1/weblog/show', url_for(set,
       { :action => 'show', :project_id => 1 },
       { :controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :project_id => '1' })
@@ -1365,7 +1367,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     set.draw do
       resources :projects do
         member do
-          match 'milestones' => 'milestones#index', :as => 'milestones'
+          get 'milestones' => 'milestones#index', :as => 'milestones'
         end
       end
     end
@@ -1398,7 +1400,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_route_constraints_with_unsupported_regexp_options_must_error
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
+        get 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
           :constraints => { :name => /(david|jamis)/m }
       end
     end
@@ -1407,13 +1409,13 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_route_constraints_with_supported_options_must_not_error
     assert_nothing_raised do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
+        get 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
           :constraints => { :name => /(david|jamis)/i }
       end
     end
     assert_nothing_raised do
       set.draw do
-        match 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
+        get 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
           :constraints => { :name => / # Desperately overcommented regexp
                                       ( #Either
                                        david #The Creator
@@ -1423,11 +1425,11 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
-  
+
   def test_route_with_subdomain_and_constraints_must_receive_params
     name_param = nil
     set.draw do
-      match 'page/:name' => 'pages#show', :constraints => lambda {|request|
+      get 'page/:name' => 'pages#show', :constraints => lambda {|request|
         name_param = request.params[:name]
         return true
       }
@@ -1436,10 +1438,10 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       set.recognize_path('http://subdomain.example.org/page/mypage'))
     assert_equal(name_param, 'mypage')
   end
-  
+
   def test_route_requirement_recognize_with_ignore_case
     set.draw do
-      match 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
+      get 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
         :constraints => {:name => /(david|jamis)/i}
     end
     assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :name => 'jamis'}, set.recognize_path('/page/jamis'))
@@ -1451,7 +1453,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_route_requirement_generate_with_ignore_case
     set.draw do
-      match 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
+      get 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
         :constraints => {:name => /(david|jamis)/i}
     end
 
@@ -1466,7 +1468,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_route_requirement_recognize_with_extended_syntax
     set.draw do
-      match 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
+      get 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
         :constraints => {:name => / # Desperately overcommented regexp
                                     ( #Either
                                      david #The Creator
@@ -1486,7 +1488,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_route_requirement_with_xi_modifiers
     set.draw do
-      match 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
+      get 'page/:name' => 'pages#show',
         :constraints => {:name => / # Desperately overcommented regexp
                                     ( #Either
                                      david #The Creator
@@ -1504,8 +1506,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_routes_with_symbols
     set.draw do
-      match 'unnamed', :controller => :pages, :action => :show, :name => :as_symbol
-      match 'named'  , :controller => :pages, :action => :show, :name => :as_symbol, :as => :named
+      get 'unnamed', :controller => :pages, :action => :show, :name => :as_symbol
+      get 'named'  , :controller => :pages, :action => :show, :name => :as_symbol, :as => :named
     end
     assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :name => :as_symbol}, set.recognize_path('/unnamed'))
     assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :name => :as_symbol}, set.recognize_path('/named'))
@@ -1513,8 +1515,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_regexp_chunk_should_add_question_mark_for_optionals
     set.draw do
-      match '/' => 'foo#index'
-      match '/hello' => 'bar#index'
+      get '/' => 'foo#index'
+      get '/hello' => 'bar#index'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/',      url_for(set, { :controller => 'foo' })
@@ -1526,7 +1528,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_assign_route_options_with_anchor_chars
     set.draw do
-      match '/cars/:action/:person/:car/', :controller => 'cars'
+      get '/cars/:action/:person/:car/', :controller => 'cars'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/cars/buy/1/2', url_for(set, { :controller => 'cars', :action => 'buy', :person => '1', :car => '2' })
@@ -1536,7 +1538,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_segmentation_of_dot_path
     set.draw do
-      match '/books/:action.rss', :controller => 'books'
+      get '/books/:action.rss', :controller => 'books'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/books/list.rss', url_for(set, { :controller => 'books', :action => 'list' })
@@ -1546,7 +1548,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_segmentation_of_dynamic_dot_path
     set.draw do
-      match '/books(/:action(.:format))', :controller => 'books'
+      get '/books(/:action(.:format))', :controller => 'books'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/books/list.rss', url_for(set, { :controller => 'books', :action => 'list', :format => 'rss' })
@@ -1562,7 +1564,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_slashes_are_implied
     @set = nil
-    set.draw { match("/:controller(/:action(/:id))") }
+    set.draw { get("/:controller(/:action(/:id))") }
 
     assert_equal '/content',        url_for(set, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'index' })
     assert_equal '/content/list',   url_for(set, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list' })
@@ -1647,13 +1649,13 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_generate_with_default_params
     set.draw do
-      match 'dummy/page/:page' => 'dummy#show'
-      match 'dummy/dots/page.:page' => 'dummy#dots'
-      match 'ibocorp(/:page)' => 'ibocorp#show',
+      get 'dummy/page/:page' => 'dummy#show'
+      get 'dummy/dots/page.:page' => 'dummy#dots'
+      get 'ibocorp(/:page)' => 'ibocorp#show',
                              :constraints => { :page => /\d+/ },
                              :defaults => { :page => 1 }
 
-      match ':controller/:action/:id'
+      get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
     assert_equal '/ibocorp', url_for(set, { :controller => 'ibocorp', :action => "show", :page => 1 })
@@ -1661,17 +1663,17 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_generate_with_optional_params_recalls_last_request
     set.draw do
-      match "blog/", :controller => "blog", :action => "index"
+      get "blog/", :controller => "blog", :action => "index"
 
-      match "blog(/:year(/:month(/:day)))",
+      get "blog(/:year(/:month(/:day)))",
             :controller => "blog",
             :action => "show_date",
             :constraints => { :year => /(19|20)\d\d/, :month => /[01]?\d/, :day => /[0-3]?\d/ },
             :day => nil, :month => nil
 
-      match "blog/show/:id", :controller => "blog", :action => "show", :id => /\d+/
-      match "blog/:controller/:action(/:id)"
-      match "*anything", :controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request"
+      get "blog/show/:id", :controller => "blog", :action => "show", :id => /\d+/
+      get "blog/:controller/:action(/:id)"
+      get "*anything", :controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request"
     end
 
     assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "index"}, set.recognize_path("/blog"))
@@ -1719,7 +1721,7 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       root :to => 'users#index'
     end
 
-    match '/blog(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => 'posts#show_date',
+    get '/blog(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => 'posts#show_date',
       :constraints => {
         :year => /(19|20)\d\d/,
         :month => /[01]?\d/,
@@ -1728,37 +1730,38 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :day => nil,
       :month => nil
 
-    match 'archive/:year', :controller => 'archive', :action => 'index',
+    get 'archive/:year', :controller => 'archive', :action => 'index',
       :defaults => { :year => nil },
       :constraints => { :year => /\d{4}/ },
       :as => "blog"
 
     resources :people
-    match 'legacy/people' => "people#index", :legacy => "true"
+    get 'legacy/people' => "people#index", :legacy => "true"
 
-    match 'symbols', :controller => :symbols, :action => :show, :name => :as_symbol
-    match 'id_default(/:id)' => "foo#id_default", :id => 1
+    get 'symbols', :controller => :symbols, :action => :show, :name => :as_symbol
+    get 'id_default(/:id)' => "foo#id_default", :id => 1
     match 'get_or_post' => "foo#get_or_post", :via => [:get, :post]
-    match 'optional/:optional' => "posts#index"
-    match 'projects/:project_id' => "project#index", :as => "project"
-    match 'clients' => "projects#index"
+    get 'optional/:optional' => "posts#index"
+    get 'projects/:project_id' => "project#index", :as => "project"
+    get 'clients' => "projects#index"
 
-    match 'ignorecase/geocode/:postalcode' => 'geocode#show', :postalcode => /hx\d\d-\d[a-z]{2}/i
-    match 'extended/geocode/:postalcode' => 'geocode#show',:constraints => {
+    get 'ignorecase/geocode/:postalcode' => 'geocode#show', :postalcode => /hx\d\d-\d[a-z]{2}/i
+    get 'extended/geocode/:postalcode' => 'geocode#show',:constraints => {
                   :postalcode => /# Postcode format
                                   \d{5} #Prefix
                                   (-\d{4})? #Suffix
                                   /x
                   }, :as => "geocode"
 
-    match 'news(.:format)' => "news#index"
+    get 'news(.:format)' => "news#index"
 
-    match 'comment/:id(/:action)' => "comments#show"
-    match 'ws/:controller(/:action(/:id))', :ws => true
-    match 'account(/:action)' => "account#subscription"
-    match 'pages/:page_id/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
-    match ':controller/ping', :action => 'ping'
-    match ':controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)'
+    get 'comment/:id(/:action)' => "comments#show"
+    get 'ws/:controller(/:action(/:id))', :ws => true
+    get 'account(/:action)' => "account#subscription"
+    get 'pages/:page_id/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+    get ':controller/ping', :action => 'ping'
+    get 'こんにちは/世界', :controller => 'news', :action => 'index'
+    match ':controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)', :via => :all
     root :to => "news#index"
   }
 
@@ -1874,6 +1877,10 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({:controller => 'people', :action => 'create', :person => { :name => 'Josh'}}, params)
   end
 
+  def test_unicode_path
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'news', :action => 'index'}, @routes.recognize_path(URI.parser.escape('こんにちは/世界'), :method => :get))
+  end
+
   private
     def sort_extras!(extras)
       if extras.length == 2
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
index 36884846be..6fc3556e31 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@ class SendFileController < ActionController::Base
   def data
     send_data(file_data, options)
   end
-
-  def multibyte_text_data
-    send_data("Кирилица\n祝您好運.", options)
-  end
 end
 
 class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -158,6 +154,17 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_send_file_with_default_content_disposition_header
+    process('data')
+    assert_equal 'attachment', @controller.headers['Content-Disposition']
+  end
+
+  def test_send_file_without_content_disposition_header
+    @controller.options = {:disposition => nil}
+    process('data')
+    assert_nil @controller.headers['Content-Disposition']
+  end
+
   %w(file data).each do |method|
     define_method "test_send_#{method}_status" do
       @controller.options = { :stream => false, :status => 500 }
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
index 13ab19ed8f..351b9c4cfa 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -68,4 +68,29 @@ module ShowExceptions
       assert_match(/boom/, body)
     end
   end
+
+  class ShowExceptionsFormatsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+    def test_render_json_exception
+      @app = ShowExceptionsOverridenController.action(:boom)
+      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/json'
+      assert_response :internal_server_error
+      assert_equal 'application/json', response.content_type.to_s
+      assert_equal({ :status => '500', :error => 'boom!' }.to_json, response.body)
+    end
+
+    def test_render_xml_exception
+      @app = ShowExceptionsOverridenController.action(:boom)
+      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/xml'
+      assert_response :internal_server_error
+      assert_equal 'application/xml', response.content_type.to_s
+      assert_equal({ :status => '500', :error => 'boom!' }.to_xml, response.body)
+    end
+
+    def test_render_fallback_exception
+      @app = ShowExceptionsOverridenController.action(:boom)
+      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/csv'
+      assert_response :internal_server_error
+      assert_equal 'text/html', response.content_type.to_s
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/sweeper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/sweeper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0561efc62f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/sweeper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+
+class SweeperTest < ActionController::TestCase
+
+  class ::AppSweeper < ActionController::Caching::Sweeper; end
+
+  def test_sweeper_should_not_ignore_unknown_method_calls
+    sweeper = ActionController::Caching::Sweeper.send(:new)
+    assert_raise NameError do
+      sweeper.instance_eval do
+        some_method_that_doesnt_exist
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
index ecba9fed22..8990fc34d6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ class TestCaseTest < ActionController::TestCase
       render :text => request.fullpath
     end
 
+    def test_format
+      render :text => request.format
+    end
+
     def test_query_string
       render :text => request.query_string
     end
@@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ XML
     @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = nil
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |r|
       r.draw do
-        match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+        get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
       end
     end
   end
@@ -193,6 +197,11 @@ XML
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { head :test_params, "document body", :id => 10 }
   end
 
+  def test_options
+    options :test_params
+    assert_equal 200, @response.status
+  end
+
   def test_process_without_flash
     process :set_flash
     assert_equal '><', flash['test']
@@ -224,6 +233,26 @@ XML
     assert_equal 'value2', session[:symbol]
   end
 
+  def test_process_merges_session_arg
+    session[:foo] = 'bar'
+    get :no_op, nil, { :bar => 'baz' }
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'baz', session[:bar]
+  end
+
+  def test_merged_session_arg_is_retained_across_requests
+    get :no_op, nil, { :foo => 'bar' }
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+    get :no_op
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_process_overwrites_existing_session_arg
+    session[:foo] = 'bar'
+    get :no_op, nil, { :foo => 'baz' }
+    assert_equal 'baz', session[:foo]
+  end
+
   def test_session_is_cleared_from_controller_after_reset_session
     process :set_session
     process :reset_the_session
@@ -524,7 +553,7 @@ XML
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
         namespace :admin do
-          match 'user' => 'user#index'
+          get 'user' => 'user#index'
         end
       end
 
@@ -534,7 +563,7 @@ XML
 
   def test_assert_routing_with_glob
     with_routing do |set|
-      set.draw { match('*path' => "pages#show") }
+      set.draw { get('*path' => "pages#show") }
       assert_routing('/company/about', { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :path => 'company/about' })
     end
   end
@@ -559,14 +588,34 @@ XML
     )
   end
 
+  def test_params_passing_with_fixnums_when_not_html_request
+    get :test_params, :format => 'json', :count => 999
+    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
+       'format' => 'json', 'count' => 999 },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_params_passing_path_parameter_is_string_when_not_html_request
+    get :test_params, :format => 'json', :id => 1
+    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
+       'format' => 'json', 'id' => '1' },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_params_passing_with_frozen_values
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      get :test_params, :frozen => 'icy'.freeze, :frozens => ['icy'.freeze].freeze
+      get :test_params, :frozen => 'icy'.freeze, :frozens => ['icy'.freeze].freeze, :deepfreeze => { :frozen => 'icy'.freeze }.freeze
     end
     parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
-       'frozen' => 'icy', 'frozens' => ['icy']},
+       'frozen' => 'icy', 'frozens' => ['icy'], 'deepfreeze' => { 'frozen' => 'icy' }},
       parsed_params
     )
   end
@@ -585,13 +634,13 @@ XML
   def test_array_path_parameter_handled_properly
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match 'file/*path', :to => 'test_case_test/test#test_params'
-        match ':controller/:action'
+        get 'file/*path', :to => 'test_case_test/test#test_params'
+        get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
       get :test_params, :path => ['hello', 'world']
       assert_equal ['hello', 'world'], @request.path_parameters['path']
-      assert_equal 'hello/world', @request.path_parameters['path'].to_s
+      assert_equal 'hello/world', @request.path_parameters['path'].to_param
     end
   end
 
@@ -667,6 +716,20 @@ XML
     assert_equal "http://", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_request_format
+    get :test_format, :format => 'html'
+    assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format, :format => 'json'
+    assert_equal 'application/json', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format, :format => 'xml'
+    assert_equal 'application/xml', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format
+    assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_should_have_knowledge_of_client_side_cookie_state_even_if_they_are_not_set
     cookies['foo'] = 'bar'
     get :no_op
@@ -755,6 +818,13 @@ XML
     assert_equal '159528', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_action_dispatch_uploaded_file_upload
+    filename = 'mona_lisa.jpg'
+    path = "#{FILES_DIR}/#{filename}"
+    post :test_file_upload, :file => ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile.new(:filename => path, :type => "image/jpg", :tempfile => File.open(path))
+    assert_equal '159528', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_test_uploaded_file_exception_when_file_doesnt_exist
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Rack::Test::UploadedFile.new('non_existent_file') }
   end
@@ -828,3 +898,24 @@ class NamedRoutesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 end
+
+class AnonymousControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @controller = Class.new(ActionController::Base) do
+      def index
+        render :text => params[:controller]
+      end
+    end.new
+
+    @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |r|
+      r.draw do
+        get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_controller_name
+    get :index
+    assert_equal 'anonymous', @response.body
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
index 451ea6027d..6c2311e7a5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module ActionPack
         root :to => 'users#index'
       end
 
-      match '/blog(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => 'posts#show_date',
+      get '/blog(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => 'posts#show_date',
         :constraints => {
           :year => /(19|20)\d\d/,
           :month => /[01]?\d/,
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionPack
         :day => nil,
         :month => nil
 
-      match 'archive/:year', :controller => 'archive', :action => 'index',
+      get 'archive/:year', :controller => 'archive', :action => 'index',
         :defaults => { :year => nil },
         :constraints => { :year => /\d{4}/ },
         :as => "blog"
@@ -35,29 +35,29 @@ module ActionPack
       resources :people
       #match 'legacy/people' => "people#index", :legacy => "true"
 
-      match 'symbols', :controller => :symbols, :action => :show, :name => :as_symbol
-      match 'id_default(/:id)' => "foo#id_default", :id => 1
+      get 'symbols', :controller => :symbols, :action => :show, :name => :as_symbol
+      get 'id_default(/:id)' => "foo#id_default", :id => 1
       match 'get_or_post' => "foo#get_or_post", :via => [:get, :post]
-      match 'optional/:optional' => "posts#index"
-      match 'projects/:project_id' => "project#index", :as => "project"
-      match 'clients' => "projects#index"
+      get 'optional/:optional' => "posts#index"
+      get 'projects/:project_id' => "project#index", :as => "project"
+      get 'clients' => "projects#index"
 
-      match 'ignorecase/geocode/:postalcode' => 'geocode#show', :postalcode => /hx\d\d-\d[a-z]{2}/i
-      match 'extended/geocode/:postalcode' => 'geocode#show',:constraints => {
+      get 'ignorecase/geocode/:postalcode' => 'geocode#show', :postalcode => /hx\d\d-\d[a-z]{2}/i
+      get 'extended/geocode/:postalcode' => 'geocode#show',:constraints => {
         :postalcode => /# Postcode format
         \d{5} #Prefix
         (-\d{4})? #Suffix
         /x
       }, :as => "geocode"
 
-      match 'news(.:format)' => "news#index"
+      get 'news(.:format)' => "news#index"
 
-      match 'comment/:id(/:action)' => "comments#show"
-      match 'ws/:controller(/:action(/:id))', :ws => true
-      match 'account(/:action)' => "account#subscription"
-      match 'pages/:page_id/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
-      match ':controller/ping', :action => 'ping'
-      match ':controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)'
+      get 'comment/:id(/:action)' => "comments#show"
+      get 'ws/:controller(/:action(/:id))', :ws => true
+      get 'account(/:action)' => "account#subscription"
+      get 'pages/:page_id/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get ':controller/ping', :action => 'ping'
+      get ':controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)'
       root :to => "news#index"
     }
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
index 288efbf7c3..b2cb5f80d5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     class UrlForTests < ActionController::TestCase
       class W
-        include ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap { |r| r.draw { match ':controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))' } }.url_helpers
+        include ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap { |r| r.draw { get ':controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))' } }.url_helpers
       end
 
       def teardown
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ module AbstractController
         W.default_url_options[:host] = 'www.basecamphq.com'
       end
 
+      def add_port!
+        W.default_url_options[:port] = 3000
+      end
+
       def add_numeric_host!
         W.default_url_options[:host] = '127.0.0.1'
       end
@@ -121,6 +125,14 @@ module AbstractController
         )
       end
 
+      def test_default_port
+        add_host!
+        add_port!
+        assert_equal('http://www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i')
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_protocol
         add_host!
         assert_equal('https://www.basecamphq.com/c/a/i',
@@ -198,8 +210,8 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_named_routes
         with_routing do |set|
           set.draw do
-            match 'this/is/verbose', :to => 'home#index', :as => :no_args
-            match 'home/sweet/home/:user', :to => 'home#index', :as => :home
+            get 'this/is/verbose', :to => 'home#index', :as => :no_args
+            get 'home/sweet/home/:user', :to => 'home#index', :as => :home
           end
 
           # We need to create a new class in order to install the new named route.
@@ -219,7 +231,7 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_relative_url_root_is_respected_for_named_routes
         with_routing do |set|
           set.draw do
-            match '/home/sweet/home/:user', :to => 'home#index', :as => :home
+            get '/home/sweet/home/:user', :to => 'home#index', :as => :home
           end
 
           kls = Class.new { include set.url_helpers }
@@ -233,8 +245,8 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_only_path
         with_routing do |set|
           set.draw do
-            match 'home/sweet/home/:user', :to => 'home#index', :as => :home
-            match ':controller/:action/:id'
+            get 'home/sweet/home/:user', :to => 'home#index', :as => :home
+            get ':controller/:action/:id'
           end
 
           # We need to create a new class in order to install the new named route.
@@ -301,8 +313,8 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_named_routes_with_nil_keys
         with_routing do |set|
           set.draw do
-            match 'posts.:format', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :posts
-            match '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
+            get 'posts.:format', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :posts
+            get '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
           end
 
           # We need to create a new class in order to install the new named route.
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_rewriter_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_rewriter_test.rb
index f88903b10e..cc3706aeee 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_rewriter_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_rewriter_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class UrlRewriterTests < ActionController::TestCase
     @rewriter = Rewriter.new(@request) #.new(@request, @params)
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |r|
       r.draw do
-        match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+        get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
index 351e61eeae..c0b9833603 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_route_set
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match '/', :to => 'web_service_test/test#assign_parameters'
+          match '/', :to => 'web_service_test/test#assign_parameters', :via => :all
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
index 3e48d97e67..2467654a70 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    alias delete_cookie logout
+
     def delete_cookie_with_path
       cookies.delete("user_name", :path => '/beaten')
       head :ok
@@ -179,6 +181,18 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal({"user_name" => "david"}, @response.cookies)
   end
 
+  def test_setting_the_same_value_to_cookie
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'david'
+    get :authenticate
+    assert response.cookies.empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_the_same_value_to_permanent_cookie
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Jamie'
+    get :set_permanent_cookie
+    assert response.cookies, 'user_name' => 'Jamie'
+  end
+
   def test_setting_with_escapable_characters
     get :set_with_with_escapable_characters
     assert_cookie_header "that+%26+guy=foo+%26+bar+%3D%3E+baz; path=/"
@@ -235,23 +249,33 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_expiring_cookie
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     get :logout
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=; path=/; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT"
     assert_equal({"user_name" => nil}, @response.cookies)
   end
 
   def test_delete_cookie_with_path
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     get :delete_cookie_with_path
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=; path=/beaten; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT"
   end
 
+  def test_delete_unexisting_cookie
+    request.cookies.clear
+    get :delete_cookie
+    assert @response.cookies.empty?
+  end
+
   def test_deleted_cookie_predicate
+    cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     cookies.delete("user_name")
     assert cookies.deleted?("user_name")
     assert_equal false, cookies.deleted?("another")
   end
 
   def test_deleted_cookie_predicate_with_mismatching_options
+    cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     cookies.delete("user_name", :path => "/path")
     assert_equal false, cookies.deleted?("user_name", :path => "/different")
   end
@@ -284,6 +308,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_delete_and_set_cookie
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     get :delete_and_set_cookie
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=david; path=/; expires=Mon, 10-Oct-2005 05:00:00 GMT"
     assert_equal({"user_name" => "david"}, @response.cookies)
@@ -387,6 +412,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deleting_cookie_with_all_domain_option
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     get :delete_cookie_with_domain
     assert_response :success
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=; domain=.nextangle.com; path=/; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT"
@@ -413,6 +439,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deleting_cookie_with_all_domain_option_and_tld_length
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     get :delete_cookie_with_domain_and_tld
     assert_response :success
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=; domain=.nextangle.com; path=/; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT"
@@ -441,6 +468,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_deletings_cookie_with_several_preset_domains_using_one_of_these_domains
     @request.host = "example2.com"
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     get :delete_cookie_with_domains
     assert_response :success
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=; domain=example2.com; path=/; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT"
@@ -448,19 +476,19 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_deletings_cookie_with_several_preset_domains_using_other_domain
     @request.host = "other-domain.com"
+    request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Joe'
     get :delete_cookie_with_domains
     assert_response :success
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=; path=/; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT"
   end
 
-
   def test_cookies_hash_is_indifferent_access
-      get :symbol_key
-      assert_equal "david", cookies[:user_name]
-      assert_equal "david", cookies['user_name']
-      get :string_key
-      assert_equal "dhh", cookies[:user_name]
-      assert_equal "dhh", cookies['user_name']
+    get :symbol_key
+    assert_equal "david", cookies[:user_name]
+    assert_equal "david", cookies['user_name']
+    get :string_key
+    assert_equal "dhh", cookies[:user_name]
+    assert_equal "dhh", cookies['user_name']
   end
 
 
@@ -575,4 +603,4 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         assert_not_equal expected.split("\n"), header
       end
     end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
index 11c292d61a..6ff651ad52 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         raise ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken
       when "/not_found_original_exception"
         raise ActionView::Template::Error.new('template', AbstractController::ActionNotFound.new)
+      when "/bad_request"
+        raise ActionController::BadRequest
       else
         raise "puke!"
       end
@@ -88,6 +90,10 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/method_not_allowed", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
     assert_response 405
     assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
+
+    get "/bad_request", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
   end
 
   test "does not show filtered parameters" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
index ec6ba494dc..bc7cad8db5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
@@ -13,4 +13,9 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "text/plain", @headers["CONTENT_TYPE"]
     assert_equal "text/plain", @headers["HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE"]
   end
+
+  test "fetch" do
+    assert_equal "text/plain", @headers.fetch("content-type", nil)
+    assert_equal "not found", @headers.fetch('not-found', 'not found')
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
index d3465589c1..58457b0c28 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_mapping_requirements
-        options = { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' }
+        options = { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar', :via => :get }
         m = Mapper::Mapping.new FakeSet.new, {}, '/store/:name(*rest)', options
         _, _, requirements, _ = m.to_route
         assert_equal(/.+?/, requirements[:rest])
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def test_map_slash
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
-        mapper.match '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
+        mapper.get '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
         assert_equal '/', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
       end
 
@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
 
         # FIXME: is this a desired behavior?
-        mapper.match '/one/two/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
+        mapper.get '/one/two/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
         assert_equal '/one/two(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
       end
 
       def test_map_wildcard
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
-        mapper.match '/*path', :to => 'pages#show'
+        mapper.get '/*path', :to => 'pages#show'
         assert_equal '/*path(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
         assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:path])
       end
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def test_map_wildcard_with_other_element
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
-        mapper.match '/*path/foo/:bar', :to => 'pages#show'
+        mapper.get '/*path/foo/:bar', :to => 'pages#show'
         assert_equal '/*path/foo/:bar(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
         assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:path]
       end
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def test_map_wildcard_with_multiple_wildcard
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
-        mapper.match '/*foo/*bar', :to => 'pages#show'
+        mapper.get '/*foo/*bar', :to => 'pages#show'
         assert_equal '/*foo/*bar(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
         assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:foo]
         assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:bar])
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def test_map_wildcard_with_format_false
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
-        mapper.match '/*path', :to => 'pages#show', :format => false
+        mapper.get '/*path', :to => 'pages#show', :format => false
         assert_equal '/*path', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
         assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:path]
       end
@@ -95,9 +95,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def test_map_wildcard_with_format_true
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
-        mapper.match '/*path', :to => 'pages#show', :format => true
+        mapper.get '/*path', :to => 'pages#show', :format => true
         assert_equal '/*path.:format', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
       end
+
+      def test_raising_helpful_error_on_invalid_arguments
+        fakeset = FakeSet.new
+        mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
+        app = lambda { |env| [200, {}, [""]] }
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          mapper.mount app
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
index 4191ed1ff4..948a690979 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.last.klass
     assert_equal([true, {:foo => "bar"}], @stack.last.args)
   end
-  
+
   test "use should push middleware class with block arguments onto the stack" do
     proc = Proc.new {}
     assert_difference "@stack.size" do
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal BlockMiddleware, @stack.last.klass
     assert_equal proc, @stack.last.block
   end
-  
+
   test "insert inserts middleware at the integer index" do
     @stack.insert(1, BazMiddleware)
     assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack[1].klass
@@ -87,6 +87,11 @@ class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal FooMiddleware, @stack[0].klass
   end
 
+  test "unshift adds a new middleware at the beginning of the stack" do
+    @stack.unshift :"MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
+    assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.first.klass
+  end
+
   test "raise an error on invalid index" do
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
       @stack.insert("HiyaMiddleware", BazMiddleware)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
index e3f9faaa64..ed012093a7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
@@ -118,6 +118,20 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "register callbacks" do
+    begin
+      registered_mimes = []
+      Mime::Type.register_callback do |mime|
+        registered_mimes << mime
+      end
+
+      Mime::Type.register("text/foo", :foo)
+      assert_equal registered_mimes, [Mime::FOO]
+    ensure
+      Mime::Type.unregister(:FOO)
+    end
+  end
+
   test "custom type with extension aliases" do
     begin
       Mime::Type.register "text/foobar", :foobar, [], [:foo, "bar"]
@@ -148,11 +162,11 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     types = Mime::SET.symbols.uniq - [:all, :iphone]
 
     # Remove custom Mime::Type instances set in other tests, like Mime::GIF and Mime::IPHONE
-    types.delete_if { |type| !Mime.const_defined?(type.to_s.upcase) }
+    types.delete_if { |type| !Mime.const_defined?(type.upcase) }
 
 
     types.each do |type|
-      mime = Mime.const_get(type.to_s.upcase)
+      mime = Mime.const_get(type.upcase)
       assert mime.respond_to?("#{type}?"), "#{mime.inspect} does not respond to #{type}?"
       assert mime.send("#{type}?"), "#{mime.inspect} is not #{type}?"
       invalid_types = types - [type]
@@ -170,10 +184,10 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     all_types = Mime::SET.symbols
     all_types.uniq!
     # Remove custom Mime::Type instances set in other tests, like Mime::GIF and Mime::IPHONE
-    all_types.delete_if { |type| !Mime.const_defined?(type.to_s.upcase) }
+    all_types.delete_if { |type| !Mime.const_defined?(type.upcase) }
     verified, unverified = all_types.partition { |type| Mime::Type.browser_generated_types.include? type }
-    assert verified.each   { |type| assert  Mime.const_get(type.to_s.upcase).verify_request?, "Verifiable Mime Type is not verified: #{type.inspect}" }
-    assert unverified.each { |type| assert !Mime.const_get(type.to_s.upcase).verify_request?, "Nonverifiable Mime Type is verified: #{type.inspect}" }
+    assert verified.each   { |type| assert  Mime.const_get(type.upcase).verify_request?, "Verifiable Mime Type is not verified: #{type.inspect}" }
+    assert unverified.each { |type| assert !Mime.const_get(type.upcase).verify_request?, "Nonverifiable Mime Type is verified: #{type.inspect}" }
   end
 
   test "references gives preference to symbols before strings" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
index f7a746120e..536e35ab2e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,11 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "/sprockets -- /omg", response.body
   end
 
+  def test_mounting_works_with_nested_script_name
+    get "/foo/sprockets/omg", {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/foo', 'PATH_INFO' => '/sprockets/omg'
+    assert_equal "/foo/sprockets -- /omg", response.body
+  end
+
   def test_mounting_works_with_scope
     get "/its_a/sprocket/omg"
     assert_equal "/its_a/sprocket -- /omg", response.body
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
index bd5b5edab0..ab2f7612ce 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
         @routes ||= begin
           routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
           routes.draw do
-            match "/posts/:id", :to => "inside_engine_generating#show", :as => :post
-            match "/posts", :to => "inside_engine_generating#index", :as => :posts
-            match "/url_to_application", :to => "inside_engine_generating#url_to_application"
-            match "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "inside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
-            match "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
-            match "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
+            get "/posts/:id", :to => "inside_engine_generating#show", :as => :post
+            get "/posts", :to => "inside_engine_generating#index", :as => :posts
+            get "/url_to_application", :to => "inside_engine_generating#url_to_application"
+            get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "inside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
+            get "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
+            get "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
           end
 
           routes
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
             scope "/:omg", :omg => "awesome" do
               mount BlogEngine => "/blog", :as => "blog_engine"
             end
-            match "/posts/:id", :to => "outside_engine_generating#post", :as => :post
-            match "/generate", :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
-            match "/polymorphic_path_for_app", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_app"
-            match "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
-            match "/polymorphic_with_url_for", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_with_url_for"
-            match "/conflicting_url", :to => "outside_engine_generating#conflicting"
+            get "/posts/:id", :to => "outside_engine_generating#post", :as => :post
+            get "/generate", :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
+            get "/polymorphic_path_for_app", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_app"
+            get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
+            get "/polymorphic_with_url_for", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_with_url_for"
+            get "/conflicting_url", :to => "outside_engine_generating#conflicting"
             root :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
           end
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
         @routes ||= begin
           routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
           routes.draw do
-            match "/posts/:id", :to => "posts#show", :as => :post
+            get "/posts/:id", :to => "posts#show", :as => :post
           end
 
           routes
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
index ae425dd406..302bff0696 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => ::JsonParamsParsingTest::TestController
+          post ':action', :to => ::JsonParamsParsingTest::TestController
         end
         yield
       end
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class RootLessJSONParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing(controller)
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => controller
+          post ':action', :to => controller
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
index d144f013f5..63c5ea26a6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
+          post ':action', :to => 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
index f6a1475d04..3cb430d83d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,16 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "query string without equal" do
-    assert_parses({ "action" => nil }, "action")
+    assert_parses({"action" => nil}, "action")
+    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => nil}}, "action[foo]")
+    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => { "bar" => nil }}}, "action[foo][bar]")
+    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => { "bar" => [] }}}, "action[foo][bar][]")
+    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => []}}, "action[foo][]")
+    assert_parses({"action"=>{"foo"=>[{"bar"=>nil}]}}, "action[foo][][bar]")
+  end
+
+  def test_array_parses_without_nil
+    assert_parses({"action" => ['1']}, "action[]=1&action[]")
   end
 
   test "query string with empty key" do
@@ -105,11 +114,22 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     )
   end
 
+  test "ambiguous query string returns a bad request" do
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        get ':action', :to => ::QueryStringParsingTest::TestController
+      end
+
+      get "/parse", nil, "QUERY_STRING" => "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
+      assert_response :bad_request
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_parses(expected, actual)
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => ::QueryStringParsingTest::TestController
+          get ':action', :to => ::QueryStringParsingTest::TestController
         end
 
         get "/parse", actual
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80d5a13171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class Request
+    class SessionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def test_create_adds_itself_to_env
+        env = {}
+        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        assert_equal s, env[Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_KEY]
+      end
+
+      def test_to_hash
+        env = {}
+        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s['foo'] = 'bar'
+        assert_equal 'bar', s['foo']
+        assert_equal({'foo' => 'bar'}, s.to_hash)
+      end
+
+      def test_create_merges_old
+        env = {}
+        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s['foo'] = 'bar'
+
+        s1 = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        refute_equal s, s1
+        assert_equal 'bar', s1['foo']
+      end
+
+      def test_find
+        env = {}
+        assert_nil Session.find(env)
+
+        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        assert_equal s, Session.find(env)
+      end
+
+      def test_keys
+        env = {}
+        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+        s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
+        assert_equal %w[rails adequate], s.keys
+      end
+
+      def test_values
+        env = {}
+        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+        s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
+        assert_equal %w[ftw awesome], s.values
+      end
+
+      private
+      def store
+        Class.new {
+          def load_session(env); [1, {}]; end
+          def session_exists?(env); true; end
+        }.new
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
index 05569561d2..e9b59f55a7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -126,11 +126,22 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
+  test "ambiguous params returns a bad request" do
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        post ':action', :to => ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
+      end
+
+      post "/parse", "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
+      assert_response :bad_request
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
+          post ':action', :to => ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/xml_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/xml_params_parsing_test.rb
index afd400c2a9..84823e2896 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/xml_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/xml_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class XmlParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => ::XmlParamsParsingTest::TestController
+          post ':action', :to => ::XmlParamsParsingTest::TestController
         end
         yield
       end
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class RootLessXmlParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => ::RootLessXmlParamsParsingTest::TestController
+          post ':action', :to => ::RootLessXmlParamsParsingTest::TestController
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
index 4b98cd32f2..a8050b4fab 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class RequestIdResponseTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def with_test_route_set
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        match '/', :to => ::RequestIdResponseTest::TestController.action(:index)
+        get '/', :to => ::RequestIdResponseTest::TestController.action(:index)
       end
 
       @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ class RequestIdResponseTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       yield
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
index 6c8b22c47f..a434e49dbd 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
@@ -35,37 +35,40 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '1.2.3.4', request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '1.2.3.4',
-      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6'
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6'
     assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1',
-      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6'
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6'
     assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6,unknown'
     assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '172.16.0.1,3.4.5.6'
-    assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '192.168.0.1,3.4.5.6'
-    assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '10.0.0.1,3.4.5.6'
-    assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.1, 3.4.5.6'
-    assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '127.0.0.1,3.4.5.6'
-    assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'unknown,192.168.0.1'
-    assert_equal 'unknown', request.remote_ip
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6, 9.9.9.9, 10.0.0.1, 172.31.4.4'
     assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
 
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'not_ip_address'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '1.1.1.1',
                            'HTTP_CLIENT_IP'       => '2.2.2.2'
     e = assert_raise(ActionDispatch::RemoteIp::IpSpoofAttackError) {
@@ -89,6 +92,68 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '9.9.9.9', request.remote_ip
   end
 
+  test "remote ip v6" do
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334'
+    assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334,fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334',
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '::1',
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'unknown,fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '::1,fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '::1,fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '::1,fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '::1, ::1, fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'unknown,::1'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, ::1, fc00::'
+    assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'not_ip_address'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329',
+                           'HTTP_CLIENT_IP'       => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334'
+    e = assert_raise(ActionDispatch::RemoteIp::IpSpoofAttackError) {
+      request.remote_ip
+    }
+    assert_match(/IP spoofing attack/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR="fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329"/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/HTTP_CLIENT_IP="2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334"/, e.message)
+
+    # Turn IP Spoofing detection off.
+    # This is useful for sites that are aimed at non-IP clients.  The typical
+    # example is WAP.  Since the cellular network is not IP based, it's a
+    # leap of faith to assume that their proxies are ever going to set the
+    # HTTP_CLIENT_IP/HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR headers properly.
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329',
+                           'HTTP_CLIENT_IP'       => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334',
+                           :ip_spoofing_check     => false
+    assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334'
+    assert_equal 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329', request.remote_ip
+  end
+
   test "remote ip when the remote ip middleware returns nil" do
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1'
     assert_equal '127.0.0.1', request.remote_ip
@@ -97,29 +162,47 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "remote ip with user specified trusted proxies String" do
     @trusted_proxies = "67.205.106.73"
 
-    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '67.205.106.73',
-                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6'
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '3.4.5.6',
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '67.205.106.73'
     assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '172.16.0.1,67.205.106.73',
-                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6'
-    assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
-
-    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '67.205.106.73,172.16.0.1',
-                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6'
-    assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '67.205.106.73'
+    assert_equal '172.16.0.1', request.remote_ip
 
-    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '67.205.106.74,172.16.0.1',
-                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6'
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '67.205.106.73,3.4.5.6',
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '67.205.106.73'
     assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'unknown,67.205.106.73'
-    assert_equal 'unknown', request.remote_ip
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '3.4.5.6, 9.9.9.9, 10.0.0.1, 67.205.106.73'
     assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
   end
 
+  test "remote ip v6 with user specified trusted proxies String" do
+    @trusted_proxies = 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334',
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329,2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334',
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329,::1',
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'unknown,fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329,2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+  end
+
   test "remote ip with user specified trusted proxies Regexp" do
     @trusted_proxies = /^67\.205\.106\.73$/i
 
@@ -128,7 +211,18 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '3.4.5.6', request.remote_ip
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '67.205.106.73, 10.0.0.1, 9.9.9.9, 3.4.5.6'
-    assert_equal '10.0.0.1', request.remote_ip
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
+  end
+
+  test "remote ip v6 with user specified trusted proxies Regexp" do
+    @trusted_proxies = /^fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329$/i
+
+    request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334',
+                           'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329'
+    assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334'
+    assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
   end
 
   test "domains" do
@@ -367,14 +461,6 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "head masquerading as get" do
-    request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET', "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "HEAD"
-    assert_equal "HEAD", request.method
-    assert_equal "GET",  request.request_method
-    assert request.get?
-    assert request.head?
-  end
-
   test "post masquerading as patch" do
     request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PATCH', "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
     assert_equal "POST", request.method
@@ -467,7 +553,7 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     begin
       request = stub_request(mock_rack_env)
       request.parameters
-    rescue TypeError
+    rescue ActionController::BadRequest
       # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
     end
     assert_equal({}, request.parameters)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97fc4f3e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+require 'action_controller'
+require 'rails/engine'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Routing
+    class RoutesInspectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @set = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+        @inspector = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new
+        app = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+        app.config = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+        app.config.assets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+        app.config.assets.prefix = '/sprockets'
+        Rails.stubs(:application).returns(app)
+        Rails.stubs(:env).returns("development")
+      end
+
+      def draw(&block)
+        @set.draw(&block)
+        @inspector.format(@set.routes)
+      end
+
+      def test_displaying_routes_for_engines
+        engine = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
+          def self.to_s
+            "Blog::Engine"
+          end
+        end
+        engine.routes.draw do
+          get '/cart', :to => 'cart#show'
+        end
+
+        output = draw do
+          get '/custom/assets', :to => 'custom_assets#show'
+          mount engine => "/blog", :as => "blog"
+        end
+
+        expected = [
+          "custom_assets GET /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show",
+          "         blog     /blog                    Blog::Engine",
+          "\nRoutes for Blog::Engine:",
+          "cart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show"
+        ]
+        assert_equal expected, output
+      end
+
+      def test_cart_inspect
+        output = draw do
+          get '/cart', :to => 'cart#show'
+        end
+        assert_equal ["cart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show"], output
+      end
+
+      def test_inspect_shows_custom_assets
+        output = draw do
+          get '/custom/assets', :to => 'custom_assets#show'
+        end
+        assert_equal ["custom_assets GET /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show"], output
+      end
+
+      def test_inspect_routes_shows_resources_route
+        output = draw do
+          resources :articles
+        end
+        expected = [
+          "    articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index",
+          "             POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create",
+          " new_article GET    /articles/new(.:format)      articles#new",
+          "edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit",
+          "     article GET    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#show",
+          "             PATCH  /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update",
+          "             PUT    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update",
+          "             DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy" ]
+        assert_equal expected, output
+      end
+
+      def test_inspect_routes_shows_root_route
+        output = draw do
+          root :to => 'pages#main'
+        end
+        assert_equal ["root GET / pages#main"], output
+      end
+
+      def test_inspect_routes_shows_dynamic_action_route
+        output = draw do
+          get 'api/:action' => 'api'
+        end
+        assert_equal [" GET /api/:action(.:format) api#:action"], output
+      end
+
+      def test_inspect_routes_shows_controller_and_action_only_route
+        output = draw do
+          get ':controller/:action'
+        end
+        assert_equal [" GET /:controller/:action(.:format) :controller#:action"], output
+      end
+
+      def test_inspect_routes_shows_controller_and_action_route_with_constraints
+        output = draw do
+          get ':controller(/:action(/:id))', :id => /\d+/
+        end
+        assert_equal [" GET /:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format) :controller#:action {:id=>/\\d+/}"], output
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_defaults
+        output = draw do
+          get 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :defaults => {:format => 'jpg'}
+        end
+        assert_equal [%Q[ GET /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:format=>"jpg"}]], output
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_constraints
+        output = draw do
+          get 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
+        end
+        assert_equal [" GET /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"], output
+      end
+
+      class RackApp
+        def self.call(env)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_rack_app
+        output = draw do
+          get 'foo/:id' => RackApp, :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
+        end
+        assert_equal [" GET /foo/:id(.:format) #{RackApp.name} {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"], output
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_rack_app_nested_with_dynamic_constraints
+        constraint = Class.new do
+          def to_s
+            "( my custom constraint )"
+          end
+        end
+
+        output = draw do
+          scope :constraint => constraint.new do
+            mount RackApp => '/foo'
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_equal ["  /foo #{RackApp.name} {:constraint=>( my custom constraint )}"], output
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_dont_show_app_mounted_in_assets_prefix
+        output = draw do
+          get '/sprockets' => RackApp
+        end
+        assert_no_match(/RackApp/, output.first)
+        assert_no_match(/\/sprockets/, output.first)
+      end
+
+      def test_redirect
+        output = draw do
+          get "/foo"    => redirect("/foo/bar"), :constraints => { :subdomain => "admin" }
+          get "/bar"    => redirect(path: "/foo/bar", status: 307)
+          get "/foobar" => redirect{ "/foo/bar" }
+        end
+
+        assert_equal "   foo GET /foo(.:format)    redirect(301, /foo/bar) {:subdomain=>\"admin\"}", output[0]
+        assert_equal "   bar GET /bar(.:format)    redirect(307, path: /foo/bar)", output[1]
+        assert_equal "foobar GET /foobar(.:format) redirect(301)", output[2]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
index e953029456..aea4489852 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
@@ -47,28 +47,28 @@ class RoutingAssertionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_assert_recognizes_with_extras
     assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'articles', :action => 'index', :page => '1' }, '/articles', { :page => '1' })
   end
- 
+
   def test_assert_recognizes_with_method
     assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'articles', :action => 'create' }, { :path => '/articles', :method => :post })
     assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'articles', :action => 'update', :id => '1' }, { :path => '/articles/1', :method => :put })
   end
 
   def test_assert_recognizes_with_hash_constraint
-    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+    assert_raise(Assertion) do
       assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index' }, 'http://test.host/secure/articles')
     end
-    assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index' }, 'https://test.host/secure/articles')
+    assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index', :protocol => 'https://' }, 'https://test.host/secure/articles')
   end
 
   def test_assert_recognizes_with_block_constraint
-    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+    assert_raise(Assertion) do
       assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'block_articles', :action => 'index' }, 'http://test.host/block/articles')
     end
     assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'block_articles', :action => 'index' }, 'https://test.host/block/articles')
   end
 
   def test_assert_recognizes_with_query_constraint
-    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+    assert_raise(Assertion) do
       assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'query_articles', :action => 'index', :use_query => 'false' }, '/query/articles', { :use_query => 'false' })
     end
     assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'query_articles', :action => 'index', :use_query => 'true' }, '/query/articles', { :use_query => 'true' })
@@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ class RoutingAssertionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_assert_routing_with_hash_constraint
-    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+    assert_raise(Assertion) do
       assert_routing('http://test.host/secure/articles', { :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index' })
     end
-    assert_routing('https://test.host/secure/articles', { :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index' })
+    assert_routing('https://test.host/secure/articles', { :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index', :protocol => 'https://' })
   end
 
   def test_assert_routing_with_block_constraint
-    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+    assert_raise(Assertion) do
       assert_routing('http://test.host/block/articles', { :controller => 'block_articles', :action => 'index' })
     end
     assert_routing('https://test.host/block/articles', { :controller => 'block_articles', :action => 'index' })
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class RoutingAssertionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       assert_routing('/artikel', :controller => 'articles', :action => 'index')
-      assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+      assert_raise(Assertion) do
         assert_routing('/articles', { :controller => 'articles', :action => 'index' })
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
index 700666600b..205238990e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
@@ -58,41 +58,46 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         get  "remove", :action => :destroy, :as => :remove
       end
 
-      match 'account/logout' => redirect("/logout"), :as => :logout_redirect
-      match 'account/login', :to => redirect("/login")
-      match 'secure', :to => redirect("/secure/login")
+      get 'account/logout' => redirect("/logout"), :as => :logout_redirect
+      get 'account/login', :to => redirect("/login")
+      get 'secure', :to => redirect("/secure/login")
 
-      match 'mobile', :to => redirect(:subdomain => 'mobile')
-      match 'super_new_documentation', :to => redirect(:host => 'super-docs.com')
+      get 'mobile', :to => redirect(:subdomain => 'mobile')
+      get 'documentation', :to => redirect(:domain => 'example-documentation.com', :path => '')
+      get 'new_documentation', :to => redirect(:path => '/documentation/new')
+      get 'super_new_documentation', :to => redirect(:host => 'super-docs.com')
 
-      match 'youtube_favorites/:youtube_id/:name', :to => redirect(YoutubeFavoritesRedirector)
+      get 'stores/:name',        :to => redirect(:subdomain => 'stores', :path => '/%{name}')
+      get 'stores/:name(*rest)', :to => redirect(:subdomain => 'stores', :path => '/%{name}%{rest}')
+
+      get 'youtube_favorites/:youtube_id/:name', :to => redirect(YoutubeFavoritesRedirector)
 
       constraints(lambda { |req| true }) do
-        match 'account/overview'
+        get 'account/overview'
       end
 
-      match '/account/nested/overview'
-      match 'sign_in' => "sessions#new"
+      get '/account/nested/overview'
+      get 'sign_in' => "sessions#new"
 
-      match 'account/modulo/:name', :to => redirect("/%{name}s")
-      match 'account/proc/:name', :to => redirect {|params, req| "/#{params[:name].pluralize}" }
-      match 'account/proc_req' => redirect {|params, req| "/#{req.method}" }
+      get 'account/modulo/:name', :to => redirect("/%{name}s")
+      get 'account/proc/:name', :to => redirect {|params, req| "/#{params[:name].pluralize}" }
+      get 'account/proc_req' => redirect {|params, req| "/#{req.method}" }
 
-      match 'account/google' => redirect('http://www.google.com/', :status => 302)
+      get 'account/google' => redirect('http://www.google.com/', :status => 302)
 
       match 'openid/login', :via => [:get, :post], :to => "openid#login"
 
       controller(:global) do
         get   'global/hide_notice'
-        match 'global/export',      :to => :export, :as => :export_request
-        match '/export/:id/:file',  :to => :export, :as => :export_download, :constraints => { :file => /.*/ }
-        match 'global/:action'
+        get 'global/export',      :to => :export, :as => :export_request
+        get '/export/:id/:file',  :to => :export, :as => :export_download, :constraints => { :file => /.*/ }
+        get 'global/:action'
       end
 
-      match "/local/:action", :controller => "local"
+      get "/local/:action", :controller => "local"
 
-      match "/projects/status(.:format)"
-      match "/404", :to => lambda { |env| [404, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["NOT FOUND"]] }
+      get "/projects/status(.:format)"
+      get "/404", :to => lambda { |env| [404, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["NOT FOUND"]] }
 
       constraints(:ip => /192\.168\.1\.\d\d\d/) do
         get 'admin' => "queenbee#index"
@@ -166,6 +171,8 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
             post :preview, :on => :collection
           end
         end
+
+        post 'new', :action => 'new', :on => :collection, :as => :new
       end
 
       resources :replies do
@@ -277,25 +284,25 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
       end
 
-      match 'sprockets.js' => ::TestRoutingMapper::SprocketsApp
+      get 'sprockets.js' => ::TestRoutingMapper::SprocketsApp
 
-      match 'people/:id/update', :to => 'people#update', :as => :update_person
-      match '/projects/:project_id/people/:id/update', :to => 'people#update', :as => :update_project_person
+      get 'people/:id/update', :to => 'people#update', :as => :update_person
+      get '/projects/:project_id/people/:id/update', :to => 'people#update', :as => :update_project_person
 
       # misc
-      match 'articles/:year/:month/:day/:title', :to => "articles#show", :as => :article
+      get 'articles/:year/:month/:day/:title', :to => "articles#show", :as => :article
 
       # default params
-      match 'inline_pages/(:id)', :to => 'pages#show', :id => 'home'
-      match 'default_pages/(:id)', :to => 'pages#show', :defaults => { :id => 'home' }
+      get 'inline_pages/(:id)', :to => 'pages#show', :id => 'home'
+      get 'default_pages/(:id)', :to => 'pages#show', :defaults => { :id => 'home' }
       defaults :id => 'home' do
-        match 'scoped_pages/(:id)', :to => 'pages#show'
+        get 'scoped_pages/(:id)', :to => 'pages#show'
       end
 
       namespace :account do
-        match 'shorthand'
-        match 'description', :to => :description, :as => "description"
-        match ':action/callback', :action => /twitter|github/, :to => "callbacks", :as => :callback
+        get 'shorthand'
+        get 'description', :to => :description, :as => "description"
+        get ':action/callback', :action => /twitter|github/, :to => "callbacks", :as => :callback
         resource :subscription, :credit, :credit_card
 
         root :to => "account#index"
@@ -318,7 +325,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       controller :articles do
         scope '/articles', :as => 'article' do
           scope :path => '/:title', :title => /[a-z]+/, :as => :with_title do
-            match '/:id', :to => :with_id, :as => ""
+            get '/:id', :to => :with_id, :as => ""
           end
         end
       end
@@ -327,7 +334,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         resources :rooms
       end
 
-      match '/info' => 'projects#info', :as => 'info'
+      get '/info' => 'projects#info', :as => 'info'
 
       namespace :admin do
         scope '(:locale)', :locale => /en|pl/ do
@@ -361,7 +368,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
       scope :path => 'api' do
         resource :me
-        match '/' => 'mes#index'
+        get '/' => 'mes#index'
       end
 
       get "(/:username)/followers" => "followers#index"
@@ -374,7 +381,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
       end
 
-      match "whatever/:controller(/:action(/:id))", :id => /\d+/
+      get "whatever/:controller(/:action(/:id))", :id => /\d+/
 
       resource :profile do
         get :settings
@@ -407,7 +414,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
       namespace :private do
         root :to => redirect('/private/index')
-        match "index", :to => 'private#index'
+        get "index", :to => 'private#index'
       end
 
       scope :only => [:index, :show] do
@@ -475,6 +482,17 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         get :preview, :on => :member
       end
 
+      resources :profiles, :param => :username, :username => /[a-z]+/ do
+        get :details, :on => :member
+        resources :messages
+      end
+
+      resources :orders do
+        constraints :download => /[0-9a-f]{8}-(?:[0-9a-f]{4}-){3}[0-9a-f]{12}/ do
+          resources :downloads, :param => :download, :shallow => true
+        end
+      end
+
       scope :as => "routes" do
         get "/c/:id", :as => :collision, :to => "collision#show"
         get "/collision", :to => "collision#show"
@@ -484,7 +502,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         get "/forced_collision", :as => :forced_collision, :to => "forced_collision#show"
       end
 
-      match '/purchases/:token/:filename',
+      get '/purchases/:token/:filename',
         :to => 'purchases#fetch',
         :token => /[[:alnum:]]{10}/,
         :filename => /(.+)/,
@@ -495,18 +513,18 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       end
 
       scope '/countries/:country', :constraints => lambda { |params, req| params[:country].in?(["all", "France"]) } do
-        match '/',       :to => 'countries#index'
-        match '/cities', :to => 'countries#cities'
+        get '/',       :to => 'countries#index'
+        get '/cities', :to => 'countries#cities'
       end
 
-      match '/countries/:country/(*other)', :to => redirect{ |params, req| params[:other] ? "/countries/all/#{params[:other]}" : '/countries/all' }
+      get '/countries/:country/(*other)', :to => redirect{ |params, req| params[:other] ? "/countries/all/#{params[:other]}" : '/countries/all' }
 
-      match '/:locale/*file.:format', :to => 'files#show', :file => /path\/to\/existing\/file/
+      get '/:locale/*file.:format', :to => 'files#show', :file => /path\/to\/existing\/file/
 
       scope '/italians' do
-        match '/writers', :to => 'italians#writers', :constraints => ::TestRoutingMapper::IpRestrictor
-        match '/sculptors', :to => 'italians#sculptors'
-        match '/painters/:painter', :to => 'italians#painters', :constraints => {:painter => /michelangelo/}
+        get '/writers', :to => 'italians#writers', :constraints => ::TestRoutingMapper::IpRestrictor
+        get '/sculptors', :to => 'italians#sculptors'
+        get '/painters/:painter', :to => 'italians#painters', :constraints => {:painter => /michelangelo/}
       end
     end
   end
@@ -622,7 +640,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       self.class.stub_controllers do |routes|
         routes.draw do
           namespace :admin do
-            match '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+            get '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           end
         end
       end
@@ -688,11 +706,31 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     verify_redirect 'http://mobile.example.com/mobile'
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_hash_with_domain_and_path
+    get '/documentation'
+    verify_redirect 'http://www.example-documentation.com'
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_hash_with_path
+    get '/new_documentation'
+    verify_redirect 'http://www.example.com/documentation/new'
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_hash_with_host
     get '/super_new_documentation?section=top'
     verify_redirect 'http://super-docs.com/super_new_documentation?section=top'
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_hash_path_substitution
+    get '/stores/iernest'
+    verify_redirect 'http://stores.example.com/iernest'
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_hash_path_substitution_with_catch_all
+    get '/stores/iernest/products'
+    verify_redirect 'http://stores.example.com/iernest/products'
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_class
     get '/youtube_favorites/oHg5SJYRHA0/rick-rolld'
     verify_redirect 'http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0'
@@ -797,6 +835,15 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal original_options, options
   end
 
+  def test_url_for_does_not_modify_controller
+    controller = '/projects'
+    options = {:controller => controller, :action => 'status', :only_path => true}
+    url = url_for(options)
+
+    assert_equal '/projects/status', url
+    assert_equal '/projects', controller
+  end
+
   # tests the arguments modification free version of define_hash_access
   def test_named_route_with_no_side_effects
     original_options = { :host => 'test.host' }
@@ -846,6 +893,12 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/projects/1/edit', edit_project_path(:id => '1')
   end
 
+  def test_projects_with_post_action_and_new_path_on_collection
+    post '/projects/new'
+    assert_equal "project#new", @response.body
+    assert_equal "/projects/new", new_projects_path
+  end
+
   def test_projects_involvements
     get '/projects/1/involvements'
     assert_equal 'involvements#index', @response.body
@@ -2183,6 +2236,36 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "/posts/1/admin", post_admin_root_path(:post_id => '1')
   end
 
+  def test_custom_param
+    get '/profiles/bob'
+    assert_equal 'profiles#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal 'bob', @request.params[:username]
+
+    get '/profiles/bob/details'
+    assert_equal 'bob', @request.params[:username]
+
+    get '/profiles/bob/messages/34'
+    assert_equal 'bob', @request.params[:profile_username]
+    assert_equal '34', @request.params[:id]
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_param_constraint
+    get '/profiles/bob1'
+    assert_equal 404, @response.status
+
+    get '/profiles/bob1/details'
+    assert_equal 404, @response.status
+
+    get '/profiles/bob1/messages/34'
+    assert_equal 404, @response.status
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_custom_param
+    get '/downloads/0c0c0b68-d24b-11e1-a861-001ff3fffe6f.zip'
+    assert_equal 'downloads#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '0c0c0b68-d24b-11e1-a861-001ff3fffe6f', @request.params[:download]
+  end
+
 private
   def with_https
     old_https = https?
@@ -2213,12 +2296,12 @@ class TestAppendingRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     s = self
     @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     @app.append do
-      match '/hello'   => s.simple_app('fail')
-      match '/goodbye' => s.simple_app('goodbye')
+      get '/hello'   => s.simple_app('fail')
+      get '/goodbye' => s.simple_app('goodbye')
     end
 
     @app.draw do
-      match '/hello' => s.simple_app('hello')
+      get '/hello' => s.simple_app('hello')
     end
   end
 
@@ -2326,12 +2409,12 @@ end
 class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
     app.draw do
-      match '/:segment' => lambda { |env|
+      get '/:segment' => lambda { |env|
         path_params = env['action_dispatch.request.path_parameters']
         [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, [path_params[:segment]]]
       }, :as => :segment
 
-      match '/*splat' => lambda { |env|
+      get '/*splat' => lambda { |env|
         path_params = env['action_dispatch.request.path_parameters']
         [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, [path_params[:splat]]]
       }, :as => :splat
@@ -2363,7 +2446,7 @@ end
 class TestUnicodePaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
     app.draw do
-      match "/#{Rack::Utils.escape("ほげ")}" => lambda { |env|
+      get "/ほげ" => lambda { |env|
         [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []]
       }, :as => :unicode_path
     end
@@ -2393,10 +2476,10 @@ class TestMultipleNestedController < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     app.draw do
       namespace :foo do
         namespace :bar do
-          match "baz" => "baz#index"
+          get "baz" => "baz#index"
         end
       end
-      match "pooh" => "pooh#index"
+      get "pooh" => "pooh#index"
     end
   end
 
@@ -2407,7 +2490,6 @@ class TestMultipleNestedController < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/foo/bar/baz"
     assert_equal "/pooh", @response.body
   end
-
 end
 
 class TestTildeAndMinusPaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -2415,8 +2497,8 @@ class TestTildeAndMinusPaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     app.draw do
       ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
 
-      match "/~user" => ok
-      match "/young-and-fine" => ok
+      get "/~user" => ok
+      get "/young-and-fine" => ok
     end
   end
 
@@ -2434,3 +2516,216 @@ class TestTildeAndMinusPaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
 end
+
+class TestRedirectInterpolation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
+    app.draw do
+      ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
+
+      get "/foo/:id" => redirect("/foo/bar/%{id}")
+      get "/bar/:id" => redirect(:path => "/foo/bar/%{id}")
+      get "/foo/bar/:id" => ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def app; Routes end
+
+  test "redirect escapes interpolated parameters with redirect proc" do
+    get "/foo/1%3E"
+    verify_redirect "http://www.example.com/foo/bar/1%3E"
+  end
+
+  test "redirect escapes interpolated parameters with option proc" do
+    get "/bar/1%3E"
+    verify_redirect "http://www.example.com/foo/bar/1%3E"
+  end
+
+private
+  def verify_redirect(url, status=301)
+    assert_equal status, @response.status
+    assert_equal url, @response.headers['Location']
+    assert_equal expected_redirect_body(url), @response.body
+  end
+
+  def expected_redirect_body(url)
+    %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{ERB::Util.h(url)}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
+  end
+end
+
+class TestConstraintsAccessingParameters < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
+    app.draw do
+      ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
+
+      get "/:foo" => ok, :constraints => lambda { |r| r.params[:foo] == 'foo' }
+      get "/:bar" => ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def app; Routes end
+
+  test "parameters are reset between constraint checks" do
+    get "/bar"
+    assert_equal nil, @request.params[:foo]
+    assert_equal "bar", @request.params[:bar]
+  end
+end
+
+class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
+    app.draw do
+      ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
+      get '/foo' => ok, as: :foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+  def app; Routes end
+
+  test 'enabled when not mounted and default_url_options is empty' do
+    assert Routes.url_helpers.optimize_routes_generation?
+  end
+
+  test 'named route called as singleton method' do
+    assert_equal '/foo', Routes.url_helpers.foo_path
+  end
+
+  test 'named route called on included module' do
+    assert_equal '/foo', foo_path
+  end
+end
+
+class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class CategoriesController < ActionController::Base
+    def show
+      render :text => "categories#show"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ProductsController < ActionController::Base
+    def show
+      render :text => "products#show"
+    end
+  end
+
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
+    app.draw do
+      scope :module => "test_named_route_url_helpers" do
+        get "/categories/:id" => 'categories#show', :as => :category
+        get "/products/:id" => 'products#show', :as => :product
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def app; Routes end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  test "url helpers do not ignore nil parameters when using non-optimized routes" do
+    Routes.stubs(:optimize_routes_generation?).returns(false)
+
+    get "/categories/1"
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_raises(ActionController::RoutingError) { product_path(nil) }
+  end
+end
+
+class TestUrlConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
+    app.draw do
+      ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
+
+      constraints :subdomain => 'admin' do
+        get '/' => ok, :as => :admin_root
+      end
+
+      scope :constraints => { :protocol => 'https://' } do
+        get '/' => ok, :as => :secure_root
+      end
+
+      get '/' => ok, :as => :alternate_root, :constraints => { :port => 8080 }
+    end
+  end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+  def app; Routes end
+
+  test "constraints are copied to defaults when using constraints method" do
+    assert_equal 'http://admin.example.com/', admin_root_url
+
+    get 'http://admin.example.com/'
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  test "constraints are copied to defaults when using scope constraints hash" do
+    assert_equal 'https://www.example.com/', secure_root_url
+
+    get 'https://www.example.com/'
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  test "constraints are copied to defaults when using route constraints hash" do
+    assert_equal 'http://www.example.com:8080/', alternate_root_url
+
+    get 'http://www.example.com:8080/'
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+end
+
+class TestInvalidUrls < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def show
+      render :text => "foo#show"
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "invalid UTF-8 encoding returns a 400 Bad Request" do
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        get "/bar/:id", :to => redirect("/foo/show/%{id}")
+        get "/foo/show(/:id)", :to => "test_invalid_urls/foo#show"
+        get "/foo(/:action(/:id))", :to => "test_invalid_urls/foo"
+        get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
+      end
+
+      get "/%E2%EF%BF%BD%A6"
+      assert_response :bad_request
+
+      get "/foo/%E2%EF%BF%BD%A6"
+      assert_response :bad_request
+
+      get "/foo/show/%E2%EF%BF%BD%A6"
+      assert_response :bad_request
+
+      get "/bar/%E2%EF%BF%BD%A6"
+      assert_response :bad_request
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TestOptionalRootSegments < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  stub_controllers do |routes|
+    Routes = routes
+    Routes.draw do
+      get '/(page/:page)', :to => 'pages#index', :as => :root
+    end
+  end
+
+  def app
+    Routes
+  end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  def test_optional_root_segments
+    get '/'
+    assert_equal 'pages#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/', root_path
+
+    get '/page/1'
+    assert_equal 'pages#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '1', @request.params[:page]
+    assert_equal '/page/1', root_path('1')
+    assert_equal '/page/1', root_path(:page => '1')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/abstract_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/abstract_store_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8daf3d3f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/abstract_store_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Session
+    class AbstractStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      class MemoryStore < AbstractStore
+        def initialize(app)
+          @sessions = {}
+          super
+        end
+
+        def get_session(env, sid)
+          sid ||= 1
+          session = @sessions[sid] ||= {}
+          [sid, session]
+        end
+
+        def set_session(env, sid, session, options)
+          @sessions[sid] = session
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_session_is_set
+        env = {}
+        as = MemoryStore.new app
+        as.call(env)
+
+        assert @env
+        assert Request::Session.find @env
+      end
+
+      def test_new_session_object_is_merged_with_old
+        env = {}
+        as = MemoryStore.new app
+        as.call(env)
+
+        assert @env
+        session = Request::Session.find @env
+        session['foo'] = 'bar'
+
+        as.call(@env)
+        session1 = Request::Session.find @env
+
+        refute_equal session, session1
+        assert_equal session.to_hash, session1.to_hash
+      end
+
+      private
+      def app(&block)
+        @env = nil
+        lambda { |env| @env = env }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
index 12405bf45d..a74e165826 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class CacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_route_set
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => ::CacheStoreTest::TestController
+          get ':action', :to => ::CacheStoreTest::TestController
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
index 19969394cd..631974d6c4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_route_set(options = {})
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => ::CookieStoreTest::TestController
+          get ':action', :to => ::CookieStoreTest::TestController
         end
 
         options = { :key => SessionKey }.merge!(options)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
index 5277c92b55..03234612ab 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_route_set
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match ':action', :to => ::MemCacheStoreTest::TestController
+          get ':action', :to => ::MemCacheStoreTest::TestController
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f075a9074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class SSLTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  def default_app
+    lambda { |env|
+      headers = {'Content-Type' => "text/html"}
+      headers['Set-Cookie'] = "id=1; path=/\ntoken=abc; path=/; secure; HttpOnly"
+      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
+    }
+  end
+
+  def app
+    @app ||= ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app)
+  end
+  attr_writer :app
+
+  def test_allows_https_url
+    get "https://example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  def test_allows_https_proxy_header_url
+    get "http://example.org/", {}, 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => "https"
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  def test_redirects_http_to_https
+    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_response :redirect
+    assert_equal "https://example.org/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+
+  def test_hsts_header_by_default
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal "max-age=31536000",
+      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  end
+
+  def test_hsts_header
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => true)
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal "max-age=31536000",
+      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_hsts_header
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => false)
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    refute response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  end
+
+  def test_hsts_expires
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => { :expires => 500 })
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal "max-age=500",
+      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  end
+
+  def test_hsts_include_subdomains
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => { :subdomains => true })
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains",
+      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal ["id=1; path=/; secure", "token=abc; path=/; secure; HttpOnly" ],
+      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_at_end_of_line
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
+      headers = {
+        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
+        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly; secure"
+      }
+      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
+    })
+
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly; secure"],
+      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_more_spaces_before
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
+      headers = {
+        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
+        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly;  secure"
+      }
+      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
+    })
+
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly;  secure"],
+      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_more_spaces_after
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
+      headers = {
+        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
+        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; secure;  HttpOnly"
+      }
+      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
+    })
+
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; secure;  HttpOnly"],
+      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_no_cookies
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
+      [200, {'Content-Type' => "text/html"}, ["OK"]]
+    })
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert !response.headers['Set-Cookie']
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_to_host
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org")
+    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_to_port
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :port => 8443)
+    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_equal "https://example.org:8443/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_to_host_and_port
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org", :port => 8443)
+    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org:8443/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_to_secure_host_when_on_subdomain
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org")
+    get "http://ssl.example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_to_secure_subdomain_when_on_deep_subdomain
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "example.co.uk")
+    get "http://double.rainbow.what.does.it.mean.example.co.uk/path?key=value"
+    assert_equal "https://example.co.uk/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
index 092ca3e20a..112f470786 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ module StaticTests
     assert_equal "Hello, World!", get("/nofile").body
   end
 
+  def test_handles_urls_with_bad_encoding
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", get("/doorkeeper%E3E4").body
+  end
+
   def test_sets_cache_control
     response = get("/index.html")
     assert_html "/index.html", response
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
index 4ee1d61146..6047631ba3 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
@@ -55,6 +55,13 @@ class TestRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_cookies({"user_name" => "david"}, req.cookie_jar)
   end
 
+  test "does not complain when Rails.application is nil" do
+    Rails.stubs(:application).returns(nil)
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new
+
+    assert_equal false, req.env.empty?
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_cookies(expected, cookie_jar)
       assert_equal(expected, cookie_jar.instance_variable_get("@cookies"))
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
index 1e3f720fa7..e69c1fbed4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
@@ -65,6 +65,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
+    def test_delegate_eof_to_tempfile
+      tf = Class.new { def eof?; true end; }
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:tempfile => tf.new)
+      assert uf.eof?
+    end
+
     def test_respond_to?
       tf = Class.new { def read; yield end }
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:tempfile => tf.new)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
index 2b54bc62b0..e56e8ddc57 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module TestUrlGeneration
   class WithMountPoint < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-    Routes.draw { match "/foo", :to => "my_route_generating#index", :as => :foo }
+    include Routes.url_helpers
 
     class ::MyRouteGeneratingController < ActionController::Base
       include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
       end
     end
 
-    include Routes.url_helpers
+    Routes.draw do
+      get "/foo", :to => "my_route_generating#index", :as => :foo
+
+      mount MyRouteGeneratingController.action(:index), at: '/bar'
+    end
 
     def _routes
       Routes
@@ -30,11 +34,16 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
       assert_equal "/bar/foo", foo_path(:script_name => "/bar")
     end
 
-    test "the request's SCRIPT_NAME takes precedence over the routes'" do
+    test "the request's SCRIPT_NAME takes precedence over the route" do
       get "/foo", {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => "/new", 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes
       assert_equal "/new/foo", response.body
     end
 
+    test "the request's SCRIPT_NAME wraps the mounted app's" do
+      get '/new/bar/foo', {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/new', 'PATH_INFO' => '/bar/foo', 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes
+      assert_equal "/new/bar/foo", response.body
+    end
+
     test "handling http protocol with https set" do
       https!
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(:protocol => "http")
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb
index d51b7b3ebc..f0f542ff92 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-<%= game.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
+Fun <%= game.name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb
index d51b7b3ebc..523bc55bd7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-<%= game.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
+Serious <%= game.name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/games/_game.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/games/_game.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1aeb81fcba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/games/_game.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Just <%= game.name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers1_pack/pack1_helper.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers1_pack/pack1_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9faa427736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers1_pack/pack1_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Pack1Helper
+  def conflicting_helper
+    "pack1"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers2_pack/pack2_helper.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers2_pack/pack2_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf56697dfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers2_pack/pack2_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Pack2Helper
+  def conflicting_helper
+    "pack2"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/with_html_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/with_html_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd2896aeaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/with_html_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :partial => "partial_only_html" %><%= yield %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text.raw b/actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text.raw
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b13985337f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text.raw
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= hello_world %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text_with_characters.raw b/actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text_with_characters.raw
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e86e44fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text_with_characters.raw
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Here are some characters: !@#$%^&*()-="'}{`
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/project.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/project.rb
index 2b53d39ed5..c124a9e605 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/project.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/project.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, :uniq => true
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, -> { uniq }
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/foo/baz.css b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/foo/baz.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5173fbef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/foo/baz.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+body {
+background: #000;
+}
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/reply.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/reply.rb
index 19cba93673..16b53be18a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/reply.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/reply.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 class Reply < ActiveRecord::Base
-  scope :base
-  belongs_to :topic, :include => [:replies]
+  scope :base, -> { scoped }
+  belongs_to :topic, -> { includes(:replies) }
   belongs_to :developer
 
   validates_presence_of :content
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/alternate/stylesheets/style.css b/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/alternate/stylesheets/style.css
deleted file mode 100644
index bfb90bfa48..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/alternate/stylesheets/style.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/* Different from other style.css */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/images/logo.png b/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/images/logo.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d5edc04e65..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/images/logo.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/application.js b/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/application.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e611d2b129..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/javascripts/application.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-//= require xmlhr
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/application.css b/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/application.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 2365eaa4cd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/sprockets/app/stylesheets/application.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/*= require style */
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdd53014cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<b class="<%= customer.name.downcase %>"><%= yield %></b>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44d6121297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<b data-counter="<%= customer_counter %>"><%= yield %></b>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3225efc49a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+HTML
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fa41dce66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+JSON
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..790ee896db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/second_json_partial" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.gitkeep b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.gitkeep
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b54875782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= "partial.html.erb" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2d630bd40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+only html partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ebb7f1afd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Third level
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priorty.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priorty.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5618977d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priorty.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/json_change_priority", formats: :json %>
+HTML Template, but <%= render :partial => "test/changing_priority" %> partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec31545356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Hello world!
+<%= render '/test/partial' %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bbc2b7f09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/first_json_partial", formats: :json %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d84d909d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only_html" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7502364cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f068ebf27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+**<%= render :partial => "partial_only" %>**
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e54a7cd001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :template => "test/greeting", :formats => :xml %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/default.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/default.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b70031071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/default.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= t('.missing', :default => :'.foo') %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
index bbb4cc5ef3..82f38b5309 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -214,3 +214,6 @@ class RenderJsonTestException < Exception
     return { :error => self.class.name, :message => self.to_s }.to_json
   end
 end
+
+class Car < Struct.new(:color)
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/metal/caching_test.rb b/actionpack/test/metal/caching_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2b6763754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/metal/caching_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+CACHE_DIR = 'test_cache'
+# Don't change '/../temp/' cavalierly or you might hose something you don't want hosed
+FILE_STORE_PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '/../temp/', CACHE_DIR)
+
+class CachingController < ActionController::Metal
+  abstract!
+
+  include ActionController::Caching
+
+  self.page_cache_directory = FILE_STORE_PATH
+  self.cache_store = :file_store, FILE_STORE_PATH
+end
+
+class PageCachingTestController < CachingController
+  caches_page :ok
+
+  def ok
+    self.response_body = "ok"
+  end
+end
+
+class PageCachingTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests PageCachingTestController
+
+  def test_should_cache_get_with_ok_status
+    get :ok
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert File.exist?("#{FILE_STORE_PATH}/page_caching_test/ok.html"), "get with ok status should have been cached"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
index 66a7bce71e..86bccdfade 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
@@ -29,28 +29,41 @@ class ActiveModelHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_text_area_with_errors
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><textarea cols="40" id="post_body" name="post[body]" rows="20">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea></div>),
+      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea></div>),
       text_area("post", "body")
     )
   end
 
   def test_text_field_with_errors
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><input id="post_author_name" name="post[author_name]" size="30" type="text" value="" /></div>),
+      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><input id="post_author_name" name="post[author_name]" type="text" value="" /></div>),
       text_field("post", "author_name")
     )
   end
 
+  def test_select_with_errors
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><select name="post[author_name]" id="post_author_name"><option value="a">a</option>\n<option value="b">b</option></select></div>),
+      select("post", "author_name", [:a, :b])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_errors_and_blank_option
+    expected_dom = %(<div class="field_with_errors"><select name="post[author_name]" id="post_author_name"><option value="">Choose one...</option>\n<option value="a">a</option>\n<option value="b">b</option></select></div>)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected_dom, select("post", "author_name", [:a, :b], :include_blank => 'Choose one...'))
+    assert_dom_equal(expected_dom, select("post", "author_name", [:a, :b], :prompt => 'Choose one...'))
+  end
+
   def test_date_select_with_errors
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n</select>\n<input id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" type="hidden" value="6" />\n<input id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" type="hidden" value="15" />\n</div>),
+      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n</select>\n<input id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" type="hidden" value="6" />\n<input id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" type="hidden" value="1" />\n</div>),
       date_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_month => true, :discard_day => true, :start_year => 2004, :end_year => 2005)
     )
   end
 
   def test_datetime_select_with_errors
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><input id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" type="hidden" value="2004" />\n<input id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" type="hidden" value="6" />\n<input id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" type="hidden" value="15" />\n<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n<option selected="selected" value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n</select>\n : <select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n<option selected="selected" value="00">00</option>\n</select>\n</div>),
+      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><input id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" type="hidden" value="2004" />\n<input id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" type="hidden" value="6" />\n<input id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" type="hidden" value="1" />\n<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n<option selected="selected" value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n</select>\n : <select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n<option selected="selected" value="00">00</option>\n</select>\n</div>),
       datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_year => true, :discard_month => true, :discard_day => true, :minute_step => 60)
     )
   end
@@ -76,10 +89,11 @@ class ActiveModelHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><input id="post_author_name" name="post[author_name]" size="30" type="text" value="" /> <span class="error">can't be empty</span></div>),
+      %(<div class="field_with_errors"><input id="post_author_name" name="post[author_name]" type="text" value="" /> <span class="error">can't be empty</span></div>),
       text_field("post", "author_name")
     )
   ensure
     ActionView::Base.field_error_proc = old_proc if old_proc
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
index 58ff055fc2..bcc55189b9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -102,20 +102,20 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   }
 
   JavascriptIncludeToTag = {
-    %(javascript_include_tag("bank")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("bank.js")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("bank", :lang => "vbscript")) => %(<script lang="vbscript" src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("common.javascript", "/elsewhere/cools")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/common.javascript" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/elsewhere/cools.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag(:defaults)) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag(:all)) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag(:all, :recursive => true)) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag(:defaults, "bank")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag(:defaults, "application")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("bank", :defaults)) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-
-    %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("//example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="//example.com/all.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("bank")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("bank.js")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("bank", :lang => "vbscript")) => %(<script lang="vbscript" src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("common.javascript", "/elsewhere/cools")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/common.javascript" ></script>\n<script src="/elsewhere/cools.js" ></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag(:defaults)) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" ></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag(:all)) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag(:all, :recursive => true)) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag(:defaults, "bank")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag(:defaults, "application")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("bank", :defaults)) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
+
+    %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all.js"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("//example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="//example.com/all.js"></script>),
   }
 
   StylePathToTag = {
@@ -147,19 +147,19 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   }
 
   StyleLinkToTag = {
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank.css")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("/elsewhere/file")) => %(<link href="/elsewhere/file.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("subdir/subdir")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank", :media => "all")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag(:all)) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :recursive => true)) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :media => "all")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("random.styles", "/elsewhere/file")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/random.styles" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/elsewhere/file.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("//www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="//www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank.css")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("/elsewhere/file")) => %(<link href="/elsewhere/file.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("subdir/subdir")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank", :media => "all")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag(:all)) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :recursive => true)) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :media => "all")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("random.styles", "/elsewhere/file")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/random.styles" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/elsewhere/file.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("//www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="//www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
   }
 
   ImagePathToTag = {
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     %(image_tag(".pdf.png")) => %(<img alt=".pdf" src="/images/.pdf.png" />),
     %(image_tag("http://www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png")) => %(<img alt="Rails" src="http://www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png" />),
     %(image_tag("//www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png")) => %(<img alt="Rails" src="//www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("mouse.png", :mouseover => "/images/mouse_over.png")) => %(<img alt="Mouse" onmouseover="this.src='/images/mouse_over.png'" onmouseout="this.src='/images/mouse.png'" src="/images/mouse.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("mouse.png", :mouseover => image_path("mouse_over.png"))) => %(<img alt="Mouse" onmouseover="this.src='/images/mouse_over.png'" onmouseout="this.src='/images/mouse.png'" src="/images/mouse.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("mouse.png", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="/images/mouse.png" />)
+    %(image_tag("mouse.png", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="/images/mouse.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" />),
+    %(image_tag("")) => %(<img src="" />)
   }
 
   FaviconLinkToTag = {
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_javascript_include_tag_with_given_asset_id
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = "1"
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js?1" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js?1" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js?1" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js?1" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js?1" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js?1" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag(:defaults))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js?1"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js?1"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js?1"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js?1"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js?1"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js?1"></script>), javascript_include_tag(:defaults))
   end
 
   def test_javascript_include_tag_is_html_safe
@@ -351,35 +351,35 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_custom_javascript_expansions
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :robbery => ["bank", "robber"]
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls', :robbery, 'effects')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls', :robbery, 'effects')
   end
 
   def test_custom_javascript_expansions_return_unique_set
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :defaults => %w(prototype effects dragdrop controls rails application)
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag(:defaults)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag(:defaults)
   end
 
   def test_custom_javascript_expansions_and_defaults_puts_application_js_at_the_end
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :robbery => ["bank", "robber"]
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls',:defaults, :robbery, 'effects')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls',:defaults, :robbery, 'effects')
   end
 
   def test_javascript_include_tag_should_not_output_the_same_asset_twice
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag('prototype', 'effects', :defaults)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('prototype', 'effects', :defaults)
   end
 
   def test_javascript_include_tag_should_not_output_the_same_expansion_twice
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag(:defaults, :defaults)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag(:defaults, :defaults)
   end
 
   def test_single_javascript_asset_keys_should_take_precedence_over_expansions
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls', :defaults, 'effects')
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls', 'effects', :defaults)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls', :defaults, 'effects')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/rails.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls', 'effects', :defaults)
   end
 
   def test_registering_javascript_expansions_merges_with_existing_expansions
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :can_merge => ['bank']
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :can_merge => ['robber']
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :can_merge => ['bank']
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag(:can_merge)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag(:can_merge)
   end
 
   def test_custom_javascript_expansions_with_undefined_symbol
@@ -396,20 +396,20 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_custom_javascript_expansions_with_nil_value
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :monkey => nil
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/first.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/last.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag('first', :monkey, 'last')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/first.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/last.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('first', :monkey, 'last')
   end
 
   def test_custom_javascript_expansions_with_empty_array_value
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :monkey => []
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/first.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/last.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag('first', :monkey, 'last')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/first.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/last.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('first', :monkey, 'last')
   end
 
   def test_custom_javascript_and_stylesheet_expansion_with_same_name
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_javascript_expansion :robbery => ["bank", "robber"]
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :robbery => ["money", "security"]
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls', :robbery, 'effects')
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/money.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/security.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/print.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />), stylesheet_link_tag('style', :robbery, 'print')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('controls', :robbery, 'effects')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/style.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/money.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/security.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />), stylesheet_link_tag('style', :robbery, 'print')
   end
 
   def test_reset_javascript_expansions
@@ -457,36 +457,36 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_stylesheet_link_tag_escapes_options
-    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="/file.css" media="&lt;script&gt;" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag('/file', :media => '<script>')
+    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="/file.css" media="&lt;script&gt;" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('/file', :media => '<script>')
   end
 
   def test_custom_stylesheet_expansions
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ''
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :robbery => ["bank", "robber"]
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag('version.1.0', :robbery, 'subdir/subdir')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('version.1.0', :robbery, 'subdir/subdir')
   end
 
   def test_custom_stylesheet_expansions_return_unique_set
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :cities => %w(wellington amsterdam london)
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/london.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag(:cities)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/london.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag(:cities)
   end
 
   def test_stylesheet_link_tag_should_not_output_the_same_asset_twice
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag('wellington', 'wellington', 'amsterdam')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('wellington', 'wellington', 'amsterdam')
   end
 
   def test_stylesheet_link_tag_should_not_output_the_same_expansion_twice
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :cities => %w(wellington amsterdam london)
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/london.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag(:cities, :cities)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/london.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag(:cities, :cities)
   end
 
   def test_single_stylesheet_asset_keys_should_take_precedence_over_expansions
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :cities => %w(wellington amsterdam london)
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/london.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag('london', :cities)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/london.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('london', :cities)
   end
 
   def test_custom_stylesheet_expansions_with_unknown_symbol
@@ -495,12 +495,12 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_custom_stylesheet_expansions_with_nil_value
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :monkey => nil
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/first.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/last.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />), stylesheet_link_tag('first', :monkey, 'last')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/first.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/last.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />), stylesheet_link_tag('first', :monkey, 'last')
   end
 
   def test_custom_stylesheet_expansions_with_empty_array_value
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :monkey => []
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/first.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/last.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />), stylesheet_link_tag('first', :monkey, 'last')
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/first.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/last.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />), stylesheet_link_tag('first', :monkey, 'last')
   end
 
   def test_registering_stylesheet_expansions_merges_with_existing_expansions
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :can_merge => ['bank']
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :can_merge => ['robber']
     ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::register_stylesheet_expansion :can_merge => ['bank']
-    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag(:can_merge)
+    assert_dom_equal  %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag(:can_merge)
   end
 
   def test_image_path
@@ -703,21 +703,21 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/javascripts/all.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/javascripts/all.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JAVASCRIPTS_DIR, 'all.js'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/javascripts/money.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/javascripts/money.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "money")
     )
 
     assert File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JAVASCRIPTS_DIR, 'money.js'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/absolute/test.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/absolute/test.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "/absolute/test")
     )
 
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/javascripts/scripts.js'.length, 23
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://a23.example.com/javascripts/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://a23.example.com/javascripts/scripts.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => 'scripts')
     )
 
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/javascripts/vanilla.js'.length, 23
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://assets23.example.com/javascripts/vanilla.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://assets23.example.com/javascripts/vanilla.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => 'vanilla')
     )
 
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/javascripts/secure.js'.length, 22
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="https://localhost/javascripts/secure.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="https://localhost/javascripts/secure.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => 'secure')
     )
 
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/javascripts/vanilla.js'.length, 23
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://assets23.example.com/javascripts/vanilla.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://assets23.example.com/javascripts/vanilla.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => 'vanilla')
     )
 
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/javascripts/secure.js'.length, 22
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="https://localhost/javascripts/secure.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="https://localhost/javascripts/secure.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => 'secure')
     )
 
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     number = Zlib.crc32('/javascripts/cache/money.js') % 4
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://a#{number}.example.com/javascripts/cache/money.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://a#{number}.example.com/javascripts/cache/money.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "cache/money")
     )
 
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/javascripts/combined.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/javascripts/combined.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "combined", :recursive => true)
     )
 
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/javascripts/combined.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="http://a0.example.com/javascripts/combined.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "combined")
     )
 
@@ -887,14 +887,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/all.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/all.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JAVASCRIPTS_DIR, 'all.js'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/money.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/money.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "money")
     )
 
@@ -912,14 +912,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/all.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/all.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JAVASCRIPTS_DIR, 'all.js'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/money.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/money.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "money")
     )
 
@@ -936,14 +936,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = false
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/robber.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag('robber', :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert !File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JAVASCRIPTS_DIR, 'all.js'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/robber.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag('robber', :cache => "money", :recursive => true)
     )
 
@@ -957,14 +957,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = false
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/robber.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag('robber', :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert !File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JAVASCRIPTS_DIR, 'all.js'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/robber.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag('robber', :cache => "money", :recursive => true)
     )
 
@@ -976,24 +976,24 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = false
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => true, :recursive => true)
     )
 
     assert !File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JAVASCRIPTS_DIR, 'all.js'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "money")
     )
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>),
+      %(<script src="/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/effects.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/dragdrop.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/controls.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/bank.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/robber.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/version.1.0.js"></script>\n<script src="/javascripts/application.js"></script>),
       javascript_include_tag(:all, :cache => "money", :recursive => true)
     )
 
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="http://a0.example.com/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="http://a0.example.com/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => true)
     )
 
@@ -1065,14 +1065,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal expected_size, File.size(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'all.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="http://a0.example.com/stylesheets/money.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="http://a0.example.com/stylesheets/money.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => "money")
     )
 
     assert File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'money.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="http://a0.example.com/absolute/test.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="http://a0.example.com/absolute/test.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => "/absolute/test")
     )
 
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :concat => true)
     )
 
@@ -1095,14 +1095,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, File.mtime(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'all.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/stylesheets/money.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/stylesheets/money.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :concat => "money")
     )
 
     assert File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'money.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/absolute/test.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/absolute/test.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :concat => "/absolute/test")
     )
 
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/stylesheets/styles.css'.length, 23
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="http://a23.example.com/stylesheets/styles.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="http://a23.example.com/stylesheets/styles.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => 'styles')
     )
 
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => true)
     )
 
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal expected_mtime, File.mtime(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'all.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/money.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/money.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => "money")
     )
 
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => true)
     )
 
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal expected_mtime, File.mtime(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'all.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/money.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/money.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => "money")
     )
 
@@ -1232,14 +1232,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = false
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag('robber', :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert !File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'all.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag('robber', :cache => "money")
     )
 
@@ -1253,51 +1253,59 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     config.perform_caching = false
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag('robber', :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert !File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'all.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag('robber', :cache => "money")
     )
 
     assert !File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'money.css'))
   end
 
-
-
-
   def test_caching_stylesheet_include_tag_when_caching_off
     ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
     config.perform_caching = false
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => true)
     )
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => true, :recursive => true)
     )
 
     assert !File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'all.css'))
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => "money")
     )
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />),
+      %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/robber.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/version.1.0.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
       stylesheet_link_tag(:all, :cache => "money", :recursive => true)
     )
 
     assert !File.exist?(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'money.css'))
   end
+
+  def test_caching_stylesheet_include_tag_with_absolute_uri
+    ENV["RAILS_ASSET_ID"] = ""
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<link href="/stylesheets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+      stylesheet_link_tag("/foo/baz", :cache => true)
+    )
+
+    FileUtils.rm(File.join(ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::STYLESHEETS_DIR, 'all.css'))
+  end
 end
 
 class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
@@ -1323,8 +1331,6 @@ class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
     assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
     assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<img alt="Mouse" onmouseover="this.src='/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse_over.png'" onmouseout="this.src='/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse.png'" src="/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse.png" />), image_tag("mouse.png", :mouseover => "/images/mouse_over.png"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<img alt="Mouse2" onmouseover="this.src='/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse_over2.png'" onmouseout="this.src='/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse2.png'" src="/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse2.png" />), image_tag("mouse2.png", :mouseover => image_path("mouse_over2.png")))
   end
 
   def test_should_ignore_relative_root_path_on_complete_url
@@ -1337,8 +1343,6 @@ class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
     assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
     assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<img alt="Mouse" onmouseover="this.src='gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse_over.png'" onmouseout="this.src='gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse.png'" src="gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse.png" />), image_tag("mouse.png", :mouseover => "/images/mouse_over.png"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<img alt="Mouse2" onmouseover="this.src='gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse_over2.png'" onmouseout="this.src='gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse2.png'" src="gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse2.png" />), image_tag("mouse2.png", :mouseover => image_path("mouse_over2.png")))
   end
 
   def test_should_compute_proper_path_with_asset_host_and_default_protocol
@@ -1347,8 +1351,6 @@ class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
     assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
     assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<img alt="Mouse" onmouseover="this.src='gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse_over.png'" onmouseout="this.src='gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse.png'" src="gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse.png" />), image_tag("mouse.png", :mouseover => "/images/mouse_over.png"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<img alt="Mouse2" onmouseover="this.src='gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse_over2.png'" onmouseout="this.src='gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse2.png'" src="gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/mouse2.png" />), image_tag("mouse2.png", :mouseover => image_path("mouse_over2.png")))
   end
 
   def test_should_compute_proper_url_with_asset_host
@@ -1369,12 +1371,12 @@ class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_should_ignore_asset_host_on_complete_url
     @controller.config.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag("http://bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag("http://bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css"))
   end
 
   def test_should_ignore_asset_host_on_scheme_relative_url
     @controller.config.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="//bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />), stylesheet_link_tag("//bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="//bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag("//bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css"))
   end
 
   def test_should_wildcard_asset_host_between_zero_and_four
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
index d26aa9aa85..89aae4ac56 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
@@ -45,6 +45,23 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
           end
         end
     EOT
+    FEEDS["entry_type_options"] = <<-EOT
+        atom_feed(:schema_date => '2008') do |feed|
+          feed.title("My great blog!")
+          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+
+          @scrolls.each do |scroll|
+            feed.entry(scroll, :type => 'text/xml') do |entry|
+              entry.title(scroll.title)
+              entry.content(scroll.body, :type => 'html')
+
+              entry.author do |author|
+                author.name("DHH")
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    EOT
     FEEDS["xml_block"] = <<-EOT
         atom_feed do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
@@ -306,6 +323,20 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_feed_entry_type_option_default_to_text_html
+    with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
+      get :index, :id => 'defaults'
+      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=text/html]"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_feed_entry_type_option_specified
+    with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
+      get :index, :id => 'entry_type_options'
+      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=text/xml]"
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def with_restful_routing(resources)
       with_routing do |set|
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/benchmark_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/benchmark_helper_test.rb
index 1bdda22959..8c198d2562 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/benchmark_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/benchmark_helper_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ class BenchmarkHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     log = StringIO.new
     self.stubs(:logger).returns(Logger.new(log))
     benchmark {}
-    assert_match(log.rewind && log.read, /Benchmarking \(\d+.\d+ms\)/)
+    assert_match(/Benchmarking \(\d+.\d+ms\)/, log.rewind && log.read)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
index 17469f8c3e..234ac3252d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_content_for_with_multiple_calls_and_flush
     assert ! content_for?(:title)
     content_for :title, 'foo'
-    content_for :title, 'bar', true
+    content_for :title, 'bar', flush: true
     assert_equal 'bar', content_for(:title)
   end
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     content_for :title do
       'foo'
     end
-    content_for :title, true do
+    content_for :title, flush: true do
       'bar'
     end
     assert_equal 'bar', content_for(:title)
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     content_for :title do
       'foo'
     end
-    content_for :title, nil, true do
+    content_for :title, nil, flush: true do
       'bar'
     end
     assert_equal 'bar', content_for(:title)
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     content_for :title do
       'foo'
     end
-    content_for :title, false do
+    content_for :title, flush: false do
       'bar'
     end
     assert_equal 'foobar', content_for(:title)
@@ -117,11 +117,11 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_content_for_with_whitespace_block_and_flush
     assert ! content_for?(:title)
     content_for :title, 'foo'
-    content_for :title, true do
+    content_for :title, flush: true do
       output_buffer << "  \n  "
       nil
     end
-    content_for :title, 'bar', true
+    content_for :title, 'bar', flush: true
     assert_equal 'bar', content_for(:title)
   end
 
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal nil, content_for(:title) { output_buffer << 'bar'; nil }
     assert_equal nil, content_for(:title) { output_buffer << "  \n  "; nil }
     assert_equal 'foobar', content_for(:title)
-    assert_equal nil, content_for(:title, 'foo', true)
-    assert_equal nil, content_for(:title, true) { output_buffer << 'bar'; nil }
-    assert_equal nil, content_for(:title, true) { output_buffer << "  \n  "; nil }
+    assert_equal nil, content_for(:title, 'foo', flush: true)
+    assert_equal nil, content_for(:title, flush: true) { output_buffer << 'bar'; nil }
+    assert_equal nil, content_for(:title, flush: true) { output_buffer << "  \n  "; nil }
     assert_equal 'bar', content_for(:title)
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/compressors_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/compressors_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a273f15bd7..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/compressors_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'sprockets/compressors'
-
-class CompressorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_register_css_compressor
-    Sprockets::Compressors.register_css_compressor(:null, Sprockets::NullCompressor)
-    compressor = Sprockets::Compressors.registered_css_compressor(:null)
-    assert_kind_of Sprockets::NullCompressor, compressor
-  end
-
-  def test_register_js_compressor
-    Sprockets::Compressors.register_js_compressor(:uglifier, 'Uglifier', :require => 'uglifier')
-    compressor = Sprockets::Compressors.registered_js_compressor(:uglifier)
-    assert_kind_of Uglifier, compressor
-  end
-
-  def test_register_default_css_compressor
-    Sprockets::Compressors.register_css_compressor(:null, Sprockets::NullCompressor, :default => true)
-    compressor = Sprockets::Compressors.registered_css_compressor(:default)
-    assert_kind_of Sprockets::NullCompressor, compressor
-  end
-
-  def test_register_default_js_compressor
-    Sprockets::Compressors.register_js_compressor(:null, Sprockets::NullCompressor, :default => true)
-    compressor = Sprockets::Compressors.registered_js_compressor(:default)
-    assert_kind_of Sprockets::NullCompressor, compressor
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
index 82b62e64f3..63066d40cd 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
@@ -12,24 +12,24 @@ class DateHelperDistanceOfTimeInWordsI18nTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_distance_of_time_in_words_calls_i18n
     { # with include_seconds
-      [2.seconds,  true]  => [:'less_than_x_seconds', 5],
-      [9.seconds,  true]  => [:'less_than_x_seconds', 10],
-      [19.seconds, true]  => [:'less_than_x_seconds', 20],
-      [30.seconds, true]  => [:'half_a_minute',       nil],
-      [59.seconds, true]  => [:'less_than_x_minutes', 1],
-      [60.seconds, true]  => [:'x_minutes',           1],
+      [2.seconds,  { :include_seconds => true }]  => [:'less_than_x_seconds', 5],
+      [9.seconds,  { :include_seconds => true }]  => [:'less_than_x_seconds', 10],
+      [19.seconds, { :include_seconds => true }]  => [:'less_than_x_seconds', 20],
+      [30.seconds, { :include_seconds => true }]  => [:'half_a_minute',       nil],
+      [59.seconds, { :include_seconds => true }]  => [:'less_than_x_minutes', 1],
+      [60.seconds, { :include_seconds => true }]  => [:'x_minutes',           1],
 
       # without include_seconds
-      [29.seconds,          false] => [:'less_than_x_minutes', 1],
-      [60.seconds,          false] => [:'x_minutes',           1],
-      [44.minutes,          false] => [:'x_minutes',           44],
-      [61.minutes,          false] => [:'about_x_hours',       1],
-      [24.hours,            false] => [:'x_days',              1],
-      [30.days,             false] => [:'about_x_months',      1],
-      [60.days,             false] => [:'x_months',            2],
-      [1.year,              false] => [:'about_x_years',       1],
-      [3.years + 6.months,  false] => [:'over_x_years',        3],
-      [3.years + 10.months, false] => [:'almost_x_years',      4]
+      [29.seconds,          { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'less_than_x_minutes', 1],
+      [60.seconds,          { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'x_minutes',           1],
+      [44.minutes,          { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'x_minutes',           44],
+      [61.minutes,          { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'about_x_hours',       1],
+      [24.hours,            { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'x_days',              1],
+      [30.days,             { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'about_x_months',      1],
+      [60.days,             { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'x_months',            2],
+      [1.year,              { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'about_x_years',       1],
+      [3.years + 6.months,  { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'over_x_years',        3],
+      [3.years + 10.months, { :include_seconds => false }] => [:'almost_x_years',      4]
 
       }.each do |passed, expected|
       assert_distance_of_time_in_words_translates_key passed, expected
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class DateHelperDistanceOfTimeInWordsI18nTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def assert_distance_of_time_in_words_translates_key(passed, expected)
-    diff, include_seconds = *passed
+    diff, passed_options = *passed
     key, count = *expected
     to = @from + diff
 
@@ -45,7 +45,12 @@ class DateHelperDistanceOfTimeInWordsI18nTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     options[:count] = count if count
 
     I18n.expects(:t).with(key, options)
-    distance_of_time_in_words(@from, to, include_seconds, :locale => 'en')
+    distance_of_time_in_words(@from, to, passed_options.merge(:locale => 'en'))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_ago_in_words_passes_locale
+    I18n.expects(:t).with(:less_than_x_minutes, :scope => :'datetime.distance_in_words', :count => 1, :locale => 'ru')
+    time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :locale => 'ru')
   end
 
   def test_distance_of_time_pluralizations
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
index 9e2f4ec347..ff85a675a2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
@@ -21,56 +21,80 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from, to=nil)
     to ||= from
 
-    # 0..1 with include_seconds
-    assert_equal "less than 5 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "less than 5 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 4.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "less than 10 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "less than 10 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 9.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 19.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 20.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 39.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 40.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 60.seconds, true)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.seconds, true)
-
-    # First case 0..1
+    # 0..1 minute with :include_seconds => true
+    assert_equal "less than 5 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 5 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 4.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 10 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 10 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 9.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 19.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 20.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 39.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 40.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 60.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+
+    # 0..1 minute with :include_seconds => false
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 4.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 9.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 19.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 20.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 39.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 40.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 60.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+
+    # Note that we are including a 30-second boundary around the interval we
+    # want to test. For instance, "1 minute" is actually 30s to 1m29s. The
+    # reason for doing this is simple -- in `distance_of_time_to_words`, when we
+    # take the distance between our two Time objects in seconds and convert it
+    # to minutes, we round the number. So 29s gets rounded down to 0m, 30s gets
+    # rounded up to 1m, and 1m29s gets rounded down to 1m. A similar thing
+    # happens with the other cases.
+
+    # First case 0..1 minute
     assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds)
     assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.seconds)
     assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 30.seconds)
     assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.minutes + 29.seconds)
 
-    # 2..44
+    # 2 minutes up to 45 minutes
     assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.minutes + 30.seconds)
     assert_equal "44 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.minutes + 29.seconds)
 
-    # 45..89
+    # 45 minutes up to 90 minutes
     assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.minutes + 30.seconds)
     assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.minutes + 29.seconds)
 
-    # 90..1439
+    # 90 minutes up to 24 hours
     assert_equal "about 2 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.minutes + 30.seconds)
     assert_equal "about 24 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
 
-    # 1440..2519
+    # 24 hours up to 42 hours
     assert_equal "1 day", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
     assert_equal "1 day", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 41.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
 
-    # 2520..43199
+    # 42 hours up to 30 days
     assert_equal "2 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 41.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
     assert_equal "3 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.days + 12.hours)
     assert_equal "30 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
 
-    # 43200..86399
+    # 30 days up to 60 days
     assert_equal "about 1 month", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 1 month", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 1 month", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
 
-    # 86400..525599
+    # 60 days up to 365 days
     assert_equal "2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
     assert_equal "12 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years - 31.seconds)
 
-    # > 525599
+    # >= 365 days
     assert_equal "about 1 year",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years - 30.seconds)
     assert_equal "about 1 year",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years + 3.months - 1.day)
     assert_equal "over 1 year",     distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years + 6.months)
@@ -95,7 +119,8 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     # test to < from
     assert_equal "about 4 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 4.hours, to)
-    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 19.seconds, to, true)
+    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 19.seconds, to, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 19.seconds, to, :include_seconds => false)
   end
 
   def test_distance_in_words
@@ -103,6 +128,11 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from)
   end
 
+  def test_time_ago_in_words_passes_include_seconds
+    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :include_seconds => false)
+  end
+
   def test_distance_in_words_with_time_zones
     from = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
     assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from.in_time_zone('Alaska'))
@@ -125,13 +155,33 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     start_date = Date.new 1982, 12, 3
     end_date = Date.new 2010, 11, 30
     assert_equal("almost 28 years", distance_of_time_in_words(start_date, end_date))
+    assert_equal("almost 28 years", distance_of_time_in_words(end_date, start_date))
   end
 
   def test_distance_in_words_with_integers
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59)
     assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60*60)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(0, 59)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(0, 59)
     assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60*60, 0)
+    assert_equal "about 3 years", distance_of_time_in_words(10**8)
+    assert_equal "about 3 years", distance_of_time_in_words(0, 10**8)
+  end
+
+  def test_distance_in_words_with_times
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59.seconds)
+    assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(119.seconds)
+    assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(1.minute + 59.seconds)
+    assert_equal "3 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(2.minute + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "44 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(44.minutes + 29.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(44.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60.minutes)
+
+    # include seconds
+    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(39.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(40.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(60.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
   end
 
   def test_time_ago_in_words
@@ -567,7 +617,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select_minute_with_html_options
-    expected = expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
     expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n<option value="32">32</option>\n<option value="33">33</option>\n<option value="34">34</option>\n<option value="35">35</option>\n<option value="36">36</option>\n<option value="37">37</option>\n<option value="38">38</option>\n<option value="39">39</option>\n<option value="40">40</option>\n<option value="41">41</option>\n<option value="42">42</option>\n<option value="43">43</option>\n<option value="44">44</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n<option value="46">46</option>\n<option value="47">47</option>\n<option value="48">48</option>\n<option value="49">49</option>\n<option value="50">50</option>\n<option value="51">51</option>\n<option value="52">52</option>\n<option value="53">53</option>\n<option value="54">54</option>\n<option value="55">55</option>\n<option value="56">56</option>\n<option value="57">57</option>\n<option value="58">58</option>\n<option value="59">59</option>\n)
     expected << "</select>\n"
 
@@ -711,7 +761,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     # Since the order is incomplete nothing will be shown
     expected = %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
     expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="1" />\n)
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:day])
   end
@@ -943,11 +993,20 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     expected << "</select>\n"
 
     expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" value="16" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" value="1" />\n)
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :discard_month => true, :discard_day => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"})
   end
 
+  def test_select_date_with_hidden
+    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003"/>\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true })
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true })
+  end
+
   def test_select_datetime
     expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
     expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
@@ -1184,6 +1243,18 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       :prompt => {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month', :year => 'Choose year', :hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
   end
 
+  def test_select_datetime_with_hidden
+    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" type="hidden" value="4" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :datetime_separator => "&mdash;", :date_separator => "/",
+      :time_separator => ":", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
+  end
+
   def test_select_time
     expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
     expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
@@ -1359,6 +1430,17 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       :prompt => {:hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute', :second => 'Choose seconds'})
   end
 
+  def test_select_time_with_hidden
+    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" type="hidden" value="4" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :time_separator => ":", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
+  end
+
   def test_date_select
     @post = Post.new
     @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
@@ -1396,6 +1478,20 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order => [ :month, :year ])
   end
 
+  def test_date_select_without_day_and_month
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 2, 29)
+
+    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_2i\" name=\"post[written_on(2i)]\" value=\"2\" />\n"
+    expected << "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order => [ :year ])
+  end
+
   def test_date_select_without_day_with_separator
     @post = Post.new
     @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
@@ -2118,6 +2214,18 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", { :date_separator => " / ", :datetime_separator => " , ", :time_separator => " - ", :include_seconds => true })
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_select_with_integer
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = 3
+    datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_infinity # Float
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = (-1.0/0)
+    datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
+  end
+
   def test_datetime_select_with_default_prompt
     @post = Post.new
     @post.updated_at = nil
@@ -2427,7 +2535,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
     expected << "</select>\n"
     expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
 
     expected << " &mdash; "
 
@@ -2448,7 +2556,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
     expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
 
     expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
     0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
@@ -2467,7 +2575,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
     expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
 
     expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
     0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
@@ -2865,6 +2973,10 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_match(/<time.*>Right now<\/time>/, time_tag(Time.now, 'Right now'))
   end
 
+  def test_time_tag_with_given_block
+    assert_match(/<time.*><span>Right now<\/span><\/time>/, time_tag(Time.now){ '<span>Right now</span>'.html_safe })
+  end
+
   def test_time_tag_with_different_format
     time = Time.now
     expected = "<time datetime=\"#{time.xmlschema}\">#{I18n.l(time, :format => :short)}</time>"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/erb/tag_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/erb/tag_helper_test.rb
index a384e94766..84e328d8be 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/erb/tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/erb/tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,17 @@ require "template/erb/helper"
 
 module ERBTest
   class TagHelperTest < BlockTestCase
-
-    extend ActiveSupport::Testing::Declarative
-
     test "percent equals works for content_tag and does not require parenthesis on method call" do
       assert_equal "<div>Hello world</div>", render_content("content_tag :div", "Hello world")
     end
 
     test "percent equals works for javascript_tag" do
-      expected_output = "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('Hello')\n//]]>\n</script>"
+      expected_output = "<script>\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('Hello')\n//]]>\n</script>"
       assert_equal expected_output, render_content("javascript_tag", "alert('Hello')")
     end
 
     test "percent equals works for javascript_tag with options" do
-      expected_output = "<script id=\"the_js_tag\" type=\"text/javascript\">\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('Hello')\n//]]>\n</script>"
+      expected_output = "<script id=\"the_js_tag\">\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('Hello')\n//]]>\n</script>"
       assert_equal expected_output, render_content("javascript_tag(:id => 'the_js_tag')", "alert('Hello')")
     end
 
@@ -30,4 +27,4 @@ module ERBTest
       assert_equal expected_output, render_content("field_set_tag('foo')", "<%= 'hello' %>")
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
index 4d878635ef..c73e80ed88 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
@@ -195,6 +195,15 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
   end
 
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts selected string values as :checked option' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => ['1', '3']
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+  end
+
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a single checked value' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => 3
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
index 4eed5615f6..7da293ce23 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     @post.tags << Tag.new
 
     @blog_post = Blog::Post.new("And his name will be forty and four.", 44)
+
+    @car = Car.new("#000FFF")
   end
 
   Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    match "/foo", :to => "controller#action"
+    get "/foo", :to => "controller#action"
     root :to => "main#index"
   end
 
@@ -249,35 +251,35 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_label_with_block_in_erb
-    assert_equal "<label for=\"post_message\">\n  Message\n  <input id=\"post_message\" name=\"post[message]\" size=\"30\" type=\"text\" />\n</label>", view.render("test/label_with_block")
+    assert_equal "<label for=\"post_message\">\n  Message\n  <input id=\"post_message\" name=\"post[message]\" type=\"text\" />\n</label>", view.render("test/label_with_block")
   end
 
   def test_text_field
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field("post", "title")
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field("post", "title")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="password" />', password_field("post", "title")
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="password" />', password_field("post", "title")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="password" value="Hello World" />', password_field("post", "title", :value => @post.title)
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="password" value="Hello World" />', password_field("post", "title", :value => @post.title)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" size="30" type="password" />', password_field("person", "name")
+      '<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="password" />', password_field("person", "name")
     )
   end
 
   def test_text_field_with_escapes
     @post.title = "<b>Hello World</b>"
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="&lt;b&gt;Hello World&lt;/b&gt;" />', text_field("post", "title")
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="&lt;b&gt;Hello World&lt;/b&gt;" />', text_field("post", "title")
     )
   end
 
   def test_text_field_with_html_entities
     @post.title = "The HTML Entity for & is &amp;"
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="The HTML Entity for &amp; is &amp;amp;" />',
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="The HTML Entity for &amp; is &amp;amp;" />',
       text_field("post", "title")
     )
   end
@@ -301,18 +303,18 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" />'
+    expected = '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" />'
     assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", :value => nil)
   end
 
   def test_text_field_with_nil_name
-    expected = '<input id="post_title" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
+    expected = '<input id="post_title" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
     assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", :name => nil)
   end
 
   def test_text_field_doesnt_change_param_values
     object_name = 'post[]'
-    expected = '<input id="post_123_title" name="post[123][title]" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
+    expected = '<input id="post_123_title" name="post[123][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
     assert_equal expected, text_field(object_name, "title")
     assert_equal object_name, "post[]"
   end
@@ -346,40 +348,56 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_field_with_custom_type
-    assert_dom_equal '<input id="user_email" size="30" name="user[email]" type="email" />',
+    assert_dom_equal '<input id="user_email" name="user[email]" type="email" />',
       text_field("user", "email", :type => "email")
   end
 
-  def test_check_box
+  def test_check_box_is_html_safe
     assert check_box("post", "secret").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_is_same_that_check_value
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
       check_box("post", "secret")
     )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_not_checked_if_object_value_is_same_that_unchecked_value
     @post.secret = 0
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
       check_box("post", "secret")
     )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_checked_if_option_checked_is_present
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
       check_box("post", "secret" ,{"checked"=>"checked"})
     )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_is_true
     @post.secret = true
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
       check_box("post", "secret")
     )
+
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
       check_box("post", "secret?")
     )
+  end
 
+  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_includes_checked_value
     @post.secret = ['0']
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
       check_box("post", "secret")
     )
+
     @post.secret = ['1']
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
@@ -387,12 +405,97 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
-  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values
+  def test_check_box_with_include_hidden_false
+    @post.secret = false
+    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />', check_box("post", "secret", :include_hidden => false))
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_string
     @post.secret = "on"
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="off" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="on" />',
       check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", "off")
     )
+
+    @post.secret = "off"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="off" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="on" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", "off")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_boolean
+    @post.secret = false
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="true" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="false" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, false, true)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = true
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="true" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="false" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, false, true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_integer
+    @post.secret = 0
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = 1
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = 2
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_float
+    @post.secret = 0.0
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = 1.1
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = 2.2
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_big_decimal
+    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(0)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(1)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(2.2, 1)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
   end
 
   def test_check_box_with_nil_unchecked_value
@@ -474,7 +577,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_text_area
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" id="post_body" name="post[body]" rows="20">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body")
     )
   end
@@ -482,14 +585,14 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_text_area_with_escapes
     @post.body        = "Back to <i>the</i> hill and over it again!"
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" id="post_body" name="post[body]" rows="20">\nBack to &lt;i&gt;the&lt;/i&gt; hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to &lt;i&gt;the&lt;/i&gt; hill and over it again!</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body")
     )
   end
 
   def test_text_area_with_alternate_value
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" id="post_body" name="post[body]" rows="20">\nTesting alternate values.</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nTesting alternate values.</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body", :value => 'Testing alternate values.')
     )
   end
@@ -497,7 +600,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_text_area_with_html_entities
     @post.body        = "The HTML Entity for & is &amp;"
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" id="post_body" name="post[body]" rows="20">\nThe HTML Entity for &amp; is &amp;amp;</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nThe HTML Entity for &amp; is &amp;amp;</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body")
     )
   end
@@ -509,13 +612,24 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_color_field_with_valid_hex_color_string
+    expected = %{<input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000fff" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field("car", "color"))
+  end
+
+  def test_color_field_with_invalid_hex_color_string
+    expected = %{<input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000000" />}
+    @car.color = "#1234TR"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field("car", "color"))
+  end
+
   def test_search_field
-    expected = %{<input id="contact_notes_query" size="30" name="contact[notes_query]" type="search" />}
+    expected = %{<input id="contact_notes_query" name="contact[notes_query]" type="search" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field("contact", "notes_query"))
   end
 
   def test_telephone_field
-    expected = %{<input id="user_cell" size="30" name="user[cell]" type="tel" />}
+    expected = %{<input id="user_cell" name="user[cell]" type="tel" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, telephone_field("user", "cell"))
   end
 
@@ -530,6 +644,15 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_date_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-08-15" min="2000-06-15" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15)
+    step = 2
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", :min => min_value, :max => max_value, :step => step))
+  end
+
   def test_date_field_with_timewithzone_value
     previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
@@ -545,13 +668,188 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_time_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="00:00:00.000" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="10:25:00.000" min="20:45:30.000" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
+    step = 60
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", :min => min_value, :max => max_value, :step => step))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 01:02:03')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00.000+0000" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
+    step = 60
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", :min => min_value, :max => max_value, :step => step))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T15:30:45.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
+    step = 60
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", :min => min_value, :max => max_value, :step => step))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T15:30:45" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-12" min="2000-02" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 2, 13)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 12, 23)
+    step = 2
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on", :min => min_value, :max => max_value, :step => step))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-W51" min="2000-W06" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 2, 13)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 12, 23)
+    step = 2
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on", :min => min_value, :max => max_value, :step => step))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
   def test_url_field
-    expected = %{<input id="user_homepage" size="30" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />}
+    expected = %{<input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, url_field("user", "homepage"))
   end
 
   def test_email_field
-    expected = %{<input id="user_address" size="30" name="user[address]" type="email" />}
+    expected = %{<input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, email_field("user", "address"))
   end
 
@@ -571,10 +869,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_explicit_name
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="dont guess" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field("post", "title", "name" => "dont guess")
+      '<input id="post_title" name="dont guess" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field("post", "title", "name" => "dont guess")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" id="post_body" name="really!" rows="20">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="really!">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body", "name" => "really!")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -591,10 +889,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_explicit_id
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="dont guess" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field("post", "title", "id" => "dont guess")
+      '<input id="dont guess" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field("post", "title", "id" => "dont guess")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" id="really!" name="post[body]" rows="20">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea id="really!" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body", "id" => "really!")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -611,10 +909,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_nil_id
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field("post", "title", "id" => nil)
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field("post", "title", "id" => nil)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" name="post[body]" rows="20">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body", "id" => nil)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -641,11 +939,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_index
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[5][title]" size="30" id="post_5_title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      '<input name="post[5][title]" id="post_5_title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
       text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" name="post[5][body]" id="post_5_body" rows="20">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea name="post[5][body]" id="post_5_body">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -668,11 +966,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_index_with_nil_id
     assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[5][title]" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      '<input name="post[5][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
       text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="40" name="post[5][body]" rows="20">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      %{<textarea name="post[5][body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
       text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -700,10 +998,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       label("post[]", "title")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      "<input id=\"post_#{pid}_title\" name=\"post[#{pid}][title]\" size=\"30\" type=\"text\" value=\"Hello World\" />", text_field("post[]","title")
+      "<input id=\"post_#{pid}_title\" name=\"post[#{pid}][title]\" type=\"text\" value=\"Hello World\" />", text_field("post[]","title")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      "<textarea cols=\"40\" id=\"post_#{pid}_body\" name=\"post[#{pid}][body]\" rows=\"20\">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>",
+      "<textarea id=\"post_#{pid}_body\" name=\"post[#{pid}][body]\">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>",
       text_area("post[]", "body")
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -722,11 +1020,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_auto_index_with_nil_id
     pid = 123
     assert_dom_equal(
-      "<input name=\"post[#{pid}][title]\" size=\"30\" type=\"text\" value=\"Hello World\" />",
+      "<input name=\"post[#{pid}][title]\" type=\"text\" value=\"Hello World\" />",
       text_field("post[]","title", :id => nil)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      "<textarea cols=\"40\" name=\"post[#{pid}][body]\" rows=\"20\">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>",
+      "<textarea name=\"post[#{pid}][body]\">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>",
       text_area("post[]", "body", :id => nil)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -756,16 +1054,20 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.check_box(:secret)
       concat f.submit('Create post')
       concat f.button('Create post')
+      concat f.button {
+        concat content_tag(:span, 'Create post')
+      }
     end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post" , "edit_post", :method => 'patch') do
       "<label for='post_title'>The Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />" +
       "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />" +
-      "<button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>"
+      "<button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>" +
+      "<button name='button' type='submit'><span>Create post</span></button>"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -859,7 +1161,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/44", "edit_post_44" , "edit_post", :method => 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='And his name will be forty and four.' />" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='And his name will be forty and four.' />" +
       "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Edit post' />"
     end
 
@@ -877,8 +1179,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     expected =  whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_other_name", :method => 'patch') do
       "<label for='other_name_title' class='post_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='other_name[title]' size='30' id='other_name_title' value='Hello World' type='text' />" +
-      "<textarea name='other_name[body]' id='other_name_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='other_name[title]' id='other_name_title' value='Hello World' type='text' />" +
+      "<textarea name='other_name[body]' id='other_name_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='other_name[secret]' value='0' type='hidden' />" +
       "<input name='other_name[secret]' checked='checked' id='other_name_secret' value='1' type='checkbox' />" +
       "<input name='commit' value='Create post' type='submit' />"
@@ -895,8 +1197,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", "delete") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -912,8 +1214,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", "delete") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -929,7 +1231,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =  whole_form("/search", "search-post", "new_post", "get") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='search' id='post_title' />"
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='search' id='post_title' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -943,8 +1245,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", :method => 'patch', :remote => true) do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -960,8 +1262,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", :method => 'patch', :remote => true) do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -979,8 +1281,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =  whole_form("/posts", 'new_post', 'new_post', :remote => true) do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -996,8 +1298,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form("/", "create-post") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -1015,8 +1317,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', 'patch') do
       "<label for='post_123_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[123][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[123][body]' id='post_123_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[123][body]' id='post_123_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[123][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[123][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_123_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -1032,8 +1334,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post__title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[][body]' id='post__body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[][title]' type='text' id='post__title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[][body]' id='post__body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post__secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -1041,6 +1343,54 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:author_name, :class => 'label')
+      concat f.text_field(:author_name)
+      concat f.submit('Create post')
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123' , 'edit_post', 'patch') do
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Author name</label></div>" +
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><input name='post[author_name]' type='text' id='post_author_name' value='' /></div>" +
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping_without_conventional_instance_variable
+    post = remove_instance_variable :@post
+
+    form_for(post) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:author_name, :class => 'label')
+      concat f.text_field(:author_name)
+      concat f.submit('Create post')
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123' , 'edit_post', 'patch') do
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Author name</label></div>" +
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><input name='post[author_name]' type='text' id='post_author_name' value='' /></div>" +
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping_block_and_non_block_versions
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:author_name, 'Name', :class => 'label')
+      concat f.label(:author_name, :class => 'label') { 'Name' }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123' , 'edit_post', 'patch') do
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Name</label></div>" +
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Name</label></div>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   def test_form_for_with_namespace
     form_for(@post, :namespace => 'namespace') do |f|
       concat f.text_field(:title)
@@ -1049,8 +1399,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='namespace_post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='namespace_post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='namespace_post_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -1058,6 +1408,14 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_for_with_namespace_with_date_select
+    form_for(@post, :namespace => 'namespace') do |f|
+      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'select#namespace_post_written_on_1i'
+  end
+
   def test_form_for_with_namespace_with_label
     form_for(@post, :namespace => 'namespace') do |f|
       concat f.label(:title)
@@ -1066,7 +1424,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
       "<label for='namespace_post_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1080,7 +1438,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     expected_1 = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_1_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
       "<label for='namespace_1_post_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='namespace_1_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_1_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected_1, output_buffer
@@ -1092,7 +1450,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     expected_2 = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_2_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
       "<label for='namespace_2_post_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='namespace_2_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_2_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected_2, output_buffer
@@ -1109,9 +1467,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='namespace_post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[comment][body]' size='30' type='text' id='namespace_post_comment_body' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='namespace_post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[comment][body]' type='text' id='namespace_post_comment_body' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1192,7 +1550,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[comment][body]' size='30' type='text' id='post_comment_body' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[comment][body]' type='text' id='post_comment_body' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1207,8 +1565,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[123][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<input name='post[123][comment][][name]' size='30' type='text' id='post_123_comment__name' value='new comment' />"
+      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<input name='post[123][comment][][name]' type='text' id='post_123_comment__name' value='new comment' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1223,8 +1581,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[1][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_1_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<input name='post[1][comment][1][name]' size='30' type='text' id='post_1_comment_1_name' value='new comment' />"
+      "<input name='post[1][title]' type='text' id='post_1_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<input name='post[1][comment][1][name]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_1_name' value='new comment' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1238,7 +1596,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[1][comment][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_1_comment_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[1][comment][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1252,7 +1610,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[1][comment][5][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_1_comment_5_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[1][comment][5][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_5_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1266,7 +1624,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[123][comment][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_123_comment_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[123][comment][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1294,7 +1652,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[123][comment][123][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_123_comment_123_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[123][comment][123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_123_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1314,9 +1672,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[123][comment][5][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_123_comment_5_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[123][comment][5][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_5_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end + whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[1][comment][123][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_1_comment_123_title' value='Hello World' />"
+      "<input name='post[1][comment][123][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_123_title' value='Hello World' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1333,8 +1691,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-        '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="new author" />'
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+        '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="new author" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1360,8 +1718,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-     '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-     '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+     '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+     '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
    end
 
@@ -1379,8 +1737,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
       '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
     end
 
@@ -1398,8 +1756,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />'
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1416,8 +1774,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />'
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1434,8 +1792,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
       '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
     end
 
@@ -1454,9 +1812,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
       '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />'
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1475,10 +1833,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
     end
 
@@ -1502,11 +1860,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
       '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1529,10 +1887,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1555,11 +1913,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
       '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1578,10 +1936,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
     end
 
@@ -1602,11 +1960,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1625,9 +1983,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="new comment" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="new comment" />'
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1646,10 +2004,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="new comment" />'
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1664,7 +2022,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />'
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1681,10 +2039,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
     end
 
@@ -1702,10 +2060,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
     end
 
@@ -1724,10 +2082,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
     end
 
@@ -1747,10 +2105,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" value="new comment" />'
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1767,13 +2125,63 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_name" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_name" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_id" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      expected = 0
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          assert_equal cf.index, expected
+          expected += 1
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_and_new_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321), Comment.new]
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      expected = 0
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          assert_equal cf.index, expected
+          expected += 1
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      expected = 0
+      f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments) { |cf|
+        assert_equal cf.index, expected
+        expected += 1
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = []
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new(321), :child_index => 'abc') { |cf|
+        assert_equal cf.index, 'abc'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_nested_fields_uses_unique_indices_for_different_collection_associations
     @post.comments = [Comment.new(321)]
     @post.tags = [Tag.new(123), Tag.new(456)]
@@ -1803,16 +2211,16 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[comments_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][value]" size="30" type="text" value="commentrelevance #314" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[comments_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="commentrelevance #314" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="314" />' +
       '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" size="30" type="text" value="tag #123" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][value]" size="30" type="text" value="tagrelevance #3141" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tag #123" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tagrelevance #3141" />' +
       '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="3141" />' +
       '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="123" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_value" name="post[tags_attributes][1][value]" size="30" type="text" value="tag #456" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][1][relevances_attributes][0][value]" size="30" type="text" value="tagrelevance #31415" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_value" name="post[tags_attributes][1][value]" type="text" value="tag #456" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][1][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tagrelevance #31415" />' +
       '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][1][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="31415" />' +
       '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_id" name="post[tags_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="456" />'
     end
@@ -1830,7 +2238,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" size="30" type="text" value="hash backed author" />'
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="hash backed author" />'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1844,8 +2252,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
 
@@ -1860,8 +2268,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =
-      "<input name='post[123][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[123][body]' id='post_123_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[123][body]' id='post_123_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[123][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[123][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_123_secret' value='1' />"
 
@@ -1876,8 +2284,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =
-      "<input name='post[][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post__title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[][body]' id='post__body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[][title]' type='text' id='post__title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[][body]' id='post__body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post__secret' value='1' />"
 
@@ -1892,8 +2300,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =
-      "<input name='post[abc][title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_abc_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[abc][body]' id='post_abc_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[abc][title]' type='text' id='post_abc_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[abc][body]' id='post_abc_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[abc][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[abc][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_abc_secret' value='1' />"
 
@@ -1908,8 +2316,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
 
@@ -1924,8 +2332,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
 
@@ -1939,7 +2347,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal "<label for=\"author_post_title\">Title</label>" +
-    "<input name='author[post][title]' size='30' type='text' id='author_post_title' value='Hello World' />",
+    "<input name='author[post][title]' type='text' id='author_post_title' value='Hello World' />",
       output_buffer
   end
 
@@ -1950,12 +2358,12 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal "<label for=\"author_post_1_title\">Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='author[post][1][title]' size='30' type='text' id='author_post_1_title' value='Hello World' />",
+      "<input name='author[post][1][title]' type='text' id='author_post_1_title' value='Hello World' />",
       output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_builder_does_not_have_form_for_method
-    assert ! ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder.instance_methods.include?('form_for')
+    assert !ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder.instance_methods.include?(:form_for)
   end
 
   def test_form_for_and_fields_for
@@ -1969,8 +2377,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'create-post', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='parent_post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='parent_post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='parent_post_secret' value='1' />"
     end
@@ -1989,9 +2397,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'create-post', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[comment][name]' type='text' id='post_comment_name' value='new comment' size='30' />"
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[comment][name]' type='text' id='post_comment_name' value='new comment' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -2005,7 +2413,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[category][name]' type='text' size='30' id='post_category_name' />"
+      "<input name='post[category][name]' type='text' id='post_category_name' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -2029,8 +2437,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
-      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
+      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
+      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
       "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
     end
 
@@ -2048,8 +2456,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
-      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
-      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
+      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
+      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
       "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
     end
 
@@ -2058,6 +2466,23 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     ActionView::Base.default_form_builder = old_default_form_builder
   end
 
+  def test_lazy_loading_default_form_builder
+    old_default_form_builder, ActionView::Base.default_form_builder =
+      ActionView::Base.default_form_builder, "FormHelperTest::LabelledFormBuilder"
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', :method => 'patch') do
+      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.default_form_builder = old_default_form_builder
+  end
+
   def test_fields_for_with_labelled_builder
     output_buffer = fields_for(:post, @post, :builder => LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
       concat f.text_field(:title)
@@ -2066,8 +2491,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected =
-      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' size='30' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
-      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body' rows='20' cols='40'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
+      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
+      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
       "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -2218,6 +2643,18 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "fields", output
   end
 
+  def test_form_builder_block_argument_deprecation
+    builder_class = Class.new(ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder) do
+      def initialize(object_name, object, template, options, block)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated(/Giving a block to FormBuilder is deprecated and has no effect anymore/) do
+      builder_class.new(:foo, nil, nil, {}, proc {})
+    end
+  end
+
   protected
 
   def hidden_fields(method = nil)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
index 606d454cb3..bfc73172eb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
@@ -296,10 +296,34 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_optional_divider
     assert_dom_equal(
+      "<optgroup label=\"----------\"><option value=\"US\">US</option>\n<option value=\"Canada\">Canada</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"----------\"><option value=\"GB\">GB</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option></optgroup>",
+
+      grouped_options_for_select([['US',"Canada"] , ["GB", "Germany"]], nil, divider: "----------")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated 'Passing the prompt to grouped_options_for_select as an argument is deprecated. Please use an options hash like `{ prompt: "Choose a product..." }`.' do
+      assert_dom_equal(
         "<option value=\"\">Choose a product...</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
         grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", "Choose a product...")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt
+    assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"\">Choose a product...</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
+        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", prompt: "Choose a product...")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt_true
+    assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"\">Please select</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
+        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", prompt: true)
     )
   end
 
@@ -307,10 +331,18 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]]).html_safe?
   end
 
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_prompt_returns_html_escaped_string_deprecated
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"\">&lt;Choose One&gt;</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
+        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], nil, '<Choose One>'))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_prompt_returns_html_escaped_string
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<option value=\"\">&lt;Choose One&gt;</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
-      grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], nil, '<Choose One>'))
+      grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], nil, prompt: '<Choose One>'))
   end
 
   def test_optgroups_with_with_options_with_hash
@@ -529,6 +561,14 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_select_with_multiple_and_without_hidden_input
+    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {:include_hidden => false}, :multiple => true)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select multiple=\"multiple\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_select_with_multiple_and_disabled_to_add_disabled_hidden_input
     output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => true, :disabled => true)
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -626,6 +666,48 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_required_select
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value=""></option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_with_include_blank_prompt
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value="">Select one</option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), { include_blank: "Select one" }, required: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_with_prompt
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value="">Select one</option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), { prompt: "Select one" }, required: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_display_size_equals_to_one
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required" size="1"><option value=""></option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, size: 1)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_with_display_size_bigger_than_one
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required" size="2"><option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, size: 2)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_with_multiple_option
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input name="post[category][]" type="hidden" value=""/><select id="post_category" multiple="multiple" name="post[category][]" required="required"><option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, multiple: true)
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_select_with_fixnum
     @post = Post.new
     @post.category = ""
@@ -1048,6 +1130,20 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_options_for_select_with_data_element
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"&lt;Denmark&gt;\" data-test=\"bold\">&lt;Denmark&gt;</option>",
+      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :data => { :test => 'bold' } } ] ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_options_for_select_with_data_element_with_special_characters
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"&lt;Denmark&gt;\" data-test=\"&lt;bold&gt;\">&lt;Denmark&gt;</option>",
+      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :data => { :test => '<bold>' } } ] ])
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_options_for_select_with_element_attributes_and_selection
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<option value=\"&lt;Denmark&gt;\">&lt;Denmark&gt;</option>\n<option value=\"USA\" class=\"bold\" selected=\"selected\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
@@ -1062,6 +1158,13 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_options_for_select_with_special_characters
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"&lt;Denmark&gt;\" onclick=\"alert(&quot;&lt;code&gt;&quot;)\">&lt;Denmark&gt;</option>",
+      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :onclick => %(alert("<code>")) } ] ])
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_option_html_attributes_from_without_hash
     assert_equal(
       {},
@@ -1090,13 +1193,6 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
-  def test_option_html_attributes_with_special_characters
-    assert_equal(
-      {:onclick => "alert(&quot;&lt;code&gt;&quot;)"},
-      option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', { :onclick => %(alert("<code>")) } ])
-    )
-  end
-
   def test_grouped_collection_select
     @post = Post.new
     @post.origin = 'dk'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
index 590a1967c5..9afa4a2927 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -222,19 +222,19 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_text_area_tag_size_string
     actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", "size" => "20x40"
-    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">hello world</textarea>)
+    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\nhello world</textarea>)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
   def test_text_area_tag_size_symbol
     actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", :size => "20x40"
-    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">hello world</textarea>)
+    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\nhello world</textarea>)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
   def test_text_area_tag_should_disregard_size_if_its_given_as_an_integer
     actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", :size => 20
-    expected = %(<textarea id="body" name="body">hello world</textarea>)
+    expected = %(<textarea id="body" name="body">\nhello world</textarea>)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
@@ -245,19 +245,19 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_text_area_tag_escape_content
     actual = text_area_tag "body", "<b>hello world</b>", :size => "20x40"
-    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">&lt;b&gt;hello world&lt;/b&gt;</textarea>)
+    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\n&lt;b&gt;hello world&lt;/b&gt;</textarea>)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
   def test_text_area_tag_unescaped_content
     actual = text_area_tag "body", "<b>hello world</b>", :size => "20x40", :escape => false
-    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40"><b>hello world</b></textarea>)
+    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\n<b>hello world</b></textarea>)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
   def test_text_area_tag_unescaped_nil_content
     actual = text_area_tag "body", nil, :escape => false
-    expected = %(<textarea id="body" name="body"></textarea>)
+    expected = %(<textarea id="body" name="body">\n</textarea>)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
@@ -375,29 +375,31 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_submit_tag
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<input name='commit' data-disable-with="Saving..." onclick="alert('hello!')" type="submit" value="Save" />),
-      submit_tag("Save", :disable_with => "Saving...", :onclick => "alert('hello!')")
+      submit_tag("Save", :onclick => "alert('hello!')", :data => { :disable_with => "Saving..." })
     )
   end
 
   def test_submit_tag_with_no_onclick_options
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<input name='commit' data-disable-with="Saving..." type="submit" value="Save" />),
-      submit_tag("Save", :disable_with => "Saving...")
+      submit_tag("Save", :data => { :disable_with => "Saving..." })
     )
   end
 
   def test_submit_tag_with_confirmation
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
-      submit_tag("Save", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      submit_tag("Save", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
-  def test_submit_tag_with_confirmation_and_with_disable_with
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<input name="commit" data-disable-with="Saving..." data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Save" />),
-      submit_tag("Save", :disable_with => "Saving...", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
-    )
+  def test_submit_tag_with_deprecated_confirmation
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %(<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
+        submit_tag("Save", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      )
+    end
   end
 
   def test_button_tag
@@ -451,13 +453,44 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" type="button"><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
   end
 
+  def test_button_tag_with_confirmation
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>),
+      button_tag("Save", :type => "submit", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_with_deprecated_confirmation
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>),
+        button_tag("Save", :type => "submit", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_image_submit_tag_with_confirmation
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<input type="image" src="/images/save.gif" data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
-      image_submit_tag("save.gif", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      image_submit_tag("save.gif", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
+  def test_image_submit_tag_with_deprecated_confirmation
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %(<input type="image" src="/images/save.gif" data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
+        image_submit_tag("save.gif", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  def test_color_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="car" name="car" type="color" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field_tag("car"))
+  end
+
   def test_search_field_tag
     expected = %{<input id="query" name="query" type="search" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field_tag("query"))
@@ -473,6 +506,31 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field_tag("cell"))
   end
 
+  def test_time_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="cell" name="cell" type="time" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field_tag("cell"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="appointment" name="appointment" type="datetime" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field_tag("appointment"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="appointment" name="appointment" type="datetime-local" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field_tag("appointment"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="birthday" name="birthday" type="month" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field_tag("birthday"))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="birthday" name="birthday" type="week" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field_tag("birthday"))
+  end
+
   def test_url_field_tag
     expected = %{<input id="homepage" name="homepage" type="url" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, url_field_tag("homepage"))
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
index 32c655c5fd..324caef224 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
@@ -125,6 +125,24 @@ class SanitizerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text, :attributes => ['foo']))
   end
 
+  def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_tags_is_not_enumerable
+    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      sanitizer.sanitize('', :tags => 'foo')
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_attributes_is_not_enumerable
+    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      sanitizer.sanitize('', :attributes => 'foo')
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable", e.message
+  end
+
   [%w(img src), %w(a href)].each do |(tag, attr)|
     define_method "test_should_strip_#{attr}_attribute_in_#{tag}_with_bad_protocols" do
       assert_sanitized %(<#{tag} #{attr}="javascript:bang" title="1">boo</#{tag}>), %(<#{tag} title="1">boo</#{tag}>)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
index 9441bd6b38..fe7607ee26 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ class JavaScriptHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal %(backslash\\\\test), escape_javascript( %(backslash\\test) )
     assert_equal %(dont <\\/close> tags), escape_javascript(%(dont </close> tags))
     assert_equal %(unicode &#x2028; newline), escape_javascript(%(unicode \342\200\250 newline).force_encoding('UTF-8').encode!)
+    assert_equal %(unicode &#x2029; newline), escape_javascript(%(unicode \342\200\251 newline).force_encoding('UTF-8').encode!)
+
     assert_equal %(dont <\\/close> tags), j(%(dont </close> tags))
   end
 
@@ -40,47 +42,17 @@ class JavaScriptHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer, escape_javascript(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new(given))
   end
 
-  def test_button_to_function
-    assert_dom_equal %(<input type="button" onclick="alert('Hello world!');" value="Greeting" />),
-      button_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')")
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_function_with_onclick
-    assert_dom_equal "<input onclick=\"alert('Goodbye World :('); alert('Hello world!');\" type=\"button\" value=\"Greeting\" />",
-      button_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", :onclick => "alert('Goodbye World :(')")
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_function_without_function
-    assert_dom_equal "<input onclick=\";\" type=\"button\" value=\"Greeting\" />",
-      button_to_function("Greeting")
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_function
-    assert_dom_equal %(<a href="#" onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;">Greeting</a>),
-      link_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')")
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_function_with_existing_onclick
-    assert_dom_equal %(<a href="#" onclick="confirm('Sanity!'); alert('Hello world!'); return false;">Greeting</a>),
-      link_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", :onclick => "confirm('Sanity!')")
-  end
-
-  def test_function_with_href
-    assert_dom_equal %(<a href="http://example.com/" onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;">Greeting</a>),
-      link_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", :href => 'http://example.com/')
-  end
-
   def test_javascript_tag
     self.output_buffer = 'foo'
 
-    assert_dom_equal "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n</script>",
+    assert_dom_equal "<script>\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n</script>",
       javascript_tag("alert('hello')")
 
     assert_equal 'foo', output_buffer, 'javascript_tag without a block should not concat to output_buffer'
   end
 
   def test_javascript_tag_with_options
-    assert_dom_equal "<script id=\"the_js_tag\" type=\"text/javascript\">\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n</script>",
+    assert_dom_equal "<script id=\"the_js_tag\">\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n</script>",
       javascript_tag("alert('hello')", :id => "the_js_tag")
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
index 96b14a0acd..ef9c5ce10c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_not_equal template, old_template
   end
-  
+
   test "responds to #prefixes" do
     assert_equal [], @lookup_context.prefixes
     @lookup_context.prefixes = ["foo"]
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ end
 class LookupContextWithFalseCaching < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     @resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)])
-    @resolver.stubs(:caching?).returns(false)
+    ActionView::Resolver.stubs(:caching?).returns(false)
     @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(@resolver, {})
   end
 
@@ -247,6 +247,6 @@ class TestMissingTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       @lookup_context.view_paths.find("foo", "parent", true, details)
     end
     assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
-  end 
-  
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_i18n_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d6e9de9555..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper
-
-  def setup
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'ts',
-      :number => {
-        :format => { :precision => 3, :delimiter => ',', :separator => '.', :significant => false, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false },
-        :currency => { :format => { :unit => '&$', :format => '%u - %n', :negative_format => '(%u - %n)', :precision => 2 } },
-        :human => {
-          :format => {
-            :precision => 2,
-            :significant => true,
-            :strip_insignificant_zeros => true
-          },
-          :storage_units => {
-            :format => "%n %u",
-            :units => {
-              :byte => "b",
-              :kb => "k"
-            }
-          },
-          :decimal_units => {
-            :format => "%n %u",
-            :units => {
-              :deci => {:one => "Tenth", :other => "Tenths"},
-              :unit =>  "u",
-              :ten => {:one => "Ten", :other => "Tens"},
-              :thousand => "t",
-              :million => "m" ,
-              :billion =>"b" ,
-              :trillion =>"t" ,
-              :quadrillion =>"q"
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        :percentage => { :format => {:delimiter => '', :precision => 2, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true} },
-        :precision => { :format => {:delimiter => '', :significant => true} }
-      },
-      :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_i18n_currency
-    assert_equal("&$ - 10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'ts'))
-    assert_equal("(&$ - 10.00)", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'ts'))
-    assert_equal("-10.00 - &$", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'ts', :format => "%n - %u"))
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_currency_with_clean_i18n_settings
-    clean_i18n do
-      assert_equal("$10.00", number_to_currency(10))
-      assert_equal("-$10.00", number_to_currency(-10))
-    end
-  end
-  
-  def test_number_to_currency_without_currency_negative_format
-    clean_i18n do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'ts', :number => { :currency => { :format => { :unit => '@', :format => '%n %u' } } }
-      assert_equal("-10.00 @", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'ts'))
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_number_with_i18n_precision
-    #Delimiter was set to ""
-    assert_equal("10000", number_with_precision(10000, :locale => 'ts'))
-
-    #Precision inherited and significant was set
-    assert_equal("1.00", number_with_precision(1.0, :locale => 'ts'))
-
-  end
-
-  def test_number_with_i18n_delimiter
-    #Delimiter "," and separator "."
-    assert_equal("1,000,000.234", number_with_delimiter(1000000.234, :locale => 'ts'))
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_i18n_percentage
-    # to see if strip_insignificant_zeros is true
-    assert_equal("1%", number_to_percentage(1, :locale => 'ts'))
-    # precision is 2, significant should be inherited
-    assert_equal("1.24%", number_to_percentage(1.2434, :locale => 'ts'))
-    # no delimiter
-    assert_equal("12434%", number_to_percentage(12434, :locale => 'ts'))
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_i18n_human_size
-    #b for bytes and k for kbytes
-    assert_equal("2 k", number_to_human_size(2048, :locale => 'ts'))
-    assert_equal("42 b", number_to_human_size(42, :locale => 'ts'))
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_human_with_default_translation_scope
-    #Using t for thousand
-    assert_equal "2 t", number_to_human(2000, :locale => 'ts')
-    #Significant was set to true with precision 2, using b for billion
-    assert_equal "1.2 b", number_to_human(1234567890, :locale => 'ts')
-    #Using pluralization (Ten/Tens and Tenth/Tenths)
-    assert_equal "1 Tenth", number_to_human(0.1, :locale => 'ts')
-    assert_equal "1.3 Tenth", number_to_human(0.134, :locale => 'ts')
-    assert_equal "2 Tenths", number_to_human(0.2, :locale => 'ts')
-    assert_equal "1 Ten", number_to_human(10, :locale => 'ts')
-    assert_equal "1.2 Ten", number_to_human(12, :locale => 'ts')
-    assert_equal "2 Tens", number_to_human(20, :locale => 'ts')
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_human_with_custom_translation_scope
-    #Significant was set to true with precision 2, with custom translated units
-    assert_equal "4.3 cm", number_to_human(0.0432, :locale => 'ts', :units => :custom_units_for_number_to_human)
-  end
-
-  private
-    def clean_i18n
-      load_path = I18n.load_path.dup
-      I18n.load_path.clear
-      I18n.reload!
-      yield
-    ensure
-      I18n.load_path = load_path
-      I18n.reload!
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
index 482d953907..d8fffe75ed 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("+18005551212", number_to_phone(8005551212, :country_code => 1, :delimiter => ''))
     assert_equal("22-555-1212", number_to_phone(225551212))
     assert_equal("+45-22-555-1212", number_to_phone(225551212, :country_code => 45))
+    assert_equal '111&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;111&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;1111', number_to_phone(1111111111, :delimiter => "<script></script>")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_currency
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("$1,234,567,890.50", number_to_currency("1234567890.50"))
     assert_equal("1,234,567,890.50 K&#269;", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", {:unit => "K&#269;", :format => "%n %u"}))
     assert_equal("1,234,567,890.50 - K&#269;", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", {:unit => "K&#269;", :format => "%n %u", :negative_format => "%n - %u"}))
+    assert_equal '$1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;01', number_to_currency(1.01, :separator => "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal '$1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;000.00', number_to_currency(1000, :delimiter => "<script></script>")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_percentage
@@ -58,6 +61,8 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("123.4%", number_to_percentage(123.400, :precision => 3, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true))
     assert_equal("1.000,000%", number_to_percentage(1000, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ','))
     assert_equal("1000.000  %", number_to_percentage(1000, :format => "%n  %"))
+    assert_equal '1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;010%', number_to_percentage(1.01, :separator => "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal '1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;000.000%', number_to_percentage(1000, :delimiter => "<script></script>")
   end
 
   def test_number_with_delimiter
@@ -78,6 +83,8 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal '12,345,678-05', number_with_delimiter(12345678.05, :separator => '-')
     assert_equal '12.345.678,05', number_with_delimiter(12345678.05, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
     assert_equal '12.345.678,05', number_with_delimiter(12345678.05, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',')
+    assert_equal '1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;01', number_with_delimiter(1.01, :separator => "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal '1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;000', number_with_delimiter(1000, :delimiter => "<script></script>")
   end
 
   def test_number_with_precision
@@ -96,11 +103,14 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("0.001", number_with_precision(0.00111, :precision => 3))
     assert_equal("10.00", number_with_precision(9.995, :precision => 2))
     assert_equal("11.00", number_with_precision(10.995, :precision => 2))
+    assert_equal("0.00", number_with_precision(-0.001, :precision => 2))
   end
 
   def test_number_with_precision_with_custom_delimiter_and_separator
     assert_equal '31,83',       number_with_precision(31.825, :precision => 2, :separator => ',')
     assert_equal '1.231,83',    number_with_precision(1231.825, :precision => 2, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
+    assert_equal '1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;010', number_with_precision(1.01, :separator => "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal '1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;000.000', number_with_precision(1000, :delimiter => "<script></script>")
   end
 
   def test_number_with_precision_with_significant_digits
@@ -190,6 +200,7 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal '1.0 KB',   number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 2, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false)
     assert_equal '1.012 KB',   number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 3, :significant => false)
     assert_equal '1 KB',   number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 0, :significant => true) #ignores significant it precision is 0
+    assert_equal '9&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;86 KB', number_to_human_size(10100, :separator => "<script></script>")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_human_size_with_custom_delimiter_and_separator
@@ -250,6 +261,9 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     #Spaces are stripped from the resulting string
     assert_equal '4', number_to_human(4, :units => {:unit => "", :ten => 'tens '})
     assert_equal '4.5  tens', number_to_human(45, :units => {:unit => "", :ten => ' tens   '})
+
+    assert_equal '1&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;01', number_to_human(1.01, :separator => "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal '100&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;000 Quadrillion', number_to_human(10**20, :delimiter => "<script></script>")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_human_with_custom_format
@@ -347,69 +361,39 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_number_helpers_should_raise_error_if_invalid_when_specified
-    assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_to_human("x", :raise => true)
-    end
-    begin
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
       number_to_human("x", :raise => true)
-    rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-      assert_equal "x", e.number
     end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
 
-    assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_to_human_size("x", :raise => true)
-    end
-    begin
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
       number_to_human_size("x", :raise => true)
-    rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-      assert_equal "x", e.number
     end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
 
-    assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
       number_with_precision("x", :raise => true)
     end
-    begin
-      number_with_precision("x", :raise => true)
-    rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-      assert_equal "x", e.number
-    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
 
-    assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
       number_to_currency("x", :raise => true)
     end
-    begin
-      number_with_precision("x", :raise => true)
-    rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-      assert_equal "x", e.number
-    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
 
-    assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
       number_to_percentage("x", :raise => true)
     end
-    begin
-      number_to_percentage("x", :raise => true)
-    rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-      assert_equal "x", e.number
-    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
 
-    assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_with_delimiter("x", :raise => true)
-    end
-    begin
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
       number_with_delimiter("x", :raise => true)
-    rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-      assert_equal "x", e.number
     end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
 
-    assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
       number_to_phone("x", :raise => true)
     end
-    begin
-      number_to_phone("x", :raise => true)
-    rescue InvalidNumberError => e
-      assert_equal "x", e.number
-    end
-
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/render_test.rb
index 122b07d348..3ce1d20bd9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/render_test.rb
@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_without_options
-    @view.render()
-    flunk "Render did not raise ArgumentError"
-  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render() }
     assert_match "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file or :text option.", e.message
   end
 
@@ -56,6 +54,16 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "Hello world", @view.render(:template => "test/one", :formats => [:html])
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_implicitly_use_format_of_the_rendered_partial
+    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
+    assert_equal "Third level", @view.render(:template => "test/html_template")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_use_last_prepended_format_for_partials_with_the_same_names
+    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
+    assert_equal "\nHTML Template, but JSON partial", @view.render(:template => "test/change_priorty")
+  end
+
   def test_render_template_with_a_missing_partial_of_another_format
     @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
     assert_raise ActionView::Template::Error, "Missing partial /missing with {:locale=>[:en], :formats=>[:json], :handlers=>[:erb, :builder]}" do
@@ -81,6 +89,14 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :handlers => [:builder])
   end
 
+  def test_render_raw_template_with_handlers
+    assert_equal "<%= hello_world %>\n", @view.render(:template => "plain_text")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_raw_template_with_quotes
+    assert_equal %q;Here are some characters: !@#$%^&*()-="'}{`; + "\n", @view.render(:template => "plain_text_with_characters")
+  end
+
   def test_render_file_with_localization_on_context_level
     old_locale, @view.locale = @view.locale, :da
     assert_equal "Hey verden", @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
@@ -153,25 +169,26 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_invalid_name
-    @view.render(:partial => "test/200")
-    flunk "Render did not raise ArgumentError"
-  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/200") }
     assert_equal "The partial name (test/200) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-                                "make sure your partial name starts with a letter or underscore, " +
-                                "and is followed by any combinations of letters, numbers, or underscores.", e.message
+      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_missing_filename
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/") }
+    assert_equal "The partial name (test/) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_incompatible_object
-    @view.render(:partial => nil)
-    flunk "Render did not raise ArgumentError"
-  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => nil) }
     assert_equal "'#{nil.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.", e.message
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_errors
-    @view.render(:partial => "test/raise")
-    flunk "Render did not raise Template::Error"
-  rescue ActionView::Template::Error => e
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:partial => "test/raise") }
     assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
     assert_equal "", e.sub_template_message
     assert_equal "1", e.line_number
@@ -180,9 +197,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_sub_template_with_errors
-    @view.render(:template => "test/sub_template_raise")
-    flunk "Render did not raise Template::Error"
-  rescue ActionView::Template::Error => e
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:template => "test/sub_template_raise") }
     assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
     assert_equal "Trace of template inclusion: #{File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/sub_template_raise.html.erb")}", e.sub_template_message
     assert_equal "1", e.line_number
@@ -190,9 +205,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_file_with_errors
-    @view.render(:file => File.expand_path("test/_raise", FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH))
-    flunk "Render did not raise Template::Error"
-  rescue ActionView::Template::Error => e
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => File.expand_path("test/_raise", FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) }
     assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
     assert_equal "", e.sub_template_message
     assert_equal "1", e.line_number
@@ -238,11 +251,26 @@ module RenderTestCases
   def test_render_partial_with_nil_values_in_collection
     assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: Anonymous", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), nil ])
   end
-  
+
   def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template
     assert_equal "<b>Hello: Amazon</b><b>Hello: Yahoo</b>", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template_makes_current_item_available_in_layout
+    assert_equal '<b class="amazon">Hello: Amazon</b><b class="yahoo">Hello: Yahoo</b>',
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template_makes_current_item_counter_available_in_layout
+    assert_equal '<b data-counter="0">Hello: Amazon</b><b data-counter="1">Hello: Yahoo</b>',
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_object_and_template_makes_object_available_in_layout
+    assert_equal '<b class="amazon">Hello: Amazon</b>',
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object', :object => Customer.new("Amazon"))
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_with_empty_array_should_return_nil
     assert_nil @view.render(:partial => [])
   end
@@ -274,7 +302,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
   # TODO: The reason for this test is unclear, improve documentation
   def test_render_missing_xml_partial_and_raise_missing_template
     @view.formats = [:xml]
-    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:partial => "test/layout_for_partial") }
+    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:partial => "test/layout_for_partial") }
   ensure
     @view.formats = nil
   end
@@ -315,7 +343,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
     assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, <%= name %>!", :locals => { :name => "Josh" }, :type => :foo)
   end
-  
+
   def test_render_knows_about_types_registered_when_extensions_are_checked_earlier_in_initialization
     ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
@@ -325,7 +353,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
   def test_render_ignores_templates_with_malformed_template_handlers
     ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
       %w(malformed malformed.erb malformed.html.erb malformed.en.html.erb).each do |name|
-        assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:file => "test/malformed/#{name}") }
+        assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:file => "test/malformed/#{name}") }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -450,23 +478,15 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_incompatible_external_encoding
     with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
-      begin
-        @view.render(:file => "test/utf8", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield")
-        flunk 'Should have raised incompatible encoding error'
-      rescue ActionView::Template::Error => error
-        assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', error.original_exception.message
-      end
+      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => "test/utf8", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield") }
+      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.original_exception.message
     end
   end
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_partial_with_incompatible_encoding
     with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
-      begin
-        @view.render(:file => "test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield")
-        flunk 'Should have raised incompatible encoding error'
-      rescue ActionView::Template::Error => error
-        assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', error.original_exception.message
-      end
+      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => "test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield") }
+      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.original_exception.message
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/sprockets_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/sprockets_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d4d2dedfb6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/sprockets_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,349 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'sprockets'
-require 'sprockets/helpers/rails_helper'
-require 'mocha'
-
-class SprocketsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  include Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper
-
-  attr_accessor :assets
-
-  class MockRequest
-    def protocol() 'http://' end
-    def ssl?() false end
-    def host_with_port() 'localhost' end
-    def script_name() nil end
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @controller         = BasicController.new
-    @controller.request = MockRequest.new
-
-    @assets = Sprockets::Environment.new
-    @assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/app/javascripts"))
-    @assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/app/stylesheets"))
-    @assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/app/images"))
-    @assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/app/fonts"))
-
-    application = Struct.new(:config, :assets).new(config, @assets)
-    Rails.stubs(:application).returns(application)
-    @config = config
-    @config.perform_caching = true
-    @config.assets.digest = true
-    @config.assets.compile = true
-  end
-
-  def url_for(*args)
-    "http://www.example.com"
-  end
-
-  def config
-    @controller ? @controller.config : @config
-  end
-
-  def compute_host(source, request, options = {})
-    raise "Should never get here"
-  end
-
-  test "asset_path" do
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png", :digest => true)
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png", :digest => false)
-  end
-
-  test "custom_asset_path" do
-    @config.assets.prefix = '/s'
-    assert_match %r{/s/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-    assert_match %r{/s/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png", :digest => true)
-    assert_match %r{/s/logo.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png", :digest => false)
-  end
-
-  test "asset_path with root relative assets" do
-    assert_equal "/images/logo",
-      asset_path("/images/logo")
-    assert_equal "/images/logo.gif",
-      asset_path("/images/logo.gif")
-
-    assert_equal "/dir/audio",
-      asset_path("/dir/audio")
-  end
-
-  test "asset_path with absolute urls" do
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/video/play",
-      asset_path("http://www.example.com/video/play")
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/video/play.mp4",
-      asset_path("http://www.example.com/video/play.mp4")
-  end
-
-  test "with a simple asset host the url should default to protocol relative" do
-    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :relative
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets-%d.example.com"
-    assert_match %r{^//assets-\d.example.com/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-  end
-
-  test "with a simple asset host the url can be changed to use the request protocol" do
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets-%d.example.com"
-    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :request
-    assert_match %r{http://assets-\d.example.com/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-  end
-
-  test "With a proc asset host that returns no protocol the url should be protocol relative" do
-    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :relative
-    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |asset|
-      "assets-999.example.com"
-    end
-    assert_match %r{^//assets-999.example.com/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-  end
-
-  test "with a proc asset host that returns a protocol the url use it" do
-    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |asset|
-      "http://assets-999.example.com"
-    end
-    assert_match %r{http://assets-999.example.com/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-  end
-
-  test "stylesheets served with a controller in scope can access the request" do
-    config.asset_host = Proc.new do |asset, request|
-      assert_not_nil request
-      "http://assets-666.example.com"
-    end
-    assert_match %r{http://assets-666.example.com/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-  end
-
-  test "stylesheets served without a controller in scope cannot access the request" do
-    @controller = nil
-    @config.asset_host = Proc.new do |asset, request|
-      fail "This should not have been called."
-    end
-    assert_raises ActionController::RoutingError do
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-    end
-    @config.asset_host = method :compute_host
-    assert_raises ActionController::RoutingError do
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "image_tag" do
-    assert_dom_equal '<img alt="Xml" src="/assets/xml.png" />', image_tag("xml.png")
-  end
-
-  test "image_path" do
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      image_path("logo.png")
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      path_to_image("logo.png")
-  end
-
-  test "font_path" do
-    assert_match %r{/assets/font-[0-9a-f]+.ttf},
-      font_path("font.ttf")
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/font-[0-9a-f]+.ttf},
-      path_to_font("font.ttf")
-  end
-
-  test "javascript_path" do
-    assert_match %r{/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js},
-      javascript_path("application")
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js},
-      javascript_path("application.js")
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js},
-      path_to_javascript("application.js")
-  end
-
-  test "stylesheet_path" do
-    assert_match %r{/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css},
-      stylesheet_path("application")
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css},
-      stylesheet_path("application.css")
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css},
-      path_to_stylesheet("application.css")
-  end
-
-  test "stylesheets served without a controller in do not use asset hosts when the default protocol is :request" do
-    @controller = nil
-    @config.asset_host = "assets-%d.example.com"
-    @config.default_asset_host_protocol = :request
-    @config.perform_caching = true
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-  end
-
-  test "asset path with relative url root" do
-    @controller.config.relative_url_root = "/collaboration/hieraki"
-    assert_equal "/collaboration/hieraki/images/logo.gif",
-     asset_path("/images/logo.gif")
-  end
-
-  test "asset path with relative url root when controller isn't present but relative_url_root is" do
-    @controller = nil
-    @config.relative_url_root = "/collaboration/hieraki"
-    assert_equal "/collaboration/hieraki/images/logo.gif",
-     asset_path("/images/logo.gif")
-  end
-
-  test "font path through asset_path" do
-    assert_match %r{/assets/font-[0-9a-f]+.ttf},
-      asset_path('font.ttf')
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/dir/font-[0-9a-f]+.ttf},
-      asset_path("dir/font.ttf")
-
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/fonts/font.ttf",
-      asset_path("http://www.example.com/fonts/font.ttf")
-  end
-
-  test "javascript path through asset_path" do
-    assert_match %r{/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js},
-      asset_path(:application, :ext => "js")
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/xmlhr-[0-9a-f]+.js},
-      asset_path("xmlhr", :ext => "js")
-    assert_match %r{/assets/dir/xmlhr-[0-9a-f]+.js},
-      asset_path("dir/xmlhr.js", :ext => "js")
-
-    assert_equal "/dir/xmlhr.js",
-      asset_path("/dir/xmlhr", :ext => "js")
-
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr",
-      asset_path("http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr", :ext => "js")
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js",
-      asset_path("http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js", :ext => "js")
-  end
-
-  test "javascript include tag" do
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag(:application)
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag(:application, :digest => true)
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag(:application, :digest => false)
-
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/xmlhr-[0-9a-f]+.js" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag("xmlhr")
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/xmlhr-[0-9a-f]+.js" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag("xmlhr.js")
-    assert_equal '<script src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr" type="text/javascript"></script>',
-      javascript_include_tag("http://www.example.com/xmlhr")
-
-    assert_match %r{<script src=\"/assets/xmlhr-[0-9a-f]+.js" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n<script src=\"/assets/extra-[0-9a-f]+.js" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag("xmlhr", "extra")
-
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/xmlhr-[0-9a-f]+.js\?body=1" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js\?body=1" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag(:application, :debug => true)
-
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/jquery.plugin.js" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag('jquery.plugin', :digest => false)
-
-    @config.assets.compile = true
-    @config.assets.debug = true
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/javascripts/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag('/javascripts/application')
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/xmlhr-[0-9a-f]+.js\?body=1" type="text/javascript"></script>\n<script src="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js\?body=1" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag(:application)
-  end
-
-  test "stylesheet path through asset_path" do
-    assert_match %r{/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css}, asset_path(:application, :ext => "css")
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css}, asset_path("style", :ext => "css")
-    assert_match %r{/assets/dir/style-[0-9a-f]+.css}, asset_path("dir/style.css", :ext => "css")
-    assert_equal "/dir/style.css", asset_path("/dir/style.css", :ext => "css")
-
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/css/style",
-      asset_path("http://www.example.com/css/style", :ext => "css")
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/css/style.css",
-      asset_path("http://www.example.com/css/style.css", :ext => "css")
-  end
-
-  test "stylesheet link tag" do
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag(:application)
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag(:application, :digest => true)
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag(:application, :digest => false)
-
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag("style")
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag("style.css")
-
-    assert_equal '<link href="http://www.example.com/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />',
-      stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/style.css")
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag("style", :media => "all")
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag("style", :media => "print")
-
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/assets/extra-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag("style", "extra")
-
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css\?body=1" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css\?body=1" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag(:application, :debug => true)
-
-    @config.assets.compile = true
-    @config.assets.debug = true
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/stylesheets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag('/stylesheets/application')
-
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css\?body=1" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css\?body=1" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag(:application)
-
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css\?body=1" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />\n<link href="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css\?body=1" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag(:application, :media => "print")
-  end
-
-  test "alternate asset prefix" do
-    stubs(:asset_prefix).returns("/themes/test")
-    assert_match %r{/themes/test/style-[0-9a-f]+.css}, asset_path("style", :ext => "css")
-  end
-
-  test "alternate asset environment" do
-    assets = Sprockets::Environment.new
-    assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/alternate/stylesheets"))
-    stubs(:asset_environment).returns(assets)
-    assert_match %r{/assets/style-[0-9a-f]+.css}, asset_path("style", :ext => "css")
-  end
-
-  test "alternate hash based on environment" do
-    assets = Sprockets::Environment.new
-    assets.version = 'development'
-    assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/alternate/stylesheets"))
-    stubs(:asset_environment).returns(assets)
-    dev_path = asset_path("style", :ext => "css")
-
-    assets.version = 'production'
-    prod_path = asset_path("style", :ext => "css")
-
-    assert_not_equal prod_path, dev_path
-  end
-
-  test "precedence of `config.digest = false` over manifest.yml asset digests" do
-    Rails.application.config.assets.digests = {'logo.png' => 'logo-d1g3st.png'}
-    @config.assets.digest = false
-
-    assert_equal '/assets/logo.png',
-      asset_path("logo.png")
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/sprockets_helper_with_routes_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/sprockets_helper_with_routes_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 89b9940eb7..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/sprockets_helper_with_routes_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'sprockets'
-require 'sprockets/helpers/rails_helper'
-require 'mocha'
-
-class SprocketsHelperWithRoutesTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  include Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper
-
-  # Let's bring in some named routes to test namespace conflicts with potential *_paths.
-  # We have to do this after we bring in the Sprockets RailsHelper so if there are conflicts,
-  # they'll fail in the way we expect in a real live Rails app.
-  routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-  routes.draw do
-    resources :assets
-  end
-  include routes.url_helpers
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @controller = BasicController.new
-
-    @assets = Sprockets::Environment.new
-    @assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/app/javascripts"))
-    @assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/app/stylesheets"))
-    @assets.append_path(FIXTURES.join("sprockets/app/images"))
-
-    application = Struct.new(:config, :assets).new(config, @assets)
-    Rails.stubs(:application).returns(application)
-    @config = config
-    @config.perform_caching = true
-    @config.assets.digest = true
-    @config.assets.compile = true
-  end
-
-  test "namespace conflicts on a named route called asset_path" do
-    # Testing this for sanity - asset_path is now a named route!
-    assert_equal asset_path('test_asset'), '/assets/test_asset'
-
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      path_to_asset("logo.png")
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo-[0-9a-f]+.png},
-      path_to_asset("logo.png", :digest => true)
-    assert_match %r{/assets/logo.png},
-      path_to_asset("logo.png", :digest => false)
-  end
-
-  test "javascript_include_tag with a named_route named asset_path" do
-    assert_match %r{<script src="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.js" type="text/javascript"></script>},
-      javascript_include_tag(:application)
-  end
-
-  test "stylesheet_link_tag with a named_route named asset_path" do
-    assert_match %r{<link href="/assets/application-[0-9a-f]+.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />},
-      stylesheet_link_tag(:application)
-  end
-
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
index 6c325d5abb..f0a7ce0bc9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_tag_options_converts_boolean_option
-    assert_equal '<p disabled="disabled" multiple="multiple" readonly="readonly" />',
-      tag("p", :disabled => true, :multiple => true, :readonly => true)
+    assert_equal '<p disabled="disabled" itemscope="itemscope" multiple="multiple" readonly="readonly" />',
+      tag("p", :disabled => true, :itemscope => true, :multiple => true, :readonly => true)
   end
 
   def test_content_tag
@@ -91,6 +91,11 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "<![CDATA[<hello world>]]>", cdata_section("<hello world>")
   end
 
+  def test_cdata_section_splitted
+    assert_equal "<![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>", cdata_section("hello]]>world")
+    assert_equal "<![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]]]><![CDATA[>again]]>", cdata_section("hello]]>world]]>again")
+  end
+
   def test_escape_once
     assert_equal '1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3', escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
   end
@@ -113,8 +118,8 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_data_attributes
     ['data', :data].each { |data|
-      assert_dom_equal '<a data-a-number="1" data-array="[1,2,3]" data-hash="{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;value&quot;}" data-string="hello" data-symbol="foo" />',
-        tag('a', { data => { :a_number => 1, :string => 'hello', :symbol => :foo, :array => [1, 2, 3], :hash => { :key => 'value'} } })
+      assert_dom_equal '<a data-a-float="3.14" data-a-big-decimal="-123.456" data-a-number="1" data-array="[1,2,3]" data-hash="{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;value&quot;}" data-string="hello" data-symbol="foo" />',
+        tag('a', { data => { :a_float => 3.14, :a_big_decimal => BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), :a_number => 1, :string => 'hello', :symbol => :foo, :array => [1, 2, 3], :hash => { :key => 'value'} } })
     }
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/template_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/template_test.rb
index 8c57ada587..322bea3fb0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/template_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/template_test.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def new_template(body = "<%= hello %>", details = {})
-    ActionView::Template.new(body, "hello template", ERBHandler, {:virtual_path => "hello"}.merge!(details))
+    ActionView::Template.new(body, "hello template", details.fetch(:handler) { ERBHandler }, {:virtual_path => "hello"}.merge!(details))
   end
 
   def render(locals = {})
@@ -64,6 +64,11 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello", render
   end
 
+  def test_raw_template
+    @template = new_template("<%= hello %>", :handler => ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new)
+    assert_equal "<%= hello %>", render
+  end
+
   def test_template_loses_its_source_after_rendering
     @template = new_template
     render
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/test_case_test.rb
index 37858c1ba2..387aafebd4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/test_case_test.rb
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ module ActionView
       assert_nil self.class.determine_default_helper_class("String")
     end
 
-    test "delegates notice to request.flash" do
-      view.request.flash.expects(:notice).with("this message")
-      view.notice("this message")
+    test "delegates notice to request.flash[:notice]" do
+      view.request.flash.expects(:[]).with(:notice)
+      view.notice
     end
 
-    test "delegates alert to request.flash" do
-      view.request.flash.expects(:alert).with("this message")
-      view.alert("this message")
+    test "delegates alert to request.flash[:alert]" do
+      view.request.flash.expects(:[]).with(:alert)
+      view.alert
     end
 
     test "uses controller lookup context" do
@@ -222,6 +222,25 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
+    test "is able to use mounted routes" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        app = Class.new do
+          def self.routes
+            @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+          end
+
+          routes.draw { get "bar", :to => lambda {} }
+
+          def self.call(*)
+          end
+        end
+
+        set.draw { mount app => "/foo", :as => "foo_app" }
+
+        assert_equal '/foo/bar', foo_app.bar_path
+      end
+    end
+
     test "named routes can be used from helper included in view" do
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw { resources :contents }
@@ -277,6 +296,12 @@ module ActionView
   end
 
   class RenderTemplateTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    test "supports specifying templates with a Regexp" do
+      controller.controller_path = "fun"
+      render(:template => "fun/games/hello_world")
+      assert_template %r{\Afun/games/hello_world\Z}
+    end
+
     test "supports specifying partials" do
       controller.controller_path = "test"
       render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/test_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/test_test.rb
index adcbf1447f..108a674d95 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/test_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/test_test.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class PeopleHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     def with_test_route_set
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          match 'people', :to => 'people#index', :as => :people
+          get 'people', :to => 'people#index', :as => :people
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
index de83540468..9649f349cb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ class FixtureResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_return_template_for_declared_path
-    resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("arbitrary/path" => "this text")
-    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => []})
+    resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("arbitrary/path.erb" => "this text")
+    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => [:erb]})
     assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
     assert_equal "this text",      templates.first.source
     assert_equal "arbitrary/path", templates.first.virtual_path
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
index e142506e6a..55ec36e753 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 class NullResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_should_return_template_for_any_path
     resolver = ActionView::NullResolver.new()
-    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => []})
+    templates = resolver.find_all("path.erb", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => []})
     assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
     assert_equal "Template generated by Null Resolver", templates.first.source
-    assert_equal "arbitrary/path", templates.first.virtual_path
+    assert_equal "arbitrary/path.erb", templates.first.virtual_path.to_s
     assert_equal [:html],          templates.first.formats
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
index 5865b7f23c..a3ab091c6c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,14 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "<p><b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script></p>", simple_format("<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>", {}, :sanitize => false)
   end
 
+  def test_simple_format_with_custom_wrapper
+    assert_equal "<div></div>", simple_format(nil, {}, :wrapper_tag => "div")
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_with_custom_wrapper_and_multi_line_breaks
+    assert_equal "<div>We want to put a wrapper...</div>\n\n<div>...right there.</div>", simple_format("We want to put a wrapper...\n\n...right there.", {}, :wrapper_tag => "div")
+  end
+
   def test_simple_format_should_not_change_the_text_passed
     text = "<b>Ok</b><script>code!</script>"
     text_clone = text.dup
@@ -53,8 +61,18 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal text_clone, text
   end
 
-  def test_truncate_should_not_be_html_safe
-    assert !truncate("Hello World!", :length => 12).html_safe?
+  def test_simple_format_does_not_modify_the_html_options_hash
+    options = { :class => "foobar"}
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    simple_format("some text", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :wrapper_tag => :div, :sanitize => false }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    simple_format("some text", {}, passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
   end
 
   def test_truncate
@@ -62,10 +80,6 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello Wor...", truncate("Hello World!!", :length => 12)
   end
 
-  def test_truncate_should_not_escape_input
-    assert_equal "Hello <sc...", truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12)
-  end
-
   def test_truncate_should_use_default_length_of_30
     str = "This is a string that will go longer then the default truncate length of 30"
     assert_equal str[0...27] + "...", truncate(str)
@@ -85,6 +99,60 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       truncate("\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 \354\225\204\353\235\274\353\246\254\354\230\244".force_encoding('UTF-8'), :length => 10)
   end
 
+  def test_truncate_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :length => 10 }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    truncate("some text", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_link_options
+    assert_equal "Here's a long test and I...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
+    truncate("Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_should_be_html_safe
+    assert truncate("Hello World!", :length => 12).html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_should_escape_the_input
+    assert_equal "Hello &lt;sc...", truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_should_not_escape_the_input_with_escape_false
+    assert_equal "Hello <sc...", truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12, :escape => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_escape_false_should_be_html_safe
+    truncated = truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12, :escape => false)
+    assert truncated.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_should_be_html_safe
+    truncated = truncate("Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+    assert truncated.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_should_escape_the_input
+    assert_equal "&lt;script&gt;code!&lt;/script&gt;He...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
+      truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_should_not_escape_the_input_with_escape_false
+    assert_equal "<script>code!</script>He...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
+      truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27, :escape => false) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_with_escape_false_should_be_html_safe
+    truncated = truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27, :escape => false) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+    assert truncated.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_should_escape_the_block
+    assert_equal "Here's a long test and I...&lt;script&gt;alert('foo');&lt;/script&gt;",
+      truncate("Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { "<script>alert('foo');</script>" }
+  end
+
   def test_highlight_should_be_html_safe
     assert highlight("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful").html_safe?
   end
@@ -102,7 +170,7 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     assert_equal(
       "This is a <b>beautiful</b> morning, but also a <b>beautiful</b> day",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day", "beautiful", '<b>\1</b>')
+      highlight("This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day", "beautiful", :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>')
     )
 
     assert_equal(
@@ -145,14 +213,7 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_highlight_with_multiple_phrases_in_one_pass
-    assert_equal %(<em>wow</em> <em>em</em>), highlight('wow em', %w(wow em), '<em>\1</em>')
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight_with_options_hash
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <b>beautiful</b> morning, but also a <b>beautiful</b> day",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day", "beautiful", :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>')
-    )
+    assert_equal %(<em>wow</em> <em>em</em>), highlight('wow em', %w(wow em), :highlighter => '<em>\1</em>')
   end
 
   def test_highlight_with_html
@@ -182,41 +243,47 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>', :sanitize => false }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    highlight("<div>abc div</div>", "div", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
   def test_excerpt
-    assert_equal("...is a beautiful morn...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", 5))
-    assert_equal("This is a...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "this", 5))
-    assert_equal("...iful morning", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "morning", 5))
+    assert_equal("...is a beautiful morn...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("This is a...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "this", :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("...iful morning", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "morning", :radius => 5))
     assert_nil excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "day")
   end
 
   def test_excerpt_should_not_be_html_safe
-    assert !excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', 5).html_safe?
+    assert !excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5).html_safe?
   end
 
   def test_excerpt_in_borderline_cases
-    assert_equal("", excerpt("", "", 0))
-    assert_equal("a", excerpt("a", "a", 0))
-    assert_equal("...b...", excerpt("abc", "b", 0))
-    assert_equal("abc", excerpt("abc", "b", 1))
-    assert_equal("abc...", excerpt("abcd", "b", 1))
-    assert_equal("...abc", excerpt("zabc", "b", 1))
-    assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("zabcd", "b", 1))
-    assert_equal("zabcd", excerpt("zabcd", "b", 2))
+    assert_equal("", excerpt("", "", :radius => 0))
+    assert_equal("a", excerpt("a", "a", :radius => 0))
+    assert_equal("...b...", excerpt("abc", "b", :radius => 0))
+    assert_equal("abc", excerpt("abc", "b", :radius => 1))
+    assert_equal("abc...", excerpt("abcd", "b", :radius => 1))
+    assert_equal("...abc", excerpt("zabc", "b", :radius => 1))
+    assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("zabcd", "b", :radius => 1))
+    assert_equal("zabcd", excerpt("zabcd", "b", :radius => 2))
 
     # excerpt strips the resulting string before ap-/prepending excerpt_string.
     # whether this behavior is meaningful when excerpt_string is not to be
     # appended is questionable.
-    assert_equal("zabcd", excerpt("  zabcd  ", "b", 4))
-    assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("z  abc  d", "b", 1))
+    assert_equal("zabcd", excerpt("  zabcd  ", "b", :radius => 4))
+    assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("z  abc  d", "b", :radius => 1))
   end
 
   def test_excerpt_with_regex
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', 5))
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
   end
 
-  def test_excerpt_with_options_hash
-    assert_equal("...is a beautiful morn...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :radius => 5))
+  def test_excerpt_with_omission
     assert_equal("[...]is a beautiful morn[...]", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5))
     assert_equal(
       "This is the ultimate supercalifragilisticexpialidoceous very looooooooooooooooooong looooooooooooong beautiful morning with amazing sunshine and awesome tempera[...]",
@@ -226,19 +293,29 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_excerpt_with_utf8
-    assert_equal("...\357\254\203ciency could not be...".force_encoding('UTF-8'), excerpt("That's why e\357\254\203ciency could not be helped".force_encoding('UTF-8'), 'could', 8))
+    assert_equal("...\357\254\203ciency could not be...".force_encoding('UTF-8'), excerpt("That's why e\357\254\203ciency could not be helped".force_encoding('UTF-8'), 'could', :radius => 8))
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5 }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
   end
 
   def test_word_wrap
-    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring", word_wrap("my very very very long string", 15))
+    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring", word_wrap("my very very very long string", :line_width => 15))
   end
 
   def test_word_wrap_with_extra_newlines
-    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring\n\nwith another\nline", word_wrap("my very very very long string\n\nwith another line", 15))
+    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring\n\nwith another\nline", word_wrap("my very very very long string\n\nwith another line", :line_width => 15))
   end
 
-  def test_word_wrap_with_options_hash
-    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring", word_wrap("my very very very long string", :line_width => 15))
+  def test_word_wrap_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :line_width => 15 }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    word_wrap("some text", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
   end
 
   def test_pluralization
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
index 397de9c2ce..d496dbb35e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :translations => {
         :templates => {
           :found => { :foo => 'Foo' },
-          :array => { :foo => { :bar => 'Foo Bar' } }
+          :array => { :foo => { :bar => 'Foo Bar' } },
+          :default => { :foo => 'Foo' }
         },
         :foo => 'Foo',
         :hello => '<a>Hello World</a>',
@@ -71,6 +72,10 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Foo Bar', @view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/array').strip
   end
 
+  def test_default_lookup_scoped_by_partial
+    assert_equal 'Foo', view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/default').strip
+  end
+
   def test_missing_translation_scoped_by_partial
     expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.templates.missing.missing">Missing</span>'
     assert_equal expected, view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/missing').strip
@@ -102,4 +107,32 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_translation_returning_an_array_ignores_html_suffix
     assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], translate(:'translations.array_html')
   end
+
+  def test_translate_with_default_named_html
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => :'translations.hello_html')
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
+    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_two_defaults_named_html
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing_html', :'translations.hello_html'])
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
+    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_last_default_named_html
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing', :'translations.hello_html'])
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
+    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_string_default
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: 'A Generic String')
+    assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_array_of_string_defaults
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: ['A Generic String', 'Second generic string'])
+    assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/url_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
index b482bd3251..cb6f378ecb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
   routes.draw do
-    match "/" => "foo#bar"
-    match "/other" => "foo#other"
-    match "/article/:id" => "foo#article", :as => :article
+    get "/" => "foo#bar"
+    get "/other" => "foo#other"
+    get "/article/:id" => "foo#article", :as => :article
   end
 
   include routes.url_helpers
@@ -90,17 +90,35 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_button_to_with_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\"><div><input data-confirm=\"Are you sure?\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
+  def test_button_to_with_deprecated_confirm
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\"><div><input data-confirm=\"Are you sure?\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
+        button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_button_to_with_javascript_disable_with
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\"><div><input data-disable-with=\"Greeting...\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :disable_with => "Greeting...")
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :data => { :disable_with => "Greeting..." })
     )
   end
 
+  def test_button_to_with_javascript_deprecated_disable_with
+    assert_deprecated ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :disable_with => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\"><div><input data-disable-with=\"Greeting...\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
+        button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :disable_with => "Greeting...")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_form_options
     assert_dom_equal "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"custom-class\" data-remote=\"true\" data-type=\"json\"><div><input type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>", button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :remote => true, :form => { :class => "custom-class", "data-type" => "json" } )
   end
@@ -108,22 +126,33 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\" data-remote=\"true\"><div><input data-confirm=\"Are you sure?\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :remote => true, :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :remote => true, :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
+  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_with_deprecated_confirm
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\" data-remote=\"true\"><div><input data-confirm=\"Are you sure?\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
+        button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :remote => true, :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_disable_with
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\" data-remote=\"true\"><div><input data-disable-with=\"Greeting...\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :remote => true, :disable_with => "Greeting...")
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :remote => true, :data => { :disable_with => "Greeting..." })
     )
   end
 
-  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_confirm_and_javascript_disable_with
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\" data-remote=\"true\"><div><input data-disable-with=\"Greeting...\" data-confirm=\"Are you sure?\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :remote => true, :confirm => "Are you sure?", :disable_with => "Greeting...")
-    )
+  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_deprecated_disable_with
+    assert_deprecated ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :disable_with => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\" data-remote=\"true\"><div><input data-disable-with=\"Greeting...\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Hello\" /></div></form>",
+        button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :remote => true, :disable_with => "Greeting...")
+      )
+    end
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_false
@@ -158,6 +187,13 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_button_to_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<form method=\"post\" action=\"http://www.example.com\" class=\"button_to\"><div><button type=\"submit\"><span>Hello</span></button></div></form>",
+      button_to("http://www.example.com") { content_tag(:span, 'Hello') }
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_link_tag_with_straight_url
     assert_dom_equal "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\">Hello</a>", link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
   end
@@ -215,18 +251,39 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_link_tag_with_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-confirm=\"Are you sure?\">Hello</a>",
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-confirm=\"You can't possibly be sure, can you?\">Hello</a>",
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :confirm => "You can't possibly be sure, can you?")
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :data => { :confirm => "You can't possibly be sure, can you?" })
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-confirm=\"You can't possibly be sure,\n can you?\">Hello</a>",
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :confirm => "You can't possibly be sure,\n can you?")
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :data => { :confirm => "You can't possibly be sure,\n can you?" })
     )
   end
 
+  def test_link_tag_with_deprecated_confirm
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-confirm=\"Are you sure?\">Hello</a>",
+        link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
+      )
+    end
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-confirm=\"You can't possibly be sure, can you?\">Hello</a>",
+        link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :confirm => "You can't possibly be sure, can you?")
+      )
+    end
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-confirm=\"You can't possibly be sure,\n can you?\">Hello</a>",
+        link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :confirm => "You can't possibly be sure,\n can you?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_link_to_with_remote
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-remote=\"true\">Hello</a>",
@@ -272,18 +329,47 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript_and_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-method=\"post\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-confirm=\"Are you serious?\">Hello</a>",
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :method => :post, :confirm => "Are you serious?")
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :method => :post, :data => { :confirm => "Are you serious?" })
     )
   end
 
+  def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript_and_with_deprecated_confirm
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<a href=\"http://www.example.com\" data-method=\"post\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-confirm=\"Are you serious?\">Hello</a>",
+        link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", :method => :post, :confirm => "Are you serious?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript_and_href_and_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<a href='\#' rel=\"nofollow\" data-confirm=\"Are you serious?\" data-method=\"delete\">Destroy</a>",
-      link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", :method => :delete, :href => '#', :confirm => "Are you serious?"),
+      link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", :method => :delete, :href => '#', :data => { :confirm => "Are you serious?" }),
       "When specifying url, form should be generated with it, but not this.href"
     )
   end
 
+  def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript_and_href_and_with_deprecated_confirm
+    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use ':data => { :confirm => \'Text\' }' instead" do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<a href='\#' rel=\"nofollow\" data-confirm=\"Are you serious?\" data-method=\"delete\">Destroy</a>",
+        link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", :method => :delete, :href => '#', :confirm => "Are you serious?"),
+        "When specifying url, form should be generated with it, but not this.href"
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal '<a href="/"><span>Example site</span></a>',
+      link_to('/') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_block_and_html_options
+    assert_dom_equal '<a class="special" href="/"><span>Example site</span></a>',
+      link_to('/', :class => "special") { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
+  end
+
   def test_link_tag_using_block_in_erb
     out = render_erb %{<%= link_to('/') do %>Example site<% end %>}
     assert_equal '<a href="/">Example site</a>', out
@@ -296,6 +382,16 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_link_tag_escapes_content
+    assert_dom_equal '<a href="/">Malicious &lt;script&gt;content&lt;/script&gt;</a>',
+      link_to("Malicious <script>content</script>", "/")
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_does_not_escape_html_safe_content
+    assert_dom_equal '<a href="/">Malicious <script>content</script></a>',
+      link_to("Malicious <script>content</script>".html_safe, "/")
+  end
+
   def test_link_to_unless
     assert_equal "Showing", link_to_unless(true, "Showing", url_hash)
 
@@ -408,12 +504,12 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_mail_to_with_javascript
     snippet = mail_to("me@domain.com", "My email", :encode => "javascript")
-    assert_dom_equal "<script type=\"text/javascript\">eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%5c%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%6d%65%40%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e%2e%63%6f%6d%5c%22%3e%4d%79%20%65%6d%61%69%6c%3c%5c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))</script>", snippet
+    assert_dom_equal "<script>eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%5c%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%6d%65%40%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e%2e%63%6f%6d%5c%22%3e%4d%79%20%65%6d%61%69%6c%3c%5c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))</script>", snippet
   end
 
   def test_mail_to_with_javascript_unicode
     snippet = mail_to("unicode@example.com", "únicode", :encode => "javascript")
-    assert_dom_equal "<script type=\"text/javascript\">eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%5c%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%75%6e%69%63%6f%64%65%40%65%78%61%6d%70%6c%65%2e%63%6f%6d%5c%22%3e%c3%ba%6e%69%63%6f%64%65%3c%5c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))</script>", snippet
+    assert_dom_equal "<script>eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%5c%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%75%6e%69%63%6f%64%65%40%65%78%61%6d%70%6c%65%2e%63%6f%6d%5c%22%3e%c3%ba%6e%69%63%6f%64%65%3c%5c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))</script>", snippet
   end
 
   def test_mail_with_options
@@ -438,8 +534,8 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal "<a href=\"&#109;&#97;&#105;&#108;&#116;&#111;&#58;%6d%65@%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e.%63%6f%6d\">&#109;&#101;&#40;&#97;&#116;&#41;&#100;&#111;&#109;&#97;&#105;&#110;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;</a>", mail_to("me@domain.com", nil, :encode => "hex", :replace_at => "(at)")
     assert_dom_equal "<a href=\"&#109;&#97;&#105;&#108;&#116;&#111;&#58;%6d%65@%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e.%63%6f%6d\">My email</a>", mail_to("me@domain.com", "My email", :encode => "hex", :replace_at => "(at)")
     assert_dom_equal "<a href=\"&#109;&#97;&#105;&#108;&#116;&#111;&#58;%6d%65@%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e.%63%6f%6d\">&#109;&#101;&#40;&#97;&#116;&#41;&#100;&#111;&#109;&#97;&#105;&#110;&#40;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#41;&#99;&#111;&#109;</a>", mail_to("me@domain.com", nil, :encode => "hex", :replace_at => "(at)", :replace_dot => "(dot)")
-    assert_dom_equal "<script type=\"text/javascript\">eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%5c%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%6d%65%40%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e%2e%63%6f%6d%5c%22%3e%4d%79%20%65%6d%61%69%6c%3c%5c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))</script>", mail_to("me@domain.com", "My email", :encode => "javascript", :replace_at => "(at)", :replace_dot => "(dot)")
-    assert_dom_equal "<script type=\"text/javascript\">eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%5c%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%6d%65%40%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e%2e%63%6f%6d%5c%22%3e%6d%65%28%61%74%29%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e%28%64%6f%74%29%63%6f%6d%3c%5c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))</script>", mail_to("me@domain.com", nil, :encode => "javascript", :replace_at => "(at)", :replace_dot => "(dot)")
+    assert_dom_equal "<script>eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%5c%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%6d%65%40%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e%2e%63%6f%6d%5c%22%3e%4d%79%20%65%6d%61%69%6c%3c%5c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))</script>", mail_to("me@domain.com", "My email", :encode => "javascript", :replace_at => "(at)", :replace_dot => "(dot)")
+    assert_dom_equal "<script>eval(decodeURIComponent('%64%6f%63%75%6d%65%6e%74%2e%77%72%69%74%65%28%27%3c%61%20%68%72%65%66%3d%5c%22%6d%61%69%6c%74%6f%3a%6d%65%40%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e%2e%63%6f%6d%5c%22%3e%6d%65%28%61%74%29%64%6f%6d%61%69%6e%28%64%6f%74%29%63%6f%6d%3c%5c%2f%61%3e%27%29%3b'))</script>", mail_to("me@domain.com", nil, :encode => "javascript", :replace_at => "(at)", :replace_dot => "(dot)")
   end
 
   def test_mail_to_returns_html_safe_string
@@ -471,25 +567,25 @@ end
 class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class UrlHelperController < ActionController::Base
     test_routes do
-      match 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show/:id',
+      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show/:id',
         :to => 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show',
         :as => :show
 
-      match 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/profile/:name',
+      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/profile/:name',
         :to => 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show',
         :as => :profile
 
-      match 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route',
+      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route',
         :to => 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show_named_route',
         :as => :show_named_route
 
-      match "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
+      get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
 
-      match 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/normalize_recall_params',
+      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/normalize_recall_params',
         :to => UrlHelperController.action(:normalize_recall),
         :as => :normalize_recall_params
 
-      match '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/override_url_helper/default',
+      get '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/override_url_helper/default',
         :to => 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#override_url_helper',
         :as => :override_url_helper
     end
@@ -566,7 +662,7 @@ class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_named_route_should_show_host_and_path_using_controller_default_url_options
     class << @controller
-      def default_url_options(options = nil)
+      def default_url_options
         {:host => 'testtwo.host'}
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/ts_isolated.rb b/actionpack/test/ts_isolated.rb
index ae2a0c95f6..c44c5d8968 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/ts_isolated.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/ts_isolated.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-$:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__))
-$:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../activesupport/lib')
-
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'rbconfig'
 require 'abstract_unit'
@@ -12,7 +9,7 @@ class TestIsolated < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     define_method("test #{file}") do
       command = "#{ruby} -Ilib:test #{file}"
       result = silence_stderr { `#{command}` }
-      assert_block("#{command}\n#{result}") { $?.to_i.zero? }
+      assert $?.to_i.zero?, "#{command}\n#{result}"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
index 42adbec8b9..847ae7f237 100644
--- a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,13 +1,73 @@
+## Rails 4.0.0 (unreleased) ##
+
+*   Changed `AM::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json' default value to false.
+    Now, AM Serializers and AR objects have the same default behaviour. Fixes #6578.
+
+        class User < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+        class Person
+          include ActiveModel::Model
+          include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+          include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+          attr_accessor :name, :age
+
+          def attributes
+            instance_values
+          end
+        end
+
+        user.as_json
+        => {"id"=>1, "name"=>"Konata Izumi", "age"=>16, "awesome"=>true}
+        # root is not included
+
+        person.as_json
+        => {"name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
+        # root is not included
+
+    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+
+*   Passing false hash values to `validates` will no longer enable the corresponding validators *Steve Purcell*
+
+*   `ConfirmationValidator` error messages will attach to `:#{attribute}_confirmation` instead of `attribute` *Brian Cardarella*
+
 *   Added ActiveModel::Model, a mixin to make Ruby objects work with AP out of box *Guillermo Iguaran*
 
 *   `AM::Errors#to_json`: support `:full_messages` parameter *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
 *   Trim down Active Model API by removing `valid?` and `errors.full_messages` *José Valim*
 
+*   When `^` or `$` are used in the regular expression provided to `validates_format_of` and the :multiline option is not set to true, an exception will be raised. This is to prevent security vulnerabilities when using `validates_format_of`. The problem is described in detail in the Rails security guide.
+
+## Rails 3.2.6 (Jun 12, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+## Rails 3.2.5 (Jun 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.4 (May 31, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.3 (March 30, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.2 (March 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
 ## Rails 3.2.1 (January 26, 2012) ##
 
 *   No changes.
 
+
 ## Rails 3.2.0 (January 20, 2012) ##
 
 *   Deprecated `define_attr_method` in `ActiveModel::AttributeMethods`, because this only existed to
@@ -23,14 +83,17 @@
 
 *   Provide mass_assignment_sanitizer as an easy API to replace the sanitizer behavior. Also support both :logger (default) and :strict sanitizer behavior *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.3 (November 20, 2011) ##
 
 *   No changes
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.2 (November 18, 2011) ##
 
 *   No changes
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.1 (October 7, 2011) ##
 
 *   Remove hard dependency on bcrypt-ruby to avoid make ActiveModel dependent on a binary library.
@@ -40,6 +103,7 @@
 
     See GH #2687. *Guillermo Iguaran*
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.0 (August 30, 2011) ##
 
 *   Alternate I18n namespace lookup is no longer supported.
diff --git a/activemodel/README.rdoc b/activemodel/README.rdoc
index 4861b0a002..b4565b5881 100644
--- a/activemodel/README.rdoc
+++ b/activemodel/README.rdoc
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Model solves this by defining an explicit API. You can read more about the
 API in ActiveModel::Lint::Tests.
 
 Active Model provides a default module that implements the basic API required
-to integrate with Action Pack out of the box: +ActiveModel::Model+.
+to integrate with Action Pack out of the box: <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt>.
 
     class Person
       include ActiveModel::Model
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ to integrate with Action Pack out of the box: +ActiveModel::Model+.
 
     person = Person.new(:name => 'bob', :age => '18')
     person.name # => 'bob'
-    person.age # => 18
-    person.valid? # => false
+    person.age # => '18'
+    person.valid? # => true
 
 It includes model name introspections, conversions, translations and
 validations, resulting in a class suitable to be used with Action Pack.
-See +ActiveModel::Model+ for more examples.
+See <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt> for more examples.
 
 Active Model also provides the following functionality to have ORM-like
 behavior out of the box:
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
       include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
 
       attribute_method_prefix 'clear_'
-      define_attribute_methods [:name, :age]
+      define_attribute_methods :name, :age
 
       attr_accessor :name, :age
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
   This generates +before_create+, +around_create+ and +after_create+
   class methods that wrap your create method.
 
-  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/CallBacks.html]
+  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Callbacks.html]
 
 * Tracking value changes
 
@@ -116,9 +116,6 @@ behavior out of the box:
     person.errors.full_messages
     # => ["Name can not be nil"]
 
-    person.errors.full_messages
-    # => ["Name can not be nil"]
-
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Errors.html]
 
 * Model name introspection
@@ -138,6 +135,16 @@ behavior out of the box:
   pattern in a Rails App and take advantage of all the standard observer
   functions.
 
+    class PersonObserver < ActiveModel::Observer
+      def after_create(person)
+        person.logger.info("New person added!")
+      end
+
+      def after_destroy(person)
+        person.logger.warn("Person with an id of #{person.id} was destroyed!")
+      end
+    end
+
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Observer.html]
 
 * Making objects serializable
diff --git a/activemodel/Rakefile b/activemodel/Rakefile
index fc5aaf9f8f..fc5aaf9f8f 100755..100644
--- a/activemodel/Rakefile
+++ b/activemodel/Rakefile
diff --git a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
index 60c1d16934..66f324a1a1 100644
--- a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
+++ b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name        = 'activemodel'
   s.version     = version
   s.summary     = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks (part of Rails).'
-  s.description = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks like Active Record and Active Resource. Rich support for attributes, callbacks, validations, observers, serialization, internationalization, and testing.'
+  s.description = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks like Active Record. Rich support for attributes, callbacks, validations, observers, serialization, internationalization, and testing.'
 
   s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.license     = 'MIT'
 
   s.author            = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
   s.email             = 'david@loudthinking.com'
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
index 2586147a20..f6bacf5ec0 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@
 # WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 #++
 
-activesupport_path = File.expand_path('../../../activesupport/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activesupport_path) if File.directory?(activesupport_path) && !$:.include?(activesupport_path)
 require 'active_support'
 require 'active_model/version'
 
@@ -32,7 +30,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   autoload :AttributeMethods
   autoload :BlockValidator, 'active_model/validator'
   autoload :Callbacks
-  autoload :Configuration
   autoload :Conversion
   autoload :Dirty
   autoload :EachValidator, 'active_model/validator'
@@ -59,5 +56,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   end
 end
 
-require 'active_support/i18n'
-I18n.load_path << File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/active_model/locale/en.yml'
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:i18n) do
+  I18n.load_path << File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/active_model/locale/en.yml'
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
index 97a83e58af..eb06250060 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -1,34 +1,33 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveModel
+  # Raised when an attribute is not defined.
   class MissingAttributeError < NoMethodError
   end
   # == Active Model Attribute Methods
   #
-  # <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> provides a way to add prefixes and suffixes
-  # to your methods as well as handling the creation of Active Record like class methods
-  # such as +table_name+.
+  # <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> provides a way to add prefixes and
+  # suffixes to your methods as well as handling the creation of Active Record
+  # like class methods such as +table_name+.
   #
   # The requirements to implement ActiveModel::AttributeMethods are to:
   #
-  # * <tt>include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> in your object
+  # * <tt>include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> in your object.
   # * Call each Attribute Method module method you want to add, such as
-  #   attribute_method_suffix or attribute_method_prefix
-  # * Call <tt>define_attribute_methods</tt> after the other methods are
-  #   called.
-  # * Define the various generic +_attribute+ methods that you have declared
+  #   +attribute_method_suffix+ or +attribute_method_prefix+.
+  # * Call +define_attribute_methods+ after the other methods are called.
+  # * Define the various generic +_attribute+ methods that you have declared.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
   #   class Person
   #     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
   #
-  #     attribute_method_affix  :prefix => 'reset_', :suffix => '_to_default!'
+  #     attribute_method_affix  prefix: 'reset_', suffix: '_to_default!'
   #     attribute_method_suffix '_contrived?'
   #     attribute_method_prefix 'clear_'
-  #     define_attribute_methods ['name']
+  #     define_attribute_methods :name
   #
   #     attr_accessor :name
   #
@@ -43,17 +42,16 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     end
   #
   #     def reset_attribute_to_default!(attr)
-  #       send("#{attr}=", "Default Name")
+  #       send("#{attr}=", 'Default Name')
   #     end
   #   end
   #
   # Note that whenever you include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods in your class,
-  # it requires you to implement an <tt>attributes</tt> method which returns a hash
+  # it requires you to implement an +attributes+ method which returns a hash
   # with each attribute name in your model as hash key and the attribute value as
   # hash value.
   #
   # Hash keys must be strings.
-  #
   module AttributeMethods
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -61,8 +59,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     CALL_COMPILABLE_REGEXP = /\A[a-zA-Z_]\w*[!?]?\z/
 
     included do
-      extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-      config_attribute :attribute_method_matchers
+      class_attribute :attribute_aliases, :attribute_method_matchers, instance_writer: false
+      self.attribute_aliases = {}
       self.attribute_method_matchers = [ClassMethods::AttributeMethodMatcher.new]
     end
 
@@ -79,14 +77,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       # An instance method <tt>#{prefix}attribute</tt> must exist and accept
       # at least the +attr+ argument.
       #
-      # For example:
-      #
       #   class Person
-      #
       #     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+      #
       #     attr_accessor :name
       #     attribute_method_prefix 'clear_'
-      #     define_attribute_methods [:name]
+      #     define_attribute_methods :name
       #
       #     private
       #
@@ -96,12 +92,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       #
       #   person = Person.new
-      #   person.name = "Bob"
+      #   person.name = 'Bob'
       #   person.name          # => "Bob"
       #   person.clear_name
       #   person.name          # => nil
       def attribute_method_prefix(*prefixes)
-        self.attribute_method_matchers += prefixes.map { |prefix| AttributeMethodMatcher.new :prefix => prefix }
+        self.attribute_method_matchers += prefixes.map! { |prefix| AttributeMethodMatcher.new prefix: prefix }
         undefine_attribute_methods
       end
 
@@ -114,17 +110,15 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       #   attribute#{suffix}(#{attr}, *args, &block)
       #
-      # An <tt>attribute#{suffix}</tt> instance method must exist and accept at least
-      # the +attr+ argument.
-      #
-      # For example:
+      # An <tt>attribute#{suffix}</tt> instance method must exist and accept at
+      # least the +attr+ argument.
       #
       #   class Person
-      #
       #     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+      #
       #     attr_accessor :name
       #     attribute_method_suffix '_short?'
-      #     define_attribute_methods [:name]
+      #     define_attribute_methods :name
       #
       #     private
       #
@@ -134,11 +128,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       #
       #   person = Person.new
-      #   person.name = "Bob"
+      #   person.name = 'Bob'
       #   person.name          # => "Bob"
       #   person.name_short?   # => true
       def attribute_method_suffix(*suffixes)
-        self.attribute_method_matchers += suffixes.map { |suffix| AttributeMethodMatcher.new :suffix => suffix }
+        self.attribute_method_matchers += suffixes.map! { |suffix| AttributeMethodMatcher.new suffix: suffix }
         undefine_attribute_methods
       end
 
@@ -155,14 +149,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       # An <tt>#{prefix}attribute#{suffix}</tt> instance method must exist and
       # accept at least the +attr+ argument.
       #
-      # For example:
-      #
       #   class Person
-      #
       #     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+      #
       #     attr_accessor :name
-      #     attribute_method_affix :prefix => 'reset_', :suffix => '_to_default!'
-      #     define_attribute_methods [:name]
+      #     attribute_method_affix prefix: 'reset_', suffix: '_to_default!'
+      #     define_attribute_methods :name
       #
       #     private
       #
@@ -176,35 +168,61 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   person.reset_name_to_default!
       #   person.name                         # => 'Gemma'
       def attribute_method_affix(*affixes)
-        self.attribute_method_matchers += affixes.map { |affix| AttributeMethodMatcher.new :prefix => affix[:prefix], :suffix => affix[:suffix] }
+        self.attribute_method_matchers += affixes.map! { |affix| AttributeMethodMatcher.new prefix: affix[:prefix], suffix: affix[:suffix] }
         undefine_attribute_methods
       end
 
+
+      # Allows you to make aliases for attributes.
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+      #
+      #     attr_accessor :name
+      #     attribute_method_suffix '_short?'
+      #     define_attribute_methods :name
+      #
+      #     alias_attribute :nickname, :name
+      #
+      #     private
+      #
+      #     def attribute_short?(attr)
+      #       send(attr).length < 5
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.new
+      #   person.name = 'Bob'
+      #   person.name            # => "Bob"
+      #   person.nickname        # => "Bob"
+      #   person.name_short?     # => true
+      #   person.nickname_short? # => true
       def alias_attribute(new_name, old_name)
+        self.attribute_aliases = attribute_aliases.merge(new_name.to_s => old_name.to_s)
         attribute_method_matchers.each do |matcher|
           matcher_new = matcher.method_name(new_name).to_s
           matcher_old = matcher.method_name(old_name).to_s
-          define_optimized_call self, matcher_new, matcher_old
+          define_proxy_call false, self, matcher_new, matcher_old
         end
       end
 
       # Declares the attributes that should be prefixed and suffixed by
       # ActiveModel::AttributeMethods.
       #
-      # To use, pass in an array of attribute names (as strings or symbols),
-      # be sure to declare +define_attribute_methods+ after you define any
-      # prefix, suffix or affix methods, or they will not hook in.
+      # To use, pass attribute names (as strings or symbols), be sure to declare
+      # +define_attribute_methods+ after you define any prefix, suffix or affix
+      # methods, or they will not hook in.
       #
       #   class Person
-      #
       #     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+      #
       #     attr_accessor :name, :age, :address
       #     attribute_method_prefix 'clear_'
       #
       #     # Call to define_attribute_methods must appear after the
       #     # attribute_method_prefix, attribute_method_suffix or
       #     # attribute_method_affix declares.
-      #     define_attribute_methods [:name, :age, :address]
+      #     define_attribute_methods :name, :age, :address
       #
       #     private
       #
@@ -212,10 +230,39 @@ module ActiveModel
       #       ...
       #     end
       #   end
-      def define_attribute_methods(attr_names)
-        attr_names.each { |attr_name| define_attribute_method(attr_name) }
+      def define_attribute_methods(*attr_names)
+        attr_names.flatten.each { |attr_name| define_attribute_method(attr_name) }
       end
 
+      # Declares an attribute that should be prefixed and suffixed by
+      # ActiveModel::AttributeMethods.
+      #
+      # To use, pass an attribute name (as string or symbol), be sure to declare
+      # +define_attribute_method+ after you define any prefix, suffix or affix
+      # method, or they will not hook in.
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+      #
+      #     attr_accessor :name
+      #     attribute_method_suffix '_short?'
+      #
+      #     # Call to define_attribute_method must appear after the
+      #     # attribute_method_prefix, attribute_method_suffix or
+      #     # attribute_method_affix declares.
+      #     define_attribute_method :name
+      #
+      #     private
+      #
+      #     def attribute_short?(attr)
+      #       send(attr).length < 5
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.new
+      #   person.name = 'Bob'
+      #   person.name        # => "Bob"
+      #   person.name_short? # => true
       def define_attribute_method(attr_name)
         attribute_method_matchers.each do |matcher|
           method_name = matcher.method_name(attr_name)
@@ -226,14 +273,36 @@ module ActiveModel
             if respond_to?(generate_method, true)
               send(generate_method, attr_name)
             else
-              define_optimized_call generated_attribute_methods, method_name, matcher.method_missing_target, attr_name.to_s
+              define_proxy_call true, generated_attribute_methods, method_name, matcher.method_missing_target, attr_name.to_s
             end
           end
         end
         attribute_method_matchers_cache.clear
       end
 
-      # Removes all the previously dynamically defined methods from the class
+      # Removes all the previously dynamically defined methods from the class.
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+      #
+      #     attr_accessor :name
+      #     attribute_method_suffix '_short?'
+      #     define_attribute_method :name
+      #
+      #     private
+      #
+      #     def attribute_short?(attr)
+      #       send(attr).length < 5
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.new
+      #   person.name = 'Bob'
+      #   person.name_short? # => true
+      #
+      #   Person.undefine_attribute_methods
+      #
+      #   person.name_short? # => NoMethodError
       def undefine_attribute_methods
         generated_attribute_methods.module_eval do
           instance_methods.each { |m| undef_method(m) }
@@ -243,15 +312,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       # Returns true if the attribute methods defined have been generated.
       def generated_attribute_methods #:nodoc:
-        @generated_attribute_methods ||= begin
-          mod = Module.new
-          include mod
-          mod
-        end
+        @generated_attribute_methods ||= Module.new.tap { |mod| include mod }
       end
 
       protected
-        def instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name)
+        def instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name) #:nodoc:
           generated_attribute_methods.method_defined?(method_name)
         end
 
@@ -270,34 +335,32 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
 
         def attribute_method_matcher(method_name) #:nodoc:
-          if attribute_method_matchers_cache.key?(method_name)
-            attribute_method_matchers_cache[method_name]
-          else
+          attribute_method_matchers_cache.fetch(method_name) do |name|
             # Must try to match prefixes/suffixes first, or else the matcher with no prefix/suffix
             # will match every time.
             matchers = attribute_method_matchers.partition(&:plain?).reverse.flatten(1)
             match = nil
-            matchers.detect { |method| match = method.match(method_name) }
-            attribute_method_matchers_cache[method_name] = match
+            matchers.detect { |method| match = method.match(name) }
+            attribute_method_matchers_cache[name] = match
           end
         end
 
         # Define a method `name` in `mod` that dispatches to `send`
         # using the given `extra` args. This fallbacks `define_method`
         # and `send` if the given names cannot be compiled.
-        def define_optimized_call(mod, name, send, *extra) #:nodoc:
-          if name =~ NAME_COMPILABLE_REGEXP
-            defn = "def #{name}(*args)"
+        def define_proxy_call(include_private, mod, name, send, *extra) #:nodoc:
+          defn = if name =~ NAME_COMPILABLE_REGEXP
+            "def #{name}(*args)"
           else
-            defn = "define_method(:'#{name}') do |*args|"
+            "define_method(:'#{name}') do |*args|"
           end
 
-          extra = (extra.map(&:inspect) << "*args").join(", ")
+          extra = (extra.map!(&:inspect) << "*args").join(", ")
 
-          if send =~ CALL_COMPILABLE_REGEXP
-            target = "#{send}(#{extra})"
+          target = if send =~ CALL_COMPILABLE_REGEXP
+            "#{"self." unless include_private}#{send}(#{extra})"
           else
-            target = "send(:'#{send}', #{extra})"
+            "send(:'#{send}', #{extra})"
           end
 
           mod.module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -307,14 +370,12 @@ module ActiveModel
           RUBY
         end
 
-        class AttributeMethodMatcher
+        class AttributeMethodMatcher #:nodoc:
           attr_reader :prefix, :suffix, :method_missing_target
 
           AttributeMethodMatch = Struct.new(:target, :attr_name, :method_name)
 
           def initialize(options = {})
-            options.symbolize_keys!
-
             if options[:prefix] == '' || options[:suffix] == ''
               ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
                 "Specifying an empty prefix/suffix for an attribute method is no longer " \
@@ -324,7 +385,7 @@ module ActiveModel
               )
             end
 
-            @prefix, @suffix = options[:prefix] || '', options[:suffix] || ''
+            @prefix, @suffix = options.fetch(:prefix, ''), options.fetch(:suffix, '')
             @regex = /^(?:#{Regexp.escape(@prefix)})(.*)(?:#{Regexp.escape(@suffix)})$/
             @method_missing_target = "#{@prefix}attribute#{@suffix}"
             @method_name = "#{prefix}%s#{suffix}"
@@ -333,8 +394,6 @@ module ActiveModel
           def match(method_name)
             if @regex =~ method_name
               AttributeMethodMatch.new(method_missing_target, $1, method_name)
-            else
-              nil
             end
           end
 
@@ -393,7 +452,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     protected
-      def attribute_method?(attr_name)
+      def attribute_method?(attr_name) #:nodoc:
         respond_to_without_attributes?(:attributes) && attributes.include?(attr_name)
       end
 
@@ -402,7 +461,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # The struct's attributes are prefix, base and suffix.
       def match_attribute_method?(method_name)
         match = self.class.send(:attribute_method_matcher, method_name)
-        match && attribute_method?(match.attr_name) ? match : nil
+        match if match && attribute_method?(match.attr_name)
       end
 
       def missing_attribute(attr_name, stack)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
index ebb4b51aa3..e669113001 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   # Provides an interface for any class to have Active Record like callbacks.
   #
   # Like the Active Record methods, the callback chain is aborted as soon as
-  # one of the methods in the chain returns false.
+  # one of the methods in the chain returns +false+.
   #
   # First, extend ActiveModel::Callbacks from the class you are creating:
   #
@@ -18,9 +18,10 @@ module ActiveModel
   #
   #   define_model_callbacks :create, :update
   #
-  # This will provide all three standard callbacks (before, around and after) for
-  # both the :create and :update methods. To implement, you need to wrap the methods
-  # you want callbacks on in a block so that the callbacks get a chance to fire:
+  # This will provide all three standard callbacks (before, around and after)
+  # for both the <tt>:create</tt> and <tt>:update</tt> methods. To implement,
+  # you need to wrap the methods you want callbacks on in a block so that the
+  # callbacks get a chance to fire:
   #
   #   def create
   #     run_callbacks :create do
@@ -28,8 +29,8 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # Then in your class, you can use the +before_create+, +after_create+ and +around_create+
-  # methods, just as you would in an Active Record module.
+  # Then in your class, you can use the +before_create+, +after_create+ and
+  # +around_create+ methods, just as you would in an Active Record module.
   #
   #   before_create :action_before_create
   #
@@ -38,38 +39,40 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   # You can choose not to have all three callbacks by passing a hash to the
-  # define_model_callbacks method.
+  # +define_model_callbacks+ method.
   #
-  #   define_model_callbacks :create, :only => [:after, :before]
+  #   define_model_callbacks :create, only: [:after, :before]
   #
-  # Would only create the after_create and before_create callback methods in your
-  # class.
+  # Would only create the +after_create+ and +before_create+ callback methods in
+  # your class.
   module Callbacks
-    def self.extended(base)
+    def self.extended(base) #:nodoc:
       base.class_eval do
         include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
       end
     end
 
-    # define_model_callbacks accepts the same options define_callbacks does, in case
-    # you want to overwrite a default. Besides that, it also accepts an :only option,
-    # where you can choose if you want all types (before, around or after) or just some.
+    # define_model_callbacks accepts the same options +define_callbacks+ does,
+    # in case you want to overwrite a default. Besides that, it also accepts an
+    # <tt>:only</tt> option, where you can choose if you want all types (before,
+    # around or after) or just some.
     #
-    #   define_model_callbacks :initializer, :only => :after
+    #   define_model_callbacks :initializer, only: :after
     #
-    # Note, the <tt>:only => <type></tt> hash will apply to all callbacks defined on
-    # that method call. To get around this you can call the define_model_callbacks
+    # Note, the <tt>only: <type></tt> hash will apply to all callbacks defined
+    # on that method call. To get around this you can call the define_model_callbacks
     # method as many times as you need.
     #
-    #   define_model_callbacks :create, :only => :after
-    #   define_model_callbacks :update, :only => :before
-    #   define_model_callbacks :destroy, :only => :around
+    #   define_model_callbacks :create,  only: :after
+    #   define_model_callbacks :update,  only: :before
+    #   define_model_callbacks :destroy, only: :around
     #
-    # Would create +after_create+, +before_update+ and +around_destroy+ methods only.
+    # Would create +after_create+, +before_update+ and +around_destroy+ methods
+    # only.
     #
-    # You can pass in a class to before_<type>, after_<type> and around_<type>, in which
-    # case the callback will call that class's <action>_<type> method passing the object
-    # that the callback is being called on.
+    # You can pass in a class to before_<type>, after_<type> and around_<type>,
+    # in which case the callback will call that class's <action>_<type> method
+    # passing the object that the callback is being called on.
     #
     #   class MyModel
     #     extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
@@ -83,15 +86,14 @@ module ActiveModel
     #       # obj is the MyModel instance that the callback is being called on
     #     end
     #   end
-    #
     def define_model_callbacks(*callbacks)
       options = callbacks.extract_options!
       options = {
-         :terminator => "result == false",
-         :skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated => true,
-         :scope => [:kind, :name],
-         :only => [:before, :around, :after]
-      }.merge(options)
+        :terminator => "result == false",
+        :skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated => true,
+        :scope => [:kind, :name],
+        :only => [:before, :around, :after]
+      }.merge!(options)
 
       types = Array(options.delete(:only))
 
@@ -104,6 +106,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
     end
 
+    private
+
     def _define_before_model_callback(klass, callback) #:nodoc:
       klass.class_eval <<-CALLBACK, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def self.before_#{callback}(*args, &block)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/configuration.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/configuration.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1757c12ebf..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/configuration.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/concern'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-
-module ActiveModel
-  # This API is for Rails' internal use and is not currently considered 'public', so
-  # it may change in the future without warning.
-  #
-  # It creates configuration attributes that can be inherited from a module down
-  # to a class that includes the module. E.g.
-  #
-  #   module MyModel
-  #     extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-  #     config_attribute :awesome
-  #     self.awesome = true
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   class Post
-  #     include MyModel
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Post.awesome # => true
-  #
-  #   Post.awesome = false
-  #   Post.awesome    # => false
-  #   MyModel.awesome # => true
-  #
-  # We assume that the module will have a ClassMethods submodule containing methods
-  # to be transferred to the including class' singleton class.
-  #
-  # Config options can also be defined directly on a class:
-  #
-  #   class Post
-  #     extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-  #     config_attribute :awesome
-  #   end
-  #
-  # So this allows us to define a module that doesn't care about whether it is being
-  # included in a class or a module:
-  #
-  #   module Awesomeness
-  #     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-  #
-  #     included do
-  #       extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-  #       config_attribute :awesome
-  #       self.awesome = true
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   class Post
-  #     include Awesomeness
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   module AwesomeModel
-  #     include Awesomeness
-  #   end
-  module Configuration #:nodoc:
-    def config_attribute(name, options = {})
-      klass = self.is_a?(Class) ? ClassAttribute : ModuleAttribute
-      klass.new(self, name, options).define
-    end
-
-    class Attribute
-      attr_reader :host, :name, :options
-
-      def initialize(host, name, options)
-        @host, @name, @options = host, name, options
-      end
-
-      def instance_writer?
-        options.fetch(:instance_writer, false)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ClassAttribute < Attribute
-      def define
-        if options[:global]
-          host.cattr_accessor name, :instance_writer => instance_writer?
-        else
-          host.class_attribute name, :instance_writer => instance_writer?
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ModuleAttribute < Attribute
-      def class_methods
-        @class_methods ||= begin
-          if host.const_defined?(:ClassMethods, false)
-            host.const_get(:ClassMethods)
-          else
-            host.const_set(:ClassMethods, Module.new)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def define
-        host.singleton_class.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__
-          attr_accessor :#{name}
-          def #{name}?; !!#{name}; end
-        CODE
-
-        name, host = self.name, self.host
-
-        class_methods.class_eval do
-          define_method(name) { host.send(name) }
-          define_method("#{name}?") { !!send(name) }
-        end
-
-        host.class_eval <<-CODE
-          def #{name};  defined?(@#{name}) ? @#{name} : self.class.#{name}; end
-          def #{name}?; !!#{name}; end
-        CODE
-
-        if options[:global]
-          class_methods.class_eval do
-            define_method("#{name}=") { |val| host.send("#{name}=", val) }
-          end
-        else
-          class_methods.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__
-            def #{name}=(val)
-              singleton_class.class_eval do
-                remove_possible_method(:#{name})
-                define_method(:#{name}) { val }
-              end
-            end
-          CODE
-        end
-
-        host.send(:attr_writer, name) if instance_writer?
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
index c7c805f1a2..57b1bc2ada 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
@@ -18,17 +18,23 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   #   cm = ContactMessage.new
-  #   cm.to_model == self # => true
-  #   cm.to_key           # => nil
-  #   cm.to_param         # => nil
-  #   cm.to_path          # => "contact_messages/contact_message"
-  #
+  #   cm.to_model == cm  # => true
+  #   cm.to_key          # => nil
+  #   cm.to_param        # => nil
+  #   cm.to_partial_path # => "contact_messages/contact_message"
   module Conversion
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     # If your object is already designed to implement all of the Active Model
     # you can use the default <tt>:to_model</tt> implementation, which simply
-    # returns self.
+    # returns +self+.
+    #
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Person.new
+    #   person.to_model == person # => true
     #
     # If your model does not act like an Active Model object, then you should
     # define <tt>:to_model</tt> yourself returning a proxy object that wraps
@@ -37,27 +43,46 @@ module ActiveModel
       self
     end
 
-    # Returns an Enumerable of all key attributes if any is set, regardless
-    # if the object is persisted or not.
+    # Returns an Enumerable of all key attributes if any is set, regardless if
+    # the object is persisted or not. If there no key attributes, returns +nil+.
+    #
+    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Person.create
+    #   person.to_key # => [1]
     def to_key
       key = respond_to?(:id) && id
       key ? [key] : nil
     end
 
-    # Returns a string representing the object's key suitable for use in URLs,
-    # or nil if <tt>persisted?</tt> is false.
+    # Returns a +string+ representing the object's key suitable for use in URLs,
+    # or +nil+ if <tt>persisted?</tt> is +false+.
+    #
+    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Person.create
+    #   person.to_param # => "1"
     def to_param
       persisted? ? to_key.join('-') : nil
     end
 
-    # Returns a string identifying the path associated with the object.
+    # Returns a +string+ identifying the path associated with the object.
     # ActionPack uses this to find a suitable partial to represent the object.
+    #
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Person.new
+    #   person.to_partial_path # => "people/person"
     def to_partial_path
       self.class._to_partial_path
     end
 
     module ClassMethods #:nodoc:
-      # Provide a class level cache for the to_path. This is an
+      # Provide a class level cache for #to_partial_path. This is an
       # internal method and should not be accessed directly.
       def _to_partial_path #:nodoc:
         @_to_partial_path ||= begin
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
index 026f077ee7..9bd5f903cd 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_model/attribute_methods'
 require 'active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active Model Dirty
@@ -10,14 +11,14 @@ module ActiveModel
   #
   # The requirements for implementing ActiveModel::Dirty are:
   #
-  # * <tt>include ActiveModel::Dirty</tt> in your object
+  # * <tt>include ActiveModel::Dirty</tt> in your object.
   # * Call <tt>define_attribute_methods</tt> passing each method you want to
-  #   track
+  #   track.
   # * Call <tt>attr_name_will_change!</tt> before each change to the tracked
-  #   attribute
+  #   attribute.
   #
   # If you wish to also track previous changes on save or update, you need to
-  # add
+  # add:
   #
   #   @previously_changed = changes
   #
@@ -26,10 +27,9 @@ module ActiveModel
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
   #   class Person
-  #
   #     include ActiveModel::Dirty
   #
-  #     define_attribute_methods [:name]
+  #     define_attribute_methods :name
   #
   #     def name
   #       @name
@@ -44,46 +44,49 @@ module ActiveModel
   #       @previously_changed = changes
   #       @changed_attributes.clear
   #     end
-  #
   #   end
   #
-  # == Examples:
-  #
   # A newly instantiated object is unchanged:
+  #
   #   person = Person.find_by_name('Uncle Bob')
   #   person.changed?       # => false
   #
   # Change the name:
+  #
   #   person.name = 'Bob'
   #   person.changed?       # => true
   #   person.name_changed?  # => true
-  #   person.name_was       # => 'Uncle Bob'
-  #   person.name_change    # => ['Uncle Bob', 'Bob']
+  #   person.name_was       # => "Uncle Bob"
+  #   person.name_change    # => ["Uncle Bob", "Bob"]
   #   person.name = 'Bill'
-  #   person.name_change    # => ['Uncle Bob', 'Bill']
+  #   person.name_change    # => ["Uncle Bob", "Bill"]
   #
   # Save the changes:
+  #
   #   person.save
   #   person.changed?       # => false
   #   person.name_changed?  # => false
   #
   # Assigning the same value leaves the attribute unchanged:
+  #
   #   person.name = 'Bill'
   #   person.name_changed?  # => false
   #   person.name_change    # => nil
   #
   # Which attributes have changed?
+  #
   #   person.name = 'Bob'
-  #   person.changed        # => ['name']
-  #   person.changes        # => { 'name' => ['Bill', 'Bob'] }
+  #   person.changed        # => ["name"]
+  #   person.changes        # => {"name" => ["Bill", "Bob"]}
   #
   # If an attribute is modified in-place then make use of <tt>[attribute_name]_will_change!</tt>
-  # to mark that the attribute is changing. Otherwise ActiveModel can't track changes to
-  # in-place attributes.
+  # to mark that the attribute is changing. Otherwise ActiveModel can't track
+  # changes to in-place attributes.
   #
   #   person.name_will_change!
+  #   person.name_change    # => ["Bill", "Bill"]
   #   person.name << 'y'
-  #   person.name_change    # => ['Bill', 'Billy']
+  #   person.name_change    # => ["Bill", "Billy"]
   module Dirty
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
@@ -93,40 +96,50 @@ module ActiveModel
       attribute_method_affix :prefix => 'reset_', :suffix => '!'
     end
 
-    # Returns true if any attribute have unsaved changes, false otherwise.
+    # Returns +true+ if any attribute have unsaved changes, +false+ otherwise.
+    #
     #   person.changed? # => false
     #   person.name = 'bob'
     #   person.changed? # => true
     def changed?
-      changed_attributes.any?
+      changed_attributes.present?
     end
 
-    # List of attributes with unsaved changes.
+    # Returns an array with the name of the attributes with unsaved changes.
+    #
     #   person.changed # => []
     #   person.name = 'bob'
-    #   person.changed # => ['name']
+    #   person.changed # => ["name"]
     def changed
       changed_attributes.keys
     end
 
-    # Map of changed attrs => [original value, new value].
+    # Returns a hash of changed attributes indicating their original
+    # and new values like <tt>attr => [original value, new value]</tt>.
+    #
     #   person.changes # => {}
     #   person.name = 'bob'
-    #   person.changes # => { 'name' => ['bill', 'bob'] }
+    #   person.changes # => { "name" => ["bill", "bob"] }
     def changes
       HashWithIndifferentAccess[changed.map { |attr| [attr, attribute_change(attr)] }]
     end
 
-    # Map of attributes that were changed when the model was saved.
-    #   person.name # => 'bob'
+    # Returns a hash of attributes that were changed before the model was saved.
+    #
+    #   person.name # => "bob"
     #   person.name = 'robert'
     #   person.save
-    #   person.previous_changes # => {'name' => ['bob, 'robert']}
+    #   person.previous_changes # => {"name" => ["bob", "robert"]}
     def previous_changes
       @previously_changed
     end
 
-    # Map of change <tt>attr => original value</tt>.
+    # Returns a hash of the attributes with unsaved changes indicating their original
+    # values like <tt>attr => original value</tt>.
+    #
+    #   person.name # => "bob"
+    #   person.name = 'robert'
+    #   person.changed_attributes # => {"name" => "bob"}
     def changed_attributes
       @changed_attributes ||= {}
     end
@@ -150,13 +163,15 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       # Handle <tt>*_will_change!</tt> for +method_missing+.
       def attribute_will_change!(attr)
+        return if attribute_changed?(attr)
+
         begin
           value = __send__(attr)
           value = value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
         rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
         end
 
-        changed_attributes[attr] = value unless changed_attributes.include?(attr)
+        changed_attributes[attr] = value
       end
 
       # Handle <tt>reset_*!</tt> for +method_missing+.
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
index 042f9cd7e2..4ed3462e7e 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active Model Errors
@@ -55,8 +54,8 @@ module ActiveModel
   # The above allows you to do:
   #
   #   p = Person.new
-  #   p.validate!             # => ["can not be nil"]
-  #   p.errors.full_messages  # => ["name can not be nil"]
+  #   person.validate!            # => ["can not be nil"]
+  #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
   #   # etc..
   class Errors
     include Enumerable
@@ -77,33 +76,55 @@ module ActiveModel
       @messages = {}
     end
 
-    def initialize_dup(other)
+    def initialize_dup(other) #:nodoc:
       @messages = other.messages.dup
       super
     end
 
-    # Clear the messages
+    # Clear the error messages.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.clear
+    #   person.errors.full_messages # => []
     def clear
       messages.clear
     end
 
-    # Do the error messages include an error with key +error+?
-    def include?(error)
-      (v = messages[error]) && v.any?
+    # Returns +true+ if the error messages include an error for the given key
+    # +attribute+, +false+ otherwise.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.messages        # => { :name => ["can not be nil"] }
+    #   person.errors.include?(:name) # => true
+    #   person.errors.include?(:age)  # => false
+    def include?(attribute)
+      (v = messages[attribute]) && v.any?
     end
+    # aliases include?
     alias :has_key? :include?
 
-    # Get messages for +key+
+    # Get messages for +key+.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.messages   # => { :name => ["can not be nil"] }
+    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.get(:age)  # => nil
     def get(key)
       messages[key]
     end
 
-    # Set messages for +key+ to +value+
+    # Set messages for +key+ to +value+.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.set(:name, ["can't be nil"])
+    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can't be nil"]
     def set(key, value)
       messages[key] = value
     end
 
-    # Delete messages for +key+
+    # Delete messages for +key+. Returns the deleted messages.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.delete(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => nil
     def delete(key)
       messages.delete(key)
     end
@@ -111,16 +132,16 @@ module ActiveModel
     # When passed a symbol or a name of a method, returns an array of errors
     # for the method.
     #
-    #   p.errors[:name]   # => ["can not be nil"]
-    #   p.errors['name']  # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors[:name]  # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors['name'] # => ["can not be nil"]
     def [](attribute)
       get(attribute.to_sym) || set(attribute.to_sym, [])
     end
 
     # Adds to the supplied attribute the supplied error message.
     #
-    #   p.errors[:name] = "must be set"
-    #   p.errors[:name] # => ['must be set']
+    #   person.errors[:name] = "must be set"
+    #   person.errors[:name] # => ['must be set']
     def []=(attribute, error)
       self[attribute] << error
     end
@@ -129,13 +150,13 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Yields the attribute and the error for that attribute. If the attribute
     # has more than one error message, yields once for each error message.
     #
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   p.errors.each do |attribute, errors_array|
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.each do |attribute, error|
     #     # Will yield :name and "can't be blank"
     #   end
     #
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
-    #   p.errors.each do |attribute, errors_array|
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.each do |attribute, error|
     #     # Will yield :name and "can't be blank"
     #     # then yield :name and "must be specified"
     #   end
@@ -147,54 +168,65 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Returns the number of error messages.
     #
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   p.errors.size # => 1
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
-    #   p.errors.size # => 2
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.size # => 1
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.size # => 2
     def size
       values.flatten.size
     end
 
-    # Returns all message values
+    # Returns all message values.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.messages # => { :name => ["can not be nil", "must be specified"] }
+    #   person.errors.values   # => [["can not be nil", "must be specified"]]
     def values
       messages.values
     end
 
-    # Returns all message keys
+    # Returns all message keys.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.messages # => { :name => ["can not be nil", "must be specified"] }
+    #   person.errors.keys     # => [:name]
     def keys
       messages.keys
     end
 
-    # Returns an array of error messages, with the attribute name included
+    # Returns an array of error messages, with the attribute name included.
     #
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
-    #   p.errors.to_a # => ["name can't be blank", "name must be specified"]
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.to_a # => ["name can't be blank", "name must be specified"]
     def to_a
       full_messages
     end
 
     # Returns the number of error messages.
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   p.errors.count # => 1
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
-    #   p.errors.count # => 2
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.count # => 1
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.count # => 2
     def count
       to_a.size
     end
 
-    # Returns true if no errors are found, false otherwise.
+    # Returns +true+ if no errors are found, +false+ otherwise.
     # If the error message is a string it can be empty.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.empty?        # => false
     def empty?
       all? { |k, v| v && v.empty? && !v.is_a?(String) }
     end
+    # aliases empty?
     alias_method :blank?, :empty?
 
     # Returns an xml formatted representation of the Errors hash.
     #
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   p.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
-    #   p.errors.to_xml
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.to_xml
     #   # =>
     #   #  <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>
     #   #  <errors>
@@ -202,22 +234,29 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   #    <error>name must be specified</error>
     #   #  </errors>
     def to_xml(options={})
-      to_a.to_xml options.reverse_merge(:root => "errors", :skip_types => true)
+      to_a.to_xml({ :root => "errors", :skip_types => true }.merge!(options))
     end
 
-    # Returns an Hash that can be used as the JSON representation for this object.
-    # Options:
-    # * <tt>:full_messages</tt> - determines if json object should contain 
-    #   full messages or not. Default: <tt>false</tt>.
+    # Returns a Hash that can be used as the JSON representation for this
+    # object. You can pass the <tt>:full_messages</tt> option. This determines
+    # if the json object should contain full messages or not (false by default).
+    #
+    #   person.as_json                      # => { :name => ["can not be nil"] }
+    #   person.as_json(full_messages: true) # => { :name => ["name can not be nil"] }
     def as_json(options=nil)
       to_hash(options && options[:full_messages])
     end
 
+    # Returns a Hash of attributes with their error messages. If +full_messages+
+    # is +true+, it will contain full messages (see +full_message+).
+    #
+    #   person.to_hash       # => { :name => ["can not be nil"] }
+    #   person.to_hash(true) # => { :name => ["name can not be nil"] }
     def to_hash(full_messages = false)
       if full_messages
         messages = {}
         self.messages.each do |attribute, array|
-          messages[attribute] = array.map{|message| full_message(attribute, message) }
+          messages[attribute] = array.map { |message| full_message(attribute, message) }
         end
         messages
       else
@@ -225,12 +264,31 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
     end
 
-    # Adds +message+ to the error messages on +attribute+. More than one error can be added to the same
-    # +attribute+.
-    # If no +message+ is supplied, <tt>:invalid</tt> is assumed.
+    # Adds +message+ to the error messages on +attribute+. More than one error
+    # can be added to the same +attribute+. If no +message+ is supplied,
+    # <tt>:invalid</tt> is assumed.
     #
-    # If +message+ is a symbol, it will be translated using the appropriate scope (see +generate_message+).
-    # If +message+ is a proc, it will be called, allowing for things like <tt>Time.now</tt> to be used within an error.
+    #   person.errors.add(:name)
+    #   # => ["is invalid"]
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, 'must be implemented')
+    #   # => ["is invalid", "must be implemented"]
+    #
+    #   person.errors.messages
+    #   # => { :name => ["must be implemented", "is invalid"] }
+    #
+    # If +message+ is a symbol, it will be translated using the appropriate
+    # scope (see +generate_message+).
+    #
+    # If +message+ is a proc, it will be called, allowing for things like
+    # <tt>Time.now</tt> to be used within an error.
+    #
+    # If the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to true will raise
+    # ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed instead of adding the error.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, nil, strict: true)
+    #   # => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: name is invalid
+    #
+    #   person.errors.messages # => {}
     def add(attribute, message = nil, options = {})
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       if options[:strict]
@@ -240,7 +298,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       self[attribute] << message
     end
 
-    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is empty.
+    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+
+    # that is empty.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add_on_empty(:name)
+    #   person.errors.messages
+    #   # => { :name => ["can't be empty"] }
     def add_on_empty(attributes, options = {})
       [attributes].flatten.each do |attribute|
         value = @base.send(:read_attribute_for_validation, attribute)
@@ -249,7 +312,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
     end
 
-    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is blank (using Object#blank?).
+    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that
+    # is blank (using Object#blank?).
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add_on_blank(:name)
+    #   person.errors.messages
+    #   # => { :name => ["can't be blank"] }
     def add_on_blank(attributes, options = {})
       [attributes].flatten.each do |attribute|
         value = @base.send(:read_attribute_for_validation, attribute)
@@ -257,10 +325,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns true if an error on the attribute with the given message is present, false otherwise.
-    # +message+ is treated the same as for +add+.
-    #   p.errors.add :name, :blank
-    #   p.errors.added? :name, :blank # => true
+    # Returns +true+ if an error on the attribute with the given message is
+    # present, +false+ otherwise. +message+ is treated the same as for +add+.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add :name, :blank
+    #   person.errors.added? :name, :blank # => true
     def added?(attribute, message = nil, options = {})
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       self[attribute].include? message
@@ -268,25 +337,24 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Returns all the full error messages in an array.
     #
-    #   class Company
+    #   class Person
     #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
-    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #     validates_length_of :name, in: 5..30
     #   end
     #
-    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.full_messages # =>
-    #     ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank", "Email can't be blank"]
+    #   person = Person.create(address: '123 First St.')
+    #   person.errors.full_messages
+    #   # => ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank", "Email can't be blank"]
     def full_messages
       map { |attribute, message| full_message(attribute, message) }
     end
 
     # Returns a full message for a given attribute.
     #
-    #   company.errors.full_message(:name, "is invalid")  # =>
-    #     "Name is invalid"
+    #   person.errors.full_message(:name, 'is invalid') # => "Name is invalid"
     def full_message(attribute, message)
       return message if attribute == :base
-      attr_name = attribute.to_s.gsub('.', '_').humanize
+      attr_name = attribute.to_s.tr('.', '_').humanize
       attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, :default => attr_name)
       I18n.t(:"errors.format", {
         :default   => "%{attribute} %{message}",
@@ -299,10 +367,11 @@ module ActiveModel
     # (<tt>activemodel.errors.messages</tt>).
     #
     # Error messages are first looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.attributes.ATTRIBUTE.MESSAGE</tt>,
-    # if it's not there, it's looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.MESSAGE</tt> and if that is not
-    # there also, it returns the translation of the default message
-    # (e.g. <tt>activemodel.errors.messages.MESSAGE</tt>). The translated model name,
-    # translated attribute name and the value are available for interpolation.
+    # if it's not there, it's looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.MESSAGE</tt> and if
+    # that is not there also, it returns the translation of the default message
+    # (e.g. <tt>activemodel.errors.messages.MESSAGE</tt>). The translated model
+    # name, translated attribute name and the value are available for
+    # interpolation.
     #
     # When using inheritance in your models, it will check all the inherited
     # models too, but only if the model itself hasn't been found. Say you have
@@ -318,7 +387,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     # * <tt>activemodel.errors.messages.blank</tt>
     # * <tt>errors.attributes.title.blank</tt>
     # * <tt>errors.messages.blank</tt>
-    #
     def generate_message(attribute, type = :invalid, options = {})
       type = options.delete(:message) if options[:message].is_a?(Symbol)
 
@@ -347,7 +415,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         :model => @base.class.model_name.human,
         :attribute => @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute),
         :value => value
-      }.merge(options)
+      }.merge!(options)
 
       I18n.translate(key, options)
     end
@@ -356,9 +424,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     def normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       message ||= :invalid
 
-      if message.is_a?(Symbol)
+      case message
+      when Symbol
         generate_message(attribute, message, options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS))
-      elsif message.is_a?(Proc)
+      when Proc
         message.call
       else
         message
@@ -366,6 +435,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
   end
 
+  # Raised when a validation cannot be corrected by end users and are considered
+  # exceptional.
   class StrictValidationFailed < StandardError
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
index a10fdefd1a..550fa474ea 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
@@ -12,19 +12,20 @@ module ActiveModel
     # you want all features out of the box.
     #
     # These tests do not attempt to determine the semantic correctness of the
-    # returned values. For instance, you could implement valid? to always
-    # return true, and the tests would pass. It is up to you to ensure that
-    # the values are semantically meaningful.
+    # returned values. For instance, you could implement <tt>valid?</tt> to
+    # always return true, and the tests would pass. It is up to you to ensure
+    # that the values are semantically meaningful.
     #
-    # Objects you pass in are expected to return a compliant object from a
-    # call to to_model. It is perfectly fine for to_model to return self.
+    # Objects you pass in are expected to return a compliant object from a call
+    # to <tt>to_model</tt>. It is perfectly fine for <tt>to_model</tt> to return
+    # +self+.
     module Tests
 
       # == Responds to <tt>to_key</tt>
       #
       # Returns an Enumerable of all (primary) key attributes
-      # or nil if model.persisted? is false. This is used by
-      # dom_id to generate unique ids for the object.
+      # or nil if <tt>model.persisted?</tt> is false. This is used by
+      # <tt>dom_id</tt> to generate unique ids for the object.
       def test_to_key
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_key), "The model should respond to to_key"
         def model.persisted?() false end
@@ -34,13 +35,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       # == Responds to <tt>to_param</tt>
       #
       # Returns a string representing the object's key suitable for use in URLs
-      # or nil if model.persisted? is false.
+      # or +nil+ if <tt>model.persisted?</tt> is +false+.
       #
-      # Implementers can decide to either raise an exception or provide a default
-      # in case the record uses a composite primary key. There are no tests for this
-      # behavior in lint because it doesn't make sense to force any of the possible
-      # implementation strategies on the implementer. However, if the resource is
-      # not persisted?, then to_param should always return nil.
+      # Implementers can decide to either raise an exception or provide a
+      # default in case the record uses a composite primary key. There are no
+      # tests for this behavior in lint because it doesn't make sense to force
+      # any of the possible implementation strategies on the implementer.
+      # However, if the resource is not persisted?, then <tt>to_param</tt>
+      # should always return +nil+.
       def test_to_param
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_param), "The model should respond to to_param"
         def model.to_key() [1] end
@@ -50,9 +52,8 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       # == Responds to <tt>to_partial_path</tt>
       #
-      # Returns a string giving a relative path.  This is used for looking up
+      # Returns a string giving a relative path. This is used for looking up
       # partials. For example, a BlogPost model might return "blog_posts/blog_post"
-      #
       def test_to_partial_path
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_partial_path), "The model should respond to to_partial_path"
         assert_kind_of String, model.to_partial_path
@@ -60,11 +61,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       # == Responds to <tt>persisted?</tt>
       #
-      # Returns a boolean that specifies whether the object has been persisted yet.
-      # This is used when calculating the URL for an object. If the object is
-      # not persisted, a form for that object, for instance, will route to the
-      # create action. If it is persisted, a form for the object will routes to
-      # the update action.
+      # Returns a boolean that specifies whether the object has been persisted
+      # yet. This is used when calculating the URL for an object. If the object
+      # is not persisted, a form for that object, for instance, will route to
+      # the create action. If it is persisted, a form for the object will routes
+      # to the update action.
       def test_persisted?
         assert model.respond_to?(:persisted?), "The model should respond to persisted?"
         assert_boolean model.persisted?, "persisted?"
@@ -73,15 +74,15 @@ module ActiveModel
       # == Naming
       #
       # Model.model_name must return a string with some convenience methods:
-      # :human, :singular, and :plural. Check ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
-      #
+      # <tt>:human</tt>, <tt>:singular</tt> and <tt>:plural</tt>. Check
+      # ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
       def test_model_naming
         assert model.class.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model should respond to model_name"
         model_name = model.class.model_name
-        assert_kind_of String, model_name
-        assert_kind_of String, model_name.human
-        assert_kind_of String, model_name.singular
-        assert_kind_of String, model_name.plural
+        assert model_name.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        assert model_name.human.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        assert model_name.singular.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        assert model_name.plural.respond_to?(:to_str)
       end
 
       # == Errors Testing
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
index ba49c6beaa..d17848c861 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ en:
       inclusion: "is not included in the list"
       exclusion: "is reserved"
       invalid: "is invalid"
-      confirmation: "doesn't match confirmation"
+      confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}"
       accepted: "must be accepted"
       empty: "can't be empty"
       blank: "can't be blank"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security.rb
index 95de039676..e57fcf1610 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security.rb
@@ -9,13 +9,11 @@ module ActiveModel
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      extend ActiveModel::Configuration
+      class_attribute :_accessible_attributes, instance_writer: false
+      class_attribute :_protected_attributes,  instance_writer: false
+      class_attribute :_active_authorizer,     instance_writer: false
 
-      config_attribute :_accessible_attributes
-      config_attribute :_protected_attributes
-      config_attribute :_active_authorizer
-
-      config_attribute :_mass_assignment_sanitizer
+      class_attribute :_mass_assignment_sanitizer, instance_writer: false
       self.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :logger
     end
 
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Attributes named in this macro are protected from mass-assignment
       # whenever attributes are sanitized before assignment. A role for the
       # attributes is optional, if no role is provided then :default is used.
-      # A role can be defined by using the :as option.
+      # A role can be defined by using the :as option with a symbol or an array of symbols as the value.
       #
       # Mass-assignment to these attributes will simply be ignored, to assign
       # to them you can use direct writer methods. This is meant to protect
@@ -85,7 +83,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     end
       #   end
       #
-      # When using the :default role :
+      # When using the :default role:
       #
       #   customer = Customer.new
       #   customer.assign_attributes({ "name" => "David", "email" => "a@b.com", :logins_count => 5 }, :as => :default)
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   customer.email # => "a@b.com"
       #   customer.logins_count    # => nil
       #
-      # And using the :admin role :
+      # And using the :admin role:
       #
       #   customer = Customer.new
       #   customer.assign_attributes({ "name" => "David", "email" => "a@b.com", :logins_count => 5}, :as => :admin)
@@ -107,8 +105,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       # To start from an all-closed default and enable attributes as needed,
       # have a look at +attr_accessible+.
       #
-      # Note that using <tt>Hash#except</tt> or <tt>Hash#slice</tt> in place of +attr_protected+
-      # to sanitize attributes won't provide sufficient protection.
+      # Note that using <tt>Hash#except</tt> or <tt>Hash#slice</tt> in place of
+      # +attr_protected+ to sanitize attributes provides basically the same
+      # functionality, but it makes a bit tricky to deal with nested attributes.
       def attr_protected(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         role = options[:as] || :default
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # Like +attr_protected+, a role for the attributes is optional,
       # if no role is provided then :default is used. A role can be defined by
-      # using the :as option.
+      # using the :as option with a symbol or an array of symbols as the value.
       #
       # This is the opposite of the +attr_protected+ macro: Mass-assignment
       # will only set attributes in this list, to assign to the rest of
@@ -142,8 +141,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       #     attr_accessor :name, :credit_rating
       #
-      #     attr_accessible :name
-      #     attr_accessible :name, :credit_rating, :as => :admin
+      #     # Both admin and default user can change name of a customer
+      #     attr_accessible :name, :as => [:admin, :default]
+      #     # Only admin can change credit rating of a customer
+      #     attr_accessible :credit_rating, :as => :admin
       #
       #     def assign_attributes(values, options = {})
       #       sanitize_for_mass_assignment(values, options[:as]).each do |k, v|
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     end
       #   end
       #
-      # When using the :default role :
+      # When using the :default role:
       #
       #   customer = Customer.new
       #   customer.assign_attributes({ "name" => "David", "credit_rating" => "Excellent", :last_login => 1.day.ago }, :as => :default)
@@ -162,15 +163,16 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   customer.credit_rating = "Average"
       #   customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
       #
-      # And using the :admin role :
+      # And using the :admin role:
       #
       #   customer = Customer.new
       #   customer.assign_attributes({ "name" => "David", "credit_rating" => "Excellent", :last_login => 1.day.ago }, :as => :admin)
       #   customer.name          # => "David"
       #   customer.credit_rating # => "Excellent"
       #
-      # Note that using <tt>Hash#except</tt> or <tt>Hash#slice</tt> in place of +attr_accessible+
-      # to sanitize attributes won't provide sufficient protection.
+      # Note that using <tt>Hash#except</tt> or <tt>Hash#slice</tt> in place of
+      # +attr_accessible+ to sanitize attributes provides basically the same
+      # functionality, but it makes a bit tricky to deal with nested attributes.
       def attr_accessible(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         role = options[:as] || :default
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   protected
 
     def sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes, role = nil)
-      _mass_assignment_sanitizer.sanitize(attributes, mass_assignment_authorizer(role))
+      _mass_assignment_sanitizer.sanitize(self.class, attributes, mass_assignment_authorizer(role))
     end
 
     def mass_assignment_authorizer(role)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security/permission_set.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security/permission_set.rb
index 9661349503..f104d0306c 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security/permission_set.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security/permission_set.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ require 'set'
 
 module ActiveModel
   module MassAssignmentSecurity
-    class PermissionSet < Set
+    class PermissionSet < Set #:nodoc:
 
       def +(values)
-        super(values.map(&:to_s))
+        super(values.compact.map(&:to_s))
       end
 
       def include?(key)
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
     end
 
-    class WhiteList < PermissionSet
+    class WhiteList < PermissionSet #:nodoc:
 
       def deny?(key)
         !include?(key)
       end
     end
 
-    class BlackList < PermissionSet
+    class BlackList < PermissionSet #:nodoc:
 
       def deny?(key)
         include?(key)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer.rb
index cfeb4aa7cd..44ce5a489d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer.rb
@@ -2,20 +2,18 @@ module ActiveModel
   module MassAssignmentSecurity
     class Sanitizer
       # Returns all attributes not denied by the authorizer.
-      def sanitize(attributes, authorizer)
-        sanitized_attributes = attributes.reject { |key, value| authorizer.deny?(key) }
-        debug_protected_attribute_removal(attributes, sanitized_attributes)
+      def sanitize(klass, attributes, authorizer)
+        rejected = []
+        sanitized_attributes = attributes.reject do |key, value|
+          rejected << key if authorizer.deny?(key)
+        end
+        process_removed_attributes(klass, rejected) unless rejected.empty?
         sanitized_attributes
       end
 
     protected
 
-      def debug_protected_attribute_removal(attributes, sanitized_attributes)
-        removed_keys = attributes.keys - sanitized_attributes.keys
-        process_removed_attributes(removed_keys) if removed_keys.any?
-      end
-
-      def process_removed_attributes(attrs)
+      def process_removed_attributes(klass, attrs)
         raise NotImplementedError, "#process_removed_attributes(attrs) suppose to be overwritten"
       end
     end
@@ -34,8 +32,21 @@ module ActiveModel
         @target.respond_to?(:logger) && @target.logger
       end
 
-      def process_removed_attributes(attrs)
-        logger.warn "Can't mass-assign protected attributes: #{attrs.join(', ')}" if logger?
+      def backtrace
+        if defined? Rails
+          Rails.backtrace_cleaner.clean(caller)
+        else
+          caller
+        end
+      end
+
+      def process_removed_attributes(klass, attrs)
+        if logger?
+          logger.warn do
+            "WARNING: Can't mass-assign protected attributes for #{klass.name}: #{attrs.join(', ')}\n" +
+                backtrace.map { |trace| "\t#{trace}" }.join("\n")
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -44,9 +55,9 @@ module ActiveModel
         super()
       end
 
-      def process_removed_attributes(attrs)
+      def process_removed_attributes(klass, attrs)
         return if (attrs - insensitive_attributes).empty?
-        raise ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::Error.new(attrs)
+        raise ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::Error.new(klass, attrs)
       end
 
       def insensitive_attributes
@@ -55,8 +66,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     class Error < StandardError
-      def initialize(attrs)
-        super("Can't mass-assign protected attributes: #{attrs.join(', ')}")
+      def initialize(klass, attrs)
+        super("Can't mass-assign protected attributes for #{klass.name}: #{attrs.join(', ')}")
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
index 6825fdc653..33a530e6bd 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Basic Model
   #
-  # Includes the required interface for an object to interact with +ActionPack+,
-  # using different +ActiveModel+ modules. It includes model name introspections,
-  # conversions, translations and validations. Besides that, it allows you to
-  # initialize the object with a hash of attributes, pretty much like
-  # +ActiveRecord+ does.
+  # Includes the required interface for an object to interact with
+  # <tt>ActionPack</tt>, using different <tt>ActiveModel</tt> modules.
+  # It includes model name introspections, conversions, translations and
+  # validations. Besides that, it allows you to initialize the object with a
+  # hash of attributes, pretty much like <tt>ActiveRecord</tt> does.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     attr_accessor :name, :age
   #   end
   #
-  #   person = Person.new(:name => 'bob', :age => '18')
+  #   person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
   #   person.name # => 'bob'
-  #   person.age # => 18
+  #   person.age  # => 18
   #
-  # Note that, by default, +ActiveModel::Model+ implements +persisted?+ to
-  # return +false+, which is the most common case. You may want to override it
-  # in your class to simulate a different scenario:
+  # Note that, by default, <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt> implements <tt>persisted?</tt>
+  # to return +false+, which is the most common case. You may want to override
+  # it in your class to simulate a different scenario:
   #
   #   class Person
   #     include ActiveModel::Model
@@ -32,29 +32,31 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  #   person = Person.new(:id => 1, :name => 'bob')
+  #   person = Person.new(id: 1, name: 'bob')
   #   person.persisted? # => true
   #
-  # Also, if for some reason you need to run code on +initialize+, make sure you
-  # call super if you want the attributes hash initialization to happen.
+  # Also, if for some reason you need to run code on <tt>initialize</tt>, make
+  # sure you call +super+ if you want the attributes hash initialization to
+  # happen.
   #
   #   class Person
   #     include ActiveModel::Model
   #     attr_accessor :id, :name, :omg
   #
-  #     def initialize(attributes)
+  #     def initialize(attributes={})
   #       super
   #       @omg ||= true
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  #   person = Person.new(:id => 1, :name => 'bob')
+  #   person = Person.new(id: 1, name: 'bob')
   #   person.omg # => true
   #
-  # For more detailed information on other functionalities available, please refer
-  # to the specific modules included in +ActiveModel::Model+ (see below).
+  # For more detailed information on other functionalities available, please
+  # refer to the specific modules included in <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt>
+  # (see below).
   module Model
-    def self.included(base)
+    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
       base.class_eval do
         extend  ActiveModel::Naming
         extend  ActiveModel::Translation
@@ -63,12 +65,31 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
     end
 
+    # Initializes a new model with the given +params+.
+    #
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Model
+    #     attr_accessor :name, :age
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
+    #   person.name # => "bob"
+    #   person.age  # => 18
     def initialize(params={})
       params.each do |attr, value|
         self.public_send("#{attr}=", value)
       end if params
     end
 
+    # Indicates if the model is persisted. Default is +false+.
+    #
+    #  class Person
+    #    include ActiveModel::Model
+    #    attr_accessor :id, :name
+    #  end
+    #
+    #  person = Person.new(id: 1, name: 'bob')
+    #  person.persisted? # => false
     def persisted?
       false
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
index 755e54efcd..ea4f9341c6 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
@@ -1,43 +1,176 @@
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 module ActiveModel
-  class Name < String
-    attr_reader :singular, :plural, :element, :collection, :partial_path,
-      :singular_route_key, :route_key, :param_key, :i18n_key
+  class Name
+    include Comparable
+
+    attr_reader :singular, :plural, :element, :collection,
+      :singular_route_key, :route_key, :param_key, :i18n_key,
+      :name
 
     alias_method :cache_key, :collection
 
-    deprecate :partial_path => "ActiveModel::Name#partial_path is deprecated. Call #to_partial_path on model instances directly instead."
+    ##
+    # :method: ==
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   ==(other)
+    #
+    # Equivalent to <tt>String#==</tt>. Returns +true+ if the class name and
+    # +other+ are equal, otherwise +false+.
+    #
+    #   class BlogPost
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   BlogPost.model_name == 'BlogPost'  # => true
+    #   BlogPost.model_name == 'Blog Post' # => false
 
-    def initialize(klass, namespace = nil, name = nil)
-      name ||= klass.name
+    ##
+    # :method: ===
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   ===(other)
+    #
+    # Equivalent to <tt>#==</tt>.
+    #
+    #   class BlogPost
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   BlogPost.model_name === 'BlogPost'  # => true
+    #   BlogPost.model_name === 'Blog Post' # => false
+
+    ##
+    # :method: <=>
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   ==(other)
+    #
+    # Equivalent to <tt>String#<=></tt>.
+    #
+    #   class BlogPost
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   BlogPost.model_name <=> 'BlogPost'  # => 0
+    #   BlogPost.model_name <=> 'Blog'      # => 1
+    #   BlogPost.model_name <=> 'BlogPosts' # => -1
+
+    ##
+    # :method: =~
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   =~(regexp)
+    #
+    # Equivalent to <tt>String#=~</tt>. Match the class name against the given
+    # regexp. Returns the position where the match starts or +nil+ if there is
+    # no match.
+    #
+    #   class BlogPost
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   BlogPost.model_name =~ /Post/ # => 4
+    #   BlogPost.model_name =~ /\d/   # => nil
+
+    ##
+    # :method: !~
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   !~(regexp)
+    #
+    # Equivalent to <tt>String#!~</tt>. Match the class name against the given
+    # regexp. Returns +true+ if there is no match, otherwise +false+.
+    #
+    #   class BlogPost
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   BlogPost.model_name !~ /Post/ # => false
+    #   BlogPost.model_name !~ /\d/   # => true
 
-      raise ArgumentError, "Class name cannot be blank. You need to supply a name argument when anonymous class given" if name.blank?
+    ##
+    # :method: eql?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   eql?(other)
+    #
+    # Equivalent to <tt>String#eql?</tt>. Returns +true+ if the class name and
+    # +other+ have the same length and content, otherwise +false+.
+    #
+    #   class BlogPost
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   BlogPost.model_name.eql?('BlogPost')  # => true
+    #   BlogPost.model_name.eql?('Blog Post') # => false
 
-      super(name)
+    ##
+    # :method: to_s
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   to_s()
+    #
+    # Returns the class name.
+    #
+    #   class BlogPost
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   BlogPost.model_name.to_s # => "BlogPost"
+
+    ##
+    # :method: to_str
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   to_str()
+    #
+    # Equivalent to +to_s+.
+    delegate :==, :===, :<=>, :=~, :"!~", :eql?, :to_s,
+             :to_str, :to => :name
+
+    # Returns a new ActiveModel::Name instance. By default, the +namespace+
+    # and +name+ option will take the namespace and name of the given class
+    # respectively.
+    #
+    #   module Foo
+    #     class Bar
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   ActiveModel::Name.new(Foo::Bar).to_s
+    #   # => "Foo::Bar"
+    def initialize(klass, namespace = nil, name = nil)
+      @name = name || klass.name
 
-      @unnamespaced = self.sub(/^#{namespace.name}::/, '') if namespace
+      raise ArgumentError, "Class name cannot be blank. You need to supply a name argument when anonymous class given" if @name.blank?
+
+      @unnamespaced = @name.sub(/^#{namespace.name}::/, '') if namespace
       @klass        = klass
-      @singular     = _singularize(self).freeze
-      @plural       = ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(@singular).freeze
-      @element      = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(self)).freeze
-      @human        = ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(@element).freeze
-      @collection   = ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(self).freeze
-      @partial_path = "#{@collection}/#{@element}".freeze
-      @param_key    = (namespace ? _singularize(@unnamespaced) : @singular).freeze
-      @i18n_key     = self.underscore.to_sym
+      @singular     = _singularize(@name)
+      @plural       = ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(@singular)
+      @element      = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(@name))
+      @human        = ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(@element)
+      @collection   = ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(@name)
+      @param_key    = (namespace ? _singularize(@unnamespaced) : @singular)
+      @i18n_key     = @name.underscore.to_sym
 
       @route_key          = (namespace ? ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(@param_key) : @plural.dup)
-      @singular_route_key = ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(@route_key).freeze
+      @singular_route_key = ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(@route_key)
       @route_key << "_index" if @plural == @singular
-      @route_key.freeze
     end
 
     # Transform the model name into a more humane format, using I18n. By default,
-    # it will underscore then humanize the class name
+    # it will underscore then humanize the class name.
+    #
+    #   class BlogPost
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    #   end
     #
     #   BlogPost.model_name.human # => "Blog post"
     #
@@ -53,7 +186,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       defaults << options[:default] if options[:default]
       defaults << @human
 
-      options = {:scope => [@klass.i18n_scope, :models], :count => 1, :default => defaults}.merge(options.except(:default))
+      options = { :scope => [@klass.i18n_scope, :models], :count => 1, :default => defaults }.merge!(options.except(:default))
       I18n.translate(defaults.shift, options)
     end
 
@@ -81,11 +214,12 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   BookModule::BookCover.model_name.i18n_key  # => :"book_module/book_cover"
   #
   # Providing the functionality that ActiveModel::Naming provides in your object
-  # is required to pass the Active Model Lint test. So either extending the provided
-  # method below, or rolling your own is required.
+  # is required to pass the Active Model Lint test. So either extending the
+  # provided method below, or rolling your own is required.
   module Naming
     # Returns an ActiveModel::Name object for module. It can be
-    # used to retrieve all kinds of naming-related information.
+    # used to retrieve all kinds of naming-related information
+    # (See ActiveModel::Name for more information).
     def model_name
       @_model_name ||= begin
         namespace = self.parents.detect do |n|
@@ -95,7 +229,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns the plural class name of a record or class. Examples:
+    # Returns the plural class name of a record or class.
     #
     #   ActiveModel::Naming.plural(post)             # => "posts"
     #   ActiveModel::Naming.plural(Highrise::Person) # => "highrise_people"
@@ -103,7 +237,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).plural
     end
 
-    # Returns the singular class name of a record or class. Examples:
+    # Returns the singular class name of a record or class.
     #
     #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular(post)             # => "post"
     #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular(Highrise::Person) # => "highrise_person"
@@ -111,10 +245,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).singular
     end
 
-    # Identifies whether the class name of a record or class is uncountable. Examples:
+    # Identifies whether the class name of a record or class is uncountable.
     #
     #   ActiveModel::Naming.uncountable?(Sheep) # => true
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.uncountable?(Post) => false
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.uncountable?(Post)  # => false
     def self.uncountable?(record_or_class)
       plural(record_or_class) == singular(record_or_class)
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/observer_array.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/observer_array.rb
index 3d463885be..8de6918d18 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/observer_array.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/observer_array.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Disables one or more observers. This supports multiple forms:
     #
+    #   ORM.observers.disable :all
+    #     # => disables all observers for all models subclassed from 
+    #     #    an ORM base class that includes ActiveModel::Observing
+    #     #    e.g. ActiveRecord::Base
+    #
     #   ORM.observers.disable :user_observer
     #     # => disables the UserObserver
     #
@@ -27,9 +32,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   ORM.observers.disable :observer_1, :observer_2
     #     # => disables Observer1 and Observer2 for all models.
     #
-    #   ORM.observers.disable :all
-    #     # => disables all observers for all models.
-    #
     #   User.observers.disable :all do
     #     # all user observers are disabled for
     #     # just the duration of the block
@@ -40,6 +42,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Enables one or more observers. This supports multiple forms:
     #
+    #   ORM.observers.enable :all
+    #     # => enables all observers for all models subclassed from 
+    #     #    an ORM base class that includes ActiveModel::Observing
+    #     #    e.g. ActiveRecord::Base
+    #
     #   ORM.observers.enable :user_observer
     #     # => enables the UserObserver
     #
@@ -51,9 +58,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   ORM.observers.enable :observer_1, :observer_2
     #     # => enables Observer1 and Observer2 for all models.
     #
-    #   ORM.observers.enable :all
-    #     # => enables all observers for all models.
-    #
     #   User.observers.enable :all do
     #     # all user observers are enabled for
     #     # just the duration of the block
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/observing.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/observing.rb
index 32f2aa46bd..ca206ee9aa 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/observing.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/observing.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
 
 module ActiveModel
@@ -69,27 +71,34 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       # Notify list of observers of a change.
-      def notify_observers(*arg)
-        observer_instances.each { |observer| observer.update(*arg) }
+      def notify_observers(*args)
+        observer_instances.each { |observer| observer.update(*args) }
       end
 
       # Total number of observers.
-      def count_observers
+      def observers_count
         observer_instances.size
       end
 
+      def count_observers
+        msg = "count_observers is deprecated in favor of observers_count"
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(msg)
+        observers_count
+      end
+
       protected
         def instantiate_observer(observer) #:nodoc:
           # string/symbol
           if observer.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-            observer.to_s.camelize.constantize.instance
-          elsif observer.respond_to?(:instance)
+            observer = observer.to_s.camelize.constantize
+          end
+          if observer.respond_to?(:instance)
             observer.instance
           else
             raise ArgumentError,
-              "#{observer} must be a lowercase, underscored class name (or an " +
-              "instance of the class itself) responding to the instance " +
-              "method. Example: Person.observers = :big_brother # calls " +
+              "#{observer} must be a lowercase, underscored class name (or " +
+              "the class itself) responding to the method :instance. " +
+              "Example: Person.observers = :big_brother # calls " +
               "BigBrother.instance"
           end
         end
@@ -101,17 +110,24 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
     end
 
-    private
-      # Fires notifications to model's observers
-      #
-      # def save
-      #   notify_observers(:before_save)
-      #   ...
-      #   notify_observers(:after_save)
-      # end
-      def notify_observers(method)
-        self.class.notify_observers(method, self)
-      end
+    # Fires notifications to model's observers
+    #
+    #   def save
+    #     notify_observers(:before_save)
+    #     ...
+    #     notify_observers(:after_save)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Custom notifications can be sent in a similar fashion:
+    #
+    #   notify_observers(:custom_notification, :foo)
+    #
+    # This will call +custom_notification+, passing as arguments
+    # the current object and :foo.
+    #
+    def notify_observers(method, *extra_args)
+      self.class.notify_observers(method, self, *extra_args)
+    end
   end
 
   # == Active Model Observers
@@ -186,7 +202,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       def observe(*models)
         models.flatten!
         models.collect! { |model| model.respond_to?(:to_sym) ? model.to_s.camelize.constantize : model }
-        redefine_method(:observed_classes) { models }
+        singleton_class.redefine_method(:observed_classes) { models }
       end
 
       # Returns an array of Classes to observe.
@@ -205,15 +221,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       # The class observed by default is inferred from the observer's class name:
       #   assert_equal Person, PersonObserver.observed_class
       def observed_class
-        if observed_class_name = name[/(.*)Observer/, 1]
-          observed_class_name.constantize
-        else
-          nil
-        end
+        name[/(.*)Observer/, 1].try :constantize
       end
     end
 
     # Start observing the declared classes and their subclasses.
+    # Called automatically by the instance method.
     def initialize
       observed_classes.each { |klass| add_observer!(klass) }
     end
@@ -224,10 +237,9 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Send observed_method(object) if the method exists and
     # the observer is enabled for the given object's class.
-    def update(observed_method, object, &block) #:nodoc:
-      return unless respond_to?(observed_method)
-      return if disabled_for?(object)
-      send(observed_method, object, &block)
+    def update(observed_method, object, *extra_args, &block) #:nodoc:
+      return if !respond_to?(observed_method) || disabled_for?(object) 
+      send(observed_method, object, *extra_args, &block)
     end
 
     # Special method sent by the observed class when it is inherited.
@@ -242,6 +254,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         klass.add_observer(self)
       end
 
+      # Returns true if notifications are disabled for this object.
       def disabled_for?(object)
         klass = object.class
         return false unless klass.respond_to?(:observers)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
index e7a57cf691..3eab745c89 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Adds methods to set and authenticate against a BCrypt password.
       # This mechanism requires you to have a password_digest attribute.
       #
-      # Validations for presence of password, confirmation of password (using
+      # Validations for presence of password on create, confirmation of password (using
       # a "password_confirmation" attribute) are automatically added.
+      # If you wish to turn off validations, pass 'validations: false' as an argument.
       # You can add more validations by hand if need be.
       #
       # You need to add bcrypt-ruby (~> 3.0.0) to Gemfile to use has_secure_password:
@@ -31,16 +32,20 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   user.authenticate("mUc3m00RsqyRe")                             # => user
       #   User.find_by_name("david").try(:authenticate, "notright")      # => false
       #   User.find_by_name("david").try(:authenticate, "mUc3m00RsqyRe") # => user
-      def has_secure_password
+      def has_secure_password(options = {})
         # Load bcrypt-ruby only when has_secure_password is used.
         # This is to avoid ActiveModel (and by extension the entire framework) being dependent on a binary library.
         gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.0.0'
         require 'bcrypt'
 
         attr_reader :password
-
-        validates_confirmation_of :password
-        validates_presence_of     :password_digest
+        
+        if options.fetch(:validations, true)
+          validates_confirmation_of :password
+          validates_presence_of     :password, :on => :create
+        end
+        
+        before_create { raise "Password digest missing on new record" if password_digest.blank? }
 
         include InstanceMethodsOnActivation
 
@@ -55,17 +60,14 @@ module ActiveModel
     module InstanceMethodsOnActivation
       # Returns self if the password is correct, otherwise false.
       def authenticate(unencrypted_password)
-        if BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest) == unencrypted_password
-          self
-        else
-          false
-        end
+        BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest) == unencrypted_password && self
       end
 
-      # Encrypts the password into the password_digest attribute.
+      # Encrypts the password into the password_digest attribute, only if the
+      # new password is not blank.
       def password=(unencrypted_password)
-        @password = unencrypted_password
         unless unencrypted_password.blank?
+          @password = unencrypted_password
           self.password_digest = BCrypt::Password.create(unencrypted_password)
         end
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
index 51f078e662..8a63014ffb 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
-
 
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active Model Serialization
@@ -11,7 +9,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
   #   class Person
-  #
   #     include ActiveModel::Serialization
   #
   #     attr_accessor :name
@@ -19,7 +16,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     def attributes
   #       {'name' => nil}
   #     end
-  #
   #   end
   #
   # Which would provide you with:
@@ -29,21 +25,20 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.name = "Bob"
   #   person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
   #
-  # You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes
-  # you want to serialize. When called, serializable hash will use
-  # instance methods that match the name of the attributes hash's keys.
-  # In order to override this behavior, take a look at the private
-  # method read_attribute_for_serialization.
+  # You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you
+  # want to serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols. When called,
+  # serializable hash will use instance methods that match the name of the
+  # attributes hash's keys. In order to override this behavior, take a look at
+  # the private method +read_attribute_for_serialization+.
   #
   # Most of the time though, you will want to include the JSON or XML
   # serializations. Both of these modules automatically include the
-  # ActiveModel::Serialization module, so there is no need to explicitly
-  # include it.
+  # <tt>ActiveModel::Serialization</tt> module, so there is no need to
+  # explicitly include it.
   #
-  # So a minimal implementation including XML and JSON would be:
+  # A minimal implementation including XML and JSON would be:
   #
   #   class Person
-  #
   #     include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
   #     include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
   #
@@ -52,7 +47,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     def attributes
   #       {'name' => nil}
   #     end
-  #
   #   end
   #
   # Which would provide you with:
@@ -69,12 +63,41 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.to_json             # => "{\"name\":\"Bob\"}"
   #   person.to_xml              # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<serial-person...
   #
-  # Valid options are <tt>:only</tt>, <tt>:except</tt> and <tt>:methods</tt> .
+  # Valid options are <tt>:only</tt>, <tt>:except</tt>, <tt>:methods</tt> and
+  # <tt>:include</tt>. The following are all valid examples:
+  #
+  #   person.serializable_hash(only: 'name')
+  #   person.serializable_hash(include: :address)
+  #   person.serializable_hash(include: { address: { only: 'city' }})
   module Serialization
+    # Returns a serialized hash of your object.
+    #
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Serialization
+    #
+    #     attr_accessor :name, :age
+    #
+    #     def attributes
+    #       {'name' => nil, 'age' => nil}
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     def capitalized_name
+    #       name.capitalize
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Person.new
+    #   person.name = 'bob'
+    #   person.age  = 22
+    #   person.serializable_hash                # => {"name"=>"bob", "age"=>22}
+    #   person.serializable_hash(only: :name)   # => {"name"=>"bob"}
+    #   person.serializable_hash(except: :name) # => {"age"=>22}
+    #   person.serializable_hash(methods: :capitalized_name)
+    #   # => {"name"=>"bob", "age"=>22, "capitalized_name"=>"Bob"}
     def serializable_hash(options = nil)
       options ||= {}
 
-      attribute_names = attributes.keys.sort
+      attribute_names = attributes.keys
       if only = options[:only]
         attribute_names &= Array(only).map(&:to_s)
       elsif except = options[:except]
@@ -84,12 +107,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       hash = {}
       attribute_names.each { |n| hash[n] = read_attribute_for_serialization(n) }
 
-      method_names = Array(options[:methods]).select { |n| respond_to?(n) }
-      method_names.each { |n| hash[n.to_s] = send(n) }
+      Array(options[:methods]).each { |m| hash[m.to_s] = send(m) if respond_to?(m) }
 
       serializable_add_includes(options) do |association, records, opts|
-        hash[association] = if records.is_a?(Enumerable)
-          records.map { |a| a.serializable_hash(opts) }
+        hash[association.to_s] = if records.respond_to?(:to_ary)
+          records.to_ary.map { |a| a.serializable_hash(opts) }
         else
           records.serializable_hash(opts)
         end
@@ -116,7 +138,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       #       @data[key]
       #     end
       #   end
-      #
       alias :read_attribute_for_serialization :send
 
       # Add associations specified via the <tt>:include</tt> option.
@@ -126,13 +147,13 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   +records+     - the association record(s) to be serialized
       #   +opts+        - options for the association records
       def serializable_add_includes(options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        return unless include = options[:include]
+        return unless includes = options[:include]
 
-        unless include.is_a?(Hash)
-          include = Hash[Array.wrap(include).map { |n| n.is_a?(Hash) ? n.to_a.first : [n, {}] }]
+        unless includes.is_a?(Hash)
+          includes = Hash[Array(includes).map { |n| n.is_a?(Hash) ? n.to_a.first : [n, {}] }]
         end
 
-        include.each do |association, opts|
+        includes.each do |association, opts|
           if records = send(association)
             yield association, records, opts
           end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
index 63ab8e7edc..e4c7553cb8 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
@@ -10,86 +10,89 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       included do
         extend ActiveModel::Naming
-        extend ActiveModel::Configuration
 
-        config_attribute :include_root_in_json
-        self.include_root_in_json = true
+        class_attribute :include_root_in_json
+        self.include_root_in_json = false
       end
 
       # Returns a hash representing the model. Some configuration can be
       # passed through +options+.
       #
       # The option <tt>include_root_in_json</tt> controls the top-level behavior
-      # of +as_json+. If true (the default) +as_json+ will emit a single root
-      # node named after the object's type. For example:
+      # of +as_json+. If true +as_json+ will emit a single root node named after
+      # the object's type. The default value for <tt>include_root_in_json</tt>
+      # option is +false+.
       #
       #   user = User.find(1)
       #   user.as_json
-      #   # => { "user": {"id": 1, "name": "Konata Izumi", "age": 16,
-      #                   "created_at": "2006/08/01", "awesome": true} }
+      #   # => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
+      #   #     "created_at" => "2006/08/01", "awesome" => true}
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = true
       #
-      #   ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = false
       #   user.as_json
-      #   # => {"id": 1, "name": "Konata Izumi", "age": 16,
-      #         "created_at": "2006/08/01", "awesome": true}
+      #   # => { "user" => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
+      #   #                  "created_at" => "2006/08/01", "awesome" => true } }
       #
-      # This behavior can also be achieved by setting the <tt>:root</tt> option to +false+ as in:
+      # This behavior can also be achieved by setting the <tt>:root</tt> option
+      # to +true+ as in:
       #
       #   user = User.find(1)
-      #   user.as_json(root: false)
-      #   # =>  {"id": 1, "name": "Konata Izumi", "age": 16,
-      #          "created_at": "2006/08/01", "awesome": true}
-      #
-      # The remainder of the examples in this section assume include_root_in_json is set to
-      # <tt>false</tt>.
+      #   user.as_json(root: true)
+      #   # => { "user" => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
+      #   #                  "created_at" => "2006/08/01", "awesome" => true } }
       #
       # Without any +options+, the returned Hash will include all the model's
-      # attributes. For example:
+      # attributes.
       #
       #   user = User.find(1)
       #   user.as_json
-      #   # => {"id": 1, "name": "Konata Izumi", "age": 16,
-      #         "created_at": "2006/08/01", "awesome": true}
+      #   # => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
+      #   #      "created_at" => "2006/08/01", "awesome" => true}
       #
-      # The <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> options can be used to limit the attributes
-      # included, and work similar to the +attributes+ method. For example:
+      # The <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> options can be used to limit
+      # the attributes included, and work similar to the +attributes+ method.
       #
-      #   user.as_json(:only => [ :id, :name ])
-      #   # => {"id": 1, "name": "Konata Izumi"}
+      #   user.as_json(only: [:id, :name])
+      #   # => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi" }
       #
-      #   user.as_json(:except => [ :id, :created_at, :age ])
-      #   # => {"name": "Konata Izumi", "awesome": true}
+      #   user.as_json(except: [:id, :created_at, :age])
+      #   # => { "name" => "Konata Izumi", "awesome" => true }
       #
       # To include the result of some method calls on the model use <tt>:methods</tt>:
       #
-      #   user.as_json(:methods => :permalink)
-      #   # => {"id": 1, "name": "Konata Izumi", "age": 16,
-      #         "created_at": "2006/08/01", "awesome": true,
-      #         "permalink": "1-konata-izumi"}
+      #   user.as_json(methods: :permalink)
+      #   # => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
+      #   #      "created_at" => "2006/08/01", "awesome" => true,
+      #   #      "permalink" => "1-konata-izumi" }
       #
       # To include associations use <tt>:include</tt>:
       #
-      #   user.as_json(:include => :posts)
-      #   # => {"id": 1, "name": "Konata Izumi", "age": 16,
-      #         "created_at": "2006/08/01", "awesome": true,
-      #         "posts": [{"id": 1, "author_id": 1, "title": "Welcome to the weblog"},
-      #                   {"id": 2, author_id: 1, "title": "So I was thinking"}]}
+      #   user.as_json(include: :posts)
+      #   # => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
+      #   #      "created_at" => "2006/08/01", "awesome" => true,
+      #   #      "posts" => [ { "id" => 1, "author_id" => 1, "title" => "Welcome to the weblog" },
+      #   #                   { "id" => 2, "author_id" => 1, "title" => "So I was thinking" } ] }
       #
       # Second level and higher order associations work as well:
       #
-      #   user.as_json(:include => { :posts => {
-      #                                  :include => { :comments => {
-      #                                                :only => :body } },
-      #                                  :only => :title } })
-      #   # => {"id": 1, "name": "Konata Izumi", "age": 16,
-      #         "created_at": "2006/08/01", "awesome": true,
-      #         "posts": [{"comments": [{"body": "1st post!"}, {"body": "Second!"}],
-      #                    "title": "Welcome to the weblog"},
-      #                   {"comments": [{"body": "Don't think too hard"}],
-      #                    "title": "So I was thinking"}]}
+      #   user.as_json(include: { posts: {
+      #                              include: { comments: {
+      #                                             only: :body } },
+      #                              only: :title } })
+      #   # => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
+      #   #      "created_at" => "2006/08/01", "awesome" => true,
+      #   #      "posts" => [ { "comments" => [ { "body" => "1st post!" }, { "body" => "Second!" } ],
+      #   #                     "title" => "Welcome to the weblog" },
+      #   #                   { "comments" => [ { "body" => "Don't think too hard" } ],
+      #   #                     "title" => "So I was thinking" } ] }
       def as_json(options = nil)
-        root = include_root_in_json
-        root = options[:root] if options.try(:key?, :root)
+        root = if options && options.key?(:root)
+          options[:root]
+        else
+          include_root_in_json
+        end
+
         if root
           root = self.class.model_name.element if root == true
           { root => serializable_hash(options) }
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
index 5084298210..2b3e9ce134 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
@@ -115,7 +115,9 @@ module ActiveModel
           merged_options = opts.merge(options.slice(:builder, :indent))
           merged_options[:skip_instruct] = true
 
-          if records.is_a?(Enumerable)
+          if records.respond_to?(:to_ary)
+            records = records.to_ary
+
             tag  = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(association.to_s, options)
             type = options[:skip_types] ? { } : {:type => "array"}
             association_name = association.to_s.singularize
@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     <id type="integer">1</id>
       #     <name>David</name>
       #     <age type="integer">16</age>
-      #     <created-at type="datetime">2011-01-30T22:29:23Z</created-at>
+      #     <created-at type="dateTime">2011-01-30T22:29:23Z</created-at>
       #   </user>
       #
       # The <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> options can be used to limit the attributes
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/translation.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/translation.rb
index 02b7c54d61..7a86701f73 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/translation.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/translation.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
-
 module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Translation
@@ -43,19 +41,20 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     # Specify +options+ with additional translating options.
     def human_attribute_name(attribute, options = {})
-      defaults  = []
-      parts     = attribute.to_s.split(".", 2)
+      options   = { :count => 1 }.merge!(options)
+      parts     = attribute.to_s.split(".")
       attribute = parts.pop
-      namespace = parts.pop
+      namespace = parts.join("/") unless parts.empty?
+      attributes_scope = "#{self.i18n_scope}.attributes"
 
       if namespace
-        lookup_ancestors.each do |klass|
-          defaults << :"#{self.i18n_scope}.attributes.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}/#{namespace}.#{attribute}"
+        defaults = lookup_ancestors.map do |klass|
+          :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}/#{namespace}.#{attribute}"
         end
-        defaults << :"#{self.i18n_scope}.attributes.#{namespace}.#{attribute}"
+        defaults << :"#{attributes_scope}.#{namespace}.#{attribute}"
       else
-        lookup_ancestors.each do |klass|
-          defaults << :"#{self.i18n_scope}.attributes.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.#{attribute}"
+        defaults = lookup_ancestors.map do |klass|
+          :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.#{attribute}"
         end
       end
 
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       defaults << options.delete(:default) if options[:default]
       defaults << attribute.humanize
 
-      options.reverse_merge! :count => 1, :default => defaults
+      options[:default] = defaults
       I18n.translate(defaults.shift, options)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
index 0e15155b85..55ea6be796 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   # Note that <tt>ActiveModel::Validations</tt> automatically adds an +errors+ method
   # to your instances initialized with a new <tt>ActiveModel::Errors</tt> object, so
   # there is no need for you to do this manually.
-  #
   module Validations
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -52,8 +51,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       attr_accessor :validation_context
       define_callbacks :validate, :scope => :name
 
-      extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-      config_attribute :_validators
+      class_attribute :_validators
       self._validators = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
     end
 
@@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       #     attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
       #
-      #     validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
+      #     validates_each :first_name, :last_name, :allow_blank => true do |record, attr, value|
       #       record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value.to_s[0] == ?z
       #     end
       #   end
@@ -84,8 +82,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_each(*attr_names, &block)
-        options = attr_names.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
-        validates_with BlockValidator, options.merge(:attributes => attr_names.flatten), &block
+        validates_with BlockValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names), &block
       end
 
       # Adds a validation method or block to the class. This is useful when
@@ -128,6 +125,19 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     end
       #   end
       #
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the context where this validation is active
+      #   (e.g. <tt>:on => :create</tt> or <tt>:on => :custom_validation_context</tt>)
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
+      #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>,
+      #   or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
+      #   proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or
+      #   <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validate(*args, &block)
         options = args.extract_options!
         if options.key?(:on)
@@ -141,11 +151,26 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       # List all validators that are being used to validate the model using
       # +validates_with+ method.
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     include ActiveModel::Validations
+      #
+      #     validates_with MyValidator
+      #     validates_with OtherValidator, on: :create
+      #     validates_with StrictValidator, strict: true
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Person.validators
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<MyValidator:0x007fbff403e808 @options={}>,
+      #   #      #<OtherValidator:0x007fbff403d930 @options={:on=>:create}>,
+      #   #      #<StrictValidator:0x007fbff3204a30 @options={:strict=>true}>
+      #   #    ]
       def validators
         _validators.values.flatten.uniq
       end
 
-      # List all validators that being used to validate a specific attribute.
+      # List all validators that are being used to validate a specific attribute.
       def validators_on(*attributes)
         attributes.map do |attribute|
           _validators[attribute.to_sym]
@@ -165,6 +190,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
     end
 
+    # Clean the +Errors+ object if instance is duped
+    def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
+      @errors = nil
+      super
+    end
+
     # Returns the +Errors+ object that holds all information about attribute error messages.
     def errors
       @errors ||= Errors.new(self)
@@ -203,7 +234,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     #       @data[key]
     #     end
     #   end
-    #
     alias :read_attribute_for_validation :send
 
   protected
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
index e628c6f306..8d5ebf527f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Acceptance Validator
   module Validations
-    class AcceptanceValidator < EachValidator
+    class AcceptanceValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       def initialize(options)
-        super(options.reverse_merge(:allow_nil => true, :accept => "1"))
+        super({ :allow_nil => true, :accept => "1" }.merge!(options))
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     module HelperMethods
       # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate the acceptance of a
-      # terms of service check box (or similar agreement). Example:
+      # terms of service check box (or similar agreement).
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     validates_acceptance_of :terms_of_service
-      #     validates_acceptance_of :eula, :message => "must be abided"
+      #     validates_acceptance_of :eula, message: "must be abided"
       #   end
       #
       # If the database column does not exist, the +terms_of_service+ attribute
@@ -37,29 +37,17 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be
       #   accepted").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default
-      #   is true).
+      #   is +true+).
       # * <tt>:accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.
       #   The default value is a string "1", which makes it easy to relate to
       #   an HTML checkbox. This should be set to +true+ if you are validating
       #   a database column, since the attribute is typecast from "1" to +true+
       #   before validation.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
-      #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>,
-      #   or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false
-      #   value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to
-      #   determine if the validation should not occur (for example,
-      #   <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or
-      #   <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).
-      #   The method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or
-      #   false value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict. 
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
+      #
+      # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_acceptance_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with AcceptanceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
index c39c85e1af..dbafd0bd1a 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Provides an interface for any class to have <tt>before_validation</tt> and
       # <tt>after_validation</tt> callbacks.
       #
-      # First, extend ActiveModel::Callbacks from the class you are creating:
+      # First, include ActiveModel::Validations::Callbacks from the class you are
+      # creating:
       #
       #   class MyModel
       #     include ActiveModel::Validations::Callbacks
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..643a6f2b7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/range.rb'
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Validations
+    module Clusivity #:nodoc:
+      ERROR_MESSAGE = "An object with the method #include? or a proc or lambda is required, " <<
+                      "and must be supplied as the :in (or :within) option of the configuration hash"
+
+      def check_validity!
+        unless [:include?, :call].any?{ |method| delimiter.respond_to?(method) }
+          raise ArgumentError, ERROR_MESSAGE
+        end
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      def include?(record, value)
+        exclusions = delimiter.respond_to?(:call) ? delimiter.call(record) : delimiter
+        exclusions.send(inclusion_method(exclusions), value)
+      end
+
+      def delimiter
+        @delimiter ||= options[:in] || options[:within]
+      end
+
+      # In Ruby 1.9 <tt>Range#include?</tt> on non-numeric ranges checks all possible values in the
+      # range for equality, so it may be slow for large ranges. The new <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
+      # uses the previous logic of comparing a value with the range endpoints.
+      def inclusion_method(enumerable)
+        enumerable.is_a?(Range) ? :cover? : :include?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
index e8526303e2..baa034eca6 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Confirmation Validator
   module Validations
-    class ConfirmationValidator < EachValidator
+    class ConfirmationValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         if (confirmed = record.send("#{attribute}_confirmation")) && (value != confirmed)
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :confirmation, options)
+          human_attribute_name = record.class.human_attribute_name(attribute)
+          record.errors.add(:"#{attribute}_confirmation", :confirmation, options.merge(:attribute => human_attribute_name))
         end
       end
 
@@ -18,13 +19,13 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     module HelperMethods
       # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate a password or email
-      # address field with a confirmation. For example:
+      # address field with a confirmation.
       #
       #   Model:
       #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #       validates_confirmation_of :user_name, :password
       #       validates_confirmation_of :email_address,
-      #                                 :message => "should match confirmation"
+      #                                 message: 'should match confirmation'
       #     end
       #
       #   View:
@@ -37,29 +38,18 @@ module ActiveModel
       # attribute.
       #
       # NOTE: This check is performed only if +password_confirmation+ is not
-      # +nil+. To require confirmation, make sure
-      # to add a presence check for the confirmation attribute:
+      # +nil+. To require confirmation, make sure to add a presence check for
+      # the confirmation attribute:
       #
-      #   validates_presence_of :password_confirmation, :if => :password_changed?
+      #   validates_presence_of :password_confirmation, if: :password_changed?
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match
       #   confirmation").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
-      #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>,
-      #   or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false
-      #   value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to
-      #   determine if the validation should not occur (e.g.
-      #   <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or
-      #   <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict. 
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
+      #
+      # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_confirmation_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with ConfirmationValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
index 644cc814a7..dc3368c569 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
@@ -1,66 +1,47 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/range'
+require "active_model/validations/clusivity"
 
 module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Exclusion Validator
   module Validations
-    class ExclusionValidator < EachValidator
-      ERROR_MESSAGE = "An object with the method #include? or a proc or lambda is required, " <<
-                      "and must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash"
-
-      def check_validity!
-        unless [:include?, :call].any? { |method| options[:in].respond_to?(method) }
-          raise ArgumentError, ERROR_MESSAGE
-        end
-      end
+    class ExclusionValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
+      include Clusivity
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        delimiter = options[:in]
-        exclusions = delimiter.respond_to?(:call) ? delimiter.call(record) : delimiter
-        if exclusions.send(inclusion_method(exclusions), value)
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :exclusion, options.except(:in).merge!(:value => value))
+        if include?(record, value)
+          record.errors.add(attribute, :exclusion, options.except(:in, :within).merge!(:value => value))
         end
       end
-
-    private
-
-      # In Ruby 1.9 <tt>Range#include?</tt> on non-numeric ranges checks all possible values in the
-      # range for equality, so it may be slow for large ranges. The new <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
-      # uses the previous logic of comparing a value with the range endpoints.
-      def inclusion_method(enumerable)
-        enumerable.is_a?(Range) ? :cover? : :include?
-      end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
-      # Validates that the value of the specified attribute is not in a particular enumerable object.
+      # Validates that the value of the specified attribute is not in a
+      # particular enumerable object.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_exclusion_of :username, :in => %w( admin superuser ), :message => "You don't belong here"
-      #     validates_exclusion_of :age, :in => 30..60, :message => "This site is only for under 30 and over 60"
-      #     validates_exclusion_of :format, :in => %w( mov avi ), :message => "extension %{value} is not allowed"
-      #     validates_exclusion_of :password, :in => lambda { |p| [p.username, p.first_name] }, :message => "should not be the same as your username or first name"
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :username, in: %w( admin superuser ), message: "You don't belong here"
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :age, in: 30..60, message: 'This site is only for under 30 and over 60'
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :format, in: %w( mov avi ), message: "extension %{value} is not allowed"
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :password, in: ->(person) { [person.username, person.first_name] },
+      #                            message: 'should not be the same as your username or first name'
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't be part of.
-      #   This can be supplied as a proc or lambda which returns an enumerable. If the enumerable
-      #   is a range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
-      #   (backported in Active Support for 1.8), otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is reserved").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict. 
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't
+      #   be part of. This can be supplied as a proc or lambda which returns an
+      #   enumerable. If the enumerable is a range the test is performed with
+      # * <tt>:within</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:in</tt>
+      #   <tt>Range#cover?</tt>, otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is
+      #   reserved").
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
+      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
+      #   attribute is blank(default is +false+).
+      #
+      # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with ExclusionValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
index d3faa8c6a6..80150229a0 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Format Validator
   module Validations
-    class FormatValidator < EachValidator
+    class FormatValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         if options[:with]
           regexp = option_call(record, :with)
@@ -33,59 +33,81 @@ module ActiveModel
         record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.except(name).merge!(:value => value))
       end
 
+      def regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(regexp)
+        regexp.source.start_with?("^") ||
+          (regexp.source.end_with?("$") && !regexp.source.end_with?("\\$"))
+      end
+
       def check_options_validity(options, name)
         option = options[name]
         if option && !option.is_a?(Regexp) && !option.respond_to?(:call)
           raise ArgumentError, "A regular expression or a proc or lambda must be supplied as :#{name}"
+        elsif option && option.is_a?(Regexp) &&
+              regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(option) && options[:multiline] != true
+          raise ArgumentError, "The provided regular expression is using multiline anchors (^ or $), " \
+          "which may present a security risk. Did you mean to use \\A and \\z, or forgot to add the " \
+          ":multiline => true option?"
         end
       end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
-      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is of the correct form, going by the regular expression provided.
-      # You can require that the attribute matches the regular expression:
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is of the correct
+      # form, going by the regular expression provided.You can require that the
+      # attribute matches the regular expression:
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_format_of :email, :with => /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\Z/i, :on => :create
+      #     validates_format_of :email, with: /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\z/i, on: :create
       #   end
       #
-      # Alternatively, you can require that the specified attribute does _not_ match the regular expression:
+      # Alternatively, you can require that the specified attribute does _not_
+      # match the regular expression:
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_format_of :email, :without => /NOSPAM/
+      #     validates_format_of :email, without: /NOSPAM/
       #   end
       #
-      # You can also provide a proc or lambda which will determine the regular expression that will be used to validate the attribute
+      # You can also provide a proc or lambda which will determine the regular
+      # expression that will be used to validate the attribute.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     # Admin can have number as a first letter in their screen name
-      #     validates_format_of :screen_name, :with => lambda{ |person| person.admin? ? /\A[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_\-]*\Z/i : /\A[a-z][a-z0-9_\-]*\Z/i }
+      #     validates_format_of :screen_name,
+      #                         with: ->(person) { person.admin? ? /\A[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_\-]*\z/i : /\A[a-z][a-z0-9_\-]*\z/i }
       #   end
       #
-      # Note: use <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\Z</tt> to match the start and end of the string, <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match the start/end of a line.
+      # Note: use <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\Z</tt> to match the start and end of the
+      # string, <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match the start/end of a line.
       #
-      # You must pass either <tt>:with</tt> or <tt>:without</tt> as an option. In addition, both must be a regular expression
-      # or a proc or lambda, or else an exception will be raised.
+      # Due to frequent misuse of <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt>, you need to pass
+      # the <tt>multiline: true</tt> option in case you use any of these two
+      # anchors in the provided regular expression. In most cases, you should be
+      # using <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\z</tt>.
+      #
+      # You must pass either <tt>:with</tt> or <tt>:without</tt> as an option.
+      # In addition, both must be a regular expression or a proc or lambda, or
+      # else an exception will be raised.
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:with</tt> - Regular expression that if the attribute matches will result in a successful validation.
-      #   This can be provided as a proc or lambda returning regular expression which will be called at runtime.
-      # * <tt>:without</tt> - Regular expression that if the attribute does not match will result in a successful validation.
-      #   This can be provided as a proc or lambda returning regular expression which will be called at runtime.
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict. 
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
+      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
+      #   attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:with</tt> - Regular expression that if the attribute matches will
+      #   result in a successful validation. This can be provided as a proc or
+      #   lambda returning regular expression which will be called at runtime.
+      # * <tt>:without</tt> - Regular expression that if the attribute does not
+      #   match will result in a successful validation. This can be provided as
+      #   a proc or lambda returning regular expression which will be called at
+      #   runtime.
+      # * <tt>:multiline</tt> - Set to true if your regular expression contains
+      #   anchors that match the beginning or end of lines as opposed to the
+      #   beginning or end of the string. These anchors are <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt>.
+      #
+      # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_format_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with FormatValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
index 147e2ecb69..c2835c550b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
@@ -1,66 +1,46 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/range'
+require "active_model/validations/clusivity"
 
 module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Inclusion Validator
   module Validations
-    class InclusionValidator < EachValidator
-      ERROR_MESSAGE = "An object with the method #include? or a proc or lambda is required, " <<
-                      "and must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash"
-
-      def check_validity!
-        unless [:include?, :call].any?{ |method| options[:in].respond_to?(method) }
-          raise ArgumentError, ERROR_MESSAGE
-        end
-      end
+    class InclusionValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
+      include Clusivity
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        delimiter = options[:in]
-        exclusions = delimiter.respond_to?(:call) ? delimiter.call(record) : delimiter
-        unless exclusions.send(inclusion_method(exclusions), value)
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :inclusion, options.except(:in).merge!(:value => value))
+        unless include?(record, value)
+          record.errors.add(attribute, :inclusion, options.except(:in, :within).merge!(:value => value))
         end
       end
-
-    private
-
-      # In Ruby 1.9 <tt>Range#include?</tt> on non-numeric ranges checks all possible values in the
-      # range for equality, so it may be slow for large ranges. The new <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
-      # uses the previous logic of comparing a value with the range endpoints.
-      def inclusion_method(enumerable)
-        enumerable.is_a?(Range) ? :cover? : :include?
-      end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
-      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is available in a particular enumerable object.
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is available in a
+      # particular enumerable object.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_inclusion_of :gender, :in => %w( m f )
-      #     validates_inclusion_of :age, :in => 0..99
-      #     validates_inclusion_of :format, :in => %w( jpg gif png ), :message => "extension %{value} is not included in the list"
-      #     validates_inclusion_of :states, :in => lambda{ |person| STATES[person.country] }
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :gender, in: %w( m f )
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :age, in: 0..99
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :format, in: %w( jpg gif png ), message: "extension %{value} is not included in the list"
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :states, in: ->(person) { STATES[person.country] }
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items. This can be
-      #   supplied as a proc or lambda which returns an enumerable. If the enumerable
-      #   is a range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
-      #   (backported in Active Support for 1.8), otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is not included in the list").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict. 
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
+      #   supplied as a proc or lambda which returns an enumerable. If the
+      #   enumerable is a range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>,
+      #   otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:within</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:in</tt>
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is
+      #   not included in the list").
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to +true+, skips this validation if the
+      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to +true+, skips this validation if the
+      #   attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      #
+      # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with InclusionValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
index 037f8c2db8..aa72ea41c7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Length Validator
   module Validations
-    class LengthValidator < EachValidator
+    class LengthValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       MESSAGES  = { :is => :wrong_length, :minimum => :too_short, :maximum => :too_long }.freeze
       CHECKS    = { :is => :==, :minimum => :>=, :maximum => :<= }.freeze
 
@@ -62,45 +62,48 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     module HelperMethods
 
-      # Validates that the specified attribute matches the length restrictions supplied. Only one option can be used at a time:
+      # Validates that the specified attribute matches the length restrictions
+      # supplied. Only one option can be used at a time:
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_length_of :first_name, :maximum => 30
-      #     validates_length_of :last_name, :maximum => 30, :message => "less than 30 if you don't mind"
-      #     validates_length_of :fax, :in => 7..32, :allow_nil => true
-      #     validates_length_of :phone, :in => 7..32, :allow_blank => true
-      #     validates_length_of :user_name, :within => 6..20, :too_long => "pick a shorter name", :too_short => "pick a longer name"
-      #     validates_length_of :zip_code, :minimum => 5, :too_short => "please enter at least 5 characters"
-      #     validates_length_of :smurf_leader, :is => 4, :message => "papa is spelled with 4 characters... don't play me."
-      #     validates_length_of :essay, :minimum => 100, :too_short => "Your essay must be at least 100 words.", :tokenizer => lambda { |str| str.scan(/\w+/) }
+      #     validates_length_of :first_name, maximum: 30
+      #     validates_length_of :last_name, maximum: 30, message: "less than 30 if you don't mind"
+      #     validates_length_of :fax, in: 7..32, allow_nil: true
+      #     validates_length_of :phone, in: 7..32, allow_blank: true
+      #     validates_length_of :user_name, within: 6..20, too_long: 'pick a shorter name', too_short: 'pick a longer name'
+      #     validates_length_of :zip_code, minimum: 5, too_short: 'please enter at least 5 characters'
+      #     validates_length_of :smurf_leader, is: 4, message: "papa is spelled with 4 characters... don't play me."
+      #     validates_length_of :essay, minimum: 100, too_short: 'Your essay must be at least 100 words.',
+      #                         tokenizer: ->(str) { str.scan(/\w+/) }
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:minimum</tt> - The minimum size of the attribute.
       # * <tt>:maximum</tt> - The maximum size of the attribute.
       # * <tt>:is</tt> - The exact size of the attribute.
-      # * <tt>:within</tt> - A range specifying the minimum and maximum size of the attribute.
-      # * <tt>:in</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:within</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:within</tt> - A range specifying the minimum and maximum size of
+      #   the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - A synonym (or alias) for <tt>:within</tt>.
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Attribute may be +nil+; skip validation.
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Attribute may be blank; skip validation.
-      # * <tt>:too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the maximum (default is: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)").
-      # * <tt>:too_short</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes under the minimum (default is: "is too short (min is %{count} characters)").
-      # * <tt>:wrong_length</tt> - The error message if using the <tt>:is</tt> method and the attribute is the wrong size (default is: "is the wrong length (should be %{count} characters)").
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - The error message to use for a <tt>:minimum</tt>, <tt>:maximum</tt>, or <tt>:is</tt> violation. An alias of the appropriate <tt>too_long</tt>/<tt>too_short</tt>/<tt>wrong_length</tt> message.
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:tokenizer</tt> - Specifies how to split up the attribute string. (e.g. <tt>:tokenizer => lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/)}</tt> to
-      #   count words as in above example.)
-      #   Defaults to <tt>lambda{ |value| value.split(//) }</tt> which counts individual characters.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict.
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
+      # * <tt>:too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the
+      #   maximum (default is: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)").
+      # * <tt>:too_short</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes under the
+      #   minimum (default is: "is too short (min is %{count} characters)").
+      # * <tt>:wrong_length</tt> - The error message if using the <tt>:is</tt>
+      #   method and the attribute is the wrong size (default is: "is the wrong
+      #   length (should be %{count} characters)").
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - The error message to use for a <tt>:minimum</tt>,
+      #   <tt>:maximum</tt>, or <tt>:is</tt> violation. An alias of the appropriate
+      #   <tt>too_long</tt>/<tt>too_short</tt>/<tt>wrong_length</tt> message.
+      # * <tt>:tokenizer</tt> - Specifies how to split up the attribute string.
+      #   (e.g. <tt>tokenizer: ->(str) { str.scan(/\w+/) }</tt> to count words
+      #   as in above example). Defaults to <tt>->(value) { value.split(//) }</tt>
+      #   which counts individual characters.
+      #
+      # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_length_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with LengthValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
index bb9f9679fc..edebca94a8 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Numericality Validator
   module Validations
-    class NumericalityValidator < EachValidator
+    class NumericalityValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       CHECKS = { :greater_than => :>, :greater_than_or_equal_to => :>=,
                  :equal_to => :==, :less_than => :<, :less_than_or_equal_to => :<=,
                  :odd => :odd?, :even => :even?, :other_than => :!= }.freeze
@@ -79,50 +79,56 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
-      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is numeric by trying to convert it to
-      # a float with Kernel.Float (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is false) or applying it to the regular expression
-      # <tt>/\A[\+\-]?\d+\Z/</tt> (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is set to true).
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is numeric by
+      # trying to convert it to a float with Kernel.Float (if <tt>only_integer</tt>
+      # is +false+) or applying it to the regular expression <tt>/\A[\+\-]?\d+\Z/</tt>
+      # (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is set to +true+).
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_numericality_of :value, :on => :create
+      #     validates_numericality_of :value, on: :create
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is not a number").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:only_integer</tt> - Specifies whether the value has to be an integer, e.g. an integral value (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+). Notice that for fixnum and float columns empty strings are converted to +nil+.
-      # * <tt>:greater_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:greater_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than or equal the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be equal to the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:less_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than or equal the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:other_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be other than the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:only_integer</tt> - Specifies whether the value has to be an
+      #   integer, e.g. an integral value (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default is
+      #   +false+). Notice that for fixnum and float columns empty strings are
+      #   converted to +nil+.
+      # * <tt>:greater_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than the
+      #   supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:greater_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be
+      #   greater than or equal the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be equal to the supplied
+      #   value.
+      # * <tt>:less_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than the
+      #   supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be less
+      #   than or equal the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:other_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be other than the
+      #   supplied value.
       # * <tt>:odd</tt> - Specifies the value must be an odd number.
       # * <tt>:even</tt> - Specifies the value must be an even number.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict.
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
       #
-      # The following checks can also be supplied with a proc or a symbol which corresponds to a method:
+      # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+ .
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
+      #
+      # The following checks can also be supplied with a proc or a symbol which
+      # corresponds to a method:
+      #
       # * <tt>:greater_than</tt>
       # * <tt>:greater_than_or_equal_to</tt>
       # * <tt>:equal_to</tt>
       # * <tt>:less_than</tt>
       # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt>
       #
+      # For example:
+      #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_numericality_of :width, :less_than => Proc.new { |person| person.height }
-      #     validates_numericality_of :width, :greater_than => :minimum_weight
+      #     validates_numericality_of :width, less_than: Proc.new { |person| person.height }
+      #     validates_numericality_of :width, greater_than: :minimum_weight
       #   end
-      #
       def validates_numericality_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with NumericalityValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
index 9a643a6f5c..4592a1deb0 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
@@ -4,14 +4,15 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Presence Validator
   module Validations
-    class PresenceValidator < EachValidator
+    class PresenceValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       def validate(record)
         record.errors.add_on_blank(attributes, options)
       end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
-      # Validates that the specified attributes are not blank (as defined by Object#blank?). Happens by default on save. Example:
+      # Validates that the specified attributes are not blank (as defined by
+      # Object#blank?). Happens by default on save.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     validates_presence_of :first_name
@@ -19,25 +20,19 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # The first_name attribute must be in the object and it cannot be blank.
       #
-      # If you want to validate the presence of a boolean field (where the real values are true and false),
-      # you will want to use <tt>validates_inclusion_of :field_name, :in => [true, false]</tt>.
+      # If you want to validate the presence of a boolean field (where the real
+      # values are +true+ and +false+), you will want to use
+      # <tt>validates_inclusion_of :field_name, in: [true, false]</tt>.
       #
-      # This is due to the way Object#blank? handles boolean values: <tt>false.blank? # => true</tt>.
+      # This is due to the way Object#blank? handles boolean values:
+      # <tt>false.blank? # => true</tt>.
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).
-      #   The method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).
-      #   The method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict. 
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
       #
+      # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with PresenceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
index d94c4e3f4f..ecda9dffcf 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
@@ -69,14 +69,31 @@ module ActiveModel
       # validator's initializer as +options[:in]+ while other types including
       # regular expressions and strings are passed as +options[:with]+
       #
+      # There is also a list of options that could be used along with validators:
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
+      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
+      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
+      #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
+      #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
+      #   proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+ value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
+      #   if the validation should not occur (e.g. <tt>unless: :skip_validation</tt>,
+      #   or <tt>unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or
+      #   +false+ value.
+      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict.
+      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   validates :password, :presence => true, :confirmation => true, :if => :password_required?
+      #
       # Finally, the options +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_blank+, +:allow_nil+ and +:strict+
       # can be given to one specific validator, as a hash:
       #
       #   validates :password, :presence => { :if => :password_required? }, :confirmation => true
       #
-      # Or to all at the same time:
-      #
-      #   validates :password, :presence => true, :confirmation => true, :if => :password_required?
       #
       def validates(*attributes)
         defaults = attributes.extract_options!.dup
@@ -88,6 +105,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         defaults.merge!(:attributes => attributes)
 
         validations.each do |key, options|
+          next unless options
           key = "#{key.to_s.camelize}Validator"
 
           begin
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
index 72b8562b93..3c516f8b22 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ module ActiveModel
     module HelperMethods
       private
         def _merge_attributes(attr_names)
-          options = attr_names.extract_options!
-          options.merge(:attributes => attr_names.flatten)
+          options = attr_names.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
+          attr_names.flatten!
+          options[:attributes] = attr_names
+          options
         end
     end
 
-    class WithValidator < EachValidator
+    class WithValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       def validate_each(record, attr, val)
         method_name = options[:with]
 
@@ -61,9 +63,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or
       #   <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).
       #   The method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict. 
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information
-
+      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict.
+      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information.
+      #
       # If you pass any additional configuration options, they will be passed
       # to the class and available as <tt>options</tt>:
       #
@@ -77,7 +79,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       #       options[:my_custom_key] # => "my custom value"
       #     end
       #   end
-      #
       def validates_with(*args, &block)
         options = args.extract_options!
         args.each do |klass|
@@ -126,14 +127,13 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   end
     #
     # Standard configuration options (:on, :if and :unless), which are
-    # available on the class version of validates_with, should instead be
-    # placed on the <tt>validates</tt> method as these are applied and tested
-    # in the callback
+    # available on the class version of +validates_with+, should instead be
+    # placed on the +validates+ method as these are applied and tested
+    # in the callback.
     #
     # If you pass any additional configuration options, they will be passed
-    # to the class and available as <tt>options</tt>, please refer to the
-    # class version of this method for more information
-    #
+    # to the class and available as +options+, please refer to the
+    # class version of this method for more information.
     def validates_with(*args, &block)
       options = args.extract_options!
       args.each do |klass|
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
index 2953126c3c..d5d0798704 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ module ActiveModel #:nodoc:
   # record, attribute and value.
   #
   # All Active Model validations are built on top of this validator.
-  class EachValidator < Validator
+  class EachValidator < Validator #:nodoc:
     attr_reader :attributes
 
     # Returns a new validator instance. All options will be available via the
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ module ActiveModel #:nodoc:
 
   # +BlockValidator+ is a special +EachValidator+ which receives a block on initialization
   # and call this block for each attribute being validated. +validates_each+ uses this validator.
-  class BlockValidator < EachValidator
+  class BlockValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
     def initialize(options, &block)
       @block = block
       super
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 9406328d3e..baaf842222 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class ModelWithAttributes
   end
 
   def attributes
-    { :foo => 'value of foo' }
+    { :foo => 'value of foo', :baz => 'value of baz' }
   end
 
 private
@@ -76,6 +76,19 @@ private
   end
 end
 
+class ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes
+  include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+
+  def attributes
+    { :begin => 'value of begin', :end => 'value of end' }
+  end
+
+private
+  def attribute(name)
+    attributes[name.to_sym]
+  end
+end
+
 class ModelWithoutAttributesMethod
   include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
 end
@@ -127,29 +140,54 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send('a?b')
   end
 
+  test '#define_attribute_methods works passing multiple arguments' do
+    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
+
+    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+    assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
+  end
+
   test '#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:foo])
+    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
 
     assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
     assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
   end
 
+  test '#alias_attribute generates attribute_aliases lookup hash' do
+    klass = Class.new(ModelWithAttributes) do
+      define_attribute_methods :foo
+      alias_attribute :bar, :foo
+    end
+
+    assert_equal({ "bar" => "foo" }, klass.attribute_aliases)
+  end
+
   test '#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods with spaces in their names' do
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods([:'foo bar'])
+    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
 
     assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
     assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute works with attributes with spaces in their names' do
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods([:'foo bar'])
+    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
     ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
 
     assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
   end
 
+  test '#alias_attribute works with attributes named as a ruby keyword' do
+    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
+    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
+    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
+
+    assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
+    assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
+  end
+
   test '#undefine_attribute_methods removes attribute methods' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:foo])
+    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
     ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
 
     assert !ModelWithAttributes.new.respond_to?(:foo)
@@ -170,7 +208,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_deprecated { klass.attribute_method_suffix '' }
     assert_deprecated { klass.attribute_method_prefix '' }
 
-    klass.define_attribute_methods([:foo])
+    klass.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
 
     assert_equal 'value of foo', klass.new.foo
   end
@@ -188,6 +226,12 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_raises(NoMethodError) { m.protected_method }
   end
 
+  class ClassWithProtected
+    protected
+    def protected_method
+    end
+  end
+
   test 'should not interfere with respond_to? if the attribute has a private/protected method' do
     m = ModelWithAttributes2.new
     m.attributes = { 'private_method' => '<3', 'protected_method' => 'O_o' }
@@ -195,9 +239,11 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert !m.respond_to?(:private_method)
     assert m.respond_to?(:private_method, true)
 
+    c = ClassWithProtected.new
+
     # This is messed up, but it's how Ruby works at the moment. Apparently it will be changed
     # in the future.
-    assert m.respond_to?(:protected_method)
+    assert_equal c.respond_to?(:protected_method), m.respond_to?(:protected_method)
     assert m.respond_to?(:protected_method, true)
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/configuration_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/configuration_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a172fa26a3..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/configuration_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-require 'cases/helper'
-
-class ConfigurationOnModuleTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @mod = mod = Module.new do
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-      extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-
-      config_attribute :omg
-      self.omg = "default"
-
-      config_attribute :wtf, global: true
-      self.wtf = "default"
-
-      config_attribute :boolean
-
-      config_attribute :lol, instance_writer: true
-    end
-
-    @klass = Class.new do
-      include mod
-    end
-
-    @subklass = Class.new(@klass)
-  end
-
-  test "default" do
-    assert_equal "default", @mod.omg
-    assert_equal "default", @klass.omg
-    assert_equal "default", @klass.new.omg
-  end
-
-  test "setting" do
-    @mod.omg = "lol"
-    assert_equal "lol", @mod.omg
-  end
-
-  test "setting on class including the module" do
-    @klass.omg = "lol"
-    assert_equal "lol", @klass.omg
-    assert_equal "lol", @klass.new.omg
-    assert_equal "default", @mod.omg
-  end
-
-  test "setting on subclass of class including the module" do
-    @subklass.omg = "lol"
-    assert_equal "lol", @subklass.omg
-    assert_equal "default", @klass.omg
-    assert_equal "default", @mod.omg
-  end
-
-  test "setting on instance" do
-    assert !@klass.new.respond_to?(:omg=)
-
-    @klass.lol = "lol"
-    obj = @klass.new
-    assert_equal "lol", obj.lol
-    obj.lol = "omg"
-    assert_equal "omg", obj.lol
-    assert_equal "lol", @klass.lol
-    assert_equal "lol", @klass.new.lol
-    obj.lol = false
-    assert !obj.lol?
-  end
-
-  test "global attribute" do
-    assert_equal "default", @mod.wtf
-    assert_equal "default", @klass.wtf
-
-    @mod.wtf = "wtf"
-
-    assert_equal "wtf", @mod.wtf
-    assert_equal "wtf", @klass.wtf
-
-    @klass.wtf = "lol"
-
-    assert_equal "lol", @mod.wtf
-    assert_equal "lol", @klass.wtf
-  end
-
-  test "boolean" do
-    assert_equal false, @mod.boolean?
-    assert_equal false, @klass.new.boolean?
-    @mod.boolean = true
-    assert_equal true, @mod.boolean?
-    assert_equal true, @klass.new.boolean?
-  end
-end
-
-class ConfigurationOnClassTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @klass = Class.new do
-      extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-
-      config_attribute :omg
-      self.omg = "default"
-
-      config_attribute :wtf, global: true
-      self.wtf = "default"
-
-      config_attribute :omg2, instance_writer: true
-      config_attribute :wtf2, instance_writer: true, global: true
-    end
-
-    @subklass = Class.new(@klass)
-  end
-
-  test "defaults" do
-    assert_equal "default", @klass.omg
-    assert_equal "default", @klass.wtf
-    assert_equal "default", @subklass.omg
-    assert_equal "default", @subklass.wtf
-  end
-
-  test "changing" do
-    @klass.omg = "lol"
-    assert_equal "lol", @klass.omg
-    assert_equal "lol", @subklass.omg
-  end
-
-  test "changing in subclass" do
-    @subklass.omg = "lol"
-    assert_equal "lol", @subklass.omg
-    assert_equal "default", @klass.omg
-  end
-
-  test "changing global" do
-    @klass.wtf = "wtf"
-    assert_equal "wtf", @klass.wtf
-    assert_equal "wtf", @subklass.wtf
-
-    @subklass.wtf = "lol"
-    assert_equal "lol", @klass.wtf
-    assert_equal "lol", @subklass.wtf
-  end
-
-  test "instance_writer" do
-    obj = @klass.new
-
-    @klass.omg2 = "omg"
-    @klass.wtf2 = "wtf"
-
-    assert_equal "omg", obj.omg2
-    assert_equal "wtf", obj.wtf2
-
-    obj.omg2 = "lol"
-    obj.wtf2 = "lol"
-
-    assert_equal "lol", obj.omg2
-    assert_equal "lol", obj.wtf2
-    assert_equal "omg", @klass.omg2
-    assert_equal "lol", @klass.wtf2
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
index 24552bcaf2..d679ad41aa 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class ConversionTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "1", Contact.new(:id => 1).to_param
   end
 
-  test "to_path default implementation returns a string giving a relative path" do
+  test "to_partial_path default implementation returns a string giving a relative path" do
     assert_equal "contacts/contact", Contact.new.to_partial_path
     assert_equal "helicopters/helicopter", Helicopter.new.to_partial_path,
       "ActiveModel::Conversion#to_partial_path caching should be class-specific"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index 98244a6290..eaaf910bac 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   class DirtyModel
     include ActiveModel::Dirty
-    define_attribute_methods [:name, :color]
+    define_attribute_methods :name, :color
 
     def initialize
       @name = nil
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
index 4347b17cbc..7d6f11b5a5 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 require File.expand_path('../../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
 
-lib = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../../lib")
-$:.unshift(lib) unless $:.include?('lib') || $:.include?(lib)
-
 require 'config'
 require 'active_model'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/permission_set_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/permission_set_test.rb
index d005b638e4..8082c49852 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/permission_set_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/permission_set_test.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ class PermissionSetTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert new_list.include?('admin'), "did not add collection to #{@permission_list.inspect}}"
   end
 
+  test "+ compacts added collection values" do
+    added_collection = [ nil ]
+    new_list = @permission_list + added_collection
+    assert_equal new_list, @permission_list, "did not add collection to #{@permission_list.inspect}}"
+  end
+
   test "include? normalizes multi-parameter keys" do
     multi_param_key = 'admin(1)'
     new_list = @permission_list += [ 'admin' ]
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer_test.rb
index 3660b9b1e5..418a24294a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer_test.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class SanitizerTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "sanitize attributes" do
     original_attributes = { 'first_name' => 'allowed', 'admin' => 'denied' }
-    attributes = @logger_sanitizer.sanitize(original_attributes, @authorizer)
+    attributes = @logger_sanitizer.sanitize(self.class, original_attributes, @authorizer)
 
     assert attributes.key?('first_name'), "Allowed key shouldn't be rejected"
     assert !attributes.key?('admin'),     "Denied key should be rejected"
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ class SanitizerTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     original_attributes = { 'first_name' => 'allowed', 'admin' => 'denied' }
     log = StringIO.new
     self.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(log)
-    @logger_sanitizer.sanitize(original_attributes, @authorizer)
+    @logger_sanitizer.sanitize(self.class, original_attributes, @authorizer)
     assert_match(/admin/, log.string, "Should log removed attributes: #{log.string}")
   end
 
   test "debug mass assignment removal with StrictSanitizer" do
     original_attributes = { 'first_name' => 'allowed', 'admin' => 'denied' }
     assert_raise ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::Error do
-      @strict_sanitizer.sanitize(original_attributes, @authorizer)
+      @strict_sanitizer.sanitize(self.class, original_attributes, @authorizer)
     end
   end
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class SanitizerTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     original_attributes = {'id' => 1, 'first_name' => 'allowed'}
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      @strict_sanitizer.sanitize(original_attributes, @authorizer)
+      @strict_sanitizer.sanitize(self.class, original_attributes, @authorizer)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security_test.rb
index a197dbe748..0c6352cd71 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'models/mass_assignment_specific'
 
 class CustomSanitizer < ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::Sanitizer
 
-  def process_removed_attributes(attrs)
+  def process_removed_attributes(klass, attrs)
     raise StandardError
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
index 1e14d83bcb..49d8706ac2 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
@@ -25,12 +25,6 @@ class NamingTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 'post/track_backs', @model_name.collection
   end
 
-  def test_partial_path
-    assert_deprecated(/#partial_path.*#to_partial_path/) do
-      assert_equal 'post/track_backs/track_back', @model_name.partial_path
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_human
     assert_equal 'Track back', @model_name.human
   end
@@ -61,12 +55,6 @@ class NamingWithNamespacedModelInIsolatedNamespaceTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 'blog/posts', @model_name.collection
   end
 
-  def test_partial_path
-    assert_deprecated(/#partial_path.*#to_partial_path/) do
-      assert_equal 'blog/posts/post', @model_name.partial_path
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_human
     assert_equal 'Post', @model_name.human
   end
@@ -105,12 +93,6 @@ class NamingWithNamespacedModelInSharedNamespaceTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 'blog/posts', @model_name.collection
   end
 
-  def test_partial_path
-    assert_deprecated(/#partial_path.*#to_partial_path/) do
-      assert_equal 'blog/posts/post', @model_name.partial_path
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_human
     assert_equal 'Post', @model_name.human
   end
@@ -149,12 +131,6 @@ class NamingWithSuppliedModelNameTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 'articles', @model_name.collection
   end
 
-  def test_partial_path
-    assert_deprecated(/#partial_path.*#to_partial_path/) do
-      assert_equal 'articles/article', @model_name.partial_path
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_human
     assert_equal 'Article', @model_name.human
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/observing_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/observing_test.rb
index f6ec24ae57..ade6026602 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/observing_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/observing_test.rb
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ class FooObserver < ActiveModel::Observer
 
   attr_accessor :stub
 
-  def on_spec(record)
-    stub.event_with(record) if stub
+  def on_spec(record, *args)
+    stub.event_with(record, *args) if stub
   end
 
   def around_save(record)
@@ -70,23 +70,38 @@ class ObservingTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     ObservedModel.instantiate_observers
   end
 
+  test "raises an appropriate error when a developer accidentally adds the wrong class (i.e. Widget instead of WidgetObserver)" do
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      ObservedModel.observers = ['string']
+      ObservedModel.instantiate_observers
+    end
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      ObservedModel.observers = [:string]
+      ObservedModel.instantiate_observers
+    end
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      ObservedModel.observers = [String]
+      ObservedModel.instantiate_observers
+    end
+  end
+
   test "passes observers to subclasses" do
     FooObserver.instance
     bar = Class.new(Foo)
-    assert_equal Foo.count_observers, bar.count_observers
+    assert_equal Foo.observers_count, bar.observers_count
   end
 end
 
 class ObserverTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def setup
     ObservedModel.observers = :foo_observer
-    FooObserver.instance_eval do
+    FooObserver.singleton_class.instance_eval do
       alias_method :original_observed_classes, :observed_classes
     end
   end
 
   def teardown
-    FooObserver.instance_eval do
+    FooObserver.singleton_class.instance_eval do
       undef_method :observed_classes
       alias_method :observed_classes, :original_observed_classes
     end
@@ -98,44 +113,51 @@ class ObserverTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "tracks implicit observable models" do
     instance = FooObserver.new
-    assert  instance.send(:observed_classes).include?(Foo), "Foo not in #{instance.send(:observed_classes).inspect}"
-    assert !instance.send(:observed_classes).include?(ObservedModel), "ObservedModel in #{instance.send(:observed_classes).inspect}"
+    assert_equal [Foo], instance.observed_classes
   end
 
   test "tracks explicit observed model class" do
-    old_instance = FooObserver.new
-    assert !old_instance.send(:observed_classes).include?(ObservedModel), "ObservedModel in #{old_instance.send(:observed_classes).inspect}"
     FooObserver.observe ObservedModel
     instance = FooObserver.new
-    assert instance.send(:observed_classes).include?(ObservedModel), "ObservedModel not in #{instance.send(:observed_classes).inspect}"
+    assert_equal [ObservedModel], instance.observed_classes
   end
 
   test "tracks explicit observed model as string" do
-    old_instance = FooObserver.new
-    assert !old_instance.send(:observed_classes).include?(ObservedModel), "ObservedModel in #{old_instance.send(:observed_classes).inspect}"
     FooObserver.observe 'observed_model'
     instance = FooObserver.new
-    assert instance.send(:observed_classes).include?(ObservedModel), "ObservedModel not in #{instance.send(:observed_classes).inspect}"
+    assert_equal [ObservedModel], instance.observed_classes
   end
 
   test "tracks explicit observed model as symbol" do
-    old_instance = FooObserver.new
-    assert !old_instance.send(:observed_classes).include?(ObservedModel), "ObservedModel in #{old_instance.send(:observed_classes).inspect}"
     FooObserver.observe :observed_model
     instance = FooObserver.new
-    assert instance.send(:observed_classes).include?(ObservedModel), "ObservedModel not in #{instance.send(:observed_classes).inspect}"
+    assert_equal [ObservedModel], instance.observed_classes
   end
 
   test "calls existing observer event" do
     foo = Foo.new
     FooObserver.instance.stub = stub
     FooObserver.instance.stub.expects(:event_with).with(foo)
-    Foo.send(:notify_observers, :on_spec, foo)
+    Foo.notify_observers(:on_spec, foo)
+  end
+
+  test "calls existing observer event from the instance" do
+    foo = Foo.new
+    FooObserver.instance.stub = stub
+    FooObserver.instance.stub.expects(:event_with).with(foo)
+    foo.notify_observers(:on_spec)
+  end
+
+  test "passes extra arguments" do
+    foo = Foo.new
+    FooObserver.instance.stub = stub
+    FooObserver.instance.stub.expects(:event_with).with(foo, :bar)
+    Foo.send(:notify_observers, :on_spec, foo, :bar)
   end
 
   test "skips nonexistent observer event" do
     foo = Foo.new
-    Foo.send(:notify_observers, :whatever, foo)
+    Foo.notify_observers(:whatever, foo)
   end
 
   test "update passes a block on to the observer" do
@@ -145,4 +167,15 @@ class ObserverTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
     assert_equal :in_around_save, yielded_value
   end
+
+  test "observe redefines observed_classes class method" do
+    class BarObserver < ActiveModel::Observer
+      observe :foo
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [Foo], BarObserver.observed_classes
+
+    BarObserver.observe(ObservedModel)
+    assert_equal [ObservedModel], BarObserver.observed_classes
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
index 4338a3fc53..5f18909301 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
@@ -7,28 +7,38 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   setup do
     @user = User.new
+    @visitor = Visitor.new
   end
 
   test "blank password" do
-    @user.password = ''
-    assert !@user.valid?, 'user should be invalid'
+    @user.password = @visitor.password = ''
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
   end
 
   test "nil password" do
-    @user.password = nil
-    assert !@user.valid?, 'user should be invalid'
+    @user.password = @visitor.password = nil
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
+  end
+
+  test "blank password doesn't override previous password" do
+    @user.password = 'test'
+    @user.password = ''
+    assert_equal @user.password, 'test'
   end
 
   test "password must be present" do
-    assert !@user.valid?
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create)
     assert_equal 1, @user.errors.size
   end
 
-  test "password must match confirmation" do
-    @user.password = "thiswillberight"
-    @user.password_confirmation = "wrong"
+  test "match confirmation" do
+    @user.password = @visitor.password = "thiswillberight"
+    @user.password_confirmation = @visitor.password_confirmation = "wrong"
 
     assert !@user.valid?
+    assert @visitor.valid?
 
     @user.password_confirmation = "thiswillberight"
 
@@ -53,4 +63,14 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert !active_authorizer.include?(:password_digest)
     assert active_authorizer.include?(:name)
   end
+  
+  test "User should not be created with blank digest" do
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do 
+      @user.run_callbacks :create
+    end
+    @user.password = "supersecretpassword"
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      @user.run_callbacks :create
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index 3b201a70f5..d2ba9fd95d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -88,62 +88,80 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_include_option_with_singular_association
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "email"=>"david@example.com",
-                :address=>{"street"=>"123 Lane", "city"=>"Springfield", "state"=>"CA", "zip"=>11111}}
+                "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane", "city"=>"Springfield", "state"=>"CA", "zip"=>11111}}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :address)
   end
 
   def test_include_option_with_plural_association
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
-                :friends=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
+                "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
   end
 
   def test_include_option_with_empty_association
     @user.friends = []
-    expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David", :friends=>[]}
+    expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David", "friends"=>[]}
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
+  end
+
+  class FriendList
+    def initialize(friends)
+      @friends = friends
+    end
+
+    def to_ary
+      @friends
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_include_option_with_ary
+    @user.friends = FriendList.new(@user.friends)
+    expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
+                "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
+                           {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
   end
 
   def test_multiple_includes
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
-                :address=>{"street"=>"123 Lane", "city"=>"Springfield", "state"=>"CA", "zip"=>11111},
-                :friends=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
+                "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane", "city"=>"Springfield", "state"=>"CA", "zip"=>11111},
+                "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => [:address, :friends])
   end
 
   def test_include_with_options
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
-                :address=>{"street"=>"123 Lane"}}
+                "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane"}}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => {:address => {:only => "street"}})
   end
 
   def test_nested_include
     @user.friends.first.friends = [@user]
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
-                :friends=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male',
-                            :friends => [{"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David"}]},
-                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female', :friends => []}]}
+                "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male',
+                            "friends"=> [{"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David"}]},
+                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female', "friends"=> []}]}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => {:friends => {:include => :friends}})
   end
 
   def test_only_include
-    expected = {"name"=>"David", :friends => [{"name" => "Joe"}, {"name" => "Sue"}]}
+    expected = {"name"=>"David", "friends" => [{"name" => "Joe"}, {"name" => "Sue"}]}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => :name, :include => {:friends => {:only => :name}})
   end
 
   def test_except_include
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "email"=>"david@example.com",
-                :friends => [{"name" => 'Joe', "email" => 'joe@example.com'},
+                "friends"=> [{"name" => 'Joe', "email" => 'joe@example.com'},
                              {"name" => "Sue", "email" => 'sue@example.com'}]}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:except => :gender, :include => {:friends => {:except => :gender}})
   end
 
   def test_multiple_includes_with_options
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
-                :address=>{"street"=>"123 Lane"},
-                :friends=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
+                "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane"},
+                "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
     assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => [{:address => {:only => "street"}}, :friends])
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
index 7160635eb4..e2690f1827 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -31,10 +31,15 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     @contact.preferences = { 'shows' => 'anime' }
   end
 
-  test "should include root in json" do
+  def teardown
+    # set to the default value
+    Contact.include_root_in_json = false
+  end
+
+  test "should not include root in json (class method)" do
     json = @contact.to_json
 
-    assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
     assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
     assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
     assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
@@ -42,41 +47,31 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
   end
 
-  test "should not include root in json (class method)" do
-    begin
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = false
-      json = @contact.to_json
-
-      assert_no_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
-      assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
-      assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
-      assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
-      assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
-      assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
-    ensure
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    end
+  test "should include root in json if include_root_in_json is true" do
+    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+    json = @contact.to_json
+
+    assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
+    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+    assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
+    assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
+    assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
+    assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
   end
 
   test "should include root in json (option) even if the default is set to false" do
-    begin
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = false
-      json = @contact.to_json(:root => true)
-      assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
-    ensure
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    end
+    json = @contact.to_json(root: true)
+    assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
   end
 
   test "should not include root in json (option)" do
-
-    json = @contact.to_json(:root => false)
+    json = @contact.to_json(root: false)
 
     assert_no_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
   end
 
   test "should include custom root in json" do
-    json = @contact.to_json(:root => 'json_contact')
+    json = @contact.to_json(root: 'json_contact')
 
     assert_match %r{^\{"json_contact":\{}, json
     assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
@@ -107,7 +102,7 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should allow attribute filtering with except" do
-    json = @contact.to_json(:except => [:name, :age])
+    json = @contact.to_json(except: [:name, :age])
 
     assert_no_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
     assert_no_match %r{"age":16}, json
@@ -122,10 +117,10 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     def @contact.favorite_quote; "Constraints are liberating"; end
 
     # Single method.
-    assert_match %r{"label":"Has cheezburger"}, @contact.to_json(:only => :name, :methods => :label)
+    assert_match %r{"label":"Has cheezburger"}, @contact.to_json(only: :name, methods: :label)
 
     # Both methods.
-    methods_json = @contact.to_json(:only => :name, :methods => [:label, :favorite_quote])
+    methods_json = @contact.to_json(only: :name, methods: [:label, :favorite_quote])
     assert_match %r{"label":"Has cheezburger"}, methods_json
     assert_match %r{"favorite_quote":"Constraints are liberating"}, methods_json
   end
@@ -143,14 +138,15 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "serializable_hash should not modify options passed in argument" do
-    options = { :except => :name }
+    options = { except: :name }
     @contact.serializable_hash(options)
 
     assert_nil options[:only]
     assert_equal :name, options[:except]
   end
 
-  test "as_json should return a hash" do
+  test "as_json should return a hash if include_root_in_json is true" do
+    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
     json = @contact.as_json
 
     assert_kind_of Hash, json
@@ -160,7 +156,7 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "from_json should set the object's attributes" do
+  test "from_json should work without a root (class attribute)" do
     json = @contact.to_json
     result = Contact.new.from_json(json)
 
@@ -172,7 +168,7 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "from_json should work without a root (method parameter)" do
-    json = @contact.to_json(:root => false)
+    json = @contact.to_json
     result = Contact.new.from_json(json, false)
 
     assert_equal result.name, @contact.name
@@ -182,24 +178,19 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal result.preferences, @contact.preferences
   end
 
-  test "from_json should work without a root (class attribute)" do
-    begin
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = false
-      json = @contact.to_json
-      result = Contact.new.from_json(json)
-
-      assert_equal result.name, @contact.name
-      assert_equal result.age, @contact.age
-      assert_equal Time.parse(result.created_at), @contact.created_at
-      assert_equal result.awesome, @contact.awesome
-      assert_equal result.preferences, @contact.preferences
-    ensure
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    end
+  test "from_json should work with a root (method parameter)" do
+    json = @contact.to_json(root: :true)
+    result = Contact.new.from_json(json, true)
+
+    assert_equal result.name, @contact.name
+    assert_equal result.age, @contact.age
+    assert_equal Time.parse(result.created_at), @contact.created_at
+    assert_equal result.awesome, @contact.awesome
+    assert_equal result.preferences, @contact.preferences
   end
 
   test "custom as_json should be honored when generating json" do
-    def @contact.as_json(options); { :name => name, :created_at => created_at }; end
+    def @contact.as_json(options); { name: name, created_at: created_at }; end
     json = @contact.to_json
 
     assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
@@ -209,7 +200,7 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "custom as_json options should be extendible" do
-    def @contact.as_json(options = {}); super(options.merge(:only => [:name])); end
+    def @contact.as_json(options = {}); super(options.merge(only: [:name])); end
     json = @contact.to_json
 
     assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
@@ -217,5 +208,4 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_no_match %r{"awesome":}, json
     assert_no_match %r{"preferences":}, json
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 38aecf51ff..a93323a3a8 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_match %r{<createdAt},     @xml
   end
 
-  test "should use serialiable hash" do
+  test "should use serializable hash" do
     @contact = SerializableContact.new
     @contact.name = 'aaron stack'
     @contact.age = 25
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize datetime" do
-    assert_match %r{<created-at type=\"datetime\">2006-08-01T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<created-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-08-01T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, @contact.to_xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize boolean" do
@@ -188,6 +188,23 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
   end
 
+  class FriendList
+    def initialize(friends)
+      @friends = friends
+    end
+
+    def to_ary
+      @friends
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "include option with ary" do
+    @contact.friends = FriendList.new(@contact.friends)
+    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :friends, :indent => 0
+    assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
+  end
+
   test "multiple includes" do
     xml = @contact.to_xml :indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => [ :address, :friends ]
     assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
index 54e86d48db..fd833cdd06 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 'person gender attribute', Person::Gender.human_attribute_name('attribute')
   end
 
+  def test_translated_deeply_nested_model_attributes
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:"person/contacts/addresses" => {:street => 'Deeply Nested Address Street'}}}
+    assert_equal 'Deeply Nested Address Street', Person.human_attribute_name('contacts.addresses.street')
+  end
+
   def test_translated_nested_model_attributes
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:"person/addresses" => {:street => 'Person Address Street'}}}
     assert_equal 'Person Address Street', Person.human_attribute_name('addresses.street')
@@ -82,9 +87,15 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_human_does_not_modify_options
-    options = {:default => 'person model'}
+    options = { :default => 'person model' }
     Person.model_name.human(options)
-    assert_equal({:default => 'person model'}, options)
+    assert_equal({ :default => 'person model' }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_human_attribute_name_does_not_modify_options
+    options = { :default => 'Cool gender' }
+    Person.human_attribute_name('gender', options)
+    assert_equal({ :default => 'Cool gender' }, options)
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
index e4f602bd80..0015b3c196 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class DogWithMethodCallbacks < Dog
   def set_after_validation_marker;  self.history << 'after_validation_marker' ; end
 end
 
-class DogValidtorsAreProc < Dog
+class DogValidatorsAreProc < Dog
   before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker' }
   after_validation  { self.history << 'after_validation_marker' }
 end
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class CallbacksWithMethodNamesShouldBeCalled < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_before_validation_and_after_validation_callbacks_should_be_called_with_proc
-    d = DogValidtorsAreProc.new
+    d = DogValidatorsAreProc.new
     d.valid?
     assert_equal ['before_validation_marker', 'after_validation_marker'], d.history
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
index d0418170fa..f7556a249f 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma_confirmation = "None"
     assert p.invalid?
 
-    assert_equal ["doesn't match confirmation"], p.errors[:karma]
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Karma"], p.errors[:karma_confirmation]
 
     p.karma = "None"
     assert p.valid?
@@ -52,4 +52,23 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
   end
 
+  def test_title_confirmation_with_i18n_attribute
+    @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
+    I18n.load_path.clear
+    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
+      :errors => {:messages => {:confirmation => "doesn't match %{attribute}"}},
+      :activemodel => {:attributes => {:topic => {:title => 'Test Title'}}}
+    })
+
+    Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
+
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
+    assert t.invalid?
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
+
+    I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
+    I18n.backend = @old_backend
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
index adab8ccb2b..baccf72ecb 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,16 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["option monkey is restricted"], t.errors[:title]
   end
 
+  def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_within_option
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :within => %w( abe monkey ) )
+
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc")
+
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "monkey")
+    assert t.invalid?
+    assert t.errors[:title].any?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_for_ruby_class
     Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, :in => %w( abe monkey )
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
index 41a1131bcb..308a3c6cef 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_format
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /^Validation\smacros \w+!$/, :message => "is bad data")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, :message => "is bad data")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "i'm incorrect", "content" => "Validation macros rule!")
     assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_allow_blank
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Validation\smacros \w+!$/, :allow_blank => true)
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, :allow_blank => true)
     assert Topic.new("title" => "Shouldn't be valid").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "").valid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => nil).valid?
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   # testing ticket #3142
   def test_validate_format_numeric
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /^[1-9][0-9]*$/, :message => "is bad data")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/, :message => "is bad data")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "72x", "content" => "6789")
     assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
@@ -63,11 +63,21 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_formatted_message
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Valid Title$/, :message => "can't be %{value}")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /\AValid Title\z/, :message => "can't be %{value}")
     t = Topic.new(:title => 'Invalid title')
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be Invalid title"], t.errors[:title]
   end
+  
+  def test_validate_format_of_with_multiline_regexp_should_raise_error
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Valid Title$/) }
+  end
+  
+  def test_validate_format_of_with_multiline_regexp_and_option
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) do
+      Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Valid Title$/, :multiline => true)
+    end
+  end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_not_option
     Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :without => /foo/, :message => "should not contain foo")
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 0679e67f84..df0fcd243a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   # validates_confirmation_of: generate_message(attr_name, :confirmation, :message => custom_message)
   def test_generate_message_confirmation_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "doesn't match confirmation", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :confirmation)
+    assert_equal "doesn't match Title", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :confirmation)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_confirmation_with_custom_message
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index e9f0e430fe..4f8b7327c0 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     test "validates_confirmation_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_confirmation_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title_confirmation = 'foo'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :confirmation, generate_message_options)
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title_confirmation, :confirmation, generate_message_options.merge(:attribute => 'Title'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_format_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(:with => /^[1-9][0-9]*$/)
+      Person.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(:with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
       @person.title = '72x'
       @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(:value => '72x'))
       @person.valid?
@@ -159,6 +159,17 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  # validates_inclusion_of using :within w/ mocha
+
+  COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
+    test "validates_inclusion_of using :within on generated message #{name}" do
+      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => %w(a b c))
+      @person.title = 'z'
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'z'))
+      @person.valid?
+    end
+  end
+
   # validates_exclusion_of w/ mocha
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
@@ -170,6 +181,17 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  # validates_exclusion_of using :within w/ mocha
+
+  COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
+    test "validates_exclusion_of using :within generated message #{name}" do
+      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => %w(a b c))
+      @person.title = 'a'
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'a'))
+      @person.valid?
+    end
+  end
+
   # validates_numericality_of without :only_integer w/ mocha
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
@@ -217,24 +239,29 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   # To make things DRY this macro is defined to define 3 tests for every validation case.
   def self.set_expectations_for_validation(validation, error_type, &block_that_sets_validation)
+    if error_type == :confirmation
+      attribute = :title_confirmation
+    else
+      attribute = :title
+    end
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds custom model key translation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds custom model key translation when #{error_type}" do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {:title => {error_type => 'custom message'}}}}}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {attribute => {error_type => 'custom message'}}}}}}
       I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {error_type => 'global message'}}
 
       yield(@person, {})
       @person.valid?
-      assert_equal ['custom message'], @person.errors[:title]
+      assert_equal ['custom message'], @person.errors[attribute]
     end
 
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds custom model key translation with interpolation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds custom model key translation with interpolation when #{error_type}" do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {:title => {error_type => 'custom message with %{extra}'}}}}}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {attribute => {error_type => 'custom message with %{extra}'}}}}}}
       I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {error_type => 'global message'}}
 
       yield(@person, {:extra => "extra information"})
       @person.valid?
-      assert_equal ['custom message with extra information'], @person.errors[:title]
+      assert_equal ['custom message with extra information'], @person.errors[attribute]
     end
 
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds global default key translation when blank"
@@ -243,7 +270,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
       yield(@person, {})
       @person.valid?
-      assert_equal ['global message'], @person.errors[:title]
+      assert_equal ['global message'], @person.errors[attribute]
     end
   end
 
@@ -286,7 +313,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # validates_format_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_format_of", :invalid do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:with => /^[1-9][0-9]*$/)
+    Person.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
   end
 
   # validates_inclusion_of w/o mocha
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
index 851d345eab..c57fa75faf 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -60,6 +60,16 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["option uhoh is not in the list"], t.errors[:title]
   end
 
+  def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_within_option
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :within => %w( a b c d e f g ) )
+
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "a", "content" => "abc").valid?
+
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhoh", "content" => "abc")
+    assert t.invalid?
+    assert t.errors[:title].any?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_for_ruby_class
     Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, :in => %w( abe monkey )
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
index 575154ffbd..90bc018ae1 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
@@ -154,6 +154,6 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     topic.title = "What's happening"
     topic.title_confirmation = "Not this"
     assert !topic.valid?
-    assert_equal ['Y U NO CONFIRM'], topic.errors[:title]
+    assert_equal ['Y U NO CONFIRM'], topic.errors[:title_confirmation]
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index a716d0896e..8ea9745fbf 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -330,6 +330,11 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_validates_with_false_hash_value
+    Topic.validates :title,  :presence => false
+    assert Topic.new.valid?
+  end
+
   def test_strict_validation_error_message
     Topic.validates :title, :strict => true, :presence => true
 
@@ -344,4 +349,19 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Topic.validates :title, options
     assert_equal({ :presence => true }, options)
   end
+
+  def test_dup_validity_is_independent
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title
+    topic = Topic.new("title" => "Litterature")
+    topic.valid?
+
+    duped = topic.dup
+    duped.title = nil
+    assert duped.invalid?
+
+    topic.title = nil
+    duped.title = 'Mathematics'
+    assert topic.invalid?
+    assert duped.valid?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb b/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb
index a48f8b064f..2d6d34b3e2 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 class Administrator
+  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
   include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
   include ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity
+  
+  define_model_callbacks :create
 
   attr_accessor :name, :password_digest
   attr_accessible :name
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
index e221bb8091..4b11df12bf 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 class User
+  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
   include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
+  
+  define_model_callbacks :create
 
   has_secure_password
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb b/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
index 36c0a16688..d15f448516 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 class Visitor
+  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
   include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
   include ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity
+  
+  define_model_callbacks :create
 
-  has_secure_password
+  has_secure_password(validations: false)
 
-  attr_accessor :password_digest
+  attr_accessor :password_digest, :password_confirmation
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
index d7823855a3..bc355f1ee7 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,394 @@
 ## Rails 4.0.0 (unreleased) ##
 
+*   Deprecate `update_column` method in favor of `update_columns`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Added an `update_columns` method. This new method updates the given attributes on an object,
+    without calling save, hence skipping validations and callbacks.
+    Example:
+
+        User.first.update_columns({:name => "sebastian", :age => 25})         # => true
+
+    *Sebastian Martinez + Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Removed `:finder_sql` and `:counter_sql` collection association options. Please
+    use scopes instead.
+
+    *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   Removed `:insert_sql` and `:delete_sql` `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+    association options. Please use `has_many :through` instead.
+
+    *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   The migration generator now creates a join table with (commented) indexes every time
+    the migration name contains the word `join_table`:
+
+        rails g migration create_join_table_for_artists_and_musics artist_id:index music_id
+
+    *Aleksey Magusev*
+
+*   Add `add_reference` and `remove_reference` schema statements. Aliases, `add_belongs_to`
+    and `remove_belongs_to` are acceptable. References are reversible.
+    Examples:
+
+        # Create a user_id column
+        add_reference(:products, :user)
+        # Create a supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
+        add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true)
+        # Remove polymorphic reference
+        remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
+
+    *Aleksey Magusev*
+
+*   Add `:default` and `:null` options to `column_exists?`.
+
+        column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_id, :integer, null: false)
+        column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_type, :string, default: 'Photo')
+
+    *Aleksey Magusev*
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Relation#inspect` now makes it clear that you are
+    dealing with a `Relation` object rather than an array:.
+
+       User.where(:age => 30).inspect
+       # => <ActiveRecord::Relation [#<User ...>, #<User ...>, ...]>
+
+       User.where(:age => 30).to_a.inspect
+       # => [#<User ...>, #<User ...>]
+
+    The number of records displayed will be limited to 10.
+
+    *Brian Cardarella, Jon Leighton & Damien Mathieu*
+
+*   Add `collation` and `ctype` support to PostgreSQL. These are available for PostgreSQL 8.4 or later.
+    Example:
+
+      development:
+        adapter: postgresql
+        host: localhost
+        database: rails_development
+        username: foo
+        password: bar
+        encoding: UTF8
+        collation: ja_JP.UTF8
+        ctype: ja_JP.UTF8
+
+    *kennyj*
+
+*   `FinderMethods#exists?` now returns `false` with the `false` argument.
+
+    *Egor Lynko*
+
+*   Added support for specifying the precision of a timestamp in the postgresql
+    adapter. So, instead of having to incorrectly specify the precision using the
+    `:limit` option, you may use `:precision`, as intended. For example, in a migration:
+
+        def change
+          create_table :foobars do |t|
+            t.timestamps :precision => 0
+          end
+        end
+
+    *Tony Schneider*
+
+*   Allow `ActiveRecord::Relation#pluck` to accept multiple columns. Returns an
+    array of arrays containing the typecasted values:
+
+        Person.pluck(:id, :name)
+        # SELECT people.id, people.name FROM people
+        # [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
+
+    *Jeroen van Ingen & Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+
+*   Improve the derivation of HABTM join table name to take account of nesting.
+    It now takes the table names of the two models, sorts them lexically and
+    then joins them, stripping any common prefix from the second table name.
+
+    Some examples:
+
+        Top level models (Category <=> Product)
+        Old: categories_products
+        New: categories_products
+
+        Top level models with a global table_name_prefix (Category <=> Product)
+        Old: site_categories_products
+        New: site_categories_products
+
+        Nested models in a module without a table_name_prefix method (Admin::Category <=> Admin::Product)
+        Old: categories_products
+        New: categories_products
+
+        Nested models in a module with a table_name_prefix method (Admin::Category <=> Admin::Product)
+        Old: categories_products
+        New: admin_categories_products
+
+        Nested models in a parent model (Catalog::Category <=> Catalog::Product)
+        Old: categories_products
+        New: catalog_categories_products
+
+        Nested models in different parent models (Catalog::Category <=> Content::Page)
+        Old: categories_pages
+        New: catalog_categories_content_pages
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Move HABTM validity checks to `ActiveRecord::Reflection`. One side effect of
+    this is to move when the exceptions are raised from the point of declaration
+    to when the association is built. This is consistant with other association
+    validity checks.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Added `stored_attributes` hash which contains the attributes stored using
+    `ActiveRecord::Store`. This allows you to retrieve the list of attributes
+    you've defined.
+
+       class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+         store :settings, accessors: [:color, :homepage]
+       end
+
+       User.stored_attributes[:settings] # [:color, :homepage]
+
+    *Joost Baaij & Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+
+*   `composed_of` was removed. You'll have to write your own accessor
+    and mutator methods if you'd like to use value objects to represent some
+    portion of your models. So, instead of:
+
+        class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+          composed_of :address, :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ]
+        end
+
+    you could write something like this:
+
+        def address
+          @address ||= Address.new(address_street, address_city)
+        end
+
+        def address=(address)
+          self[:address_street] = @address.street
+          self[:address_city]   = @address.city
+
+          @address = address
+        end
+
+    *Steve Klabnik*
+
+*   PostgreSQL default log level is now 'warning', to bypass the noisy notice
+    messages. You can change the log level using the `min_messages` option
+    available in your config/database.yml.
+
+    *kennyj*
+
+*   Add uuid datatype support to PostgreSQL adapter. *Konstantin Shabanov*
+
+*   `update_attribute` has been removed. Use `update_columns` if
+    you want to bypass mass-assignment protection, validations, callbacks,
+    and touching of updated_at. Otherwise please use `update_attributes`.
+
+    *Steve Klabnik*
+
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` that raises an error if
+    migrations are pending. *Richard Schneeman*
+
+*   Added `#destroy!` which acts like `#destroy` but will raise an
+    `ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed` exception instead of returning `false`.
+
+    *Marc-André Lafortune*
+
+*   Allow blocks for `count` with `ActiveRecord::Relation`, to work similar as
+    `Array#count`:
+
+        Person.where("age > 26").count { |person| person.gender == 'female' }
+
+    *Chris Finne & Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+
+*   Added support to `CollectionAssociation#delete` for passing `fixnum`
+    or `string` values as record ids. This finds the records responding
+    to the `id` and executes delete on them.
+
+        class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_many :pets
+        end
+
+        person.pets.delete("1") # => [#<Pet id: 1>]
+        person.pets.delete(2, 3) # => [#<Pet id: 2>, #<Pet id: 3>]
+
+    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+
+*   Deprecated most of the 'dynamic finder' methods. All dynamic methods
+    except for `find_by_...` and `find_by_...!` are deprecated. Here's
+    how you can rewrite the code:
+
+      * `find_all_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...)`
+      * `find_last_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...).last`
+      * `scoped_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...)`
+      * `find_or_initialize_by_...` can be rewritten using
+        `where(...).first_or_initialize`
+      * `find_or_create_by_...` can be rewritten using
+        `where(...).first_or_create`
+      * `find_or_create_by_...!` can be rewritten using
+        `where(...).first_or_create!`
+
+    The implementation of the deprecated dynamic finders has been moved
+    to the `active_record_deprecated_finders` gem. See below for details.
+
+    *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   Deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that
+    methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do. For
+    example this:
+
+        Post.find(:all, :conditions => { :comments_count => 10 }, :limit => 5)
+
+    Should be rewritten in the new style which has existed since Rails 3:
+
+        Post.where(comments_count: 10).limit(5)
+
+    Note that as an interim step, it is possible to rewrite the above as:
+
+        Post.scoped(:where => { :comments_count => 10 }, :limit => 5)
+
+    This could save you a lot of work if there is a lot of old-style
+    finder usage in your application.
+
+    Calling `Post.scoped(options)` is a shortcut for
+    `Post.scoped.merge(options)`. `Relation#merge` now accepts a hash of
+    options, but they must be identical to the names of the equivalent
+    finder method. These are mostly identical to the old-style finder
+    option names, except in the following cases:
+
+      * `:conditions` becomes `:where`
+      * `:include` becomes `:includes`
+      * `:extend` becomes `:extending`
+
+    The code to implement the deprecated features has been moved out to
+    the `active_record_deprecated_finders` gem. This gem is a dependency
+    of Active Record in Rails 4.0. It will no longer be a dependency
+    from Rails 4.1, but if your app relies on the deprecated features
+    then you can add it to your own Gemfile. It will be maintained by
+    the Rails core team until Rails 5.0 is released.
+
+    *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   It's not possible anymore to destroy a model marked as read only.
+
+    *Johannes Barre*
+
+*   Added ability to ActiveRecord::Relation#from to accept other ActiveRecord::Relation objects
+
+      Record.from(subquery)
+      Record.from(subquery, :a)
+
+    *Radoslav Stankov*
+
+*   Added custom coders support for ActiveRecord::Store. Now you can set
+    your custom coder like this:
+
+        store :settings, accessors: [ :color, :homepage ], coder: JSON
+
+    *Andrey Voronkov*
+
+*   `mysql` and `mysql2` connections will set `SQL_MODE=STRICT_ALL_TABLES` by
+    default to avoid silent data loss. This can be disabled by specifying
+    `strict: false` in your `database.yml`.
+
+    *Michael Pearson*
+
+*   Added default order to `first` to assure consistent results among
+    diferent database engines. Introduced `take` as a replacement to
+    the old behavior of `first`.
+
+    *Marcelo Silveira*
+
+*   Added an :index option to automatically create indexes for references
+    and belongs_to statements in migrations.
+
+    The `references` and `belongs_to` methods now support an `index`
+    option that receives either a boolean value or an options hash
+    that is identical to options available to the add_index method:
+
+      create_table :messages do |t|
+        t.references :person, :index => true
+      end
+
+      Is the same as:
+
+      create_table :messages do |t|
+        t.references :person
+      end
+      add_index :messages, :person_id
+
+    Generators have also been updated to use the new syntax.
+
+    [Joshua Wood]
+
+*   Added bang methods for mutating `ActiveRecord::Relation` objects.
+    For example, while `foo.where(:bar)` will return a new object
+    leaving `foo` unchanged, `foo.where!(:bar)` will mutate the foo
+    object
+
+    *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   Added `#find_by` and `#find_by!` to mirror the functionality
+    provided by dynamic finders in a way that allows dynamic input more
+    easily:
+
+        Post.find_by name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4
+        Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago
+        Post.find_by! name: 'Spartacus'
+
+    *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   Added ActiveRecord::Base#slice to return a hash of the given methods with
+    their names as keys and returned values as values.
+
+    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+
+*   Deprecate eager-evaluated scopes.
+
+    Don't use this:
+
+        scope :red, where(color: 'red')
+        default_scope where(color: 'red')
+
+    Use this:
+
+        scope :red, -> { where(color: 'red') }
+        default_scope { where(color: 'red') }
+
+    The former has numerous issues. It is a common newbie gotcha to do
+    the following:
+
+        scope :recent, where(published_at: Time.now - 2.weeks)
+
+    Or a more subtle variant:
+
+        scope :recent, -> { where(published_at: Time.now - 2.weeks) }
+        scope :recent_red, recent.where(color: 'red')
+
+    Eager scopes are also very complex to implement within Active
+    Record, and there are still bugs. For example, the following does
+    not do what you expect:
+
+        scope :remove_conditions, except(:where)
+        where(...).remove_conditions # => still has conditions
+
+    *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   Remove IdentityMap
+
+    IdentityMap has never graduated to be an "enabled-by-default" feature, due
+    to some inconsistencies with associations, as described in this commit:
+
+       https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/302c912bf6bcd0fa200d964ec2dc4a44abe328a6
+
+    Hence the removal from the codebase, until such issues are fixed.
+
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+
 *   Added the schema cache dump feature.
 
     `Schema cache dump` feature was implemetend. This feature can dump/load internal state of `SchemaCache` instance
@@ -153,6 +542,55 @@
 *   PostgreSQL hstore types are automatically deserialized from the database.
 
 
+## Rails 3.2.5 (Jun 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   Restore behavior of Active Record 3.2.3 scopes.
+    A series of commits relating to preloading and scopes caused a regression.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.4 (May 31, 2012) ##
+
+*   Perf fix: Don't load the records when doing assoc.delete_all.
+    GH #6289. *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   Association preloading shouldn't be affected by the current scoping.
+    This could cause infinite recursion and potentially other problems.
+    See GH #5667. *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   Datetime attributes are forced to be changed. GH #3965
+
+*   Fix attribute casting. GH #5549
+
+*   Fix #5667. Preloading should ignore scoping.
+
+*   Predicate builder should not recurse for determining where columns.
+    Thanks to Ben Murphy for reporting this! CVE-2012-2661
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.3 (March 30, 2012) ##
+
+*   Added find_or_create_by_{attribute}! dynamic method. *Andrew White*
+
+*   Whitelist all attribute assignment by default. Change the default for newly generated applications to whitelist all attribute assignment.  Also update the generated model classes so users are reminded of the importance of attr_accessible. *NZKoz*
+
+*   Update ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods#attribute_present? to return false for empty strings. *Jacobkg*
+
+*   Fix associations when using per class databases. *larskanis*
+
+*   Revert setting NOT NULL constraints in add_timestamps *fxn*
+
+*   Fix mysql to use proper text types. Fixes #3931. *kennyj*
+
+*   Fix #5069 - Protect foreign key from mass assignment through association builder. *byroot*
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.2 (March 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
 ## Rails 3.2.1 (January 26, 2012) ##
 
 *   The threshold for auto EXPLAIN is ignored if there's no logger. *fxn*
@@ -343,6 +781,7 @@
 
     *Aaron Christy*
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.4 (March 1, 2012) ##
 
  *   Fix a custom primary key regression *GH 3987*
@@ -370,6 +809,7 @@
 
      *Julius de Bruijn*
 
+
 ### Rails 3.1.3 (November 20, 2011) ##
 
 *   Perf fix: If we're deleting all records in an association, don't add a IN(..) clause
@@ -383,6 +823,7 @@
 
     *Christos Zisopoulos and Kenny J*
 
+
 ### Rails 3.1.2 (November 18, 2011) ##
 
 *   Fix bug with PostgreSQLAdapter#indexes. When the search path has multiple schemas, spaces
@@ -430,6 +871,7 @@
 
     *Kenny J*
 
+
 ## Rails 3.1.1 (October 7, 2011) ##
 
 *   Add deprecation for the preload_associations method. Fixes #3022.
@@ -456,7 +898,7 @@
 
 *   LRU cache in mysql and sqlite are now per-process caches.
 
-    * lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb: LRU cache  	  keys are per process id.
+    * lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb: LRU cache     keys are per process id.
     * lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb: ditto
     *Aaron Patterson*
 
@@ -468,19 +910,6 @@
     a URI that specifies the connection configuration.  For example:
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'postgres://localhost/foo'
 
-*   Active Record's dynamic finder will now raise the error if you passing in less number of arguments than what you call in method signature.
-
-    So if you were doing this and expecting the second argument to be nil:
-
-        User.find_by_username_and_group("sikachu")
-
-    You'll now get `ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2).` You'll then have to do this:
-
-        User.find_by_username_and_group("sikachu", nil)
-
-    *Prem Sichanugrist*
-
-
 ## Rails 3.1.0 (August 30, 2011) ##
 
 *   Add a proxy_association method to association proxies, which can be called by association
@@ -515,7 +944,7 @@
           has_one :account
         end
 
-        user.build_account{ |a| a.credit_limit => 100.0 }
+        user.build_account{ |a| a.credit_limit = 100.0 }
 
     The block is called after the instance has been initialized. *Andrew White*
 
@@ -975,8 +1404,6 @@
 
 ## Rails 3.0.0 (August 29, 2010) ##
 
-*   Changed update_attribute to not run callbacks and update the record directly in the database *Neeraj Singh*
-
 *   Add scoping and unscoped as the syntax to replace the old with_scope and with_exclusive_scope *José Valim*
 
 *   New rake task, db:migrate:status, displays status of migrations #4947 *Kevin Skoglund*
@@ -3888,7 +4315,7 @@
 
 *   Fixed that adding a record to a has_and_belongs_to collection would always save it -- now it only saves if its a new record #1203 *Alisdair McDiarmid*
 
-*   Fixed saving of in-memory association structures to happen as a after_create/after_update callback instead of after_save -- that way you can add new associations in after_create/after_update callbacks without getting them saved twice
+*   Fixed saving of in-memory association structures to happen as an after_create/after_update callback instead of after_save -- that way you can add new associations in after_create/after_update callbacks without getting them saved twice
 
 *   Allow any Enumerable, not just Array, to work as bind variables #1344 *Jeremy Kemper*
 
@@ -5401,7 +5828,7 @@
 
 *   Fixed that adding a record to a has_and_belongs_to collection would always save it -- now it only saves if its a new record #1203 *Alisdair McDiarmid*
 
-*   Fixed saving of in-memory association structures to happen as a after_create/after_update callback instead of after_save -- that way you can add new associations in after_create/after_update callbacks without getting them saved twice
+*   Fixed saving of in-memory association structures to happen as an after_create/after_update callback instead of after_save -- that way you can add new associations in after_create/after_update callbacks without getting them saved twice
 
 *   Allow any Enumerable, not just Array, to work as bind variables #1344 *Jeremy Kemper*
 
@@ -6323,7 +6750,7 @@
         post.categories.push_with_attributes(category, :added_on => Date.today)
         post.categories.first.added_on # => Date.today
 
-    NOTE: The categories table doesn't have a added_on column, it's the categories_post join table that does!
+    NOTE: The categories table doesn't have an added_on column, it's the categories_post join table that does!
 
 *   Fixed that :exclusively_dependent and :dependent can't be activated at the same time on has_many associations *Jeremy Kemper*
 
diff --git a/activerecord/README.rdoc b/activerecord/README.rdoc
index 30a66ff5f0..60965590a1 100644
--- a/activerecord/README.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/README.rdoc
@@ -46,25 +46,13 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Associations/ClassMethods.html]
 
 
-* Aggregations of value objects.
-
-   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
-     composed_of :balance, :class_name => "Money",
-                 :mapping => %w(balance amount)
-     composed_of :address,
-                 :mapping => [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)]
-   end
-
-  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Aggregations/ClassMethods.html]
-
-
 * Validation rules that can differ for new or existing objects.
 
     class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
-      validates_presence_of     :subdomain, :name, :email_address, :password
-      validates_uniqueness_of   :subdomain
-      validates_acceptance_of   :terms_of_service, :on => :create
-      validates_confirmation_of :password, :email_address, :on => :create
+      validates :subdomain, :name, :email_address, :password, presence: true
+      validates :subdomain, uniqueness: true
+      validates :terms_of_service, acceptance: true, on: :create
+      validates :password, :email_address, confirmation: true, on: :create
     end
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Validations.html]
diff --git a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS
index a1ed6712c5..bdd8834dcb 100644
--- a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS
+++ b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-== Configure databases
+== Setup
 
-Copy test/config.example.yml to test/config.yml and edit as needed. Or just run the tests for
-the first time, which will do the copy automatically and use the default (sqlite3).
+If you don't have the environment set make sure to read
 
-You can build postgres and mysql databases using the postgresql:build_databases and mysql:build_databases rake tasks.
+    http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#testing-active-record.
 
-== Running the tests
+== Running the Tests
 
 You can run a particular test file from the command line, e.g.
 
@@ -26,14 +25,7 @@ You can run all the tests for a given database via rake:
 
 The 'rake test' task will run all the tests for mysql, mysql2, sqlite3 and postgresql.
 
-== Identity Map
-
-By default the tests run with the Identity Map turned off. But all tests should pass whether or
-not the identity map is on or off. You can turn it on using the IM env variable:
-
-  $ IM=true ruby -Itest test/case/base_test.rb
-
-== Config file
+== Custom Config file
 
 By default, the config file is expected to be at the path test/config.yml. You can specify a
 custom location with the ARCONFIG environment variable.
diff --git a/activerecord/Rakefile b/activerecord/Rakefile
index 4090293b56..a29d7b0e99 100755..100644
--- a/activerecord/Rakefile
+++ b/activerecord/Rakefile
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rake
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rake/packagetask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
@@ -115,6 +114,16 @@ namespace :postgresql do
     config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
     %x( createdb -E UTF8 #{config['arunit']['database']} )
     %x( createdb -E UTF8 #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
+
+    # prepare hstore
+    version = %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2")
+    %w(arunit arunit2).each do |db|
+      if version < "9.1.0"
+        puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/hstore.html"
+      else
+        %x( psql #{config[db]['database']} -c "CREATE EXTENSION hstore;" )
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   desc 'Drop the PostgreSQL test databases'
diff --git a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
index 26eb74df0f..dca7f13fd2 100644
--- a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
+++ b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.description = 'Databases on Rails. Build a persistent domain model by mapping database tables to Ruby classes. Strong conventions for associations, validations, aggregations, migrations, and testing come baked-in.'
 
   s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.license     = 'MIT'
 
   s.author            = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
   s.email             = 'david@loudthinking.com'
@@ -22,4 +23,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency('activesupport', version)
   s.add_dependency('activemodel',   version)
   s.add_dependency('arel',          '~> 3.0.2')
+
+  s.add_dependency('active_record_deprecated_finders', '0.0.1')
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index 73c8a06ab7..a894d83ea7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 #++
 
 require 'active_support'
-require 'active_support/i18n'
 require 'active_model'
 require 'arel'
+require 'active_record_deprecated_finders'
 
 require 'active_record/version'
 
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :ConnectionNotEstablished, 'active_record/errors'
     autoload :ConnectionAdapters, 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
 
-    autoload :Aggregations
     autoload :Associations
     autoload :AttributeMethods
     autoload :AttributeAssignment
@@ -62,10 +61,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :CounterCache
     autoload :ConnectionHandling
     autoload :DynamicMatchers
-    autoload :DynamicFinderMatch
-    autoload :DynamicScopeMatch
     autoload :Explain
-    autoload :IdentityMap
     autoload :Inheritance
     autoload :Integration
     autoload :Migration
@@ -83,6 +79,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :Sanitization
     autoload :Schema
     autoload :SchemaDumper
+    autoload :SchemaMigration
     autoload :Scoping
     autoload :Serialization
     autoload :SessionStore
@@ -139,6 +136,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  module Tasks
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :DatabaseTasks
+    autoload :SQLiteDatabaseTasks, 'active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks'
+    autoload :MySQLDatabaseTasks,  'active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks'
+    autoload :PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks,
+      'active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks'
+  end
+
   autoload :TestCase
   autoload :TestFixtures, 'active_record/fixtures'
 end
@@ -147,4 +154,6 @@ ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
   Arel::Table.engine = self
 end
 
-I18n.load_path << File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/active_record/locale/en.yml'
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:i18n) do
+  I18n.load_path << File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/active_record/locale/en.yml'
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c39284539c..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,255 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Aggregations
-  module Aggregations # :nodoc:
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    def clear_aggregation_cache #:nodoc:
-      @aggregation_cache.clear if persisted?
-    end
-
-    # Active Record implements aggregation through a macro-like class method called +composed_of+
-    # for representing attributes  as value objects. It expresses relationships like "Account [is]
-    # composed of Money [among other things]" or "Person [is] composed of [an] address". Each call
-    # to the macro adds a description of how the value objects  are created from the attributes of
-    # the entity object (when the entity is initialized either  as a new object or from finding an
-    # existing object) and how it can be turned back into attributes  (when the entity is saved to
-    # the database).
-    #
-    #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     composed_of :balance, :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount)
-    #     composed_of :address, :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ]
-    #   end
-    #
-    # The customer class now has the following methods to manipulate the value objects:
-    # * <tt>Customer#balance, Customer#balance=(money)</tt>
-    # * <tt>Customer#address, Customer#address=(address)</tt>
-    #
-    # These methods will operate with value objects like the ones described below:
-    #
-    #  class Money
-    #    include Comparable
-    #    attr_reader :amount, :currency
-    #    EXCHANGE_RATES = { "USD_TO_DKK" => 6 }
-    #
-    #    def initialize(amount, currency = "USD")
-    #      @amount, @currency = amount, currency
-    #    end
-    #
-    #    def exchange_to(other_currency)
-    #      exchanged_amount = (amount * EXCHANGE_RATES["#{currency}_TO_#{other_currency}"]).floor
-    #      Money.new(exchanged_amount, other_currency)
-    #    end
-    #
-    #    def ==(other_money)
-    #      amount == other_money.amount && currency == other_money.currency
-    #    end
-    #
-    #    def <=>(other_money)
-    #      if currency == other_money.currency
-    #        amount <=> other_money.amount
-    #      else
-    #        amount <=> other_money.exchange_to(currency).amount
-    #      end
-    #    end
-    #  end
-    #
-    #  class Address
-    #    attr_reader :street, :city
-    #    def initialize(street, city)
-    #      @street, @city = street, city
-    #    end
-    #
-    #    def close_to?(other_address)
-    #      city == other_address.city
-    #    end
-    #
-    #    def ==(other_address)
-    #      city == other_address.city && street == other_address.street
-    #    end
-    #  end
-    #
-    # Now it's possible to access attributes from the database through the value objects instead. If
-    # you choose to name the composition the same as the attribute's name, it will be the only way to
-    # access that attribute. That's the case with our +balance+ attribute. You interact with the value
-    # objects just like you would any other attribute, though:
-    #
-    #   customer.balance = Money.new(20)     # sets the Money value object and the attribute
-    #   customer.balance                     # => Money value object
-    #   customer.balance.exchange_to("DKK")  # => Money.new(120, "DKK")
-    #   customer.balance > Money.new(10)     # => true
-    #   customer.balance == Money.new(20)    # => true
-    #   customer.balance < Money.new(5)      # => false
-    #
-    # Value objects can also be composed of multiple attributes, such as the case of Address. The order
-    # of the mappings will determine the order of the parameters.
-    #
-    #   customer.address_street = "Hyancintvej"
-    #   customer.address_city   = "Copenhagen"
-    #   customer.address        # => Address.new("Hyancintvej", "Copenhagen")
-    #   customer.address = Address.new("May Street", "Chicago")
-    #   customer.address_street # => "May Street"
-    #   customer.address_city   # => "Chicago"
-    #
-    # == Writing value objects
-    #
-    # Value objects are immutable and interchangeable objects that represent a given value, such as
-    # a Money object representing $5. Two Money objects both representing $5 should be equal (through
-    # methods such as <tt>==</tt> and <tt><=></tt> from Comparable if ranking makes sense). This is
-    # unlike entity objects where equality is determined by identity. An entity class such as Customer can
-    # easily have two different objects that both have an address on Hyancintvej. Entity identity is
-    # determined by object or relational unique identifiers (such as primary keys). Normal
-    # ActiveRecord::Base classes are entity objects.
-    #
-    # It's also important to treat the value objects as immutable. Don't allow the Money object to have
-    # its amount changed after creation. Create a new Money object with the new value instead. This
-    # is exemplified by the Money#exchange_to method that returns a new value object instead of changing
-    # its own values. Active Record won't persist value objects that have been changed through means
-    # other than the writer method.
-    #
-    # The immutable requirement is enforced by Active Record by freezing any object assigned as a value
-    # object. Attempting to change it afterwards will result in a ActiveSupport::FrozenObjectError.
-    #
-    # Read more about value objects on http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObject and on the dangers of not
-    # keeping value objects immutable on http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObjectsShouldBeImmutable
-    #
-    # == Custom constructors and converters
-    #
-    # By default value objects are initialized by calling the <tt>new</tt> constructor of the value
-    # class passing each of the mapped attributes, in the order specified by the <tt>:mapping</tt>
-    # option, as arguments. If the value class doesn't support this convention then +composed_of+ allows
-    # a custom constructor to be specified.
-    #
-    # When a new value is assigned to the value object the default assumption is that the new value
-    # is an instance of the value class. Specifying a custom converter allows the new value to be automatically
-    # converted to an instance of value class if necessary.
-    #
-    # For example, the NetworkResource model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that
-    # should be aggregated using the NetAddr::CIDR value class (http://netaddr.rubyforge.org). The constructor
-    # for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter. New
-    # values can be assigned to the value object using either another NetAddr::CIDR object, a string
-    # or an array. The <tt>:constructor</tt> and <tt>:converter</tt> options can be used to meet
-    # these requirements:
-    #
-    #   class NetworkResource < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     composed_of :cidr,
-    #                 :class_name => 'NetAddr::CIDR',
-    #                 :mapping => [ %w(network_address network), %w(cidr_range bits) ],
-    #                 :allow_nil => true,
-    #                 :constructor => Proc.new { |network_address, cidr_range| NetAddr::CIDR.create("#{network_address}/#{cidr_range}") },
-    #                 :converter => Proc.new { |value| NetAddr::CIDR.create(value.is_a?(Array) ? value.join('/') : value) }
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   # This calls the :constructor
-    #   network_resource = NetworkResource.new(:network_address => '192.168.0.1', :cidr_range => 24)
-    #
-    #   # These assignments will both use the :converter
-    #   network_resource.cidr = [ '192.168.2.1', 8 ]
-    #   network_resource.cidr = '192.168.0.1/24'
-    #
-    #   # This assignment won't use the :converter as the value is already an instance of the value class
-    #   network_resource.cidr = NetAddr::CIDR.create('192.168.2.1/8')
-    #
-    #   # Saving and then reloading will use the :constructor on reload
-    #   network_resource.save
-    #   network_resource.reload
-    #
-    # == Finding records by a value object
-    #
-    # Once a +composed_of+ relationship is specified for a model, records can be loaded from the database
-    # by specifying an instance of the value object in the conditions hash. The following example
-    # finds all customers with +balance_amount+ equal to 20 and +balance_currency+ equal to "USD":
-    #
-    #   Customer.where(:balance => Money.new(20, "USD")).all
-    #
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Adds reader and writer methods for manipulating a value object:
-      # <tt>composed_of :address</tt> adds <tt>address</tt> and <tt>address=(new_address)</tt> methods.
-      #
-      # Options are:
-      # * <tt>:class_name</tt> - Specifies the class name of the association. Use it only if that name
-      #   can't be inferred from the part id. So <tt>composed_of :address</tt> will by default be linked
-      #   to the Address class, but if the real class name is CompanyAddress, you'll have to specify it
-      #   with this option.
-      # * <tt>:mapping</tt> - Specifies the mapping of entity attributes to attributes of the value
-      #   object. Each mapping is represented as an array where the first item is the name of the
-      #   entity attribute and the second item is the name of the attribute in the value object. The
-      #   order in which mappings are defined determines the order in which attributes are sent to the
-      #   value class constructor.
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Specifies that the value object will not be instantiated when all mapped
-      #   attributes are +nil+. Setting the value object to +nil+ has the effect of writing +nil+ to all
-      #   mapped attributes.
-      #   This defaults to +false+.
-      # * <tt>:constructor</tt> - A symbol specifying the name of the constructor method or a Proc that
-      #   is called to initialize the value object. The constructor is passed all of the mapped attributes,
-      #   in the order that they are defined in the <tt>:mapping option</tt>, as arguments and uses them
-      #   to instantiate a <tt>:class_name</tt> object.
-      #   The default is <tt>:new</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:converter</tt> - A symbol specifying the name of a class method of <tt>:class_name</tt>
-      #   or a Proc that is called when a new value is assigned to the value object. The converter is
-      #   passed the single value that is used in the assignment and is only called if the new value is
-      #   not an instance of <tt>:class_name</tt>.
-      #
-      # Option examples:
-      #   composed_of :temperature, :mapping => %w(reading celsius)
-      #   composed_of :balance, :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount),
-      #                         :converter => Proc.new { |balance| balance.to_money }
-      #   composed_of :address, :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ]
-      #   composed_of :gps_location
-      #   composed_of :gps_location, :allow_nil => true
-      #   composed_of :ip_address,
-      #               :class_name => 'IPAddr',
-      #               :mapping => %w(ip to_i),
-      #               :constructor => Proc.new { |ip| IPAddr.new(ip, Socket::AF_INET) },
-      #               :converter => Proc.new { |ip| ip.is_a?(Integer) ? IPAddr.new(ip, Socket::AF_INET) : IPAddr.new(ip.to_s) }
-      #
-      def composed_of(part_id, options = {})
-        options.assert_valid_keys(:class_name, :mapping, :allow_nil, :constructor, :converter)
-
-        name        = part_id.id2name
-        class_name  = options[:class_name]  || name.camelize
-        mapping     = options[:mapping]     || [ name, name ]
-        mapping     = [ mapping ] unless mapping.first.is_a?(Array)
-        allow_nil   = options[:allow_nil]   || false
-        constructor = options[:constructor] || :new
-        converter   = options[:converter]
-
-        reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor)
-        writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)
-
-        create_reflection(:composed_of, part_id, options, self)
-      end
-
-      private
-        def reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor)
-          define_method(name) do
-            if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? {|pair| !read_attribute(pair.first).nil? })
-              attrs = mapping.collect {|pair| read_attribute(pair.first)}
-              object = constructor.respond_to?(:call) ?
-                constructor.call(*attrs) :
-                class_name.constantize.send(constructor, *attrs)
-              @aggregation_cache[name] = object
-            end
-            @aggregation_cache[name]
-          end
-        end
-
-        def writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)
-          define_method("#{name}=") do |part|
-            if part.nil? && allow_nil
-              mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = nil }
-              @aggregation_cache[name] = nil
-            else
-              unless part.is_a?(class_name.constantize) || converter.nil?
-                part = converter.respond_to?(:call) ?
-                  converter.call(part) :
-                  class_name.constantize.send(converter, part)
-              end
-
-              mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = part.send(pair.last) }
-              @aggregation_cache[name] = part.freeze
-            end
-          end
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 5289110309..7df9edfc98 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     #   @group = Group.first
-    #   @group.users.collect { |u| u.avatar }.flatten # select all avatars for all users in the group
+    #   @group.users.collect { |u| u.avatar }.compact # select all avatars for all users in the group
     #   @group.avatars                                # selects all avatars by going through the User join model.
     #
     # An important caveat with going through +has_one+ or +has_many+ associations on the
@@ -1106,15 +1106,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   a +belongs_to+, and the records which get deleted are the join records, rather than
       #   the associated records.
       #
-      # [:finder_sql]
-      #   Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the association. This is a good way to go for complex
-      #   associations that depend on multiple tables. May be supplied as a string or a proc where interpolation is
-      #   required. Note: When this option is used, +find_in_collection+
-      #   is _not_ added.
-      # [:counter_sql]
-      #   Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the size of the association. If <tt>:finder_sql</tt> is
-      #   specified but not <tt>:counter_sql</tt>, <tt>:counter_sql</tt> will be generated by
-      #   replacing <tt>SELECT ... FROM</tt> with <tt>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM</tt>.
       # [:extend]
       #   Specify a named module for extending the proxy. See "Association extensions".
       # [:include]
@@ -1131,7 +1122,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   it would skip the first 4 rows.
       # [:select]
       #   By default, this is <tt>*</tt> as in <tt>SELECT * FROM</tt>, but can be changed if
-      #   you, for example, want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget
+      #   you want to do a join but not include the joined columns, for example. Do not forget
       #   to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
       # [:as]
       #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See <tt>belongs_to</tt>).
@@ -1169,6 +1160,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction,
       #   when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated objects.
       #   By default, only save associated objects that are new records.
+      #
+      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:inverse_of]
       #   Specifies the name of the <tt>belongs_to</tt> association on the associated object
       #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_many</tt> association. Does not work in combination
@@ -1184,16 +1177,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_many :tags, :as => :taggable
       #   has_many :reports, :readonly => true
       #   has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions, :source => :user
-      #   has_many :subscribers, :class_name => "Person", :finder_sql => Proc.new {
-      #       %Q{
-      #         SELECT DISTINCT *
-      #         FROM people p, post_subscriptions ps
-      #         WHERE ps.post_id = #{id} AND ps.person_id = p.id
-      #         ORDER BY p.first_name
-      #       }
-      #   }
-      def has_many(name, options = {}, &extension)
-        Builder::HasMany.build(self, name, options, &extension)
+      def has_many(name, scope = nil, options = {}, &extension)
+        Builder::HasMany.build(self, name, scope, options, &extension)
       end
 
       # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
@@ -1266,8 +1251,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:as]
       #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See <tt>belongs_to</tt>).
       # [:select]
-      #   By default, this is <tt>*</tt> as in <tt>SELECT * FROM</tt>, but can be changed if, for example,
-      #   you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the
+      #   By default, this is <tt>*</tt> as in <tt>SELECT * FROM</tt>, but can be changed if
+      #   you want to do a join but not include the joined columns, for example. Do not forget to include the
       #   primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
       # [:through]
       #   Specifies a Join Model through which to perform the query. Options for <tt>:class_name</tt>,
@@ -1290,6 +1275,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction,
       #   when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated object.
       #   By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.
+      #
+      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:inverse_of]
       #   Specifies the name of the <tt>belongs_to</tt> association on the associated object
       #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_one</tt> association. Does not work in combination
@@ -1306,8 +1293,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_one :boss, :readonly => :true
       #   has_one :club, :through => :membership
       #   has_one :primary_address, :through => :addressables, :conditions => ["addressable.primary = ?", true], :source => :addressable
-      def has_one(name, options = {})
-        Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, options)
+      def has_one(name, scope = nil, options = {})
+        Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, scope, options)
       end
 
       # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
@@ -1357,7 +1344,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   SQL fragment, such as <tt>authorized = 1</tt>.
       # [:select]
       #   By default, this is <tt>*</tt> as in <tt>SELECT * FROM</tt>, but can be changed
-      #   if, for example, you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not
+      #   if you want to do a join but not include the joined columns, for example. Do not
       #   forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
       # [:foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
@@ -1384,7 +1371,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   and +decrement_counter+. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this
       #   class is created and decremented when it's destroyed. This requires that a column
       #   named <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> (such as +comments_count+ for a belonging Comment class)
-      #   is used on the associate class (such as a Post class). You can also specify a custom counter
+      #   is used on the associate class (such as a Post class) - that is the migration for
+      #   <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> is created on the associate class (such that Post.comments_count will
+      #   return the count cached, see note below). You can also specify a custom counter
       #   cache column by providing a column name instead of a +true+/+false+ value to this
       #   option (e.g., <tt>:counter_cache => :my_custom_counter</tt>.)
       #   Note: Specifying a counter cache will add it to that model's list of readonly attributes
@@ -1404,6 +1393,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   saving the parent object.
       #   If false, never save or destroy the associated object.
       #   By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.
+      #
+      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:touch]
       #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to now)
       #   when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute
@@ -1425,14 +1416,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   belongs_to :post, :counter_cache => true
       #   belongs_to :company, :touch => true
       #   belongs_to :company, :touch => :employees_last_updated_at
-      def belongs_to(name, options = {})
-        Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, options)
+      def belongs_to(name, scope = nil, options = {})
+        Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, scope, options)
       end
 
       # Specifies a many-to-many relationship with another class. This associates two classes via an
       # intermediate join table. Unless the join table is explicitly specified as an option, it is
       # guessed using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between Developer and Project
-      # will give the default join table name of "developers_projects" because "D" outranks "P".
+      # will give the default join table name of "developers_projects" because "D" precedes "P" alphabetically.
       # Note that this precedence is calculated using the <tt><</tt> operator for String. This
       # means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared
       # up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher
@@ -1514,8 +1505,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.size</tt>
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.find(id)</tt>
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.exists?(...)</tt>
-      # * <tt>Developer#projects.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Project.new("project_id" => id)</tt>)
-      # * <tt>Developer#projects.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Project.new("project_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Project.new("developer_id" => id)</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Project.new("developer_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
       # The declaration may include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
       #
       # === Options
@@ -1549,18 +1540,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   such as <tt>last_name, first_name DESC</tt>
       # [:uniq]
       #   If true, duplicate associated objects will be ignored by accessors and query methods.
-      # [:finder_sql]
-      #   Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to fetch the association with a manual statement
-      # [:counter_sql]
-      #   Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the size of the association. If <tt>:finder_sql</tt> is
-      #   specified but not <tt>:counter_sql</tt>, <tt>:counter_sql</tt> will be generated by
-      #   replacing <tt>SELECT ... FROM</tt> with <tt>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM</tt>.
-      # [:delete_sql]
-      #   Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to remove links between the associated
-      #   classes with a manual statement.
-      # [:insert_sql]
-      #   Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to add links between the associated classes
-      #   with a manual statement.
       # [:extend]
       #   Anonymous module for extending the proxy, see "Association extensions".
       # [:include]
@@ -1576,8 +1555,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5,
       #   it would skip the first 4 rows.
       # [:select]
-      #   By default, this is <tt>*</tt> as in <tt>SELECT * FROM</tt>, but can be changed if, for example,
-      #   you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary
+      #   By default, this is <tt>*</tt> as in <tt>SELECT * FROM</tt>, but can be changed if
+      #   you want to do a join but exclude the joined columns, for example. Do not forget to include the primary
       #   and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
       # [:readonly]
       #   If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
@@ -1589,16 +1568,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If false, never save or destroy the associated objects.
       #   By default, only save associated objects that are new records.
       #
+      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :include => [ :milestones, :manager ]
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :nations, :class_name => "Country"
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :join_table => "prods_cats"
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :readonly => true
-      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :active_projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :delete_sql =>
-      #   "DELETE FROM developers_projects WHERE active=1 AND developer_id = #{id} AND project_id = #{record.id}"
-      def has_and_belongs_to_many(name, options = {}, &extension)
-        Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.build(self, name, options, &extension)
+      def has_and_belongs_to_many(name, scope = nil, options = {}, &extension)
+        Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.build(self, name, scope, options, &extension)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
index 512c52338e..7db6d658f6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
@@ -25,10 +25,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def initialize(owner, reflection)
         reflection.check_validity!
 
-        @target = nil
         @owner, @reflection = owner, reflection
-        @updated = false
-        @stale_state = nil
 
         reset
         reset_scope
@@ -39,14 +36,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   post.comments.aliased_table_name # => "comments"
       #
       def aliased_table_name
-        reflection.klass.table_name
+        klass.table_name
       end
 
       # Resets the \loaded flag to +false+ and sets the \target to +nil+.
       def reset
         @loaded = false
-        IdentityMap.remove(target) if IdentityMap.enabled? && target
         @target = nil
+        @stale_state = nil
       end
 
       # Reloads the \target and returns +self+ on success.
@@ -135,29 +132,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound is rescued within the method, and it is
       # not reraised. The proxy is \reset and +nil+ is the return value.
       def load_target
-        if find_target?
-          begin
-            if IdentityMap.enabled? && association_class && association_class.respond_to?(:base_class)
-              @target = IdentityMap.get(association_class, owner[reflection.foreign_key])
-            end
-          rescue NameError
-            nil
-          ensure
-            @target ||= find_target
-          end
-        end
+        @target = find_target if (@stale_state && stale_target?) || find_target?
+
         loaded! unless loaded?
         target
       rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
         reset
       end
 
-      def interpolate(sql, record = nil)
-        if sql.respond_to?(:to_proc)
-          owner.send(:instance_exec, record, &sql)
-        else
-          sql
-        end
+      # We can't dump @reflection since it contains the scope proc
+      def marshal_dump
+        reflection  = @reflection
+        @reflection = nil
+
+        ivars = instance_variables.map { |name| [name, instance_variable_get(name)] }
+        [reflection.name, ivars]
+      end
+
+      def marshal_load(data)
+        reflection_name, ivars = data
+        ivars.each { |name, val| instance_variable_set(name, val) }
+        @reflection = @owner.class.reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
       end
 
       private
@@ -226,10 +221,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def stale_state
         end
 
-        def association_class
-          @reflection.klass
-        end
-
         def build_record(attributes, options)
           reflection.build_association(attributes, options) do |record|
             attributes = create_scope.except(*(record.changed - [reflection.foreign_key]))
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
index 2972b7e13e..cb97490ef1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       attr_reader :association, :alias_tracker
 
-      delegate :klass, :owner, :reflection, :interpolate, :to => :association
-      delegate :chain, :conditions, :options, :source_options, :active_record, :to => :reflection
+      delegate :klass, :owner, :reflection, :to => :association
+      delegate :chain, :scope_chain, :options, :source_options, :active_record, :to => :reflection
 
       def initialize(association)
         @association   = association
@@ -15,19 +15,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def scope
         scope = klass.unscoped
-        scope = scope.extending(*Array(options[:extend]))
-
-        # It's okay to just apply all these like this. The options will only be present if the
-        # association supports that option; this is enforced by the association builder.
-        scope = scope.apply_finder_options(options.slice(
-          :readonly, :include, :references, :order, :limit, :joins, :group, :having, :offset, :select))
-
-        if options[:through] && !options[:include]
-          scope = scope.includes(source_options[:include])
-        end
-
-        scope = scope.uniq if options[:uniq]
-
+        scope.merge! eval_scope(klass, reflection.scope) if reflection.scope
         add_constraints(scope)
       end
 
@@ -81,8 +69,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
             foreign_key = reflection.active_record_primary_key
           end
 
-          conditions = self.conditions[i]
-
           if reflection == chain.last
             bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, key.to_s, owner[foreign_key]
             scope    = scope.where(table[key].eq(bind_val))
@@ -92,14 +78,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
               bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value
               scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
             end
-
-            conditions.each do |condition|
-              if options[:through] && condition.is_a?(Hash)
-                condition = { table.name => condition }
-              end
-
-              scope = scope.where(interpolate(condition))
-            end
           else
             constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
 
@@ -109,13 +87,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
 
             scope = scope.joins(join(foreign_table, constraint))
+          end
 
-            conditions.each do |condition|
-              condition = interpolate(condition)
-              condition = { (table.table_alias || table.name) => condition } unless i == 0
+          # Exclude the scope of the association itself, because that
+          # was already merged in the #scope method.
+          (scope_chain[i] - [self.reflection.scope]).each do |scope_chain_item|
+            item = eval_scope(reflection.klass, scope_chain_item)
 
-              scope = scope.where(condition)
-            end
+            scope.includes! item.includes_values
+            scope.where_values += item.where_values
           end
         end
 
@@ -137,6 +117,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def eval_scope(klass, scope)
+        if scope.is_a?(Relation)
+          scope
+        else
+          klass.unscoped.instance_exec(owner, &scope)
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
index 97f531d064..ddfc6f6c05 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         self.target = record
       end
 
+      def reset
+        super
+        @updated = false
+      end
+
       def updated?
         @updated
       end
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def stale_state
-          owner[reflection.foreign_key].to_s
+          owner[reflection.foreign_key] && owner[reflection.foreign_key].to_s
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
index 2ee5dbbd70..88ce03a3cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def stale_state
-          [super, owner[reflection.foreign_type].to_s]
+          foreign_key = super
+          foreign_key && [foreign_key.to_s, owner[reflection.foreign_type].to_s]
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
index 2059d8acdf..f45ab1aff4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
@@ -1,36 +1,61 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class Association #:nodoc:
-    class_attribute :valid_options
-    self.valid_options = [:class_name, :foreign_key, :select, :conditions, :include, :extend, :readonly, :validate, :references]
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :valid_options
+    end
 
-    # Set by subclasses
-    class_attribute :macro
+    self.valid_options = [:class_name, :foreign_key, :validate]
 
-    attr_reader :model, :name, :options, :reflection
+    attr_reader :model, :name, :scope, :options, :reflection
 
-    def self.build(model, name, options)
-      new(model, name, options).build
+    def self.build(*args, &block)
+      new(*args, &block).build
     end
 
-    def initialize(model, name, options)
-      @model, @name, @options = model, name, options
+    def initialize(model, name, scope, options)
+      @model   = model
+      @name    = name
+
+      if scope.is_a?(Hash)
+        @scope   = nil
+        @options = scope
+      else
+        @scope   = scope
+        @options = options
+      end
+
+      if @scope && @scope.arity == 0
+        prev_scope = @scope
+        @scope = proc { instance_exec(&prev_scope) }
+      end
     end
 
     def mixin
       @model.generated_feature_methods
     end
 
+    include Module.new { def build; end }
+
     def build
       validate_options
-      reflection = model.create_reflection(self.class.macro, name, options, model)
       define_accessors
-      reflection
+      @reflection = model.create_reflection(macro, name, scope, options, model)
+      super # provides an extension point
+      @reflection
+    end
+
+    def macro
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    def valid_options
+      Association.valid_options
     end
 
     private
 
       def validate_options
-        options.assert_valid_keys(self.class.valid_options)
+        options.assert_valid_keys(valid_options)
       end
 
       def define_accessors
@@ -69,12 +94,12 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       def define_restrict_dependency_method
         name = self.name
         mixin.redefine_method(dependency_method_name) do
-          # has_many or has_one associations
-          if send(name).respond_to?(:exists?) ? send(name).exists? : !send(name).nil?
+          has_one_macro = association(name).reflection.macro == :has_one
+          if has_one_macro ? !send(name).nil? : send(name).exists?
             if dependent_restrict_raises?
               raise ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError.new(name)
             else
-              key  = association(name).reflection.macro == :has_one ? "one" : "many"
+              key  = has_one_macro ? "one" : "many"
               errors.add(:base, :"restrict_dependent_destroy.#{key}",
                          :record => self.class.human_attribute_name(name).downcase)
               return false
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
index 4183c222de..4bef996297 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class BelongsTo < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
-    self.macro = :belongs_to
+    def macro
+      :belongs_to
+    end
 
-    self.valid_options += [:foreign_type, :polymorphic, :touch]
+    def valid_options
+      super + [:foreign_type, :polymorphic, :touch]
+    end
 
     def constructable?
       !options[:polymorphic]
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
index 768f70b6c9..b28d6a746c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
@@ -2,19 +2,14 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class CollectionAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
     CALLBACKS = [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove]
 
-    self.valid_options += [
-      :table_name, :order, :group, :having, :limit, :offset, :uniq, :finder_sql,
-      :counter_sql, :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove
-    ]
-
-    attr_reader :block_extension
-
-    def self.build(model, name, options, &extension)
-      new(model, name, options, &extension).build
+    def valid_options
+      super + [:table_name, :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove]
     end
 
-    def initialize(model, name, options, &extension)
-      super(model, name, options)
+    attr_reader :block_extension, :extension_module
+
+    def initialize(*args, &extension)
+      super(*args)
       @block_extension = extension
     end
 
@@ -32,18 +27,24 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     private
 
       def wrap_block_extension
-        options[:extend] = Array(options[:extend])
-
         if block_extension
+          @extension_module = mod = Module.new(&block_extension)
           silence_warnings do
-            model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, Module.new(&block_extension))
+            model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, mod)
+          end
+
+          prev_scope = @scope
+
+          if prev_scope
+            @scope = proc { |owner| instance_exec(owner, &prev_scope).extending(mod) }
+          else
+            @scope = proc { extending(mod) }
           end
-          options[:extend].push("#{model.parent}::#{extension_module_name}".constantize)
         end
       end
 
       def extension_module_name
-        @extension_module_name ||= "#{model.to_s.demodulize}#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
+        @extension_module_name ||= "#{model.name.demodulize}#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
       end
 
       def define_callback(callback_name)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
index 0b634ab944..a30e2dab26 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class HasAndBelongsToMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-    self.macro = :has_and_belongs_to_many
+    def macro
+      :has_and_belongs_to_many
+    end
 
-    self.valid_options += [:join_table, :association_foreign_key, :delete_sql, :insert_sql]
+    def valid_options
+      super + [:join_table, :association_foreign_key]
+    end
 
     def build
       reflection = super
-      check_validity(reflection)
       define_destroy_hook
       reflection
     end
@@ -18,40 +21,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         model.send(:include, Module.new {
           class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
             def destroy_associations
-              association(#{name.to_sym.inspect}).delete_all_on_destroy
+              association(#{name.to_sym.inspect}).delete_all
               super
             end
           RUBY
         })
       end
-
-      # TODO: These checks should probably be moved into the Reflection, and we should not be
-      #       redefining the options[:join_table] value - instead we should define a
-      #       reflection.join_table method.
-      def check_validity(reflection)
-        if reflection.association_foreign_key == reflection.foreign_key
-          raise ActiveRecord::HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded.new(reflection)
-        end
-
-        reflection.options[:join_table] ||= join_table_name(
-          model.send(:undecorated_table_name, model.to_s),
-          model.send(:undecorated_table_name, reflection.class_name)
-        )
-      end
-
-      # Generates a join table name from two provided table names.
-      # The names in the join table names end up in lexicographic order.
-      #
-      #   join_table_name("members", "clubs")         # => "clubs_members"
-      #   join_table_name("members", "special_clubs") # => "members_special_clubs"
-      def join_table_name(first_table_name, second_table_name)
-        if first_table_name < second_table_name
-          join_table = "#{first_table_name}_#{second_table_name}"
-        else
-          join_table = "#{second_table_name}_#{first_table_name}"
-        end
-
-        model.table_name_prefix + join_table + model.table_name_suffix
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
index 9ddfd433e4..81df1fb135 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class HasMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-    self.macro = :has_many
+    def macro
+      :has_many
+    end
 
-    self.valid_options += [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of]
+    def valid_options
+      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of]
+    end
 
     def build
       reflection = super
@@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       def define_delete_all_dependency_method
         name = self.name
         mixin.redefine_method(dependency_method_name) do
-          association(name).delete_all_on_destroy
+          association(name).delete_all
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
index bc8a212bee..cdb45e8e58 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class HasOne < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
-    self.macro = :has_one
-
-    self.valid_options += [:order, :as]
+    def macro
+      :has_one
+    end
 
-    class_attribute :through_options
-    self.through_options = [:through, :source, :source_type]
+    def valid_options
+      valid = super + [:order, :as]
+      valid += [:through, :source, :source_type] if options[:through]
+      valid
+    end
 
     def constructable?
       !options[:through]
@@ -21,12 +24,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
 
     private
 
-      def validate_options
-        valid_options = self.class.valid_options
-        valid_options += self.class.through_options if options[:through]
-        options.assert_valid_keys(valid_options)
-      end
-
       def configure_dependency
         if options[:dependent]
           unless options[:dependent].in?([:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict])
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
index 436b6c1524..90a4b7c2ef 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class SingularAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-    self.valid_options += [:remote, :dependent, :counter_cache, :primary_key, :inverse_of]
+    def valid_options
+      super + [:remote, :dependent, :counter_cache, :primary_key, :inverse_of]
+    end
 
     def constructable?
       true
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
index b2136605e1..30522e3a5d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # ease the implementation of association proxies that represent
     # collections. See the class hierarchy in AssociationProxy.
     #
+    #   CollectionAssociation:
+    #     HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation => has_and_belongs_to_many
+    #     HasManyAssociation => has_many
+    #       HasManyThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation => has_many :through
+    #
+    # CollectionAssociation class provides common methods to the collections
+    # defined by +has_and_belongs_to_many+, +has_many+ or +has_many+ with
+    # +:through association+ option.
+    #
     # You need to be careful with assumptions regarding the target: The proxy
     # does not fetch records from the database until it needs them, but new
     # ones created with +build+ are added to the target. So, the target may be
@@ -16,12 +25,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If you need to work on all current children, new and existing records,
     # +load_target+ and the +loaded+ flag are your friends.
     class CollectionAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :proxy
-
-      def initialize(owner, reflection)
-        super
-        @proxy = CollectionProxy.new(self)
-      end
 
       # Implements the reader method, e.g. foo.items for Foo.has_many :items
       def reader(force_reload = false)
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           reload
         end
 
-        proxy
+        CollectionProxy.new(self)
       end
 
       # Implements the writer method, e.g. foo.items= for Foo.has_many :items
@@ -41,24 +44,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Implements the ids reader method, e.g. foo.item_ids for Foo.has_many :items
       def ids_reader
-        if loaded? || options[:finder_sql]
+        if loaded?
           load_target.map do |record|
             record.send(reflection.association_primary_key)
           end
         else
           column  = "#{reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{reflection.association_primary_key}"
-          relation = scoped
-
-          including = (relation.eager_load_values + relation.includes_values).uniq
-
-          if including.any?
-            join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(reflection.klass, including, [])
-            relation = join_dependency.join_associations.inject(relation) do |r, association|
-              association.join_relation(r)
-            end
-          end
-
-          relation.pluck(column)
+          scoped.pluck(column)
         end
       end
 
@@ -71,7 +63,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def reset
-        @loaded = false
+        super
         @target = []
       end
 
@@ -87,11 +79,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if block_given?
           load_target.find(*args) { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
         else
-          if options[:finder_sql]
-            find_by_scan(*args)
-          else
-            scoped.find(*args)
-          end
+          scoped.find(*args)
         end
       end
 
@@ -121,8 +109,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         create_record(attributes, options, true, &block)
       end
 
-      # Add +records+ to this association. Returns +self+ so method calls may be chained.
-      # Since << flattens its argument list and inserts each record, +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
+      # Add +records+ to this association. Returns +self+ so method calls may
+      # be chained. Since << flattens its argument list and inserts each record,
+      # +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
       def concat(*records)
         load_target if owner.new_record?
 
@@ -148,23 +137,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Remove all records from this association
+      # Remove all records from this association.
       #
       # See delete for more info.
       def delete_all
-        delete(load_target).tap do
+        delete(:all).tap do
           reset
           loaded!
         end
       end
 
-      # Called when the association is declared as :dependent => :delete_all. This is
-      # an optimised version which avoids loading the records into memory. Not really
-      # for public consumption.
-      def delete_all_on_destroy
-        scoped.delete_all
-      end
-
       # Destroy all the records from this association.
       #
       # See destroy for more info.
@@ -175,7 +157,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Calculate sum using SQL, not Enumerable
+      # Calculate sum using SQL, not Enumerable.
       def sum(*args)
         if block_given?
           scoped.sum(*args) { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
@@ -184,35 +166,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Count all records using SQL. If the +:counter_sql+ or +:finder_sql+ option is set for the
-      # association, it will be used for the query. Otherwise, construct options and pass them with
+      # Count all records using SQL. Construct options and pass them with
       # scope to the target class's +count+.
       def count(column_name = nil, count_options = {})
         column_name, count_options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
 
-        if options[:counter_sql] || options[:finder_sql]
-          unless count_options.blank?
-            raise ArgumentError, "If finder_sql/counter_sql is used then options cannot be passed"
-          end
-
-          reflection.klass.count_by_sql(custom_counter_sql)
-        else
-          if options[:uniq]
-            # This is needed because 'SELECT count(DISTINCT *)..' is not valid SQL.
-            column_name ||= reflection.klass.primary_key
-            count_options.merge!(:distinct => true)
-          end
+        if association_scope.uniq_value
+          # This is needed because 'SELECT count(DISTINCT *)..' is not valid SQL.
+          column_name ||= reflection.klass.primary_key
+          count_options[:distinct] = true
+        end
 
-          value = scoped.count(column_name, count_options)
+        value = scoped.count(column_name, count_options)
 
-          limit  = options[:limit]
-          offset = options[:offset]
+        limit  = options[:limit]
+        offset = options[:offset]
 
-          if limit || offset
-            [ [value - offset.to_i, 0].max, limit.to_i ].min
-          else
-            value
-          end
+        if limit || offset
+          [ [value - offset.to_i, 0].max, limit.to_i ].min
+        else
+          value
         end
       end
 
@@ -224,7 +197,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # are actually removed from the database, that depends precisely on
       # +delete_records+. They are in any case removed from the collection.
       def delete(*records)
-        delete_or_destroy(records, options[:dependent])
+        dependent = options[:dependent]
+
+        if records.first == :all
+          if loaded? || dependent == :destroy
+            delete_or_destroy(load_target, dependent)
+          else
+            delete_records(:all, dependent)
+          end
+        else
+          records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
+          delete_or_destroy(records, dependent)
+        end
       end
 
       # Destroy +records+ and remove them from this association calling
@@ -248,11 +232,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This method is abstract in the sense that it relies on
       # +count_records+, which is a method descendants have to provide.
       def size
-        if !find_target? || (loaded? && !options[:uniq])
-          target.size
-        elsif !loaded? && options[:group]
+        if !find_target? || loaded?
+          if association_scope.uniq_value
+            target.uniq.size
+          else
+            target.size
+          end
+        elsif !loaded? && !association_scope.group_values.empty?
           load_target.size
-        elsif !loaded? && !options[:uniq] && target.is_a?(Array)
+        elsif !loaded? && !association_scope.uniq_value && target.is_a?(Array)
           unsaved_records = target.select { |r| r.new_record? }
           unsaved_records.size + count_records
         else
@@ -269,13 +257,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         load_target.size
       end
 
-      # Equivalent to <tt>collection.size.zero?</tt>. If the collection has
-      # not been already loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway
-      # it is better to check <tt>collection.length.zero?</tt>.
+      # Returns true if the collection is empty. Equivalent to
+      # <tt>collection.size.zero?</tt>. If the collection has not been already
+      # loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway it is better to
+      # check <tt>collection.length.zero?</tt>.
       def empty?
         size.zero?
       end
 
+      # Returns true if the collections is not empty.
+      # Equivalent to +!collection.empty?+.
       def any?
         if block_given?
           load_target.any? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
@@ -284,7 +275,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Returns true if the collection has more than 1 record. Equivalent to collection.size > 1.
+      # Returns true if the collection has more than 1 record.
+      # Equivalent to +collection.size > 1+.
       def many?
         if block_given?
           load_target.many? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
@@ -293,15 +285,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def uniq(collection = load_target)
+      def uniq
         seen = {}
-        collection.find_all do |record|
+        load_target.find_all do |record|
           seen[record.id] = true unless seen.key?(record.id)
         end
       end
 
-      # Replace this collection with +other_array+
-      # This will perform a diff and delete/add only records that have changed.
+      # Replace this collection with +other_array+. This will perform a diff
+      # and delete/add only records that have changed.
       def replace(other_array)
         other_array.each { |val| raise_on_type_mismatch(val) }
         original_target = load_target.dup
@@ -318,7 +310,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if record.new_record?
             include_in_memory?(record)
           else
-            load_target if options[:finder_sql]
             loaded? ? target.include?(record) : scoped.exists?(record)
           end
         else
@@ -339,7 +330,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         callback(:before_add, record)
         yield(record) if block_given?
 
-        if options[:uniq] && index = @target.index(record)
+        if association_scope.uniq_value && index = @target.index(record)
           @target[index] = record
         else
           @target << record
@@ -353,32 +344,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def custom_counter_sql
-          if options[:counter_sql]
-            interpolate(options[:counter_sql])
-          else
-            # replace the SELECT clause with COUNT(SELECTS), preserving any hints within /* ... */
-            interpolate(options[:finder_sql]).sub(/SELECT\b(\/\*.*?\*\/ )?(.*)\bFROM\b/im) do
-              count_with = $2.to_s
-              count_with = '*' if count_with.blank? || count_with =~ /,/
-              "SELECT #{$1}COUNT(#{count_with}) FROM"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def custom_finder_sql
-          interpolate(options[:finder_sql])
-        end
-
         def find_target
-          records =
-            if options[:finder_sql]
-              reflection.klass.find_by_sql(custom_finder_sql)
-            else
-              scoped.all
-            end
-
-          records = options[:uniq] ? uniq(records) : records
+          records = scoped.to_a
           records.each { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
           records
         end
@@ -474,6 +441,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             raise RecordNotSaved, "Failed to replace #{reflection.name} because one or more of the " \
                                   "new records could not be saved."
           end
+
+          target
         end
 
         def concat_records(records)
@@ -515,7 +484,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Otherwise, go to the database only if none of the following are true:
         #   * target already loaded
         #   * owner is new record
-        #   * custom :finder_sql exists
         #   * target contains new or changed record(s)
         #   * the first arg is an integer (which indicates the number of records to be returned)
         def fetch_first_or_last_using_find?(args)
@@ -524,7 +492,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             !(loaded? ||
               owner.new_record? ||
-              options[:finder_sql] ||
               target.any? { |record| record.new_record? || record.changed? } ||
               args.first.kind_of?(Integer))
           end
@@ -541,20 +508,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        # If using a custom finder_sql, #find scans the entire collection.
-        def find_by_scan(*args)
-          expects_array = args.first.kind_of?(Array)
-          ids           = args.flatten.compact.uniq.map { |arg| arg.to_i }
-
-          if ids.size == 1
-            id = ids.first
-            record = load_target.detect { |r| id == r.id }
-            expects_array ? [ record ] : record
-          else
-            load_target.select { |r| ids.include?(r.id) }
-          end
-        end
-
         # Fetches the first/last using SQL if possible, otherwise from the target array.
         def first_or_last(type, *args)
           args.shift if args.first.is_a?(Hash) && args.first.empty?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
index 5eda0387c4..2fb80fdc4c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
@@ -33,16 +33,841 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # is computed directly through SQL and does not trigger by itself the
     # instantiation of the actual post records.
-    class CollectionProxy # :nodoc:
-      alias :proxy_extend :extend
+    class CollectionProxy < Relation
+      delegate :target, :load_target, :loaded?, :to => :@association
 
-      instance_methods.each { |m| undef_method m unless m.to_s =~ /^(?:nil\?|send|object_id|to_a)$|^__|^respond_to|proxy_/ }
+      ##
+      # :method: select
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   select(select = nil)
+      #   select(&block)
+      #
+      # Works in two ways.
+      #
+      # *First:* Specify a subset of fields to be selected from the result set.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.select(:name)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: nil, name: "Fancy-Fancy">,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: nil, name: "Spook">,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: nil, name: "Choo-Choo">
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.select([:id, :name])
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy">,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook">,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo">
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      # Be careful because this also means you’re initializing a model
+      # object with only the fields that you’ve selected. If you attempt
+      # to access a field that is not in the initialized record you’ll
+      # receive:
+      #
+      #   person.pets.select(:name).first.person_id
+      #   # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: person_id
+      #
+      # *Second:* You can pass a block so it can be used just like Array#select.
+      # This build an array of objects from the database for the scope,
+      # converting them into an array and iterating through them using
+      # Array#select.
+      #
+      #   person.pets.select { |pet| pet.name =~ /oo/ }
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.select(:name) { |pet| pet.name =~ /oo/ }
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook">,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo">
+      #   #    ]
 
-      delegate :group, :order, :limit, :joins, :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from,
-               :lock, :readonly, :having, :pluck, :to => :scoped
+      ##
+      # :method: find
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   find(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Finds an object in the collection responding to the +id+. Uses the same
+      # rules as +ActiveRecord::Base.find+. Returns +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound++
+      # error if the object can not be found.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.find(1) # => #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>
+      #   person.pets.find(4) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find Pet with id=4
+      #
+      #   person.pets.find(2) { |pet| pet.name.downcase! }
+      #   # => #<Pet id: 2, name: "fancy-fancy", person_id: 1>
+      #
+      #   person.pets.find(2, 3)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
 
-      delegate :target, :load_target, :loaded?, :to => :@association
+      ##
+      # :method: first
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   first(limit = nil)
+      #
+      # Returns the first record, or the first +n+ records, from the collection.
+      # If the collection is empty, the first form returns +nil+, and the second
+      # form returns an empty array.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.first # => #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>
+      #
+      #   person.pets.first(2)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   another_person_without.pets          # => []
+      #   another_person_without.pets.first    # => nil
+      #   another_person_without.pets.first(3) # => []
+
+      ##
+      # :method: last
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   last(limit = nil)
+      #
+      # Returns the last record, or the last +n+ records, from the collection.
+      # If the collection is empty, the first form returns +nil+, and the second
+      # form returns an empty array.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.last # => #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #
+      #   person.pets.last(2)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   another_person_without.pets         # => []
+      #   another_person_without.pets.last    # => nil
+      #   another_person_without.pets.last(3) # => []
+
+      ##
+      # :method: build
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   build(attributes = {}, options = {}, &block)
+      #
+      # Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
+      # with +attributes+ and linked to this object, but have not yet been saved.
+      # You can pass an array of attributes hashes, this will return an array
+      # with the new objects.
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.build
+      #   # => #<Pet id: nil, name: nil, person_id: 1>
+      #
+      #   person.pets.build(name: 'Fancy-Fancy')
+      #   # => #<Pet id: nil, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>
+      #
+      #   person.pets.build([{name: 'Spook'}, {name: 'Choo-Choo'}, {name: 'Brain'}])
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: nil, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: nil, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: nil, name: "Brain", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size  # => 5 # size of the collection
+      #   person.pets.count # => 0 # count from database
+
+      ##
+      # :method: create
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   create(attributes = {}, options = {}, &block)
+      #
+      # Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated with
+      # attributes, linked to this object and that has already been saved (if it
+      # passes the validations).
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.create(name: 'Fancy-Fancy')
+      #   # => #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>
+      #
+      #   person.pets.create([{name: 'Spook'}, {name: 'Choo-Choo'}])
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size  # => 3
+      #   person.pets.count # => 3
+      #
+      #   person.pets.find(1, 2, 3)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+
+      ##
+      # :method: create!
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   create!(attributes = {}, options = {}, &block)
+      #
+      # Like +create+, except that if the record is invalid, raises an exception.
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class Pet
+      #     attr_accessible :name
+      #     validates :name, presence: true
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.create!(name: nil)
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+
+      ##
+      # :method: concat
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   concat(*records)
+      #
+      # Add one or more records to the collection by setting their foreign keys
+      # to the association's primary key. Since << flattens its argument list and
+      # inserts each record, +push+ and +concat+ behave identically. Returns +self+
+      # so method calls may be chained.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     pets :has_many
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 0
+      #   person.pets.concat(Pet.new(name: 'Fancy-Fancy'))
+      #   person.pets.concat(Pet.new(name: 'Spook'), Pet.new(name: 'Choo-Choo'))
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #
+      #   person.id # => 1
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.concat([Pet.new(name: 'Brain'), Pet.new(name: 'Benny')])
+      #   person.pets.size # => 5
+
+      ##
+      # :method: replace
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   replace(other_array)
+      #
+      # Replace this collection with +other_array+. This will perform a diff
+      # and delete/add only records that have changed.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Gorby", group: "cats", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   other_pets = [Pet.new(name: 'Puff', group: 'celebrities']
+      #
+      #   person.pets.replace(other_pets)
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 2, name: "Puff", group: "celebrities", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      # If the supplied array has an incorrect association type, it raises
+      # an <tt>ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch</tt> error:
+      #
+      #   person.pets.replace(["doo", "ggie", "gaga"])
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: Pet expected, got String
+
+      ##
+      # :method: delete_all
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   delete_all()
+      #
+      # Deletes all the records from the collection. For +has_many+ asssociations,
+      # the deletion is done according to the strategy specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt>
+      # option. Returns an array with the deleted records.
+      #
+      # If no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the
+      # default strategy. The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt>. This
+      # sets the foreign keys to <tt>NULL</tt>. For, +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>,
+      # the default strategy is +delete_all+.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets # dependent: :nullify option by default
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete_all
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 0
+      #   person.pets      # => []
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: nil>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: nil>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: nil>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      # If it is set to <tt>:destroy</tt> all the objects from the collection
+      # are removed by calling their +destroy+ method. See +destroy+ for more
+      # information.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets, dependent: :destroy
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete_all
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+      #
+      # If it is set to <tt>:delete_all</tt>, all the objects are deleted
+      # *without* calling their +destroy+ method.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets, dependent: :delete_all
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete_all
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+
+      ##
+      # :method: destroy_all
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   destroy_all()
+      #
+      # Deletes the records of the collection directly from the database.
+      # This will _always_ remove the records ignoring the +:dependent+
+      # option.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.destroy_all
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 0
+      #   person.pets      # => []
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(1) # => Couldn't find Pet with id=1
+
+      ##
+      # :method: delete
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   delete(*records)
+      #   delete(*fixnum_ids)
+      #   delete(*string_ids)
+      #
+      # Deletes the +records+ supplied and removes them from the collection. For
+      # +has_many+ associations, the deletion is done according to the strategy
+      # specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt> option. Returns an array with the
+      # deleted records.
+      #
+      # If no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the default
+      # strategy. The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt>. This sets the foreign
+      # keys to <tt>NULL</tt>. For, +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>, the default
+      # strategy is +delete_all+.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets # dependent: :nullify option by default
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete(Pet.find(1))
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 2
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(1)
+      #   # => #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: nil>
+      #
+      # If it is set to <tt>:destroy</tt> all the +records+ are removed by calling
+      # their +destroy+ method. See +destroy+ for more information.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets, dependent: :destroy
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete(Pet.find(1), Pet.find(3))
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 1
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(1, 3)
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with IDs (1, 3)
+      #
+      # If it is set to <tt>:delete_all</tt>, all the +records+ are deleted
+      # *without* calling their +destroy+ method.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets, dependent: :delete_all
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete(Pet.find(1))
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 2
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(1)
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find Pet with id=1
+      #
+      # You can pass +Fixnum+ or +String+ values, it finds the records
+      # responding to the +id+ and executes delete on them.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete("1")
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete(2, 3)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+
+      ##
+      # :method: destroy
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   destroy(*records)
+      #
+      # Destroys the +records+ supplied and removes them from the collection.
+      # This method will _always_ remove record from the database ignoring
+      # the +:dependent+ option. Returns an array with the removed records.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.destroy(Pet.find(1))
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 2
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.destroy(Pet.find(2), Pet.find(3))
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size  # => 0
+      #   person.pets       # => []
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with IDs (1, 2, 3)
+      #
+      # You can pass +Fixnum+ or +String+ values, it finds the records
+      # responding to the +id+ and then deletes them from the database.
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 4, name: "Benny", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 5, name: "Brain", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 6, name: "Boss",  person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.destroy("4")
+      #   # => #<Pet id: 4, name: "Benny", person_id: 1>
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 2
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 5, name: "Brain", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 6, name: "Boss",  person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.destroy(5, 6)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 5, name: "Brain", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 6, name: "Boss",  person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size  # => 0
+      #   person.pets       # => []
+      #
+      #   Pet.find(4, 5, 6) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with IDs (4, 5, 6)
+
+      ##
+      # :method: uniq
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   uniq()
+      #
+      # Specifies whether the records should be unique or not.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.select(:name)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet name: "Fancy-Fancy">,
+      #   #      #<Pet name: "Fancy-Fancy">
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.select(:name).uniq
+      #   # => [#<Pet name: "Fancy-Fancy">]
 
+      ##
+      # :method: count
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   count()
+      #
+      # Count all records using SQL.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.count # => 3
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+
+      ##
+      # :method: size
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   size()
+      #
+      # Returns the size of the collection. If the collection hasn't been loaded,
+      # it executes a <tt>SELECT COUNT(*)</tt> query.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   # executes something like SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "pets" WHERE "pets"."person_id" = 1
+      #
+      #   person.pets # This will execute a SELECT * FROM query
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #   # Because the collection is already loaded, this will behave like
+      #   # collection.size and no SQL count query is executed.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: length
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   length()
+      #
+      # Returns the size of the collection calling +size+ on the target.
+      # If the collection has been already loaded, +length+ and +size+ are
+      # equivalent.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.length # => 3
+      #   # executes something like SELECT "pets".* FROM "pets" WHERE "pets"."person_id" = 1
+      #
+      #   # Because the collection is loaded, you can
+      #   # call the collection with no additional queries:
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+
+      ##
+      # :method: empty?
+      #
+      # Returns +true+ if the collection is empty.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.count  # => 1
+      #   person.pets.empty? # => false
+      #
+      #   person.pets.delete_all
+      #
+      #   person.pets.count  # => 0
+      #   person.pets.empty? # => true
+
+      ##
+      # :method: any?
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   any?
+      #   any?{|item| block}
+      #
+      # Returns +true+ if the collection is not empty.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.count # => 0
+      #   person.pets.any?  # => false
+      #
+      #   person.pets << Pet.new(name: 'Snoop')
+      #   person.pets.count # => 0
+      #   person.pets.any?  # => true
+      #
+      # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The behaviour
+      # is the same, it returns true if the collection based on the
+      # criteria is not empty.
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [#<Pet name: "Snoop", group: "dogs">]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.any? do |pet|
+      #     pet.group == 'cats'
+      #   end
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      #   person.pets.any? do |pet|
+      #     pet.group == 'dogs'
+      #   end
+      #   # => true
+
+      ##
+      # :method: many?
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   many?
+      #   many?{|item| block}
+      #
+      # Returns true if the collection has more than one record.
+      # Equivalent to <tt>collection.size > 1</tt>.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.count #=> 1
+      #   person.pets.many? #=> false
+      #
+      #   person.pets << Pet.new(name: 'Snoopy')
+      #   person.pets.count #=> 2
+      #   person.pets.many? #=> true
+      #
+      # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The
+      # behaviour is the same, it returns true if the collection
+      # based on the criteria has more than one record.
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet name: "Gorby", group: "cats">,
+      #   #      #<Pet name: "Puff", group: "cats">,
+      #   #      #<Pet name: "Snoop", group: "dogs">
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.many? do |pet|
+      #     pet.group == 'dogs'
+      #   end
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      #   person.pets.many? do |pet|
+      #     pet.group == 'cats'
+      #   end
+      #   # => true
+
+      ##
+      # :method: include?
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   include?(record)
+      #
+      # Returns +true+ if the given object is present in the collection.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets # => [#<Pet id: 20, name: "Snoop">]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.include?(Pet.find(20)) # => true
+      #   person.pets.include?(Pet.find(21)) # => false
       delegate :select, :find, :first, :last,
                :build, :create, :create!,
                :concat, :replace, :delete_all, :destroy_all, :delete, :destroy, :uniq,
@@ -50,9 +875,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
                :any?, :many?, :include?,
                :to => :@association
 
-      def initialize(association)
+      def initialize(association) #:nodoc:
         @association = association
-        Array(association.options[:extend]).each { |ext| proxy_extend(ext) }
+        super association.klass, association.klass.arel_table
+        merge! association.scoped
       end
 
       alias_method :new, :build
@@ -61,67 +887,143 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association
       end
 
-      def scoped
-        association = @association
-        association.scoped.extending do
-          define_method(:proxy_association) { association }
-        end
+      # We don't want this object to be put on the scoping stack, because
+      # that could create an infinite loop where we call an @association
+      # method, which gets the current scope, which is this object, which
+      # delegates to @association, and so on.
+      def scoping
+        @association.scoped.scoping { yield }
       end
 
-      def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
-        super ||
-        (load_target && target.respond_to?(name, include_private)) ||
-        proxy_association.klass.respond_to?(name, include_private)
+      def spawn
+        scoped
       end
 
-      def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
-        match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method)
-        if match && match.instantiator?
-          send(:find_or_instantiator_by_attributes, match, match.attribute_names, *args) do |r|
-            proxy_association.send :set_owner_attributes, r
-            proxy_association.send :add_to_target, r
-            yield(r) if block_given?
-          end
-
-        elsif target.respond_to?(method) || (!proxy_association.klass.respond_to?(method) && Class.respond_to?(method))
-          if load_target
-            if target.respond_to?(method)
-              target.send(method, *args, &block)
-            else
-              begin
-                super
-              rescue NoMethodError => e
-                raise e, e.message.sub(/ for #<.*$/, " via proxy for #{target}")
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-        else
-          scoped.readonly(nil).send(method, *args, &block)
+      def scoped(options = nil)
+        association = @association
+
+        super.extending! do
+          define_method(:proxy_association) { association }
         end
       end
 
-      # Forwards <tt>===</tt> explicitly to the \target because the instance method
-      # removal above doesn't catch it. Loads the \target if needed.
-      def ===(other)
-        other === load_target
+      # Equivalent to <tt>Array#==</tt>. Returns +true+ if the two arrays
+      # contain the same number of elements and if each element is equal
+      # to the corresponding element in the other array, otherwise returns
+      # +false+.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   other = person.pets.to_ary
+      #
+      #   person.pets == other
+      #   # => true
+      #
+      #   other = [Pet.new(id: 1), Pet.new(id: 2)]
+      #
+      #   person.pets == other
+      #   # => false
+      def ==(other)
+        load_target == other
       end
 
+      # Returns a new array of objects from the collection. If the collection
+      # hasn't been loaded, it fetches the records from the database. 
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 4, name: "Benny", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 5, name: "Brain", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 6, name: "Boss",  person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   other_pets = person.pets.to_ary
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 4, name: "Benny", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 5, name: "Brain", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 6, name: "Boss",  person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   other_pets.replace([Pet.new(name: 'BooGoo')])
+      #
+      #   other_pets
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: nil, name: "BooGoo", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # This is not affected by replace
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 4, name: "Benny", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 5, name: "Brain", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 6, name: "Boss",  person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
       def to_ary
         load_target.dup
       end
       alias_method :to_a, :to_ary
 
+      # Adds one or more +records+ to the collection by setting their foreign keys
+      # to the association‘s primary key. Returns +self+, so several appends may be
+      # chained together.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets.size # => 0
+      #   person.pets << Pet.new(name: 'Fancy-Fancy')
+      #   person.pets << [Pet.new(name: 'Spook'), Pet.new(name: 'Choo-Choo')]
+      #   person.pets.size # => 3
+      #
+      #   person.id # => 1
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
       def <<(*records)
         proxy_association.concat(records) && self
       end
       alias_method :push, :<<
 
+      # Equivalent to +delete_all+. The difference is that returns +self+, instead
+      # of an array with the deleted objects, so methods can be chained. See
+      # +delete_all+ for more information.
       def clear
         delete_all
         self
       end
 
+      # Reloads the collection from the database. Returns +self+.
+      # Equivalent to <tt>collection(true)</tt>.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets # fetches pets from the database
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets # uses the pets cache
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.reload # fetches pets from the database
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets(true)  # fetches pets from the database
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
       def reload
         proxy_association.reload
         self
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
index a4cea99372..e5b40f3911 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       attr_reader :join_table
 
       def initialize(owner, reflection)
-        @join_table = Arel::Table.new(reflection.options[:join_table])
+        @join_table = Arel::Table.new(reflection.join_table)
         super
       end
 
@@ -18,24 +18,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        if options[:insert_sql]
-          owner.connection.insert(interpolate(options[:insert_sql], record))
-        else
-          stmt = join_table.compile_insert(
-            join_table[reflection.foreign_key]             => owner.id,
-            join_table[reflection.association_foreign_key] => record.id
-          )
+        stmt = join_table.compile_insert(
+          join_table[reflection.foreign_key]             => owner.id,
+          join_table[reflection.association_foreign_key] => record.id
+        )
 
-          owner.connection.insert stmt
-        end
+        owner.connection.insert stmt
 
         record
       end
 
-      # ActiveRecord::Relation#delete_all needs to support joins before we can use a
-      # SQL-only implementation.
-      alias delete_all_on_destroy delete_all
-
       private
 
         def count_records
@@ -43,15 +35,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def delete_records(records, method)
-          if sql = options[:delete_sql]
-            records.each { |record| owner.connection.delete(interpolate(sql, record)) }
-          else
-            relation = join_table
-            stmt = relation.where(relation[reflection.foreign_key].eq(owner.id).
-              and(relation[reflection.association_foreign_key].in(records.map { |x| x.id }.compact))
-            ).compile_delete
-            owner.connection.delete stmt
+          relation  = join_table
+          condition = relation[reflection.foreign_key].eq(owner.id)
+
+          unless records == :all
+            condition = condition.and(
+              relation[reflection.association_foreign_key]
+                .in(records.map { |x| x.id }.compact)
+            )
           end
+
+          owner.connection.delete(relation.where(condition).compile_delete)
         end
 
         def invertible_for?(record)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
index 059e6c77bc..41c6ca92cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
@@ -33,20 +33,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # If the collection is empty the target is set to an empty array and
         # the loaded flag is set to true as well.
         def count_records
-          count = if has_cached_counter?
-            owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
-          elsif options[:counter_sql] || options[:finder_sql]
-            reflection.klass.count_by_sql(custom_counter_sql)
-          else
-            scoped.count
-          end
+          count = has_cached_counter? ? owner[cached_counter_attribute_name] : scoped.count
 
           # If there's nothing in the database and @target has no new records
           # we are certain the current target is an empty array. This is a
           # documented side-effect of the method that may avoid an extra SELECT.
           @target ||= [] and loaded! if count == 0
 
-          [options[:limit], count].compact.min
+          [association_scope.limit_value, count].compact.min
         end
 
         def has_cached_counter?(reflection = reflection)
@@ -89,8 +83,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
             records.each { |r| r.destroy }
             update_counter(-records.length) unless inverse_updates_counter_cache?
           else
-            keys  = records.map { |r| r[reflection.association_primary_key] }
-            scope = scoped.where(reflection.association_primary_key => keys)
+            if records == :all
+              scope = scoped
+            else
+              keys  = records.map { |r| r[reflection.association_primary_key] }
+              scope = scoped.where(reflection.association_primary_key => keys)
+            end
 
             if method == :delete_all
               update_counter(-scope.delete_all)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
index 53d49fef2e..2683aaf5da 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
@@ -54,10 +54,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         record
       end
 
-      # ActiveRecord::Relation#delete_all needs to support joins before we can use a
-      # SQL-only implementation.
-      alias delete_all_on_destroy delete_all
-
       private
 
         def through_association
@@ -126,7 +122,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def delete_records(records, method)
           ensure_not_nested
 
-          scope = through_association.scoped.where(construct_join_attributes(*records))
+          # This is unoptimised; it will load all the target records
+          # even when we just want to delete everything.
+          records = load_target if records == :all
+
+          scope = through_association.scoped
+          scope.where! construct_join_attributes(*records)
 
           case method
           when :destroy
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
index 2131edbc20..7086dfa34c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             when :destroy
               target.destroy
             when :nullify
-              target.update_attribute(reflection.foreign_key, nil)
+              target.update_columns(reflection.foreign_key => nil)
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
index 0d7d28e458..0d3b4dbab1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
@@ -92,14 +92,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             constraint = build_constraint(reflection, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
 
-            conditions = self.conditions[i].dup
-            conditions << { reflection.type => foreign_klass.base_class.name } if reflection.type
+            scope_chain_items = scope_chain[i]
 
-            conditions.each do |condition|
-              condition = active_record.send(:sanitize_sql, interpolate(condition), table.table_alias || table.name)
-              condition = Arel.sql(condition) unless condition.is_a?(Arel::Node)
+            if reflection.type
+              scope_chain_items += [
+                ActiveRecord::Relation.new(reflection.klass, table)
+                  .where(reflection.type => foreign_klass.base_class.name)
+              ]
+            end
+
+            scope_chain_items.each do |item|
+              unless item.is_a?(Relation)
+                item = ActiveRecord::Relation.new(reflection.klass, table).instance_exec(self, &item)
+              end
 
-              constraint = constraint.and(condition)
+              constraint = constraint.and(item.arel.constraints) unless item.arel.constraints.empty?
             end
 
             relation.from(join(table, constraint))
@@ -137,18 +144,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           table.table_alias || table.name
         end
 
-        def conditions
-          @conditions ||= reflection.conditions.reverse
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def interpolate(conditions)
-          if conditions.respond_to?(:to_proc)
-            instance_eval(&conditions)
-          else
-            conditions
-          end
+        def scope_chain
+          @scope_chain ||= reflection.scope_chain.reverse
         end
 
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb
index cea6ad6944..5a41b40c8f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           if reflection.source_macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
             tables << alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
-              (reflection.source_reflection || reflection).options[:join_table],
+              (reflection.source_reflection || reflection).join_table,
               table_alias_for(reflection, true)
             )
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
index fafed94ff2..ce5bf15f10 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and all of its books via a single query:
     #
     #   SELECT * FROM authors
-    #   LEFT OUTER JOIN books ON authors.id = books.id
+    #   LEFT OUTER JOIN books ON authors.id = books.author_id
     #   WHERE authors.name = 'Ken Akamatsu'
     #
     # However, this could result in many rows that contain redundant data. After
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       autoload :HasAndBelongsToMany, 'active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many'
       autoload :BelongsTo,           'active_record/associations/preloader/belongs_to'
 
-      attr_reader :records, :associations, :options, :model
+      attr_reader :records, :associations, :preload_scope, :model
 
       # Eager loads the named associations for the given Active Record record(s).
       #
@@ -78,15 +78,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   [ :books, :author ]
       #   { :author => :avatar }
       #   [ :books, { :author => :avatar } ]
-      #
-      # +options+ contains options that will be passed to ActiveRecord::Base#find
-      # (which is called under the hood for preloading records). But it is passed
-      # only one level deep in the +associations+ argument, i.e. it's not passed
-      # to the child associations when +associations+ is a Hash.
-      def initialize(records, associations, options = {})
-        @records      = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
-        @associations = Array.wrap(associations)
-        @options      = options
+      def initialize(records, associations, preload_scope = nil)
+        @records       = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
+        @associations  = Array.wrap(associations)
+        @preload_scope = preload_scope || Relation.new(nil, nil)
       end
 
       def run
@@ -110,7 +105,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def preload_hash(association)
         association.each do |parent, child|
-          Preloader.new(records, parent, options).run
+          Preloader.new(records, parent, preload_scope).run
           Preloader.new(records.map { |record| record.send(parent) }.flatten, child).run
         end
       end
@@ -125,7 +120,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def preload_one(association)
         grouped_records(association).each do |reflection, klasses|
           klasses.each do |klass, records|
-            preloader_for(reflection).new(klass, records, reflection, options).run
+            preloader_for(reflection).new(klass, records, reflection, preload_scope).run
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
index 253998fb23..fa77a8733b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class Preloader
       class Association #:nodoc:
-        attr_reader :owners, :reflection, :preload_options, :model, :klass
-
-        def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_options)
-          @klass           = klass
-          @owners          = owners
-          @reflection      = reflection
-          @preload_options = preload_options || {}
-          @model           = owners.first && owners.first.class
-          @scoped          = nil
-          @owners_by_key   = nil
+        attr_reader :owners, :reflection, :preload_scope, :model, :klass
+
+        def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope)
+          @klass         = klass
+          @owners        = owners
+          @reflection    = reflection
+          @preload_scope = preload_scope
+          @model         = owners.first && owners.first.class
+          @scoped        = nil
+          @owners_by_key = nil
         end
 
         def run
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             # Some databases impose a limit on the number of ids in a list (in Oracle it's 1000)
             # Make several smaller queries if necessary or make one query if the adapter supports it
             sliced  = owner_keys.each_slice(model.connection.in_clause_length || owner_keys.size)
-            records = sliced.map { |slice| records_for(slice) }.flatten
+            records = sliced.map { |slice| records_for(slice).to_a }.flatten
           end
 
           # Each record may have multiple owners, and vice-versa
@@ -92,33 +92,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
           records_by_owner
         end
 
+        def reflection_scope
+          @reflection_scope ||= reflection.scope ? klass.unscoped.instance_exec(nil, &reflection.scope) : klass.unscoped
+        end
+
         def build_scope
-          scope = klass.scoped
+          scope = klass.unscoped
+          scope.default_scoped = true
 
-          scope = scope.where(interpolate(options[:conditions]))
-          scope = scope.where(interpolate(preload_options[:conditions]))
+          values         = reflection_scope.values
+          preload_values = preload_scope.values
 
-          scope = scope.select(preload_options[:select] || options[:select] || table[Arel.star])
-          scope = scope.includes(preload_options[:include] || options[:include])
+          scope.where_values      = Array(values[:where])      + Array(preload_values[:where])
+          scope.references_values = Array(values[:references]) + Array(preload_values[:references])
+
+          scope.select!   preload_values[:select] || values[:select] || table[Arel.star]
+          scope.includes! preload_values[:includes] || values[:includes]
 
           if options[:as]
-            scope = scope.where(
-              klass.table_name => {
-                reflection.type => model.base_class.sti_name
-              }
-            )
+            scope.where!(klass.table_name => { reflection.type => model.base_class.sti_name })
           end
 
           scope
         end
-
-        def interpolate(conditions)
-          if conditions.respond_to?(:to_proc)
-            klass.send(:instance_eval, &conditions)
-          else
-            conditions
-          end
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
index c248aeaaf6..e6cd35e7a1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         private
 
         def build_scope
-          super.order(preload_options[:order] || options[:order])
+          super.order(preload_scope.values[:order] || reflection_scope.values[:order])
         end
 
         def preload
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
index b77b667219..8e8925f0a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def initialize(klass, records, reflection, preload_options)
           super
-          @join_table = Arel::Table.new(options[:join_table]).alias('t0')
+          @join_table = Arel::Table.new(reflection.join_table).alias('t0')
         end
 
         # Unlike the other associations, we want to get a raw array of rows so that we can
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
index c6e9ede356..9a662d3f53 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def associated_records_by_owner
           super.each do |owner, records|
-            records.uniq! if options[:uniq]
+            records.uniq! if reflection_scope.uniq_value
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_one.rb
index 848448bb48..24728e9f01 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_one.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         private
 
         def build_scope
-          super.order(preload_options[:order] || options[:order])
+          super.order(preload_scope.values[:order] || reflection_scope.values[:order])
         end
 
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
index ad6374d09a..1c1ba11c44 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def associated_records_by_owner
           through_records = through_records_by_owner
 
-          ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(
-            through_records.values.flatten,
-            source_reflection.name, options
-          ).run
+          Preloader.new(through_records.values.flatten, source_reflection.name, reflection_scope).run
 
           through_records.each do |owner, records|
             records.map! { |r| r.send(source_reflection.name) }.flatten!
@@ -28,10 +25,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         private
 
         def through_records_by_owner
-          ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(
-            owners, through_reflection.name,
-            through_options
-          ).run
+          Preloader.new(owners, through_reflection.name, through_scope).run
 
           Hash[owners.map do |owner|
             through_records = Array.wrap(owner.send(through_reflection.name))
@@ -45,21 +39,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end]
         end
 
-        def through_options
-          through_options = {}
+        def through_scope
+          through_scope = through_reflection.klass.unscoped
 
           if options[:source_type]
-            through_options[:conditions] = { reflection.foreign_type => options[:source_type] }
+            through_scope.where! reflection.foreign_type => options[:source_type]
           else
-            if options[:conditions]
-              through_options[:include]    = options[:include] || options[:source]
-              through_options[:conditions] = options[:conditions]
+            unless reflection_scope.where_values.empty?
+              through_scope.includes_values = reflection_scope.values[:includes] || options[:source]
+              through_scope.where_values    = reflection_scope.values[:where]
             end
 
-            through_options[:order] = options[:order]
+            through_scope.order!      reflection_scope.values[:order]
+            through_scope.references! reflection_scope.values[:references]
           end
 
-          through_options
+          through_scope
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
index fd0e90aaf0..be890e5767 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # properly support stale-checking for nested associations.
         def stale_state
           if through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to
-            owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].to_s
+            owner[through_reflection.foreign_key] && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].to_s
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
index bf9fe70b31..5b41f72e52 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,25 @@
 require 'active_support/concern'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :whitelist_attributes,      instance_accessor: false
+    mattr_accessor :mass_assignment_sanitizer, instance_accessor: false
+  end
+
   module AttributeAssignment
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity
 
+    included do
+      initialize_mass_assignment_sanitizer
+    end
+
     module ClassMethods
+      def inherited(child) # :nodoc:
+        child.send :initialize_mass_assignment_sanitizer if self == Base
+        super
+      end
+
       private
 
       # The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons.
@@ -14,6 +28,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         default << 'id' unless primary_key.eql? 'id'
         default
       end
+
+      def initialize_mass_assignment_sanitizer
+        attr_accessible(nil) if Model.whitelist_attributes
+        self.mass_assignment_sanitizer = Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer if Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer
+      end
     end
 
     # Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys
@@ -64,11 +83,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   user.name       # => "Josh"
     #   user.is_admin?  # => true
     def assign_attributes(new_attributes, options = {})
-      return unless new_attributes
+      return if new_attributes.blank?
 
       attributes = new_attributes.stringify_keys
       multi_parameter_attributes = []
       nested_parameter_attributes = []
+      previous_options = @mass_assignment_options
       @mass_assignment_options = options
 
       unless options[:without_protection]
@@ -94,8 +114,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         send("#{k}=", v)
       end
 
-      @mass_assignment_options = nil
       assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes)
+    ensure
+      @mass_assignment_options = previous_options
     end
 
     protected
@@ -111,7 +132,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
     # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
-    # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
+    # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type object with these parameters.
     # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
     # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
     # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum,
@@ -137,16 +158,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         begin
           send(name + "=", read_value_from_parameter(name, values_with_empty_parameters))
         rescue => ex
-          errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values_with_empty_parameters.values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name)
+          errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values_with_empty_parameters.values.inspect} to #{name} (#{ex.message})", ex, name)
         end
       end
       unless errors.empty?
-        raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes"
+        error_descriptions = errors.map { |ex| ex.message }.join(",")
+        raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes [#{error_descriptions}]"
       end
     end
 
     def read_value_from_parameter(name, values_hash_from_param)
-      klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass
+      klass = column_for_attribute(name).klass
       if values_hash_from_param.values.all?{|v|v.nil?}
         nil
       elsif klass == Time
@@ -159,15 +181,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def read_time_parameter_value(name, values_hash_from_param)
-      # If Date bits were not provided, error
-      raise "Missing Parameter" if [1,2,3].any?{|position| !values_hash_from_param.has_key?(position)}
-      max_position = extract_max_param_for_multiparameter_attributes(values_hash_from_param, 6)
-      # If Date bits were provided but blank, then return nil
-      return nil if (1..3).any? {|position| values_hash_from_param[position].blank?}
+      # If column is a :time (and not :date or :timestamp) there is no need to validate if
+      # there are year/month/day fields
+      if column_for_attribute(name).type == :time
+        # if the column is a time set the values to their defaults as January 1, 1970, but only if they're nil
+        {1 => 1970, 2 => 1, 3 => 1}.each do |key,value|
+          values_hash_from_param[key] ||= value
+        end
+      else
+        # else column is a timestamp, so if Date bits were not provided, error
+        if missing_parameter = [1,2,3].detect{ |position| !values_hash_from_param.has_key?(position) }
+          raise ArgumentError.new("Missing Parameter - #{name}(#{missing_parameter}i)")
+        end
+
+        # If Date bits were provided but blank, then return nil
+        return nil if (1..3).any? { |position| values_hash_from_param[position].blank? }
+      end
 
-      set_values = (1..max_position).collect{|position| values_hash_from_param[position] }
+      max_position = extract_max_param_for_multiparameter_attributes(values_hash_from_param, 6)
+      set_values = (1..max_position).collect{ |position| values_hash_from_param[position] }
       # If Time bits are not there, then default to 0
-      (3..5).each {|i| set_values[i] = set_values[i].blank? ? 0 : set_values[i]}
+      (3..5).each { |i| set_values[i] = set_values[i].blank? ? 0 : set_values[i] }
       instantiate_time_object(name, set_values)
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
index 93c243e7b1..f36df4a444 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -16,19 +16,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include TimeZoneConversion
       include Dirty
       include Serialization
-
-      # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
-      # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
-      # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
-      def [](attr_name)
-        read_attribute(attr_name)
-      end
-
-      # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
-      # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
-      def []=(attr_name, value)
-        write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -49,14 +36,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @attribute_methods_generated ||= false
       end
 
-      # We will define the methods as instance methods, but will call them as singleton
-      # methods. This allows us to use method_defined? to check if the method exists,
-      # which is fast and won't give any false positives from the ancestors (because
-      # there are no ancestors).
-      def generated_external_attribute_methods
-        @generated_external_attribute_methods ||= Module.new { extend self }
-      end
-
       def undefine_attribute_methods
         super if attribute_methods_generated?
         @attribute_methods_generated = false
@@ -157,7 +136,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values.
     def attributes
-      Hash[@attributes.map { |name, _| [name, read_attribute(name)] }]
+      attribute_names.each_with_object({}) { |name, attrs|
+        attrs[name] = read_attribute(name)
+      }
     end
 
     # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
@@ -198,6 +179,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
     end
 
+    # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
+    # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
+    # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
+    def [](attr_name)
+      read_attribute(attr_name)
+    end
+
+    # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
+    # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
+    def []=(attr_name, value)
+      write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+    end
+
     protected
 
     def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {})
@@ -214,37 +208,64 @@ module ActiveRecord
       value
     end
 
-    # Returns a copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in
-    # an Arel insert/update method.
-    def arel_attributes_values(include_primary_key = true, include_readonly_attributes = true, attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
-      attrs      = {}
-      klass      = self.class
-      arel_table = klass.arel_table
+    def arel_attributes_with_values_for_create(pk_attribute_allowed)
+      arel_attributes_with_values(attributes_for_create(pk_attribute_allowed))
+    end
 
-      attribute_names.each do |name|
-        if (column = column_for_attribute(name)) && (include_primary_key || !column.primary)
+    def arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names)
+      arel_attributes_with_values(attributes_for_update(attribute_names))
+    end
 
-          if include_readonly_attributes || !self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)
+    def attribute_method?(attr_name)
+      defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.include?(attr_name)
+    end
 
-            value = if klass.serialized_attributes.include?(name)
-                      @attributes[name].serialized_value
-                    else
-                      # FIXME: we need @attributes to be used consistently.
-                      # If the values stored in @attributes were already type
-                      # casted, this code could be simplified
-                      read_attribute(name)
-                    end
+    private
 
-            attrs[arel_table[name]] = value
-          end
-        end
-      end
+    # Returns a Hash of the Arel::Attributes and attribute values that have been
+    # type casted for use in an Arel insert/update method.
+    def arel_attributes_with_values(attribute_names)
+      attrs = {}
+      arel_table = self.class.arel_table
 
+      attribute_names.each do |name|
+        attrs[arel_table[name]] = typecasted_attribute_value(name)
+      end
       attrs
     end
 
-    def attribute_method?(attr_name)
-      defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.include?(attr_name)
+    # Filters the primary keys and readonly attributes from the attribute names.
+    def attributes_for_update(attribute_names)
+      attribute_names.select do |name|
+        column_for_attribute(name) && !pk_attribute?(name) && !readonly_attribute?(name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Filters out the primary keys, from the attribute names, when the primary
+    # key is to be generated (e.g. the id attribute has no value).
+    def attributes_for_create(pk_attribute_allowed)
+      @attributes.keys.select do |name|
+        column_for_attribute(name) && (pk_attribute_allowed || !pk_attribute?(name))
+      end
+    end
+
+    def readonly_attribute?(name)
+      self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)
+    end
+
+    def pk_attribute?(name)
+      column_for_attribute(name).primary
+    end
+
+    def typecasted_attribute_value(name)
+      if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(name)
+        @attributes[name].serialized_value
+      else
+        # FIXME: we need @attributes to be used consistently.
+        # If the values stored in @attributes were already typecasted, this code
+        # could be simplified
+        read_attribute(name)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
index 3a737e5b35..a24b4b7839 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :partial_updates, instance_accessor: false
+    self.partial_updates = true
+  end
+
   module AttributeMethods
     module Dirty
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
       include ActiveModel::Dirty
-      include AttributeMethods::Write
 
       included do
         if self < ::ActiveRecord::Timestamp
@@ -14,7 +20,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         config_attribute :partial_updates
-        self.partial_updates = true
       end
 
       # Attempts to +save+ the record and clears changed attributes if successful.
@@ -22,8 +27,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if status = super
           @previously_changed = changes
           @changed_attributes.clear
-        elsif IdentityMap.enabled?
-          IdentityMap.remove(self)
         end
         status
       end
@@ -34,9 +37,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @previously_changed = changes
           @changed_attributes.clear
         end
-      rescue
-        IdentityMap.remove(self) if IdentityMap.enabled?
-        raise
       end
 
       # <tt>reload</tt> the record and clears changed attributes.
@@ -77,11 +77,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
         if column = column_for_attribute(attr)
-          if column.number? && column.null && (old.nil? || old == 0) && value.blank?
-            # For nullable numeric columns, NULL gets stored in database for blank (i.e. '') values.
-            # Hence we don't record it as a change if the value changes from nil to ''.
-            # If an old value of 0 is set to '' we want this to get changed to nil as otherwise it'll
-            # be typecast back to 0 (''.to_i => 0)
+          if column.number? && (changes_from_nil_to_empty_string?(column, old, value) ||
+                                changes_from_zero_to_string?(old, value))
             value = nil
           else
             value = column.type_cast(value)
@@ -90,6 +87,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         old != value
       end
+
+      def changes_from_nil_to_empty_string?(column, old, value)
+        # For nullable numeric columns, NULL gets stored in database for blank (i.e. '') values.
+        # Hence we don't record it as a change if the value changes from nil to ''.
+        # If an old value of 0 is set to '' we want this to get changed to nil as otherwise it'll
+        # be typecast back to 0 (''.to_i => 0)
+        column.null && (old.nil? || old == 0) && value.blank?
+      end
+
+      def changes_from_zero_to_string?(old, value)
+        # For columns with old 0 and value non-empty string
+        old == 0 && value.present? && value != '0'
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
index 51389c84d6..7b7811a706 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
@@ -43,12 +43,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           if attr_name == primary_key && attr_name != 'id'
             generated_attribute_methods.send(:alias_method, :id, primary_key)
-            generated_external_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__
-              def id(v, attributes, attributes_cache, attr_name)
-                attr_name = '#{primary_key}'
-                send(attr_name, attributes[attr_name], attributes, attributes_cache, attr_name)
-              end
-            CODE
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
index 846ac03d82..a7af086e43 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :attribute_types_cached_by_default, instance_accessor: false
+  end
+
   module AttributeMethods
     module Read
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT = [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]
+      ActiveRecord::Model.attribute_types_cached_by_default = ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
 
       included do
-        config_attribute :attribute_types_cached_by_default, :global => true
-        self.attribute_types_cached_by_default = ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
+        config_attribute :attribute_types_cached_by_default
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -29,35 +33,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           cached_attributes.include?(attr_name)
         end
 
-        def undefine_attribute_methods
-          generated_external_attribute_methods.module_eval do
-            instance_methods.each { |m| undef_method(m) }
-          end
-
-          super
-        end
-
-        def type_cast_attribute(attr_name, attributes, cache = {}) #:nodoc:
-          return unless attr_name
-          attr_name = attr_name.to_s
-
-          if generated_external_attribute_methods.method_defined?(attr_name)
-            if attributes.has_key?(attr_name) || attr_name == 'id'
-              generated_external_attribute_methods.send(attr_name, attributes[attr_name], attributes, cache, attr_name)
-            end
-          elsif !attribute_methods_generated?
-            # If we haven't generated the caster methods yet, do that and
-            # then try again
-            define_attribute_methods
-            type_cast_attribute(attr_name, attributes, cache)
-          else
-            # If we get here, the attribute has no associated DB column, so
-            # just return it verbatim.
-            attributes[attr_name]
-          end
-        end
-
         protected
+
         # We want to generate the methods via module_eval rather than define_method,
         # because define_method is slower on dispatch and uses more memory (because it
         # creates a closure).
@@ -67,19 +44,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # we first define with the __temp__ identifier, and then use alias method to
         # rename it to what we want.
         def define_method_attribute(attr_name)
-          cast_code = attribute_cast_code(attr_name)
-
           generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
             def __temp__
-              #{internal_attribute_access_code(attr_name, cast_code)}
-            end
-            alias_method '#{attr_name}', :__temp__
-            undef_method :__temp__
-          STR
-
-          generated_external_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def __temp__(v, attributes, attributes_cache, attr_name)
-              #{external_attribute_access_code(attr_name, cast_code)}
+              read_attribute('#{attr_name}') { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
             end
             alias_method '#{attr_name}', :__temp__
             undef_method :__temp__
@@ -87,6 +54,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
+
         def cacheable_column?(column)
           if attribute_types_cached_by_default == ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
             ! serialized_attributes.include? column.name
@@ -94,33 +62,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
             attribute_types_cached_by_default.include?(column.type)
           end
         end
-
-        def internal_attribute_access_code(attr_name, cast_code)
-          "read_attribute('#{attr_name}') { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }"
-        end
-
-        def external_attribute_access_code(attr_name, cast_code)
-          access_code = "v && #{cast_code}"
-
-          if cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-            access_code = "attributes_cache[attr_name] ||= (#{access_code})"
-          end
-
-          access_code
-        end
-
-        def attribute_cast_code(attr_name)
-          columns_hash[attr_name].type_cast_code('v')
-        end
       end
 
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
       # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
       def read_attribute(attr_name)
         # If it's cached, just return it
-        @attributes_cache.fetch(attr_name) { |name|
+        @attributes_cache.fetch(attr_name.to_s) { |name|
           column = @columns_hash.fetch(name) {
-            return self.class.type_cast_attribute(name, @attributes, @attributes_cache)
+            return @attributes.fetch(name) {
+              if name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key != name
+                read_attribute(self.class.primary_key)
+              end
+            }
           }
 
           value = @attributes.fetch(name) {
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
index 165785c8fb..49ab3ab808 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       included do
         # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as
         # keys and their class restriction as values.
-        config_attribute :serialized_attributes
+        class_attribute :serialized_attributes, instance_writer: false
         self.serialized_attributes = {}
       end
 
@@ -72,12 +72,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.serialized_attributes = serialized_attributes.merge(attr_name.to_s => coder)
         end
 
-        def initialize_attributes(attributes) #:nodoc:
-          super
+        def initialize_attributes(attributes, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          serialized = (options.delete(:serialized) { true }) ? :serialized : :unserialized
+          super(attributes, options)
 
           serialized_attributes.each do |key, coder|
             if attributes.key?(key)
-              attributes[key] = Attribute.new(coder, attributes[key], :serialized)
+              attributes[key] = Attribute.new(coder, attributes[key], serialized)
             end
           end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
index ac31b636db..e300c9721f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,14 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :time_zone_aware_attributes, instance_accessor: false
+    self.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
+
+    mattr_accessor :skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes, instance_accessor: false
+    self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
+  end
+
   module AttributeMethods
     module TimeZoneConversion
       class Type # :nodoc:
@@ -22,11 +30,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       included do
-        config_attribute :time_zone_aware_attributes, :global => true
-        self.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-
+        config_attribute :time_zone_aware_attributes, global: true
         config_attribute :skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes
-        self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -57,8 +62,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
                   time = time.is_a?(String) ? Time.zone.parse(time) : time.to_time rescue time
                 end
                 time = time.in_time_zone rescue nil if time
+                changed = read_attribute(:#{attr_name}) != time
                 write_attribute(:#{attr_name}, original_time)
-                #{attr_name}_will_change!
+                #{attr_name}_will_change! if changed
                 @attributes_cache["#{attr_name}"] = time
               end
             EOV
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
index eb3ae7014e..290f57659d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Association with autosave option defines several callbacks on your
   # model (before_save, after_create, after_update). Please note that
   # callbacks are executed in the order they were defined in
-  # model. You should avoid modyfing the association content, before
+  # model. You should avoid modifying the association content, before
   # autosave callbacks are executed. Placing your callbacks after
   # associations is usually a good practice.
   #
@@ -127,23 +127,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module AutosaveAssociation
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    ASSOCIATION_TYPES = %w{ HasOne HasMany BelongsTo HasAndBelongsToMany }
-
     module AssociationBuilderExtension #:nodoc:
-      def self.included(base)
-        base.valid_options << :autosave
-      end
-
       def build
-        reflection = super
         model.send(:add_autosave_association_callbacks, reflection)
-        reflection
+        super
       end
     end
 
     included do
-      ASSOCIATION_TYPES.each do |type|
-        Associations::Builder.const_get(type).send(:include, AssociationBuilderExtension)
+      Associations::Builder::Association.class_eval do
+        self.valid_options << :autosave
+        include AssociationBuilderExtension
       end
     end
 
@@ -328,14 +322,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
 
         if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, @new_record_before_save, autosave)
-          begin
+          records_to_destroy = []
           records.each do |record|
             next if record.destroyed?
 
             saved = true
 
             if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
-              association.proxy.destroy(record)
+              records_to_destroy << record
             elsif autosave != false && (@new_record_before_save || record.new_record?)
               if autosave
                 saved = association.insert_record(record, false)
@@ -348,11 +342,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless saved
           end
-          rescue
-            records.each {|x| IdentityMap.remove(x) } if IdentityMap.enabled?
-            raise
-          end
 
+          records_to_destroy.each do |record|
+            association.destroy(record)
+          end
         end
 
         # reconstruct the scope now that we know the owner's id
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index d4d0220fb7..189985b671 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -201,6 +201,9 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #   # Now 'Bob' exist and is an 'admin'
   #   User.find_or_create_by_name('Bob', :age => 40) { |u| u.admin = true }
   #
+  # Adding an exclamation point (!) on to the end of <tt>find_or_create_by_</tt> will
+  # raise an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt> error if the new record is invalid.
+  #
   # Use the <tt>find_or_initialize_by_</tt> finder if you want to return a new record without
   # saving it first. Protected attributes won't be set unless they are given in a block.
   #
@@ -301,21 +304,22 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #   (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
   # * AssociationTypeMismatch - The object assigned to the association wasn't of the type
   #   specified in the association definition.
-  # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
-  # * ConnectionNotEstablished+ - No connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt>
+  # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the
+  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method.
+  #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute
+  #   triggered the error.
+  # * ConnectionNotEstablished - No connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt>
   #   before querying.
-  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the +find+ method. Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist
-  #   or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions. Some +find+ calls do not raise this exception to signal
-  #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
-  # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
   # * MultiparameterAssignmentErrors - Collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
   #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of
   #   AttributeAssignmentError
   #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
-  # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the
-  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method.
-  #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute
-  #   triggered the error.
+  # * RecordInvalid - raised by save! and create! when the record is invalid.
+  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the +find+ method. Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist
+  #   or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions. Some +find+ calls do not raise this exception to signal
+  #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
+  # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
+  # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
   #
   # *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level).
   # So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through <tt>Base.logger=</tt> which will then be used by all
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
index a050fabf35..111208d0b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Examples:
   #   class CreditCard < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     # Strip everything but digits, so the user can specify "555 234 34" or
-  #     # "5552-3434" or both will mean "55523434"
+  #     # "5552-3434" and both will mean "55523434"
   #     before_validation(:on => :create) do
   #       self.number = number.gsub(/[^0-9]/, "") if attribute_present?("number")
   #     end
@@ -231,30 +231,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Returns true or false depending on whether the proc is contained in the before_save callback chain on a Topic model.
   #
   module Callbacks
-    # We can't define callbacks directly on ActiveRecord::Model because
-    # it is a module. So we queue up the definitions and execute them
-    # when ActiveRecord::Model is included.
-    module Register #:nodoc:
-      def self.extended(base)
-        base.config_attribute :_callbacks_register
-        base._callbacks_register = []
-      end
-
-      def self.setup(base)
-        base._callbacks_register.each do |item|
-          base.send(*item)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def define_callbacks(*args)
-        self._callbacks_register << [:define_callbacks, *args]
-      end
-
-      def define_model_callbacks(*args)
-        self._callbacks_register << [:define_model_callbacks, *args]
-      end
-    end
-
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     CALLBACKS = [
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
index 77af540c3e..f17e7158de 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
+require 'yaml'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # :stopdoc:
   module Coders
     class YAMLColumn
-      RESCUE_ERRORS = [ ArgumentError ]
-
-      if defined?(Psych) && defined?(Psych::SyntaxError)
-        RESCUE_ERRORS << Psych::SyntaxError
-      end
+      RESCUE_ERRORS = [ ArgumentError, Psych::SyntaxError ]
 
       attr_accessor :object_class
 
@@ -15,7 +13,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def dump(obj)
-        YAML.dump(obj) unless obj.nil?
+        return if obj.nil?
+
+        unless obj.is_a?(object_class)
+          raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
+            "Attribute was supposed to be a #{object_class}, but was a #{obj.class}. -- #{obj.inspect}"
+        end
+        YAML.dump obj
       end
 
       def load(yaml)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
index 37a9d216df..347d794fa3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   # Raised when a connection pool is full and another connection is requested
   class PoolFullError < ConnectionNotEstablished
-    def initialize size, timeout
-      super("Connection pool of size #{size} and timeout #{timeout}s is full")
-    end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -57,13 +54,146 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Options
     #
-    # There are two connection-pooling-related options that you can add to
+    # There are several connection-pooling-related options that you can add to
     # your database connection configuration:
     #
     # * +pool+: number indicating size of connection pool (default 5)
-    # * +wait_timeout+: number of seconds to block and wait for a connection
+    # * +checkout_timeout+: number of seconds to block and wait for a connection
     #   before giving up and raising a timeout error (default 5 seconds).
+    # * +reaping_frequency+: frequency in seconds to periodically run the
+    #   Reaper, which attempts to find and close dead connections, which can
+    #   occur if a programmer forgets to close a connection at the end of a
+    #   thread or a thread dies unexpectedly. (Default nil, which means don't
+    #   run the Reaper).
+    # * +dead_connection_timeout+: number of seconds from last checkout
+    #   after which the Reaper will consider a connection reapable. (default
+    #   5 seconds).
     class ConnectionPool
+      # Threadsafe, fair, FIFO queue.  Meant to be used by ConnectionPool
+      # with which it shares a Monitor.  But could be a generic Queue.
+      #
+      # The Queue in stdlib's 'thread' could replace this class except
+      # stdlib's doesn't support waiting with a timeout.
+      class Queue
+        def initialize(lock = Monitor.new)
+          @lock = lock
+          @cond = @lock.new_cond
+          @num_waiting = 0
+          @queue = []
+        end
+
+        # Test if any threads are currently waiting on the queue.
+        def any_waiting?
+          synchronize do
+            @num_waiting > 0
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Return the number of threads currently waiting on this
+        # queue.
+        def num_waiting
+          synchronize do
+            @num_waiting
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Add +element+ to the queue.  Never blocks.
+        def add(element)
+          synchronize do
+            @queue.push element
+            @cond.signal
+          end
+        end
+
+        # If +element+ is in the queue, remove and return it, or nil.
+        def delete(element)
+          synchronize do
+            @queue.delete(element)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Remove all elements from the queue.
+        def clear
+          synchronize do
+            @queue.clear
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Remove the head of the queue.
+        #
+        # If +timeout+ is not given, remove and return the head the
+        # queue if the number of available elements is strictly
+        # greater than the number of threads currently waiting (that
+        # is, don't jump ahead in line).  Otherwise, return nil.
+        #
+        # If +timeout+ is given, block if it there is no element
+        # available, waiting up to +timeout+ seconds for an element to
+        # become available.
+        #
+        # Raises:
+        # - ConnectionTimeoutError if +timeout+ is given and no element
+        # becomes available after +timeout+ seconds,
+        def poll(timeout = nil)
+          synchronize do
+            if timeout
+              no_wait_poll || wait_poll(timeout)
+            else
+              no_wait_poll
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def synchronize(&block)
+          @lock.synchronize(&block)
+        end
+
+        # Test if the queue currently contains any elements.
+        def any?
+          !@queue.empty?
+        end
+
+        # A thread can remove an element from the queue without
+        # waiting if an only if the number of currently available
+        # connections is strictly greater than the number of waiting
+        # threads.
+        def can_remove_no_wait?
+          @queue.size > @num_waiting
+        end
+
+        # Removes and returns the head of the queue if possible, or nil.
+        def remove
+          @queue.shift
+        end
+
+        # Remove and return the head the queue if the number of
+        # available elements is strictly greater than the number of
+        # threads currently waiting.  Otherwise, return nil.
+        def no_wait_poll
+          remove if can_remove_no_wait?
+        end
+
+        # Waits on the queue up to +timeout+ seconds, then removes and
+        # returns the head of the queue.
+        def wait_poll(timeout)
+          @num_waiting += 1
+
+          t0 = Time.now
+          elapsed = 0
+          loop do
+            @cond.wait(timeout - elapsed)
+
+            return remove if any?
+
+            elapsed = Time.now - t0
+            raise ConnectionTimeoutError if elapsed >= timeout
+          end
+        ensure
+          @num_waiting -= 1
+        end
+      end
+
       # Every +frequency+ seconds, the reaper will call +reap+ on +pool+.
       # A reaper instantiated with a nil frequency will never reap the
       # connection pool.
@@ -91,7 +221,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       include MonitorMixin
 
-      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :timeout
+      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout, :dead_connection_timeout
       attr_reader :spec, :connections, :size, :reaper
 
       # Creates a new ConnectionPool object. +spec+ is a ConnectionSpecification
@@ -108,7 +238,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # The cache of reserved connections mapped to threads
         @reserved_connections = {}
 
-        @timeout = spec.config[:wait_timeout] || 5
+        @checkout_timeout = spec.config[:checkout_timeout] || 5
+        @dead_connection_timeout = spec.config[:dead_connection_timeout]
         @reaper  = Reaper.new self, spec.config[:reaping_frequency]
         @reaper.run
 
@@ -117,6 +248,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @connections         = []
         @automatic_reconnect = true
+
+        @available = Queue.new self
+      end
+
+      # Hack for tests to be able to add connections.  Do not call outside of tests
+      def insert_connection_for_test!(c) #:nodoc:
+        synchronize do
+          @connections << c
+          @available.add c
+        end
       end
 
       # Retrieve the connection associated with the current thread, or call
@@ -125,21 +266,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # #connection can be called any number of times; the connection is
       # held in a hash keyed by the thread id.
       def connection
-        @reserved_connections[current_connection_id] ||= checkout
+        synchronize do
+          @reserved_connections[current_connection_id] ||= checkout
+        end
       end
 
-      # Check to see if there is an active connection in this connection
-      # pool.
+      # Is there an open connection that is being used for the current thread?
       def active_connection?
-        active_connections.any?
+        synchronize do
+          @reserved_connections.fetch(current_connection_id) {
+            return false
+          }.in_use?
+        end
       end
 
       # Signal that the thread is finished with the current connection.
       # #release_connection releases the connection-thread association
       # and returns the connection to the pool.
       def release_connection(with_id = current_connection_id)
-        conn = @reserved_connections.delete(with_id)
-        checkin conn if conn
+        synchronize do
+          conn = @reserved_connections.delete(with_id)
+          checkin conn if conn
+        end
       end
 
       # If a connection already exists yield it to the block. If no connection
@@ -167,6 +315,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             conn.disconnect!
           end
           @connections = []
+          @available.clear
         end
       end
 
@@ -181,12 +330,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connections.delete_if do |conn|
             conn.requires_reloading?
           end
+          @available.clear
+          @connections.each do |conn|
+            @available.add conn
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def clear_stale_cached_connections! # :nodoc:
+        reap
       end
-      deprecate :clear_stale_cached_connections!
+      deprecate :clear_stale_cached_connections! => "Please use #reap instead"
 
       # Check-out a database connection from the pool, indicating that you want
       # to use it. You should call #checkin when you no longer need this.
@@ -203,23 +357,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Raises:
       # - PoolFullError: no connection can be obtained from the pool.
       def checkout
-        # Checkout an available connection
         synchronize do
-          # Try to find a connection that hasn't been leased, and lease it
-          conn = connections.find { |c| c.lease }
-
-          # If all connections were leased, and we have room to expand,
-          # create a new connection and lease it.
-          if !conn && connections.size < size
-            conn = checkout_new_connection
-            conn.lease
-          end
-
-          if conn
-            checkout_and_verify conn
-          else
-            raise PoolFullError.new(size, timeout)
-          end
+          conn = acquire_connection
+          conn.lease
+          checkout_and_verify(conn)
         end
       end
 
@@ -233,6 +374,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           conn.run_callbacks :checkin do
             conn.expire
           end
+
+          release conn
+
+          @available.add conn
         end
       end
 
@@ -241,13 +386,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def remove(conn)
         synchronize do
           @connections.delete conn
+          @available.delete conn
 
           # FIXME: we might want to store the key on the connection so that removing
           # from the reserved hash will be a little easier.
-          thread_id = @reserved_connections.keys.find { |k|
-            @reserved_connections[k] == conn
-          }
-          @reserved_connections.delete thread_id if thread_id
+          release conn
+
+          @available.add checkout_new_connection if @available.any_waiting?
         end
       end
 
@@ -256,7 +401,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # or a thread dies unexpectedly.
       def reap
         synchronize do
-          stale = Time.now - @timeout
+          stale = Time.now - @dead_connection_timeout
           connections.dup.each do |conn|
             remove conn if conn.in_use? && stale > conn.last_use && !conn.active?
           end
@@ -265,12 +410,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
+      # Acquire a connection by one of 1) immediately removing one
+      # from the queue of available connections, 2) creating a new
+      # connection if the pool is not at capacity, 3) waiting on the
+      # queue for a connection to become available.
+      #
+      # Raises:
+      # - PoolFullError if a connection could not be acquired (FIXME:
+      #   why not ConnectionTimeoutError?
+      def acquire_connection
+        if conn = @available.poll
+          conn
+        elsif @connections.size < @size
+          checkout_new_connection
+        else
+          t0 = Time.now
+          begin
+            @available.poll(@checkout_timeout)
+          rescue ConnectionTimeoutError
+            msg = 'could not obtain a database connection within %0.3f seconds (waited %0.3f seconds)' %
+              [@checkout_timeout, Time.now - t0]
+            raise PoolFullError, msg
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def release(conn)
+        thread_id = if @reserved_connections[current_connection_id] == conn
+          current_connection_id
+        else
+          @reserved_connections.keys.find { |k|
+            @reserved_connections[k] == conn
+          }
+        end
+
+        @reserved_connections.delete thread_id if thread_id
+      end
+
       def new_connection
-        ActiveRecord::Base.send(spec.adapter_method, spec.config)
+        ActiveRecord::Model.send(spec.adapter_method, spec.config)
       end
 
       def current_connection_id #:nodoc:
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id ||= Thread.current.object_id
+        ActiveRecord::Model.connection_id ||= Thread.current.object_id
       end
 
       def checkout_new_connection
@@ -288,10 +470,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
         c
       end
-
-      def active_connections
-        @connections.find_all { |c| c.in_use? }
-      end
     end
 
     # ConnectionHandler is a collection of ConnectionPool objects. It is used
@@ -385,10 +563,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def retrieve_connection_pool(klass)
-        pool = get_pool_for_class klass.name
-        return pool if pool
-        return nil if ActiveRecord::Model == klass
-        retrieve_connection_pool klass.active_record_super
+        if !(klass < Model::Tag)
+          get_pool_for_class('ActiveRecord::Model') # default connection
+        else
+          pool = get_pool_for_class(klass.name)
+          pool || retrieve_connection_pool(klass.superclass)
+        end
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
index 174450eb00..b0b51f540c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Converts an arel AST to SQL
       def to_sql(arel, binds = [])
         if arel.respond_to?(:ast)
+          binds = binds.dup
           visitor.accept(arel.ast) do
             quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
           end
@@ -57,21 +58,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Executes insert +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
-      # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is the logged along with
+      # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is logged along with
       # the executed +sql+ statement.
-      def exec_insert(sql, name, binds)
+      def exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk = nil, sequence_name = nil)
         exec_query(sql, name, binds)
       end
 
       # Executes delete +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
-      # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is the logged along with
+      # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is logged along with
       # the executed +sql+ statement.
       def exec_delete(sql, name, binds)
         exec_query(sql, name, binds)
       end
 
       # Executes update +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
-      # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is the logged along with
+      # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is logged along with
       # the executed +sql+ statement.
       def exec_update(sql, name, binds)
         exec_query(sql, name, binds)
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # passed in as +id_value+.
       def insert(arel, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil, binds = [])
         sql, binds = sql_for_insert(to_sql(arel, binds), pk, id_value, sequence_name, binds)
-        value      = exec_insert(sql, name, binds)
+        value      = exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk, sequence_name)
         id_value || last_inserted_id(value)
       end
 
@@ -312,13 +313,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # on mysql (even when aliasing the tables), but mysql allows using JOIN directly in
       # an UPDATE statement, so in the mysql adapters we redefine this to do that.
       def join_to_update(update, select) #:nodoc:
-        subselect = select.clone
-        subselect.projections = [update.key]
+        key = update.key
+        subselect = subquery_for(key, select)
 
-        update.where update.key.in(subselect)
+        update.where key.in(subselect)
+      end
+
+      def join_to_delete(delete, select, key) #:nodoc:
+        subselect = subquery_for(key, select)
+
+        delete.where key.in(subselect)
       end
 
       protected
+
+        # Return a subquery for the given key using the join information.
+        def subquery_for(key, select)
+          subselect = select.clone
+          subselect.projections = [key]
+          subselect
+        end
+
         # Returns an array of record hashes with the column names as keys and
         # column values as values.
         def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
@@ -355,7 +370,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             records.uniq.each do |record|
               begin
                 record.rolledback!(rollback)
-              rescue Exception => e
+              rescue => e
                 record.logger.error(e) if record.respond_to?(:logger) && record.logger
               end
             end
@@ -370,7 +385,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             records.uniq.each do |record|
               begin
                 record.committed!
-              rescue Exception => e
+              rescue => e
                 record.logger.error(e) if record.respond_to?(:logger) && record.logger
               end
             end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
index 17377bad96..be6fda95b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
     module QueryCache
       class << self
-        def included(base)
+        def included(base) #:nodoc:
           dirties_query_cache base, :insert, :update, :delete
         end
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
-        if @query_cache_enabled
+        if @query_cache_enabled && !locked?(arel)
           sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
           cache_sql(sql, binds) { super(sql, name, binds) }
         else
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+
       def cache_sql(sql, binds)
         result =
           if @query_cache[sql].key?(binds)
@@ -83,6 +84,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           result.collect { |row| row.dup }
         end
       end
+
+      def locked?(arel)
+        arel.respond_to?(:locked) && arel.locked
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
index 44ac37c498..60a9eee7c7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
@@ -31,9 +31,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
         when nil        then "NULL"
         when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
-        when Numeric    then value.to_s
+        when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
         when Date, Time then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
         when Symbol     then "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+        when Class      then "'#{value.to_s}'"
         else
           "'#{quote_string(YAML.dump(value))}'"
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
index 7ee8f40631..f9ae1ed475 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def sql_type
-        base.type_to_sql(type.to_sym, limit, precision, scale) rescue type
+        base.type_to_sql(type.to_sym, limit, precision, scale)
       end
 
       def to_sql
@@ -65,11 +65,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class TableDefinition
       # An array of ColumnDefinition objects, representing the column changes
       # that have been defined.
-      attr_accessor :columns
+      attr_accessor :columns, :indexes
 
       def initialize(base)
         @columns = []
         @columns_hash = {}
+        @indexes = {}
         @base = base
       end
 
@@ -212,19 +213,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # TableDefinition#references will add an appropriately-named _id column, plus a corresponding _type
       # column if the <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is supplied. If <tt>:polymorphic</tt> is a hash of
-      # options, these will be used when creating the <tt>_type</tt> column. So what can be written like this:
+      # options, these will be used when creating the <tt>_type</tt> column. The <tt>:index</tt> option
+      # will also create an index, similar to calling <tt>add_index</tt>. So what can be written like this:
       #
       #   create_table :taggings do |t|
       #     t.integer :tag_id, :tagger_id, :taggable_id
       #     t.string  :tagger_type
       #     t.string  :taggable_type, :default => 'Photo'
       #   end
+      #   add_index :taggings, :tag_id, :name => 'index_taggings_on_tag_id'
+      #   add_index :taggings, [:tagger_id, :tagger_type]
       #
       # Can also be written as follows using references:
       #
       #   create_table :taggings do |t|
-      #     t.references :tag
-      #     t.references :tagger, :polymorphic => true
+      #     t.references :tag, :index => { :name => 'index_taggings_on_tag_id' }
+      #     t.references :tagger, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
       #     t.references :taggable, :polymorphic => { :default => 'Photo' }
       #   end
       def column(name, type, options = {})
@@ -256,10 +260,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         EOV
       end
 
+      # Adds index options to the indexes hash, keyed by column name
+      # This is primarily used to track indexes that need to be created after the table
+      #
+      #   index(:account_id, :name => 'index_projects_on_account_id')
+      def index(column_name, options = {})
+        indexes[column_name] = options
+      end
+
       # Appends <tt>:datetime</tt> columns <tt>:created_at</tt> and
       # <tt>:updated_at</tt> to the table.
       def timestamps(*args)
-        options = { :null => false }.merge(args.extract_options!)
+        options = args.extract_options!
         column(:created_at, :datetime, options)
         column(:updated_at, :datetime, options)
       end
@@ -267,9 +279,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
+        index_options = options.delete(:index)
         args.each do |col|
           column("#{col}_id", :integer, options)
-          column("#{col}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) unless polymorphic.nil?
+          column("#{col}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
+          index(polymorphic ? %w(id type).map { |t| "#{col}_#{t}" } : "#{col}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : nil) if index_options
         end
       end
       alias :belongs_to :references
@@ -334,7 +348,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Adds a new column to the named table.
       # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
-      # ===== Example
+      #
       # ====== Creating a simple column
       #  t.column(:name, :string)
       def column(column_name, type, options = {})
@@ -349,7 +363,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Adds a new index to the table. +column_name+ can be a single Symbol, or
       # an Array of Symbols. See SchemaStatements#add_index
       #
-      # ===== Examples
       # ====== Creating a simple index
       #  t.index(:name)
       # ====== Creating a unique index
@@ -366,7 +379,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to the table. See SchemaStatements#add_timestamps
-      # ===== Example
+      #
       #  t.timestamps
       def timestamps
         @base.add_timestamps(@table_name)
@@ -374,7 +387,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Changes the column's definition according to the new options.
       # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  t.change(:name, :string, :limit => 80)
       #  t.change(:description, :text)
       def change(column_name, type, options = {})
@@ -382,7 +395,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Sets a new default value for a column. See SchemaStatements#change_column_default
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  t.change_default(:qualification, 'new')
       #  t.change_default(:authorized, 1)
       def change_default(column_name, default)
@@ -390,16 +403,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Removes the column(s) from the table definition.
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  t.remove(:qualification)
       #  t.remove(:qualification, :experience)
       def remove(*column_names)
-        @base.remove_column(@table_name, column_names)
+        @base.remove_column(@table_name, *column_names)
       end
 
       # Removes the given index from the table.
       #
-      # ===== Examples
       # ====== Remove the index_table_name_on_column in the table_name table
       #   t.remove_index :column
       # ====== Remove the index named index_table_name_on_branch_id in the table_name table
@@ -413,14 +425,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table.
-      # ===== Example
+      #
       #  t.remove_timestamps
       def remove_timestamps
         @base.remove_timestamps(@table_name)
       end
 
       # Renames a column.
-      # ===== Example
+      #
       #  t.rename(:description, :name)
       def rename(column_name, new_column_name)
         @base.rename_column(@table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
@@ -428,38 +440,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
       # <tt>references</tt> and <tt>belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
-      # ===== Examples
-      #  t.references(:goat)
-      #  t.references(:goat, :polymorphic => true)
-      #  t.belongs_to(:goat)
+      #
+      #  t.references(:user)
+      #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #
       def references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
-        polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
-        args.each do |col|
-          @base.add_column(@table_name, "#{col}_id", :integer, options)
-          @base.add_column(@table_name, "#{col}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) unless polymorphic.nil?
+        args.each do |ref_name|
+          @base.add_reference(@table_name, ref_name, options)
         end
       end
       alias :belongs_to :references
 
       # Removes a reference. Optionally removes a +type+ column.
       # <tt>remove_references</tt> and <tt>remove_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
-      # ===== Examples
-      #  t.remove_references(:goat)
-      #  t.remove_references(:goat, :polymorphic => true)
-      #  t.remove_belongs_to(:goat)
+      #
+      #  t.remove_references(:user)
+      #  t.remove_belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #
       def remove_references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
-        polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
-        args.each do |col|
-          @base.remove_column(@table_name, "#{col}_id")
-          @base.remove_column(@table_name, "#{col}_type") unless polymorphic.nil?
+        args.each do |ref_name|
+          @base.remove_reference(@table_name, ref_name, options)
         end
       end
-      alias :remove_belongs_to  :remove_references
+      alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_references
 
       # Adds a column or columns of a specified type
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  t.string(:goat)
       #  t.string(:goat, :sheep)
       %w( string text integer float decimal datetime timestamp time date binary boolean ).each do |column_type|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
index 2c210e5ba2..a80c1cec39 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/deprecation/reporting'
-require 'active_record/schema_migration'
 require 'active_record/migration/join_table'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -16,12 +15,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Truncates a table alias according to the limits of the current adapter.
       def table_alias_for(table_name)
-        table_name[0...table_alias_length].gsub(/\./, '_')
+        table_name[0...table_alias_length].tr('.', '_')
       end
 
       # Checks to see if the table +table_name+ exists on the database.
       #
-      # === Example
       #   table_exists?(:developers)
       def table_exists?(table_name)
         tables.include?(table_name.to_s)
@@ -32,7 +30,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Checks to see if an index exists on a table for a given index definition.
       #
-      # === Examples
       #  # Check an index exists
       #  index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id)
       #
@@ -60,7 +57,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Checks to see if a column exists in a given table.
       #
-      # === Examples
       #  # Check a column exists
       #  column_exists?(:suppliers, :name)
       #
@@ -68,13 +64,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string)
       #
       #  # Check a column exists with a specific definition
-      #  column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, :limit => 100)
+      #  column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, limit: 100)
+      #  column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, default: 'default')
+      #  column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, null: false)
+      #  column_exists?(:suppliers, :tax, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2)
       def column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
         columns(table_name).any?{ |c| c.name == column_name.to_s &&
-                                      (!type                 || c.type == type) &&
-                                      (!options[:limit]      || c.limit == options[:limit]) &&
-                                      (!options[:precision]  || c.precision == options[:precision]) &&
-                                      (!options[:scale]      || c.scale == options[:scale]) }
+                                      (!type                     || c.type == type) &&
+                                      (!options.key?(:limit)     || c.limit == options[:limit]) &&
+                                      (!options.key?(:precision) || c.precision == options[:precision]) &&
+                                      (!options.key?(:scale)     || c.scale == options[:scale]) &&
+                                      (!options.key?(:default)   || c.default == options[:default]) &&
+                                      (!options.key?(:null)      || c.null == options[:null]) }
       end
 
       # Creates a new table with the name +table_name+. +table_name+ may either
@@ -126,7 +127,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Set to true to drop the table before creating it.
       #   Defaults to false.
       #
-      # ===== Examples
       # ====== Add a backend specific option to the generated SQL (MySQL)
       #  create_table(:suppliers, :options => 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8')
       # generates:
@@ -171,10 +171,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         create_sql << td.to_sql
         create_sql << ") #{options[:options]}"
         execute create_sql
+        td.indexes.each_pair { |c,o| add_index table_name, c, o }
       end
 
       # Creates a new join table with the name created using the lexical order of the first two
-      # arguments. These arguments can be be a String or a Symbol.
+      # arguments. These arguments can be a String or a Symbol.
       #
       #  # Creates a table called 'assemblies_parts' with no id.
       #  create_join_table(:assemblies, :parts)
@@ -192,7 +193,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Set to true to drop the table before creating it.
       #   Defaults to false.
       #
-      # ===== Examples
       # ====== Add a backend specific option to the generated SQL (MySQL)
       #  create_join_table(:assemblies, :parts, :options => 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8')
       # generates:
@@ -204,17 +204,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         join_table_name = find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options)
 
         column_options = options.delete(:column_options) || {}
-        column_options.reverse_merge!({:null => false})
+        column_options.reverse_merge!(null: false)
 
-        create_table(join_table_name, options.merge!(:id => false)) do |td|
-          td.integer :"#{table_1.to_s.singularize}_id", column_options
-          td.integer :"#{table_2.to_s.singularize}_id", column_options
+        t1_column, t2_column = [table_1, table_2].map{ |t| t.to_s.singularize.foreign_key }
+
+        create_table(join_table_name, options.merge!(id: false)) do |td|
+          td.integer t1_column, column_options
+          td.integer t2_column, column_options
+          yield td if block_given?
         end
       end
 
       # A block for changing columns in +table+.
       #
-      # === Example
       #  # change_table() yields a Table instance
       #  change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
       #    t.column :name, :string, :limit => 60
@@ -228,7 +230,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   Defaults to false.
       #
-      # ===== Examples
       # ====== Add a column
       #  change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
       #    t.column :name, :string, :limit => 60
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Renames a table.
-      # ===== Example
+      #
       #  rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
       def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
         raise NotImplementedError, "rename_table is not implemented"
@@ -307,7 +308,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Removes the column(s) from the table definition.
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  remove_column(:suppliers, :qualification)
       #  remove_columns(:suppliers, :qualification, :experience)
       def remove_column(table_name, *column_names)
@@ -317,7 +318,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Changes the column's definition according to the new options.
       # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  change_column(:suppliers, :name, :string, :limit => 80)
       #  change_column(:accounts, :description, :text)
       def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Sets a new default value for a column.
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  change_column_default(:suppliers, :qualification, 'new')
       #  change_column_default(:accounts, :authorized, 1)
       #  change_column_default(:users, :email, nil)
@@ -334,7 +335,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Renames a column.
-      # ===== Example
+      #
       #  rename_column(:suppliers, :description, :name)
       def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
         raise NotImplementedError, "rename_column is not implemented"
@@ -346,8 +347,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # The index will be named after the table and the column name(s), unless
       # you pass <tt>:name</tt> as an option.
       #
-      # ===== Examples
-      #
       # ====== Creating a simple index
       #  add_index(:suppliers, :name)
       # generates
@@ -375,7 +374,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Note: SQLite doesn't support index length
       #
       # ====== Creating an index with a sort order (desc or asc, asc is the default)
-      #  add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id, :surname], :order => {:branch_id => :desc, :part_id => :asc})
+      #  add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id, :surname], :order => {:branch_id => :desc, :party_id => :asc})
       # generates
       #  CREATE INDEX by_branch_desc_party ON accounts(branch_id DESC, party_id ASC, surname)
       #
@@ -447,6 +446,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
         indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == index_name }
       end
 
+      # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
+      # <tt>add_reference</tt> and <tt>add_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
+      #
+      # ====== Create a user_id column
+      #  add_reference(:products, :user)
+      #
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id and supplier_type columns
+      #  add_belongs_to(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
+      #  add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true)
+      #
+      def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, options = {})
+        polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
+        index_options = options.delete(:index)
+        add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id", :integer, options)
+        add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
+        add_index(table_name, polymorphic ? %w[id type].map{ |t| "#{ref_name}_#{t}" } : "#{ref_name}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : nil) if index_options
+      end
+      alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
+
+      # Removes the reference(s). Also removes a +type+ column if one exists.
+      # <tt>remove_reference</tt>, <tt>remove_references</tt> and <tt>remove_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
+      #
+      # ====== Remove the reference
+      #  remove_reference(:products, :user, index: true)
+      #
+      # ====== Remove polymorphic reference
+      #  remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #
+      def remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, options = {})
+        remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id")
+        remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type") if options[:polymorphic]
+      end
+      alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
+
       # Returns a string of <tt>CREATE TABLE</tt> SQL statement(s) for recreating the
       # entire structure of the database.
       def structure_dump
@@ -536,7 +571,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Adds timestamps (created_at and updated_at) columns to the named table.
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  add_timestamps(:suppliers)
       def add_timestamps(table_name)
         add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime
@@ -544,7 +579,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Removes the timestamp columns (created_at and updated_at) from the table definition.
-      # ===== Examples
+      #
       #  remove_timestamps(:suppliers)
       def remove_timestamps(table_name)
         remove_column table_name, :updated_at
@@ -556,7 +591,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if options.is_a?(Hash) && order = options[:order]
             case order
             when Hash
-              column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += " #{order[name].to_s.upcase}" if order.has_key?(name)}
+              column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += " #{order[name].upcase}" if order.has_key?(name)}
             when String
               column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += " #{order.upcase}"}
             end
@@ -617,8 +652,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def columns_for_remove(table_name, *column_names)
-          column_names = column_names.flatten
-
           raise ArgumentError.new("You must specify at least one column name. Example: remove_column(:people, :first_name)") if column_names.blank?
           column_names.map {|column_name| quote_column_name(column_name) }
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index 767c99de4c..28a9821913 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -163,11 +163,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      # Override to return the quoted table name. Defaults to column quoting.
-      def quote_table_name(name)
-        quote_column_name(name)
-      end
-
       # Returns a bind substitution value given a +column+ and list of current
       # +binds+
       def substitute_at(column, index)
@@ -284,26 +279,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
-        def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [])
-          @instrumenter.instrument(
-            "sql.active_record",
-            :sql           => sql,
-            :name          => name,
-            :connection_id => object_id,
-            :binds         => binds) { yield }
-        rescue Exception => e
-          message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
-          @logger.debug message if @logger
-          exception = translate_exception(e, message)
-          exception.set_backtrace e.backtrace
-          raise exception
-        end
-
-        def translate_exception(e, message)
-          # override in derived class
-          ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message)
-        end
-
+      def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [])
+        @instrumenter.instrument(
+          "sql.active_record",
+          :sql           => sql,
+          :name          => name,
+          :connection_id => object_id,
+          :binds         => binds) { yield }
+      rescue => e
+        message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
+        @logger.error message if @logger
+        exception = translate_exception(e, message)
+        exception.set_backtrace e.backtrace
+        raise exception
+      end
+
+      def translate_exception(exception, message)
+        # override in derived class
+        ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
index 731c07547a..2b0bc3f497 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when /^mediumint/i; 3
           when /^smallint/i;  2
           when /^tinyint/i;   1
+          when /^enum\((.+)\)/i
+            $1.split(',').map{|enum| enum.strip.length - 2}.max
           else
             super
           end
@@ -251,7 +253,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # MysqlAdapter has to free a result after using it, so we use this method to write
-      # stuff in a abstract way without concerning ourselves about whether it needs to be
+      # stuff in an abstract way without concerning ourselves about whether it needs to be
       # explicitly freed or not.
       def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
         yield execute(sql, name)
@@ -264,19 +266,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def begin_db_transaction
         execute "BEGIN"
-      rescue Exception
+      rescue
         # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "COMMIT"
-      rescue Exception
+      rescue
         # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "ROLLBACK"
-      rescue Exception
+      rescue
         # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
@@ -294,19 +296,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # In the simple case, MySQL allows us to place JOINs directly into the UPDATE
       # query. However, this does not allow for LIMIT, OFFSET and ORDER. To support
-      # these, we must use a subquery. However, MySQL is too stupid to create a
-      # temporary table for this automatically, so we have to give it some prompting
-      # in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
+      # these, we must use a subquery.
       def join_to_update(update, select) #:nodoc:
         if select.limit || select.offset || select.orders.any?
-          subsubselect = select.clone
-          subsubselect.projections = [update.key]
-
-          subselect = Arel::SelectManager.new(select.engine)
-          subselect.project Arel.sql(update.key.name)
-          subselect.from subsubselect.as('__active_record_temp')
-
-          update.where update.key.in(subselect)
+          super
         else
           update.table select.source
           update.wheres = select.constraints
@@ -322,10 +315,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sql = "SHOW TABLES"
         end
 
-        select_all(sql).map { |table|
+        select_all(sql, 'SCHEMA').map { |table|
           table.delete('Table_type')
           sql = "SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table.to_a.first.last)}"
-          exec_without_stmt(sql).first['Create Table'] + ";\n\n"
+          exec_query(sql, 'SCHEMA').first['Create Table'] + ";\n\n"
         }.join
       end
 
@@ -517,7 +510,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
       def show_variable(name)
-        variables = select_all("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '#{name}'")
+        variables = select_all("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '#{name}'", 'SCHEMA')
         variables.first['Value'] unless variables.empty?
       end
 
@@ -525,8 +518,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def pk_and_sequence_for(table)
         execute_and_free("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table)}", 'SCHEMA') do |result|
           create_table = each_hash(result).first[:"Create Table"]
-          if create_table.to_s =~ /PRIMARY KEY\s+\((.+)\)/
-            keys = $1.split(",").map { |key| key.gsub(/[`"]/, "") }
+          if create_table.to_s =~ /PRIMARY KEY\s+(?:USING\s+\w+\s+)?\((.+)\)/
+            keys = $1.split(",").map { |key| key.delete('`"') }
             keys.length == 1 ? [keys.first, nil] : nil
           else
             nil
@@ -558,6 +551,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
+      # MySQL is too stupid to create a temporary table for use subquery, so we have
+      # to give it some prompting in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
+      def subquery_for(key, select)
+        subsubselect = select.clone
+        subsubselect.projections = [key]
+
+        subselect = Arel::SelectManager.new(select.engine)
+        subselect.project Arel.sql(key.name)
+        subselect.from subsubselect.as('__active_record_temp')
+      end
+
       def add_index_length(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
         if options.is_a?(Hash) && length = options[:length]
           case length
@@ -628,7 +632,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
         end
 
-        current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'")["Type"]
+        current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'", 'SCHEMA')["Type"]
         rename_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)} #{current_type}"
         add_column_options!(rename_column_sql, options)
         rename_column_sql
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
index 78e54c4c9b..01bd3ae26c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'set'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # :stopdoc:
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         case type
         when :string, :text        then value
-        when :integer              then value.to_i rescue value ? 1 : 0
+        when :integer              then value.to_i
         when :float                then value.to_f
         when :decimal              then klass.value_to_decimal(value)
         when :datetime, :timestamp then klass.string_to_time(value)
@@ -107,6 +108,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def type_cast_code(var_name)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Column#type_cast_code is deprecated in favor of" \
+          "using Column#type_cast only, and it is going to be removed in future Rails versions.")
+
         klass = self.class.name
 
         case type
@@ -120,6 +124,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         when :binary               then "#{klass}.binary_to_string(#{var_name})"
         when :boolean              then "#{klass}.value_to_boolean(#{var_name})"
         when :hstore               then "#{klass}.string_to_hstore(#{var_name})"
+        when :inet, :cidr          then "#{klass}.string_to_cidr(#{var_name})"
         else var_name
         end
       end
@@ -154,7 +159,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def value_to_date(value)
           if value.is_a?(String)
-            return nil if value.empty?
+            return nil if value.blank?
             fast_string_to_date(value) || fallback_string_to_date(value)
           elsif value.respond_to?(:to_date)
             value.to_date
@@ -165,14 +170,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def string_to_time(string)
           return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-          return nil if string.empty?
+          return nil if string.blank?
 
           fast_string_to_time(string) || fallback_string_to_time(string)
         end
 
         def string_to_dummy_time(string)
           return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-          return nil if string.empty?
+          return nil if string.blank?
 
           string_to_time "2000-01-01 #{string}"
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
index 8491d42b86..dd40351a38 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'uri'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class ConnectionSpecification #:nodoc:
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
index 3f45f23de8..8fc172f6e8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
-      def exec_insert(sql, name, binds)
+      def exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk = nil, sequence_name = nil)
         execute to_sql(sql, binds), name
       end
 
@@ -253,6 +253,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id.
         # Turn this off. http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/6778
         variable_assignments = ['SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL=0']
+
+        # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or
+        # blanking them. See
+        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
+        if @config.fetch(:strict, true)
+          variable_assignments << "SQL_MODE='STRICT_ALL_TABLES'"
+        end
+
         encoding = @config[:encoding]
 
         # make sure we set the encoding
@@ -260,7 +268,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # increase timeout so mysql server doesn't disconnect us
         wait_timeout = @config[:wait_timeout]
-        wait_timeout = 2592000 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Fixnum)
+        wait_timeout = 2147483 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Fixnum)
         variable_assignments << "@@wait_timeout = #{wait_timeout}"
 
         execute("SET #{variable_assignments.join(', ')}", :skip_logging)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
index 724dbff1f0..3b0353358a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * <tt>:database</tt> - The name of the database. No default, must be provided.
     # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - (Optional) Sets the client encoding by executing "SET NAMES <encoding>" after connection.
     # * <tt>:reconnect</tt> - Defaults to false (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/auto-reconnect.html).
+    # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Defaults to true. Enable STRICT_ALL_TABLES. (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-sql-mode.html)
     # * <tt>:sslca</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslkey</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslcert</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
         @connection.query_with_result = true
-        rows = exec_without_stmt(sql, name).rows
+        rows = exec_query(sql, name).rows
         @connection.more_results && @connection.next_result    # invoking stored procedures with CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS requires this to tidy up else connection will be dropped
         rows
       end
@@ -278,31 +279,171 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-        log(sql, name, binds) do
-          exec_stmt(sql, name, binds) do |cols, stmt|
-            ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a) if cols
-          end
+        # If the configuration sets prepared_statements:false, binds will
+        # always be empty, since the bind variables will have been already
+        # substituted and removed from binds by BindVisitor, so this will
+        # effectively disable prepared statement usage completely.
+        if binds.empty?
+          result_set, affected_rows = exec_without_stmt(sql, name)
+        else
+          result_set, affected_rows = exec_stmt(sql, name, binds)
         end
+
+        yield affected_rows if block_given?
+
+        result_set
       end
 
       def last_inserted_id(result)
         @connection.insert_id
       end
 
+      class Result < ActiveRecord::Result
+        def initialize(columns, rows, column_types)
+          super(columns, rows)
+          @column_types = column_types
+        end
+      end
+
+      module Fields
+        class Type
+          def type; end
+
+          def type_cast_for_write(value)
+            value
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Identity < Type
+          def type_cast(value); value; end
+        end
+
+        class Integer < Type
+          def type_cast(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+
+            value.to_i rescue value ? 1 : 0
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Date < Type
+          def type; :date; end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+
+            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
+            # specific
+            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date value
+          end
+        end
+
+        class DateTime < Type
+          def type; :datetime; end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+
+            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
+            # specific
+            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time value
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Time < Type
+          def type; :time; end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+
+            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
+            # specific
+            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_dummy_time value
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Float < Type
+          def type; :float; end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+
+            value.to_f
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Decimal < Type
+          def type_cast(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+
+            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Boolean < Type
+          def type_cast(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+
+            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean value
+          end
+        end
+
+        TYPES = {}
+
+        # Register an MySQL +type_id+ with a typcasting object in
+        # +type+.
+        def self.register_type(type_id, type)
+          TYPES[type_id] = type
+        end
+
+        def self.alias_type(new, old)
+          TYPES[new] = TYPES[old]
+        end
+
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY,    Fields::Boolean.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG,    Fields::Integer.new
+        alias_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONGLONG,   Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG
+        alias_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_NEWDECIMAL, Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG
+
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_VAR_STRING, Fields::Identity.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_BLOB, Fields::Identity.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATE, Fields::Date.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATETIME, Fields::DateTime.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TIME, Fields::Time.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_FLOAT, Fields::Float.new
+
+        Mysql::Field.constants.grep(/TYPE/).map { |class_name|
+          Mysql::Field.const_get class_name
+        }.reject { |const| TYPES.key? const }.each do |const|
+          register_type const, Fields::Identity.new
+        end
+      end
+
       def exec_without_stmt(sql, name = 'SQL') # :nodoc:
         # Some queries, like SHOW CREATE TABLE don't work through the prepared
         # statement API. For those queries, we need to use this method. :'(
         log(sql, name) do
           result = @connection.query(sql)
-          cols = []
-          rows = []
+          affected_rows = @connection.affected_rows
 
           if result
-            cols = result.fetch_fields.map { |field| field.name }
-            rows = result.to_a
+            types = {}
+            result.fetch_fields.each { |field|
+              if field.decimals > 0
+                types[field.name] = Fields::Decimal.new
+              else
+                types[field.name] = Fields::TYPES.fetch(field.type) {
+                  Fields::Identity.new
+                }
+              end
+            }
+            result_set = Result.new(types.keys, result.to_a, types)
             result.free
+          else
+            result_set = ActiveRecord::Result.new([], [])
           end
-          ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, rows)
+
+          [result_set, affected_rows]
         end
       end
 
@@ -320,16 +461,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
       def exec_delete(sql, name, binds)
-        log(sql, name, binds) do
-          exec_stmt(sql, name, binds) do |cols, stmt|
-            stmt.affected_rows
-          end
+        affected_rows = 0
+
+        exec_query(sql, name, binds) do |n|
+          affected_rows = n
         end
+
+        affected_rows
       end
       alias :exec_update :exec_delete
 
       def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        exec_without_stmt "BEGIN"
+        exec_query "BEGIN"
       rescue Mysql::Error
         # Transactions aren't supported
       end
@@ -338,41 +481,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def exec_stmt(sql, name, binds)
         cache = {}
-        if binds.empty?
-          stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
-        else
-          cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
-            :stmt => @connection.prepare(sql)
-          }
-          stmt = cache[:stmt]
-        end
+        log(sql, name, binds) do
+          if binds.empty?
+            stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
+          else
+            cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
+              :stmt => @connection.prepare(sql)
+            }
+            stmt = cache[:stmt]
+          end
 
-        begin
-          stmt.execute(*binds.map { |col, val| type_cast(val, col) })
-        rescue Mysql::Error => e
-          # Older versions of MySQL leave the prepared statement in a bad
-          # place when an error occurs. To support older mysql versions, we
-          # need to close the statement and delete the statement from the
-          # cache.
-          stmt.close
-          @statements.delete sql
-          raise e
-        end
+          begin
+            stmt.execute(*binds.map { |col, val| type_cast(val, col) })
+          rescue Mysql::Error => e
+            # Older versions of MySQL leave the prepared statement in a bad
+            # place when an error occurs. To support older mysql versions, we
+            # need to close the statement and delete the statement from the
+            # cache.
+            stmt.close
+            @statements.delete sql
+            raise e
+          end
 
-        cols = nil
-        if metadata = stmt.result_metadata
-          cols = cache[:cols] ||= metadata.fetch_fields.map { |field|
-            field.name
-          }
-        end
+          cols = nil
+          if metadata = stmt.result_metadata
+            cols = cache[:cols] ||= metadata.fetch_fields.map { |field|
+              field.name
+            }
+          end
 
-        result = yield [cols, stmt]
+          result_set = ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a) if cols
+          affected_rows = stmt.affected_rows
 
-        stmt.result_metadata.free if cols
-        stmt.free_result
-        stmt.close if binds.empty?
+          stmt.result_metadata.free if cols
+          stmt.free_result
+          stmt.close if binds.empty?
 
-        result
+          [result_set, affected_rows]
+        end
       end
 
       def connect
@@ -404,6 +550,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id.
         # Turn this off. http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/6778
         execute("SET SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL=0", :skip_logging)
+
+        # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or
+        # blanking them. See
+        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
+        if @config.fetch(:strict, true)
+          execute("SET SQL_MODE='STRICT_ALL_TABLES'", :skip_logging)
+        end
       end
 
       def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
index c82afc232c..6657491c06 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
@@ -137,6 +137,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        class Cidr < Type
+          def type_cast(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+
+            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_cidr value
+          end
+        end
+
         class TypeMap
           def initialize
             @mapping = {}
@@ -212,11 +220,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
         alias_type 'tsvector', 'text'
         alias_type 'interval', 'text'
-        alias_type 'cidr',     'text'
-        alias_type 'inet',     'text'
-        alias_type 'macaddr',  'text'
         alias_type 'bit',      'text'
         alias_type 'varbit',   'text'
+        alias_type 'macaddr',  'text'
+        alias_type 'uuid',     'text'
 
         # FIXME: I don't think this is correct. We should probably be returning a parsed date,
         # but the tests pass with a string returned.
@@ -237,6 +244,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         register_type 'polygon', OID::Identity.new
         register_type 'circle', OID::Identity.new
         register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
+
+        register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
+        alias_type 'inet', 'cidr'
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index 5b7fa029da..71a84011bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
 gem 'pg', '~> 0.11'
 require 'pg'
 
+require 'ipaddr'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling
     # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
@@ -16,8 +18,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Forward any unused config params to PGconn.connect.
       [:statement_limit, :encoding, :min_messages, :schema_search_path,
-       :schema_order, :adapter, :pool, :wait_timeout, :template,
-       :reaping_frequency].each do |key|
+       :schema_order, :adapter, :pool, :checkout_timeout, :template,
+       :reaping_frequency, :insert_returning].each do |key|
         conn_params.delete key
       end
       conn_params.delete_if { |k,v| v.nil? }
@@ -79,6 +81,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def string_to_cidr(string)
+          if string.nil?
+            nil
+          elsif String === string
+            IPAddr.new(string)
+          else
+            string
+          end
+        end
+
+        def cidr_to_string(object)
+          if IPAddr === object
+            "#{object.to_s}/#{object.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr).to_s(2).count('1')}"
+          else
+            object
+          end
+        end
+
         private
         HstorePair = begin
           quoted_string = /"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"/
@@ -88,9 +108,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def escape_hstore(value)
             value.nil?         ? 'NULL'
-          : value =~ /[=\s,>]/ ? '"%s"' % value.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
           : value == ""        ? '""'
-          :                      value.to_s.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
+          :                      '"%s"' % value.to_s.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
         end
       end
       # :startdoc:
@@ -168,6 +187,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         case sql_type
         when /^bigint/i;    8
         when /^smallint/i;  2
+        when /^timestamp/i; nil
         else super
         end
       end
@@ -182,6 +202,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def extract_precision(sql_type)
         if sql_type == 'money'
           self.class.money_precision
+        elsif sql_type =~ /timestamp/i
+          $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((\d+)\)/
         else
           super
         end
@@ -198,6 +220,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           :decimal
         when 'hstore'
           :hstore
+        # Network address types
+        when 'inet'
+          :inet
+        when 'cidr'
+          :cidr
+        when 'macaddr'
+          :macaddr
         # Character types
         when /^(?:character varying|bpchar)(?:\(\d+\))?$/
           :string
@@ -212,9 +241,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Geometric types
         when /^(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)$/
           :string
-        # Network address types
-        when /^(?:cidr|inet|macaddr)$/
-          :string
         # Bit strings
         when /^bit(?: varying)?(?:\(\d+\))?$/
           :string
@@ -232,7 +258,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           :integer
         # UUID type
         when 'uuid'
-          :string
+          :uuid
         # Small and big integer types
         when /^(?:small|big)int$/
           :integer
@@ -259,6 +285,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   <encoding></tt> call on the connection.
     # * <tt>:min_messages</tt> - An optional client min messages that is used in a
     #   <tt>SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use or <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT<tt> statements
+    #   defaults to true.
     #
     # Any further options are used as connection parameters to libpq. See
     # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-connect.html for the
@@ -281,6 +309,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def hstore(name, options = {})
           column(name, 'hstore', options)
         end
+
+        def inet(name, options = {})
+          column(name, 'inet', options)
+        end
+
+        def cidr(name, options = {})
+          column(name, 'cidr', options)
+        end
+
+        def macaddr(name, options = {})
+          column(name, 'macaddr', options)
+        end
+
+        def uuid(name, options = {})
+          column(name, 'uuid', options)
+        end
       end
 
       ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'
@@ -300,7 +344,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         :boolean     => { :name => "boolean" },
         :xml         => { :name => "xml" },
         :tsvector    => { :name => "tsvector" },
-        :hstore      => { :name => "hstore" }
+        :hstore      => { :name => "hstore" },
+        :inet        => { :name => "inet" },
+        :cidr        => { :name => "cidr" },
+        :macaddr     => { :name => "macaddr" },
+        :uuid        => { :name => "uuid" }
       }
 
       # Returns 'PostgreSQL' as adapter name for identification purposes.
@@ -406,6 +454,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         initialize_type_map
         @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE', 'SCHEMA').first["TimeZone"]
+        @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? @config[:insert_returning] : true
       end
 
       # Clears the prepared statements cache.
@@ -415,7 +464,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
       def active?
-        @connection.status == PGconn::CONNECTION_OK
+        @connection.query 'SELECT 1'
+        true
       rescue PGError
         false
       end
@@ -424,6 +474,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def reconnect!
         clear_cache!
         @connection.reset
+        @open_transactions = 0
         configure_connection
       end
 
@@ -481,7 +532,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL
       def table_alias_length
-        @table_alias_length ||= query('SHOW max_identifier_length')[0][0].to_i
+        @table_alias_length ||= query('SHOW max_identifier_length', 'SCHEMA')[0][0].to_i
       end
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
@@ -508,9 +559,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when 'hstore' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value), column)
           else super
           end
+        when IPAddr
+          case column.sql_type
+          when 'inet', 'cidr' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value), column)
+          else super
+          end
         when Float
-          return super unless value.infinite? && column.type == :datetime
-          "'#{value.to_s.downcase}'"
+          if value.infinite? && column.type == :datetime
+            "'#{value.to_s.downcase}'"
+          elsif value.infinite? || value.nan?
+            "'#{value.to_s}'"
+          else
+            super
+          end
         when Numeric
           return super unless column.sql_type == 'money'
           # Not truly string input, so doesn't require (or allow) escape string syntax.
@@ -542,6 +603,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         when Hash
           return super unless 'hstore' == column.sql_type
           PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value)
+        when IPAddr
+          return super unless ['inet','cidr'].includes? column.sql_type
+          PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value)
         else
           super
         end
@@ -667,8 +731,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           pk = primary_key(table_ref) if table_ref
         end
 
-        if pk
+        if pk && use_insert_returning?
           select_value("#{sql} RETURNING #{quote_column_name(pk)}")
+        elsif pk
+          super
+          last_insert_id_value(sequence_name || default_sequence_name(table_ref, pk))
         else
           super
         end
@@ -783,11 +850,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
           pk = primary_key(table_ref) if table_ref
         end
 
-        sql = "#{sql} RETURNING #{quote_column_name(pk)}" if pk
+        if pk && use_insert_returning?
+          sql = "#{sql} RETURNING #{quote_column_name(pk)}"
+        end
 
         [sql, binds]
       end
 
+      def exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk = nil, sequence_name = nil)
+        val = exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+        if !use_insert_returning? && pk
+          unless sequence_name
+            table_ref = extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
+            sequence_name = default_sequence_name(table_ref, pk)
+            return val unless sequence_name
+          end
+          last_insert_id_result(sequence_name)
+        else
+          val
+        end
+      end
+
       # Executes an UPDATE query and returns the number of affected tuples.
       def update_sql(sql, name = nil)
         super.cmd_tuples
@@ -834,7 +917,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Create a new PostgreSQL database. Options include <tt>:owner</tt>, <tt>:template</tt>,
-      # <tt>:encoding</tt>, <tt>:tablespace</tt>, and <tt>:connection_limit</tt> (note that MySQL uses
+      # <tt>:encoding</tt>, <tt>:collation</tt>, <tt>:ctype</tt>,
+      # <tt>:tablespace</tt>, and <tt>:connection_limit</tt> (note that MySQL uses
       # <tt>:charset</tt> while PostgreSQL uses <tt>:encoding</tt>).
       #
       # Example:
@@ -851,6 +935,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
             " TEMPLATE = \"#{value}\""
           when :encoding
             " ENCODING = '#{value}'"
+          when :collation
+            " LC_COLLATE = '#{value}'"
+          when :ctype
+            " LC_CTYPE = '#{value}'"
           when :tablespace
             " TABLESPACE = \"#{value}\""
           when :connection_limit
@@ -890,28 +978,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         binds = [[nil, table]]
         binds << [nil, schema] if schema
 
-        exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA', binds).rows.first[0].to_i > 0
+        exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
             SELECT COUNT(*)
             FROM pg_class c
             LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
             WHERE c.relkind in ('v','r')
-            AND c.relname = $1
-            AND n.nspname = #{schema ? '$2' : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
+            AND c.relname = '#{table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')}'
+            AND n.nspname = #{schema ? "'#{schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
         SQL
       end
 
       # Returns true if schema exists.
       def schema_exists?(name)
-        exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA', [[nil, name]]).rows.first[0].to_i > 0
+        exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
           SELECT COUNT(*)
           FROM pg_namespace
-          WHERE nspname = $1
+          WHERE nspname = '#{name}'
         SQL
       end
 
       # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
       def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
-         result = query(<<-SQL, name)
+         result = query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
            SELECT distinct i.relname, d.indisunique, d.indkey, pg_get_indexdef(d.indexrelid), t.oid
            FROM pg_class t
            INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
@@ -923,7 +1011,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           ORDER BY i.relname
         SQL
 
-
         result.map do |row|
           index_name = row[0]
           unique = row[1] == 't'
@@ -962,7 +1049,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the current database name.
       def current_database
-        query('select current_database()')[0][0]
+        query('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
       end
 
       # Returns the current schema name.
@@ -972,15 +1059,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the current database encoding format.
       def encoding
-        query(<<-end_sql)[0][0]
+        query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
           SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(pg_database.encoding) FROM pg_database
           WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
         end_sql
       end
 
+      # Returns the current database collation.
+      def collation
+        query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          SELECT pg_database.datcollate FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
+        end_sql
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current database ctype.
+      def ctype
+        query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          SELECT pg_database.datctype FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
+        end_sql
+      end
+
       # Returns an array of schema names.
       def schema_names
-        query(<<-SQL).flatten
+        query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').flatten
           SELECT nspname
             FROM pg_namespace
            WHERE nspname !~ '^pg_.*'
@@ -1006,7 +1107,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This should be not be called manually but set in database.yml.
       def schema_search_path=(schema_csv)
         if schema_csv
-          execute "SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}"
+          execute("SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}", 'SCHEMA')
           @schema_search_path = schema_csv
         end
       end
@@ -1028,14 +1129,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the sequence name for a table's primary key or some other specified key.
       def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
-        serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id').split('.').last
+        result = serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id')
+        return nil unless result
+        result.split('.').last
       rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
         "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq"
       end
 
       def serial_sequence(table, column)
-        result = exec_query(<<-eosql, 'SCHEMA', [[nil, table], [nil, column]])
-          SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence($1, $2)
+        result = exec_query(<<-eosql, 'SCHEMA')
+          SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('#{table}', '#{column}')
         eosql
         result.rows.first.first
       end
@@ -1112,25 +1215,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns just a table's primary key
       def primary_key(table)
-        row = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA', [[nil, table]]).rows.first
+        row = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows.first
           SELECT DISTINCT(attr.attname)
           FROM pg_attribute attr
           INNER JOIN pg_depend dep ON attr.attrelid = dep.refobjid AND attr.attnum = dep.refobjsubid
           INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[1]
           WHERE cons.contype = 'p'
-            AND dep.refobjid = $1::regclass
+            AND dep.refobjid = '#{table}'::regclass
         end_sql
 
         row && row.first
       end
 
       # Renames a table.
+      # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name matches the
+      # Active Record default.
       #
       # Example:
       #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
       def rename_table(name, new_name)
         clear_cache!
         execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+        pk, seq = pk_and_sequence_for(new_name)
+        if seq == "#{name}_#{pk}_seq"
+          new_seq = "#{new_name}_#{pk}_seq"
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(seq)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
+        end
       end
 
       # Adds a new column to the named table.
@@ -1188,14 +1298,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Maps logical Rails types to PostgreSQL-specific data types.
       def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
-        return super unless type.to_s == 'integer'
-        return 'integer' unless limit
+        case type.to_s
+        when 'binary'
+          # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on binary (bytea) columns.
+          # The hard limit is 1Gb, because of a 32-bit size field, and TOAST.
+          case limit
+          when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
+          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte size #{limit}.")
+          end
+        when 'integer'
+          return 'integer' unless limit
+
+          case limit
+            when 1, 2; 'smallint'
+            when 3, 4; 'integer'
+            when 5..8; 'bigint'
+            else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
+          end
+        when 'datetime'
+          return super unless precision
 
-        case limit
-          when 1, 2; 'smallint'
-          when 3, 4; 'integer'
-          when 5..8; 'bigint'
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
+          case precision
+            when 0..6; "timestamp(#{precision})"
+            else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No timestamp type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
+          end
+        else
+          super
         end
       end
 
@@ -1210,7 +1338,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Construct a clean list of column names from the ORDER BY clause, removing
         # any ASC/DESC modifiers
-        order_columns = orders.collect { |s| s.gsub(/\s+(ASC|DESC)\s*(NULLS\s+(FIRST|LAST)\s*)?/i, '') }
+        order_columns = orders.collect do |s|
+          s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
+          s.gsub(/\s+(ASC|DESC)\s*(NULLS\s+(FIRST|LAST)\s*)?/i, '')
+        end
         order_columns.delete_if { |c| c.blank? }
         order_columns = order_columns.zip((0...order_columns.size).to_a).map { |s,i| "#{s} AS alias_#{i}" }
 
@@ -1236,17 +1367,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def use_insert_returning?
+        @use_insert_returning
+      end
+
       protected
         # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
         def postgresql_version
           @connection.server_version
         end
 
+        # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/errcodes-appendix.html
+        FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION = "23503"
+        UNIQUE_VIOLATION      = "23505"
+
         def translate_exception(exception, message)
-          case exception.message
-          when /duplicate key value violates unique constraint/
+          case exception.result.try(:error_field, PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+          when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
             RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
-          when /violates foreign key constraint/
+          when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
             InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
           else
             super
@@ -1348,7 +1487,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if @config[:encoding]
             @connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
           end
-          self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] if @config[:min_messages]
+          self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] || 'warning'
           self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
 
           # Use standard-conforming strings if available so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
@@ -1365,8 +1504,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Returns the current ID of a table's sequence.
         def last_insert_id(sequence_name) #:nodoc:
-          r = exec_query("SELECT currval($1)", 'SQL', [[nil, sequence_name]])
-          Integer(r.rows.first.first)
+          Integer(last_insert_id_value(sequence_name))
+        end
+
+        def last_insert_id_value(sequence_name)
+          last_insert_id_result(sequence_name).rows.first.first
+        end
+
+        def last_insert_id_result(sequence_name) #:nodoc:
+          exec_query("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')", 'SQL')
         end
 
         # Executes a SELECT query and returns the results, performing any data type
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
index ee5d10859c..57aa47ab61 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
+require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
 
-gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.5'
+gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.6'
 require 'sqlite3'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -19,10 +21,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         config[:database] = File.expand_path(config[:database], Rails.root)
       end
 
-      unless 'sqlite3' == config[:adapter]
-        raise ArgumentError, 'adapter name should be "sqlite3"'
-      end
-
       db = SQLite3::Database.new(
         config[:database],
         :results_as_hash => true
@@ -35,7 +33,183 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
-    class SQLite3Adapter < SQLiteAdapter # :nodoc:
+    class SQLite3Column < Column #:nodoc:
+      class <<  self
+        def binary_to_string(value)
+          if value.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+            value = value.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+          end
+          value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The SQLite3 adapter works SQLite 3.6.16 or newer
+    # with the sqlite3-ruby drivers (available as gem from https://rubygems.org/gems/sqlite3).
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:database</tt> - Path to the database file.
+    class SQLite3Adapter < AbstractAdapter
+      class Version
+        include Comparable
+
+        def initialize(version_string)
+          @version = version_string.split('.').map { |v| v.to_i }
+        end
+
+        def <=>(version_string)
+          @version <=> version_string.split('.').map { |v| v.to_i }
+        end
+      end
+
+      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
+        def initialize(connection, max)
+          super
+          @cache = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
+        end
+
+        def each(&block); cache.each(&block); end
+        def key?(key);    cache.key?(key); end
+        def [](key);      cache[key]; end
+        def length;       cache.length; end
+
+        def []=(sql, key)
+          while @max <= cache.size
+            dealloc(cache.shift.last[:stmt])
+          end
+          cache[sql] = key
+        end
+
+        def clear
+          cache.values.each do |hash|
+            dealloc hash[:stmt]
+          end
+          cache.clear
+        end
+
+        private
+        def cache
+          @cache[$$]
+        end
+
+        def dealloc(stmt)
+          stmt.close unless stmt.closed?
+        end
+      end
+
+      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::SQLite # :nodoc:
+        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
+      end
+
+      def initialize(connection, logger, config)
+        super(connection, logger)
+        @statements = StatementPool.new(@connection,
+                                        config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 })
+        @config = config
+
+        if config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true }
+          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new self
+        else
+          @visitor = BindSubstitution.new self
+        end
+      end
+
+      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
+        'SQLite'
+      end
+
+      # Returns true
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if SQLite version is '3.6.8' or greater, false otherwise.
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        sqlite_version >= '3.6.8'
+      end
+
+      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports prepared statement
+      # caching.
+      def supports_statement_cache?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
+      def supports_migrations? #:nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns true.
+      def supports_primary_key? #:nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      def requires_reloading?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns true
+      def supports_add_column?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
+      # method does nothing.
+      def disconnect!
+        super
+        clear_cache!
+        @connection.close rescue nil
+      end
+
+      # Clears the prepared statements cache.
+      def clear_cache!
+        @statements.clear
+      end
+
+      # Returns true
+      def supports_count_distinct? #:nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns true
+      def supports_autoincrement? #:nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_index_sort_order?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def native_database_types #:nodoc:
+        {
+          :primary_key => default_primary_key_type,
+          :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
+          :text        => { :name => "text" },
+          :integer     => { :name => "integer" },
+          :float       => { :name => "float" },
+          :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
+          :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
+          :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
+          :time        => { :name => "time" },
+          :date        => { :name => "date" },
+          :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
+          :boolean     => { :name => "boolean" }
+        }
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current database encoding format as a string, eg: 'UTF-8'
+      def encoding
+        @connection.encoding.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Returns true.
+      def supports_explain?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # QUOTING ==================================================
+
       def quote(value, column = nil)
         if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary && column.class.respond_to?(:string_to_binary)
           s = column.class.string_to_binary(value).unpack("H*")[0]
@@ -45,10 +219,390 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Returns the current database encoding format as a string, eg: 'UTF-8'
-      def encoding
-        @connection.encoding.to_s
+      def quote_string(s) #:nodoc:
+        @connection.class.quote(s)
+      end
+
+      def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
+        %Q("#{name.to_s.gsub('"', '""')}")
+      end
+
+      # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
+      # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
+      def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
+        if value.respond_to?(:usec)
+          "#{super}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_cast(value, column) # :nodoc:
+        return value.to_f if BigDecimal === value
+        return super unless String === value
+        return super unless column && value
+
+        value = super
+        if column.type == :string && value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+          logger.error "Binary data inserted for `string` type on column `#{column.name}`" if logger
+          value.encode! 'utf-8'
+        end
+        value
+      end
+
+      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+
+      def explain(arel, binds = [])
+        sql = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
+        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', binds))
+      end
+
+      class ExplainPrettyPrinter
+        # Pretty prints the result of a EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN in a way that resembles
+        # the output of the SQLite shell:
+        #
+        #   0|0|0|SEARCH TABLE users USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY (rowid=?) (~1 rows)
+        #   0|1|1|SCAN TABLE posts (~100000 rows)
+        #
+        def pp(result) # :nodoc:
+          result.rows.map do |row|
+            row.join('|')
+          end.join("\n") + "\n"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+        log(sql, name, binds) do
+
+          # Don't cache statements without bind values
+          if binds.empty?
+            stmt    = @connection.prepare(sql)
+            cols    = stmt.columns
+            records = stmt.to_a
+            stmt.close
+            stmt = records
+          else
+            cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
+              :stmt => @connection.prepare(sql)
+            }
+            stmt = cache[:stmt]
+            cols = cache[:cols] ||= stmt.columns
+            stmt.reset!
+            stmt.bind_params binds.map { |col, val|
+              type_cast(val, col)
+            }
+          end
+
+          ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def exec_delete(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
+        exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+        @connection.changes
       end
+      alias :exec_update :exec_delete
+
+      def last_inserted_id(result)
+        @connection.last_insert_row_id
+      end
+
+      def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        log(sql, name) { @connection.execute(sql) }
+      end
+
+      def update_sql(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        super
+        @connection.changes
+      end
+
+      def delete_sql(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        sql += " WHERE 1=1" unless sql =~ /WHERE/i
+        super sql, name
+      end
+
+      def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        super
+        id_value || @connection.last_insert_row_id
+      end
+      alias :create :insert_sql
+
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+        exec_query(sql, name).rows
+      end
+
+      def create_savepoint
+        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      def rollback_to_savepoint
+        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      def release_savepoint
+        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+        log('begin transaction',nil) { @connection.transaction }
+      end
+
+      def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+        log('commit transaction',nil) { @connection.commit }
+      end
+
+      def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+        log('rollback transaction',nil) { @connection.rollback }
+      end
+
+      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
+
+      def tables(name = nil, table_name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        sql = <<-SQL
+          SELECT name
+          FROM sqlite_master
+          WHERE type = 'table' AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence'
+        SQL
+        sql << " AND name = #{quote_table_name(table_name)}" if table_name
+
+        exec_query(sql, 'SCHEMA').map do |row|
+          row['name']
+        end
+      end
+
+      def table_exists?(table_name)
+        table_name && tables(nil, table_name).any?
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of +SQLite3Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
+      def columns(table_name) #:nodoc:
+        table_structure(table_name).map do |field|
+          case field["dflt_value"]
+          when /^null$/i
+            field["dflt_value"] = nil
+          when /^'(.*)'$/
+            field["dflt_value"] = $1.gsub("''", "'")
+          when /^"(.*)"$/
+            field["dflt_value"] = $1.gsub('""', '"')
+          end
+
+          SQLite3Column.new(field['name'], field['dflt_value'], field['type'], field['notnull'].to_i == 0)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
+      def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        exec_query("PRAGMA index_list(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", 'SCHEMA').map do |row|
+          IndexDefinition.new(
+            table_name,
+            row['name'],
+            row['unique'] != 0,
+            exec_query("PRAGMA index_info('#{row['name']}')", "Columns for index #{row['name']} on #{table_name}").map { |col|
+              col['name']
+            })
+        end
+      end
+
+      def primary_key(table_name) #:nodoc:
+        column = table_structure(table_name).find { |field|
+          field['pk'] == 1
+        }
+        column && column['name']
+      end
+
+      def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
+        exec_query "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)}"
+      end
+
+      # Renames a table.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
+      def rename_table(name, new_name)
+        exec_query "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+      end
+
+      # See: http://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html
+      # SQLite has an additional restriction on the ALTER TABLE statement
+      def valid_alter_table_options( type, options)
+        type.to_sym != :primary_key
+      end
+
+      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        if supports_add_column? && valid_alter_table_options( type, options )
+          super(table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        else
+          alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
+            definition.column(column_name, type, options)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def remove_column(table_name, *column_names) #:nodoc:
+        raise ArgumentError.new("You must specify at least one column name. Example: remove_column(:people, :first_name)") if column_names.empty?
+        column_names.each do |column_name|
+          alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
+            definition.columns.delete(definition[column_name])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      alias :remove_columns :remove_column
+
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) #:nodoc:
+        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
+          definition[column_name].default = default
+        end
+      end
+
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          exec_query("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
+        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
+          definition[column_name].null = null
+        end
+      end
+
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
+          include_default = options_include_default?(options)
+          definition[column_name].instance_eval do
+            self.type    = type
+            self.limit   = options[:limit] if options.include?(:limit)
+            self.default = options[:default] if include_default
+            self.null    = options[:null] if options.include?(:null)
+            self.precision = options[:precision] if options.include?(:precision)
+            self.scale   = options[:scale] if options.include?(:scale)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
+        unless columns(table_name).detect{|c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+          raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "Missing column #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+        end
+        alter_table(table_name, :rename => {column_name.to_s => new_column_name.to_s})
+      end
+
+      def empty_insert_statement_value
+        "VALUES(NULL)"
+      end
+
+      protected
+        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = []) #:nodoc:
+          exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+        end
+
+        def table_structure(table_name)
+          structure = exec_query("PRAGMA table_info(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", 'SCHEMA').to_hash
+          raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, "Could not find table '#{table_name}'") if structure.empty?
+          structure
+        end
+
+        def alter_table(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          altered_table_name = "altered_#{table_name}"
+          caller = lambda {|definition| yield definition if block_given?}
+
+          transaction do
+            move_table(table_name, altered_table_name,
+              options.merge(:temporary => true))
+            move_table(altered_table_name, table_name, &caller)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def move_table(from, to, options = {}, &block) #:nodoc:
+          copy_table(from, to, options, &block)
+          drop_table(from)
+        end
+
+        def copy_table(from, to, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          from_primary_key = primary_key(from)
+          options[:primary_key] = from_primary_key if from_primary_key != 'id'
+          unless options[:primary_key]
+            options[:id] = columns(from).detect{|c| c.name == 'id'}.present? && from_primary_key == 'id'
+          end
+          create_table(to, options) do |definition|
+            @definition = definition
+            columns(from).each do |column|
+              column_name = options[:rename] ?
+                (options[:rename][column.name] ||
+                 options[:rename][column.name.to_sym] ||
+                 column.name) : column.name
+
+              @definition.column(column_name, column.type,
+                :limit => column.limit, :default => column.default,
+                :precision => column.precision, :scale => column.scale,
+                :null => column.null)
+            end
+            @definition.primary_key(from_primary_key) if from_primary_key
+            yield @definition if block_given?
+          end
+
+          copy_table_indexes(from, to, options[:rename] || {})
+          copy_table_contents(from, to,
+            @definition.columns.map {|column| column.name},
+            options[:rename] || {})
+        end
+
+        def copy_table_indexes(from, to, rename = {}) #:nodoc:
+          indexes(from).each do |index|
+            name = index.name
+            if to == "altered_#{from}"
+              name = "temp_#{name}"
+            elsif from == "altered_#{to}"
+              name = name[5..-1]
+            end
+
+            to_column_names = columns(to).map { |c| c.name }
+            columns = index.columns.map {|c| rename[c] || c }.select do |column|
+              to_column_names.include?(column)
+            end
+
+            unless columns.empty?
+              # index name can't be the same
+              opts = { :name => name.gsub(/_(#{from})_/, "_#{to}_") }
+              opts[:unique] = true if index.unique
+              add_index(to, columns, opts)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def copy_table_contents(from, to, columns, rename = {}) #:nodoc:
+          column_mappings = Hash[columns.map {|name| [name, name]}]
+          rename.each { |a| column_mappings[a.last] = a.first }
+          from_columns = columns(from).collect {|col| col.name}
+          columns = columns.find_all{|col| from_columns.include?(column_mappings[col])}
+          quoted_columns = columns.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ','
+
+          quoted_to = quote_table_name(to)
+          exec_query("SELECT * FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}").each do |row|
+            sql = "INSERT INTO #{quoted_to} (#{quoted_columns}) VALUES ("
+            sql << columns.map {|col| quote row[column_mappings[col]]} * ', '
+            sql << ')'
+            exec_query sql
+          end
+        end
+
+        def sqlite_version
+          @sqlite_version ||= SQLite3Adapter::Version.new(select_value('select sqlite_version(*)'))
+        end
+
+        def default_primary_key_type
+          if supports_autoincrement?
+            'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL'
+          else
+            'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL'
+          end
+        end
+
+        def translate_exception(exception, message)
+          case exception.message
+          when /column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique/
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
 
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d8dfab05c..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,563 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
-require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
-    class SQLiteColumn < Column #:nodoc:
-      class <<  self
-        def binary_to_string(value)
-          if value.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-            value = value.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-          end
-          value
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # The SQLite adapter works with both the 2.x and 3.x series of SQLite with the sqlite-ruby
-    # drivers (available both as gems and from http://rubyforge.org/projects/sqlite-ruby/).
-    #
-    # Options:
-    #
-    # * <tt>:database</tt> - Path to the database file.
-    class SQLiteAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      class Version
-        include Comparable
-
-        def initialize(version_string)
-          @version = version_string.split('.').map { |v| v.to_i }
-        end
-
-        def <=>(version_string)
-          @version <=> version_string.split('.').map { |v| v.to_i }
-        end
-      end
-
-      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
-        def initialize(connection, max)
-          super
-          @cache = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
-        end
-
-        def each(&block); cache.each(&block); end
-        def key?(key);    cache.key?(key); end
-        def [](key);      cache[key]; end
-        def length;       cache.length; end
-
-        def []=(sql, key)
-          while @max <= cache.size
-            dealloc(cache.shift.last[:stmt])
-          end
-          cache[sql] = key
-        end
-
-        def clear
-          cache.values.each do |hash|
-            dealloc hash[:stmt]
-          end
-          cache.clear
-        end
-
-        private
-        def cache
-          @cache[$$]
-        end
-
-        def dealloc(stmt)
-          stmt.close unless stmt.closed?
-        end
-      end
-
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::SQLite # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
-      def initialize(connection, logger, config)
-        super(connection, logger)
-        @statements = StatementPool.new(@connection,
-                                        config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 })
-        @config = config
-
-        if config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true }
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new self
-        else
-          @visitor = BindSubstitution.new self
-        end
-      end
-
-      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
-        'SQLite'
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if SQLite version is '2.0.0' or greater, false otherwise.
-      def supports_ddl_transactions?
-        sqlite_version >= '2.0.0'
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if SQLite version is '3.6.8' or greater, false otherwise.
-      def supports_savepoints?
-        sqlite_version >= '3.6.8'
-      end
-
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports prepared statement
-      # caching.
-      def supports_statement_cache?
-        true
-      end
-
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
-      def supports_migrations? #:nodoc:
-        true
-      end
-
-      # Returns true.
-      def supports_primary_key? #:nodoc:
-        true
-      end
-
-      # Returns true.
-      def supports_explain?
-        true
-      end
-
-      def requires_reloading?
-        true
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if SQLite version is '3.1.6' or greater, false otherwise.
-      def supports_add_column?
-        sqlite_version >= '3.1.6'
-      end
-
-      # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
-      # method does nothing.
-      def disconnect!
-        super
-        clear_cache!
-        @connection.close rescue nil
-      end
-
-      # Clears the prepared statements cache.
-      def clear_cache!
-        @statements.clear
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if SQLite version is '3.2.6' or greater, false otherwise.
-      def supports_count_distinct? #:nodoc:
-        sqlite_version >= '3.2.6'
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if SQLite version is '3.1.0' or greater, false otherwise.
-      def supports_autoincrement? #:nodoc:
-        sqlite_version >= '3.1.0'
-      end
-
-      def supports_index_sort_order?
-        sqlite_version >= '3.3.0'
-      end
-
-      def native_database_types #:nodoc:
-        {
-          :primary_key => default_primary_key_type,
-          :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
-          :text        => { :name => "text" },
-          :integer     => { :name => "integer" },
-          :float       => { :name => "float" },
-          :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
-          :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
-          :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
-          :time        => { :name => "time" },
-          :date        => { :name => "date" },
-          :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
-          :boolean     => { :name => "boolean" }
-        }
-      end
-
-
-      # QUOTING ==================================================
-
-      def quote_string(s) #:nodoc:
-        @connection.class.quote(s)
-      end
-
-      def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
-        %Q("#{name.to_s.gsub('"', '""')}")
-      end
-
-      # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
-      # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
-      def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
-        if value.respond_to?(:usec)
-          "#{super}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast(value, column) # :nodoc:
-        return value.to_f if BigDecimal === value
-        return super unless String === value
-        return super unless column && value
-
-        value = super
-        if column.type == :string && value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-          logger.error "Binary data inserted for `string` type on column `#{column.name}`" if logger
-          value.encode! 'utf-8'
-        end
-        value
-      end
-
-      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
-
-      def explain(arel, binds = [])
-        sql = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
-        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', binds))
-      end
-
-      class ExplainPrettyPrinter
-        # Pretty prints the result of a EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN in a way that resembles
-        # the output of the SQLite shell:
-        #
-        #   0|0|0|SEARCH TABLE users USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY (rowid=?) (~1 rows)
-        #   0|1|1|SCAN TABLE posts (~100000 rows)
-        #
-        def pp(result) # :nodoc:
-          result.rows.map do |row|
-            row.join('|')
-          end.join("\n") + "\n"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-        log(sql, name, binds) do
-
-          # Don't cache statements without bind values
-          if binds.empty?
-            stmt    = @connection.prepare(sql)
-            cols    = stmt.columns
-            records = stmt.to_a
-            stmt.close
-            stmt = records
-          else
-            cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
-              :stmt => @connection.prepare(sql)
-            }
-            stmt = cache[:stmt]
-            cols = cache[:cols] ||= stmt.columns
-            stmt.reset!
-            stmt.bind_params binds.map { |col, val|
-              type_cast(val, col)
-            }
-          end
-
-          ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def exec_delete(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-        exec_query(sql, name, binds)
-        @connection.changes
-      end
-      alias :exec_update :exec_delete
-
-      def last_inserted_id(result)
-        @connection.last_insert_row_id
-      end
-
-      def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        log(sql, name) { @connection.execute(sql) }
-      end
-
-      def update_sql(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        super
-        @connection.changes
-      end
-
-      def delete_sql(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        sql += " WHERE 1=1" unless sql =~ /WHERE/i
-        super sql, name
-      end
-
-      def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        super
-        id_value || @connection.last_insert_row_id
-      end
-      alias :create :insert_sql
-
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
-        exec_query(sql, name).rows
-      end
-
-      def create_savepoint
-        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def rollback_to_savepoint
-        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def release_savepoint
-        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        log('begin transaction',nil) { @connection.transaction }
-      end
-
-      def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        log('commit transaction',nil) { @connection.commit }
-      end
-
-      def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        log('rollback transaction',nil) { @connection.rollback }
-      end
-
-      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
-
-      def tables(name = 'SCHEMA', table_name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        sql = <<-SQL
-          SELECT name
-          FROM sqlite_master
-          WHERE type = 'table' AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence'
-        SQL
-        sql << " AND name = #{quote_table_name(table_name)}" if table_name
-
-        exec_query(sql, name).map do |row|
-          row['name']
-        end
-      end
-
-      def table_exists?(name)
-        name && tables('SCHEMA', name).any?
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of +SQLiteColumn+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
-      def columns(table_name) #:nodoc:
-        table_structure(table_name).map do |field|
-          case field["dflt_value"]
-          when /^null$/i
-            field["dflt_value"] = nil
-          when /^'(.*)'$/
-            field["dflt_value"] = $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
-          when /^"(.*)"$/
-            field["dflt_value"] = $1.gsub(/""/, '"')
-          end
-
-          SQLiteColumn.new(field['name'], field['dflt_value'], field['type'], field['notnull'].to_i == 0)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
-      def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        exec_query("PRAGMA index_list(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", name).map do |row|
-          IndexDefinition.new(
-            table_name,
-            row['name'],
-            row['unique'] != 0,
-            exec_query("PRAGMA index_info('#{row['name']}')").map { |col|
-              col['name']
-            })
-        end
-      end
-
-      def primary_key(table_name) #:nodoc:
-        column = table_structure(table_name).find { |field|
-          field['pk'] == 1
-        }
-        column && column['name']
-      end
-
-      def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
-        exec_query "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)}"
-      end
-
-      # Renames a table.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
-      def rename_table(name, new_name)
-        exec_query "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
-      end
-
-      # See: http://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html
-      # SQLite has an additional restriction on the ALTER TABLE statement
-      def valid_alter_table_options( type, options)
-        type.to_sym != :primary_key
-      end
-
-      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        if supports_add_column? && valid_alter_table_options( type, options )
-          super(table_name, column_name, type, options)
-        else
-          alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
-            definition.column(column_name, type, options)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def remove_column(table_name, *column_names) #:nodoc:
-        raise ArgumentError.new("You must specify at least one column name. Example: remove_column(:people, :first_name)") if column_names.empty?
-        column_names.flatten.each do |column_name|
-          alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
-            definition.columns.delete(definition[column_name])
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      alias :remove_columns :remove_column
-
-      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) #:nodoc:
-        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
-          definition[column_name].default = default
-        end
-      end
-
-      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
-        unless null || default.nil?
-          exec_query("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
-        end
-        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
-          definition[column_name].null = null
-        end
-      end
-
-      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
-          include_default = options_include_default?(options)
-          definition[column_name].instance_eval do
-            self.type    = type
-            self.limit   = options[:limit] if options.include?(:limit)
-            self.default = options[:default] if include_default
-            self.null    = options[:null] if options.include?(:null)
-            self.precision = options[:precision] if options.include?(:precision)
-            self.scale   = options[:scale] if options.include?(:scale)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
-        unless columns(table_name).detect{|c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "Missing column #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
-        alter_table(table_name, :rename => {column_name.to_s => new_column_name.to_s})
-      end
-
-      def empty_insert_statement_value
-        "VALUES(NULL)"
-      end
-
-      protected
-        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = []) #:nodoc:
-          exec_query(sql, name, binds)
-        end
-
-        def table_structure(table_name)
-          structure = exec_query("PRAGMA table_info(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", 'SCHEMA').to_hash
-          raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, "Could not find table '#{table_name}'") if structure.empty?
-          structure
-        end
-
-        def alter_table(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-          altered_table_name = "altered_#{table_name}"
-          caller = lambda {|definition| yield definition if block_given?}
-
-          transaction do
-            move_table(table_name, altered_table_name,
-              options.merge(:temporary => true))
-            move_table(altered_table_name, table_name, &caller)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def move_table(from, to, options = {}, &block) #:nodoc:
-          copy_table(from, to, options, &block)
-          drop_table(from)
-        end
-
-        def copy_table(from, to, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-          options = options.merge(:id => (!columns(from).detect{|c| c.name == 'id'}.nil? && 'id' == primary_key(from).to_s))
-          create_table(to, options) do |definition|
-            @definition = definition
-            columns(from).each do |column|
-              column_name = options[:rename] ?
-                (options[:rename][column.name] ||
-                 options[:rename][column.name.to_sym] ||
-                 column.name) : column.name
-
-              @definition.column(column_name, column.type,
-                :limit => column.limit, :default => column.default,
-                :precision => column.precision, :scale => column.scale,
-                :null => column.null)
-            end
-            @definition.primary_key(primary_key(from)) if primary_key(from)
-            yield @definition if block_given?
-          end
-
-          copy_table_indexes(from, to, options[:rename] || {})
-          copy_table_contents(from, to,
-            @definition.columns.map {|column| column.name},
-            options[:rename] || {})
-        end
-
-        def copy_table_indexes(from, to, rename = {}) #:nodoc:
-          indexes(from).each do |index|
-            name = index.name
-            if to == "altered_#{from}"
-              name = "temp_#{name}"
-            elsif from == "altered_#{to}"
-              name = name[5..-1]
-            end
-
-            to_column_names = columns(to).map { |c| c.name }
-            columns = index.columns.map {|c| rename[c] || c }.select do |column|
-              to_column_names.include?(column)
-            end
-
-            unless columns.empty?
-              # index name can't be the same
-              opts = { :name => name.gsub(/_(#{from})_/, "_#{to}_") }
-              opts[:unique] = true if index.unique
-              add_index(to, columns, opts)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def copy_table_contents(from, to, columns, rename = {}) #:nodoc:
-          column_mappings = Hash[columns.map {|name| [name, name]}]
-          rename.each { |a| column_mappings[a.last] = a.first }
-          from_columns = columns(from).collect {|col| col.name}
-          columns = columns.find_all{|col| from_columns.include?(column_mappings[col])}
-          quoted_columns = columns.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ','
-
-          quoted_to = quote_table_name(to)
-          exec_query("SELECT * FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}").each do |row|
-            sql = "INSERT INTO #{quoted_to} (#{quoted_columns}) VALUES ("
-            sql << columns.map {|col| quote row[column_mappings[col]]} * ', '
-            sql << ')'
-            exec_query sql
-          end
-        end
-
-        def sqlite_version
-          @sqlite_version ||= SQLiteAdapter::Version.new(select_value('select sqlite_version(*)'))
-        end
-
-        def default_primary_key_type
-          if supports_autoincrement?
-            'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL'
-          else
-            'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL'
-          end
-        end
-
-        def translate_exception(exception, message)
-          case exception.message
-          when /column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique/
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
index 7b218a5570..bda41df80f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       connection_handler.remove_connection(klass)
     end
 
+    def clear_cache! # :nodoc:
+      connection.schema_cache.clear!
+    end
+
     delegate :clear_active_connections!, :clear_reloadable_connections!,
       :clear_all_connections!, :to => :connection_handler
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
index e75a2a1cb4..803d68187c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
@@ -1,87 +1,101 @@
 require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'thread'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    #
+    # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r which is then
+    # passed on to any new database connections made and which can be
+    # retrieved on both a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
+    mattr_accessor :logger, instance_accessor: false
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
+    # as a Hash.
+    #
+    # For example, the following database.yml...
+    #
+    #   development:
+    #     adapter: sqlite3
+    #     database: db/development.sqlite3
+    #
+    #   production:
+    #     adapter: sqlite3
+    #     database: db/production.sqlite3
+    #
+    # ...would result in ActiveRecord::Base.configurations to look like this:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #      'development' => {
+    #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+    #         'database' => 'db/development.sqlite3'
+    #      },
+    #      'production' => {
+    #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+    #         'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3'
+    #      }
+    #   }
+    mattr_accessor :configurations, instance_accessor: false
+    self.configurations = {}
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Determines whether to use Time.utc (using :utc) or Time.local (using :local) when pulling
+    # dates and times from the database. This is set to :utc by default.
+    mattr_accessor :default_timezone, instance_accessor: false
+    self.default_timezone = :utc
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
+    # Rakefile. If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
+    # specific) SQL statements. If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
+    # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
+    # supports migrations. Use :ruby if you want to have different database
+    # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
+    mattr_accessor :schema_format, instance_accessor: false
+    self.schema_format = :ruby
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration versions
+    mattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations, instance_accessor: false
+    self.timestamped_migrations = true
+
+    mattr_accessor :connection_handler, instance_accessor: false
+    self.connection_handler = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
+
+    mattr_accessor :dependent_restrict_raises, instance_accessor: false
+    self.dependent_restrict_raises = true
+  end
+
   module Core
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
-      # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class,
-      # which is then passed on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both
-      # a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
-      config_attribute :logger, :global => true
-
-      ##
-      # :singleton-method:
-      # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
-      # as a Hash.
-      #
-      # For example, the following database.yml...
-      #
-      #   development:
-      #     adapter: sqlite3
-      #     database: db/development.sqlite3
-      #
-      #   production:
-      #     adapter: sqlite3
-      #     database: db/production.sqlite3
-      #
-      # ...would result in ActiveRecord::Base.configurations to look like this:
-      #
-      #   {
-      #      'development' => {
-      #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
-      #         'database' => 'db/development.sqlite3'
-      #      },
-      #      'production' => {
-      #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
-      #         'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3'
-      #      }
-      #   }
-      config_attribute :configurations, :global => true
-      self.configurations = {}
-
-      ##
-      # :singleton-method:
-      # Determines whether to use Time.utc (using :utc) or Time.local (using :local) when pulling
-      # dates and times from the database. This is set to :utc by default.
-      config_attribute :default_timezone, :global => true
-      self.default_timezone = :utc
-
-      ##
-      # :singleton-method:
-      # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
-      # Rakefile. If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
-      # specific) SQL statements. If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
-      # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
-      # supports migrations. Use :ruby if you want to have different database
-      # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
-      config_attribute :schema_format, :global => true
-      self.schema_format = :ruby
-
-      ##
-      # :singleton-method:
-      # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration versions
-      config_attribute :timestamped_migrations, :global => true
-      self.timestamped_migrations = true
-
-      ##
-      # :singleton-method:
       # The connection handler
       config_attribute :connection_handler
-      self.connection_handler = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
-      # Specifies wether or not has_many or has_one association option
+      # Specifies whether or not has_many or has_one association option
       # :dependent => :restrict raises an exception. If set to true, the
       # ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError exception will be raised
       # along with a DEPRECATION WARNING. If set to false, an error would
       # be added to the model instead.
-      config_attribute :dependent_restrict_raises, :global => true
-      self.dependent_restrict_raises = true
+      config_attribute :dependent_restrict_raises
+
+      %w(logger configurations default_timezone schema_format timestamped_migrations).each do |name|
+        config_attribute name, global: true
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -125,23 +139,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         object.is_a?(self)
       end
 
+      # Returns an instance of <tt>Arel::Table</tt> loaded with the current table name.
+      #
+      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     scope :published_and_commented, published.and(self.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0))
+      #   end
       def arel_table
         @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
       end
 
+      # Returns the Arel engine.
       def arel_engine
-        @arel_engine ||= connection_handler.connection_pools[name] ? self : active_record_super.arel_engine
+        @arel_engine ||= connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(self) ? self : active_record_super.arel_engine
       end
 
       private
 
       def relation #:nodoc:
-        @relation ||= Relation.new(self, arel_table)
+        relation = Relation.new(self, arel_table)
 
         if finder_needs_type_condition?
-          @relation.where(type_condition).create_with(inheritance_column.to_sym => sti_name)
+          relation.where(type_condition).create_with(inheritance_column.to_sym => sti_name)
         else
-          @relation
+          relation
         end
       end
     end
@@ -164,7 +184,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Instantiates a single new object bypassing mass-assignment security
     #   User.new({ :first_name => 'Jamie', :is_admin => true }, :without_protection => true)
     def initialize(attributes = nil, options = {})
-      @attributes = self.class.initialize_attributes(self.class.column_defaults.dup)
+      @attributes = self.class.initialize_attributes(self.class.column_defaults.deep_dup)
       @columns_hash = self.class.column_types.dup
 
       init_internals
@@ -176,7 +196,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assign_attributes(attributes, options) if attributes
 
       yield self if block_given?
-      run_callbacks :initialize
+      run_callbacks :initialize if _initialize_callbacks.any?
     end
 
     # Initialize an empty model object from +coder+. +coder+ must contain
@@ -203,15 +223,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
+    ##
+    # :method: clone
+    # Identical to Ruby's clone method.  This is a "shallow" copy.  Be warned that your attributes are not copied.
+    # That means that modifying attributes of the clone will modify the original, since they will both point to the
+    # same attributes hash. If you need a copy of your attributes hash, please use the #dup method.
+    #
+    #   user = User.first
+    #   new_user = user.clone
+    #   user.name               # => "Bob"
+    #   new_user.name = "Joe"
+    #   user.name               # => "Joe"
+    #
+    #   user.object_id == new_user.object_id            # => false
+    #   user.name.object_id == new_user.name.object_id  # => true
+    #
+    #   user.name.object_id == user.dup.name.object_id  # => false
+
+    ##
+    # :method: dup
     # Duped objects have no id assigned and are treated as new records. Note
     # that this is a "shallow" copy as it copies the object's attributes
     # only, not its associations. The extent of a "deep" copy is application
     # specific and is therefore left to the application to implement according
     # to its need.
     # The dup method does not preserve the timestamps (created|updated)_(at|on).
-    def initialize_dup(other)
+
+    ##
+    def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
       cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast)
-      self.class.initialize_attributes(cloned_attributes)
+      self.class.initialize_attributes(cloned_attributes, :serialized => false)
 
       cloned_attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
 
@@ -225,7 +266,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if _field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
       end
 
-      @aggregation_cache = {}
       @association_cache = {}
       @attributes_cache  = {}
 
@@ -326,6 +366,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       "#<#{self.class} #{inspection}>"
     end
 
+    # Returns a hash of the given methods with their names as keys and returned values as values.
+    def slice(*methods)
+      Hash[methods.map { |method| [method, public_send(method)] }].with_indifferent_access
+    end
+
     private
 
     # Under Ruby 1.9, Array#flatten will call #to_ary (recursively) on each of the elements
@@ -335,7 +380,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # So we can avoid the method_missing hit by explicitly defining #to_ary as nil here.
     #
-    # See also http://tenderlovemaking.com/2011/06/28/til-its-ok-to-return-nil-from-to_ary/
+    # See also http://tenderlovemaking.com/2011/06/28/til-its-ok-to-return-nil-from-to_ary.html
     def to_ary # :nodoc:
       nil
     end
@@ -345,16 +390,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       @attributes[pk] = nil unless @attributes.key?(pk)
 
-      @relation               = nil
-      @aggregation_cache      = {}
-      @association_cache      = {}
-      @attributes_cache       = {}
-      @previously_changed     = {}
-      @changed_attributes     = {}
-      @readonly               = false
-      @destroyed              = false
-      @marked_for_destruction = false
-      @new_record             = true
+      @association_cache       = {}
+      @attributes_cache        = {}
+      @previously_changed      = {}
+      @changed_attributes      = {}
+      @readonly                = false
+      @destroyed               = false
+      @marked_for_destruction  = false
+      @new_record              = true
+      @mass_assignment_options = nil
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
index 8d5388e1f3..b27a19f89a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
@@ -1,113 +1,115 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Counter Cache
   module CounterCache
-    # Resets one or more counter caches to their correct value using an SQL
-    # count query. This is useful when adding new counter caches, or if the
-    # counter has been corrupted or modified directly by SQL.
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    #
-    # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to reset a counter on.
-    # * +counters+ - One or more counter names to reset
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
-    #   # For Post with id #1 records reset the comments_count
-    #   Post.reset_counters(1, :comments)
-    def reset_counters(id, *counters)
-      object = find(id)
-      counters.each do |association|
-        has_many_association = reflect_on_association(association.to_sym)
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-        foreign_key  = has_many_association.foreign_key.to_s
-        child_class  = has_many_association.klass
-        belongs_to   = child_class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to)
-        reflection   = belongs_to.find { |e| e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key }
-        counter_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Resets one or more counter caches to their correct value using an SQL
+      # count query. This is useful when adding new counter caches, or if the
+      # counter has been corrupted or modified directly by SQL.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      #
+      # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to reset a counter on.
+      # * +counters+ - One or more counter names to reset
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   # For Post with id #1 records reset the comments_count
+      #   Post.reset_counters(1, :comments)
+      def reset_counters(id, *counters)
+        object = find(id)
+        counters.each do |association|
+          has_many_association = reflect_on_association(association.to_sym)
 
-        stmt = unscoped.where(arel_table[primary_key].eq(object.id)).arel.compile_update({
-          arel_table[counter_name] => object.send(association).count
-        })
-        connection.update stmt
-      end
-      return true
-    end
+          foreign_key  = has_many_association.foreign_key.to_s
+          child_class  = has_many_association.klass
+          belongs_to   = child_class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to)
+          reflection   = belongs_to.find { |e| e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key }
+          counter_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
-    # A generic "counter updater" implementation, intended primarily to be
-    # used by increment_counter and decrement_counter, but which may also
-    # be useful on its own. It simply does a direct SQL update for the record
-    # with the given ID, altering the given hash of counters by the amount
-    # given by the corresponding value:
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    #
-    # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to update a counter on or an Array of ids.
-    # * +counters+ - An Array of Hashes containing the names of the fields
-    #   to update as keys and the amount to update the field by as values.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
-    #   # For the Post with id of 5, decrement the comment_count by 1, and
-    #   # increment the action_count by 1
-    #   Post.update_counters 5, :comment_count => -1, :action_count => 1
-    #   # Executes the following SQL:
-    #   # UPDATE posts
-    #   #    SET comment_count = COALESCE(comment_count, 0) - 1,
-    #   #        action_count = COALESCE(action_count, 0) + 1
-    #   #  WHERE id = 5
-    #
-    #   # For the Posts with id of 10 and 15, increment the comment_count by 1
-    #   Post.update_counters [10, 15], :comment_count => 1
-    #   # Executes the following SQL:
-    #   # UPDATE posts
-    #   #    SET comment_count = COALESCE(comment_count, 0) + 1
-    #   #  WHERE id IN (10, 15)
-    def update_counters(id, counters)
-      updates = counters.map do |counter_name, value|
-        operator = value < 0 ? '-' : '+'
-        quoted_column = connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)
-        "#{quoted_column} = COALESCE(#{quoted_column}, 0) #{operator} #{value.abs}"
+          stmt = unscoped.where(arel_table[primary_key].eq(object.id)).arel.compile_update({
+            arel_table[counter_name] => object.send(association).count
+          })
+          connection.update stmt
+        end
+        return true
       end
 
-      IdentityMap.remove_by_id(symbolized_base_class, id) if IdentityMap.enabled?
+      # A generic "counter updater" implementation, intended primarily to be
+      # used by increment_counter and decrement_counter, but which may also
+      # be useful on its own. It simply does a direct SQL update for the record
+      # with the given ID, altering the given hash of counters by the amount
+      # given by the corresponding value:
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      #
+      # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to update a counter on or an Array of ids.
+      # * +counters+ - An Array of Hashes containing the names of the fields
+      #   to update as keys and the amount to update the field by as values.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   # For the Post with id of 5, decrement the comment_count by 1, and
+      #   # increment the action_count by 1
+      #   Post.update_counters 5, :comment_count => -1, :action_count => 1
+      #   # Executes the following SQL:
+      #   # UPDATE posts
+      #   #    SET comment_count = COALESCE(comment_count, 0) - 1,
+      #   #        action_count = COALESCE(action_count, 0) + 1
+      #   #  WHERE id = 5
+      #
+      #   # For the Posts with id of 10 and 15, increment the comment_count by 1
+      #   Post.update_counters [10, 15], :comment_count => 1
+      #   # Executes the following SQL:
+      #   # UPDATE posts
+      #   #    SET comment_count = COALESCE(comment_count, 0) + 1
+      #   #  WHERE id IN (10, 15)
+      def update_counters(id, counters)
+        updates = counters.map do |counter_name, value|
+          operator = value < 0 ? '-' : '+'
+          quoted_column = connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)
+          "#{quoted_column} = COALESCE(#{quoted_column}, 0) #{operator} #{value.abs}"
+        end
 
-      update_all(updates.join(', '), primary_key => id)
-    end
+        where(primary_key => id).update_all updates.join(', ')
+      end
 
-    # Increment a number field by one, usually representing a count.
-    #
-    # This is used for caching aggregate values, so that they don't need to be computed every time.
-    # For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache post_count and comment_count otherwise every time the board is
-    # shown it would have to run an SQL query to find how many posts and comments there are.
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    #
-    # * +counter_name+ - The name of the field that should be incremented.
-    # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be incremented.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
-    #   # Increment the post_count column for the record with an id of 5
-    #   DiscussionBoard.increment_counter(:post_count, 5)
-    def increment_counter(counter_name, id)
-      update_counters(id, counter_name => 1)
-    end
+      # Increment a number field by one, usually representing a count.
+      #
+      # This is used for caching aggregate values, so that they don't need to be computed every time.
+      # For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache post_count and comment_count otherwise every time the board is
+      # shown it would have to run an SQL query to find how many posts and comments there are.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      #
+      # * +counter_name+ - The name of the field that should be incremented.
+      # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be incremented.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   # Increment the post_count column for the record with an id of 5
+      #   DiscussionBoard.increment_counter(:post_count, 5)
+      def increment_counter(counter_name, id)
+        update_counters(id, counter_name => 1)
+      end
 
-    # Decrement a number field by one, usually representing a count.
-    #
-    # This works the same as increment_counter but reduces the column value by 1 instead of increasing it.
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    #
-    # * +counter_name+ - The name of the field that should be decremented.
-    # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be decremented.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
-    #   # Decrement the post_count column for the record with an id of 5
-    #   DiscussionBoard.decrement_counter(:post_count, 5)
-    def decrement_counter(counter_name, id)
-      update_counters(id, counter_name => -1)
+      # Decrement a number field by one, usually representing a count.
+      #
+      # This works the same as increment_counter but reduces the column value by 1 instead of increasing it.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      #
+      # * +counter_name+ - The name of the field that should be decremented.
+      # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be decremented.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   # Decrement the post_count column for the record with an id of 5
+      #   DiscussionBoard.decrement_counter(:post_count, 5)
+      def decrement_counter(counter_name, id)
+        update_counters(id, counter_name => -1)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_finder_match.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_finder_match.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 38dbbef5fc..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_finder_match.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-
-  # = Active Record Dynamic Finder Match
-  #
-  # Refer to ActiveRecord::Base documentation for Dynamic attribute-based finders for detailed info
-  #
-  class DynamicFinderMatch
-    def self.match(method)
-      method = method.to_s
-      klass = [FindBy, FindByBang, FindOrInitializeCreateBy].find do |_klass|
-        _klass.matches?(method)
-      end
-      klass.new(method) if klass
-    end
-
-    def self.matches?(method)
-      method =~ self::METHOD_PATTERN
-    end
-
-    def initialize(method)
-      @finder = :first
-      @instantiator = nil
-      match_data = method.match(self.class::METHOD_PATTERN)
-      @attribute_names = match_data[-1].split("_and_")
-      initialize_from_match_data(match_data)
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :finder, :attribute_names, :instantiator
-
-    def finder?
-      @finder && !@instantiator
-    end
-
-    def creator?
-      @finder == :first && @instantiator == :create
-    end
-
-    def instantiator?
-      @instantiator
-    end
-
-    def bang?
-      false
-    end
-
-    def valid_arguments?(arguments)
-      arguments.size >= @attribute_names.size
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def initialize_from_match_data(match_data)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FindBy < DynamicFinderMatch
-    METHOD_PATTERN = /^find_(all_|last_)?by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/
-
-    def initialize_from_match_data(match_data)
-      @finder = :last if match_data[1] == 'last_'
-      @finder = :all if match_data[1] == 'all_'
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FindByBang < DynamicFinderMatch
-    METHOD_PATTERN = /^find_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)\!$/
-
-    def bang?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FindOrInitializeCreateBy < DynamicFinderMatch
-    METHOD_PATTERN = /^find_or_(initialize|create)_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/
-
-    def initialize_from_match_data(match_data)
-      @instantiator = match_data[1] == 'initialize' ? :new : :create
-    end
-
-    def valid_arguments?(arguments)
-      arguments.size == 1 && arguments.first.is_a?(Hash) || super
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
index e35b1c91a0..a37cde77ee 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
@@ -1,83 +1,131 @@
 module ActiveRecord
-  module DynamicMatchers
-    def respond_to?(method_id, include_private = false)
-      match       = find_dynamic_match(method_id)
-      valid_match = match && all_attributes_exists?(match.attribute_names)
+  module DynamicMatchers #:nodoc:
+    # This code in this file seems to have a lot of indirection, but the indirection
+    # is there to provide extension points for the active_record_deprecated_finders
+    # gem. When we stop supporting active_record_deprecated_finders (from Rails 5),
+    # then we can remove the indirection.
 
-      valid_match || super
+    def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
+      match = Method.match(self, name)
+      match && match.valid? || super
     end
 
     private
 
-    # Enables dynamic finders like <tt>User.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt> and
-    # <tt>User.scoped_by_user_name(user_name). Refer to Dynamic attribute-based finders
-    # section at the top of this file for more detailed information.
-    #
-    # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to +find+. For example, the
-    # full interface for +find_all_by_amount+ is actually <tt>find_all_by_amount(amount, options)</tt>.
-    #
-    # Each dynamic finder using <tt>scoped_by_*</tt> is also defined in the class after it
-    # is first invoked, so that future attempts to use it do not run through method_missing.
-    def method_missing(method_id, *arguments, &block)
-      if match = find_dynamic_match(method_id)
-        attribute_names = match.attribute_names
-        super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-
-        unless match.valid_arguments?(arguments)
-          method_trace = "#{__FILE__}:#{__LINE__}:in `#{method_id}'"
-          backtrace = [method_trace] + caller
-          raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{arguments.size} for #{attribute_names.size})", backtrace
-        end
+    def method_missing(name, *arguments, &block)
+      match = Method.match(self, name)
 
-        if match.respond_to?(:scope?) && match.scope?
-          define_scope_method(method_id, attribute_names)
-          send(method_id, *arguments)
-        elsif match.finder?
-          options = arguments.extract_options!
-          relation = options.any? ? scoped(options) : scoped
-          relation.send :find_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments, &block
-        elsif match.instantiator?
-          scoped.send :find_or_instantiator_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments, &block
-        end
+      if match && match.valid?
+        match.define
+        send(name, *arguments, &block)
       else
         super
       end
     end
 
-    def define_scope_method(method_id, attribute_names) #:nodoc
-      self.class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def self.#{method_id}(*args)                                    # def self.scoped_by_user_name_and_password(*args)
-          conditions = Hash[[:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}].zip(args)] #   conditions = Hash[[:user_name, :password].zip(args)]
-          where(conditions)                                             #   where(conditions)
-        end                                                             # end
-      METHOD
-    end
+    class Method
+      @matchers = []
 
-    def find_dynamic_match(method_id) #:nodoc:
-      DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id) || DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id)
-    end
+      class << self
+        attr_reader :matchers
 
-    # Similar in purpose to +expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates+.
-    def expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
-      attribute_names.map do |attribute_name|
-        if aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attribute_name.to_sym)
-          aggregate_mapping(aggregation).map do |field_attr, _|
-            field_attr.to_sym
-          end
-        else
-          attribute_name.to_sym
+        def match(model, name)
+          klass = matchers.find { |k| name =~ k.pattern }
+          klass.new(model, name) if klass
+        end
+
+        def pattern
+          /^#{prefix}_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)#{suffix}$/
+        end
+
+        def prefix
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+
+        def suffix
+          ''
         end
-      end.flatten
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :model, :name, :attribute_names
+
+      def initialize(model, name)
+        @model           = model
+        @name            = name.to_s
+        @attribute_names = @name.match(self.class.pattern)[1].split('_and_')
+        @attribute_names.map! { |n| @model.attribute_aliases[n] || n }
+      end
+
+      def valid?
+        attribute_names.all? { |name| model.columns_hash[name] }
+      end
+
+      def define
+        model.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def self.#{name}(#{signature})
+            #{body}
+          end
+        CODE
+      end
+
+      def body
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
     end
 
-    def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-      (expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names) -
-       column_methods_hash.keys).empty?
+    module Finder
+      # Extended in active_record_deprecated_finders
+      def body
+        result
+      end
+
+      # Extended in active_record_deprecated_finders
+      def result
+        "#{finder}(#{attributes_hash})"
+      end
+
+      # Extended in active_record_deprecated_finders
+      def signature
+        attribute_names.join(', ')
+      end
+
+      def attributes_hash
+        "{" + attribute_names.map { |name| ":#{name} => #{name}" }.join(',') + "}"
+      end
+
+      def finder
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
     end
 
-    def aggregate_mapping(reflection)
-      mapping = reflection.options[:mapping] || [reflection.name, reflection.name]
-      mapping.first.is_a?(Array) ? mapping : [mapping]
+    class FindBy < Method
+      Method.matchers << self
+      include Finder
+
+      def self.prefix
+        "find_by"
+      end
+
+      def finder
+        "find_by"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class FindByBang < Method
+      Method.matchers << self
+      include Finder
+
+      def self.prefix
+        "find_by"
+      end
+
+      def self.suffix
+        "!"
+      end
+
+      def finder
+        "find_by!"
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_scope_match.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_scope_match.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c043d29c4..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_scope_match.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-
-  # = Active Record Dynamic Scope Match
-  #
-  # Provides dynamic attribute-based scopes such as <tt>scoped_by_price(4.99)</tt>
-  # if, for example, the <tt>Product</tt> has an attribute with that name. You can
-  # chain more <tt>scoped_by_* </tt> methods after the other. It acts like a named
-  # scope except that it's dynamic.
-  class DynamicScopeMatch
-    METHOD_PATTERN = /^scoped_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/
-
-    def self.match(method)
-      if method.to_s =~ METHOD_PATTERN
-        new(true, $1 && $1.split('_and_'))
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(scope, attribute_names)
-      @scope           = scope
-      @attribute_names = attribute_names
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :scope, :attribute_names
-    alias :scope? :scope
-
-    def valid_arguments?(arguments)
-      arguments.size >= @attribute_names.size
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
index fc80f3081e..5f157fde6d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class RecordNotSaved < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # Raised by ActiveRecord::Base.destroy! when a call to destroy would return false.
+  class RecordNotDestroyed < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
   # Raised when SQL statement cannot be executed by the database (for example, it's often the case for
   # MySQL when Ruby driver used is too old).
   class StatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
@@ -102,13 +106,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     attr_reader :record, :attempted_action
 
     def initialize(record, attempted_action)
+      super("Attempted to #{attempted_action} a stale object: #{record.class.name}")
       @record = record
       @attempted_action = attempted_action
     end
 
-    def message
-      "Attempted to #{attempted_action} a stale object: #{record.class.name}"
-    end
   end
 
   # Raised when association is being configured improperly or
@@ -164,9 +166,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class AttributeAssignmentError < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :exception, :attribute
     def initialize(message, exception, attribute)
+      super(message)
       @exception = exception
       @attribute = attribute
-      @message = message
     end
   end
 
@@ -185,11 +187,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     attr_reader :model
 
     def initialize(model)
+      super("Unknown primary key for table #{model.table_name} in model #{model}.")
       @model = model
     end
 
-    def message
-      "Unknown primary key for table #{model.table_name} in model #{model}."
-    end
+  end
+
+  class ImmutableRelation < ActiveRecordError
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
index 01cacf6153..7ade385c70 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+require 'active_support/lazy_load_hooks'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds, instance_accessor: false
+  end
+
   module Explain
-    def self.extended(base)
-      # If a query takes longer than these many seconds we log its query plan
-      # automatically. nil disables this feature.
-      base.config_attribute :auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds, :global => true
-    end
+    delegate :auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds, :auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds=, to: 'ActiveRecord::Model'
 
     # If auto explain is enabled, this method triggers EXPLAIN logging for the
     # queries triggered by the block if it takes more than the threshold as a
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Makes the adapter execute EXPLAIN for the tuples of queries and bindings.
     # Returns a formatted string ready to be logged.
     def exec_explain(queries) # :nodoc:
-      queries && queries.map do |sql, bind|
+      str = queries && queries.map do |sql, bind|
         [].tap do |msg|
           msg << "EXPLAIN for: #{sql}"
           unless bind.empty?
@@ -62,6 +63,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           msg << connection.explain(sql, bind)
         end.join("\n")
       end.join("\n")
+
+      # Overriding inspect to be more human readable, specially in the console.
+      def str.inspect
+        self
+      end
+      str
     end
 
     # Silences automatic EXPLAIN logging for the duration of the block.
@@ -70,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # the threshold is set to 0.
     #
     # As the name of the method suggests this only applies to automatic
-    # EXPLAINs, manual calls to +ActiveRecord::Relation#explain+ run.
+    # EXPLAINs, manual calls to <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation#explain</tt> run.
     def silence_auto_explain
       current = Thread.current
       original, current[:available_queries_for_explain] = current[:available_queries_for_explain], false
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_subscriber.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_subscriber.rb
index 1f8c4fc203..d5ba343b4c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_subscriber.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@ require 'active_support/notifications'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class ExplainSubscriber # :nodoc:
-    def call(*args)
+    def start(name, id, payload)
+      # unused
+    end
+
+    def finish(name, id, payload)
       if queries = Thread.current[:available_queries_for_explain]
-        payload = args.last
         queries << payload.values_at(:sql, :binds) unless ignore_payload?(payload)
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index b82d5b5621..96d24b72b3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -4,16 +4,12 @@ require 'zlib'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_record/fixtures/file'
+require 'active_record/errors'
 
-if defined? ActiveRecord
+module ActiveRecord
   class FixtureClassNotFound < ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
   end
-else
-  class FixtureClassNotFound < StandardError #:nodoc:
-  end
-end
 
-module ActiveRecord
   # \Fixtures are a way of organizing data that you want to test against; in short, sample data.
   #
   # They are stored in YAML files, one file per model, which are placed in the directory
@@ -87,7 +83,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   end
   #
   #   test "find_alt_method_2" do
-  #     assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", @rubyonrails.news
+  #     assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", @rubyonrails.name
   #   end
   #
   # In order to use these methods to access fixtured data within your testcases, you must specify one of the
@@ -376,19 +372,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Any fixture labeled "DEFAULTS" is safely ignored.
   class Fixtures
+    #--
+    # NOTE: an instance of Fixtures can be called fixture_set, it is normally stored in a single YAML file and possibly in a folder with the same name.
+    #++
     MAX_ID = 2 ** 30 - 1
 
     @@all_cached_fixtures = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
 
-    def self.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_name) # :nodoc:
+    def self.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name) # :nodoc:
       ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names ?
-        fixture_name.singularize.camelize :
-        fixture_name.camelize
+        fixture_set_name.singularize.camelize :
+        fixture_set_name.camelize
     end
 
-    def self.default_fixture_table_name(fixture_name) # :nodoc:
-       "#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix}"\
-         "#{fixture_name.tr('/', '_')}#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix}".to_sym
+    def self.default_fixture_table_name(fixture_set_name) # :nodoc:
+       "#{ ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix }"\
+       "#{ fixture_set_name.tr('/', '_') }"\
+       "#{ ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix }".to_sym
     end
 
     def self.reset_cache
@@ -415,11 +415,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       cache_for_connection(connection).update(fixtures_map)
     end
 
-    def self.instantiate_fixtures(object, fixture_name, fixtures, load_instances = true)
+    def self.instantiate_fixtures(object, fixture_set, load_instances = true)
       if load_instances
-        fixtures.each do |name, fixture|
+        fixture_set.each do |fixture_name, fixture|
           begin
-            object.instance_variable_set "@#{name}", fixture.find
+            object.instance_variable_set "@#{fixture_name}", fixture.find
           rescue FixtureClassNotFound
             nil
           end
@@ -428,61 +428,59 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def self.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(object, load_instances = true)
-      all_loaded_fixtures.each do |table_name, fixtures|
-        ActiveRecord::Fixtures.instantiate_fixtures(object, table_name, fixtures, load_instances)
+      all_loaded_fixtures.each_value do |fixture_set|
+        instantiate_fixtures(object, fixture_set, load_instances)
       end
     end
 
     cattr_accessor :all_loaded_fixtures
     self.all_loaded_fixtures = {}
 
-    def self.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, table_names, class_names = {})
-      table_names = Array(table_names).map(&:to_s)
+    def self.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, fixture_set_names, class_names = {})
+      fixture_set_names = Array(fixture_set_names).map(&:to_s)
       class_names = class_names.stringify_keys
 
       # FIXME: Apparently JK uses this.
       connection = block_given? ? yield : ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-      files_to_read = table_names.reject { |table_name|
-        fixture_is_cached?(connection, table_name)
+      files_to_read = fixture_set_names.reject { |fs_name|
+        fixture_is_cached?(connection, fs_name)
       }
 
       unless files_to_read.empty?
         connection.disable_referential_integrity do
           fixtures_map = {}
 
-          fixture_files = files_to_read.map do |path|
-            fixture_name = path
-
-            fixtures_map[fixture_name] = new( # ActiveRecord::Fixtures.new
+          fixture_sets = files_to_read.map do |fs_name|
+            fixtures_map[fs_name] = new( # ActiveRecord::Fixtures.new
               connection,
-              fixture_name,
-              class_names[fixture_name.to_s] || default_fixture_model_name(fixture_name),
-              ::File.join(fixtures_directory, path))
+              fs_name,
+              class_names[fs_name] || default_fixture_model_name(fs_name),
+              ::File.join(fixtures_directory, fs_name))
           end
 
           all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
 
           connection.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
-            fixture_files.each do |ff|
-              conn = ff.model_class.respond_to?(:connection) ? ff.model_class.connection : connection
-              table_rows = ff.table_rows
+            fixture_sets.each do |fs|
+              conn = fs.model_class.respond_to?(:connection) ? fs.model_class.connection : connection
+              table_rows = fs.table_rows
 
               table_rows.keys.each do |table|
                 conn.delete "DELETE FROM #{conn.quote_table_name(table)}", 'Fixture Delete'
               end
 
-              table_rows.each do |table_name,rows|
+              table_rows.each do |fixture_set_name, rows|
                 rows.each do |row|
-                  conn.insert_fixture(row, table_name)
+                  conn.insert_fixture(row, fixture_set_name)
                 end
               end
             end
 
             # Cap primary key sequences to max(pk).
             if connection.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
-              fixture_files.each do |ff|
-                connection.reset_pk_sequence!(ff.table_name)
+              fixture_sets.each do |fs|
+                connection.reset_pk_sequence!(fs.table_name)
               end
             end
           end
@@ -490,7 +488,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           cache_fixtures(connection, fixtures_map)
         end
       end
-      cached_fixtures(connection, table_names)
+      cached_fixtures(connection, fixture_set_names)
     end
 
     # Returns a consistent, platform-independent identifier for +label+.
@@ -501,26 +499,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     attr_reader :table_name, :name, :fixtures, :model_class
 
-    def initialize(connection, fixture_name, class_name, fixture_path)
-      @connection   = connection
-      @fixture_path = fixture_path
-      @name         = fixture_name
-      @class_name   = class_name
+    def initialize(connection, name, class_name, path)
+      @fixtures = {} # Ordered hash
+      @name     = name
+      @path     = path
 
-      @fixtures     = {}
-
-      # Should be an AR::Base type class
-      if class_name.is_a?(Class)
+      if class_name.is_a?(Class) # TODO: Should be an AR::Base type class, or any?
         @model_class = class_name
       else
         @model_class = class_name.constantize rescue nil
       end
 
-      @connection  = model_class.connection if model_class && model_class.respond_to?(:connection)
+      @connection  = ( model_class.respond_to?(:connection) ?
+                       model_class.connection : connection )
 
       @table_name = ( model_class.respond_to?(:table_name) ?
                       model_class.table_name :
-                      self.class.default_fixture_table_name(fixture_name) )
+                      self.class.default_fixture_table_name(name) )
 
       read_fixture_files
     end
@@ -559,8 +554,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if model_class && model_class < ActiveRecord::Model
           # fill in timestamp columns if they aren't specified and the model is set to record_timestamps
           if model_class.record_timestamps
-            timestamp_column_names.each do |name|
-              row[name] = now unless row.key?(name)
+            timestamp_column_names.each do |c_name|
+              row[c_name] = now unless row.key?(c_name)
             end
           end
 
@@ -599,7 +594,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             when :has_and_belongs_to_many
               if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
                 targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
-                table_name = association.options[:join_table]
+                table_name = association.join_table
                 rows[table_name].concat targets.map { |target|
                   { association.foreign_key             => row[primary_key_name],
                     association.association_foreign_key => ActiveRecord::Fixtures.identify(target) }
@@ -638,26 +633,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def read_fixture_files
-        yaml_files = Dir["#{@fixture_path}/**/*.yml"].select { |f|
+        yaml_files = Dir["#{@path}/**/*.yml"].select { |f|
           ::File.file?(f)
         } + [yaml_file_path]
 
         yaml_files.each do |file|
           Fixtures::File.open(file) do |fh|
-            fh.each do |name, row|
-              fixtures[name] = ActiveRecord::Fixture.new(row, model_class)
+            fh.each do |fixture_name, row|
+              fixtures[fixture_name] = ActiveRecord::Fixture.new(row, model_class)
             end
           end
         end
       end
 
       def yaml_file_path
-        "#{@fixture_path}.yml"
+        "#{@path}.yml"
       end
 
-      def yaml_fixtures_key(path)
-        ::File.basename(@fixture_path).split(".").first
-      end
   end
 
   class Fixture #:nodoc:
@@ -712,7 +704,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :fixture_table_names
       class_attribute :fixture_class_names
       class_attribute :use_transactional_fixtures
-      class_attribute :use_instantiated_fixtures   # true, false, or :no_instances
+      class_attribute :use_instantiated_fixtures # true, false, or :no_instances
       class_attribute :pre_loaded_fixtures
 
       self.fixture_table_names = []
@@ -720,9 +712,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self.use_instantiated_fixtures = false
       self.pre_loaded_fixtures = false
 
-      self.fixture_class_names = Hash.new do |h, fixture_name|
-        fixture_name = fixture_name.to_s
-        h[fixture_name] = ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_name)
+      self.fixture_class_names = Hash.new do |h, fixture_set_name|
+        h[fixture_set_name] = ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name)
       end
     end
 
@@ -746,18 +737,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         self.fixture_class_names = self.fixture_class_names.merge(class_names.stringify_keys)
       end
 
-      def fixtures(*fixture_names)
-        if fixture_names.first == :all
-          fixture_names = Dir["#{fixture_path}/**/*.yml"].map { |f|
+      def fixtures(*fixture_set_names)
+        if fixture_set_names.first == :all
+          fixture_set_names = Dir["#{fixture_path}/**/*.yml"].map { |f|
             File.basename f, '.yml'
           }
         else
-          fixture_names = fixture_names.flatten.map { |n| n.to_s }
+          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.flatten.map { |n| n.to_s }
         end
 
-        self.fixture_table_names |= fixture_names
-        require_fixture_classes(fixture_names)
-        setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_names)
+        self.fixture_table_names |= fixture_set_names
+        require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names)
+        setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names)
       end
 
       def try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
@@ -772,35 +763,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def require_fixture_classes(fixture_names = nil)
-        (fixture_names || fixture_table_names).each do |fixture_name|
-          file_name = fixture_name.to_s
+      def require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names = nil)
+        if fixture_set_names
+          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.map { |n| n.to_s }
+        else
+          fixture_set_names = fixture_table_names
+        end
+
+        fixture_set_names.each do |file_name|
           file_name = file_name.singularize if ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
           try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
         end
       end
 
-      def setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_names = nil)
-        fixture_names = Array(fixture_names || fixture_table_names)
+      def setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names = nil)
+        fixture_set_names = Array(fixture_set_names || fixture_table_names)
         methods = Module.new do
-          fixture_names.each do |fixture_name|
-            fixture_name = fixture_name.to_s
-            accessor_name = fixture_name.tr('/', '_').to_sym
+          fixture_set_names.each do |fs_name|
+            fs_name = fs_name.to_s
+            accessor_name = fs_name.tr('/', '_').to_sym
 
-            define_method(accessor_name) do |*fixtures|
-              force_reload = fixtures.pop if fixtures.last == true || fixtures.last == :reload
+            define_method(accessor_name) do |*fixture_names|
+              force_reload = fixture_names.pop if fixture_names.last == true || fixture_names.last == :reload
 
-              @fixture_cache[fixture_name] ||= {}
+              @fixture_cache[fs_name] ||= {}
 
-              instances = fixtures.map do |fixture|
-                @fixture_cache[fixture_name].delete(fixture) if force_reload
+              instances = fixture_names.map do |f_name|
+                f_name = f_name.to_s
+                @fixture_cache[fs_name].delete(f_name) if force_reload
 
-                if @loaded_fixtures[fixture_name][fixture.to_s]
-                  ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.without do
-                    @fixture_cache[fixture_name][fixture] ||= @loaded_fixtures[fixture_name][fixture.to_s].find
-                  end
+                if @loaded_fixtures[fs_name][f_name]
+                  @fixture_cache[fs_name][f_name] ||= @loaded_fixtures[fs_name][f_name].find
                 else
-                  raise StandardError, "No entry named '#{fixture}' found for fixture collection '#{fixture_name}'"
+                  raise StandardError, "No fixture named '#{f_name}' found for fixture set '#{fs_name}'"
                 end
               end
 
@@ -829,7 +824,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def setup_fixtures
-      return unless !ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
+      return if ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
 
       if pre_loaded_fixtures && !use_transactional_fixtures
         raise RuntimeError, 'pre_loaded_fixtures requires use_transactional_fixtures'
@@ -907,8 +902,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           ActiveRecord::Fixtures.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(self, load_instances?)
         else
           raise RuntimeError, 'Load fixtures before instantiating them.' if @loaded_fixtures.nil?
-          @loaded_fixtures.each do |fixture_name, fixtures|
-            ActiveRecord::Fixtures.instantiate_fixtures(self, fixture_name, fixtures, load_instances?)
+          @loaded_fixtures.each_value do |fixture_set|
+            ActiveRecord::Fixtures.instantiate_fixtures(self, fixture_set, load_instances?)
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures/file.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures/file.rb
index 6547791144..a9cabf5a7b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures/file.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures/file.rb
@@ -24,37 +24,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rows.each(&block)
       end
 
-      RESCUE_ERRORS = [ ArgumentError ] # :nodoc:
+      RESCUE_ERRORS = [ ArgumentError, Psych::SyntaxError ] # :nodoc:
 
       private
-      if defined?(Psych) && defined?(Psych::SyntaxError)
-        RESCUE_ERRORS << Psych::SyntaxError
-      end
-
-      def rows
-        return @rows if @rows
+        def rows
+          return @rows if @rows
+
+          begin
+            data = YAML.load(render(IO.read(@file)))
+          rescue *RESCUE_ERRORS => error
+            raise Fixture::FormatError, "a YAML error occurred parsing #{@file}. Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. Please have a look at http://www.yaml.org/faq.html\nThe exact error was:\n  #{error.class}: #{error}", error.backtrace
+          end
+          @rows = data ? validate(data).to_a : []
+        end
 
-        begin
-          data = YAML.load(render(IO.read(@file)))
-        rescue *RESCUE_ERRORS => error
-          raise Fixture::FormatError, "a YAML error occurred parsing #{@file}. Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. Please have a look at http://www.yaml.org/faq.html\nThe exact error was:\n  #{error.class}: #{error}", error.backtrace
+        def render(content)
+          ERB.new(content).result
         end
-        @rows = data ? validate(data).to_a : []
-      end
 
-      def render(content)
-        ERB.new(content).result
-      end
+        # Validate our unmarshalled data.
+        def validate(data)
+          unless Hash === data || YAML::Omap === data
+            raise Fixture::FormatError, 'fixture is not a hash'
+          end
 
-      # Validate our unmarshalled data.
-      def validate(data)
-        unless Hash === data || YAML::Omap === data
-          raise Fixture::FormatError, 'fixture is not a hash'
+          raise Fixture::FormatError unless data.all? { |name, row| Hash === row }
+          data
         end
-
-        raise Fixture::FormatError unless data.all? { |name, row| Hash === row }
-        data
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/identity_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/identity_map.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d9777bb2f6..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/identity_map.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Identity Map
-  #
-  # Ensures that each object gets loaded only once by keeping every loaded
-  # object in a map. Looks up objects using the map when referring to them.
-  #
-  # More information on Identity Map pattern:
-  #   http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/identityMap.html
-  #
-  # == Configuration
-  #
-  # In order to enable IdentityMap, set <tt>config.active_record.identity_map = true</tt>
-  # in your <tt>config/application.rb</tt> file.
-  #
-  # IdentityMap is disabled by default and still in development (i.e. use it with care).
-  #
-  # == Associations
-  #
-  # Active Record Identity Map does not track associations yet. For example:
-  #
-  #   comment = @post.comments.first
-  #   comment.post = nil
-  #   @post.comments.include?(comment) #=> true
-  #
-  # Ideally, the example above would return false, removing the comment object from the
-  # post association when the association is nullified. This may cause side effects, as
-  # in the situation below, if Identity Map is enabled:
-  #
-  #   Post.has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
-  #
-  #   comment = @post.comments.first
-  #   comment.post = nil
-  #   comment.save
-  #   Post.destroy(@post.id)
-  #
-  # Without using Identity Map, the code above will destroy the @post object leaving
-  # the comment object intact. However, once we enable Identity Map, the post loaded
-  # by Post.destroy is exactly the same object as the object @post. As the object @post
-  # still has the comment object in @post.comments, once Identity Map is enabled, the
-  # comment object will be accidently removed.
-  #
-  # This inconsistency is meant to be fixed in future Rails releases.
-  #
-  module IdentityMap
-
-    class << self
-      def enabled=(flag)
-        Thread.current[:identity_map_enabled] = flag
-      end
-
-      def enabled
-        Thread.current[:identity_map_enabled]
-      end
-      alias enabled? enabled
-
-      def repository
-        Thread.current[:identity_map] ||= Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
-      end
-
-      def use
-        old, self.enabled = enabled, true
-
-        yield if block_given?
-      ensure
-        self.enabled = old
-        clear
-      end
-
-      def without
-        old, self.enabled = enabled, false
-
-        yield if block_given?
-      ensure
-        self.enabled = old
-      end
-
-      def get(klass, primary_key)
-        record = repository[klass.symbolized_sti_name][primary_key]
-
-        if record.is_a?(klass)
-          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("identity.active_record",
-            :line => "From Identity Map (id: #{primary_key})",
-            :name => "#{klass} Loaded",
-            :connection_id => object_id)
-
-          record
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def add(record)
-        repository[record.class.symbolized_sti_name][record.id] = record
-      end
-
-      def remove(record)
-        repository[record.class.symbolized_sti_name].delete(record.id)
-      end
-
-      def remove_by_id(symbolized_sti_name, id)
-        repository[symbolized_sti_name].delete(id)
-      end
-
-      def clear
-        repository.clear
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Reinitialize an Identity Map model object from +coder+.
-    # +coder+ must contain the attributes necessary for initializing an empty
-    # model object.
-    def reinit_with(coder)
-      @attributes_cache = {}
-      dirty      = @changed_attributes.keys
-      attributes = self.class.initialize_attributes(coder['attributes'].except(*dirty))
-      @attributes.update(attributes)
-      @changed_attributes.update(coder['attributes'].slice(*dirty))
-      @changed_attributes.delete_if{|k,v| v.eql? @attributes[k]}
-
-      run_callbacks :find
-
-      self
-    end
-
-    class Middleware
-      def initialize(app)
-        @app = app
-      end
-
-      def call(env)
-        enabled = IdentityMap.enabled
-        IdentityMap.enabled = true
-
-        response = @app.call(env)
-        response[2] = Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
-          IdentityMap.enabled = enabled
-          IdentityMap.clear
-        end
-
-        response
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
index 2c766411a0..770083ac13 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 require 'active_support/concern'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI
+    mattr_accessor :store_full_sti_class, instance_accessor: false
+    self.store_full_sti_class = true
+  end
+
   module Inheritance
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI
       config_attribute :store_full_sti_class
-      self.store_full_sti_class = true
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -48,6 +52,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Set this to true if this is an abstract class (see <tt>abstract_class?</tt>).
+      # If you are using inheritance with ActiveRecord and don't want child classes
+      # to utilize the implied STI table name of the parent class, this will need to be true.
+      # For example, given the following:
+      #
+      #   class SuperClass < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     self.abstract_class = true
+      #   end
+      #   class Child < SuperClass
+      #     self.table_name = 'the_table_i_really_want'
+      #   end
+      # 
+      #
+      # <tt>self.abstract_class = true</tt> is required to make <tt>Child<.find,.create, or any Arel method></tt> use <tt>the_table_i_really_want</tt> instead of a table called <tt>super_classes</tt>
+      #
       attr_accessor :abstract_class
 
       # Returns whether this class is an abstract class or not.
@@ -63,26 +81,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # single-table inheritance model that makes it possible to create
       # objects of different types from the same table.
       def instantiate(record, column_types = {})
-        sti_class = find_sti_class(record[inheritance_column])
-        record_id = sti_class.primary_key && record[sti_class.primary_key]
-
-        if ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? && record_id
-          if (column = sti_class.columns_hash[sti_class.primary_key]) && column.number?
-            record_id = record_id.to_i
-          end
-          if instance = IdentityMap.get(sti_class, record_id)
-            instance.reinit_with('attributes' => record)
-          else
-            instance = sti_class.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record)
-            IdentityMap.add(instance)
-          end
-        else
-          column_types = sti_class.decorate_columns(column_types)
-          instance = sti_class.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record,
-                                                  'column_types' => column_types)
-        end
-
-        instance
+        sti_class    = find_sti_class(record[inheritance_column])
+        column_types = sti_class.decorate_columns(column_types)
+        sti_class.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record, 'column_types' => column_types)
       end
 
       # For internal use.
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base or an
       # abstract class, if any, in the inheritance hierarchy.
       def class_of_active_record_descendant(klass)
-        unless klass < Model
+        unless klass < Model::Tag
           raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord"
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
index 2c42f4cca5..23c272ef12 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       when new_record?
         "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new"
       when timestamp = self[:updated_at]
-        timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(:number)
+        timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(:nsec)
         "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
       else
         "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
index 9b2dc096a0..e0344f3c56 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :lock_optimistically, instance_accessor: false
+    self.lock_optimistically = true
+  end
+
   module Locking
     # == What is Optimistic Locking
     #
@@ -51,8 +56,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       included do
-        config_attribute :lock_optimistically, :global => true
-        self.lock_optimistically = true
+        config_attribute :lock_optimistically
       end
 
       def locking_enabled? #:nodoc:
@@ -82,9 +86,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             stmt = relation.where(
               relation.table[self.class.primary_key].eq(id).and(
-                relation.table[lock_col].eq(quote_value(previous_lock_value))
+                relation.table[lock_col].eq(self.class.quote_value(previous_lock_value))
               )
-            ).arel.compile_update(arel_attributes_values(false, false, attribute_names))
+            ).arel.compile_update(arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names))
 
             affected_rows = connection.update stmt
 
@@ -101,24 +105,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def destroy #:nodoc:
-          return super unless locking_enabled?
+        def destroy_row
+          affected_rows = super
 
-          if persisted?
-            table = self.class.arel_table
-            lock_col = self.class.locking_column
-            predicate = table[self.class.primary_key].eq(id).
-              and(table[lock_col].eq(send(lock_col).to_i))
+          if locking_enabled? && affected_rows != 1
+            raise ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError.new(self, "destroy")
+          end
 
-            affected_rows = self.class.unscoped.where(predicate).delete_all
+          affected_rows
+        end
 
-            unless affected_rows == 1
-              raise ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError.new(self, "destroy")
-            end
+        def relation_for_destroy
+          relation = super
+
+          if locking_enabled?
+            column_name = self.class.locking_column
+            column      = self.class.columns_hash[column_name]
+            substitute  = connection.substitute_at(column, relation.bind_values.length)
+
+            relation = relation.where(self.class.arel_table[column_name].eq(substitute))
+            relation.bind_values << [column, self[column_name].to_i]
           end
 
-          @destroyed = true
-          freeze
+          relation
         end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -163,7 +172,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # start the lock version at zero. Note we can't use
         # <tt>locking_enabled?</tt> at this point as
         # <tt>@attributes</tt> may not have been initialized yet.
-        def initialize_attributes(attributes) #:nodoc:
+        def initialize_attributes(attributes, options = {}) #:nodoc:
           if attributes.key?(locking_column) && lock_optimistically
             attributes[locking_column] ||= 0
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
index 2a9139749d..d58176bc62 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors"
 require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'active_record/schema_migration'
 require 'set'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -33,6 +32,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class PendingMigrationError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+    def initialize
+      super("Migrations are pending run 'rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{ENV['RAILS_ENV']}' to resolve the issue")
+    end
+  end
+
   # = Active Record Migrations
   #
   # Migrations can manage the evolution of a schema used by several physical
@@ -233,7 +238,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       add_column :people, :salary, :integer
   #       Person.reset_column_information
   #       Person.all.each do |p|
-  #         p.update_attribute :salary, SalaryCalculator.compute(p)
+  #         p.update_column :salary, SalaryCalculator.compute(p)
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -253,7 +258,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     ...
   #     say_with_time "Updating salaries..." do
   #       Person.all.each do |p|
-  #         p.update_attribute :salary, SalaryCalculator.compute(p)
+  #         p.update_column :salary, SalaryCalculator.compute(p)
   #       end
   #     end
   #     ...
@@ -327,10 +332,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     autoload :CommandRecorder, 'active_record/migration/command_recorder'
 
+
+    # This class is used to verify that all migrations have been run before
+    # loading a web page if config.active_record.migration_error is set to :page_load
+    class CheckPending
+      def initialize(app)
+        @app = app
+      end
+
+      def call(env)
+        ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
+        @app.call(env)
+      end
+    end
+
     class << self
       attr_accessor :delegate # :nodoc:
     end
 
+    def self.check_pending!
+      raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+    end
+
     def self.method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
       (delegate || superclass.delegate).send(name, *args, &block)
     end
@@ -606,6 +629,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def needs_migration?
+        current_version < last_version
+      end
+
+      def last_version
+        migrations(migrations_paths).last.try(:version)||0
+      end
+
       def proper_table_name(name)
         # Use the Active Record objects own table_name, or pre/suffix from ActiveRecord::Base if name is a symbol/string
         name.table_name rescue "#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix}#{name}#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix}"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
index 96b62fdd61..95f4360578 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
@@ -51,13 +51,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super || delegate.respond_to?(*args)
       end
 
-      [:create_table, :create_join_table, :change_table, :rename_table, :add_column, :remove_column, :rename_index, :rename_column, :add_index, :remove_index, :add_timestamps, :remove_timestamps, :change_column, :change_column_default].each do |method|
+      [:create_table, :create_join_table, :change_table, :rename_table, :add_column, :remove_column, :rename_index, :rename_column, :add_index, :remove_index, :add_timestamps, :remove_timestamps, :change_column, :change_column_default, :add_reference, :remove_reference].each do |method|
         class_eval <<-EOV, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           def #{method}(*args)          # def create_table(*args)
             record(:"#{method}", args)  #   record(:create_table, args)
           end                           # end
         EOV
       end
+      alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
+      alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
 
       private
 
@@ -102,6 +104,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         [:remove_timestamps, args]
       end
 
+      def invert_add_reference(args)
+        [:remove_reference, args]
+      end
+      alias :invert_add_belongs_to :invert_add_reference
+
+      def invert_remove_reference(args)
+        [:add_reference, args]
+      end
+      alias :invert_remove_belongs_to :invert_remove_reference
+
       # Forwards any missing method call to the \target.
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
         @delegate.send(method, *args, &block)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
index 01a580781b..e880ae97bb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
 
       def find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options = {})
-        options.delete(:table_name) { join_table_name(table_1, table_2) }
+        options.delete(:table_name) || join_table_name(table_1, table_2)
       end
 
       def join_table_name(table_1, table_2)
-        tables_names = [table_1, table_2].map(&:to_s).sort
-
-        tables_names.join("_").to_sym
+        [table_1, table_2].sort.join("_").to_sym
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model.rb
index 86de5ab2fa..fb3fb643ff 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,34 @@
 require 'active_support/deprecation'
+require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  module Configuration # :nodoc:
+    # This just abstracts out how we define configuration options in AR. Essentially we
+    # have mattr_accessors on the ActiveRecord:Model constant that define global defaults.
+    # Classes that then use AR get class_attributes defined, which means that when they
+    # are assigned the default will be overridden for that class and subclasses. (Except
+    # when options[:global] == true, in which case there is one global value always.)
+    def config_attribute(name, options = {})
+      if options[:global]
+        class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def self.#{name};       ActiveRecord::Model.#{name};       end
+          def #{name};            ActiveRecord::Model.#{name};       end
+          def self.#{name}=(val); ActiveRecord::Model.#{name} = val; end
+        CODE
+      else
+        options[:instance_writer] ||= false
+        class_attribute name, options
+
+        singleton_class.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          remove_method :#{name}
+          def #{name}; ActiveRecord::Model.#{name}; end
+        CODE
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   # <tt>ActiveRecord::Model</tt> can be included into a class to add Active Record persistence.
   # This is an alternative to inheriting from <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>. Example:
   #
@@ -9,41 +37,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     end
   #
   module Model
-    module ClassMethods #:nodoc:
-      include ActiveSupport::Callbacks::ClassMethods
-      include ActiveModel::Naming
-      include QueryCache::ClassMethods
-      include ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable
-      include ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
-
-      include Querying
-      include Translation
-      include DynamicMatchers
-      include CounterCache
-      include Explain
-      include ConnectionHandling
-    end
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    extend ConnectionHandling
+    extend ActiveModel::Observing::ClassMethods
 
-    def self.included(base)
-      return if base.singleton_class < ClassMethods
+    # This allows us to detect an ActiveRecord::Model while it's in the process of being included.
+    module Tag; end
 
+    def self.append_features(base)
       base.class_eval do
-        extend ClassMethods
-        Callbacks::Register.setup(self)
-        initialize_generated_modules unless self == Base
+        include Tag
+        extend Configuration
       end
+
+      super
     end
 
-    extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-    extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-    extend ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::ClassMethods
-    extend ActiveModel::AttributeMethods::ClassMethods
-    extend Callbacks::Register
-    extend Explain
-    extend ConnectionHandling
+    included do
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
+      extend ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable
+      extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
+
+      extend QueryCache::ClassMethods
+      extend Querying
+      extend Translation
+      extend DynamicMatchers
+      extend Explain
+      extend ConnectionHandling
 
-    def self.extend(*modules)
-      ClassMethods.send(:include, *modules)
+      initialize_generated_modules unless self == Base
     end
 
     include Persistence
@@ -52,18 +74,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     include Inheritance
     include Scoping
     include Sanitization
-    include Integration
     include AttributeAssignment
     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    include Integration
     include Validations
-    include Locking::Optimistic, Locking::Pessimistic
+    include CounterCache
+    include Locking::Optimistic
+    include Locking::Pessimistic
     include AttributeMethods
-    include Callbacks, ActiveModel::Observing, Timestamp
+    include Callbacks
+    include ActiveModel::Observing
+    include Timestamp
     include Associations
-    include IdentityMap
     include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
-    include AutosaveAssociation, NestedAttributes
-    include Aggregations, Transactions, Reflection, Serialization, Store
+    include AutosaveAssociation
+    include NestedAttributes
+    include Transactions
+    include Reflection
+    include Serialization
+    include Store
     include Core
 
     class << self
@@ -74,7 +103,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def abstract_class?
         false
       end
-
+      
+      # Defines the name of the table column which will store the class name on single-table
+      # inheritance situations.
       def inheritance_column
         'type'
       end
@@ -104,6 +135,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  # This hook is where config accessors on Model get defined.
+  #
+  # We don't want to just open the Model module and add stuff to it in other files, because
+  # that would cause Model to load, which causes all sorts of loading order issues.
+  #
+  # We need this hook rather than just using the :active_record one, because users of the
+  # :active_record hook may need to use config options.
+  ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record_config, Model)
+
   # Load Base at this point, because the active_record load hook is run in that file.
   Base
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
index 99847ac161..e6b76ddc4c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 require 'active_support/concern'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, instance_accessor: false
+
+    mattr_accessor :table_name_prefix, instance_accessor: false
+    self.table_name_prefix = ""
+
+    mattr_accessor :table_name_suffix, instance_accessor: false
+    self.table_name_suffix = ""
+
+    mattr_accessor :pluralize_table_names, instance_accessor: false
+    self.pluralize_table_names = true
+  end
+
   module ModelSchema
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -13,7 +25,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # the Product class will look for "productid" instead of "id" as the primary column. If the
       # latter is specified, the Product class will look for "product_id" instead of "id". Remember
       # that this is a global setting for all Active Records.
-      config_attribute :primary_key_prefix_type, :global => true
+      config_attribute :primary_key_prefix_type, global: true
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
@@ -26,14 +38,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # a namespace by defining a singleton method in the parent module called table_name_prefix which
       # returns your chosen prefix.
       config_attribute :table_name_prefix
-      self.table_name_prefix = ""
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
       # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
       # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
       config_attribute :table_name_suffix
-      self.table_name_suffix = ""
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
@@ -41,7 +51,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
       # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
       config_attribute :pluralize_table_names
-      self.pluralize_table_names = true
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -160,6 +169,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Sets the value of inheritance_column
       def inheritance_column=(value)
         @inheritance_column = value.to_s
+        @explicit_inheritance_column = true
       end
 
       def sequence_name
@@ -171,8 +181,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def reset_sequence_name #:nodoc:
-        @sequence_name          = connection.default_sequence_name(table_name, primary_key)
         @explicit_sequence_name = false
+        @sequence_name          = connection.default_sequence_name(table_name, primary_key)
       end
 
       # Sets the name of the sequence to use when generating ids to the given
@@ -303,14 +313,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @column_types         = nil
         @content_columns      = nil
         @dynamic_methods_hash = nil
-        @inheritance_column   = nil
+        @inheritance_column   = nil unless defined?(@explicit_inheritance_column) && @explicit_inheritance_column
         @relation             = nil
       end
 
-      def clear_cache! # :nodoc:
-        connection.schema_cache.clear!
-      end
-
       private
 
       # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
index 6bf0becad8..7febb5539f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :nested_attributes_options, instance_accessor: false
+    self.nested_attributes_options = {}
+  end
+
   module NestedAttributes #:nodoc:
     class TooManyRecords < ActiveRecordError
     end
@@ -13,16 +18,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     included do
       config_attribute :nested_attributes_options
-      self.nested_attributes_options = {}
     end
 
     # = Active Record Nested Attributes
     #
     # Nested attributes allow you to save attributes on associated records
-    # through the parent. By default nested attribute updating is turned off,
-    # you can enable it using the accepts_nested_attributes_for class method.
-    # When you enable nested attributes an attribute writer is defined on
-    # the model.
+    # through the parent. By default nested attribute updating is turned off
+    # and you can enable it using the accepts_nested_attributes_for class
+    # method. When you enable nested attributes an attribute writer is
+    # defined on the model.
     #
     # The attribute writer is named after the association, which means that
     # in the following example, two new methods are added to your model:
@@ -288,7 +292,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             # def pirate_attributes=(attributes)
             #   assign_nested_attributes_for_one_to_one_association(:pirate, attributes, mass_assignment_options)
             # end
-            class_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+            generated_feature_methods.module_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
               if method_defined?(:#{association_name}_attributes=)
                 remove_method(:#{association_name}_attributes=)
               end
@@ -347,7 +351,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if respond_to?(method)
           send(method, attributes.except(*unassignable_keys(assignment_opts)), assignment_opts)
         else
-          raise ArgumentError, "Cannot build association #{association_name}. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?"
+          raise ArgumentError, "Cannot build association `#{association_name}'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?"
         end
       end
     end
@@ -369,7 +373,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   })
     #
     # Will update the name of the Person with ID 1, build a new associated
-    # person with the name `John', and mark the associated Person with ID 2
+    # person with the name 'John', and mark the associated Person with ID 2
     # for destruction.
     #
     # Also accepts an Array of attribute hashes:
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
index 60c37ac2b7..4c1c91e3df 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,61 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Null Relation
-  class NullRelation < Relation
+  module NullRelation # :nodoc:
     def exec_queries
       @records = []
     end
+
+    def pluck(_column_name)
+      []
+    end
+
+    def delete_all(_conditions = nil)
+      0
+    end
+
+    def update_all(_updates, _conditions = nil, _options = {})
+      0
+    end
+
+    def delete(_id_or_array)
+      0
+    end
+
+    def size
+      0
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      true
+    end
+
+    def any?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def many?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def to_sql
+      @to_sql ||= ""
+    end
+
+    def where_values_hash
+      {}
+    end
+
+    def count
+      0
+    end
+
+    def calculate(_operation, _column_name, _options = {})
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def exists?(_id = false)
+      false
+    end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
index fdf17c003c..e940d357da 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
@@ -74,6 +74,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Observers will not be invoked unless you define these in your application configuration.
   #
+  # If you are using Active Record outside Rails, activate the observers explicitly in a configuration or
+  # environment file:
+  #
+  #   ActiveRecord::Base.add_observer CommentObserver.instance
+  #   ActiveRecord::Base.add_observer SignupObserver.instance
+  #
   # == Loading
   #
   # Observers register themselves in the model class they observe, since it is the class that
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
index c4bce87311..2830d651ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
@@ -115,36 +115,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # callbacks, Observer methods, or any <tt>:dependent</tt> association
     # options, use <tt>#destroy</tt>.
     def delete
-      if persisted?
-        self.class.delete(id)
-        IdentityMap.remove(self) if IdentityMap.enabled?
-      end
+      self.class.delete(id) if persisted?
       @destroyed = true
       freeze
     end
 
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect
     # that no changes should be made (since they can't be persisted).
+    #
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>destroy</tt>. If
+    # the <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback return +false+ the action is cancelled
+    # and <tt>destroy</tt> returns +false+. See
+    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
     def destroy
+      raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
       destroy_associations
-
-      if persisted?
-        IdentityMap.remove(self) if IdentityMap.enabled?
-        pk         = self.class.primary_key
-        column     = self.class.columns_hash[pk]
-        substitute = connection.substitute_at(column, 0)
-
-        relation = self.class.unscoped.where(
-          self.class.arel_table[pk].eq(substitute))
-
-        relation.bind_values = [[column, id]]
-        relation.delete_all
-      end
-
+      destroy_row if persisted?
       @destroyed = true
       freeze
     end
 
+    # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect
+    # that no changes should be made (since they can't be persisted).
+    #
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>destroy!</tt>. If
+    # the <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback return +false+ the action is cancelled
+    # and <tt>destroy!</tt> raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed. See
+    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
+    def destroy!
+      destroy || raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed)
+    end
+
     # Returns an instance of the specified +klass+ with the attributes of the
     # current record. This is mostly useful in relation to single-table
     # inheritance structures where you want a subclass to appear as the
@@ -166,37 +167,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       became
     end
 
-    # Updates a single attribute and saves the record.
-    # This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records. Also note that
-    #
-    # * Validation is skipped.
-    # * Callbacks are invoked.
-    # * updated_at/updated_on column is updated if that column is available.
-    # * Updates all the attributes that are dirty in this object.
-    #
-    def update_attribute(name, value)
-      name = name.to_s
-      verify_readonly_attribute(name)
-      send("#{name}=", value)
-      save(:validate => false)
-    end
-
-    # Updates a single attribute of an object, without calling save.
-    #
-    # * Validation is skipped.
-    # * Callbacks are skipped.
-    # * updated_at/updated_on column is not updated if that column is available.
-    #
-    # Raises an +ActiveRecordError+ when called on new objects, or when the +name+
-    # attribute is marked as readonly.
-    def update_column(name, value)
-      name = name.to_s
-      verify_readonly_attribute(name)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "can not update on a new record object" unless persisted?
-      raw_write_attribute(name, value)
-      self.class.update_all({ name => value }, self.class.primary_key => id) == 1
-    end
-
     # Updates the attributes of the model from the passed-in hash and saves the
     # record, all wrapped in a transaction. If the object is invalid, the saving
     # will fail and false will be returned.
@@ -225,6 +195,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    # Updates a single attribute of an object, without calling save.
+    #
+    # * Validation is skipped.
+    # * Callbacks are skipped.
+    # * updated_at/updated_on column is not updated if that column is available.
+    #
+    # Raises an +ActiveRecordError+ when called on new objects, or when the +name+
+    # attribute is marked as readonly.
+    def update_column(name, value)
+      msg = "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. " \
+        "E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')"
+
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(msg)
+
+      update_columns(name => value)
+    end
+
+    # Updates the attributes from the passed-in hash, without calling save.
+    #
+    # * Validation is skipped.
+    # * Callbacks are skipped.
+    # * updated_at/updated_on column is not updated if that column is available.
+    #
+    # Raises an +ActiveRecordError+ when called on new objects, or when at least
+    # one of the attributes is marked as readonly.
+    def update_columns(attributes)
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "can not update on a new record object" unless persisted?
+
+      attributes.each_key do |key|
+        raise ActiveRecordError, "#{key.to_s} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(key.to_s)
+      end
+
+      attributes.each do |k,v|
+        raw_write_attribute(k,v)
+      end
+
+      self.class.where(self.class.primary_key => id).update_all(attributes) == 1
+    end
+
     # Initializes +attribute+ to zero if +nil+ and adds the value passed as +by+ (default is 1).
     # The increment is performed directly on the underlying attribute, no setter is invoked.
     # Only makes sense for number-based attributes. Returns +self+.
@@ -239,7 +248,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Saving is not subjected to validation checks. Returns +true+ if the
     # record could be saved.
     def increment!(attribute, by = 1)
-      increment(attribute, by).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
+      increment(attribute, by).update_columns(attribute => self[attribute])
     end
 
     # Initializes +attribute+ to zero if +nil+ and subtracts the value passed as +by+ (default is 1).
@@ -256,7 +265,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Saving is not subjected to validation checks. Returns +true+ if the
     # record could be saved.
     def decrement!(attribute, by = 1)
-      decrement(attribute, by).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
+      decrement(attribute, by).update_columns(attribute => self[attribute])
     end
 
     # Assigns to +attribute+ the boolean opposite of <tt>attribute?</tt>. So
@@ -273,7 +282,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Saving is not subjected to validation checks. Returns +true+ if the
     # record could be saved.
     def toggle!(attribute)
-      toggle(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
+      toggle(attribute).update_columns(attribute => self[attribute])
     end
 
     # Reloads the attributes of this object from the database.
@@ -281,14 +290,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # may do e.g. record.reload(:lock => true) to reload the same record with
     # an exclusive row lock.
     def reload(options = nil)
-      clear_aggregation_cache
       clear_association_cache
 
-      IdentityMap.without do
-        fresh_object = self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id, options) }
-        @attributes.update(fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
-        @columns_hash = fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@columns_hash')
-      end
+      fresh_object =
+        if options && options[:lock]
+          self.class.unscoped { self.class.lock.find(id) }
+        else
+          self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id) }
+        end
+
+      @attributes.update(fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
+      @columns_hash = fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@columns_hash')
 
       @attributes_cache = {}
       self
@@ -331,7 +343,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @changed_attributes.except!(*changes.keys)
         primary_key = self.class.primary_key
-        self.class.unscoped.update_all(changes, { primary_key => self[primary_key] }) == 1
+        self.class.unscoped.where(primary_key => self[primary_key]).update_all(changes) == 1
       end
     end
 
@@ -341,6 +353,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def destroy_associations
     end
 
+    def destroy_row
+      relation_for_destroy.delete_all
+    end
+
+    def relation_for_destroy
+      pk         = self.class.primary_key
+      column     = self.class.columns_hash[pk]
+      substitute = connection.substitute_at(column, 0)
+
+      relation = self.class.unscoped.where(
+        self.class.arel_table[pk].eq(substitute))
+
+      relation.bind_values = [[column, id]]
+      relation
+    end
+
     def create_or_update
       raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
       result = new_record? ? create : update
@@ -350,7 +378,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
     # Returns the number of affected rows.
     def update(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
-      attributes_with_values = arel_attributes_values(false, false, attribute_names)
+      attributes_with_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names)
       return 0 if attributes_with_values.empty?
       klass = self.class
       stmt = klass.unscoped.where(klass.arel_table[klass.primary_key].eq(id)).arel.compile_update(attributes_with_values)
@@ -360,13 +388,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
     # and returns its id.
     def create
-      attributes_values = arel_attributes_values(!id.nil?)
+      attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_create(!id.nil?)
 
       new_id = self.class.unscoped.insert attributes_values
-
       self.id ||= new_id if self.class.primary_key
 
-      IdentityMap.add(self) if IdentityMap.enabled?
       @new_record = false
       id
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
index 9701898415..d64dee10fe 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
@@ -34,16 +34,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       response = @app.call(env)
       response[2] = Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id = connection_id
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.clear_query_cache
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disable_query_cache! unless enabled
+        restore_query_cache_settings(connection_id, enabled)
       end
 
       response
     rescue Exception => e
+      restore_query_cache_settings(connection_id, enabled)
+      raise e
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def restore_query_cache_settings(connection_id, enabled)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id = connection_id
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.clear_query_cache
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disable_query_cache! unless enabled
-      raise e
     end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
index 0e6fecbc4b..609d810654 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Querying
-    delegate :find, :first, :first!, :last, :last!, :all, :exists?, :any?, :many?, :to => :scoped
+    delegate :find, :take, :take!, :first, :first!, :last, :last!, :all, :exists?, :any?, :many?, :to => :scoped
     delegate :first_or_create, :first_or_create!, :first_or_initialize, :to => :scoped
+    delegate :find_by, :find_by!, :to => :scoped
     delegate :destroy, :destroy_all, :delete, :delete_all, :update, :update_all, :to => :scoped
     delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, :to => :scoped
     delegate :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins,
              :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly,
              :having, :create_with, :uniq, :references, :none, :to => :scoped
-    delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, :pluck, :to => :scoped
+    delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, :pluck, :ids, :to => :scoped
 
     # Executes a custom SQL query against your database and returns all the results. The results will
     # be returned as an array with columns requested encapsulated as attributes of the model you call
@@ -61,8 +62,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
     def count_by_sql(sql)
-      sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
-      connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
+      logging_query_plan do
+        sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
+        connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
index 516c450f85..9432a70c41 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     )
 
     rake_tasks do
+      require "active_record/base"
       load "active_record/railties/databases.rake"
     end
 
@@ -38,10 +39,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # first time. Also, make it output to STDERR.
     console do |app|
       require "active_record/railties/console_sandbox" if app.sandbox?
+      require "active_record/base"
       console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDERR)
       Rails.logger.extend ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast console
     end
 
+    runner do |app|
+      require "active_record/base"
+    end
+
     initializer "active_record.initialize_timezone" do
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
         self.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
@@ -53,16 +59,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) { self.logger ||= ::Rails.logger }
     end
 
-    initializer "active_record.identity_map" do |app|
-      config.app_middleware.insert_after "::ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
-        "ActiveRecord::IdentityMap::Middleware" if config.active_record.delete(:identity_map)
+    initializer "active_record.migration_error" do |app|
+      if config.active_record.delete(:migration_error) == :page_load
+        config.app_middleware.insert_after "::ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
+          "ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending"
+      end
     end
 
     initializer "active_record.set_configs" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-        if app.config.active_record.delete(:whitelist_attributes)
-          attr_accessible(nil)
-        end
         app.config.active_record.each do |k,v|
           send "#{k}=", v
         end
@@ -73,7 +78,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and then establishes the connection.
     initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-        self.configurations = app.config.database_configuration
+        unless ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+          self.configurations = app.config.database_configuration
+        end
         establish_connection
       end
     end
@@ -87,18 +94,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     initializer "active_record.set_reloader_hooks" do |app|
-      hook = lambda do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.clear_reloadable_connections!
-        ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
-      end
+      hook = app.config.reload_classes_only_on_change ? :to_prepare : :to_cleanup
 
-      if app.config.reload_classes_only_on_change
-        ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-          ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare(&hook)
-        end
-      else
-        ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-          ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_cleanup(&hook)
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+        ActionDispatch::Reloader.send(hook) do
+          ActiveRecord::Model.clear_reloadable_connections!
+          ActiveRecord::Model.clear_cache!
         end
       end
     end
@@ -109,20 +110,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     config.after_initialize do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.instantiate_observers
+        ActiveRecord::Model.instantiate_observers
 
         ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare do
-          ActiveRecord::Base.instantiate_observers
+          ActiveRecord::Model.instantiate_observers
         end
       end
 
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
         if app.config.use_schema_cache_dump
           filename = File.join(app.config.paths["db"].first, "schema_cache.dump")
+
           if File.file?(filename)
-            cache = Marshal.load(open(filename, 'rb') { |f| f.read })
+            cache = Marshal.load File.binread filename
             if cache.version == ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-              ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache = cache
+              ActiveRecord::Model.connection.schema_cache = cache
             else
               warn "schema_cache.dump is expired. Current version is #{ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version}, but cache version is #{cache.version}."
             end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
index f26989ae57..78ecb1cdc5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
@@ -14,139 +14,28 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   namespace :create do
-    # desc 'Create all the local databases defined in config/database.yml'
     task :all => :load_config do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.each_value do |config|
-        # Skip entries that don't have a database key, such as the first entry here:
-        #
-        #  defaults: &defaults
-        #    adapter: mysql
-        #    username: root
-        #    password:
-        #    host: localhost
-        #
-        #  development:
-        #    database: blog_development
-        #    *defaults
-        next unless config['database']
-        # Only connect to local databases
-        local_database?(config) { create_database(config) }
-      end
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_all
     end
   end
 
   desc 'Create the database from config/database.yml for the current Rails.env (use db:create:all to create all dbs in the config)'
   task :create => :load_config do
-    configs_for_environment.each { |config| create_database(config) }
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(configs_for_environment.first)
-  end
-
-  def mysql_creation_options(config)
-    @charset   = ENV['CHARSET']   || 'utf8'
-    @collation = ENV['COLLATION'] || 'utf8_unicode_ci'
-    {:charset => (config['charset'] || @charset), :collation => (config['collation'] || @collation)}
-  end
-
-  def create_database(config)
-    begin
-      if config['adapter'] =~ /sqlite/
-        if File.exist?(config['database'])
-          $stderr.puts "#{config['database']} already exists"
-        else
-          begin
-            # Create the SQLite database
-            ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-            ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-          rescue Exception => e
-            $stderr.puts e, *(e.backtrace)
-            $stderr.puts "Couldn't create database for #{config.inspect}"
-          end
-        end
-        return # Skip the else clause of begin/rescue
-      else
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      end
-    rescue
-      case config['adapter']
-      when /mysql/
-        if config['adapter'] =~ /jdbc/
-          #FIXME After Jdbcmysql gives this class
-          require 'active_record/railties/jdbcmysql_error'
-          error_class = ArJdbcMySQL::Error
-        else
-          error_class = config['adapter'] =~ /mysql2/ ? Mysql2::Error : Mysql::Error
-        end
-        access_denied_error = 1045
-        begin
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config.merge('database' => nil))
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_database(config['database'], mysql_creation_options(config))
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-        rescue error_class => sqlerr
-          if sqlerr.errno == access_denied_error
-            print "#{sqlerr.error}. \nPlease provide the root password for your mysql installation\n>"
-            root_password = $stdin.gets.strip
-            grant_statement = "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON #{config['database']}.* " \
-              "TO '#{config['username']}'@'localhost' " \
-              "IDENTIFIED BY '#{config['password']}' WITH GRANT OPTION;"
-            ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config.merge(
-                'database' => nil, 'username' => 'root', 'password' => root_password))
-            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_database(config['database'], mysql_creation_options(config))
-            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute grant_statement
-            ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-          else
-            $stderr.puts sqlerr.error
-            $stderr.puts "Couldn't create database for #{config.inspect}, charset: #{config['charset'] || @charset}, collation: #{config['collation'] || @collation}"
-            $stderr.puts "(if you set the charset manually, make sure you have a matching collation)" if config['charset']
-          end
-        end
-      when /postgresql/
-        @encoding = config['encoding'] || ENV['CHARSET'] || 'utf8'
-        begin
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config.merge('database' => 'postgres', 'schema_search_path' => 'public'))
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_database(config['database'], config.merge('encoding' => @encoding))
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-        rescue Exception => e
-          $stderr.puts e, *(e.backtrace)
-          $stderr.puts "Couldn't create database for #{config.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
-    else
-      $stderr.puts "#{config['database']} already exists"
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current
   end
 
   namespace :drop do
-    # desc 'Drops all the local databases defined in config/database.yml'
     task :all => :load_config do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.each_value do |config|
-        # Skip entries that don't have a database key
-        next unless config['database']
-        begin
-          # Only connect to local databases
-          local_database?(config) { drop_database(config) }
-        rescue Exception => e
-          $stderr.puts "Couldn't drop #{config['database']} : #{e.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
   end
 
   desc 'Drops the database for the current Rails.env (use db:drop:all to drop all databases)'
   task :drop => :load_config do
-    configs_for_environment.each { |config| drop_database_and_rescue(config) }
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current
   end
 
-  def local_database?(config, &block)
-    if config['host'].in?(['127.0.0.1', 'localhost']) || config['host'].blank?
-      yield
-    else
-      $stderr.puts "This task only modifies local databases. #{config['database']} is on a remote host."
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  desc "Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false)."
+  desc "Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false, SCOPE=blog)."
   task :migrate => [:environment, :load_config] do
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ENV["VERBOSE"] ? ENV["VERBOSE"] == "true" : true
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrate(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil) do |migration|
@@ -247,48 +136,32 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   # desc 'Drops and recreates the database from db/schema.rb for the current environment and loads the seeds.'
-  task :reset => :environment do
+  task :reset => [:environment, :load_config] do
     db_namespace["drop"].invoke
     db_namespace["setup"].invoke
   end
 
   # desc "Retrieves the charset for the current environment's database"
-  task :charset => :environment do
-    config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env || 'development']
-    case config['adapter']
-    when /mysql/
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-      puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.charset
-    when /postgresql/
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-      puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.encoding
-    when /sqlite/
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-      puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.encoding
-    else
-      $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-    end
+  task :charset => [:environment, :load_config] do
+    puts ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.charset_current
   end
 
   # desc "Retrieves the collation for the current environment's database"
-  task :collation => :environment do
-    config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env || 'development']
-    case config['adapter']
-    when /mysql/
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-      puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.collation
-    else
-      $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
+  task :collation => [:environment, :load_config] do
+    begin
+      puts ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation_current
+    rescue NoMethodError
+      $stderr.puts 'Sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
     end
   end
 
   desc 'Retrieves the current schema version number'
-  task :version => :environment do
+  task :version => [:environment, :load_config] do
     puts "Current version: #{ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version}"
   end
 
   # desc "Raises an error if there are pending migrations"
-  task :abort_if_pending_migrations => :environment do
+  task :abort_if_pending_migrations => [:environment, :load_config] do
     pending_migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths).pending_migrations
 
     if pending_migrations.any?
@@ -311,20 +184,20 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
   namespace :fixtures do
     desc "Load fixtures into the current environment's database. Load specific fixtures using FIXTURES=x,y. Load from subdirectory in test/fixtures using FIXTURES_DIR=z. Specify an alternative path (eg. spec/fixtures) using FIXTURES_PATH=spec/fixtures."
-    task :load => :environment do
+    task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
       require 'active_record/fixtures'
 
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(Rails.env)
       base_dir     = File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
       fixtures_dir = File.join [base_dir, ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']].compact
 
-      (ENV['FIXTURES'] ? ENV['FIXTURES'].split(/,/) : Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.{yml,csv}"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }).each do |fixture_file|
+      (ENV['FIXTURES'] ? ENV['FIXTURES'].split(/,/) : Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }).each do |fixture_file|
         ActiveRecord::Fixtures.create_fixtures(fixtures_dir, fixture_file)
       end
     end
 
     # desc "Search for a fixture given a LABEL or ID. Specify an alternative path (eg. spec/fixtures) using FIXTURES_PATH=spec/fixtures."
-    task :identify => :environment do
+    task :identify => [:environment, :load_config] do
       require 'active_record/fixtures'
 
       label, id = ENV['LABEL'], ENV['ID']
@@ -360,7 +233,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     desc 'Load a schema.rb file into the database'
-    task :load => :environment do
+    task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
       file = ENV['SCHEMA'] || "#{Rails.root}/db/schema.rb"
       if File.exists?(file)
         load(file)
@@ -375,7 +248,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
     namespace :cache do
       desc 'Create a db/schema_cache.dump file.'
-      task :dump => :environment do
+      task :dump => [:environment, :load_config] do
         con = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         filename = File.join(Rails.application.config.paths["db"].first, "schema_cache.dump")
 
@@ -385,7 +258,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       end
 
       desc 'Clear a db/schema_cache.dump file.'
-      task :clear => :environment do
+      task :clear => [:environment, :load_config] do
         filename = File.join(Rails.application.config.paths["db"].first, "schema_cache.dump")
         FileUtils.rm(filename) if File.exists?(filename)
       end
@@ -394,25 +267,25 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   namespace :structure do
+    def set_firebird_env(config)
+      ENV['ISC_USER']     = config['username'].to_s if config['username']
+      ENV['ISC_PASSWORD'] = config['password'].to_s if config['password']
+    end
+
+    def firebird_db_string(config)
+      FireRuby::Database.db_string_for(config.symbolize_keys)
+    end
+
     desc 'Dump the database structure to db/structure.sql. Specify another file with DB_STRUCTURE=db/my_structure.sql'
-    task :dump => :environment do
+    task :dump => [:environment, :load_config] do
       abcs = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
       filename = ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'] || File.join(Rails.root, "db", "structure.sql")
       case abcs[Rails.env]['adapter']
-      when /mysql/, 'oci', 'oracle'
+      when /mysql/, /postgresql/, /sqlite/
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(abcs[Rails.env], filename)
+      when 'oci', 'oracle'
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(abcs[Rails.env])
         File.open(filename, "w:utf-8") { |f| f << ActiveRecord::Base.connection.structure_dump }
-      when /postgresql/
-        set_psql_env(abcs[Rails.env])
-        search_path = abcs[Rails.env]['schema_search_path']
-        unless search_path.blank?
-          search_path = search_path.split(",").map{|search_path_part| "--schema=#{search_path_part.strip}" }.join(" ")
-        end
-        `pg_dump -i -s -x -O -f #{filename} #{search_path} #{abcs[Rails.env]['database']}`
-        raise 'Error dumping database' if $?.exitstatus == 1
-      when /sqlite/
-        dbfile = abcs[Rails.env]['database']
-        `sqlite3 #{dbfile} .schema > #{filename}`
       when 'sqlserver'
         `smoscript -s #{abcs[Rails.env]['host']} -d #{abcs[Rails.env]['database']} -u #{abcs[Rails.env]['username']} -p #{abcs[Rails.env]['password']} -f #{filename} -A -U`
       when "firebird"
@@ -426,6 +299,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
         File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information }
       end
+      db_namespace['structure:dump'].reenable
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the databases from the structure.sql file"
@@ -435,18 +309,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       abcs = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
       filename = ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'] || File.join(Rails.root, "db", "structure.sql")
       case abcs[env]['adapter']
-      when /mysql/
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(abcs[env])
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('SET foreign_key_checks = 0')
-        IO.read(filename).split("\n\n").each do |table|
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(table)
-        end
-      when /postgresql/
-        set_psql_env(abcs[env])
-        `psql -f "#{filename}" #{abcs[env]['database']}`
-      when /sqlite/
-        dbfile = abcs[env]['database']
-        `sqlite3 #{dbfile} < "#{filename}"`
+      when /mysql/, /postgresql/, /sqlite/
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(abcs[env], filename)
       when 'sqlserver'
         `sqlcmd -S #{abcs[env]['host']} -d #{abcs[env]['database']} -U #{abcs[env]['username']} -P #{abcs[env]['password']} -i #{filename}`
       when 'oci', 'oracle'
@@ -480,6 +344,13 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       end
     end
 
+    # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent schema.rb file"
+    task :load_schema => 'db:test:purge' do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.verbose = false
+      db_namespace["schema:load"].invoke
+    end
+
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent structure.sql file"
     task :load_structure => 'db:test:purge' do
       begin
@@ -490,33 +361,28 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       end
     end
 
-    # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent schema.rb file"
-    task :load_schema => 'db:test:purge' do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
-      ActiveRecord::Schema.verbose = false
-      db_namespace["schema:load"].invoke
+    # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh schema"
+    task :clone do
+      case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
+        when :ruby
+          db_namespace["test:clone_schema"].invoke
+        when :sql
+          db_namespace["test:clone_structure"].invoke
+      end
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh schema.rb file"
-    task :clone => %w(db:schema:dump db:test:load_schema)
+    task :clone_schema => ["db:schema:dump", "db:test:load_schema"]
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh structure.sql file"
     task :clone_structure => [ "db:structure:dump", "db:test:load_structure" ]
 
     # desc "Empty the test database"
-    task :purge => :environment do
+    task :purge => [:environment, :load_config] do
       abcs = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
       case abcs['test']['adapter']
-      when /mysql/
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:test)
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.recreate_database(abcs['test']['database'], mysql_creation_options(abcs['test']))
-      when /postgresql/
-        ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!
-        drop_database(abcs['test'])
-        create_database(abcs['test'])
-      when /sqlite/
-        dbfile = abcs['test']['database']
-        File.delete(dbfile) if File.exist?(dbfile)
+      when /mysql/, /postgresql/, /sqlite/
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge abcs['test']
       when 'sqlserver'
         test = abcs.deep_dup['test']
         test_database = test['database']
@@ -539,14 +405,14 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     # desc 'Check for pending migrations and load the test schema'
     task :prepare => 'db:abort_if_pending_migrations' do
       unless ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
-        db_namespace[{ :sql  => 'test:clone_structure', :ruby => 'test:load' }[ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format]].invoke
+        db_namespace['test:load'].invoke
       end
     end
   end
 
   namespace :sessions do
     # desc "Creates a sessions migration for use with ActiveRecord::SessionStore"
-    task :create => :environment do
+    task :create => [:environment, :load_config] do
       raise 'Task unavailable to this database (no migration support)' unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       Rails.application.load_generators
       require 'rails/generators/rails/session_migration/session_migration_generator'
@@ -554,8 +420,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Clear the sessions table"
-    task :clear => :environment do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "DELETE FROM #{session_table_name}"
+    task :clear => [:environment, :load_config] do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "DELETE FROM #{ActiveRecord::SessionStore::Session.table_name}"
     end
   end
 end
@@ -566,7 +432,7 @@ namespace :railties do
     task :migrations => :'db:load_config' do
       to_load = ENV['FROM'].blank? ? :all : ENV['FROM'].split(",").map {|n| n.strip }
       railties = {}
-      Rails.application.railties.all do |railtie|
+      Rails.application.railties.each do |railtie|
         next unless to_load == :all || to_load.include?(railtie.railtie_name)
 
         if railtie.respond_to?(:paths) && (path = railtie.paths['db/migrate'].first)
@@ -590,53 +456,3 @@ end
 
 task 'test:prepare' => 'db:test:prepare'
 
-def drop_database(config)
-  case config['adapter']
-  when /mysql/
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_database config['database']
-  when /sqlite/
-    require 'pathname'
-    path = Pathname.new(config['database'])
-    file = path.absolute? ? path.to_s : File.join(Rails.root, path)
-
-    FileUtils.rm(file)
-  when /postgresql/
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config.merge('database' => 'postgres', 'schema_search_path' => 'public'))
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_database config['database']
-  end
-end
-
-def drop_database_and_rescue(config)
-  begin
-    drop_database(config)
-  rescue Exception => e
-    $stderr.puts "Couldn't drop #{config['database']} : #{e.inspect}"
-  end
-end
-
-def configs_for_environment
-  environments = [Rails.env]
-  environments << 'test' if Rails.env.development?
-  ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.values_at(*environments).compact.reject { |config| config['database'].blank? }
-end
-
-def session_table_name
-  ActiveRecord::SessionStore::Session.table_name
-end
-
-def set_firebird_env(config)
-  ENV['ISC_USER']     = config['username'].to_s if config['username']
-  ENV['ISC_PASSWORD'] = config['password'].to_s if config['password']
-end
-
-def firebird_db_string(config)
-  FireRuby::Database.db_string_for(config.symbolize_keys)
-end
-
-def set_psql_env(config)
-  ENV['PGHOST']     = config['host']          if config['host']
-  ENV['PGPORT']     = config['port'].to_s     if config['port']
-  ENV['PGPASSWORD'] = config['password'].to_s if config['password']
-  ENV['PGUSER']     = config['username'].to_s if config['username']
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
index 836b15e2ce..960b78dc38 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      config_attribute :_attr_readonly
+      class_attribute :_attr_readonly, instance_writer: false
       self._attr_readonly = []
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index d4f4d593c6..dede453e38 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      extend ActiveModel::Configuration
-      config_attribute :reflections
+      class_attribute :reflections
       self.reflections = {}
     end
 
@@ -18,36 +17,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and creates input fields for all of the attributes depending on their type
     # and displays the associations to other objects.
     #
-    # MacroReflection class has info for AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection
-    # classes.
+    # MacroReflection class has info for the AssociationReflection
+    # class.
     module ClassMethods
-      def create_reflection(macro, name, options, active_record)
-        case macro
-        when :has_many, :belongs_to, :has_one, :has_and_belongs_to_many
-          klass = options[:through] ? ThroughReflection : AssociationReflection
-          reflection = klass.new(macro, name, options, active_record)
-        when :composed_of
-          reflection = AggregateReflection.new(macro, name, options, active_record)
-        end
+      def create_reflection(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
+        klass = options[:through] ? ThroughReflection : AssociationReflection
+        reflection = klass.new(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
 
         self.reflections = self.reflections.merge(name => reflection)
         reflection
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of AggregateReflection objects for all the aggregations in the class.
-      def reflect_on_all_aggregations
-        reflections.values.grep(AggregateReflection)
-      end
-
-      # Returns the AggregateReflection object for the named +aggregation+ (use the symbol).
-      #
-      #   Account.reflect_on_aggregation(:balance) # => the balance AggregateReflection
-      #
-      def reflect_on_aggregation(aggregation)
-        reflection = reflections[aggregation]
-        reflection if reflection.is_a?(AggregateReflection)
-      end
-
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all the
       # associations in the class. If you only want to reflect on a certain
       # association type, pass in the symbol (<tt>:has_many</tt>, <tt>:has_one</tt>,
@@ -79,24 +59,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    # Abstract base class for AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection. Objects of
-    # AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection are returned by the Reflection::ClassMethods.
+    # Abstract base class for AssociationReflection. Objects of AssociationReflection are returned by the Reflection::ClassMethods.
     class MacroReflection
       # Returns the name of the macro.
       #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, :class_name => 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>:balance</tt>
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:clients</tt>
       attr_reader :name
 
       # Returns the macro type.
       #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, :class_name => 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>:composed_of</tt>
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:has_many</tt>
       attr_reader :macro
 
+      attr_reader :scope
+
       # Returns the hash of options used for the macro.
       #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, :class_name => 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>{ :class_name => "Money" }</tt>
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns +{}+
       attr_reader :options
 
@@ -104,9 +82,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       attr_reader :plural_name # :nodoc:
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, options, active_record)
+      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
         @macro         = macro
         @name          = name
+        @scope         = scope
         @options       = options
         @active_record = active_record
         @plural_name   = active_record.pluralize_table_names ?
@@ -115,7 +94,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the class for the macro.
       #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, :class_name => 'Money'</tt> returns the Money class
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns the Client class
       def klass
         @klass ||= class_name.constantize
@@ -123,7 +101,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the class name for the macro.
       #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, :class_name => 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>'Money'</tt>
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>'Client'</tt>
       def class_name
         @class_name ||= (options[:class_name] || derive_class_name).to_s
@@ -139,22 +116,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           active_record == other_aggregation.active_record
       end
 
-      def sanitized_conditions #:nodoc:
-        @sanitized_conditions ||= klass.send(:sanitize_sql, options[:conditions]) if options[:conditions]
-      end
-
       private
         def derive_class_name
           name.to_s.camelize
         end
     end
 
-
-    # Holds all the meta-data about an aggregation as it was specified in the
-    # Active Record class.
-    class AggregateReflection < MacroReflection #:nodoc:
-    end
-
     # Holds all the meta-data about an association as it was specified in the
     # Active Record class.
     class AssociationReflection < MacroReflection #:nodoc:
@@ -174,7 +141,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @klass ||= active_record.send(:compute_type, class_name)
       end
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, options, active_record)
+      def initialize(*args)
         super
         @collection = [:has_many, :has_and_belongs_to_many].include?(macro)
       end
@@ -193,6 +160,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @quoted_table_name ||= klass.quoted_table_name
       end
 
+      def join_table
+        @join_table ||= options[:join_table] || derive_join_table
+      end
+
       def foreign_key
         @foreign_key ||= options[:foreign_key] || derive_foreign_key
       end
@@ -240,6 +211,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def check_validity!
         check_validity_of_inverse!
+
+        if has_and_belongs_to_many? && association_foreign_key == foreign_key
+          raise HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded.new(self)
+        end
       end
 
       def check_validity_of_inverse!
@@ -268,11 +243,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # An array of arrays of conditions. Each item in the outside array corresponds to a reflection
-      # in the #chain. The inside arrays are simply conditions (and each condition may itself be
-      # a hash, array, arel predicate, etc...)
-      def conditions
-        [[options[:conditions]].compact]
+      # An array of arrays of scopes. Each item in the outside array corresponds to a reflection
+      # in the #chain.
+      def scope_chain
+        scope ? [[scope]] : [[]]
       end
 
       alias :source_macro :macro
@@ -322,6 +296,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         macro == :belongs_to
       end
 
+      def has_and_belongs_to_many?
+        macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
+      end
+
       def association_class
         case macro
         when :belongs_to
@@ -364,6 +342,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def derive_join_table
+          [active_record.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
+        end
+
         def primary_key(klass)
           klass.primary_key || raise(UnknownPrimaryKey.new(klass))
         end
@@ -432,28 +414,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     has_many :tags
       #   end
       #
-      # There may be conditions on Person.comment_tags, Article.comment_tags and/or Comment.tags,
+      # There may be scopes on Person.comment_tags, Article.comment_tags and/or Comment.tags,
       # but only Comment.tags will be represented in the #chain. So this method creates an array
-      # of conditions corresponding to the chain. Each item in the #conditions array corresponds
-      # to an item in the #chain, and is itself an array of conditions from an arbitrary number
-      # of relevant reflections, plus any :source_type or polymorphic :as constraints.
-      def conditions
-        @conditions ||= begin
-          conditions = source_reflection.conditions.map { |c| c.dup }
+      # of scopes corresponding to the chain.
+      def scope_chain
+        @scope_chain ||= begin
+          scope_chain = source_reflection.scope_chain.map(&:dup)
 
-          # Add to it the conditions from this reflection if necessary.
-          conditions.first << options[:conditions] if options[:conditions]
+          # Add to it the scope from this reflection (if any)
+          scope_chain.first << scope if scope
 
-          through_conditions = through_reflection.conditions
+          through_scope_chain = through_reflection.scope_chain
 
           if options[:source_type]
-            through_conditions.first << { foreign_type => options[:source_type] }
+            through_scope_chain.first <<
+              through_reflection.klass.where(foreign_type => options[:source_type])
           end
 
           # Recursively fill out the rest of the array from the through reflection
-          conditions += through_conditions
-
-          conditions
+          scope_chain + through_scope_chain
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index 7531e1fe6f..3821c6122a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -6,28 +6,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Relation
   class Relation
     JoinOperation = Struct.new(:relation, :join_class, :on)
-    ASSOCIATION_METHODS = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload]
-    MULTI_VALUE_METHODS = [:select, :group, :order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind, :references]
-    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :from, :reordering, :reverse_order, :uniq]
+
+    MULTI_VALUE_METHODS  = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select, :group,
+                            :order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind, :references,
+                            :extending]
+
+    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :from, :reordering,
+                            :reverse_order, :uniq, :create_with]
+
+    VALUE_METHODS = MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS
 
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches, Explain, Delegation
 
     attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded
-    attr_accessor :extensions, :default_scoped
+    attr_accessor :default_scoped
     alias :loaded? :loaded
     alias :default_scoped? :default_scoped
 
-    def initialize(klass, table)
-      @klass, @table = klass, table
-
+    def initialize(klass, table, values = {})
+      @klass             = klass
+      @table             = table
+      @values            = values
       @implicit_readonly = nil
       @loaded            = false
       @default_scoped    = false
-
-      SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.each {|v| instance_variable_set(:"@#{v}_value", nil)}
-      (ASSOCIATION_METHODS + MULTI_VALUE_METHODS).each {|v| instance_variable_set(:"@#{v}_values", [])}
-      @extensions = []
-      @create_with_value = {}
     end
 
     def insert(values)
@@ -73,28 +75,62 @@ module ActiveRecord
         binds)
     end
 
+    # Initializes new record from relation while maintaining the current
+    # scope.
+    #
+    # Expects arguments in the same format as +Base.new+.
+    #
+    #   users = User.where(name: 'DHH')
+    #   user = users.new # => #<User id: nil, name: "DHH", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
+    #
+    # You can also pass a block to new with the new record as argument:
+    #
+    #   user = users.new { |user| user.name = 'Oscar' }
+    #   user.name # => Oscar
     def new(*args, &block)
       scoping { @klass.new(*args, &block) }
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
-      @bind_values = @bind_values.dup
+      @values        = @values.dup
+      @values[:bind] = @values[:bind].dup if @values[:bind]
       reset
     end
 
     alias build new
 
+    # Tries to create a new record with the same scoped attributes
+    # defined in the relation. Returns the initialized object if validation fails.
+    #
+    # Expects arguments in the same format as +Base.create+.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #   users = User.where(name: 'Oscar')
+    #   users.create # #<User id: 3, name: "oscar", ...>
+    #
+    #   users.create(name: 'fxn')
+    #   users.create # #<User id: 4, name: "fxn", ...>
+    #
+    #   users.create { |user| user.name = 'tenderlove' }
+    #   # #<User id: 5, name: "tenderlove", ...>
+    #
+    #   users.create(name: nil) # validation on name
+    #   # #<User id: nil, name: nil, ...>
     def create(*args, &block)
       scoping { @klass.create(*args, &block) }
     end
 
+    # Similar to #create, but calls +create!+ on the base class. Raises
+    # an exception if a validation error occurs.
+    #
+    # Expects arguments in the same format as <tt>Base.create!</tt>.
     def create!(*args, &block)
       scoping { @klass.create!(*args, &block) }
     end
 
     # Tries to load the first record; if it fails, then <tt>create</tt> is called with the same arguments as this method.
     #
-    # Expects arguments in the same format as <tt>Base.create</tt>.
+    # Expects arguments in the same format as +Base.create+.
     #
     # ==== Examples
     #   # Find the first user named Penélope or create a new one.
@@ -142,12 +178,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # are needed by the next ones when eager loading is going on.
     #
     # Please see further details in the
-    # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
+    # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
     def explain
       _, queries = collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries }
       exec_explain(queries)
     end
 
+    # Converts relation objects to Array.
     def to_a
       # We monitor here the entire execution rather than individual SELECTs
       # because from the point of view of the user fetching the records of a
@@ -168,23 +205,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       default_scoped = with_default_scope
 
       if default_scoped.equal?(self)
-        @records = if @readonly_value.nil? && !@klass.locking_enabled?
-          eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, @bind_values)
-        else
-          IdentityMap.without do
-            eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, @bind_values)
-          end
-        end
+        @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, bind_values)
 
-        preload = @preload_values
-        preload +=  @includes_values unless eager_loading?
+        preload = preload_values
+        preload +=  includes_values unless eager_loading?
         preload.each do |associations|
           ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(@records, associations).run
         end
 
         # @readonly_value is true only if set explicitly. @implicit_readonly is true if there
         # are JOINS and no explicit SELECT.
-        readonly = @readonly_value.nil? ? @implicit_readonly : @readonly_value
+        readonly = readonly_value.nil? ? @implicit_readonly : readonly_value
         @records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if readonly
       else
         @records = default_scoped.to_a
@@ -212,6 +243,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty?
     end
 
+    # Returns true if there are any records.
     def any?
       if block_given?
         to_a.any? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
@@ -220,18 +252,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns true if there is more than one record.
     def many?
       if block_given?
         to_a.many? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
       else
-        @limit_value ? to_a.many? : size > 1
+        limit_value ? to_a.many? : size > 1
       end
     end
 
     # Scope all queries to the current scope.
     #
-    # ==== Example
-    #
     #   Comment.where(:post_id => 1).scoping do
     #     Comment.first # SELECT * FROM comments WHERE post_id = 1
     #   end
@@ -239,7 +270,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Please check unscoped if you want to remove all previous scopes (including
     # the default_scope) during the execution of a block.
     def scoping
-      @klass.with_scope(self, :overwrite) { yield }
+      previous, klass.current_scope = klass.current_scope, self
+      yield
+    ensure
+      klass.current_scope = previous
     end
 
     # Updates all records with details given if they match a set of conditions supplied, limits and order can
@@ -250,50 +284,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # ==== Parameters
     #
     # * +updates+ - A string, array, or hash representing the SET part of an SQL statement.
-    # * +conditions+ - A string, array, or hash representing the WHERE part of an SQL statement.
-    #   See conditions in the intro.
-    # * +options+ - Additional options are <tt>:limit</tt> and <tt>:order</tt>, see the examples for usage.
     #
     # ==== Examples
     #
     #   # Update all customers with the given attributes
-    #   Customer.update_all :wants_email => true
+    #   Customer.update_all wants_email: true
     #
     #   # Update all books with 'Rails' in their title
-    #   Book.update_all "author = 'David'", "title LIKE '%Rails%'"
-    #
-    #   # Update all avatars migrated more than a week ago
-    #   Avatar.update_all ['migrated_at = ?', Time.now.utc], ['migrated_at > ?', 1.week.ago]
+    #   Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').update_all(author: 'David')
     #
     #   # Update all books that match conditions, but limit it to 5 ordered by date
-    #   Book.update_all "author = 'David'", "title LIKE '%Rails%'", :order => 'created_at', :limit => 5
-    #
-    #   # Conditions from the current relation also works
-    #   Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').update_all(:author => 'David')
-    #
-    #   # The same idea applies to limit and order
     #   Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').order(:created_at).limit(5).update_all(:author => 'David')
-    def update_all(updates, conditions = nil, options = {})
-      IdentityMap.repository[symbolized_base_class].clear if IdentityMap.enabled?
-      if conditions || options.present?
-        where(conditions).apply_finder_options(options.slice(:limit, :order)).update_all(updates)
-      else
-        stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new(arel.engine)
+    def update_all(updates)
+      stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new(arel.engine)
 
-        stmt.set Arel.sql(@klass.send(:sanitize_sql_for_assignment, updates))
-        stmt.table(table)
-        stmt.key = table[primary_key]
-
-        if joins_values.any?
-          @klass.connection.join_to_update(stmt, arel)
-        else
-          stmt.take(arel.limit)
-          stmt.order(*arel.orders)
-          stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
-        end
+      stmt.set Arel.sql(@klass.send(:sanitize_sql_for_assignment, updates))
+      stmt.table(table)
+      stmt.key = table[primary_key]
 
-        @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bind_values
+      if joins_values.any?
+        @klass.connection.join_to_update(stmt, arel)
+      else
+        stmt.take(arel.limit)
+        stmt.order(*arel.orders)
+        stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
       end
+
+      @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bind_values
     end
 
     # Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
@@ -307,14 +324,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # ==== Examples
     #
     #   # Updates one record
-    #   Person.update(15, :user_name => 'Samuel', :group => 'expert')
+    #   Person.update(15, user_name: 'Samuel', group: 'expert')
     #
     #   # Updates multiple records
     #   people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy" } }
     #   Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
     def update(id, attributes)
       if id.is_a?(Array)
-        id.each.with_index.map {|one_id, idx| update(one_id, attributes[idx])}
+        id.map.with_index { |one_id, idx| update(one_id, attributes[idx]) }
       else
         object = find(id)
         object.update_attributes(attributes)
@@ -347,7 +364,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # ==== Examples
     #
     #   Person.destroy_all("last_login < '2004-04-04'")
-    #   Person.destroy_all(:status => "inactive")
+    #   Person.destroy_all(status: "inactive")
     #   Person.where(:age => 0..18).destroy_all
     def destroy_all(conditions = nil)
       if conditions
@@ -384,17 +401,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    # Deletes the records matching +conditions+ without instantiating the records first, and hence not
-    # calling the +destroy+ method nor invoking callbacks. This is a single SQL DELETE statement that
-    # goes straight to the database, much more efficient than +destroy_all+. Be careful with relations
-    # though, in particular <tt>:dependent</tt> rules defined on associations are not honored. Returns
-    # the number of rows affected.
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    #
-    # * +conditions+ - Conditions are specified the same way as with +find+ method.
-    #
-    # ==== Example
+    # Deletes the records matching +conditions+ without instantiating the records
+    # first, and hence not calling the +destroy+ method nor invoking callbacks. This
+    # is a single SQL DELETE statement that goes straight to the database, much more
+    # efficient than +destroy_all+. Be careful with relations though, in particular
+    # <tt>:dependent</tt> rules defined on associations are not honored. Returns the
+    # number of rows affected.
     #
     #   Post.delete_all("person_id = 5 AND (category = 'Something' OR category = 'Else')")
     #   Post.delete_all(["person_id = ? AND (category = ? OR category = ?)", 5, 'Something', 'Else'])
@@ -403,13 +415,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Both calls delete the affected posts all at once with a single DELETE statement.
     # If you need to destroy dependent associations or call your <tt>before_*</tt> or
     # +after_destroy+ callbacks, use the +destroy_all+ method instead.
+    #
+    # If a limit scope is supplied, +delete_all+ raises an ActiveRecord error:
+    #
+    #   Post.limit(100).delete_all
+    #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit scope
     def delete_all(conditions = nil)
-      IdentityMap.repository[symbolized_base_class] = {} if IdentityMap.enabled?
+      raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support limit scope") if self.limit_value
+
       if conditions
         where(conditions).delete_all
       else
-        statement = arel.compile_delete
-        affected = @klass.connection.delete(statement, 'SQL', bind_values)
+        stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new(arel.engine)
+        stmt.from(table)
+
+        if joins_values.any?
+          @klass.connection.join_to_delete(stmt, arel, table[primary_key])
+        else
+          stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
+        end
+
+        affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bind_values)
 
         reset
         affected
@@ -437,10 +463,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Delete multiple rows
     #   Todo.delete([2,3,4])
     def delete(id_or_array)
-      IdentityMap.remove_by_id(self.symbolized_base_class, id_or_array) if IdentityMap.enabled?
       where(primary_key => id_or_array).delete_all
     end
 
+    # Forces reloading of relation.
     def reload
       reset
       to_a # force reload
@@ -454,10 +480,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
+    # Returns sql statement for the relation.
+    #
+    #   Users.where(name: 'Oscar').to_sql
+    #   # => SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  WHERE "users"."name" = 'Oscar' 
     def to_sql
-      @to_sql ||= klass.connection.to_sql(arel, @bind_values.dup)
+      @to_sql ||= klass.connection.to_sql(arel, bind_values.dup)
     end
 
+    # Returns a hash of where conditions
+    #
+    #   Users.where(name: 'Oscar').where_values_hash
+    #   # => {:name=>"oscar"}
     def where_values_hash
       equalities = with_default_scope.where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
         node.left.relation.name == table_name
@@ -475,10 +509,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @scope_for_create ||= where_values_hash.merge(create_with_value)
     end
 
+    # Returns true if relation needs eager loading.
     def eager_loading?
       @should_eager_load ||=
-        @eager_load_values.any? ||
-        @includes_values.any? && (joined_includes_values.any? || references_eager_loaded_tables?)
+        eager_load_values.any? ||
+        includes_values.any? && (joined_includes_values.any? || references_eager_loaded_tables?)
     end
 
     # Joins that are also marked for preloading. In which case we should just eager load them.
@@ -486,9 +521,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # represent the same association, but that aren't matched by this. Also, we could have
     # nested hashes which partially match, e.g. { :a => :b } & { :a => [:b, :c] }
     def joined_includes_values
-      @includes_values & @joins_values
+      includes_values & joins_values
     end
 
+    # Compares two relations for equality.
     def ==(other)
       case other
       when Relation
@@ -498,10 +534,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def inspect
-      to_a.inspect
-    end
-
     def pretty_print(q)
       q.pp(self.to_a)
     end
@@ -516,6 +548,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns true if relation is blank.
+    def blank?
+      to_a.blank?
+    end
+
+    def values
+      @values.dup
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      entries = to_a.take([limit_value, 11].compact.min).map!(&:inspect)
+      entries[10] = '...' if entries.size == 11
+
+      "#<#{self.class.name} [#{entries.join(', ')}]>"
+    end
+
     private
 
     def references_eager_loaded_tables?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
index 2fd89882ff..5b78b246ab 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
@@ -2,20 +2,26 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Batches
-    # Yields each record that was found by the find +options+. The find is
-    # performed by find_in_batches with a batch size of 1000 (or as
-    # specified by the <tt>:batch_size</tt> option).
+    # Looping through a collection of records from the database
+    # (using the +all+ method, for example) is very inefficient
+    # since it will try to instantiate all the objects at once.
     #
-    # Example:
+    # In that case, batch processing methods allow you to work
+    # with the records in batches, thereby greatly reducing memory consumption.
+    #
+    # The #find_each method uses #find_in_batches with a batch size of 1000 (or as
+    # specified by the +:batch_size+ option).
+    #
+    #   Person.all.find_each do |person|
+    #     person.do_awesome_stuff
+    #   end
     #
     #   Person.where("age > 21").find_each do |person|
     #     person.party_all_night!
     #   end
     #
-    # Note: This method is only intended to use for batch processing of
-    # large amounts of records that wouldn't fit in memory all at once. If
-    # you just need to loop over less than 1000 records, it's probably
-    # better just to use the regular find methods.
+    #  You can also pass the +:start+ option to specify
+    #  an offset to control the starting point.
     def find_each(options = {})
       find_in_batches(options) do |records|
         records.each { |record| yield record }
@@ -23,14 +29,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Yields each batch of records that was found by the find +options+ as
-    # an array. The size of each batch is set by the <tt>:batch_size</tt>
+    # an array. The size of each batch is set by the +:batch_size+
     # option; the default is 1000.
     #
     # You can control the starting point for the batch processing by
-    # supplying the <tt>:start</tt> option. This is especially useful if you
+    # supplying the +:start+ option. This is especially useful if you
     # want multiple workers dealing with the same processing queue. You can
     # make worker 1 handle all the records between id 0 and 10,000 and
-    # worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond (by setting the <tt>:start</tt>
+    # worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond (by setting the +:start+
     # option on that worker).
     #
     # It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
@@ -39,26 +45,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # primary keys. You can't set the limit either, that's used to control
     # the batch sizes.
     #
-    # Example:
-    #
     #   Person.where("age > 21").find_in_batches do |group|
     #     sleep(50) # Make sure it doesn't get too crowded in there!
     #     group.each { |person| person.party_all_night! }
     #   end
+    #
+    #   # Let's process the next 2000 records
+    #   Person.all.find_in_batches(start: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |group|
+    #     group.each { |person| person.party_all_night! }
+    #   end
     def find_in_batches(options = {})
+      options.assert_valid_keys(:start, :batch_size)
+
       relation = self
 
       unless arel.orders.blank? && arel.taken.blank?
         ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn("Scoped order and limit are ignored, it's forced to be batch order and batch size")
       end
 
-      if (finder_options = options.except(:start, :batch_size)).present?
-        raise "You can't specify an order, it's forced to be #{batch_order}" if options[:order].present?
-        raise "You can't specify a limit, it's forced to be the batch_size"  if options[:limit].present?
-
-        relation = apply_finder_options(finder_options)
-      end
-
       start = options.delete(:start).to_i
       batch_size = options.delete(:batch_size) || 1000
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
index c770d36a1c..e40b958b54 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
@@ -3,59 +3,29 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Calculations
-    # Count operates using three different approaches.
-    #
-    # * Count all: By not passing any parameters to count, it will return a count of all the rows for the model.
-    # * Count using column: By passing a column name to count, it will return a count of all the
-    #   rows for the model with supplied column present.
-    # * Count using options will find the row count matched by the options used.
-    #
-    # The third approach, count using options, accepts an option hash as the only parameter. The options are:
-    #
-    # * <tt>:conditions</tt>: An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ].
-    #   See conditions in the intro to ActiveRecord::Base.
-    # * <tt>:joins</tt>: Either an SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id"
-    #   (rarely needed) or named associations in the same form used for the <tt>:include</tt> option, which will
-    #   perform an INNER JOIN on the associated table(s). If the value is a string, then the records
-    #   will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns.
-    #   Pass <tt>:readonly => false</tt> to override.
-    # * <tt>:include</tt>: Named associations that should be loaded alongside using LEFT OUTER JOINs.
-    #   The symbols named refer to already defined associations. When using named associations, count
-    #   returns the number of DISTINCT items for the model you're counting.
-    #   See eager loading under Associations.
-    # * <tt>:order</tt>: An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name" (really only used with GROUP BY calculations).
-    # * <tt>:group</tt>: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
-    # * <tt>:select</tt>: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you, for example,
-    #   want to do a join but not include the joined columns.
-    # * <tt>:distinct</tt>: Set this to true to make this a distinct calculation, such as
-    #   SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT posts.id) ...
-    # * <tt>:from</tt> - By default, this is the table name of the class, but can be changed to an
-    #   alternate table name (or even the name of a database view).
-    #
-    # Examples for counting all:
-    #   Person.count         # returns the total count of all people
-    #
-    # Examples for counting by column:
-    #   Person.count(:age)  # returns the total count of all people whose age is present in database
-    #
-    # Examples for count with options:
-    #   Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26")
-    #
-    #   # because of the named association, it finds the DISTINCT count using LEFT OUTER JOIN.
-    #   Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26 AND job.salary > 60000", :include => :job)
-    #
-    #   # finds the number of rows matching the conditions and joins.
-    #   Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26 AND job.salary > 60000",
-    #                :joins => "LEFT JOIN jobs on jobs.person_id = person.id")
-    #
-    #   Person.count('id', :conditions => "age > 26") # Performs a COUNT(id)
-    #   Person.count(:all, :conditions => "age > 26") # Performs a COUNT(*) (:all is an alias for '*')
-    #
-    # Note: <tt>Person.count(:all)</tt> will not work because it will use <tt>:all</tt> as the condition.
-    # Use Person.count instead.
+    # Count the records.
+    #
+    #   Person.count
+    #   # => the total count of all people
+    #
+    #   Person.count(:age)
+    #   # => returns the total count of all people whose age is present in database
+    #
+    #   Person.count(:all)
+    #   # => performs a COUNT(*) (:all is an alias for '*')
+    #
+    #   Person.count(:age, distinct: true)
+    #   # => counts the number of different age values
+    #
+    #   Person.where("age > 26").count { |person| person.gender == 'female' }
+    #   # => queries people where "age > 26" then count the loaded results filtering by gender
     def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
-      column_name, options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
-      calculate(:count, column_name, options)
+      if block_given?
+        self.to_a.count { |item| yield item }
+      else
+        column_name, options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
+        calculate(:count, column_name, options)
+      end
     end
 
     # Calculates the average value on a given column. Returns +nil+ if there's
@@ -89,30 +59,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # +calculate+ for examples with options.
     #
     #   Person.sum('age') # => 4562
+    #   # => returns the total sum of all people's age
+    #
+    #   Person.where('age > 100').sum { |person| person.age - 100 }
+    #   # queries people where "age > 100" then perform a sum calculation with the block returns
     def sum(*args)
       if block_given?
-        self.to_a.sum(*args) {|*block_args| yield(*block_args)}
+        self.to_a.sum(*args) { |item| yield item }
       else
         calculate(:sum, *args)
       end
     end
 
     # This calculates aggregate values in the given column. Methods for count, sum, average,
-    # minimum, and maximum have been added as shortcuts. Options such as <tt>:conditions</tt>,
-    # <tt>:order</tt>, <tt>:group</tt>, <tt>:having</tt>, and <tt>:joins</tt> can be passed to customize the query.
+    # minimum, and maximum have been added as shortcuts.
     #
     # There are two basic forms of output:
+    #
     #   * Single aggregate value: The single value is type cast to Fixnum for COUNT, Float
     #     for AVG, and the given column's type for everything else.
-    #   * Grouped values: This returns an ordered hash of the values and groups them by the
-    #     <tt>:group</tt> option. It takes either a column name, or the name of a belongs_to association.
     #
-    #       values = Person.maximum(:age, :group => 'last_name')
+    #   * Grouped values: This returns an ordered hash of the values and groups them. It
+    #     takes either a column name, or the name of a belongs_to association.
+    #
+    #       values = Person.group('last_name').maximum(:age)
     #       puts values["Drake"]
     #       => 43
     #
     #       drake  = Family.find_by_last_name('Drake')
-    #       values = Person.maximum(:age, :group => :family) # Person belongs_to :family
+    #       values = Person.group(:family).maximum(:age) # Person belongs_to :family
     #       puts values[drake]
     #       => 43
     #
@@ -120,85 +95,113 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #       ...
     #       end
     #
-    # Options:
-    # * <tt>:conditions</tt> - An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ].
-    #   See conditions in the intro to ActiveRecord::Base.
-    # * <tt>:include</tt>: Eager loading, see Associations for details. Since calculations don't load anything,
-    #   the purpose of this is to access fields on joined tables in your conditions, order, or group clauses.
-    # * <tt>:joins</tt> - An SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id".
-    #   (Rarely needed).
-    #   The records will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the
-    #   table's columns.
-    # * <tt>:order</tt> - An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name" (really only used with GROUP BY calculations).
-    # * <tt>:group</tt> - An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
-    # * <tt>:select</tt> - By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you for example
-    #   want to do a join, but not include the joined columns.
-    # * <tt>:distinct</tt> - Set this to true to make this a distinct calculation, such as
-    #   SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT posts.id) ...
-    #
     # Examples:
     #   Person.calculate(:count, :all) # The same as Person.count
     #   Person.average(:age) # SELECT AVG(age) FROM people...
-    #   Person.minimum(:age, :conditions => ['last_name != ?', 'Drake']) # Selects the minimum age for
-    #                                                                    # everyone with a last name other than 'Drake'
     #
     #   # Selects the minimum age for any family without any minors
-    #   Person.minimum(:age, :having => 'min(age) > 17', :group => :last_name)
+    #   Person.group(:last_name).having("min(age) > 17").minimum(:age)
     #
     #   Person.sum("2 * age")
     def calculate(operation, column_name, options = {})
-      if options.except(:distinct).present?
-        apply_finder_options(options.except(:distinct)).calculate(operation, column_name, :distinct => options[:distinct])
-      else
-        relation = with_default_scope
+      relation = with_default_scope
 
-        if relation.equal?(self)
-          if eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && references_eager_loaded_tables?)
-            construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
-          else
-            perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options)
-          end
+      if relation.equal?(self)
+        if has_include?(column_name)
+          construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
         else
-          relation.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
+          perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options)
         end
+      else
+        relation.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
       end
     rescue ThrowResult
       0
     end
 
-    # This method is designed to perform select by a single column as direct SQL query
-    # Returns <tt>Array</tt> with values of the specified column name
-    # The values has same data type as column.
+    # Use <tt>pluck</tt> as a shortcut to select a single attribute without
+    # loading a bunch of records just to grab one attribute you want.
+    #
+    #   Person.pluck(:name)
+    #
+    # instead of
+    #
+    #   Person.all.map(&:name)
+    #
+    # Pluck returns an <tt>Array</tt> of attribute values type-casted to match
+    # the plucked column name, if it can be deduced. Plucking an SQL fragment
+    # returns String values by default.
     #
     # Examples:
     #
-    #   Person.pluck(:id) # SELECT people.id FROM people
-    #   Person.uniq.pluck(:role) # SELECT DISTINCT role FROM people
-    #   Person.where(:confirmed => true).limit(5).pluck(:id)
+    #   Person.pluck(:id)
+    #   # SELECT people.id FROM people
+    #   # => [1, 2, 3]
     #
-    def pluck(column_name)
-      key = column_name.to_s.split('.', 2).last
-
-      if column_name.is_a?(Symbol) && column_names.include?(column_name.to_s)
-        column_name = "#{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+    #   Person.pluck(:id, :name)
+    #   # SELECT people.id, people.name FROM people
+    #   # => [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
+    #
+    #   Person.uniq.pluck(:role)
+    #   # SELECT DISTINCT role FROM people
+    #   # => ['admin', 'member', 'guest']
+    #
+    #   Person.where(:age => 21).limit(5).pluck(:id)
+    #   # SELECT people.id FROM people WHERE people.age = 21 LIMIT 5
+    #   # => [2, 3]
+    #
+    #   Person.pluck('DATEDIFF(updated_at, created_at)')
+    #   # SELECT DATEDIFF(updated_at, created_at) FROM people
+    #   # => ['0', '27761', '173']
+    #
+    def pluck(*column_names)
+      column_names.map! do |column_name|
+        if column_name.is_a?(Symbol) && self.column_names.include?(column_name.to_s)
+          "#{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+        else
+          column_name
+        end
       end
 
-      result = klass.connection.select_all(select(column_name).arel, nil, bind_values)
-      types  = result.column_types.merge klass.column_types
-      column = types[key]
+      if has_include?(column_names.first)
+        construct_relation_for_association_calculations.pluck(*column_names)
+      else
+        result  = klass.connection.select_all(select(column_names).arel, nil, bind_values)
+        columns = result.columns.map do |key|
+          klass.column_types.fetch(key) {
+            result.column_types.fetch(key) {
+              Class.new { def type_cast(v); v; end }.new
+            }
+          }
+        end
 
-      result.map do |attributes|
-        value = klass.initialize_attributes(attributes)[key]
-        if column
-          column.type_cast value
-        else
-          value
+        result = result.map do |attributes|
+          values = klass.initialize_attributes(attributes).values
+
+          columns.zip(values).map do |column, value|
+            column.type_cast(value)
+          end
         end
+        columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
       end
     end
 
+    # Pluck all the ID's for the relation using the table's primary key
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   Person.ids # SELECT people.id FROM people
+    #   Person.joins(:companies).ids # SELECT people.id FROM people INNER JOIN companies ON companies.person_id = people.id
+    def ids
+      pluck primary_key
+    end
+
     private
 
+    def has_include?(column_name)
+      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && (column_name || references_eager_loaded_tables?))
+    end
+
     def perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options = {})
       operation = operation.to_s.downcase
 
@@ -216,7 +219,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         distinct = nil if column_name =~ /\s*DISTINCT\s+/i
       end
 
-      if @group_values.any?
+      if group_values.any?
         execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct)
       else
         execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct)
@@ -259,10 +262,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) #:nodoc:
-      group_attr      = @group_values
-      association     = @klass.reflect_on_association(group_attr.first.to_sym)
-      associated      = group_attr.size == 1 && association && association.macro == :belongs_to # only count belongs_to associations
-      group_fields  = Array(associated ? association.foreign_key : group_attr)
+      group_attrs = group_values
+
+      if group_attrs.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
+        association  = @klass.reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first.to_sym)
+        associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.macro == :belongs_to # only count belongs_to associations
+        group_fields = Array(associated ? association.foreign_key : group_attrs)
+      else
+        group_fields = group_attrs
+      end
+
       group_aliases = group_fields.map { |field| column_alias_for(field) }
       group_columns = group_aliases.zip(group_fields).map { |aliaz,field|
         [aliaz, column_for(field)]
@@ -282,13 +291,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
           operation,
           distinct).as(aggregate_alias)
       ]
-      select_values += @select_values unless @having_values.empty?
+      select_values += select_values unless having_values.empty?
 
       select_values.concat group_fields.zip(group_aliases).map { |field,aliaz|
-        "#{field} AS #{aliaz}"
+        if field.respond_to?(:as)
+          field.as(aliaz)
+        else
+          "#{field} AS #{aliaz}"
+        end
       }
 
-      relation = except(:group).group(group.join(','))
+      relation = except(:group).group(group)
       relation.select_values = select_values
 
       calculated_data = @klass.connection.select_all(relation, nil, bind_values)
@@ -300,10 +313,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       Hash[calculated_data.map do |row|
-        key   = group_columns.map { |aliaz, column|
+        key = group_columns.map { |aliaz, column|
           type_cast_calculated_value(row[aliaz], column)
         }
-        key   = key.first if key.size == 1
+        key = key.first if key.size == 1
         key = key_records[key] if associated
         [key, type_cast_calculated_value(row[aggregate_alias], column_for(column_name), operation)]
       end]
@@ -318,6 +331,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   column_alias_for("count(*)")                 # => "count_all"
     #   column_alias_for("count", "id")              # => "count_id"
     def column_alias_for(*keys)
+      keys.map! {|k| k.respond_to?(:to_sql) ? k.to_sql : k}
       table_name = keys.join(' ')
       table_name.downcase!
       table_name.gsub!(/\*/, 'all')
@@ -329,7 +343,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def column_for(field)
-      field_name = field.to_s.split('.').last
+      field_name = field.respond_to?(:name) ? field.name.to_s : field.to_s.split('.').last
       @klass.columns.detect { |c| c.name.to_s == field_name }
     end
 
@@ -347,8 +361,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def select_for_count
-      if @select_values.present?
-        select = @select_values.join(", ")
+      if select_values.present?
+        select = select_values.join(", ")
         select if select !~ /[,*]/
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
index f5fdf437bf..a1c7e5b549 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 
 module ActiveRecord
-  module Delegation
+  module Delegation # :nodoc:
     # Set up common delegations for performance (avoids method_missing)
     delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, :to => :to_a
     delegate :table_name, :quoted_table_name, :primary_key, :quoted_primary_key,
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     protected
 
     def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
-      if Array.method_defined?(method)
-        ::ActiveRecord::Delegation.delegate method, :to => :to_a
-        to_a.send(method, *args, &block)
-      elsif @klass.respond_to?(method)
+      if @klass.respond_to?(method)
         ::ActiveRecord::Delegation.delegate_to_scoped_klass(method)
         scoping { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
+      elsif Array.method_defined?(method)
+        ::ActiveRecord::Delegation.delegate method, :to => :to_a
+        to_a.send(method, *args, &block)
       elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
         ::ActiveRecord::Delegation.delegate method, :to => :arel
         arel.send(method, *args, &block)
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
index 4cd703e0a5..974cd326ef 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
@@ -3,83 +3,22 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module FinderMethods
-    # Find operates with four different retrieval approaches:
+    # Find by id - This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
+    # If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key
+    # is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments using +to_i+.
     #
-    # * Find by id - This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
-    #   If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised.
-    # * Find first - This will return the first record matched by the options used. These options can either be specific
-    #   conditions or merely an order. If no record can be matched, +nil+ is returned. Use
-    #   <tt>Model.find(:first, *args)</tt> or its shortcut <tt>Model.first(*args)</tt>.
-    # * Find last - This will return the last record matched by the options used. These options can either be specific
-    #   conditions or merely an order. If no record can be matched, +nil+ is returned. Use
-    #   <tt>Model.find(:last, *args)</tt> or its shortcut <tt>Model.last(*args)</tt>.
-    # * Find all - This will return all the records matched by the options used.
-    #   If no records are found, an empty array is returned. Use
-    #   <tt>Model.find(:all, *args)</tt> or its shortcut <tt>Model.all(*args)</tt>.
-    #
-    # All approaches accept an options hash as their last parameter.
-    #
-    # ==== Options
-    #
-    # * <tt>:conditions</tt> - An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1", <tt>["user_name = ?", username]</tt>,
-    #   or <tt>["user_name = :user_name", { :user_name => user_name }]</tt>. See conditions in the intro.
-    # * <tt>:order</tt> - An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name".
-    # * <tt>:group</tt> - An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the <tt>GROUP BY</tt> SQL-clause.
-    # * <tt>:having</tt> - Combined with +:group+ this can be used to filter the records that a
-    #   <tt>GROUP BY</tt> returns. Uses the <tt>HAVING</tt> SQL-clause.
-    # * <tt>:limit</tt> - An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
-    # * <tt>:offset</tt> - An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5,
-    #   it would skip rows 0 through 4.
-    # * <tt>:joins</tt> - Either an SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id" (rarely needed),
-    #   named associations in the same form used for the <tt>:include</tt> option, which will perform an
-    #   <tt>INNER JOIN</tt> on the associated table(s),
-    #   or an array containing a mixture of both strings and named associations.
-    #   If the value is a string, then the records will be returned read-only since they will
-    #   have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns.
-    #   Pass <tt>:readonly => false</tt> to override.
-    # * <tt>:include</tt> - Names associations that should be loaded alongside. The symbols named refer
-    #   to already defined associations. See eager loading under Associations.
-    # * <tt>:select</tt> - By default, this is "*" as in "SELECT * FROM", but can be changed if you,
-    #   for example, want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Takes a string with the SELECT SQL fragment (e.g. "id, name").
-    # * <tt>:from</tt> - By default, this is the table name of the class, but can be changed
-    #   to an alternate table name (or even the name of a database view).
-    # * <tt>:readonly</tt> - Mark the returned records read-only so they cannot be saved or updated.
-    # * <tt>:lock</tt> - An SQL fragment like "FOR UPDATE" or "LOCK IN SHARE MODE".
-    #   <tt>:lock => true</tt> gives connection's default exclusive lock, usually "FOR UPDATE".
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
-    #   # find by id
     #   Person.find(1)       # returns the object for ID = 1
+    #   Person.find("1")     # returns the object for ID = 1
     #   Person.find(1, 2, 6) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
     #   Person.find([7, 17]) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
     #   Person.find([1])     # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
     #   Person.where("administrator = 1").order("created_on DESC").find(1)
     #
     # Note that returned records may not be in the same order as the ids you
-    # provide since database rows are unordered. Give an explicit <tt>:order</tt>
+    # provide since database rows are unordered. Give an explicit <tt>order</tt>
     # to ensure the results are sorted.
     #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
-    #   # find first
-    #   Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
-    #   Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).first
-    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { :u => user_name }]).first
-    #   Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).first
-    #
-    #   # find last
-    #   Person.last # returns the last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
-    #   Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).last
-    #   Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).last
-    #
-    #   # find all
-    #   Person.all # returns an array of objects for all the rows fetched by SELECT * FROM people
-    #   Person.where(["category IN (?)", categories]).limit(50).all
-    #   Person.where({ :friends => ["Bob", "Steve", "Fred"] }).all
-    #   Person.offset(10).limit(10).all
-    #   Person.includes([:account, :friends]).all
-    #   Person.group("category").all
+    # ==== Find with lock
     #
     # Example for find with a lock: Imagine two concurrent transactions:
     # each will read <tt>person.visits == 2</tt>, add 1 to it, and save, resulting
@@ -93,30 +32,62 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     person.save!
     #   end
     def find(*args)
-      return to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) } if block_given?
-
-      options = args.extract_options!
-
-      if options.present?
-        apply_finder_options(options).find(*args)
+      if block_given?
+        to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
       else
-        case args.first
-        when :first, :last, :all
-          send(args.first)
-        else
-          find_with_ids(*args)
-        end
+        find_with_ids(*args)
       end
     end
 
-    # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:first, *args)</tt>. You can pass in all the
-    # same arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:first)</tt>.
-    def first(*args)
-      if args.any?
-        if args.first.kind_of?(Integer) || (loaded? && !args.first.kind_of?(Hash))
-          limit(*args).to_a
+    # Finds the first record matching the specified conditions. There
+    # is no implied ording so if order matters, you should specify it
+    # yourself.
+    #
+    # If no record is found, returns <tt>nil</tt>.
+    #
+    #   Post.find_by name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4
+    #   Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago
+    def find_by(*args)
+      where(*args).take
+    end
+
+    # Like <tt>find_by</tt>, except that if no record is found, raises
+    # an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> error.
+    def find_by!(*args)
+      where(*args).take!
+    end
+
+    # Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) without any implied
+    # order. The order will depend on the database implementation.
+    # If an order is supplied it will be respected.
+    #
+    #   Person.take # returns an object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.take(5) # returns 5 objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 5
+    #   Person.where(["name LIKE '%?'", name]).take
+    def take(limit = nil)
+      limit ? limit(limit).to_a : find_take
+    end
+
+    # Same as +take+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found. Note that <tt>take!</tt> accepts no arguments.
+    def take!
+      take or raise RecordNotFound
+    end
+
+    # Find the first record (or first N records if a parameter is supplied).
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).first
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { :u => user_name }]).first
+    #   Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).first
+    #   Person.first(3) # returns the first three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 3
+    def first(limit = nil)
+      if limit
+        if order_values.empty? && primary_key
+          order(arel_table[primary_key].asc).limit(limit).to_a
         else
-          apply_finder_options(args.first).first
+          limit(limit).to_a
         end
       else
         find_first
@@ -129,18 +100,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       first or raise RecordNotFound
     end
 
-    # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:last, *args)</tt>. You can pass in all the
-    # same arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:last)</tt>.
-    def last(*args)
-      if args.any?
-        if args.first.kind_of?(Integer) || (loaded? && !args.first.kind_of?(Hash))
-          if order_values.empty?
-            order("#{primary_key} DESC").limit(*args).reverse
-          else
-            to_a.last(*args)
-          end
+    # Find the last record (or last N records if a parameter is supplied).
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.last # returns the last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).last
+    #   Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).last
+    #   Person.last(3) # returns the last three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people.
+    #
+    # Take note that in that last case, the results are sorted in ascending order:
+    #
+    #   [#<Person id:2>, #<Person id:3>, #<Person id:4>]
+    #
+    # and not:
+    #
+    #   [#<Person id:4>, #<Person id:3>, #<Person id:2>]
+    def last(limit = nil)
+      if limit
+        if order_values.empty? && primary_key
+          order(arel_table[primary_key].desc).limit(limit).reverse
         else
-          apply_finder_options(args.first).last
+          to_a.last(limit)
         end
       else
         find_last
@@ -153,14 +133,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       last or raise RecordNotFound
     end
 
-    # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:all, *args)</tt>. You can pass in all the
-    # same arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:all)</tt>.
-    def all(*args)
-      args.any? ? apply_finder_options(args.first).to_a : to_a
+    # Runs the query on the database and returns records with the used query
+    # methods.
+    #
+    #   Person.all # returns an array of objects for all the rows fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.where(["category IN (?)", categories]).limit(50).all
+    #   Person.where({ :friends => ["Bob", "Steve", "Fred"] }).all
+    #   Person.offset(10).limit(10).all
+    #   Person.includes([:account, :friends]).all
+    #   Person.group("category").all
+    def all
+      to_a
     end
 
-    # Returns true if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
-    # conditions given, or false otherwise. The argument can take five forms:
+    # Returns +true+ if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
+    # conditions given, or +false+ otherwise. The argument can take six forms:
     #
     # * Integer - Finds the record with this primary key.
     # * String - Finds the record with a primary key corresponding to this
@@ -168,8 +155,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * Array - Finds the record that matches these +find+-style conditions
     #   (such as <tt>['color = ?', 'red']</tt>).
     # * Hash - Finds the record that matches these +find+-style conditions
-    #   (such as <tt>{:color => 'red'}</tt>).
-    # * No args - Returns false if the table is empty, true otherwise.
+    #   (such as <tt>{color: 'red'}</tt>).
+    # * +false+ - Returns always +false+.
+    # * No args - Returns +false+ if the table is empty, +true+ otherwise.
     #
     # For more information about specifying conditions as a Hash or Array,
     # see the Conditions section in the introduction to ActiveRecord::Base.
@@ -178,29 +166,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # 'Jamie'</tt>), since it would be sanitized and then queried against
     # the primary key column, like <tt>id = 'name = \'Jamie\''</tt>.
     #
-    # ==== Examples
     #   Person.exists?(5)
     #   Person.exists?('5')
-    #   Person.exists?(:name => "David")
     #   Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
+    #   Person.exists?(name: 'David')
+    #   Person.exists?(false)
     #   Person.exists?
-    def exists?(id = false)
-      return false if id.nil?
-
-      id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Model === id
+    def exists?(conditions = :none)
+      conditions = conditions.id if ActiveRecord::Model === conditions
+      return false if !conditions
 
       join_dependency = construct_join_dependency_for_association_find
       relation = construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
-      relation = relation.except(:select, :order).select("1").limit(1)
+      relation = relation.except(:select, :order).select("1 AS one").limit(1)
 
-      case id
+      case conditions
       when Array, Hash
-        relation = relation.where(id)
+        relation = relation.where(conditions)
       else
-        relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].eq(id)) if id
+        relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].eq(conditions)) if conditions != :none
       end
 
-      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.bind_values) ? true : false
+      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.bind_values)
+    rescue ThrowResult
+      false
     end
 
     protected
@@ -215,12 +204,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def construct_join_dependency_for_association_find
-      including = (@eager_load_values + @includes_values).uniq
+      including = (eager_load_values + includes_values).uniq
       ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, [])
     end
 
     def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
-      including = (@eager_load_values + @includes_values).uniq
+      including = (eager_load_values + includes_values).uniq
       join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, arel.froms.first)
       relation = except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload)
       apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
@@ -258,44 +247,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ids_array.empty? ? raise(ThrowResult) : table[primary_key].in(ids_array)
     end
 
-    def find_by_attributes(match, attributes, *args)
-      conditions = Hash[attributes.map {|a| [a, args[attributes.index(a)]]}]
-      result = where(conditions).send(match.finder)
-
-      if match.bang? && result.blank?
-        raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with #{conditions.to_a.collect {|p| p.join(' = ')}.join(', ')}"
-      else
-        yield(result) if block_given?
-        result
-      end
-    end
-
-    def find_or_instantiator_by_attributes(match, attributes, *args)
-      options = args.size > 1 && args.last(2).all?{ |a| a.is_a?(Hash) } ? args.extract_options! : {}
-      protected_attributes_for_create, unprotected_attributes_for_create = {}, {}
-      args.each_with_index do |arg, i|
-        if arg.is_a?(Hash)
-          protected_attributes_for_create = args[i].with_indifferent_access
-        else
-          unprotected_attributes_for_create[attributes[i]] = args[i]
-        end
-      end
-
-      conditions = (protected_attributes_for_create.merge(unprotected_attributes_for_create)).slice(*attributes).symbolize_keys
-
-      record = where(conditions).first
-
-      unless record
-        record = @klass.new(protected_attributes_for_create, options) do |r|
-          r.assign_attributes(unprotected_attributes_for_create, :without_protection => true)
-        end
-        yield(record) if block_given?
-        record.save if match.instantiator == :create
-      end
-
-      record
-    end
-
     def find_with_ids(*ids)
       return to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) } if block_given?
 
@@ -318,21 +269,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def find_one(id)
       id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Base === id
 
-      if IdentityMap.enabled? && where_values.blank? &&
-        limit_value.blank? && order_values.blank? &&
-        includes_values.blank? && preload_values.blank? &&
-        readonly_value.nil? && joins_values.blank? &&
-        !@klass.locking_enabled? &&
-        record = IdentityMap.get(@klass, id)
-        return record
-      end
-
       column = columns_hash[primary_key]
-
-      substitute = connection.substitute_at(column, @bind_values.length)
+      substitute = connection.substitute_at(column, bind_values.length)
       relation = where(table[primary_key].eq(substitute))
       relation.bind_values += [[column, id]]
-      record = relation.first
+      record = relation.take
 
       unless record
         conditions = arel.where_sql
@@ -347,15 +288,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       result = where(table[primary_key].in(ids)).all
 
       expected_size =
-        if @limit_value && ids.size > @limit_value
-          @limit_value
+        if limit_value && ids.size > limit_value
+          limit_value
         else
           ids.size
         end
 
       # 11 ids with limit 3, offset 9 should give 2 results.
-      if @offset_value && (ids.size - @offset_value < expected_size)
-        expected_size = ids.size - @offset_value
+      if offset_value && (ids.size - offset_value < expected_size)
+        expected_size = ids.size - offset_value
       end
 
       if result.size == expected_size
@@ -370,11 +311,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def find_take
+      if loaded?
+        @records.first
+      else
+        @take ||= limit(1).to_a.first
+      end
+    end
+
     def find_first
       if loaded?
         @records.first
       else
-        @first ||= limit(1).to_a[0]
+        @first ||=
+          if order_values.empty? && primary_key
+            order(arel_table[primary_key].asc).limit(1).to_a.first
+          else
+            limit(1).to_a.first
+          end
       end
     end
 
@@ -386,7 +340,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if offset_value || limit_value
             to_a.last
           else
-            reverse_order.limit(1).to_a[0]
+            reverse_order.limit(1).to_a.first
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b04dd7c6a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class HashMerger # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :relation, :hash
+
+      def initialize(relation, hash)
+        hash.assert_valid_keys(*Relation::VALUE_METHODS)
+
+        @relation = relation
+        @hash     = hash
+      end
+
+      def merge
+        Merger.new(relation, other).merge
+      end
+
+      # Applying values to a relation has some side effects. E.g.
+      # interpolation might take place for where values. So we should
+      # build a relation to merge in rather than directly merging
+      # the values.
+      def other
+        other = Relation.new(relation.klass, relation.table)
+        hash.each { |k, v| other.send("#{k}!", v) }
+        other
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Merger # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :relation, :values
+
+      def initialize(relation, other)
+        if other.default_scoped? && other.klass != relation.klass
+          other = other.with_default_scope
+        end
+
+        @relation = relation
+        @values   = other.values
+      end
+
+      def normal_values
+        Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS +
+          Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS -
+          [:where, :order, :bind, :reverse_order, :lock, :create_with, :reordering, :from]
+      end
+
+      def merge
+        normal_values.each do |name|
+          value = values[name]
+          relation.send("#{name}!", value) unless value.blank?
+        end
+
+        merge_multi_values
+        merge_single_values
+
+        relation
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def merge_multi_values
+        relation.where_values = merged_wheres
+        relation.bind_values  = merged_binds
+
+        if values[:reordering]
+          # override any order specified in the original relation
+          relation.reorder! values[:order]
+        elsif values[:order]
+          # merge in order_values from r
+          relation.order! values[:order]
+        end
+
+        relation.extend(*values[:extending]) unless values[:extending].blank?
+      end
+
+      def merge_single_values
+        relation.from_value          = values[:from] unless relation.from_value
+        relation.lock_value          = values[:lock] unless relation.lock_value
+        relation.reverse_order_value = values[:reverse_order]
+
+        unless values[:create_with].blank?
+          relation.create_with_value = (relation.create_with_value || {}).merge(values[:create_with])
+        end
+      end
+
+      def merged_binds
+        if values[:bind]
+          (relation.bind_values + values[:bind]).uniq(&:first)
+        else
+          relation.bind_values
+        end
+      end
+
+      def merged_wheres
+        if values[:where]
+          merged_wheres = relation.where_values + values[:where]
+
+          unless relation.where_values.empty?
+            # Remove duplicates, last one wins.
+            seen = Hash.new { |h,table| h[table] = {} }
+            merged_wheres = merged_wheres.reverse.reject { |w|
+              nuke = false
+              if w.respond_to?(:operator) && w.operator == :==
+                name              = w.left.name
+                table             = w.left.relation.name
+                nuke              = seen[table][name]
+                seen[table][name] = true
+              end
+              nuke
+            }.reverse
+          end
+
+          merged_wheres
+        else
+          relation.where_values
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
index 1088773bc7..cb8f903474 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         if value.is_a?(Hash)
           table = Arel::Table.new(column, engine)
-          build_from_hash(engine, value, table)
+          value.map { |k,v| build(table[k.to_sym], v) }
         else
           column = column.to_s
 
@@ -34,12 +34,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
       def self.build(attribute, value)
         case value
-        when ActiveRecord::Relation
-          value = value.select(value.klass.arel_table[value.klass.primary_key]) if value.select_values.empty?
-          attribute.in(value.arel.ast)
         when Array, ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionProxy
           values = value.to_a.map {|x| x.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Model) ? x.id : x}
-          ranges, values = values.partition {|v| v.is_a?(Range) || v.is_a?(Arel::Relation)}
+          ranges, values = values.partition {|v| v.is_a?(Range)}
 
           values_predicate = if values.include?(nil)
             values = values.compact
@@ -59,7 +56,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| attribute.in(range) }
           array_predicates << values_predicate
           array_predicates.inject { |composite, predicate| composite.or(predicate) }
-        when Range, Arel::Relation
+        when ActiveRecord::Relation
+          value = value.select(value.klass.arel_table[value.klass.primary_key]) if value.select_values.empty?
+          attribute.in(value.arel.ast)
+        when Range
           attribute.in(value)
         when ActiveRecord::Model
           attribute.eq(value.id)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index 87dd513880..9df63d5485 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -5,55 +5,124 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module QueryMethods
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    attr_accessor :includes_values, :eager_load_values, :preload_values,
-                  :select_values, :group_values, :order_values, :joins_values,
-                  :where_values, :having_values, :bind_values,
-                  :limit_value, :offset_value, :lock_value, :readonly_value, :create_with_value,
-                  :from_value, :reordering_value, :reverse_order_value,
-                  :uniq_value, :references_values
+    Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.each do |name|
+      class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{name}_values                   # def select_values
+          @values[:#{name}] || []            #   @values[:select] || []
+        end                                  # end
+                                             #
+        def #{name}_values=(values)          # def select_values=(values)
+          raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded #   raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
+          @values[:#{name}] = values         #   @values[:select] = values
+        end                                  # end
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:create_with]).each do |name|
+      class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{name}_value                    # def readonly_value
+          @values[:#{name}]                  #   @values[:readonly]
+        end                                  # end
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.each do |name|
+      class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{name}_value=(value)            # def readonly_value=(value)
+          raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded #   raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
+          @values[:#{name}] = value          #   @values[:readonly] = value
+        end                                  # end
+      CODE
+    end
 
+    def create_with_value # :nodoc:
+      @values[:create_with] || {}
+    end
+
+    alias extensions extending_values
+
+    # Specify relationships to be included in the result set. For
+    # example:
+    #
+    #   users = User.includes(:address)
+    #   users.each do |user|
+    #     user.address.city
+    #   end
+    #
+    # allows you to access the +address+ attribute of the +User+ model without
+    # firing an additional query. This will often result in a
+    # performance improvement over a simple +join+.
+    #
+    # === conditions
+    #
+    # If you want to add conditions to your included models you'll have
+    # to explicitly reference them. For example:
+    #
+    #   User.includes(:posts).where('posts.name = ?', 'example')
+    #
+    # Will throw an error, but this will work:
+    #
+    #   User.includes(:posts).where('posts.name = ?', 'example').references(:posts)
     def includes(*args)
-      args.reject! {|a| a.blank? }
+      args.empty? ? self : spawn.includes!(*args)
+    end
 
-      return self if args.empty?
+    # Like #includes, but modifies the relation in place.
+    def includes!(*args)
+      args.reject! {|a| a.blank? }
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation.includes_values = (relation.includes_values + args).flatten.uniq
-      relation
+      self.includes_values = (includes_values + args).flatten.uniq
+      self
     end
 
+    # Forces eager loading by performing a LEFT OUTER JOIN on +args+:
+    #
+    #   User.eager_load(:posts)
+    #   => SELECT "users"."id" AS t0_r0, "users"."name" AS t0_r1, ...
+    #   FROM "users" LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" =
+    #   "users"."id"
     def eager_load(*args)
-      return self if args.blank?
+      args.blank? ? self : spawn.eager_load!(*args)
+    end
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation.eager_load_values += args
-      relation
+    # Like #eager_load, but modifies relation in place.
+    def eager_load!(*args)
+      self.eager_load_values += args
+      self
     end
 
+    # Allows preloading of +args+, in the same way that +includes+ does:
+    #
+    #   User.preload(:posts)
+    #   => SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."user_id" IN (1, 2, 3)
     def preload(*args)
-      return self if args.blank?
+      args.blank? ? self : spawn.preload!(*args)
+    end
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation.preload_values += args
-      relation
+    # Like #preload, but modifies relation in place.
+    def preload!(*args)
+      self.preload_values += args
+      self
     end
 
     # Used to indicate that an association is referenced by an SQL string, and should
     # therefore be JOINed in any query rather than loaded separately.
     #
-    # For example:
-    #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'")
     #   # => Doesn't JOIN the posts table, resulting in an error.
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'").references(:posts)
     #   # => Query now knows the string references posts, so adds a JOIN
     def references(*args)
-      return self if args.blank?
+      args.blank? ? self : spawn.references!(*args)
+    end
+
+    # Like #references, but modifies relation in place.
+    def references!(*args)
+      args.flatten!
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation.references_values = (references_values + args.flatten.map(&:to_s)).uniq
-      relation
+      self.references_values = (references_values + args.map!(&:to_s)).uniq
+      self
     end
 
     # Works in two unique ways.
@@ -87,34 +156,66 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: other_field
     def select(value = Proc.new)
       if block_given?
-        to_a.select {|*block_args| value.call(*block_args) }
+        to_a.select { |*block_args| value.call(*block_args) }
       else
-        relation = clone
-        relation.select_values += Array.wrap(value)
-        relation
+        spawn.select!(value)
       end
     end
 
+    # Like #select, but modifies relation in place.
+    def select!(value)
+      self.select_values += Array.wrap(value)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Allows to specify a group attribute:
+    #
+    #   User.group(:name)
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" GROUP BY name
+    #
+    # Returns an array with distinct records based on the +group+ attribute:
+    #
+    #   User.select([:id, :name])
+    #   => [#<User id: 1, name: "Oscar">, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar">, #<User id: 3, name: "Foo">
+    #
+    #   User.group(:name)
+    #   => [#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", ...>, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar", ...>]
     def group(*args)
-      return self if args.blank?
+      args.blank? ? self : spawn.group!(*args)
+    end
+
+    # Like #group, but modifies relation in place.
+    def group!(*args)
+      args.flatten!
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation.group_values += args.flatten
-      relation
+      self.group_values += args
+      self
     end
 
+    # Allows to specify an order attribute:
+    #
+    #   User.order('name')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name
+    #
+    #   User.order('name DESC')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC
+    #
+    #   User.order('name DESC, email')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC, email
     def order(*args)
-      return self if args.blank?
+      args.blank? ? self : spawn.order!(*args)
+    end
+
+    # Like #order, but modifies relation in place.
+    def order!(*args)
+      args.flatten!
 
-      args       = args.flatten
       references = args.reject { |arg| Arel::Node === arg }
-                       .map { |arg| arg =~ /^([a-zA-Z]\w*)\.(\w+)/ && $1 }
-                       .compact
+      references.map! { |arg| arg =~ /^([a-zA-Z]\w*)\.(\w+)/ && $1 }.compact!
+      references!(references) if references.any?
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation = relation.references(references) if references.any?
-      relation.order_values += args
-      relation
+      self.order_values += args
+      self
     end
 
     # Replaces any existing order defined on the relation with the specified order.
@@ -126,82 +227,219 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.order('email DESC').reorder('id ASC').order('name ASC')
     #
     # generates a query with 'ORDER BY id ASC, name ASC'.
-    #
     def reorder(*args)
-      return self if args.blank?
+      args.blank? ? self : spawn.reorder!(*args)
+    end
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation.reordering_value = true
-      relation.order_values = args.flatten
-      relation
+    # Like #reorder, but modifies relation in place.
+    def reorder!(*args)
+      args.flatten!
+
+      self.reordering_value = true
+      self.order_values = args
+      self
     end
 
+    # Performs a joins on +args+:
+    #
+    #   User.joins(:posts)
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"
     def joins(*args)
-      return self if args.compact.blank?
-
-      relation = clone
+      args.compact.blank? ? self : spawn.joins!(*args)
+    end
 
+    # Like #joins, but modifies relation in place.
+    def joins!(*args)
       args.flatten!
-      relation.joins_values += args
 
-      relation
+      self.joins_values += args
+      self
     end
 
     def bind(value)
-      relation = clone
-      relation.bind_values += [value]
-      relation
+      spawn.bind!(value)
+    end
+
+    def bind!(value)
+      self.bind_values += [value]
+      self
     end
 
+    # Returns a new relation, which is the result of filtering the current relation
+    # according to the conditions in the arguments.
+    #
+    # #where accepts conditions in one of several formats. In the examples below, the resulting
+    # SQL is given as an illustration; the actual query generated may be different depending
+    # on the database adapter.
+    #
+    # === string
+    #
+    # A single string, without additional arguments, is passed to the query
+    # constructor as a SQL fragment, and used in the where clause of the query.
+    #
+    #    Client.where("orders_count = '2'")
+    #    # SELECT * from clients where orders_count = '2';
+    #
+    # Note that building your own string from user input may expose your application
+    # to injection attacks if not done properly. As an alternative, it is recommended
+    # to use one of the following methods.
+    #
+    # === array
+    #
+    # If an array is passed, then the first element of the array is treated as a template, and
+    # the remaining elements are inserted into the template to generate the condition.
+    # Active Record takes care of building the query to avoid injection attacks, and will
+    # convert from the ruby type to the database type where needed. Elements are inserted
+    # into the string in the order in which they appear.
+    #
+    #   User.where(["name = ? and email = ?", "Joe", "joe@example.com"])
+    #   # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Joe' AND email = 'joe@example.com';
+    #
+    # Alternatively, you can use named placeholders in the template, and pass a hash as the
+    # second element of the array. The names in the template are replaced with the corresponding
+    # values from the hash.
+    #
+    #   User.where(["name = :name and email = :email", { name: "Joe", email: "joe@example.com" }])
+    #   # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Joe' AND email = 'joe@example.com';
+    #
+    # This can make for more readable code in complex queries.
+    #
+    # Lastly, you can use sprintf-style % escapes in the template. This works slightly differently
+    # than the previous methods; you are responsible for ensuring that the values in the template
+    # are properly quoted. The values are passed to the connector for quoting, but the caller
+    # is responsible for ensuring they are enclosed in quotes in the resulting SQL. After quoting,
+    # the values are inserted using the same escapes as the Ruby core method <tt>Kernel::sprintf</tt>.
+    #
+    #   User.where(["name = '%s' and email = '%s'", "Joe", "joe@example.com"])
+    #   # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Joe' AND email = 'joe@example.com';
+    #
+    # If #where is called with multiple arguments, these are treated as if they were passed as
+    # the elements of a single array.
+    #
+    #   User.where("name = :name and email = :email", { name: "Joe", email: "joe@example.com" })
+    #   # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Joe' AND email = 'joe@example.com';
+    #
+    # When using strings to specify conditions, you can use any operator available from
+    # the database. While this provides the most flexibility, you can also unintentionally introduce
+    # dependencies on the underlying database. If your code is intended for general consumption,
+    # test with multiple database backends.
+    #
+    # === hash
+    #
+    # #where will also accept a hash condition, in which the keys are fields and the values
+    # are values to be searched for.
+    #
+    # Fields can be symbols or strings. Values can be single values, arrays, or ranges.
+    #
+    #    User.where({ name: "Joe", email: "joe@example.com" })
+    #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Joe' AND email = 'joe@example.com'
+    #
+    #    User.where({ name: ["Alice", "Bob"]})
+    #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name IN ('Alice', 'Bob')
+    #
+    #    User.where({ created_at: (Time.now.midnight - 1.day)..Time.now.midnight })
+    #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE (created_at BETWEEN '2012-06-09 07:00:00.000000' AND '2012-06-10 07:00:00.000000')
+    #
+    # === Joins
+    #
+    # If the relation is the result of a join, you may create a condition which uses any of the
+    # tables in the join. For string and array conditions, use the table name in the condition.
+    #
+    #    User.joins(:posts).where("posts.created_at < ?", Time.now)
+    #
+    # For hash conditions, you can either use the table name in the key, or use a sub-hash.
+    #
+    #    User.joins(:posts).where({ "posts.published" => true })
+    #    User.joins(:posts).where({ :posts => { :published => true } })
+    #
+    # === empty condition
+    #
+    # If the condition returns true for blank?, then where is a no-op and returns the current relation.
     def where(opts, *rest)
-      return self if opts.blank?
+      opts.blank? ? self : spawn.where!(opts, *rest)
+    end
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation = relation.references(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
-      relation.where_values += build_where(opts, rest)
-      relation
+    # #where! is identical to #where, except that instead of returning a new relation, it adds
+    # the condition to the existing relation.
+    def where!(opts, *rest)
+      references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
+
+      self.where_values += build_where(opts, rest)
+      self
     end
 
+    # Allows to specify a HAVING clause. Note that you can't use HAVING
+    # without also specifying a GROUP clause.
+    #
+    #   Order.having('SUM(price) > 30').group('user_id')
     def having(opts, *rest)
-      return self if opts.blank?
+      opts.blank? ? self : spawn.having!(opts, *rest)
+    end
+
+    # Like #having, but modifies relation in place.
+    def having!(opts, *rest)
+      references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation = relation.references(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
-      relation.having_values += build_where(opts, rest)
-      relation
+      self.having_values += build_where(opts, rest)
+      self
     end
 
+    # Specifies a limit for the number of records to retrieve.
+    #
+    #   User.limit(10) # generated SQL has 'LIMIT 10'
+    #
+    #   User.limit(10).limit(20) # generated SQL has 'LIMIT 20'
     def limit(value)
-      relation = clone
-      relation.limit_value = value
-      relation
+      spawn.limit!(value)
+    end
+
+    # Like #limit, but modifies relation in place.
+    def limit!(value)
+      self.limit_value = value
+      self
     end
 
+    # Specifies the number of rows to skip before returning rows.
+    #
+    #   User.offset(10) # generated SQL has "OFFSET 10"
+    #
+    # Should be used with order.
+    #
+    #   User.offset(10).order("name ASC")
     def offset(value)
-      relation = clone
-      relation.offset_value = value
-      relation
+      spawn.offset!(value)
+    end
+
+    # Like #offset, but modifies relation in place.
+    def offset!(value)
+      self.offset_value = value
+      self
     end
 
+    # Specifies locking settings (default to +true+). For more information
+    # on locking, please see +ActiveRecord::Locking+.
     def lock(locks = true)
-      relation = clone
+      spawn.lock!(locks)
+    end
 
+    # Like #lock, but modifies relation in place.
+    def lock!(locks = true)
       case locks
       when String, TrueClass, NilClass
-        relation.lock_value = locks || true
+        self.lock_value = locks || true
       else
-        relation.lock_value = false
+        self.lock_value = false
       end
 
-      relation
+      self
     end
 
     # Returns a chainable relation with zero records, specifically an
-    # instance of the NullRelation class.
+    # instance of the <tt>ActiveRecord::NullRelation</tt> class.
     #
-    # The returned NullRelation inherits from Relation and implements the
-    # Null Object pattern so it is an object with defined null behavior:
-    # it always returns an empty array of records and does not query the database.
+    # The returned <tt>ActiveRecord::NullRelation</tt> inherits from Relation and implements the
+    # Null Object pattern. It is an object with defined null behavior and always returns an empty
+    # array of records without quering the database.
     #
     # Any subsequent condition chained to the returned relation will continue
     # generating an empty relation and will not fire any query to the database.
@@ -226,25 +464,73 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     def none
-      NullRelation.new(@klass, @table)
+      scoped.extending(NullRelation)
     end
 
+    # Sets readonly attributes for the returned relation. If value is
+    # true (default), attempting to update a record will result in an error.
+    #
+    #   users = User.readonly
+    #   users.first.save
+    #   => ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord: ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord
     def readonly(value = true)
-      relation = clone
-      relation.readonly_value = value
-      relation
+      spawn.readonly!(value)
     end
 
+    # Like #readonly, but modifies relation in place.
+    def readonly!(value = true)
+      self.readonly_value = value
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Sets attributes to be used when creating new records from a
+    # relation object.
+    #
+    #   users = User.where(name: 'Oscar')
+    #   users.new.name # => 'Oscar'
+    #
+    #   users = users.create_with(name: 'DHH')
+    #   users.new.name # => 'DHH'
+    #
+    # You can pass +nil+ to +create_with+ to reset attributes:
+    #
+    #   users = users.create_with(nil)
+    #   users.new.name # => 'Oscar'
     def create_with(value)
-      relation = clone
-      relation.create_with_value = value ? create_with_value.merge(value) : {}
-      relation
+      spawn.create_with!(value)
+    end
+
+    # Like #create_with but modifies the relation in place. Raises
+    # +ImmutableRelation+ if the relation has already been loaded.
+    #
+    #   users = User.scoped.create_with!(name: 'Oscar')
+    #   users.new.name # => 'Oscar'
+    def create_with!(value)
+      self.create_with_value = value ? create_with_value.merge(value) : {}
+      self
     end
 
-    def from(value)
-      relation = clone
-      relation.from_value = value
-      relation
+    # Specifies table from which the records will be fetched. For example:
+    #
+    #   Topic.select('title').from('posts')
+    #   #=> SELECT title FROM posts
+    #
+    # Can accept other relation objects. For example:
+    #
+    #   Topic.select('title').from(Topic.approved)
+    #   # => SELECT title FROM (SELECT * FROM topics WHERE approved = 't') subquery
+    #
+    #   Topic.select('a.title').from(Topic.approved, :a)
+    #   # => SELECT a.title FROM (SELECT * FROM topics WHERE approved = 't') a
+    #
+    def from(value, subquery_name = nil)
+      spawn.from!(value, subquery_name)
+    end
+
+    # Like #from, but modifies relation in place.
+    def from!(value, subquery_name = nil)
+      self.from_value = [value, subquery_name]
+      self
     end
 
     # Specifies whether the records should be unique or not. For example:
@@ -258,9 +544,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.select(:name).uniq.uniq(false)
     #   # => You can also remove the uniqueness
     def uniq(value = true)
-      relation = clone
-      relation.uniq_value = value
-      relation
+      spawn.uniq!(value)
+    end
+
+    # Like #uniq, but modifies relation in place.
+    def uniq!(value = true)
+      self.uniq_value = value
+      self
     end
 
     # Used to extend a scope with additional methods, either through
@@ -299,49 +589,66 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #       # pagination code goes here
     #     end
     #   end
-    def extending(*modules)
-      modules << Module.new(&Proc.new) if block_given?
+    def extending(*modules, &block)
+      if modules.any? || block
+        spawn.extending!(*modules, &block)
+      else
+        self
+      end
+    end
 
-      return self if modules.empty?
+    # Like #extending, but modifies relation in place.
+    def extending!(*modules, &block)
+      modules << Module.new(&block) if block_given?
 
-      relation = clone
-      relation.send(:apply_modules, modules.flatten)
-      relation
+      self.extending_values += modules.flatten
+      extend(*extending_values) if extending_values.any?
+
+      self
     end
 
+    # Reverse the existing order clause on the relation.
+    #
+    #   User.order('name ASC').reverse_order # generated SQL has 'ORDER BY name DESC'
     def reverse_order
-      relation = clone
-      relation.reverse_order_value = !relation.reverse_order_value
-      relation
+      spawn.reverse_order!
+    end
+
+    # Like #reverse_order, but modifies relation in place.
+    def reverse_order!
+      self.reverse_order_value = !reverse_order_value
+      self
     end
 
+    # Returns the Arel object associated with the relation.
     def arel
       @arel ||= with_default_scope.build_arel
     end
 
+    # Like #arel, but ignores the default scope of the model.
     def build_arel
-      arel = table.from table
+      arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(table.engine, table)
 
-      build_joins(arel, @joins_values) unless @joins_values.empty?
+      build_joins(arel, joins_values) unless joins_values.empty?
 
-      collapse_wheres(arel, (@where_values - ['']).uniq)
+      collapse_wheres(arel, (where_values - ['']).uniq)
 
-      arel.having(*@having_values.uniq.reject{|h| h.blank?}) unless @having_values.empty?
+      arel.having(*having_values.uniq.reject{|h| h.blank?}) unless having_values.empty?
 
-      arel.take(connection.sanitize_limit(@limit_value)) if @limit_value
-      arel.skip(@offset_value) if @offset_value
+      arel.take(connection.sanitize_limit(limit_value)) if limit_value
+      arel.skip(offset_value.to_i) if offset_value
 
-      arel.group(*@group_values.uniq.reject{|g| g.blank?}) unless @group_values.empty?
+      arel.group(*group_values.uniq.reject{|g| g.blank?}) unless group_values.empty?
 
-      order = @order_values
-      order = reverse_sql_order(order) if @reverse_order_value
+      order = order_values
+      order = reverse_sql_order(order) if reverse_order_value
       arel.order(*order.uniq.reject{|o| o.blank?}) unless order.empty?
 
-      build_select(arel, @select_values.uniq)
+      build_select(arel, select_values.uniq)
 
-      arel.distinct(@uniq_value)
-      arel.from(@from_value) if @from_value
-      arel.lock(@lock_value) if @lock_value
+      arel.distinct(uniq_value)
+      arel.from(build_from) if from_value
+      arel.lock(lock_value) if lock_value
 
       arel
     end
@@ -382,13 +689,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       when String, Array
         [@klass.send(:sanitize_sql, other.empty? ? opts : ([opts] + other))]
       when Hash
-        attributes = @klass.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, opts)
-        PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(table.engine, attributes, table)
+        PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(table.engine, opts, table)
       else
         [opts]
       end
     end
 
+    def build_from
+      opts, name = from_value
+      case opts
+      when Relation
+        name ||= 'subquery'
+        opts.arel.as(name.to_s)
+      else
+        opts
+      end
+    end
+
     def build_joins(manager, joins)
       buckets = joins.group_by do |join|
         case join
@@ -443,13 +760,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def apply_modules(modules)
-      unless modules.empty?
-        @extensions += modules
-        modules.each {|extension| extend(extension) }
-      end
-    end
-
     def reverse_sql_order(order_query)
       order_query = ["#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key} ASC"] if order_query.empty?
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
index 03ba8c8628..d21f02cd5f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -1,81 +1,43 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_record/relation/merger'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module SpawnMethods
-    def merge(r)
-      return self unless r
-      return to_a & r if r.is_a?(Array)
 
-      merged_relation = clone
-
-      r = r.with_default_scope if r.default_scoped? && r.klass != klass
-
-      Relation::ASSOCIATION_METHODS.each do |method|
-        value = r.send(:"#{method}_values")
-
-        unless value.empty?
-          if method == :includes
-            merged_relation = merged_relation.includes(value)
-          else
-            merged_relation.send(:"#{method}_values=", value)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:joins, :where, :order, :binds]).each do |method|
-        value = r.send(:"#{method}_values")
-        next if value.empty?
-
-        value += merged_relation.send(:"#{method}_values")
-        merged_relation.send :"#{method}_values=", value
-      end
-
-      merged_relation.joins_values += r.joins_values
-
-      merged_wheres = @where_values + r.where_values
-
-      merged_binds = (@bind_values + r.bind_values).uniq(&:first)
-
-      unless @where_values.empty?
-        # Remove duplicates, last one wins.
-        seen = Hash.new { |h,table| h[table] = {} }
-        merged_wheres = merged_wheres.reverse.reject { |w|
-          nuke = false
-          if w.respond_to?(:operator) && w.operator == :==
-            name              = w.left.name
-            table             = w.left.relation.name
-            nuke              = seen[table][name]
-            seen[table][name] = true
-          end
-          nuke
-        }.reverse
-      end
-
-      merged_relation.where_values = merged_wheres
-      merged_relation.bind_values = merged_binds
-
-      (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:lock, :create_with, :reordering]).each do |method|
-        value = r.send(:"#{method}_value")
-        merged_relation.send(:"#{method}_value=", value) unless value.nil?
-      end
-
-      merged_relation.lock_value = r.lock_value unless merged_relation.lock_value
-
-      merged_relation = merged_relation.create_with(r.create_with_value) unless r.create_with_value.empty?
+    # This is overridden by Associations::CollectionProxy
+    def spawn #:nodoc:
+      clone
+    end
 
-      if (r.reordering_value)
-        # override any order specified in the original relation
-        merged_relation.reordering_value = true
-        merged_relation.order_values = r.order_values
+    # Merges in the conditions from <tt>other</tt>, if <tt>other</tt> is an <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation</tt>.
+    # Returns an array representing the intersection of the resulting records with <tt>other</tt>, if <tt>other</tt> is an array.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   Post.where(:published => true).joins(:comments).merge( Comment.where(:spam => false) )
+    #   # Performs a single join query with both where conditions.
+    #
+    #   recent_posts = Post.order('created_at DESC').first(5)
+    #   Post.where(:published => true).merge(recent_posts)
+    #   # Returns the intersection of all published posts with the 5 most recently created posts.
+    #   # (This is just an example. You'd probably want to do this with a single query!)
+    #
+    def merge(other)
+      if other.is_a?(Array)
+        to_a & other
+      elsif other
+        spawn.merge!(other)
       else
-        # merge in order_values from r
-        merged_relation.order_values += r.order_values
+        self
       end
+    end
 
-      # Apply scope extension modules
-      merged_relation.send :apply_modules, r.extensions
-
-      merged_relation
+    # Like #merge, but applies changes in place.
+    def merge!(other)
+      klass = other.is_a?(Hash) ? Relation::HashMerger : Relation::Merger
+      klass.new(self, other).merge
     end
 
     # Removes from the query the condition(s) specified in +skips+.
@@ -86,20 +48,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.where('id > 10').order('id asc').except(:where) # discards the where condition but keeps the order
     #
     def except(*skips)
-      result = self.class.new(@klass, table)
+      result = Relation.new(klass, table, values.except(*skips))
       result.default_scoped = default_scoped
-
-      ((Relation::ASSOCIATION_METHODS + Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS) - skips).each do |method|
-        result.send(:"#{method}_values=", send(:"#{method}_values"))
-      end
-
-      (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - skips).each do |method|
-        result.send(:"#{method}_value=", send(:"#{method}_value"))
-      end
-
-      # Apply scope extension modules
-      result.send(:apply_modules, extensions)
-
+      result.extend(*extending_values) if extending_values.any?
       result
     end
 
@@ -111,44 +62,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.order('id asc').only(:where, :order) # uses the specified order
     #
     def only(*onlies)
-      result = self.class.new(@klass, table)
+      result = Relation.new(klass, table, values.slice(*onlies))
       result.default_scoped = default_scoped
-
-      ((Relation::ASSOCIATION_METHODS + Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS) & onlies).each do |method|
-        result.send(:"#{method}_values=", send(:"#{method}_values"))
-      end
-
-      (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS & onlies).each do |method|
-        result.send(:"#{method}_value=", send(:"#{method}_value"))
-      end
-
-      # Apply scope extension modules
-      result.send(:apply_modules, extensions)
-
+      result.extend(*extending_values) if extending_values.any?
       result
     end
 
-    VALID_FIND_OPTIONS = [ :conditions, :include, :joins, :limit, :offset, :extend, :references,
-                           :order, :select, :readonly, :group, :having, :from, :lock ]
-
-    def apply_finder_options(options)
-      relation = clone
-      return relation unless options
-
-      options.assert_valid_keys(VALID_FIND_OPTIONS)
-      finders = options.dup
-      finders.delete_if { |key, value| value.nil? && key != :limit }
-
-      ((VALID_FIND_OPTIONS - [:conditions, :include, :extend]) & finders.keys).each do |finder|
-        relation = relation.send(finder, finders[finder])
-      end
-
-      relation = relation.where(finders[:conditions]) if options.has_key?(:conditions)
-      relation = relation.includes(finders[:include]) if options.has_key?(:include)
-      relation = relation.extending(finders[:extend]) if options.has_key?(:extend)
-
-      relation
-    end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
index fb4b89b87b..fd276ccf5d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     alias :map! :map
     alias :collect! :map
 
+    # Returns true if there are no records.
     def empty?
       rows.empty?
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
index 81b13fe529..ca767cc704 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
@@ -43,36 +43,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Accepts a hash of SQL conditions and replaces those attributes
-      # that correspond to a +composed_of+ relationship with their expanded
-      # aggregate attribute values.
-      # Given:
-      #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #       composed_of :address, :class_name => "Address",
-      #         :mapping => [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)]
-      #     end
-      # Then:
-      #     { :address => Address.new("813 abc st.", "chicago") }
-      #       # => { :address_street => "813 abc st.", :address_city => "chicago" }
-      def expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
-        expanded_attrs = {}
-        attrs.each do |attr, value|
-          if aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attr.to_sym)
-            mapping = aggregate_mapping(aggregation)
-            mapping.each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-              if mapping.size == 1 && !value.respond_to?(aggregate_attr)
-                expanded_attrs[field_attr] = value
-              else
-                expanded_attrs[field_attr] = value.send(aggregate_attr)
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            expanded_attrs[attr] = value
-          end
-        end
-        expanded_attrs
-      end
-
       # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a WHERE clause.
       #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }
       #     # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id= 4"
@@ -88,8 +58,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   { :address => Address.new("123 abc st.", "chicago") }
       #     # => "address_street='123 abc st.' and address_city='chicago'"
       def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs, default_table_name = self.table_name)
-        attrs = expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
-
         table = Arel::Table.new(table_name).alias(default_table_name)
         PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(arel_engine, attrs, table).map { |b|
           connection.visitor.accept b
@@ -180,15 +148,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # TODO: Deprecate this
-    def quoted_id #:nodoc:
-      quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements.
-    def quote_value(value, column = nil)
-      self.class.connection.quote(value, column)
+    def quoted_id
+      self.class.quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
index d815ab05ac..599e68379a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
     end
 
+    def define(info, &block)
+      instance_eval(&block)
+
+      unless info[:version].blank?
+        initialize_schema_migrations_table
+        assume_migrated_upto_version(info[:version], migrations_paths)
+      end
+    end
+
     # Eval the given block. All methods available to the current connection
     # adapter are available within the block, so you can easily use the
     # database definition DSL to build up your schema (+create_table+,
@@ -46,13 +55,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     ...
     #   end
     def self.define(info={}, &block)
-      schema = new
-      schema.instance_eval(&block)
-
-      unless info[:version].blank?
-        initialize_schema_migrations_table
-        assume_migrated_upto_version(info[:version], schema.migrations_paths)
-      end
+      new.define(info, &block)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
index dcbd165e58..a25a8d79bd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def header(stream)
         define_params = @version ? ":version => #{@version}" : ""
 
-        if stream.respond_to?(:external_encoding)
+        if stream.respond_to?(:external_encoding) && stream.external_encoding
           stream.puts "# encoding: #{stream.external_encoding.name}"
         end
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 # from scratch. The latter is a flawed and unsustainable approach (the more migrations
 # you'll amass, the slower it'll run and the greater likelihood for issues).
 #
-# It's strongly recommended to check this file into your version control system.
+# It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
 
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define(#{define_params}) do
 
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ HEADER
         @connection.tables.sort.each do |tbl|
           next if ['schema_migrations', ignore_tables].flatten.any? do |ignored|
             case ignored
-            when String; tbl == ignored
-            when Regexp; tbl =~ ignored
+            when String; remove_prefix_and_suffix(tbl) == ignored
+            when Regexp; remove_prefix_and_suffix(tbl) =~ ignored
             else
               raise StandardError, 'ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables accepts an array of String and / or Regexp values.'
             end
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ HEADER
             pk = @connection.primary_key(table)
           end
 
-          tbl.print "  create_table #{table.inspect}"
+          tbl.print "  create_table #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(table).inspect}"
           if columns.detect { |c| c.name == pk }
             if pk != 'id'
               tbl.print %Q(, :primary_key => "#{pk}")
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ HEADER
         when BigDecimal
           value.to_s
         when Date, DateTime, Time
-          "'" + value.to_s(:db) + "'"
+          "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
         else
           value.inspect
         end
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ HEADER
         if (indexes = @connection.indexes(table)).any?
           add_index_statements = indexes.map do |index|
             statement_parts = [
-              ('add_index ' + index.table.inspect),
+              ('add_index ' + remove_prefix_and_suffix(index.table).inspect),
               index.columns.inspect,
               (':name => ' + index.name.inspect),
             ]
@@ -206,5 +206,9 @@ HEADER
           stream.puts
         end
       end
+
+      def remove_prefix_and_suffix(table)
+        table.gsub(/^(#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix})(.+)(#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix})$/,  "\\2")
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
index 236ec563d2..ca22154c84 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     attr_accessible :version
 
     def self.table_name
-      Base.table_name_prefix + 'schema_migrations' + Base.table_name_suffix
+      "#{Base.table_name_prefix}schema_migrations#{Base.table_name_suffix}"
+    end
+
+    def self.index_name
+      "#{Base.table_name_prefix}unique_schema_migrations#{Base.table_name_suffix}"
     end
 
     def self.create_table
@@ -15,14 +19,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.create_table(table_name, :id => false) do |t|
           t.column :version, :string, :null => false
         end
-        connection.add_index table_name, :version, :unique => true,
-          :name => "#{Base.table_name_prefix}unique_schema_migrations#{Base.table_name_suffix}"
+        connection.add_index table_name, :version, :unique => true, :name => index_name
       end
     end
 
     def self.drop_table
       if connection.table_exists?(table_name)
-        connection.remove_index table_name, :name => "#{Base.table_name_prefix}unique_schema_migrations#{Base.table_name_suffix}"
+        connection.remove_index table_name, :name => index_name
         connection.drop_table(table_name)
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
index a8f5e96190..66a486ae0a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
@@ -10,118 +10,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      # with_scope lets you apply options to inner block incrementally. It takes a hash and the keys must be
-      # <tt>:find</tt> or <tt>:create</tt>. <tt>:find</tt> parameter is <tt>Relation</tt> while
-      # <tt>:create</tt> parameters are an attributes hash.
-      #
-      #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     def self.create_with_scope
-      #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1), :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
-      #         find(1) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND id = 1
-      #         a = create(1)
-      #         a.blog_id # => 1
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # In nested scopings, all previous parameters are overwritten by the innermost rule, with the exception of
-      # <tt>where</tt>, <tt>includes</tt>, and <tt>joins</tt> operations in <tt>Relation</tt>, which are merged.
-      #
-      # <tt>joins</tt> operations are uniqued so multiple scopes can join in the same table without table aliasing
-      # problems. If you need to join multiple tables, but still want one of the tables to be uniqued, use the
-      # array of strings format for your joins.
-      #
-      #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     def self.find_with_scope
-      #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1).limit(1), :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
-      #         with_scope(:find => limit(10)) do
-      #           all # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 LIMIT 10
-      #         end
-      #         with_scope(:find => where(:author_id => 3)) do
-      #           all # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND author_id = 3 LIMIT 1
-      #         end
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # You can ignore any previous scopings by using the <tt>with_exclusive_scope</tt> method.
-      #
-      #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     def self.find_with_exclusive_scope
-      #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1).limit(1)) do
-      #         with_exclusive_scope(:find => limit(10)) do
-      #           all # => SELECT * from articles LIMIT 10
-      #         end
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # *Note*: the +:find+ scope also has effect on update and deletion methods, like +update_all+ and +delete_all+.
-      def with_scope(scope = {}, action = :merge, &block)
-        # If another Active Record class has been passed in, get its current scope
-        scope = scope.current_scope if !scope.is_a?(Relation) && scope.respond_to?(:current_scope)
-
-        previous_scope = self.current_scope
-
-        if scope.is_a?(Hash)
-          # Dup first and second level of hash (method and params).
-          scope = scope.dup
-          scope.each do |method, params|
-            scope[method] = params.dup unless params == true
-          end
-
-          scope.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ])
-          relation = construct_finder_arel(scope[:find] || {})
-          relation.default_scoped = true unless action == :overwrite
-
-          if previous_scope && previous_scope.create_with_value && scope[:create]
-            scope_for_create = if action == :merge
-              previous_scope.create_with_value.merge(scope[:create])
-            else
-              scope[:create]
-            end
-
-            relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create)
-          else
-            scope_for_create = scope[:create]
-            scope_for_create ||= previous_scope.create_with_value if previous_scope
-            relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create) if scope_for_create
-          end
-
-          scope = relation
-        end
-
-        scope = previous_scope.merge(scope) if previous_scope && action == :merge
-
-        self.current_scope = scope
-        begin
-          yield
-        ensure
-          self.current_scope = previous_scope
-        end
-      end
-
-      protected
-
-      # Works like with_scope, but discards any nested properties.
-      def with_exclusive_scope(method_scoping = {}, &block)
-        if method_scoping.values.any? { |e| e.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation) }
-          raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG
-  New finder API can not be used with_exclusive_scope. You can either call unscoped to get an anonymous scope not bound to the default_scope:
-
-  User.unscoped.where(:active => true)
-
-  Or call unscoped with a block:
-
-  User.unscoped do
-  User.where(:active => true).all
-  end
-
-  MSG
-        end
-        with_scope(method_scoping, :overwrite, &block)
-      end
-
       def current_scope #:nodoc:
         Thread.current["#{self}_current_scope"]
       end
@@ -129,15 +17,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def current_scope=(scope) #:nodoc:
         Thread.current["#{self}_current_scope"] = scope
       end
-
-      private
-
-      def construct_finder_arel(options = {}, scope = nil)
-        relation = options.is_a?(Hash) ? unscoped.apply_finder_options(options) : options
-        relation = scope.merge(relation) if scope
-        relation
-      end
-
     end
 
     def populate_with_current_scope_attributes
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
index 5f05d146f2..b35fec7920 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Scoping
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       included do
         # Stores the default scope for the class
-        config_attribute :default_scopes
+        class_attribute :default_scopes, instance_writer: false
         self.default_scopes = []
       end
 
@@ -30,14 +31,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     Post.limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10"
         #   }
         #
-        # It is recommended to use the block form of unscoped because chaining
-        # unscoped with <tt>scope</tt> does not work.  Assuming that
+        # It is recommended that you use the block form of unscoped because
+        # chaining unscoped with <tt>scope</tt> does not work. Assuming that
         # <tt>published</tt> is a <tt>scope</tt>, the following two statements
-        # are equal: the default_scope is applied on both.
+        # are equal: the <tt>default_scope</tt> is applied on both.
         #
         #   Post.unscoped.published
         #   Post.published
-        def unscoped #:nodoc:
+        def unscoped
           block_given? ? relation.scoping { yield } : relation
         end
 
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # the model.
         #
         #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     default_scope where(:published => true)
+        #     default_scope { where(:published => true) }
         #   end
         #
         #   Article.all # => SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = true
@@ -62,12 +63,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   Article.new.published    # => true
         #   Article.create.published # => true
         #
-        # You can also use <tt>default_scope</tt> with a block, in order to have it lazily evaluated:
-        #
-        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     default_scope { where(:published_at => Time.now - 1.week) }
-        #   end
-        #
         # (You can also pass any object which responds to <tt>call</tt> to the <tt>default_scope</tt>
         # macro, and it will be called when building the default scope.)
         #
@@ -75,8 +70,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # be merged together:
         #
         #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     default_scope where(:published => true)
-        #     default_scope where(:rating => 'G')
+        #     default_scope { where(:published => true) }
+        #     default_scope { where(:rating => 'G') }
         #   end
         #
         #   Article.all # => SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = true AND rating = 'G'
@@ -92,21 +87,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #       # Should return a scope, you can call 'super' here etc.
         #     end
         #   end
-        def default_scope(scope = {})
+        def default_scope(scope = nil)
           scope = Proc.new if block_given?
+
+          if scope.is_a?(Relation) || !scope.respond_to?(:call)
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+              "Calling #default_scope without a block is deprecated. For example instead " \
+              "of `default_scope where(color: 'red')`, please use " \
+              "`default_scope { where(color: 'red') }`. (Alternatively you can just redefine " \
+              "self.default_scope.)"
+            )
+          end
+
           self.default_scopes = default_scopes + [scope]
         end
 
         def build_default_scope #:nodoc:
-          if method(:default_scope).owner != ActiveRecord::Scoping::Default::ClassMethods
+          if !Base.is_a?(method(:default_scope).owner)
+            # The user has defined their own default scope method, so call that
             evaluate_default_scope { default_scope }
           elsif default_scopes.any?
             evaluate_default_scope do
               default_scopes.inject(relation) do |default_scope, scope|
-                if scope.is_a?(Hash)
-                  default_scope.apply_finder_options(scope)
-                elsif !scope.is_a?(Relation) && scope.respond_to?(:call)
-                  default_scope.merge(scope.call)
+                if !scope.is_a?(Relation) && scope.respond_to?(:call)
+                  default_scope.merge(unscoped { scope.call })
                 else
                   default_scope.merge(scope)
                 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
index 0edc3f1dcc..2af476c1ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Named \Scopes
@@ -28,17 +29,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # You can define a \scope that applies to all finders using
         # ActiveRecord::Base.default_scope.
         def scoped(options = nil)
-          if options
-            scoped.apply_finder_options(options)
+          if current_scope
+            scope = current_scope.clone
           else
-            if current_scope
-              current_scope.clone
-            else
-              scope = relation.clone
-              scope.default_scoped = true
-              scope
-            end
+            scope = relation
+            scope.default_scoped = true
+            scope
           end
+
+          scope.merge!(options) if options
+          scope
         end
 
         ##
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if current_scope
             current_scope.scope_for_create
           else
-            scope = relation.clone
+            scope = relation
             scope.default_scoped = true
             scope.scope_for_create
           end
@@ -171,30 +171,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   Article.published.featured.latest_article
         #   Article.featured.titles
 
-        def scope(name, scope_options = {})
-          name = name.to_sym
-          valid_scope_name?(name)
-          extension = Module.new(&Proc.new) if block_given?
+        def scope(name, body, &block)
+          extension = Module.new(&block) if block
 
-          scope_proc = lambda do |*args|
-            options = scope_options.respond_to?(:call) ? unscoped { scope_options.call(*args) } : scope_options
-            options = scoped.apply_finder_options(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
+          # Check body.is_a?(Relation) to prevent the relation actually being
+          # loaded by respond_to?
+          if body.is_a?(Relation) || !body.respond_to?(:call)
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+              "Using #scope without passing a callable object is deprecated. For " \
+              "example `scope :red, where(color: 'red')` should be changed to " \
+              "`scope :red, -> { where(color: 'red') }`. There are numerous gotchas " \
+              "in the former usage and it makes the implementation more complicated " \
+              "and buggy. (If you prefer, you can just define a class method named " \
+              "`self.red`.)"
+            )
+          end
 
+          singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
+            options  = body.respond_to?(:call) ? unscoped { body.call(*args) } : body
             relation = scoped.merge(options)
 
             extension ? relation.extending(extension) : relation
           end
-
-          singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, name, &scope_proc)
-        end
-
-      protected
-
-        def valid_scope_name?(name)
-          if respond_to?(name, true)
-            logger.warn "Creating scope :#{name}. " \
-                        "Overwriting existing method #{self.name}.#{name}."
-          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
index 41e3b92499..e8dd312a47 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,21 @@
 module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :include_root_in_json, instance_accessor: false
+    self.include_root_in_json = true
+  end
+
   # = Active Record Serialization
   module Serialization
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
 
+    included do
+      singleton_class.class_eval do
+        remove_method :include_root_in_json
+        delegate :include_root_in_json, to: 'ActiveRecord::Model'
+      end
+    end
+
     def serializable_hash(options = nil)
       options = options.try(:clone) || {}
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
index 2e60521638..834d01a1e8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     #     <id type="integer">1</id>
     #     <approved type="boolean">false</approved>
     #     <replies-count type="integer">0</replies-count>
-    #     <bonus-time type="datetime">2000-01-01T08:28:00+12:00</bonus-time>
-    #     <written-on type="datetime">2003-07-16T09:28:00+1200</written-on>
+    #     <bonus-time type="dateTime">2000-01-01T08:28:00+12:00</bonus-time>
+    #     <written-on type="dateTime">2003-07-16T09:28:00+1200</written-on>
     #     <content>Have a nice day</content>
     #     <author-email-address>david@loudthinking.com</author-email-address>
     #     <parent-id></parent-id>
@@ -177,11 +177,6 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   end
 
   class XmlSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml::Serializer #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(*args)
-      super
-      options[:except] = Array(options[:except]) | Array(@serializable.class.inheritance_column)
-    end
-
     class Attribute < ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml::Serializer::Attribute #:nodoc:
       def compute_type
         klass = @serializable.class
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/session_store.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/session_store.rb
index ce43ae8066..d2d3106721 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/session_store.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/session_store.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # The default assumes a +sessions+ tables with columns:
   #   +id+ (numeric primary key),
-  #   +session_id+ (text, or longtext if your session data exceeds 65K), and
+  #   +session_id+ (string, usually varchar; maximum length is 255), and
   #   +data+ (text or longtext; careful if your session data exceeds 65KB).
   #
   # The +session_id+ column should always be indexed for speedy lookups.
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               class << self; remove_possible_method :find_by_session_id; end
 
               def self.find_by_session_id(session_id)
-                find :first, :conditions => {:session_id=>session_id}
+                where(session_id: session_id).first
               end
             end
           end
@@ -201,10 +201,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       class << self
         alias :data_column_name :data_column
-        
+
         # Use the ActiveRecord::Base.connection by default.
         attr_writer :connection
-        
+
         # Use the ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool by default.
         attr_writer :connection_pool
 
@@ -218,12 +218,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Look up a session by id and unmarshal its data if found.
         def find_by_session_id(session_id)
-          if record = connection.select_one("SELECT * FROM #{@@table_name} WHERE #{@@session_id_column}=#{connection.quote(session_id)}")
+          if record = connection.select_one("SELECT #{connection.quote_column_name(data_column)} AS data FROM #{@@table_name} WHERE #{connection.quote_column_name(@@session_id_column)}=#{connection.quote(session_id.to_s)}")
             new(:session_id => session_id, :marshaled_data => record['data'])
           end
         end
       end
-      
+
       delegate :connection, :connection=, :connection_pool, :connection_pool=, :to => self
 
       attr_reader :session_id, :new_record
@@ -241,6 +241,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @new_record     = @marshaled_data.nil?
       end
 
+      # Returns true if the record is persisted, i.e. it's not a new record
+      def persisted?
+        !@new_record
+      end
+
       # Lazy-unmarshal session state.
       def data
         unless @data
@@ -287,7 +292,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connect = connection
         connect.delete <<-end_sql, 'Destroy session'
           DELETE FROM #{table_name}
-          WHERE #{connect.quote_column_name(session_id_column)}=#{connect.quote(session_id)}
+          WHERE #{connect.quote_column_name(session_id_column)}=#{connect.quote(session_id.to_s)}
         end_sql
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
index 1c7b839e5e..81576e7cd3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # Store gives you a thin wrapper around serialize for the purpose of storing hashes in a single column.
-  # It's like a simple key/value store backed into your record when you don't care about being able to
+  # It's like a simple key/value store baked into your record when you don't care about being able to
   # query that store outside the context of a single record.
   #
   # You can then declare accessors to this store that are then accessible just like any other attribute
@@ -10,41 +14,101 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Make sure that you declare the database column used for the serialized store as a text, so there's
   # plenty of room.
   #
+  # You can set custom coder to encode/decode your serialized attributes to/from different formats.
+  # JSON, YAML, Marshal are supported out of the box. Generally it can be any wrapper that provides +load+ and +dump+.
+  #
   # Examples:
   #
   #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     store :settings, accessors: [ :color, :homepage ]
+  #     store :settings, accessors: [ :color, :homepage ], coder: JSON
   #   end
   #
   #   u = User.new(color: 'black', homepage: '37signals.com')
   #   u.color                          # Accessor stored attribute
   #   u.settings[:country] = 'Denmark' # Any attribute, even if not specified with an accessor
   #
+  #   # There is no difference between strings and symbols for accessing custom attributes
+  #   u.settings[:country]  # => 'Denmark'
+  #   u.settings['country'] # => 'Denmark'
+  #
   #   # Add additional accessors to an existing store through store_accessor
   #   class SuperUser < User
   #     store_accessor :settings, :privileges, :servants
   #   end
+  #
+  # The stored attribute names can be retrieved using +stored_attributes+.
+  #
+  #   User.stored_attributes[:settings] # [:color, :homepage]
   module Store
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    included do
+      class_attribute :stored_attributes, instance_writer: false
+      self.stored_attributes = {}
+    end
+
     module ClassMethods
       def store(store_attribute, options = {})
-        serialize store_attribute, Hash
+        serialize store_attribute, IndifferentCoder.new(options[:coder])
         store_accessor(store_attribute, options[:accessors]) if options.has_key? :accessors
       end
 
       def store_accessor(store_attribute, *keys)
-        keys.flatten.each do |key|
+        keys = keys.flatten
+        keys.each do |key|
           define_method("#{key}=") do |value|
-            send("#{store_attribute}=", {}) unless send(store_attribute).is_a?(Hash)
-            send(store_attribute)[key] = value
-            send("#{store_attribute}_will_change!")
+            attribute = initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)
+            if value != attribute[key]
+              attribute[key] = value
+              send :"#{store_attribute}_will_change!"
+            end
           end
 
           define_method(key) do
-            send("#{store_attribute}=", {}) unless send(store_attribute).is_a?(Hash)
-            send(store_attribute)[key]
+            initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)[key]
+          end
+        end
+
+        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] = keys
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)
+        attribute = send(store_attribute)
+        unless attribute.is_a?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
+          attribute = IndifferentCoder.as_indifferent_hash(attribute)
+          send :"#{store_attribute}=", attribute
+        end
+        attribute
+      end
+
+    class IndifferentCoder
+      def initialize(coder_or_class_name)
+        @coder =
+          if coder_or_class_name.respond_to?(:load) && coder_or_class_name.respond_to?(:dump)
+            coder_or_class_name
+          else
+            ActiveRecord::Coders::YAMLColumn.new(coder_or_class_name || Object)
           end
+      end
+
+      def dump(obj)
+        @coder.dump self.class.as_indifferent_hash(obj)
+      end
+
+      def load(yaml)
+        self.class.as_indifferent_hash @coder.load(yaml)
+      end
+
+      def self.as_indifferent_hash(obj)
+        case obj
+        when HashWithIndifferentAccess
+          obj
+        when Hash
+          obj.with_indifferent_access
+        else
+          HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb3dfc2730
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Tasks # :nodoc:
+    module DatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
+      extend self
+
+      LOCAL_HOSTS    = ['127.0.0.1', 'localhost']
+
+      def register_task(pattern, task)
+        @tasks ||= {}
+        @tasks[pattern] = task
+      end
+
+      register_task(/mysql/, ActiveRecord::Tasks::MySQLDatabaseTasks)
+      register_task(/postgresql/, ActiveRecord::Tasks::PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks)
+      register_task(/sqlite/, ActiveRecord::Tasks::SQLiteDatabaseTasks)
+
+      def create(*arguments)
+        configuration = arguments.first
+        class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).create
+      rescue Exception => error
+        $stderr.puts error, *(error.backtrace)
+        $stderr.puts "Couldn't create database for #{configuration.inspect}"
+      end
+
+      def create_all
+        each_local_configuration { |configuration| create configuration }
+      end
+
+      def create_current(environment = Rails.env)
+        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+          create configuration
+        }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection environment
+      end
+
+      def drop(*arguments)
+        configuration = arguments.first
+        class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).drop
+      rescue Exception => error
+        $stderr.puts error, *(error.backtrace)
+        $stderr.puts "Couldn't drop #{configuration['database']}"
+      end
+
+      def drop_all
+        each_local_configuration { |configuration| drop configuration }
+      end
+
+      def drop_current(environment = Rails.env)
+        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+          drop configuration
+        }
+      end
+
+      def charset_current(environment = Rails.env)
+        charset ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[environment]
+      end
+
+      def charset(*arguments)
+        configuration = arguments.first
+        class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).charset
+      end
+
+      def collation_current(environment = Rails.env)
+        collation ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[environment]
+      end
+
+      def collation(*arguments)
+        configuration = arguments.first
+        class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).collation
+      end
+
+      def purge(configuration)
+        class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(configuration).purge
+      end
+
+      def structure_dump(*arguments)
+        configuration = arguments.first
+        filename = arguments.delete_at 1
+        class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).structure_dump(filename)
+      end
+
+      def structure_load(*arguments)
+        configuration = arguments.first
+        filename = arguments.delete_at 1
+        class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).structure_load(filename)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def class_for_adapter(adapter)
+        key = @tasks.keys.detect { |pattern| adapter[pattern] }
+        @tasks[key]
+      end
+
+      def each_current_configuration(environment)
+        environments = [environment]
+        environments << 'test' if environment.development?
+
+        configurations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.values_at(*environments)
+        configurations.compact.each do |configuration|
+          yield configuration unless configuration['database'].blank?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def each_local_configuration
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.each_value do |configuration|
+          next unless configuration['database']
+
+          if local_database?(configuration)
+            yield configuration
+          else
+            $stderr.puts "This task only modifies local databases. #{configuration['database']} is on a remote host."
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def local_database?(configuration)
+        configuration['host'].in?(LOCAL_HOSTS) || configuration['host'].blank?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf62dfd5b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Tasks # :nodoc:
+    class MySQLDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
+
+      DEFAULT_CHARSET     = ENV['CHARSET']   || 'utf8'
+      DEFAULT_COLLATION   = ENV['COLLATION'] || 'utf8_unicode_ci'
+      ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR = 1045
+
+      delegate :connection, :establish_connection, to: ActiveRecord::Base
+
+      def initialize(configuration)
+        @configuration = configuration
+      end
+
+      def create
+        establish_connection configuration_without_database
+        connection.create_database configuration['database'], creation_options
+        establish_connection configuration
+      rescue error_class => error
+        raise error unless error.errno == ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR
+
+        $stdout.print error.error
+        establish_connection root_configuration_without_database
+        connection.create_database configuration['database'], creation_options
+        connection.execute grant_statement.gsub(/\s+/, ' ').strip
+        establish_connection configuration
+      rescue error_class => error
+        $stderr.puts error.error
+        $stderr.puts "Couldn't create database for #{configuration.inspect}, #{creation_options.inspect}"
+        $stderr.puts "(If you set the charset manually, make sure you have a matching collation)" if configuration['charset']
+      end
+
+      def drop
+        establish_connection configuration
+        connection.drop_database configuration['database']
+      end
+
+      def purge
+        establish_connection :test
+        connection.recreate_database configuration['database'], creation_options
+      end
+
+      def charset
+        connection.charset
+      end
+
+      def collation
+        connection.collation
+      end
+
+      def structure_dump(filename)
+        establish_connection configuration
+        File.open(filename, "w:utf-8") { |f| f << ActiveRecord::Base.connection.structure_dump }
+      end
+
+      def structure_load(filename)
+        establish_connection(configuration)
+        connection.execute('SET foreign_key_checks = 0')
+        IO.read(filename).split("\n\n").each do |table|
+          connection.execute(table)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def configuration
+        @configuration
+      end
+
+      def configuration_without_database
+        configuration.merge('database' => nil)
+      end
+
+      def creation_options
+        {
+          charset:   (configuration['charset']   || DEFAULT_CHARSET),
+          collation: (configuration['collation'] || DEFAULT_COLLATION)
+        }
+      end
+
+      def error_class
+        case configuration['adapter']
+        when /jdbc/
+          require 'active_record/railties/jdbcmysql_error'
+          ArJdbcMySQL::Error
+        when /mysql2/
+          Mysql2::Error
+        else
+          Mysql::Error
+        end
+      end
+
+      def grant_statement
+        <<-SQL
+GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON #{configuration['database']}.*
+  TO '#{configuration['username']}'@'localhost'
+IDENTIFIED BY '#{configuration['password']}' WITH GRANT OPTION;
+        SQL
+      end
+
+      def root_configuration_without_database
+        configuration_without_database.merge(
+          'username' => 'root',
+          'password' => root_password
+        )
+      end
+
+      def root_password
+        $stdout.print "Please provide the root password for your mysql installation\n>"
+        $stdin.gets.strip
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea5cb888fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+require 'shellwords'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Tasks # :nodoc:
+    class PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
+
+      DEFAULT_ENCODING = ENV['CHARSET'] || 'utf8'
+
+      delegate :connection, :establish_connection, :clear_active_connections!,
+        to: ActiveRecord::Base
+
+      def initialize(configuration)
+        @configuration = configuration
+      end
+
+      def create(master_established = false)
+        establish_master_connection unless master_established
+        connection.create_database configuration['database'],
+          configuration.merge('encoding' => encoding)
+        establish_connection configuration
+      end
+
+      def drop
+        establish_master_connection
+        connection.drop_database configuration['database']
+      end
+
+      def charset
+        connection.encoding
+      end
+
+      def collation
+        connection.collation
+      end
+
+      def purge
+        clear_active_connections!
+        drop
+        create true
+      end
+
+      def structure_dump(filename)
+        set_psql_env
+        search_path = configuration['schema_search_path']
+        unless search_path.blank?
+          search_path = search_path.split(",").map{|search_path_part| "--schema=#{Shellwords.escape(search_path_part.strip)}" }.join(" ")
+        end
+
+        command = "pg_dump -i -s -x -O -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{search_path} #{Shellwords.escape(configuration['database'])}"
+        raise 'Error dumping database' unless Kernel.system(command)
+
+        File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << "SET search_path TO #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path};\n\n" }
+      end
+
+      def structure_load(filename)
+        set_psql_env
+        Kernel.system("psql -f #{filename} #{configuration['database']}")
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def configuration
+        @configuration
+      end
+
+      def encoding
+        configuration['encoding'] || DEFAULT_ENCODING
+      end
+
+      def establish_master_connection
+        establish_connection configuration.merge(
+          'database'           => 'postgres',
+          'schema_search_path' => 'public'
+        )
+      end
+
+      def set_psql_env
+        ENV['PGHOST']     = configuration['host']          if configuration['host']
+        ENV['PGPORT']     = configuration['port'].to_s     if configuration['port']
+        ENV['PGPASSWORD'] = configuration['password'].to_s if configuration['password']
+        ENV['PGUSER']     = configuration['username'].to_s if configuration['username']
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da01058a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Tasks # :nodoc:
+    class SQLiteDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
+
+      delegate :connection, :establish_connection, to: ActiveRecord::Base
+
+      def initialize(configuration, root = Rails.root)
+        @configuration, @root = configuration, root
+      end
+
+      def create
+        if File.exist?(configuration['database'])
+          $stderr.puts "#{configuration['database']} already exists"
+          return
+        end
+
+        establish_connection configuration
+        connection
+      end
+
+      def drop
+        require 'pathname'
+        path = Pathname.new configuration['database']
+        file = path.absolute? ? path.to_s : File.join(root, path)
+
+        FileUtils.rm(file) if File.exist?(file)
+      end
+      alias :purge :drop
+
+      def charset
+        connection.encoding
+      end
+
+      def structure_dump(filename)
+        dbfile = configuration['database']
+        `sqlite3 #{dbfile} .schema > #{filename}`
+      end
+
+      def structure_load(filename)
+        dbfile = configuration['database']
+        `sqlite3 #{dbfile} < "#{filename}"`
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def configuration
+        @configuration
+      end
+
+      def root
+        @root
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
index 4d881f0f7d..c7a6c37d50 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
@@ -7,18 +7,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Defines some test assertions to test against SQL queries.
   class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase #:nodoc:
-    setup :cleanup_identity_map
-
-    def setup
-      cleanup_identity_map
-    end
-
     def teardown
-      SQLCounter.log.clear
-    end
-
-    def cleanup_identity_map
-      ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.clear
+      SQLCounter.clear_log
     end
 
     def assert_date_from_db(expected, actual, message = nil)
@@ -32,47 +22,57 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
-      SQLCounter.log = []
+      SQLCounter.clear_log
       yield
-      SQLCounter.log
+      SQLCounter.log_all
     ensure
       failed_patterns = []
       patterns_to_match.each do |pattern|
-        failed_patterns << pattern unless SQLCounter.log.any?{ |sql| pattern === sql }
+        failed_patterns << pattern unless SQLCounter.log_all.any?{ |sql| pattern === sql }
       end
       assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map{ |p| p.inspect }.join(', ')} not found.#{SQLCounter.log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{SQLCounter.log.join("\n")}"}"
     end
 
-    def assert_queries(num = 1)
-      SQLCounter.log = []
+    def assert_queries(num = 1, options = {})
+      ignore_none = options.fetch(:ignore_none) { num == :any }
+      SQLCounter.clear_log
       yield
     ensure
-      assert_equal num, SQLCounter.log.size, "#{SQLCounter.log.size} instead of #{num} queries were executed.#{SQLCounter.log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{SQLCounter.log.join("\n")}"}"
+      the_log = ignore_none ? SQLCounter.log_all : SQLCounter.log
+      if num == :any
+        assert_operator the_log.size, :>=, 1, "1 or more queries expected, but none were executed."
+      else
+        mesg = "#{the_log.size} instead of #{num} queries were executed.#{the_log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{the_log.join("\n")}"}"
+        assert_equal num, the_log.size, mesg
+      end
     end
 
     def assert_no_queries(&block)
-      prev_ignored_sql = SQLCounter.ignored_sql
-      SQLCounter.ignored_sql = []
-      assert_queries(0, &block)
-    ensure
-      SQLCounter.ignored_sql = prev_ignored_sql
+      assert_queries(0, :ignore_none => true, &block)
     end
 
   end
 
   class SQLCounter
     class << self
-      attr_accessor :ignored_sql, :log
+      attr_accessor :ignored_sql, :log, :log_all
+      def clear_log; self.log = []; self.log_all = []; end
     end
 
-    self.log = []
+    self.clear_log
 
     self.ignored_sql = [/^PRAGMA (?!(table_info))/, /^SELECT currval/, /^SELECT CAST/, /^SELECT @@IDENTITY/, /^SELECT @@ROWCOUNT/, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT/, /^RELEASE SAVEPOINT/, /^SHOW max_identifier_length/, /^BEGIN/, /^COMMIT/]
 
     # FIXME: this needs to be refactored so specific database can add their own
-    # ignored SQL.  This ignored SQL is for Oracle.
-    ignored_sql.concat [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im]
-
+    # ignored SQL, or better yet, use a different notification for the queries
+    # instead examining the SQL content.
+    oracle_ignored     = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im]
+    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/]
+    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im]
+
+    [oracle_ignored, mysql_ignored, postgresql_ignored].each do |db_ignored_sql|
+      ignored_sql.concat db_ignored_sql
+    end
 
     attr_reader :ignore
 
@@ -85,8 +85,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # FIXME: this seems bad. we should probably have a better way to indicate
       # the query was cached
-      return if 'CACHE' == values[:name] || ignore =~ sql
-      self.class.log << sql
+      return if 'CACHE' == values[:name]
+
+      self.class.log_all << sql
+      self.class.log << sql unless ignore =~ sql
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
index c717fdea47..e5b7a6bfba 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_config) do
+    mattr_accessor :record_timestamps, instance_accessor: false
+    self.record_timestamps = true
+  end
+
   # = Active Record Timestamp
   #
   # Active Record automatically timestamps create and update operations if the
@@ -33,8 +38,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      config_attribute :record_timestamps, :instance_writer => true
-      self.record_timestamps = true
+      config_attribute :record_timestamps, instance_writer: true
     end
 
     def initialize_dup(other)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index b492377d18..9cb9b4627b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -251,7 +251,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       remember_transaction_record_state
       yield
     rescue Exception
-      IdentityMap.remove(self) if IdentityMap.enabled?
       restore_transaction_record_state
       raise
     ensure
@@ -270,7 +269,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def rolledback!(force_restore_state = false) #:nodoc:
       run_callbacks :rollback
     ensure
-      IdentityMap.remove(self) if IdentityMap.enabled?
       restore_transaction_record_state(force_restore_state)
     end
 
@@ -292,7 +290,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       status = nil
       self.class.transaction do
         add_to_transaction
-        status = yield
+        begin
+          status = yield
+        rescue ActiveRecord::Rollback
+          if defined?(@_start_transaction_state) 
+            @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
+          end
+          status = nil
+        end
+        
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless status
       end
       status
@@ -304,12 +310,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def remember_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
       @_start_transaction_state ||= {}
       @_start_transaction_state[:id] = id if has_attribute?(self.class.primary_key)
-      unless @_start_transaction_state.include?(:new_record)
-        @_start_transaction_state[:new_record] = @new_record
-      end
-      unless @_start_transaction_state.include?(:destroyed)
-        @_start_transaction_state[:destroyed] = @destroyed
-      end
+      @_start_transaction_state[:new_record] = @new_record
+      @_start_transaction_state[:destroyed] = @destroyed
       @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) + 1
     end
 
@@ -327,7 +329,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
         if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1
           restore_state = remove_instance_variable(:@_start_transaction_state)
-          @attributes = @attributes.dup if @attributes.frozen?
+          was_frozen = @attributes.frozen?
+          @attributes = @attributes.dup if was_frozen
           @new_record = restore_state[:new_record]
           @destroyed  = restore_state[:destroyed]
           if restore_state.has_key?(:id)
@@ -336,6 +339,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             @attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
             @attributes_cache.delete(self.class.primary_key)
           end
+          @attributes.freeze if was_frozen
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
index 9556878f63..5a24135f8e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation = relation.and(table[finder_class.primary_key.to_sym].not_eq(record.send(:id))) if record.persisted?
 
         Array(options[:scope]).each do |scope_item|
-          scope_value = record.send(scope_item)
+          scope_value = record.read_attribute(scope_item)
           reflection = record.class.reflect_on_association(scope_item)
           if reflection
             scope_value = record.send(reflection.foreign_key)
@@ -35,8 +35,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           relation = relation.and(table[scope_item].eq(scope_value))
         end
 
-        if finder_class.unscoped.where(relation).exists?
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :taken, options.except(:case_sensitive, :scope).merge(:value => value))
+        relation = finder_class.unscoped.where(relation)
+
+        if options[:conditions]
+          relation = relation.merge(options[:conditions])
+        end
+
+        if relation.exists?
+          record.errors.add(attribute, :taken, options.except(:case_sensitive, :scope, :conditions).merge(:value => value))
         end
       end
 
@@ -102,6 +108,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     validates_uniqueness_of :teacher_id, :scope => [:semester_id, :class_id]
       #   end
       #
+      # It is also possible to limit the uniqueness constraint to a set of records matching certain conditions.
+      # In this example archived articles are not being taken into consideration when validating uniqueness
+      # of the title attribute:
+      #
+      #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_uniqueness_of :title, :conditions => where('status != ?', 'archived')
+      #   end
+      #
       # When the record is created, a check is performed to make sure that no record exists in the database
       # with the given value for the specified attribute (that maps to a column). When the record is updated,
       # the same check is made but disregarding the record itself.
@@ -109,6 +123,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "has already been taken").
       # * <tt>:scope</tt> - One or more columns by which to limit the scope of the uniqueness constraint.
+      # * <tt>:conditions</tt> - Specify the conditions to be included as a <tt>WHERE</tt> SQL fragment to limit
+      #   the uniqueness constraint lookup. (e.g. <tt>:conditions => where('status = ?', 'active')</tt>)
       # * <tt>:case_sensitive</tt> - Looks for an exact match. Ignored by non-text columns (+true+ by default).
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
@@ -180,7 +196,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # The following bundled adapters throw the ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique exception:
       # * ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter
       # * ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter
-      # * ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLiteAdapter
       # * ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter
       # * ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter
       #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
index 1509e34473..f6a432c6e5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
@@ -11,15 +11,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-        attr_reader :migration_action
+      attr_reader :migration_action, :join_tables
 
-        def set_local_assigns!
-          if file_name =~ /^(add|remove)_.*_(?:to|from)_(.*)/
-            @migration_action = $1
-            @table_name       = $2.pluralize
+      def set_local_assigns!
+        case file_name
+        when /^(add|remove)_.*_(?:to|from)_(.*)/
+          @migration_action = $1
+          @table_name       = $2.pluralize
+        when /join_table/
+          if attributes.length == 2
+            @migration_action = 'join'
+            @join_tables      = attributes.map(&:plural_name)
+
+            set_index_names
           end
         end
+      end
+
+      def set_index_names
+        attributes.each_with_index do |attr, i|
+          attr.index_name = [attr, attributes[i - 1]].map{ |a| index_name_for(a) }
+        end
+      end
 
+      def index_name_for(attribute)
+        if attribute.foreign_key?
+          attribute.name
+        else
+          attribute.name.singularize.foreign_key
+        end.to_sym
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
index d084a00ed7..d5c07aecd3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
@@ -2,30 +2,50 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration
 <%- if migration_action == 'add' -%>
   def change
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
+  <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
+    add_reference :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
+  <%- else -%>
     add_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :<%= attribute.type %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
     <%- if attribute.has_index? -%>
     add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
-    <%- end %>
+    <%- end -%>
+  <%- end -%>
 <%- end -%>
   end
+<%- elsif migration_action == 'join' -%>
+  def change
+    create_join_table :<%= join_tables.first %>, :<%= join_tables.second %> do |t|
+    <%- attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
+      <%= '# ' unless attribute.has_index? -%>t.index <%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
+    <%- end -%>
+    end
+  end
 <%- else -%>
   def up
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
-  <%- if migration_action -%>
-    <%= migration_action %>_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %><% if migration_action == 'add' %>, :<%= attribute.type %><%= attribute.inject_options %><% end %>
-    <% if attribute.has_index? && migration_action == 'add' %>
-    add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
-    <% end -%>
+<%- if migration_action -%>
+  <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
+    remove_reference :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %>
+  <%- else -%>
+    remove_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>
   <%- end -%>
 <%- end -%>
+<%- end -%>
   end
 
   def down
 <% attributes.reverse.each do |attribute| -%>
-  <%- if migration_action -%>
-    <%= migration_action == 'add' ? 'remove' : 'add' %>_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %><% if migration_action == 'remove' %>, :<%= attribute.type %><%= attribute.inject_options %><% end %>
+<%- if migration_action -%>
+  <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
+    add_reference :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
+  <%- else -%>
+    add_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :<%= attribute.type %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
+    <%- if attribute.has_index? -%>
+    add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
+    <%- end -%>
   <%- end -%>
 <%- end -%>
+<%- end -%>
   end
 <%- end -%>
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
index f3bb70fb41..8e6ef20285 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def create_migration_file
         return unless options[:migration] && options[:parent].nil?
+        attributes.each { |a| a.attr_options.delete(:index) if a.reference? && !a.has_index? } if options[:indexes] == false
         migration_template "migration.rb", "db/migrate/create_#{table_name}.rb"
       end
 
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def attributes_with_index
-        attributes.select { |a| a.has_index? || (a.reference? && options[:indexes]) }
+        attributes.select { |a| !a.reference? && a.has_index? }
       end
 
       def accessible_attributes
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
index d56f9f57a4..2cca17b94f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= class_name %> < <%= parent_class_name.classify %>
 <% attributes.select {|attr| attr.reference? }.each do |attribute| -%>
-  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %>
+  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %>
 <% end -%>
 <% if !accessible_attributes.empty? -%>
   attr_accessible <%= accessible_attributes.map {|a| ":#{a.name}" }.sort.join(', ') %>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/module.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/module.rb
index fca2908080..a3bf1c37b6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/module.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/module.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 module <%= class_path.map(&:camelize).join('::') %>
   def self.table_name_prefix
-    '<%= class_path.join('_') %>_'
+    '<%= namespaced? ? namespaced_class_path.join('_') : class_path.join('_') %>_'
   end
 end
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
index 69dfd2503e..1199be68eb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveRecord
-  class Base
-    def self.fake_connection(config)
+  module ConnectionHandling
+    def fake_connection(config)
       ConnectionAdapters::FakeAdapter.new nil, logger
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
index fa2ba8d592..c3f82bc63d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
@@ -70,11 +70,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
 
     @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+
+    # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
+    # the libmysql api)
     result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
     assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
     assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+    assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
   end
 
   def test_exec_with_binds
@@ -120,6 +123,19 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_default_in_strict_mode
+    result = @connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+    assert_equal [["STRICT_ALL_TABLES"]], result.rows
+  end
+
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Model.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({:strict => false}))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Model.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+      assert_equal [['']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   private
 
   def run_without_connection
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/enum_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40af317ad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/enum_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class MysqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_limit
+    assert_equal 5, EnumTest.columns.first.limit
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
index 5aa4743e7b..ddfe42b375 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
         assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 10, result.rows.last.last
+        # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
+        # the libmysql api)
+        assert_equal '10', result.rows.last.last
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_string
@@ -56,6 +58,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_pk_and_sequence_for
+        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        assert_equal 'id', pk
+        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+      end
+
+      def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_non_standard_primary_key
+        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_non_standard_pk')
+        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
+          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_non_standard_pk` (
+            `code` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment,
+             PRIMARY KEY  (`code`))
+        eosql
+        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_non_standard_pk')
+        assert_equal 'code', pk
+        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex_with_non_standard_pk', 'code'), seq
+      end
+
+      def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_custom_index_type_pk
+        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
+        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
+          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_custom_index_type_pk` (
+            `id` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment,
+             PRIMARY KEY  USING BTREE (`id`))
+        eosql
+        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
+        assert_equal 'id', pk
+        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk', 'id'), seq
+      end
+
       private
       def insert(ctx, data)
         binds   = data.map { |name, value|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
index 292c7efebb..8e3eeac81e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'select'=>'id int auto_increment primary key',
       'values'=>'id int auto_increment primary key, group_id int',
       'distinct'=>'id int auto_increment primary key',
-      'distincts_selects'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
+      'distinct_select'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
   end
 
   def teardown
-    drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distincts_selects', 'order']
+    drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distinct_select', 'order']
   end
 
   # create tables with reserved-word names and columns
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   #activerecord model class with reserved-word table name
   def test_activerecord_model
-    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distincts_selects
+    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distinct_select
     x = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { x = Group.new }
     x.order = 'x'
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # has_one association with reserved-word table name
   def test_has_one_associations
-    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distincts_selects
+    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distinct_select
     v = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { v = Group.find(1).values }
     assert_equal 2, v.id
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # belongs_to association with reserved-word table name
   def test_belongs_to_associations
-    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distincts_selects
+    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distinct_select
     gs = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { gs = Select.find(2).groups }
     assert_equal gs.length, 2
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # has_and_belongs_to_many with reserved-word table name
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many
-    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distincts_selects
+    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distinct_select
     s = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { s = Distinct.find(1).selects }
     assert_equal s.length, 2
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_associations_work_with_reserved_words
-    assert_nothing_raised { Select.find(:all, :include => [:groups]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Select.scoped(:includes => [:groups]).all }
   end
 
   #the following functions were added to DRY test cases
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
index 29f885c6e7..d94bb629a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_schema
-        assert @omgpost.find(:first)
+        assert @omgpost.first
       end
 
       def test_primary_key
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
index cd9c1041dc..5e8065d80d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_update_question_marks
           str       = "foo?bar"
-          x         = Topic.find :first
+          x         = Topic.first
           x.title   = str
           x.content = str
           x.save!
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_update_null_bytes
           str       = "foo\0bar"
-          x         = Topic.find :first
+          x         = Topic.first
           x.title   = str
           x.content = str
           x.save!
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index 8e2b9ca9a5..276c499276 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     super
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Model.connection
+    @connection.extend(LogIntercepter)
+    @connection.intercepted = true
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.intercepted = false
+    @connection.logged = []
   end
 
   def test_no_automatic_reconnection_after_timeout
@@ -29,6 +36,42 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert @connection.active?
   end
 
+  # TODO: Below is a straight up copy/paste from mysql/connection_test.rb
+  # I'm not sure what the correct way is to share these tests between
+  # adapters in minitest.
+  def test_mysql_default_in_strict_mode
+    result = @connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+    assert_equal [["STRICT_ALL_TABLES"]], result.rows
+  end
+
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Model.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({:strict => false}))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Model.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+      assert_equal [['']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_logs_name_structure_dump
+    @connection.structure_dump
+    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @connection.logged[0][1]
+    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @connection.logged[2][1]
+  end
+
+  def test_logs_name_show_variable
+    @connection.show_variable 'foo'
+    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @connection.logged[0][1]
+  end
+
+  def test_logs_name_rename_column_sql
+    @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE `bar_baz` (`foo` varchar(255))"
+    @connection.logged = []
+    @connection.send(:rename_column_sql, 'bar_baz', 'foo', 'foo2')
+    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @connection.logged[0][1]
+  ensure
+    @connection.execute "DROP TABLE `bar_baz`"
+  end
+
   private
 
   def run_without_connection
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3a05e48ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class Mysql2EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_limit
+    assert_equal 5, EnumTest.columns.first.limit
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
index 3a9744e78f..5c2c113c78 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'select'=>'id int auto_increment primary key',
       'values'=>'id int auto_increment primary key, group_id int',
       'distinct'=>'id int auto_increment primary key',
-      'distincts_selects'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
+      'distinct_select'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
   end
 
   def teardown
-    drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distincts_selects', 'order']
+    drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distinct_select', 'order']
   end
 
   # create tables with reserved-word names and columns
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   #activerecord model class with reserved-word table name
   def test_activerecord_model
-    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distincts_selects
+    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distinct_select
     x = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { x = Group.new }
     x.order = 'x'
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # has_one association with reserved-word table name
   def test_has_one_associations
-    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distincts_selects
+    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distinct_select
     v = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { v = Group.find(1).values }
     assert_equal 2, v.id
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # belongs_to association with reserved-word table name
   def test_belongs_to_associations
-    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distincts_selects
+    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distinct_select
     gs = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { gs = Select.find(2).groups }
     assert_equal gs.length, 2
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # has_and_belongs_to_many with reserved-word table name
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many
-    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distincts_selects
+    create_test_fixtures :select, :distinct, :group, :values, :distinct_select
     s = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { s = Distinct.find(1).selects }
     assert_equal s.length, 2
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_associations_work_with_reserved_words
-    assert_nothing_raised { Select.find(:all, :include => [:groups]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Select.scoped(:includes => [:groups]).all }
   end
 
   #the following functions were added to DRY test cases
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
index de4d9c2b33..2c0ed73c92 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_schema
-        assert @omgpost.find(:first)
+        assert @omgpost.first
       end
 
       def test_primary_key
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
index 447d729e52..113c27b194 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal %(CREATE DATABASE "aimonetti" ENCODING = 'latin1'), create_database(:aimonetti, :encoding => :latin1)
   end
 
+  def test_create_database_with_collation_and_ctype
+    assert_equal %(CREATE DATABASE "aimonetti" ENCODING = 'UTF8' LC_COLLATE = 'ja_JP.UTF8' LC_CTYPE = 'ja_JP.UTF8'), create_database(:aimonetti, :encoding => :"UTF8", :collation => :"ja_JP.UTF8", :ctype => :"ja_JP.UTF8")
+  end
+
   def test_add_index
     # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
     ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send(:define_method, :index_name_exists?) do |*|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index 4baec749ff..202f7e27c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -8,12 +8,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def setup
       super
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection.extend(LogIntercepter)
+      @connection.intercepted = true
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      @connection.intercepted = false
+      @connection.logged = []
     end
 
     def test_encoding
       assert_not_nil @connection.encoding
     end
 
+    def test_collation
+      assert_not_nil @connection.collation
+    end
+
+    def test_ctype
+      assert_not_nil @connection.ctype
+    end
+
+    def test_default_client_min_messages
+      assert_equal "warning", @connection.client_min_messages
+    end
+
     # Ensure, we can set connection params using the example of Generic
     # Query Optimizer (geqo). It is 'on' per default.
     def test_connection_options
@@ -25,5 +44,114 @@ module ActiveRecord
       expect = NonExistentTable.connection.query('show geqo').first.first
       assert_equal 'off', expect
     end
+
+    def test_tables_logs_name
+      @connection.tables('hello')
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+    end
+
+    def test_indexes_logs_name
+      @connection.indexes('items', 'hello')
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+    end
+
+    def test_table_exists_logs_name
+      @connection.table_exists?('items')
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+    end
+
+    def test_table_alias_length_logs_name
+      @connection.instance_variable_set("@table_alias_length", nil)
+      @connection.table_alias_length
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+    end
+
+    def test_current_database_logs_name
+      @connection.current_database
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+    end
+
+    def test_encoding_logs_name
+      @connection.encoding
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_names_logs_name
+      @connection.schema_names
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+    end
+
+    def test_reconnection_after_simulated_disconnection_with_verify
+      assert @connection.active?
+      original_connection_pid = @connection.query('select pg_backend_pid()')
+
+      # Fail with bad connection after next query attempt.
+      connection_class = class << @connection ; self ; end
+      connection_class.class_eval <<-CODE
+        def query_fake(*args)
+          if @called ||= false
+            @connection.stubs(:status).returns(PCconn::CONNECTION_BAD)
+            raise PGError
+          else
+            @called = true
+            @connection.unstub(:status)
+            query_unfake(*args)
+          end
+        end
+
+        alias query_unfake query
+        alias query        query_fake
+      CODE
+
+      begin
+        @connection.verify!
+        new_connection_pid = @connection.query('select pg_backend_pid()')
+      ensure
+        connection_class.class_eval <<-CODE
+          alias query query_unfake
+          undef query_fake
+        CODE
+      end
+
+      assert_equal original_connection_pid, new_connection_pid, "Should have a new underlying connection pid"
+    end
+
+    # Must have with_manual_interventions set to true for this
+    # test to run.
+    # When prompted, restart the PostgreSQL server with the
+    # "-m fast" option or kill the individual connection assuming
+    # you know the incantation to do that.
+    # To restart PostgreSQL 9.1 on OS X, installed via MacPorts, ...
+    # sudo su postgres -c "pg_ctl restart -D /opt/local/var/db/postgresql91/defaultdb/ -m fast"
+    def test_reconnection_after_actual_disconnection_with_verify
+      skip "with_manual_interventions is false in configuration" unless ARTest.config['with_manual_interventions']
+
+      original_connection_pid = @connection.query('select pg_backend_pid()')
+
+      # Sanity check.
+      assert @connection.active?
+
+      puts 'Kill the connection now (e.g. by restarting the PostgreSQL ' +
+           'server with the "-m fast" option) and then press enter.'
+      $stdin.gets
+
+      @connection.verify!
+
+      assert @connection.active?
+
+      # If we get no exception here, then either we re-connected successfully, or
+      # we never actually got disconnected.
+      new_connection_pid = @connection.query('select pg_backend_pid()')
+
+      assert_not_equal original_connection_pid, new_connection_pid,
+        "umm -- looks like you didn't break the connection, because we're still " +
+        "successfully querying with the same connection pid."
+
+      # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
+      @fixture_connections.each do |c|
+        c.verify!
+      end
+    end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
index ce08e4c6a7..a4d9286d52 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ end
 class PostgresqlTimestampWithZone < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
+class PostgresqlUUID < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
 class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
@@ -61,6 +64,9 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first_oid = PostgresqlOid.find(1)
 
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_timestamp_with_zones (time) VALUES ('2010-01-01 10:00:00-1')")
+
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_uuids (guid, compact_guid) VALUES('d96c3da0-96c1-012f-1316-64ce8f32c6d8', 'f06c715096c1012f131764ce8f32c6d8')")
+    @first_uuid = PostgresqlUUID.find(1)
   end
 
   def test_data_type_of_array_types
@@ -86,9 +92,9 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_data_type_of_network_address_types
-    assert_equal :string, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:cidr_address).type
-    assert_equal :string, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:inet_address).type
-    assert_equal :string, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:mac_address).type
+    assert_equal :cidr, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:cidr_address).type
+    assert_equal :inet, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:inet_address).type
+    assert_equal :macaddr, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:mac_address).type
   end
 
   def test_data_type_of_bit_string_types
@@ -100,6 +106,10 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal :integer, @first_oid.column_for_attribute(:obj_id).type
   end
 
+  def test_data_type_of_uuid_types
+    assert_equal :uuid, @first_uuid.column_for_attribute(:guid).type
+  end
+
   def test_array_values
    assert_equal '{35000,21000,18000,17000}', @first_array.commission_by_quarter
    assert_equal '{foo,bar,baz}', @first_array.nicknames
@@ -134,12 +144,20 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal '-1 years -2 days', @first_time.time_interval
   end
 
-  def test_network_address_values
-    assert_equal '192.168.0.0/24', @first_network_address.cidr_address
-    assert_equal '172.16.1.254', @first_network_address.inet_address
+  def test_network_address_values_ipaddr
+    cidr_address = IPAddr.new '192.168.0.0/24'
+    inet_address = IPAddr.new '172.16.1.254'
+
+    assert_equal cidr_address, @first_network_address.cidr_address
+    assert_equal inet_address, @first_network_address.inet_address
     assert_equal '01:23:45:67:89:0a', @first_network_address.mac_address
   end
 
+  def test_uuid_values
+    assert_equal 'd96c3da0-96c1-012f-1316-64ce8f32c6d8', @first_uuid.guid
+    assert_equal 'f06c7150-96c1-012f-1317-64ce8f32c6d8', @first_uuid.compact_guid
+  end
+
   def test_bit_string_values
     assert_equal '00010101', @first_bit_string.bit_string
     assert_equal '00010101', @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying
@@ -200,8 +218,8 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_update_network_address
-    new_cidr_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
-    new_inet_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
+    new_inet_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
+    new_cidr_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
     new_mac_address = 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56'
     assert @first_network_address.cidr_address = new_cidr_address
     assert @first_network_address.inet_address = new_inet_address
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
index 0b61f61572..619d581d5f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs"  WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
           assert_match %(Seq Scan on audit_logs), explain
         end
+
+        def test_dont_explain_for_set_search_path
+          queries = Thread.current[:available_queries_for_explain] = []
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path = "public"
+          assert queries.empty?
+        end
+
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index 1644a58d92..23bafde17b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'active_record/base'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_rewrite
     @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
-    x = Hstore.find :first
+    x = Hstore.first
     x.tags = { '"a\'' => 'b' }
     assert x.save!
   end
@@ -96,13 +98,13 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_select
     @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
-    x = Hstore.find :first
+    x = Hstore.first
     assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, x.tags)
   end
 
   def test_select_multikey
     @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2,2=>3')"
-    x = Hstore.find :first
+    x = Hstore.first
     assert_equal({'1' => '2', '2' => '3'}, x.tags)
   end
 
@@ -134,13 +136,19 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_cycle('a=>b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
   end
 
+  def test_quoting_special_characters
+    assert_cycle('ca' => 'cà', 'ac' => 'àc')
+  end
+
   private
   def assert_cycle hash
+    # test creation
     x = Hstore.create!(:tags => hash)
     x.reload
     assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
 
-    # make sure updates work
+    # test updating
+    x = Hstore.create!(:tags => {})
     x.tags = hash
     x.save!
     x.reload
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index a71d0bb848..92e31a3e44 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -49,6 +49,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal expect, id
       end
 
+      def test_insert_sql_with_returning_disabled
+        connection = connection_without_insert_returning
+        id = connection.insert_sql("insert into postgresql_partitioned_table_parent (number) VALUES (1)")
+        expect = connection.query('select max(id) from postgresql_partitioned_table_parent').first.first
+        assert_equal expect, id
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert_with_returning_disabled
+        connection = connection_without_insert_returning
+        result = connection.exec_insert("insert into postgresql_partitioned_table_parent (number) VALUES (1)", nil, [], 'id', 'postgresql_partitioned_table_parent_id_seq')
+        expect = connection.query('select max(id) from postgresql_partitioned_table_parent').first.first
+        assert_equal expect, result.rows.first.first
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert_with_returning_disabled_and_no_sequence_name_given
+        connection = connection_without_insert_returning
+        result = connection.exec_insert("insert into postgresql_partitioned_table_parent (number) VALUES (1)", nil, [], 'id')
+        expect = connection.query('select max(id) from postgresql_partitioned_table_parent').first.first
+        assert_equal expect, result.rows.first.first
+      end
+
+      def test_sql_for_insert_with_returning_disabled
+        connection = connection_without_insert_returning
+        result = connection.sql_for_insert('sql', nil, nil, nil, 'binds')
+        assert_equal ['sql', 'binds'], result
+      end
+
       def test_serial_sequence
         assert_equal 'public.accounts_id_seq',
           @connection.serial_sequence('accounts', 'id')
@@ -204,6 +231,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
       end
+
+      def connection_without_insert_returning
+        ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(:insert_returning => false))
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
index 172055f15c..f8a605b67c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
           assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, c)
         end
+
+        def test_quote_float_nan
+          nan = 0.0/0
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
+          assert_equal "'NaN'", @conn.quote(nan, c)
+        end
+
+        def test_quote_float_infinity
+          infinity = 1.0/0
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
+          assert_equal "'Infinity'", @conn.quote(infinity, c)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
index 337f43c421..26507ad654 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -27,4 +27,69 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     d = Developer.create!(:name => 'aaron', :updated_at => -1.0 / 0.0)
     assert_equal(-1.0 / 0.0, d.updated_at)
   end
+
+  def test_default_datetime_precision
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime
+    assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamp_data_type_with_precision
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime, :precision => 0
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime, :precision => 5
+    assert_equal 0, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
+    assert_equal 5, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamps_helper_with_custom_precision
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
+      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+    end
+    assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
+    assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
+  end
+
+  def test_passing_precision_to_timestamp_does_not_set_limit
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
+      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+    end
+    assert_nil activerecord_column_option("foos", "created_at", "limit")
+    assert_nil activerecord_column_option("foos", "updated_at", "limit")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_timestamp_precision_raises_error
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
+        t.timestamps :precision => 7
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_postgres_agrees_with_activerecord_about_precision
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
+      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+    end
+    assert_equal '4', pg_datetime_precision('foos', 'created_at')
+    assert_equal '4', pg_datetime_precision('foos', 'updated_at')
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def pg_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
+      results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name ='#{table_name}'")
+      result = results.find do |result_hash|
+        result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
+      end
+      result && result["datetime_precision"]
+    end
+
+    def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
+        column.name == column_name
+      end
+      result && result.send(option)
+    end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
index 575b4806c1..7eef4ace81 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
@@ -57,6 +57,14 @@ class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_copy_table_with_unconventional_primary_key
+    test_copy_table('owners', 'owners_unconventional') do |from, to, options|
+      original_pk = @connection.primary_key('owners') 
+      copied_pk = @connection.primary_key('owners_unconventional')
+      assert_equal original_pk, copied_pk
+    end
+  end
+
 protected
   def copy_table(from, to, options = {})
     @connection.copy_table(from, to, {:temporary => true}.merge(options))
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
index 1dbeb66af6..2ba9143cd5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require 'securerandom'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class SQLiteAdapter
+    class SQLite3Adapter
       class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         def setup
           @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index 17bde6cb62..4e26c5dda1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
             number integer
           )
         eosql
+
+        @conn.extend(LogIntercepter)
+        @conn.intercepted = true
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        @conn.intercepted = false
+        @conn.logged = []
       end
 
       def test_column_types
@@ -58,18 +66,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_connection_no_adapter
-        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-          Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:'
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_connection_wrong_adapter
-        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-          Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',:adapter => 'vuvuzela'
-        end
-      end
-
       def test_bad_timeout
         assert_raises(TypeError) do
           Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
@@ -239,13 +235,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_tables_logs_name
-        name = "hello"
-        assert_logged [[name, []]] do
-          @conn.tables(name)
+        assert_logged [['SCHEMA', []]] do
+          @conn.tables('hello')
           assert_not_nil @conn.logged.first.shift
         end
       end
 
+      def test_indexes_logs_name
+        assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"items\")", 'SCHEMA', []]] do
+          @conn.indexes('items', 'hello')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_table_exists_logs_name
+        assert @conn.table_exists?('items')
+        assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @conn.logged[0][1]
+      end
+
       def test_columns
         columns = @conn.columns('items').sort_by { |x| x.name }
         assert_equal 2, columns.length
@@ -281,7 +287,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_indexes_logs
-        intercept_logs_on @conn
         assert_difference('@conn.logged.length') do
           @conn.indexes('items')
         end
@@ -333,21 +338,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
 
       def assert_logged logs
-        intercept_logs_on @conn
         yield
         assert_equal logs, @conn.logged
       end
 
-      def intercept_logs_on ctx
-        @conn.extend(Module.new {
-          attr_accessor :logged
-          def log sql, name, binds = []
-            @logged << [sql, name, binds]
-            yield
-          end
-        })
-        @conn.logged = []
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
index ae272e2c4b..2f04c60a9a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
-  class SQLiteAdapter
+  class SQLite3Adapter
     class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def test_cache_is_per_pid
         return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e0e6dce2c..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/customer'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/exception'
-
-class AggregationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :customers
-
-  def test_find_single_value_object
-    assert_equal 50, customers(:david).balance.amount
-    assert_kind_of Money, customers(:david).balance
-    assert_equal 300, customers(:david).balance.exchange_to("DKK").amount
-  end
-
-  def test_find_multiple_value_object
-    assert_equal customers(:david).address_street, customers(:david).address.street
-    assert(
-      customers(:david).address.close_to?(Address.new("Different Street", customers(:david).address_city, customers(:david).address_country))
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_change_single_value_object
-    customers(:david).balance = Money.new(100)
-    customers(:david).save
-    assert_equal 100, customers(:david).reload.balance.amount
-  end
-
-  def test_immutable_value_objects
-    customers(:david).balance = Money.new(100)
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::FrozenObjectError) { customers(:david).balance.instance_eval { @amount = 20 } }
-  end
-
-  def test_inferred_mapping
-    assert_equal "35.544623640962634", customers(:david).gps_location.latitude
-    assert_equal "-105.9309951055148", customers(:david).gps_location.longitude
-
-    customers(:david).gps_location = GpsLocation.new("39x-110")
-
-    assert_equal "39", customers(:david).gps_location.latitude
-    assert_equal "-110", customers(:david).gps_location.longitude
-
-    customers(:david).save
-
-    customers(:david).reload
-
-    assert_equal "39", customers(:david).gps_location.latitude
-    assert_equal "-110", customers(:david).gps_location.longitude
-  end
-
-  def test_reloaded_instance_refreshes_aggregations
-    assert_equal "35.544623640962634", customers(:david).gps_location.latitude
-    assert_equal "-105.9309951055148", customers(:david).gps_location.longitude
-
-    Customer.update_all("gps_location = '24x113'")
-    customers(:david).reload
-    assert_equal '24x113', customers(:david)['gps_location']
-
-    assert_equal GpsLocation.new('24x113'), customers(:david).gps_location
-  end
-
-  def test_gps_equality
-    assert_equal GpsLocation.new('39x110'), GpsLocation.new('39x110')
-  end
-
-  def test_gps_inequality
-    assert_not_equal GpsLocation.new('39x110'), GpsLocation.new('39x111')
-  end
-
-  def test_allow_nil_gps_is_nil
-    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).gps_location
-  end
-
-  def test_allow_nil_gps_set_to_nil
-    customers(:david).gps_location = nil
-    customers(:david).save
-    customers(:david).reload
-    assert_nil customers(:david).gps_location
-  end
-
-  def test_allow_nil_set_address_attributes_to_nil
-    customers(:zaphod).address = nil
-    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).attributes[:address_street]
-    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).attributes[:address_city]
-    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).attributes[:address_country]
-  end
-
-  def test_allow_nil_address_set_to_nil
-    customers(:zaphod).address = nil
-    customers(:zaphod).save
-    customers(:zaphod).reload
-    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).address
-  end
-
-  def test_nil_raises_error_when_allow_nil_is_false
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { customers(:david).balance = nil }
-  end
-
-  def test_allow_nil_address_loaded_when_only_some_attributes_are_nil
-    customers(:zaphod).address_street = nil
-    customers(:zaphod).save
-    customers(:zaphod).reload
-    assert_kind_of Address, customers(:zaphod).address
-    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).address.street
-  end
-
-  def test_nil_assignment_results_in_nil
-    customers(:david).gps_location = GpsLocation.new('39x111')
-    assert_not_nil customers(:david).gps_location
-    customers(:david).gps_location = nil
-    assert_nil customers(:david).gps_location
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_constructor
-    assert_equal 'Barney GUMBLE', customers(:barney).fullname.to_s
-    assert_kind_of Fullname, customers(:barney).fullname
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_converter
-    customers(:barney).fullname = 'Barnoit Gumbleau'
-    assert_equal 'Barnoit GUMBLEAU', customers(:barney).fullname.to_s
-    assert_kind_of Fullname, customers(:barney).fullname
-  end
-end
-
-class OverridingAggregationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Name; end
-  class DifferentName; end
-
-  class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-    composed_of :composed_of, :mapping => %w(person_first_name first_name)
-  end
-
-  class DifferentPerson < Person
-    composed_of :composed_of, :class_name => 'DifferentName', :mapping => %w(different_person_first_name first_name)
-  end
-
-  def test_composed_of_aggregation_redefinition_reflections_should_differ_and_not_inherited
-    assert_not_equal Person.reflect_on_aggregation(:composed_of),
-                     DifferentPerson.reflect_on_aggregation(:composed_of)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
index 588adc38e3..b2eac0349b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,13 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def test_schema_subclass
+      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Schema).define(:version => 9) do
+        create_table :fruits
+      end
+      assert_nothing_raised { @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM fruits" }
+    end
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d38648202e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/author'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Associations
+    class AssociationScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      test 'does not duplicate conditions' do
+        association_scope = AssociationScope.new(Author.new.association(:welcome_posts))
+        wheres = association_scope.scope.where_values.map(&:right)
+        assert_equal wheres.uniq, wheres
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
index 1160d236c9..5825a23b33 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_loading_with_primary_key
     Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
     Client.create("name" => "Citibank", :firm_name => "Apple")
-    citibank_result = Client.find(:first, :conditions => {:name => "Citibank"}, :include => :firm_with_primary_key)
+    citibank_result = Client.scoped(:where => {:name => "Citibank"}, :includes => :firm_with_primary_key).first
     assert citibank_result.association_cache.key?(:firm_with_primary_key)
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_primary_key_as_symbol
     Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
     Client.create("name" => "Citibank", :firm_name => "Apple")
-    citibank_result = Client.find(:first, :conditions => {:name => "Citibank"}, :include => :firm_with_primary_key_symbols)
+    citibank_result = Client.scoped(:where => {:name => "Citibank"}, :includes => :firm_with_primary_key_symbols).first
     assert citibank_result.association_cache.key?(:firm_with_primary_key_symbols)
   end
 
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     sponsor.sponsorable = Member.new :name => "Bert"
     assert_equal Member, sponsor.association(:sponsorable).send(:klass)
+    assert_equal "members", sponsor.association(:sponsorable).aliased_table_name
   end
 
   def test_with_polymorphic_and_condition
@@ -180,8 +181,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_with_select
-    assert_equal Company.find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size, 1
-    assert_equal Company.find(2, :include => :firm_with_select ).firm_with_select.attributes.size, 1
+    assert_equal 1, Company.find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
+    assert_equal 1, Company.scoped(:includes => :firm_with_select ).find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_counter
@@ -297,12 +298,12 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]
   end
 
-  def test_belongs_to_counter_when_update_column
+  def test_belongs_to_counter_when_update_columns
     topic = Topic.create!(:title => "37s")
     topic.replies.create!(:title => "re: 37s", :content => "rails")
     assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]
 
-    topic.update_column(:content, "rails is wonderfull")
+    topic.update_columns(content: "rails is wonderfull")
     assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]
   end
 
@@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_new_record_with_foreign_key_but_no_object
     c = Client.new("firm_id" => 1)
     # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
-    assert_equal Firm.find(:first, :order => "id"), c.firm_with_basic_id
+    assert_equal Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first, c.firm_with_basic_id
   end
 
   def test_setting_foreign_key_after_nil_target_loaded
@@ -393,9 +394,9 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_association_assignment_sticks
-    post = Post.find(:first)
+    post = Post.first
 
-    author1, author2 = Author.find(:all, :limit => 2)
+    author1, author2 = Author.scoped(:limit => 2).all
     assert_not_nil author1
     assert_not_nil author2
 
@@ -497,14 +498,14 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Account.find(@account.id).save!
-      Account.find(@account.id, :include => :firm).save!
+      Account.scoped(:includes => :firm).find(@account.id).save!
     end
 
     @account.firm.delete
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Account.find(@account.id).save!
-      Account.find(@account.id, :include => :firm).save!
+      Account.scoped(:includes => :firm).find(@account.id).save!
     end
   end
 
@@ -517,7 +518,7 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       authors(:david).destroy
     end
 
-    assert_equal [], AuthorAddress.find_all_by_id([author_address.id, author_address_extra.id])
+    assert_equal [], AuthorAddress.where(id: [author_address.id, author_address_extra.id])
     assert_equal [author_address.id], AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids
   end
 
@@ -704,4 +705,27 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal toy, sponsor.reload.sponsorable
   end
+
+  test "stale tracking doesn't care about the type" do
+    apple = Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
+    citibank = Account.create("credit_limit" => 10)
+
+    citibank.firm_id = apple.id
+    citibank.firm # load it
+
+    citibank.firm_id = apple.id.to_s
+
+    assert !citibank.association(:firm).stale_target?
+  end
+
+  def test_reflect_the_most_recent_change
+    author1, author2 = Author.limit(2)
+    post = Post.new(:title => "foo", :body=> "bar")
+
+    post.author    = author1
+    post.author_id = author2.id
+
+    assert post.save
+    assert_equal post.author_id, author2.id
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
index 6733f3e889..01f7f18397 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
            :categorizations, :people, :categories, :edges, :vertices
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels
-    authors = Author.find(:all, :include=>{:posts=>:comments}, :order=>"authors.id")
+    authors = Author.scoped(:includes=>{:posts=>:comments}, :order=>"authors.id").all
     assert_equal 3, authors.size
     assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
     assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_and_one_level
-    authors = Author.find(:all, :include=>[{:posts=>:comments}, :categorizations], :order=>"authors.id")
+    authors = Author.scoped(:includes=>[{:posts=>:comments}, :categorizations], :order=>"authors.id").all
     assert_equal 3, authors.size
     assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
     assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_with_two_has_many_associations
-    authors = Author.find(:all, :include=>{:posts=>[:comments, :categorizations]}, :order=>"authors.id")
+    authors = Author.scoped(:includes=>{:posts=>[:comments, :categorizations]}, :order=>"authors.id").all
     assert_equal 3, authors.size
     assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
     assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_and_self_table_reference
-    authors = Author.find(:all, :include=>{:posts=>[:comments, :author]}, :order=>"authors.id")
+    authors = Author.scoped(:includes=>{:posts=>[:comments, :author]}, :order=>"authors.id").all
     assert_equal 3, authors.size
     assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
     assert_equal authors(:david).name, authors[0].name
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_with_condition
-    authors = Author.find(:all, :include=>{:posts=>:comments}, :conditions=>"authors.id=1", :order=>"authors.id")
+    authors = Author.scoped(:includes=>{:posts=>:comments}, :where=>"authors.id=1", :order=>"authors.id").all
     assert_equal 1, authors.size
     assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_three_levels_by_ping_pong
-    firms = Firm.find(:all, :include=>{:account=>{:firm=>:account}}, :order=>"companies.id")
+    firms = Firm.scoped(:includes=>{:account=>{:firm=>:account}}, :order=>"companies.id").all
     assert_equal 2, firms.size
     assert_equal firms.first.account, firms.first.account.firm.account
     assert_equal companies(:first_firm).account, assert_no_queries { firms.first.account.firm.account }
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_has_many_sti
-    topics = Topic.find(:all, :include => :replies, :order => 'topics.id')
+    topics = Topic.scoped(:includes => :replies, :order => 'topics.id').all
     first, second, = topics(:first).replies.size, topics(:second).replies.size
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal first, topics[0].replies.size
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     silly.parent_id = 1
     assert silly.save
 
-    topics = Topic.find(:all, :include => :replies, :order => ['topics.id', 'replies_topics.id'])
+    topics = Topic.scoped(:includes => :replies, :order => ['topics.id', 'replies_topics.id']).all
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal 2, topics[0].replies.size
       assert_equal 0, topics[1].replies.size
@@ -135,14 +135,14 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_sti
-    replies = Reply.find(:all, :include => :topic, :order => 'topics.id')
+    replies = Reply.scoped(:includes => :topic, :order => 'topics.id').all
     assert replies.include?(topics(:second))
     assert !replies.include?(topics(:first))
     assert_equal topics(:first), assert_no_queries { replies.first.topic }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_multiple_stis_and_order
-    author = Author.find(:first, :include => { :posts => [ :special_comments , :very_special_comment ] }, :order => ['authors.name', 'comments.body', 'very_special_comments_posts.body'], :conditions => 'posts.id = 4')
+    author = Author.scoped(:includes => { :posts => [ :special_comments , :very_special_comment ] }, :order => ['authors.name', 'comments.body', 'very_special_comments_posts.body'], :where => 'posts.id = 4').first
     assert_equal authors(:david), author
     assert_no_queries do
       author.posts.first.special_comments
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_of_stis_with_multiple_references
-    authors = Author.find(:all, :include => { :posts => { :special_comments => { :post => [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] } } }, :order => 'comments.body, very_special_comments_posts.body', :conditions => 'posts.id = 4')
+    authors = Author.scoped(:includes => { :posts => { :special_comments => { :post => [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] } } }, :order => 'comments.body, very_special_comments_posts.body', :where => 'posts.id = 4').all
     assert_equal [authors(:david)], authors
     assert_no_queries do
       authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.special_comments
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_where_first_level_returns_nil
-    authors = Author.find(:all, :include => {:post_about_thinking => :comments}, :order => 'authors.id DESC')
+    authors = Author.scoped(:includes => {:post_about_thinking => :comments}, :order => 'authors.id DESC').all
     assert_equal [authors(:bob), authors(:mary), authors(:david)], authors
     assert_no_queries do
       authors[2].post_about_thinking.comments.first
@@ -168,12 +168,12 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_recursive_cascading_four_levels_has_many_through
-    source = Vertex.find(:first, :include=>{:sinks=>{:sinks=>{:sinks=>:sinks}}}, :order => 'vertices.id')
+    source = Vertex.scoped(:includes=>{:sinks=>{:sinks=>{:sinks=>:sinks}}}, :order => 'vertices.id').first
     assert_equal vertices(:vertex_4), assert_no_queries { source.sinks.first.sinks.first.sinks.first }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_recursive_cascading_four_levels_has_and_belongs_to_many
-    sink = Vertex.find(:first, :include=>{:sources=>{:sources=>{:sources=>:sources}}}, :order => 'vertices.id DESC')
+    sink = Vertex.scoped(:includes=>{:sources=>{:sources=>{:sources=>:sources}}}, :order => 'vertices.id DESC').first
     assert_equal vertices(:vertex_1), assert_no_queries { sink.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first }
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
index 7965bb404c..75a6295350 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
@@ -24,12 +24,11 @@ class EagerLoadIncludeFullStiClassNamesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
 
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
-    post = Namespaced::Post.find_by_title( 'Great stuff', :include => :tagging )
+    post = Namespaced::Post.includes(:tagging).find_by_title('Great stuff')
     assert_nil post.tagging
 
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.clear
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
-    post = Namespaced::Post.find_by_title( 'Great stuff', :include => :tagging )
+    post = Namespaced::Post.includes(:tagging).find_by_title('Great stuff')
     assert_instance_of Tagging, post.tagging
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
index 1e1958410c..bb0d6bc70b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
@@ -92,8 +92,7 @@ class EagerLoadPolyAssocsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_query
-    res = 0
-    res = ShapeExpression.find :all, :include => [ :shape, { :paint => :non_poly } ]
+    res = ShapeExpression.scoped(:includes => [ :shape, { :paint => :non_poly } ]).all
     assert_equal NUM_SHAPE_EXPRESSIONS, res.size
     assert_queries(0) do
       res.each do |se|
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ class EagerLoadNestedIncludeWithMissingDataTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised do
       # @davey_mcdave doesn't have any author_favorites
       includes = {:posts => :comments, :categorizations => :category, :author_favorites => :favorite_author }
-      Author.all :include => includes, :conditions => {:authors => {:name => @davey_mcdave.name}}, :order => 'categories.name'
+      Author.scoped(:includes => includes, :where => {:authors => {:name => @davey_mcdave.name}}, :order => 'categories.name').to_a
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
index 07d0b24613..5805e71249 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
@@ -103,43 +103,43 @@ class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_belongs_to
     return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Virus.find(:all, :include => :octopus)
+      Virus.scoped(:includes => :octopus).all
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_one
     return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Octopus.find(:all, :include => :virus)
+      Octopus.scoped(:includes => :virus).all
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many
     return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Bus.find(:all, :include => :passes)
+      Bus.scoped(:includes => :passes).all
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_and_belongs_to_many
     return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Crisis.find(:all, :include => :messes)
-      Mess.find(:all, :include => :crises)
+      Crisis.scoped(:includes => :messes).all
+      Mess.scoped(:includes => :crises).all
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many_through_belongs_to
     return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Crisis.find(:all, :include => :successes)
+      Crisis.scoped(:includes => :successes).all
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many_through_has_many
     return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Crisis.find(:all, :include => :compresses)
+      Crisis.scoped(:includes => :compresses).all
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
index b79c69bbb5..31b11ee334 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
@@ -29,48 +29,43 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
             :owners, :pets, :author_favorites, :jobs, :references, :subscribers, :subscriptions, :books,
             :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :members, :memberships, :clubs, :sponsors
 
-  def setup
-    # preheat table existence caches
-    Comment.find_by_id(1)
-  end
-
   def test_eager_with_has_one_through_join_model_with_conditions_on_the_through
-    member = Member.find(members(:some_other_guy).id, :include => :favourite_club)
+    member = Member.scoped(:includes => :favourite_club).find(members(:some_other_guy).id)
     assert_nil member.favourite_club
   end
 
   def test_loading_with_one_association
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => :comments)
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => :comments).all
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
     assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
     assert post.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
 
-    post = Post.find(:first, :include => :comments, :conditions => "posts.title = 'Welcome to the weblog'")
+    post = Post.scoped(:includes => :comments, :where => "posts.title = 'Welcome to the weblog'").first
     assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
     assert post.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
 
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => :last_comment)
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => :last_comment).all
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
     assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
   end
 
   def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => :last_comment, :order => 'comments.id DESC')
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => :last_comment, :order => 'comments.id DESC').all
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
     assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
   end
 
   def test_loading_conditions_with_or
-    posts = authors(:david).posts.find(
-      :all, :include => :comments, :references => :comments,
-      :conditions => "comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'SpecialComment'"
-    )
+    posts = authors(:david).posts.references(:comments).scoped(
+      :includes => :comments,
+      :where => "comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'SpecialComment'"
+    ).all
     assert_nil posts.detect { |p| p.author_id != authors(:david).id },
       "expected to find only david's posts"
   end
 
   def test_with_ordering
-    list = Post.find(:all, :include => :comments, :order => "posts.id DESC")
+    list = Post.scoped(:includes => :comments, :order => "posts.id DESC").all
     [:other_by_mary, :other_by_bob, :misc_by_mary, :misc_by_bob, :eager_other,
      :sti_habtm, :sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments, :authorless, :thinking, :welcome
     ].each_with_index do |post, index|
@@ -84,14 +79,14 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_loading_with_multiple_associations
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :comments, :author, :categories ], :order => "posts.id")
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :comments, :author, :categories ], :order => "posts.id").all
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.categories.size
     assert posts.first.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
   end
 
   def test_duplicate_middle_objects
-    comments = Comment.find :all, :conditions => 'post_id = 1', :include => [:post => :author]
+    comments = Comment.scoped(:where => 'post_id = 1', :includes => [:post => :author]).all
     assert_no_queries do
       comments.each {|comment| comment.post.author.name}
     end
@@ -99,25 +94,25 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preloading_has_many_in_multiple_queries_with_more_ids_than_database_can_handle
     Post.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(5)
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include=>:comments)
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes=>:comments).all
     assert_equal 11, posts.size
   end
 
   def test_preloading_has_many_in_one_queries_when_database_has_no_limit_on_ids_it_can_handle
     Post.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(nil)
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include=>:comments)
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes=>:comments).all
     assert_equal 11, posts.size
   end
 
   def test_preloading_habtm_in_multiple_queries_with_more_ids_than_database_can_handle
     Post.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(5)
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include=>:categories)
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes=>:categories).all
     assert_equal 11, posts.size
   end
 
   def test_preloading_habtm_in_one_queries_when_database_has_no_limit_on_ids_it_can_handle
     Post.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(nil)
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include=>:categories)
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes=>:categories).all
     assert_equal 11, posts.size
   end
 
@@ -154,8 +149,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     popular_post.readers.create!(:person => people(:michael))
     popular_post.readers.create!(:person => people(:david))
 
-    readers = Reader.find(:all, :conditions => ["post_id = ?", popular_post.id],
-                                :include => {:post => :comments})
+    readers = Reader.scoped(:where => ["post_id = ?", popular_post.id],
+                                :includes => {:post => :comments}).all
     readers.each do |reader|
       assert_equal [comment], reader.post.comments
     end
@@ -167,8 +162,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     car_post.categories << categories(:technology)
 
     comment = car_post.comments.create!(:body => "hmm")
-    categories = Category.find(:all, :conditions => { 'posts.id' => car_post.id },
-                                 :include => {:posts => :comments})
+    categories = Category.scoped(:where => { 'posts.id' => car_post.id },
+                                 :includes => {:posts => :comments}).all
     categories.each do |category|
       assert_equal [comment], category.posts[0].comments
     end
@@ -186,10 +181,10 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_finding_with_includes_on_has_many_association_with_same_include_includes_only_once
     author_id = authors(:david).id
-    author = assert_queries(3) { Author.find(author_id, :include => {:posts_with_comments => :comments}) } # find the author, then find the posts, then find the comments
+    author = assert_queries(3) { Author.scoped(:includes => {:posts_with_comments => :comments}).find(author_id) } # find the author, then find the posts, then find the comments
     author.posts_with_comments.each do |post_with_comments|
       assert_equal post_with_comments.comments.length, post_with_comments.comments.count
-      assert_nil post_with_comments.comments.uniq!
+      assert_nil post_with_comments.comments.to_a.uniq!
     end
   end
 
@@ -197,7 +192,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     author = authors(:david)
     post = author.post_about_thinking_with_last_comment
     last_comment = post.last_comment
-    author = assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 2 : 3) { Author.find(author.id, :include => {:post_about_thinking_with_last_comment => :last_comment})} # find the author, then find the posts, then find the comments
+    author = assert_queries(3) { Author.scoped(:includes => {:post_about_thinking_with_last_comment => :last_comment}).find(author.id)} # find the author, then find the posts, then find the comments
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal post, author.post_about_thinking_with_last_comment
       assert_equal last_comment, author.post_about_thinking_with_last_comment.last_comment
@@ -208,7 +203,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post = posts(:welcome)
     author = post.author
     author_address = author.author_address
-    post = assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 2 : 3) { Post.find(post.id, :include => {:author_with_address => :author_address}) } # find the post, then find the author, then find the address
+    post = assert_queries(3) { Post.scoped(:includes => {:author_with_address => :author_address}).find(post.id) } # find the post, then find the author, then find the address
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal author, post.author_with_address
       assert_equal author_address, post.author_with_address.author_address
@@ -218,7 +213,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_finding_with_includes_on_null_belongs_to_association_with_same_include_includes_only_once
     post = posts(:welcome)
     post.update_attributes!(:author => nil)
-    post = assert_queries(1) { Post.find(post.id, :include => {:author_with_address => :author_address}) } # find the post, then find the author which is null so no query for the author or address
+    post = assert_queries(1) { Post.scoped(:includes => {:author_with_address => :author_address}).find(post.id) } # find the post, then find the author which is null so no query for the author or address
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal nil, post.author_with_address
     end
@@ -227,85 +222,85 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_finding_with_includes_on_null_belongs_to_polymorphic_association
     sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
     sponsor.update_attributes!(:sponsorable => nil)
-    sponsor = assert_queries(1) { Sponsor.find(sponsor.id, :include => :sponsorable) }
+    sponsor = assert_queries(1) { Sponsor.scoped(:includes => :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal nil, sponsor.sponsorable
     end
   end
 
   def test_loading_from_an_association
-    posts = authors(:david).posts.find(:all, :include => :comments, :order => "posts.id")
+    posts = authors(:david).posts.scoped(:includes => :comments, :order => "posts.id").all
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
   end
 
   def test_loading_from_an_association_that_has_a_hash_of_conditions
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Author.find(:all, :include => :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions)
+      Author.scoped(:includes => :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions).all
     end
-    assert !Author.find(authors(:david).id, :include => :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions).hello_posts.empty?
+    assert !Author.scoped(:includes => :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions).find(authors(:david).id).hello_posts.empty?
   end
 
   def test_loading_with_no_associations
-    assert_nil Post.find(posts(:authorless).id, :include => :author).author
+    assert_nil Post.scoped(:includes => :author).find(posts(:authorless).id).author
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_with_no_associations
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Post.find(posts(:authorless).id, :include => {:author => :author_addresss})
+      Post.scoped(:includes => {:author => :author_addresss}).find(posts(:authorless).id)
     end
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association
-    aa = AuthorAddress.find(author_addresses(:david_address).id, :include => {:author => :posts})
+    aa = AuthorAddress.scoped(:includes => {:author => :posts}).find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_order
-    aa = AuthorAddress.find(author_addresses(:david_address).id, :include => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'author_addresses.id')
+    aa = AuthorAddress.scoped(:includes => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'author_addresses.id').find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_order_on_association
-    aa = AuthorAddress.find(author_addresses(:david_address).id, :include => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'authors.id')
+    aa = AuthorAddress.scoped(:includes => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'authors.id').find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_order_on_nested_association
-    aa = AuthorAddress.find(author_addresses(:david_address).id, :include => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'posts.id')
+    aa = AuthorAddress.scoped(:includes => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'posts.id').find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_conditions
-    aa = AuthorAddress.find(
-      author_addresses(:david_address).id, :include => {:author => :posts},
-      :conditions => "author_addresses.id > 0", :references => :author_addresses
-    )
+    aa = AuthorAddress.references(:author_addresses).scoped(
+      :includes => {:author => :posts},
+      :where => "author_addresses.id > 0"
+    ).find author_addresses(:david_address).id
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_conditions_on_association
-    aa = AuthorAddress.find(
-      author_addresses(:david_address).id, :include => {:author => :posts},
-      :conditions => "authors.id > 0", :references => :authors
-    )
+    aa = AuthorAddress.references(:authors).scoped(
+      :includes => {:author => :posts},
+      :where => "authors.id > 0"
+    ).find author_addresses(:david_address).id
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_conditions_on_nested_association
-    aa = AuthorAddress.find(
-      author_addresses(:david_address).id, :include => {:author => :posts},
-      :conditions => "posts.id > 0", :references => :posts
-    )
+    aa = AuthorAddress.references(:posts).scoped(
+      :includes => {:author => :posts},
+      :where => "posts.id > 0"
+    ).find author_addresses(:david_address).id
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_foreign_keys
-    pets = Pet.find(:all, :include => :owner)
+    pets = Pet.scoped(:includes => :owner).all
     assert_equal 3, pets.length
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to
-    comments = Comment.find(:all, :include => :post)
+    comments = Comment.scoped(:includes => :post).all
     assert_equal 11, comments.length
     titles = comments.map { |c| c.post.title }
     assert titles.include?(posts(:welcome).title)
@@ -313,31 +308,31 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit
-    comments = Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :limit => 5, :order => 'comments.id')
+    comments = Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :limit => 5, :order => 'comments.id').all
     assert_equal 5, comments.length
     assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_conditions
-    comments = Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :conditions => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id')
+    comments = Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id').all
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
     assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset
-    comments = Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :limit => 3, :offset => 2, :order => 'comments.id')
+    comments = Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :limit => 3, :offset => 2, :order => 'comments.id').all
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
     assert_equal [3,5,6], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_conditions
-    comments = Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :conditions => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id')
+    comments = Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id').all
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
     assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_conditions_array
-    comments = Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :conditions => ['post_id = ?',4], :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id')
+    comments = Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :where => ['post_id = ?',4], :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id').all
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
     assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
   end
@@ -345,7 +340,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_string_with_unquoted_table_name
     assert_nothing_raised do
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :conditions => ['posts.id = ?',4])
+        Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :where => ['posts.id = ?',4]).all
       end
     end
   end
@@ -353,7 +348,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_hash
     comments = []
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      comments = Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :conditions => {:posts => {:id => 4}}, :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id')
+      comments = Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :where => {:posts => {:id => 4}}, :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id').all
     end
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
     assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
@@ -366,14 +361,14 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     quoted_posts_id= Comment.connection.quote_table_name('posts') + '.' + Comment.connection.quote_column_name('id')
     assert_nothing_raised do
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :conditions => ["#{quoted_posts_id} = ?",4])
+        Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :where => ["#{quoted_posts_id} = ?",4]).all
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_order_string_with_unquoted_table_name
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :order => 'posts.id')
+      Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :order => 'posts.id').all
     end
   end
 
@@ -381,55 +376,55 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     quoted_posts_id= Comment.connection.quote_table_name('posts') + '.' + Comment.connection.quote_column_name('id')
     assert_nothing_raised do
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :order => quoted_posts_id)
+        Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :order => quoted_posts_id).all
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_multiple_associations
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :order => 'posts.id').all
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
     assert_equal [1], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_multiple_associations
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :offset => 1, :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :offset => 1, :order => 'posts.id').all
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
     assert_equal [2], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_inferred_foreign_key_from_association_name
-    author_favorite = AuthorFavorite.find(:first, :include => :favorite_author)
+    author_favorite = AuthorFavorite.scoped(:includes => :favorite_author).first
     assert_equal authors(:mary), assert_no_queries { author_favorite.favorite_author }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    job = Job.find jobs(:unicyclist).id, :include => :ideal_reference
+    job = Job.includes(:ideal_reference).find jobs(:unicyclist).id
     references(:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), job.ideal_reference}
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_one_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.find(people(:michael), :include => :favourite_reference)
+    michael = Person.scoped(:includes => :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael))
     references(:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), michael.favourite_reference}
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.find(people(:michael), :include => :references)
+    michael = Person.scoped(:includes => :references).find(people(:michael))
     references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist), michael.references.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.find(people(:michael), :include => :jobs)
+    michael = Person.scoped(:includes => :jobs).find(people(:michael))
     jobs(:magician, :unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal jobs(:unicyclist, :magician), michael.jobs.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_with_string_keys
     subscriptions = subscriptions(:webster_awdr, :webster_rfr)
-    subscriber =Subscriber.find(subscribers(:second).id, :include => :subscriptions)
+    subscriber =Subscriber.scoped(:includes => :subscriptions).find(subscribers(:second).id)
     assert_equal subscriptions, subscriber.subscriptions.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
@@ -447,25 +442,25 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_with_string_keys
     books = books(:awdr, :rfr)
-    subscriber = Subscriber.find(subscribers(:second).id, :include => :books)
+    subscriber = Subscriber.scoped(:includes => :books).find(subscribers(:second).id)
     assert_equal books, subscriber.books.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_with_string_keys
     subscriber = subscribers(:second)
-    subscription = Subscription.find(subscriptions(:webster_awdr).id, :include => :subscriber)
+    subscription = Subscription.scoped(:includes => :subscriber).find(subscriptions(:webster_awdr).id)
     assert_equal subscriber, subscription.subscriber
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_explicit_join
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => :comments, :joins => "INNER JOIN authors ON posts.author_id = authors.id AND authors.name = 'Mary'", :limit => 1, :order => 'author_id')
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => :comments, :joins => "INNER JOIN authors ON posts.author_id = authors.id AND authors.name = 'Mary'", :limit => 1, :order => 'author_id').all
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through
-    posts_with_comments = people(:michael).posts.find(:all, :include => :comments, :order => 'posts.id')
-    posts_with_author = people(:michael).posts.find(:all, :include => :author, :order => 'posts.id')
-    posts_with_comments_and_author = people(:michael).posts.find(:all, :include => [ :comments, :author ], :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts_with_comments = people(:michael).posts.scoped(:includes => :comments, :order => 'posts.id').all
+    posts_with_author = people(:michael).posts.scoped(:includes => :author, :order => 'posts.id').all
+    posts_with_comments_and_author = people(:michael).posts.scoped(:includes => [ :comments, :author ], :order => 'posts.id').all
     assert_equal 2, posts_with_comments.inject(0) { |sum, post| sum += post.comments.size }
     assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts_with_author.first.author }
     assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts_with_comments_and_author.first.author }
@@ -476,32 +471,32 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Post.create!(:author => author, :title => "TITLE", :body => "BODY")
     author.author_favorites.create(:favorite_author_id => 1)
     author.author_favorites.create(:favorite_author_id => 2)
-    posts_with_author_favorites = author.posts.find(:all, :include => :author_favorites)
+    posts_with_author_favorites = author.posts.scoped(:includes => :author_favorites).all
     assert_no_queries { posts_with_author_favorites.first.author_favorites.first.author_id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_an_sti_join_model
-    author = Author.find(:first, :include => :special_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id')
+    author = Author.scoped(:includes => :special_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id').first
     assert_equal [comments(:does_it_hurt)], assert_no_queries { author.special_post_comments }
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_an_sti_join_model_with_conditions_on_both
-    author = Author.find(:first, :include => :special_nonexistant_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id')
+    author = Author.scoped(:includes => :special_nonexistant_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id').first
     assert_equal [], author.special_nonexistant_post_comments
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_join_model_with_conditions
-    assert_equal Author.find(:first, :include => :hello_post_comments,
-                             :order => 'authors.id').hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id),
-                 Author.find(:first, :order => 'authors.id').hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal Author.scoped(:includes => :hello_post_comments,
+                             :order => 'authors.id').first.hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id),
+                 Author.scoped(:order => 'authors.id').first.hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_join_model_with_conditions_on_top_level
-    assert_equal comments(:more_greetings), Author.find(authors(:david).id, :include => :comments_with_order_and_conditions).comments_with_order_and_conditions.first
+    assert_equal comments(:more_greetings), Author.scoped(:includes => :comments_with_order_and_conditions).find(authors(:david).id).comments_with_order_and_conditions.first
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_join_model_with_include
-    author_comments = Author.find(authors(:david).id, :include => :comments_with_include).comments_with_include.to_a
+    author_comments = Author.scoped(:includes => :comments_with_include).find(authors(:david).id).comments_with_include.to_a
     assert_no_queries do
       author_comments.first.post.title
     end
@@ -509,7 +504,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_with_conditions_join_model_with_include
     post_tags = Post.find(posts(:welcome).id).misc_tags
-    eager_post_tags = Post.find(1, :include => :misc_tags).misc_tags
+    eager_post_tags = Post.scoped(:includes => :misc_tags).find(1).misc_tags
     assert_equal post_tags, eager_post_tags
   end
 
@@ -520,16 +515,16 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :order => 'posts.id asc', :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2)
+    posts = Post.scoped(:order => 'posts.id asc', :includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2).all
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
     assert_equal 3, posts.inject(0) { |sum, post| sum += post.comments.size }
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions
     if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :conditions => "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id")
+      posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").all
     else
-      posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :conditions => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id")
+      posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").all
     end
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
     assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
@@ -537,9 +532,9 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array
     if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :conditions => [ "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id")
+      posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").all
     else
-      posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :conditions => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id")
+      posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").all
     end
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
     assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
@@ -547,7 +542,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array_on_the_eagers
     posts = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :conditions => [ "authors.name = ?", 'David' ])
+      Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "authors.name = ?", 'David' ]).all
     end
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
 
@@ -558,41 +553,41 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10, :conditions => { 'authors.name' => 'David' })
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10, :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' }).all
     assert_equal 0, posts.size
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset_and_multiple_array_conditions
     assert_queries(1) do
-      posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10,
-        :conditions => [ "authors.name = ? and comments.body = ?", 'David', 'go crazy' ],
-        :references => [:authors, :comments])
+      posts = Post.references(:authors, :comments).
+        scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10,
+          :where => [ "authors.name = ? and comments.body = ?", 'David', 'go crazy' ]).all
       assert_equal 0, posts.size
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset_and_multiple_hash_conditions
     assert_queries(1) do
-      posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10,
-        :conditions => { 'authors.name' => 'David', 'comments.body' => 'go crazy' })
+      posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10,
+        :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David', 'comments.body' => 'go crazy' }).all
       assert_equal 0, posts.size
     end
   end
 
   def test_count_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset
-    posts = Post.count(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10, :conditions => { 'authors.name' => 'David' })
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10, :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' }).count(:all)
     assert_equal 0, posts
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_with_no_results
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :conditions => "posts.title = 'magic forest'")
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.title = 'magic forest'").all
     assert_equal 0, posts.size
   end
 
   def test_eager_count_performed_on_a_has_many_association_with_multi_table_conditional
     author = authors(:david)
     author_posts_without_comments = author.posts.select { |post| post.comments.blank? }
-    assert_equal author_posts_without_comments.size, author.posts.count(:all, :include => :comments, :conditions => 'comments.id is null', :references => :comments)
+    assert_equal author_posts_without_comments.size, author.posts.includes(:comments).where('comments.id is null').references(:comments).count
   end
 
   def test_eager_count_performed_on_a_has_many_through_association_with_multi_table_conditional
@@ -602,7 +597,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_and_belongs_to_many_and_limit
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => :categories, :order => "posts.id", :limit => 3)
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => :categories, :order => "posts.id", :limit => 3).all
     assert_equal 3, posts.size
     assert_equal 2, posts[0].categories.size
     assert_equal 1, posts[1].categories.size
@@ -611,9 +606,9 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert posts[1].categories.include?(categories(:general))
   end
 
-  # This is only really relevant when the identity map is off. Since the preloader for habtm
-  # gets raw row hashes from the database and then instantiates them, this test ensures that
-  # it only instantiates one actual object per record from the database.
+  # Since the preloader for habtm gets raw row hashes from the database and then
+  # instantiates them, this test ensures that it only instantiates one actual
+  # object per record from the database.
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_should_not_instantiate_same_records_multiple_times
     welcome    = posts(:welcome)
     categories = Category.includes(:posts)
@@ -628,80 +623,47 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_on_the_eagers
-    posts = authors(:david).posts.find(:all,
-      :include    => :comments,
-      :conditions => "comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment'",
-      :references => :comments,
-      :limit      => 2
-    )
+    posts =
+      authors(:david).posts
+        .includes(:comments)
+        .where("comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment'")
+        .references(:comments)
+        .limit(2)
+        .to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
 
-    count = Post.count(
-      :include    => [ :comments, :author ],
-      :conditions => "authors.name = 'David' AND (comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment')",
-      :references => [:authors, :comments],
-      :limit      => 2
-    )
+    count =
+      Post.includes(:comments, :author)
+        .where("authors.name = 'David' AND (comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment')")
+        .references(:authors, :comments)
+        .limit(2)
+        .count
     assert_equal count, posts.size
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_scoped_conditions_on_the_eagers
     posts = nil
-    Post.send(:with_scope, :find => {
-      :include    => :comments,
-      :conditions => "comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment'",
-      :references => :comments
-    }) do
-      posts = authors(:david).posts.find(:all, :limit => 2)
-      assert_equal 2, posts.size
-    end
+    Post.includes(:comments)
+      .where("comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment'")
+      .references(:comments)
+      .scoping do
 
-    Post.send(:with_scope, :find => {
-      :include    => [ :comments, :author ],
-      :conditions => "authors.name = 'David' AND (comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment')",
-      :references => [:authors, :comments]
-    }) do
-      count = Post.count(:limit => 2)
-      assert_equal count, posts.size
+      posts = authors(:david).posts.limit(2).to_a
+      assert_equal 2, posts.size
     end
-  end
 
-  def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_scoped_and_explicit_conditions_on_the_eagers
-    Post.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "1=1" }) do
-      posts = authors(:david).posts.find(:all,
-        :include    => :comments,
-        :conditions => "comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment'",
-        :references => :comments,
-        :limit      => 2
-      )
-      assert_equal 2, posts.size
+    Post.includes(:comments, :author)
+      .where("authors.name = 'David' AND (comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment')")
+      .references(:authors, :comments)
+      .scoping do
 
-      count = Post.count(
-        :include    => [ :comments, :author ],
-        :conditions => "authors.name = 'David' AND (comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment')",
-        :references => [:authors, :comments],
-        :limit      => 2
-      )
+      count = Post.limit(2).count
       assert_equal count, posts.size
     end
   end
 
-  def test_eager_with_scoped_order_using_association_limiting_without_explicit_scope
-    posts_with_explicit_order = Post.find(
-      :all, :conditions => 'comments.id is not null', :references => :comments,
-      :include => :comments, :order => 'posts.id DESC', :limit => 2
-    )
-    posts_with_scoped_order = Post.send(:with_scope, :find => {:order => 'posts.id DESC'}) do
-      Post.find(
-        :all, :conditions => 'comments.id is not null',
-        :references => :comments, :include => :comments, :limit => 2
-      )
-    end
-    assert_equal posts_with_explicit_order, posts_with_scoped_order
-  end
-
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_habtm
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => :categories, :order => "posts.id")
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => :categories, :order => "posts.id").all
     assert_equal 2, posts[0].categories.size
     assert_equal 1, posts[1].categories.size
     assert_equal 0, posts[2].categories.size
@@ -710,23 +672,23 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_inheritance
-    SpecialPost.find(:all, :include => [ :comments ])
+    SpecialPost.scoped(:includes => [ :comments ]).all
   end
 
   def test_eager_has_one_with_association_inheritance
-    post = Post.find(4, :include => [ :very_special_comment ])
+    post = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :very_special_comment ]).find(4)
     assert_equal "VerySpecialComment", post.very_special_comment.class.to_s
   end
 
   def test_eager_has_many_with_association_inheritance
-    post = Post.find(4, :include => [ :special_comments ])
+    post = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :special_comments ]).find(4)
     post.special_comments.each do |special_comment|
       assert special_comment.is_a?(SpecialComment)
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_habtm_with_association_inheritance
-    post = Post.find(6, :include => [ :special_categories ])
+    post = Post.scoped(:includes => [ :special_categories ]).find(6)
     assert_equal 1, post.special_categories.size
     post.special_categories.each do |special_category|
       assert_equal "SpecialCategory", special_category.class.to_s
@@ -735,8 +697,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_has_one_dependent_does_not_destroy_dependent
     assert_not_nil companies(:first_firm).account
-    f = Firm.find(:first, :include => :account,
-            :conditions => ["companies.name = ?", "37signals"])
+    f = Firm.scoped(:includes => :account,
+            :where => ["companies.name = ?", "37signals"]).first
     assert_not_nil f.account
     assert_equal companies(:first_firm, :reload).account, f.account
   end
@@ -750,16 +712,16 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_invalid_association_reference
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
-      Post.find(6, :include=> :monkeys )
+      Post.scoped(:includes=> :monkeys ).find(6)
     }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
-      Post.find(6, :include=>[ :monkeys ])
+      Post.scoped(:includes=>[ :monkeys ]).find(6)
     }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
-      Post.find(6, :include=>[ 'monkeys' ])
+      Post.scoped(:includes=>[ 'monkeys' ]).find(6)
     }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
-      Post.find(6, :include=>[ :monkeys, :elephants ])
+      Post.scoped(:includes=>[ :monkeys, :elephants ]).find(6)
     }
   end
 
@@ -804,52 +766,51 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def find_all_ordered(className, include=nil)
-    className.find(:all, :order=>"#{className.table_name}.#{className.primary_key}", :include=>include)
+    className.scoped(:order=>"#{className.table_name}.#{className.primary_key}", :includes=>include).all
   end
 
   def test_limited_eager_with_order
     assert_equal(
       posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
-      Post.find(
-        :all, :include => [:author, :comments], :conditions => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
+      Post.scoped(
+        :includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
         :order => 'UPPER(posts.title)', :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-      )
+      ).all
     )
     assert_equal(
       posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
-      Post.find(
-        :all, :include => [:author, :comments], :conditions => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
+      Post.scoped(
+        :includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
         :order => 'UPPER(posts.title) DESC', :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-      )
+      ).all
     )
   end
 
   def test_limited_eager_with_multiple_order_columns
     assert_equal(
       posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
-      Post.find(
-        :all, :include => [:author, :comments], :conditions => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
+      Post.scoped(
+        :includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
         :order => ['UPPER(posts.title)', 'posts.id'], :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-      )
+      ).all
     )
     assert_equal(
       posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
-      Post.find(
-        :all, :include => [:author, :comments], :conditions => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
+      Post.scoped(
+        :includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
         :order => ['UPPER(posts.title) DESC', 'posts.id'], :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-      )
+      ).all
     )
   end
 
   def test_limited_eager_with_numeric_in_association
     assert_equal(
       people(:david, :susan),
-      Person.find(
-        :all, :include => [:readers, :primary_contact, :number1_fan],
-        :conditions => "number1_fans_people.first_name like 'M%'",
-        :references => :number1_fans_people,
+      Person.references(:number1_fans_people).scoped(
+        :includes => [:readers, :primary_contact, :number1_fan],
+        :where => "number1_fans_people.first_name like 'M%'",
         :order => 'people.id', :limit => 2, :offset => 0
-      )
+      ).all
     )
   end
 
@@ -862,9 +823,9 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_polymorphic_type_condition
-    post = Post.find(posts(:thinking).id, :include => :taggings)
+    post = Post.scoped(:includes => :taggings).find(posts(:thinking).id)
     assert post.taggings.include?(taggings(:thinking_general))
-    post = SpecialPost.find(posts(:thinking).id, :include => :taggings)
+    post = SpecialPost.scoped(:includes => :taggings).find(posts(:thinking).id)
     assert post.taggings.include?(taggings(:thinking_general))
   end
 
@@ -915,13 +876,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
   def test_eager_with_valid_association_as_string_not_symbol
-    assert_nothing_raised { Post.find(:all, :include => 'comments') }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Post.scoped(:includes => 'comments').all }
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_floating_point_numbers
     assert_queries(2) do
       # Before changes, the floating point numbers will be interpreted as table names and will cause this to run in one query
-      Comment.find :all, :conditions => "123.456 = 123.456", :include => :post
+      Comment.scoped(:where => "123.456 = 123.456", :includes => :post).all
     end
   end
 
@@ -965,31 +926,31 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_count_with_include
     if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.count(:conditions => "len(comments.body) > 15", :references => :comments)
+      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("len(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
     elsif current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.count(:conditions => "length(FETCHBLOB(comments.body)) > 15", :references => :comments)
+      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(FETCHBLOB(comments.body)) > 15").references(:comments).count
     else
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.count(:conditions => "length(comments.body) > 15", :references => :comments)
+      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
     end
   end
 
   def test_load_with_sti_sharing_association
     assert_queries(2) do #should not do 1 query per subclass
-      Comment.find :all, :include => :post
+      Comment.includes(:post).all
     end
   end
 
   def test_conditions_on_join_table_with_include_and_limit
-    assert_equal 3, Developer.find(:all, :include => 'projects', :conditions => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).size
+    assert_equal 3, Developer.scoped(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).all.size
   end
 
   def test_order_on_join_table_with_include_and_limit
-    assert_equal 5, Developer.find(:all, :include => 'projects', :order => 'developers_projects.joined_on DESC', :limit => 5).size
+    assert_equal 5, Developer.scoped(:includes => 'projects', :order => 'developers_projects.joined_on DESC', :limit => 5).all.size
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_order_on_joined_table_preloads
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :joins => :comments, :include => :author, :order => 'comments.id DESC')
+      Post.scoped(:joins => :comments, :includes => :author, :order => 'comments.id DESC').all
     end
     assert_equal posts(:eager_other), posts[1]
     assert_equal authors(:mary), assert_no_queries { posts[1].author}
@@ -997,64 +958,60 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_joined_table_preloads
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :select => 'distinct posts.*', :include => :author, :joins => [:comments], :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id')
+      Post.scoped(:select => 'distinct posts.*', :includes => :author, :joins => [:comments], :where => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id').all
     end
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
     assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
 
-    posts = assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :select => 'distinct posts.*', :include => :author, :joins => [:comments], :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts = assert_queries(2) do
+      Post.scoped(:select => 'distinct posts.*', :includes => :author, :joins => [:comments], :where => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id').all
     end
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
     assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
 
-    posts = assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :include => :author, :joins => {:taggings => :tag}, :conditions => "tags.name = 'General'", :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts = assert_queries(2) do
+      Post.scoped(:includes => :author, :joins => {:taggings => :tag}, :where => "tags.name = 'General'", :order => 'posts.id').all
     end
     assert_equal posts(:welcome, :thinking), posts
 
-    posts = assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :include => :author, :joins => {:taggings => {:tag => :taggings}}, :conditions => "taggings_tags.super_tag_id=2", :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts = assert_queries(2) do
+      Post.scoped(:includes => :author, :joins => {:taggings => {:tag => :taggings}}, :where => "taggings_tags.super_tag_id=2", :order => 'posts.id').all
     end
     assert_equal posts(:welcome, :thinking), posts
-
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_string_joined_table_preloads
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :select => 'distinct posts.*', :include => :author, :joins => "INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id", :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id')
+      Post.scoped(:select => 'distinct posts.*', :includes => :author, :joins => "INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id", :where => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id').all
     end
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
     assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
 
-    posts = assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :select => 'distinct posts.*', :include => :author, :joins => ["INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id"], :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts = assert_queries(2) do
+      Post.scoped(:select => 'distinct posts.*', :includes => :author, :joins => ["INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id"], :where => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id').all
     end
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
     assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
-
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_select_on_joined_table_preloads
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :select => 'posts.*, authors.name as author_name', :include => :comments, :joins => :author, :order => 'posts.id')
+      Post.scoped(:select => 'posts.*, authors.name as author_name', :includes => :comments, :joins => :author, :order => 'posts.id').all
     end
     assert_equal 'David', posts[0].author_name
     assert_equal posts(:welcome).comments, assert_no_queries { posts[0].comments}
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_join_model_preloads
-    Author.columns
-
     authors = assert_queries(2) do
-      Author.find(:all, :include => :author_address, :joins => :comments, :conditions => "posts.title like 'Welcome%'")
+      Author.scoped(:includes => :author_address, :joins => :comments, :where => "posts.title like 'Welcome%'").all
     end
     assert_equal authors(:david), authors[0]
     assert_equal author_addresses(:david_address), authors[0].author_address
   end
 
   def test_preload_belongs_to_uses_exclusive_scope
-    people = Person.males.find(:all, :include => :primary_contact)
+    people = Person.males.scoped(:includes => :primary_contact).all
     assert_not_equal people.length, 0
     people.each do |person|
       assert_no_queries {assert_not_nil person.primary_contact}
@@ -1063,15 +1020,15 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preload_has_many_uses_exclusive_scope
-    people = Person.males.find :all, :include => :agents
+    people = Person.males.includes(:agents).all
     people.each do |person|
       assert_equal Person.find(person.id).agents, person.agents
     end
   end
 
   def test_preload_has_many_using_primary_key
-    expected = Firm.find(:first).clients_using_primary_key.to_a
-    firm = Firm.find :first, :include => :clients_using_primary_key
+    expected = Firm.first.clients_using_primary_key.to_a
+    firm = Firm.includes(:clients_using_primary_key).first
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected, firm.clients_using_primary_key
     end
@@ -1081,9 +1038,9 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected = Firm.find(1).clients_using_primary_key.sort_by(&:name)
     # Oracle adapter truncates alias to 30 characters
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      firm = Firm.find 1, :include => :clients_using_primary_key, :order => 'clients_using_primary_keys_companies'[0,30]+'.name'
+      firm = Firm.scoped(:includes => :clients_using_primary_key, :order => 'clients_using_primary_keys_companies'[0,30]+'.name').find(1)
     else
-      firm = Firm.find 1, :include => :clients_using_primary_key, :order => 'clients_using_primary_keys_companies.name'
+      firm = Firm.scoped(:includes => :clients_using_primary_key, :order => 'clients_using_primary_keys_companies.name').find(1)
     end
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected, firm.clients_using_primary_key
@@ -1092,7 +1049,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preload_has_one_using_primary_key
     expected = accounts(:signals37)
-    firm = Firm.find :first, :include => :account_using_primary_key, :order => 'companies.id'
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:includes => :account_using_primary_key, :order => 'companies.id').first
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected, firm.account_using_primary_key
     end
@@ -1100,7 +1057,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_include_has_one_using_primary_key
     expected = accounts(:signals37)
-    firm = Firm.find(:all, :include => :account_using_primary_key, :order => 'accounts.id').detect {|f| f.id == 1}
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:includes => :account_using_primary_key, :order => 'accounts.id').all.detect {|f| f.id == 1}
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected, firm.account_using_primary_key
     end
@@ -1116,7 +1073,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_preloading_empty_belongs_to_polymorphic
     t = Tagging.create!(:taggable_type => 'Post', :taggable_id => Post.maximum(:id) + 1, :tag => tags(:general))
 
-    tagging = assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) { Tagging.preload(:taggable).find(t.id) }
+    tagging = assert_queries(2) { Tagging.preload(:taggable).find(t.id) }
     assert_no_queries { assert_nil tagging.taggable }
   end
 
@@ -1164,9 +1121,26 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deep_including_through_habtm
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id")
+    posts = Post.scoped(:includes => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id").all
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, posts[0].categories[0].categorizations.length }
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 1, posts[0].categories[1].categorizations.length }
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, posts[1].categories[0].categorizations.length }
   end
+
+  test "scoping with a circular preload" do
+    assert_equal Comment.find(1), Comment.preload(:post => :comments).scoping { Comment.find(1) }
+  end
+
+  test "circular preload does not modify unscoped" do
+    expected = FirstPost.unscoped.find(2)
+    FirstPost.preload(:comments => :first_post).find(1)
+    assert_equal expected, FirstPost.unscoped.find(2)
+  end
+
+  test "preload ignores the scoping" do
+    assert_equal(
+      Comment.find(1).post,
+      Post.where('1 = 0').scoping { Comment.preload(:post).find(1).post }
+    )
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
index d7c489c2b5..917fe6cf52 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   private
 
     def extension_name(model)
-      builder = ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.new(model, :association_name, {}) { }
+      builder = ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.new(model, :association_name, nil, {}) { }
       builder.send(:wrap_block_extension)
-      builder.options[:extend].first.name
+      builder.extension_module.name
     end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index f457dfb9b3..29aa0defd0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -65,16 +65,6 @@ class DeveloperWithSymbolsForKeys < ActiveRecord::Base
     :foreign_key => "developer_id"
 end
 
-class DeveloperWithCounterSQL < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'developers'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects,
-    :class_name => "DeveloperWithCounterSQL",
-    :join_table => "developers_projects",
-    :association_foreign_key => "project_id",
-    :foreign_key => "developer_id",
-    :counter_sql => proc { "SELECT COUNT(*) AS count_all FROM projects INNER JOIN developers_projects ON projects.id = developers_projects.project_id WHERE developers_projects.developer_id =#{id}" }
-end
-
 class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :categories, :posts, :categories_posts, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
            :parrots, :pirates, :parrots_pirates, :treasures, :price_estimates, :tags, :taggings
@@ -123,11 +113,6 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert active_record.developers.include?(david)
   end
 
-  def test_triple_equality
-    assert !(Array === Developer.find(1).projects)
-    assert Developer.find(1).projects === Array
-  end
-
   def test_adding_single
     jamis = Developer.find(2)
     jamis.projects.reload # causing the collection to load
@@ -338,6 +323,12 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, project.developers.size
   end
 
+  def test_uniq_when_association_already_loaded
+    project = projects(:active_record)
+    project.developers << [ developers(:jamis), developers(:david), developers(:jamis), developers(:david) ]
+    assert_equal 3, Project.includes(:developers).find(project.id).developers.size
+  end
+
   def test_deleting
     david = Developer.find(1)
     active_record = Project.find(1)
@@ -355,30 +346,11 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_deleting_array
     david = Developer.find(1)
     david.projects.reload
-    david.projects.delete(Project.find(:all))
+    david.projects.delete(Project.all)
     assert_equal 0, david.projects.size
     assert_equal 0, david.projects(true).size
   end
 
-  def test_deleting_with_sql
-    david = Developer.find(1)
-    active_record = Project.find(1)
-    active_record.developers.reload
-    assert_equal 3, active_record.developers_by_sql.size
-
-    active_record.developers_by_sql.delete(david)
-    assert_equal 2, active_record.developers_by_sql(true).size
-  end
-
-  def test_deleting_array_with_sql
-    active_record = Project.find(1)
-    active_record.developers.reload
-    assert_equal 3, active_record.developers_by_sql.size
-
-    active_record.developers_by_sql.delete(Developer.find(:all))
-    assert_equal 0, active_record.developers_by_sql(true).size
-  end
-
   def test_deleting_all
     david = Developer.find(1)
     david.projects.reload
@@ -497,7 +469,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_include_uses_array_include_after_loaded
     project = projects(:active_record)
-    project.developers.class # force load target
+    project.developers.load_target
 
     developer = project.developers.first
 
@@ -527,64 +499,25 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! project.developers.include?(developer)
   end
 
-  def test_find_in_association_with_custom_finder_sql
-    assert_equal developers(:david), projects(:active_record).developers_with_finder_sql.find(developers(:david).id), "SQL find"
-
-    active_record = projects(:active_record)
-    active_record.developers_with_finder_sql.reload
-    assert_equal developers(:david), active_record.developers_with_finder_sql.find(developers(:david).id), "Ruby find"
-  end
-
-  def test_find_in_association_with_custom_finder_sql_and_multiple_interpolations
-    # interpolate once:
-    assert_equal [developers(:david), developers(:jamis), developers(:poor_jamis)], projects(:active_record).developers_with_finder_sql, "first interpolation"
-    # interpolate again, for a different project id
-    assert_equal [developers(:david)], projects(:action_controller).developers_with_finder_sql, "second interpolation"
-  end
-
-  def test_find_in_association_with_custom_finder_sql_and_string_id
-    assert_equal developers(:david), projects(:active_record).developers_with_finder_sql.find(developers(:david).id.to_s), "SQL find"
-  end
-
   def test_find_with_merged_options
     assert_equal 1, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.size
-    assert_equal 1, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.find(:all).size
-    assert_equal 3, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.find(:all, :limit => nil).size
+    assert_equal 1, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.all.size
+    assert_equal 3, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.limit(nil).all.size
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_order
     # Developers are ordered 'name DESC, id DESC'
     high_id_jamis = projects(:active_record).developers.create(:name => 'Jamis')
 
-    assert_equal high_id_jamis, projects(:active_record).developers.find(:first, :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'")
+    assert_equal high_id_jamis, projects(:active_record).developers.scoped(:where => "name = 'Jamis'").first
     assert_equal high_id_jamis, projects(:active_record).developers.find_by_name('Jamis')
   end
 
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_order
-    # Developers are ordered 'name DESC, id DESC'
-    low_id_jamis = developers(:jamis)
-    middle_id_jamis = developers(:poor_jamis)
-    high_id_jamis = projects(:active_record).developers.create(:name => 'Jamis')
-
-    assert_equal [high_id_jamis, middle_id_jamis, low_id_jamis], projects(:active_record).developers.find(:all, :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'")
-    assert_equal [high_id_jamis, middle_id_jamis, low_id_jamis], projects(:active_record).developers.find_all_by_name('Jamis')
-  end
-
   def test_find_should_append_to_association_order
     ordered_developers = projects(:active_record).developers.order('projects.id')
     assert_equal ['developers.name desc, developers.id desc', 'projects.id'], ordered_developers.order_values
   end
 
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_limit
-    assert_equal 1, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.find(:all, :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'").length
-    assert_equal 1, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.find_all_by_name('Jamis').length
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_order_should_override_association_limit
-    assert_equal 2, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.find(:all, :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'", :limit => 9_000).length
-    assert_equal 2, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.find_all_by_name('Jamis', :limit => 9_000).length
-  end
-
   def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_readonly_access
     projects(:active_record).readonly_developers.each { |d| assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { d.save!  } if d.valid?}
     projects(:active_record).readonly_developers.each { |d| d.readonly? }
@@ -632,7 +565,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_consider_type
-    developer = Developer.find(:first)
+    developer = Developer.first
     special_project = SpecialProject.create("name" => "Special Project")
 
     other_project = developer.projects.first
@@ -649,7 +582,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     project = SpecialProject.create("name" => "Special Project")
     assert developer.save
     developer.projects << project
-    developer.update_column("name", "Bruza")
+    developer.update_columns("name" => "Bruza")
     assert_equal 1, Developer.connection.select_value(<<-end_sql).to_i
       SELECT count(*) FROM developers_projects
       WHERE project_id = #{project.id}
@@ -667,7 +600,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     categories(:technology).select_testing_posts(true).each do |o|
       assert_respond_to o, :correctness_marker
     end
-    assert_respond_to categories(:technology).select_testing_posts.find(:first), :correctness_marker
+    assert_respond_to categories(:technology).select_testing_posts.first, :correctness_marker
   end
 
   def test_habtm_selects_all_columns_by_default
@@ -681,10 +614,10 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_join_table_alias
     assert_equal(
       3,
-      Developer.find(
-        :all, :include => {:projects => :developers}, :references => :developers_projects_join,
-        :conditions => 'developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL'
-      ).size
+      Developer.references(:developers_projects_join).scoped(
+        :includes => {:projects => :developers},
+        :where => 'developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL'
+      ).to_a.size
     )
   end
 
@@ -697,16 +630,16 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal(
       3,
-      Developer.find(
-        :all, :include => {:projects => :developers}, :conditions => 'developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL',
-        :references => :developers_projects_join, :group => group.join(",")
-      ).size
+      Developer.references(:developers_projects_join).scoped(
+        :includes => {:projects => :developers}, :where => 'developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL',
+        :group => group.join(",")
+      ).to_a.size
     )
   end
 
   def test_find_grouped
-    all_posts_from_category1 = Post.find(:all, :conditions => "category_id = 1", :joins => :categories)
-    grouped_posts_of_category1 = Post.find(:all, :conditions => "category_id = 1", :group => "author_id", :select => 'count(posts.id) as posts_count', :joins => :categories)
+    all_posts_from_category1 = Post.scoped(:where => "category_id = 1", :joins => :categories).all
+    grouped_posts_of_category1 = Post.scoped(:where => "category_id = 1", :group => "author_id", :select => 'count(posts.id) as posts_count', :joins => :categories).all
     assert_equal 5, all_posts_from_category1.size
     assert_equal 2, grouped_posts_of_category1.size
   end
@@ -780,15 +713,13 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal 1, project.developers.size
     assert_equal 1, developer.projects.size
-    assert_equal developer, project.developers.find(:first)
-    assert_equal project, developer.projects.find(:first)
+    assert_equal developer, project.developers.first
+    assert_equal project, developer.projects.first
   end
 
   def test_self_referential_habtm_without_foreign_key_set_should_raise_exception
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded) {
-      Member.class_eval do
-        has_and_belongs_to_many :friends, :class_name => "Member", :join_table => "member_friends"
-      end
+      SelfMember.new.friends
     }
   end
 
@@ -798,36 +729,14 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert Category.find(1).posts_with_authors_sorted_by_author_id.find_by_title('Welcome to the weblog')
   end
 
-  def test_counting_on_habtm_association_and_not_array
-    david = Developer.find(1)
-    # Extra parameter just to make sure we aren't falling back to
-    # Array#count in Ruby >=1.8.7, which would raise an ArgumentError
-    assert_nothing_raised { david.projects.count(:all, :conditions => '1=1') }
-  end
-
   def test_count
     david = Developer.find(1)
     assert_equal 2, david.projects.count
   end
 
-  def test_count_with_counter_sql
-    developer  = DeveloperWithCounterSQL.create(:name => 'tekin')
-    developer.project_ids = [projects(:active_record).id]
-    developer.save
-    developer.reload
-    assert_equal 1, developer.projects.count
-  end
-
-  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-    def test_count_with_finder_sql
-      assert_equal 3, projects(:active_record).developers_with_finder_sql.count
-      assert_equal 3, projects(:active_record).developers_with_multiline_finder_sql.count
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_association_proxy_transaction_method_starts_transaction_in_association_class
     Post.expects(:transaction)
-    Category.find(:first).posts.transaction do
+    Category.first.posts.transaction do
       # nothing
     end
   end
@@ -837,11 +746,14 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # clear cache possibly created by other tests
     david.projects.reset_column_information
 
-    assert_queries(1) { david.projects.columns; david.projects.columns }
+    assert_queries(:any) { david.projects.columns }
+    assert_no_queries { david.projects.columns }
 
     ## and again to verify that reset_column_information clears the cache correctly
     david.projects.reset_column_information
-    assert_queries(1) { david.projects.columns; david.projects.columns }
+
+    assert_queries(:any) { david.projects.columns }
+    assert_no_queries { david.projects.columns }
   end
 
   def test_attributes_are_being_set_when_initialized_from_habm_association_with_where_clause
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index 02a7f6af78..f7e7691e8e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -20,43 +20,6 @@ require 'models/car'
 require 'models/bulb'
 require 'models/engine'
 
-class HasManyAssociationsTestForCountWithFinderSql < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
-    has_many :custom_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :finder_sql => "SELECT line_items.* from line_items"
-  end
-  def test_should_fail
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      Invoice.create.custom_line_items.count(:conditions => {:amount => 0})
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class HasManyAssociationsTestForCountWithCountSql < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
-    has_many :custom_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :counter_sql => "SELECT COUNT(*) line_items.* from line_items"
-  end
-  def test_should_fail
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      Invoice.create.custom_line_items.count(:conditions => {:amount => 0})
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class HasManyAssociationsTestForCountDistinctWithFinderSql < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
-    has_many :custom_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :finder_sql => "SELECT DISTINCT line_items.amount from line_items"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_count_distinct_results
-    invoice = Invoice.new
-    invoice.custom_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.custom_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.save!
-
-    assert_equal 1, invoice.custom_line_items.count
-  end
-end
-
 class HasManyAssociationsTestForReorderWithJoinDependency < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :posts, :comments
 
@@ -193,7 +156,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_no_sql_should_be_fired_if_association_already_loaded
     Car.create(:name => 'honda')
     bulbs = Car.first.bulbs
-    bulbs.inspect # to load all instances of bulbs
+    bulbs.to_a # to load all instances of bulbs
 
     assert_no_queries do
       bulbs.first()
@@ -221,48 +184,25 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal person, person.readers.first.person
   end
 
-  def test_find_or_create_by_resets_cached_counters
-    person = Person.create! :first_name => 'tenderlove'
-    post   = Post.first
-
-    assert_equal [], person.readers
-    assert_nil person.readers.find_by_post_id(post.id)
-
-    person.readers.find_or_create_by_post_id(post.id)
-
-    assert_equal 1, person.readers.count
-    assert_equal 1, person.readers.length
-    assert_equal post, person.readers.first.post
-    assert_equal person, person.readers.first.person
-  end
-
   def force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.each {|f| }
   end
 
   # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
   def test_counting_with_counter_sql
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients.count
+    assert_equal 2, Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients.count
   end
 
   def test_counting
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").plain_clients.count
-  end
-
-  def test_counting_with_empty_hash_conditions
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").plain_clients.count(:conditions => {})
-  end
-
-  def test_counting_with_single_conditions
-    assert_equal 1, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").plain_clients.count(:conditions => ['name=?', "Microsoft"])
+    assert_equal 2, Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_single_hash
-    assert_equal 1, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").plain_clients.count(:conditions => {:name => "Microsoft"})
+    assert_equal 1, Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.where(:name => "Microsoft").count
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_column_name_and_hash
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").plain_clients.count(:name)
+    assert_equal 2, Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count(:name)
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_association_limit
@@ -272,7 +212,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finding
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients.length
+    assert_equal 2, Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients.length
   end
 
   def test_finding_array_compatibility
@@ -281,14 +221,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_with_blank_conditions
     [[], {}, nil, ""].each do |blank|
-      assert_equal 2, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients.find(:all, :conditions => blank).size
+      assert_equal 2, Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients.where(blank).all.size
     end
   end
 
   def test_find_many_with_merged_options
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.size
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find(:all).size
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find(:all, :limit => nil).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.all.size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.limit(nil).all.size
   end
 
   def test_find_should_append_to_association_order
@@ -296,101 +236,38 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ['id DESC', 'companies.id'], ordered_clients.order_values
   end
 
-  def test_dynamic_find_last_without_specified_order
-    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).unsorted_clients.find_last_by_type('Client')
-  end
-
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_order
-    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find(:first, :conditions => "type = 'Client'")
+    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.scoped(:where => "type = 'Client'").first
     assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_by_type('Client')
   end
 
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_order
-    assert_equal [companies(:second_client), companies(:first_client)], companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find(:all, :conditions => "type = 'Client'")
-    assert_equal [companies(:second_client), companies(:first_client)], companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_all_by_type('Client')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_limit
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find(:all, :conditions => "type = 'Client'").length
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find_all_by_type('Client').length
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_limit_should_override_association_limit
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find(:all, :conditions => "type = 'Client'", :limit => 9_000).length
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find_all_by_type('Client', :limit => 9_000).length
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_readonly_access
-    companies(:first_firm).readonly_clients.find(:all).each { |c| assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { c.save!  } }
-    companies(:first_firm).readonly_clients.find(:all).each { |c| assert c.readonly? }
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_using_an_association
-    author = authors(:david)
-    number_of_posts = Post.count
-    another = author.posts.find_or_create_by_title_and_body("Another Post", "This is the Body")
-    assert_equal number_of_posts + 1, Post.count
-    assert_equal another, author.posts.find_or_create_by_title_and_body("Another Post", "This is the Body")
-    assert another.persisted?
-  end
-
   def test_cant_save_has_many_readonly_association
     authors(:david).readonly_comments.each { |c| assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { c.save! } }
     authors(:david).readonly_comments.each { |c| assert c.readonly? }
   end
 
-  def test_triple_equality
-    # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
-    assert !(Array === Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients)
-    assert Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients === Array
-  end
-
   def test_finding_default_orders
-    assert_equal "Summit", Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients.first.name
+    assert_equal "Summit", Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients.first.name
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_different_class_name_and_order
-    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_sorted_desc.first.name
+    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients_sorted_desc.first.name
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_foreign_key
-    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_of_firm.first.name
+    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients_of_firm.first.name
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_condition
-    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_like_ms.first.name
+    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients_like_ms.first.name
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_condition_hash
-    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_like_ms_with_hash_conditions.first.name
+    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients_like_ms_with_hash_conditions.first.name
   end
 
   def test_finding_using_primary_key
-    assert_equal "Summit", Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_using_primary_key.first.name
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_using_sql
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
-    first_client = firm.clients_using_sql.first
-    assert_not_nil first_client
-    assert_equal "Microsoft", first_client.name
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients_using_sql.size
-    assert_equal 1, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_using_sql.size
-  end
-
-  def test_counting_using_sql
-    assert_equal 1, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_using_counter_sql.size
-    assert Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_using_counter_sql.any?
-    assert_equal 0, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_using_zero_counter_sql.size
-    assert !Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").clients_using_zero_counter_sql.any?
-  end
-
-  def test_counting_non_existant_items_using_sql
-    assert_equal 0, Firm.find(:first, :order => "id").no_clients_using_counter_sql.size
-  end
-
-  def test_counting_using_finder_sql
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.find(4).clients_using_sql.count
+    assert_equal "Summit", Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first.clients_using_primary_key.first.name
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_sanity
@@ -401,7 +278,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_ids
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
 
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { firm.clients.find }
 
@@ -420,26 +297,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { firm.clients.find(2, 99) }
   end
 
-  def test_find_string_ids_when_using_finder_sql
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
-
-    client = firm.clients_using_finder_sql.find("2")
-    assert_kind_of Client, client
-
-    client_ary = firm.clients_using_finder_sql.find(["2"])
-    assert_kind_of Array, client_ary
-    assert_equal client, client_ary.first
-
-    client_ary = firm.clients_using_finder_sql.find("2", "3")
-    assert_kind_of Array, client_ary
-    assert_equal 2, client_ary.size
-    assert client_ary.include?(client)
-  end
-
   def test_find_all
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.find(:all, :conditions => "#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client'").length
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients.find(:all, :conditions => "name = 'Summit'").length
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.scoped(:where => "#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client'").all.length
+    assert_equal 1, firm.clients.scoped(:where => "name = 'Summit'").all.length
   end
 
   def test_find_each
@@ -458,7 +319,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
 
     assert_queries(2) do
-      firm.clients.find_each(:batch_size => 1, :conditions => {:name => "Microsoft"}) do |c|
+      firm.clients.where(name: 'Microsoft').find_each(batch_size: 1) do |c|
         assert_equal firm.id, c.firm_id
         assert_equal "Microsoft", c.name
       end
@@ -483,29 +344,29 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_all_sanitized
     # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
-    summit = firm.clients.find(:all, :conditions => "name = 'Summit'")
-    assert_equal summit, firm.clients.find(:all, :conditions => ["name = ?", "Summit"])
-    assert_equal summit, firm.clients.find(:all, :conditions => ["name = :name", { :name => "Summit" }])
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
+    summit = firm.clients.scoped(:where => "name = 'Summit'").all
+    assert_equal summit, firm.clients.scoped(:where => ["name = ?", "Summit"]).all
+    assert_equal summit, firm.clients.scoped(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "Summit" }]).all
   end
 
   def test_find_first
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
     client2 = Client.find(2)
-    assert_equal firm.clients.first, firm.clients.find(:first, :order => "id")
-    assert_equal client2, firm.clients.find(:first, :conditions => "#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client'", :order => "id")
+    assert_equal firm.clients.first, firm.clients.scoped(:order => "id").first
+    assert_equal client2, firm.clients.scoped(:where => "#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client'", :order => "id").first
   end
 
   def test_find_first_sanitized
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
     client2 = Client.find(2)
-    assert_equal client2, firm.clients.find(:first, :conditions => ["#{QUOTED_TYPE} = ?", 'Client'], :order => "id")
-    assert_equal client2, firm.clients.find(:first, :conditions => ["#{QUOTED_TYPE} = :type", { :type => 'Client' }], :order => "id")
+    assert_equal client2, firm.clients.scoped(:where => ["#{QUOTED_TYPE} = ?", 'Client'], :order => "id").first
+    assert_equal client2, firm.clients.scoped(:where => ["#{QUOTED_TYPE} = :type", { :type => 'Client' }], :order => "id").first
   end
 
   def test_find_all_with_include_and_conditions
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Developer.find(:all, :joins => :audit_logs, :conditions => {'audit_logs.message' => nil, :name => 'Smith'})
+      Developer.scoped(:joins => :audit_logs, :where => {'audit_logs.message' => nil, :name => 'Smith'}).all
     end
   end
 
@@ -515,8 +376,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_grouped
-    all_clients_of_firm1 = Client.find(:all, :conditions => "firm_id = 1")
-    grouped_clients_of_firm1 = Client.find(:all, :conditions => "firm_id = 1", :group => "firm_id", :select => 'firm_id, count(id) as clients_count')
+    all_clients_of_firm1 = Client.scoped(:where => "firm_id = 1").all
+    grouped_clients_of_firm1 = Client.scoped(:where => "firm_id = 1", :group => "firm_id", :select => 'firm_id, count(id) as clients_count').all
     assert_equal 2, all_clients_of_firm1.size
     assert_equal 1, grouped_clients_of_firm1.size
   end
@@ -574,7 +435,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_create_with_bang_on_has_many_raises_when_record_not_saved
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
-      firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
+      firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
       firm.plain_clients.create!
     end
   end
@@ -739,57 +600,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_find_or_initialize
-    the_client = companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_initialize_by_name("Yet another client")
-    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).id, the_client.firm_id
-    assert_equal "Yet another client", the_client.name
-    assert !the_client.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_updates_size
-    number_of_clients = companies(:first_firm).clients.size
-    the_client = companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_create_by_name("Yet another client")
-    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm, :reload).clients.size
-    assert_equal the_client, companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_create_by_name("Yet another client")
-    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm, :reload).clients.size
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_updates_collection_size
-    number_of_clients = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_returns_the_instantiated_object
-    client = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[-1]
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_only_instantiates_a_single_object
-    number_of_clients = Client.count
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client").save!
-    companies(:first_firm).save!
-    assert_equal number_of_clients+1, Client.count
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_with_hash
-    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title(:title => 'Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
-    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title(:title => 'Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
-    assert post.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_with_one_attribute_followed_by_hash
-    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
-    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
-    assert post.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_should_work_with_block
-    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post') {|p| p.body = 'somebody'}
-    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post') {|p| p.body = 'somebody'}
-    assert post.persisted?
-  end
-
   def test_deleting
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first)
@@ -806,7 +616,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache
-    topic = Topic.first(:order => "id ASC")
+    topic = Topic.order("id ASC").first
     assert_equal topic.replies.to_a.size, topic.replies_count
 
     topic.replies.delete(topic.replies.first)
@@ -824,7 +634,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_with_dependent_delete_all
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    post.update_column(:taggings_with_delete_all_count, post.taggings_count)
+    post.update_columns(taggings_with_delete_all_count: post.taggings_count)
 
     assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_with_delete_all_count", -1 do
       post.taggings_with_delete_all.delete(post.taggings_with_delete_all.first)
@@ -833,7 +643,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_with_dependent_destroy
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    post.update_column(:taggings_with_destroy_count, post.taggings_count)
+    post.update_columns(taggings_with_destroy_count: post.taggings_count)
 
     assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_with_destroy_count", -1 do
       post.taggings_with_destroy.delete(post.taggings_with_destroy.first)
@@ -898,12 +708,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     client_id = firm.clients_of_firm.first.id
     assert_equal 1, firm.clients_of_firm.size
 
-    cleared = firm.clients_of_firm.clear
+    firm.clients_of_firm.clear
 
     assert_equal 0, firm.clients_of_firm.size
     assert_equal 0, firm.clients_of_firm(true).size
     assert_equal [], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
-    assert_equal firm.clients_of_firm.object_id, cleared.object_id
 
     # Should not be destroyed since the association is not dependent.
     assert_nothing_raised do
@@ -969,11 +778,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Client.create(:client_of => firm.id, :name => "BigShot Inc.")
     Client.create(:client_of => firm.id, :name => "SmallTime Inc.")
     # only one of two clients is included in the association due to the :conditions key
-    assert_equal 2, Client.find_all_by_client_of(firm.id).size
+    assert_equal 2, Client.where(client_of: firm.id).size
     assert_equal 1, firm.dependent_conditional_clients_of_firm.size
     firm.destroy
     # only the correctly associated client should have been deleted
-    assert_equal 1, Client.find_all_by_client_of(firm.id).size
+    assert_equal 1, Client.where(client_of: firm.id).size
   end
 
   def test_dependent_association_respects_optional_sanitized_conditions_on_delete
@@ -981,11 +790,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Client.create(:client_of => firm.id, :name => "BigShot Inc.")
     Client.create(:client_of => firm.id, :name => "SmallTime Inc.")
     # only one of two clients is included in the association due to the :conditions key
-    assert_equal 2, Client.find_all_by_client_of(firm.id).size
+    assert_equal 2, Client.where(client_of: firm.id).size
     assert_equal 1, firm.dependent_sanitized_conditional_clients_of_firm.size
     firm.destroy
     # only the correctly associated client should have been deleted
-    assert_equal 1, Client.find_all_by_client_of(firm.id).size
+    assert_equal 1, Client.where(client_of: firm.id).size
   end
 
   def test_dependent_association_respects_optional_hash_conditions_on_delete
@@ -993,22 +802,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Client.create(:client_of => firm.id, :name => "BigShot Inc.")
     Client.create(:client_of => firm.id, :name => "SmallTime Inc.")
     # only one of two clients is included in the association due to the :conditions key
-    assert_equal 2, Client.find_all_by_client_of(firm.id).size
+    assert_equal 2, Client.where(client_of: firm.id).size
     assert_equal 1, firm.dependent_sanitized_conditional_clients_of_firm.size
     firm.destroy
     # only the correctly associated client should have been deleted
-    assert_equal 1, Client.find_all_by_client_of(firm.id).size
+    assert_equal 1, Client.where(client_of: firm.id).size
   end
 
   def test_delete_all_association_with_primary_key_deletes_correct_records
-    firm = Firm.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first
     # break the vanilla firm_id foreign key
     assert_equal 2, firm.clients.count
-    firm.clients.first.update_column(:firm_id, nil)
+    firm.clients.first.update_columns(firm_id: nil)
     assert_equal 1, firm.clients(true).count
     assert_equal 1, firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.count
     old_record = firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.first
-    firm = Firm.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first
     firm.destroy
     assert_nil Client.find_by_id(old_record.id)
   end
@@ -1043,10 +852,24 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, summit.client_of
   end
 
-  def test_deleting_type_mismatch
+  def test_deleting_by_fixnum_id
     david = Developer.find(1)
-    david.projects.reload
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) { david.projects.delete(1) }
+
+    assert_difference 'david.projects.count', -1 do
+      assert_equal 1, david.projects.delete(1).size
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1, david.projects.size
+  end
+
+  def test_deleting_by_string_id
+    david = Developer.find(1)
+
+    assert_difference 'david.projects.count', -1 do
+      assert_equal 1, david.projects.delete('1').size
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1, david.projects.size
   end
 
   def test_deleting_self_type_mismatch
@@ -1116,7 +939,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
     firm.destroy
-    assert Client.find(:all, :conditions => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").empty?
+    assert Client.scoped(:where => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").all.empty?
   end
 
   def test_dependence_for_associations_with_hash_condition
@@ -1126,7 +949,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_destroy_dependent_when_deleted_from_association
     # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
     assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
 
     client = firm.clients.first
@@ -1154,7 +977,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     firm.destroy rescue "do nothing"
 
-    assert_equal 2, Client.find(:all, :conditions => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").size
+    assert_equal 2, Client.scoped(:where => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").all.size
   end
 
   def test_dependence_on_account
@@ -1217,16 +1040,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_adding_array_and_collection
-    assert_nothing_raised { Firm.find(:first).clients + Firm.find(:all).last.clients }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_without_conditions
-    firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.find(:all).length
+    assert_nothing_raised { Firm.first.clients + Firm.all.last.clients }
   end
 
   def test_replace_with_less
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
     firm.clients = [companies(:first_client)]
     assert firm.save, "Could not save firm"
     firm.reload
@@ -1240,7 +1058,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_replace_with_new
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
     firm.clients = [companies(:second_client), Client.new("name" => "New Client")]
     firm.save
     firm.reload
@@ -1306,13 +1124,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [readers(:michael_welcome).id], posts(:welcome).readers_with_person_ids
   end
 
-  def test_get_ids_for_unloaded_finder_sql_associations_loads_them
-    company = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert !company.clients_using_sql.loaded?
-    assert_equal [companies(:second_client).id], company.clients_using_sql_ids
-    assert company.clients_using_sql.loaded?
-  end
-
   def test_get_ids_for_ordered_association
     assert_equal [companies(:second_client).id, companies(:first_client).id], companies(:first_firm).clients_ordered_by_name_ids
   end
@@ -1340,29 +1151,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_order_for_through
-    assert_equal Comment.find(10), authors(:david).comments_desc.find(:first, :conditions => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'")
+    assert_equal Comment.find(10), authors(:david).comments_desc.scoped(:where => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'").first
     assert_equal Comment.find(10), authors(:david).comments_desc.find_by_type('SpecialComment')
   end
 
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_order_for_through
-    assert_equal [Comment.find(10), Comment.find(7), Comment.find(6), Comment.find(3)], authors(:david).comments_desc.find(:all, :conditions => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'")
-    assert_equal [Comment.find(10), Comment.find(7), Comment.find(6), Comment.find(3)], authors(:david).comments_desc.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_limit_for_through
-    assert_equal 1, authors(:david).limited_comments.find(:all, :conditions => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'").length
-    assert_equal 1, authors(:david).limited_comments.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment').length
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_order_should_override_association_limit_for_through
-    assert_equal 4, authors(:david).limited_comments.find(:all, :conditions => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'", :limit => 9_000).length
-    assert_equal 4, authors(:david).limited_comments.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment', :limit => 9_000).length
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_include_over_the_same_table_for_through
-    assert_equal 2, people(:michael).posts.find(:all, :include => :people).length
-  end
-
   def test_has_many_through_respects_hash_conditions
     assert_equal authors(:david).hello_posts, authors(:david).hello_posts_with_hash_conditions
     assert_equal authors(:david).hello_post_comments, authors(:david).hello_post_comments_with_hash_conditions
@@ -1370,7 +1162,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_include_uses_array_include_after_loaded
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    firm.clients.class # force load target
+    firm.clients.load_target
 
     client = firm.clients.first
 
@@ -1392,17 +1184,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_include_loads_collection_if_target_uses_finder_sql
-    firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    client = firm.clients_using_sql.first
-
-    firm.reload
-    assert ! firm.clients_using_sql.loaded?
-    assert firm.clients_using_sql.include?(client)
-    assert firm.clients_using_sql.loaded?
-  end
-
-
   def test_include_returns_false_for_non_matching_record_to_verify_scoping
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client = Client.create!(:name => 'Not Associated')
@@ -1420,7 +1201,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_calling_first_or_last_on_loaded_association_should_not_fetch_with_query
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    firm.clients.class # force load target
+    firm.clients.load_target
     assert firm.clients.loaded?
 
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -1474,13 +1255,12 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal 1, author.essays.size
     end
 
-    assert_equal author.essays, Essay.find_all_by_writer_id("David")
-
+    assert_equal author.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
   end
 
   def test_has_many_custom_primary_key
     david = authors(:david)
-    assert_equal david.essays, Essay.find_all_by_writer_id("David")
+    assert_equal david.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
   end
 
   def test_blank_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
@@ -1492,17 +1272,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_with_find_options_on_loaded_association_should_fetch_with_query
-    firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    firm.clients.class # force load target
-
-    assert_queries 2 do
-      assert firm.clients.loaded?
-      firm.clients.first(:order => 'name')
-      firm.clients.last(:order => 'name')
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_calling_first_or_last_with_integer_on_association_should_load_association
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
 
@@ -1560,20 +1329,19 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm = Namespaced::Firm.create({ :name => 'Some Company' })
     firm.clients.create({ :name => 'Some Client' })
 
-    stats = Namespaced::Firm.find(firm.id, {
+    stats = Namespaced::Firm.scoped(
       :select => "#{Namespaced::Firm.table_name}.id, COUNT(#{Namespaced::Client.table_name}.id) AS num_clients",
       :joins  => :clients,
       :group  => "#{Namespaced::Firm.table_name}.id"
-    })
+    ).find firm.id
     assert_equal 1, stats.num_clients.to_i
-
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
   end
 
   def test_association_proxy_transaction_method_starts_transaction_in_association_class
     Comment.expects(:transaction)
-    Post.find(:first).comments.transaction do
+    Post.first.comments.transaction do
       # nothing
     end
   end
@@ -1590,14 +1358,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_creating_using_primary_key
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :order => "id")
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:order => "id").first
     client = firm.clients_using_primary_key.create!(:name => 'test')
     assert_equal firm.name, client.firm_name
   end
 
   def test_defining_has_many_association_with_delete_all_dependency_lazily_evaluates_target_class
     ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.any_instance.expects(:class_name).never
-    class_eval <<-EOF
+    class_eval(<<-EOF, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
       class DeleteAllModel < ActiveRecord::Base
         has_many :nonentities, :dependent => :delete_all
       end
@@ -1606,7 +1374,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_defining_has_many_association_with_nullify_dependency_lazily_evaluates_target_class
     ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.any_instance.expects(:class_name).never
-    class_eval <<-EOF
+    class_eval(<<-EOF, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
       class NullifyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
         has_many :nonentities, :dependent => :nullify
       end
@@ -1714,6 +1482,18 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [bulb2], car.reload.bulbs
   end
 
+  def test_replace_returns_target
+    car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
+    bulb1 = car.bulbs.create
+    bulb2 = car.bulbs.create
+    bulb3 = Bulb.create
+
+    assert_equal [bulb1, bulb2], car.bulbs
+    result = car.bulbs.replace([bulb3, bulb1])
+    assert_equal [bulb1, bulb3], car.bulbs
+    assert_equal [bulb1, bulb3], result
+  end
+
   def test_building_has_many_association_with_restrict_dependency
     option_before = ActiveRecord::Base.dependent_restrict_raises
     ActiveRecord::Base.dependent_restrict_raises = true
@@ -1725,4 +1505,35 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.dependent_restrict_raises = option_before
   end
+
+  def test_collection_association_with_private_kernel_method
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_equal [accounts(:signals37)], firm.accounts.open
+  end
+
+  test "first_or_initialize adds the record to the association" do
+    firm = Firm.create! name: 'omg'
+    client = firm.clients_of_firm.first_or_initialize
+    assert_equal [client], firm.clients_of_firm
+  end
+
+  test "first_or_create adds the record to the association" do
+    firm = Firm.create! name: 'omg'
+    firm.clients_of_firm.load_target
+    client = firm.clients_of_firm.first_or_create name: 'lol'
+    assert_equal [client], firm.clients_of_firm
+    assert_equal [client], firm.reload.clients_of_firm
+  end
+
+  test "delete_all, when not loaded, doesn't load the records" do
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+
+    assert post.taggings_with_delete_all.count > 0
+    assert !post.taggings_with_delete_all.loaded?
+
+    # 2 queries: one DELETE and another to update the counter cache
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      post.taggings_with_delete_all.delete_all
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index e9b930204f..94848f1044 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_update_counter_caches_on_delete_with_dependent_destroy
     post = posts(:welcome)
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
-    post.update_column(:tags_with_destroy_count, post.tags.count)
+    post.update_columns(tags_with_destroy_count: post.tags.count)
 
     assert_difference ['post.reload.taggings_count', 'post.reload.tags_with_destroy_count'], -1 do
       posts(:welcome).tags_with_destroy.delete(tag)
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_update_counter_caches_on_delete_with_dependent_nullify
     post = posts(:welcome)
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
-    post.update_column(:tags_with_nullify_count, post.tags.count)
+    post.update_columns(tags_with_nullify_count: post.tags.count)
 
     assert_no_difference 'post.reload.taggings_count' do
       assert_difference 'post.reload.tags_with_nullify_count', -1 do
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_count_with_include_should_alias_join_table
-    assert_equal 2, people(:michael).posts.count(:include => :readers)
+    assert_equal 2, people(:michael).posts.includes(:readers).count
   end
 
   def test_inner_join_with_quoted_table_name
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_association_proxy_transaction_method_starts_transaction_in_association_class
     Tag.expects(:transaction)
-    Post.find(:first).tags.transaction do
+    Post.first.tags.transaction do
       # nothing
     end
   end
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_collection_singular_ids_setter
     company = companies(:rails_core)
-    dev = Developer.find(:first)
+    dev = Developer.first
 
     company.developer_ids = [dev.id]
     assert_equal [dev], company.developers
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_collection_singular_ids_setter_raises_exception_when_invalid_ids_set
     company = companies(:rails_core)
-    ids =  [Developer.find(:first).id, -9999]
+    ids =  [Developer.first.id, -9999]
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) {company.developer_ids= ids}
   end
 
@@ -813,13 +813,6 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert post[:author_count].nil?
   end
 
-  def test_interpolated_conditions
-    post = posts(:welcome)
-    assert !post.tags.empty?
-    assert_equal post.tags, post.interpolated_tags
-    assert_equal post.tags, post.interpolated_tags_2
-  end
-
   def test_primary_key_option_on_source
     post     = posts(:welcome)
     category = categories(:general)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index 9c05b36426..88ec65706c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(1) { assert_nil firm.account }
     assert_queries(0) { assert_nil firm.account }
 
-    firms = Firm.find(:all, :include => :account)
+    firms = Firm.scoped(:includes => :account).all
     assert_queries(0) { firms.each(&:account) }
   end
 
   def test_with_select
     assert_equal Firm.find(1).account_with_select.attributes.size, 2
-    assert_equal Firm.find(1, :include => :account_with_select).account_with_select.attributes.size, 2
+    assert_equal Firm.scoped(:includes => :account_with_select).find(1).account_with_select.attributes.size, 2
   end
 
   def test_finding_using_primary_key
@@ -294,13 +294,13 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_dependence_with_missing_association_and_nullify
     Account.destroy_all
-    firm = DependentFirm.find(:first)
+    firm = DependentFirm.first
     assert_nil firm.account
     firm.destroy
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_interpolated_condition
-    firm = Firm.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first
     superior = firm.clients.create(:name => 'SuperiorCo')
     superior.rating = 10
     superior.save
@@ -346,14 +346,14 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Firm.find(@firm.id).save!
-      Firm.find(@firm.id, :include => :account).save!
+      Firm.scoped(:includes => :account).find(@firm.id).save!
     end
 
     @firm.account.destroy
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Firm.find(@firm.id).save!
-      Firm.find(@firm.id, :include => :account).save!
+      Firm.scoped(:includes => :account).find(@firm.id).save!
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
index 2503349c08..79056c09a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_one_through_eager_loading
     members = assert_queries(3) do #base table, through table, clubs table
-      Member.find(:all, :include => :club, :conditions => ["name = ?", "Groucho Marx"])
+      Member.scoped(:includes => :club, :where => ["name = ?", "Groucho Marx"]).all
     end
     assert_equal 1, members.size
     assert_not_nil assert_no_queries {members[0].club}
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_one_through_eager_loading_through_polymorphic
     members = assert_queries(3) do #base table, through table, clubs table
-      Member.find(:all, :include => :sponsor_club, :conditions => ["name = ?", "Groucho Marx"])
+      Member.scoped(:includes => :sponsor_club, :where => ["name = ?", "Groucho Marx"]).all
     end
     assert_equal 1, members.size
     assert_not_nil assert_no_queries {members[0].sponsor_club}
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_one_through_with_conditions_eager_loading
     # conditions on the through table
-    assert_equal clubs(:moustache_club), Member.find(@member.id, :include => :favourite_club).favourite_club
-    memberships(:membership_of_favourite_club).update_column(:favourite, false)
-    assert_equal nil,                    Member.find(@member.id, :include => :favourite_club).reload.favourite_club
+    assert_equal clubs(:moustache_club), Member.scoped(:includes => :favourite_club).find(@member.id).favourite_club
+    memberships(:membership_of_favourite_club).update_columns(favourite: false)
+    assert_equal nil,                    Member.scoped(:includes => :favourite_club).find(@member.id).reload.favourite_club
 
     # conditions on the source table
-    assert_equal clubs(:moustache_club), Member.find(@member.id, :include => :hairy_club).hairy_club
-    clubs(:moustache_club).update_column(:name, "Association of Clean-Shaven Persons")
-    assert_equal nil,                    Member.find(@member.id, :include => :hairy_club).reload.hairy_club
+    assert_equal clubs(:moustache_club), Member.scoped(:includes => :hairy_club).find(@member.id).hairy_club
+    clubs(:moustache_club).update_columns(name: "Association of Clean-Shaven Persons")
+    assert_equal nil,                    Member.scoped(:includes => :hairy_club).find(@member.id).reload.hairy_club
   end
 
   def test_has_one_through_polymorphic_with_source_type
@@ -104,14 +104,14 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_has_one_through_polymorphic_with_source_type
-    clubs = Club.find(:all, :include => :sponsored_member, :conditions => ["name = ?","Moustache and Eyebrow Fancier Club"])
+    clubs = Club.scoped(:includes => :sponsored_member, :where => ["name = ?","Moustache and Eyebrow Fancier Club"]).all
     # Only the eyebrow fanciers club has a sponsored_member
     assert_not_nil assert_no_queries {clubs[0].sponsored_member}
   end
 
   def test_has_one_through_nonpreload_eagerloading
     members = assert_queries(1) do
-      Member.find(:all, :include => :club, :conditions => ["members.name = ?", "Groucho Marx"], :order => 'clubs.name') #force fallback
+      Member.scoped(:includes => :club, :where => ["members.name = ?", "Groucho Marx"], :order => 'clubs.name').all #force fallback
     end
     assert_equal 1, members.size
     assert_not_nil assert_no_queries {members[0].club}
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_one_through_nonpreload_eager_loading_through_polymorphic
     members = assert_queries(1) do
-      Member.find(:all, :include => :sponsor_club, :conditions => ["members.name = ?", "Groucho Marx"], :order => 'clubs.name') #force fallback
+      Member.scoped(:includes => :sponsor_club, :where => ["members.name = ?", "Groucho Marx"], :order => 'clubs.name').all #force fallback
     end
     assert_equal 1, members.size
     assert_not_nil assert_no_queries {members[0].sponsor_club}
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_one_through_nonpreload_eager_loading_through_polymorphic_with_more_than_one_through_record
     Sponsor.new(:sponsor_club => clubs(:crazy_club), :sponsorable => members(:groucho)).save!
     members = assert_queries(1) do
-      Member.find(:all, :include => :sponsor_club, :conditions => ["members.name = ?", "Groucho Marx"], :order => 'clubs.name DESC') #force fallback
+      Member.scoped(:includes => :sponsor_club, :where => ["members.name = ?", "Groucho Marx"], :order => 'clubs.name DESC').all #force fallback
     end
     assert_equal 1, members.size
     assert_not_nil assert_no_queries { members[0].sponsor_club }
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @member.member_detail = @member_detail
     @member.organization = @organization
     @member_details = assert_queries(3) do
-      MemberDetail.find(:all, :include => :member_type)
+      MemberDetail.scoped(:includes => :member_type).all
     end
     @new_detail = @member_details[0]
     assert @new_detail.send(:association, :member_type).loaded?
@@ -210,14 +210,14 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Club.find(@club.id).save!
-      Club.find(@club.id, :include => :sponsored_member).save!
+      Club.scoped(:includes => :sponsored_member).find(@club.id).save!
     end
 
     @club.sponsor.destroy
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Club.find(@club.id).save!
-      Club.find(@club.id, :include => :sponsored_member).save!
+      Club.scoped(:includes => :sponsored_member).find(@club.id).save!
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/identity_map_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/identity_map_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b8635774c..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/identity_map_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/post'
-
-if ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled?
-class InverseHasManyIdentityMapTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :authors, :posts
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_every_child_on_find
-    m = Author.first
-    is = m.posts
-    is.each do |i|
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-      m.name = 'Bongo'
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-      i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to child-owned instance"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_eager_loaded_children
-    m = Author.find(:first, :include => :posts)
-    is = m.posts
-    is.each do |i|
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-      m.name = 'Bongo'
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-      i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to child-owned instance"
-    end
-
-    m = Author.find(:first, :include => :posts, :order => 'posts.id')
-    is = m.posts
-    is.each do |i|
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-      m.name = 'Bongo'
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-      i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-      assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to child-owned instance"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_built_child
-    m = Author.first
-    i = m.posts.build(:title => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment', :body => 'Lorem ipsum')
-    assert_not_nil i.author
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-    m.name = 'Bongo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-    i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to just-built-child-owned instance"
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_block_style_built_child
-    m = Author.first
-    i = m.posts.build {|ii| ii.title = 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment'; ii.body = 'Lorem ipsum'}
-    assert_not_nil i.title, "Child attributes supplied to build via blocks should be populated"
-    assert_not_nil i.author
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-    m.name = 'Bongo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-    i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to just-built-child-owned instance"
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_created_child
-    m = Author.first
-    i = m.posts.create(:title => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment', :body => 'Lorem ipsum')
-    assert_not_nil i.author
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-    m.name = 'Bongo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-    i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to newly-created-child-owned instance"
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_created_via_bang_method_child
-    m = Author.first
-    i = m.posts.create!(:title => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment', :body => 'Lorem ipsum')
-    assert_not_nil i.author
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-    m.name = 'Bongo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-    i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to newly-created-child-owned instance"
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_block_style_created_child
-    m = Author.first
-    i = m.posts.create {|ii| ii.title = 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment'; ii.body = 'Lorem ipsum'}
-    assert_not_nil i.title, "Child attributes supplied to create via blocks should be populated"
-    assert_not_nil i.author
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-    m.name = 'Bongo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-    i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to newly-created-child-owned instance"
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_poked_in_child
-    m = Author.first
-    i = Post.create(:title => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment', :body => 'Lorem ipsum')
-    m.posts << i
-    assert_not_nil i.author
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-    m.name = 'Bongo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-    i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to newly-created-child-owned instance"
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_replaced_via_accessor_children
-    m = Author.first
-    i = Post.new(:title => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment', :body => 'Lorem ipsum')
-    m.posts = [i]
-    assert_same m, i.author
-    assert_not_nil i.author
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-    m.name = 'Bongo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-    i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to replaced-child-owned instance"
-  end
-
-  def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_replaced_via_method_children
-    m = Author.first
-    i = Post.new(:title => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment', :body => 'Lorem ipsum')
-    m.posts = [i]
-    assert_not_nil i.author
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
-    m.name = 'Bongo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to parent instance"
-    i.author.name = 'Mungo'
-    assert_equal m.name, i.author.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to replaced-child-owned instance"
-  end
-end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
index 68a1e62328..1d61d5c474 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
@@ -72,17 +72,17 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_count_honors_implicit_inner_joins
     real_count = Author.scoped.to_a.sum{|a| a.posts.count }
-    assert_equal real_count, Author.count(:joins => :posts), "plain inner join count should match the number of referenced posts records"
+    assert_equal real_count, Author.joins(:posts).count, "plain inner join count should match the number of referenced posts records"
   end
 
   def test_calculate_honors_implicit_inner_joins
     real_count = Author.scoped.to_a.sum{|a| a.posts.count }
-    assert_equal real_count, Author.calculate(:count, 'authors.id', :joins => :posts), "plain inner join count should match the number of referenced posts records"
+    assert_equal real_count, Author.joins(:posts).calculate(:count, 'authors.id'), "plain inner join count should match the number of referenced posts records"
   end
 
   def test_calculate_honors_implicit_inner_joins_and_distinct_and_conditions
     real_count = Author.scoped.to_a.select {|a| a.posts.any? {|p| p.title =~ /^Welcome/} }.length
-    authors_with_welcoming_post_titles = Author.calculate(:count, 'authors.id', :joins => :posts, :distinct => true, :conditions => "posts.title like 'Welcome%'")
+    authors_with_welcoming_post_titles = Author.scoped(:joins => :posts, :where => "posts.title like 'Welcome%'").calculate(:count, 'authors.id', :distinct => true)
     assert_equal real_count, authors_with_welcoming_post_titles, "inner join and conditions should have only returned authors posting titles starting with 'Welcome'"
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
index 76282213d8..f35ffb2994 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class InverseHasOneTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_eager_loaded_child_on_find
-    m = Man.find(:first, :conditions => {:name => 'Gordon'}, :include => :face)
+    m = Man.scoped(:where => {:name => 'Gordon'}, :includes => :face).first
     f = m.face
     assert_equal m.name, f.man.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
     m.name = 'Bongo'
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class InverseHasOneTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     f.man.name = 'Mungo'
     assert_equal m.name, f.man.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to child-owned instance"
 
-    m = Man.find(:first, :conditions => {:name => 'Gordon'}, :include => :face, :order => 'faces.id')
+    m = Man.scoped(:where => {:name => 'Gordon'}, :includes => :face, :order => 'faces.id').first
     f = m.face
     assert_equal m.name, f.man.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
     m.name = 'Bongo'
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class InverseHasOneTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_built_child
-    m = Man.find(:first)
+    m = Man.first
     f = m.build_face(:description => 'haunted')
     assert_not_nil f.man
     assert_equal m.name, f.man.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class InverseHasOneTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_created_child
-    m = Man.find(:first)
+    m = Man.first
     f = m.create_face(:description => 'haunted')
     assert_not_nil f.man
     assert_equal m.name, f.man.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class InverseHasOneTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_created_child_via_bang_method
-    m = Man.find(:first)
+    m = Man.first
     f = m.create_face!(:description => 'haunted')
     assert_not_nil f.man
     assert_equal m.name, f.man.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class InverseHasOneTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_replaced_via_accessor_child
-    m = Man.find(:first)
+    m = Man.first
     f = Face.new(:description => 'haunted')
     m.face = f
     assert_not_nil f.man
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class InverseHasOneTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_trying_to_use_inverses_that_dont_exist_should_raise_an_error
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Man.find(:first).dirty_face }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Man.first.dirty_face }
   end
 end
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_eager_loaded_children
-    m = Man.find(:first, :conditions => {:name => 'Gordon'}, :include => :interests)
+    m = Man.scoped(:where => {:name => 'Gordon'}, :includes => :interests).first
     is = m.interests
     is.each do |i|
       assert_equal m.name, i.man.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal m.name, i.man.name, "Name of man should be the same after changes to child-owned instance"
     end
 
-    m = Man.find(:first, :conditions => {:name => 'Gordon'}, :include => :interests, :order => 'interests.id')
+    m = Man.scoped(:where => {:name => 'Gordon'}, :includes => :interests, :order => 'interests.id').first
     is = m.interests
     is.each do |i|
       assert_equal m.name, i.man.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_block_style_built_child
-    m = Man.find(:first)
+    m = Man.first
     i = m.interests.build {|ii| ii.topic = 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment'}
     assert_not_nil i.topic, "Child attributes supplied to build via blocks should be populated"
     assert_not_nil i.man
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_created_via_bang_method_child
-    m = Man.find(:first)
+    m = Man.first
     i = m.interests.create!(:topic => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment')
     assert_not_nil i.man
     assert_equal m.name, i.man.name, "Name of man should be the same before changes to parent instance"
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_newly_block_style_created_child
-    m = Man.find(:first)
+    m = Man.first
     i = m.interests.create {|ii| ii.topic = 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment'}
     assert_not_nil i.topic, "Child attributes supplied to create via blocks should be populated"
     assert_not_nil i.man
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_with_replaced_via_accessor_children
-    m = Man.find(:first)
+    m = Man.first
     i = Interest.new(:topic => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment')
     m.interests = [i]
     assert_not_nil i.man
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_trying_to_use_inverses_that_dont_exist_should_raise_an_error
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Man.find(:first).secret_interests }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Man.first.secret_interests }
   end
 end
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class InverseBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_loaded_child_instance_should_be_shared_with_parent_on_find
-    f = Face.find(:first, :include => :man, :conditions => {:description => 'trusting'})
+    f = Face.scoped(:includes => :man, :where => {:description => 'trusting'}).first
     m = f.man
     assert_equal f.description, m.face.description, "Description of face should be the same before changes to child instance"
     f.description = 'gormless'
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class InverseBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     m.face.description = 'pleasing'
     assert_equal f.description, m.face.description, "Description of face should be the same after changes to parent-owned instance"
 
-    f = Face.find(:first, :include => :man, :order => 'men.id', :conditions => {:description => 'trusting'})
+    f = Face.scoped(:includes => :man, :order => 'men.id', :where => {:description => 'trusting'}).first
     m = f.man
     assert_equal f.description, m.face.description, "Description of face should be the same before changes to child instance"
     f.description = 'gormless'
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ class InverseBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_child_instance_should_be_shared_with_replaced_via_accessor_parent
-    f = Face.find(:first)
+    f = Face.first
     m = Man.new(:name => 'Charles')
     f.man = m
     assert_not_nil m.face
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class InverseBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_trying_to_use_inverses_that_dont_exist_should_raise_an_error
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.find(:first).horrible_man }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.first.horrible_man }
   end
 end
 
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ class InversePolymorphicBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :men, :faces, :interests
 
   def test_child_instance_should_be_shared_with_parent_on_find
-    f = Face.find(:first, :conditions => {:description => 'confused'})
+    f = Face.scoped(:where => {:description => 'confused'}).first
     m = f.polymorphic_man
     assert_equal f.description, m.polymorphic_face.description, "Description of face should be the same before changes to child instance"
     f.description = 'gormless'
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class InversePolymorphicBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_loaded_child_instance_should_be_shared_with_parent_on_find
-    f = Face.find(:first, :conditions => {:description => 'confused'}, :include => :man)
+    f = Face.scoped(:where => {:description => 'confused'}, :includes => :man).first
     m = f.polymorphic_man
     assert_equal f.description, m.polymorphic_face.description, "Description of face should be the same before changes to child instance"
     f.description = 'gormless'
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ class InversePolymorphicBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     m.polymorphic_face.description = 'pleasing'
     assert_equal f.description, m.polymorphic_face.description, "Description of face should be the same after changes to parent-owned instance"
 
-    f = Face.find(:first, :conditions => {:description => 'confused'}, :include => :man, :order => 'men.id')
+    f = Face.scoped(:where => {:description => 'confused'}, :includes => :man, :order => 'men.id').first
     m = f.polymorphic_man
     assert_equal f.description, m.polymorphic_face.description, "Description of face should be the same before changes to child instance"
     f.description = 'gormless'
@@ -421,19 +421,19 @@ class InversePolymorphicBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_trying_to_access_inverses_that_dont_exist_shouldnt_raise_an_error
     # Ideally this would, if only for symmetry's sake with other association types
-    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.find(:first).horrible_polymorphic_man }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.first.horrible_polymorphic_man }
   end
 
   def test_trying_to_set_polymorphic_inverses_that_dont_exist_at_all_should_raise_an_error
     # fails because no class has the correct inverse_of for horrible_polymorphic_man
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.find(:first).horrible_polymorphic_man = Man.first }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.first.horrible_polymorphic_man = Man.first }
   end
 
   def test_trying_to_set_polymorphic_inverses_that_dont_exist_on_the_instance_being_set_should_raise_an_error
     # passes because Man does have the correct inverse_of
-    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.find(:first).polymorphic_man = Man.first }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.first.polymorphic_man = Man.first }
     # fails because Interest does have the correct inverse_of
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.find(:first).polymorphic_man = Interest.first }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.first.polymorphic_man = Interest.first }
   end
 end
 
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ class InverseMultipleHasManyInversesForSameModel < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_that_we_can_load_associations_that_have_the_same_reciprocal_name_from_different_models
     assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) do
-      i = Interest.find(:first)
+      i = Interest.first
       i.zine
       i.man
     end
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ class InverseMultipleHasManyInversesForSameModel < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_that_we_can_create_associations_that_have_the_same_reciprocal_name_from_different_models
     assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) do
-      i = Interest.find(:first)
+      i = Interest.first
       i.build_zine(:title => 'Get Some in Winter! 2008')
       i.build_man(:name => 'Gordon')
       i.save!
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
index 301755249c..678b412712 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
@@ -46,16 +46,12 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.loaded?
     assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 1, author.unique_categorized_posts.count }
     assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 1, author.unique_categorized_posts.count(:title) }
-    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 0, author.unique_categorized_posts.count(:title, :conditions => "title is NULL") }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 0, author.unique_categorized_posts.where(title: nil).count(:title) }
     assert !authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.loaded?
   end
 
   def test_has_many_uniq_through_find
-    assert_equal 1, authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.find(:all).size
-  end
-
-  def test_has_many_uniq_through_dynamic_find
-    assert_equal 1, authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.find_all_by_title("So I was thinking").size
+    assert_equal 1, authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.all.size
   end
 
   def test_polymorphic_has_many_going_through_join_model
@@ -71,7 +67,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_polymorphic_has_many_going_through_join_model_with_find
-    assert_equal tags(:general), tag = posts(:welcome).tags.find(:first)
+    assert_equal tags(:general), tag = posts(:welcome).tags.first
     assert_no_queries do
       tag.tagging
     end
@@ -85,7 +81,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_polymorphic_has_many_going_through_join_model_with_include_on_source_reflection_with_find
-    assert_equal tags(:general), tag = posts(:welcome).funky_tags.find(:first)
+    assert_equal tags(:general), tag = posts(:welcome).funky_tags.first
     assert_no_queries do
       tag.tagging
     end
@@ -179,7 +175,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_delete_polymorphic_has_many_with_delete_all
     assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome).taggings.count
-    posts(:welcome).taggings.first.update_column :taggable_type, 'PostWithHasManyDeleteAll'
+    posts(:welcome).taggings.first.update_columns taggable_type: 'PostWithHasManyDeleteAll'
     post = find_post_with_dependency(1, :has_many, :taggings, :delete_all)
 
     old_count = Tagging.count
@@ -190,7 +186,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_delete_polymorphic_has_many_with_destroy
     assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome).taggings.count
-    posts(:welcome).taggings.first.update_column :taggable_type, 'PostWithHasManyDestroy'
+    posts(:welcome).taggings.first.update_columns taggable_type: 'PostWithHasManyDestroy'
     post = find_post_with_dependency(1, :has_many, :taggings, :destroy)
 
     old_count = Tagging.count
@@ -201,7 +197,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_delete_polymorphic_has_many_with_nullify
     assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome).taggings.count
-    posts(:welcome).taggings.first.update_column :taggable_type, 'PostWithHasManyNullify'
+    posts(:welcome).taggings.first.update_columns taggable_type: 'PostWithHasManyNullify'
     post = find_post_with_dependency(1, :has_many, :taggings, :nullify)
 
     old_count = Tagging.count
@@ -212,7 +208,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_delete_polymorphic_has_one_with_destroy
     assert posts(:welcome).tagging
-    posts(:welcome).tagging.update_column :taggable_type, 'PostWithHasOneDestroy'
+    posts(:welcome).tagging.update_columns taggable_type: 'PostWithHasOneDestroy'
     post = find_post_with_dependency(1, :has_one, :tagging, :destroy)
 
     old_count = Tagging.count
@@ -223,7 +219,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_delete_polymorphic_has_one_with_nullify
     assert posts(:welcome).tagging
-    posts(:welcome).tagging.update_column :taggable_type, 'PostWithHasOneNullify'
+    posts(:welcome).tagging.update_columns taggable_type: 'PostWithHasOneNullify'
     post = find_post_with_dependency(1, :has_one, :tagging, :nullify)
 
     old_count = Tagging.count
@@ -237,8 +233,8 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_has_many_through
-    posts              = Post.find(:all, :order => 'posts.id')
-    posts_with_authors = Post.find(:all, :include => :authors, :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts              = Post.scoped(:order => 'posts.id').all
+    posts_with_authors = Post.scoped(:includes => :authors, :order => 'posts.id').all
     assert_equal posts.length, posts_with_authors.length
     posts.length.times do |i|
       assert_equal posts[i].authors.length, assert_no_queries { posts_with_authors[i].authors.length }
@@ -246,7 +242,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_polymorphic_has_one
-    post    = Post.find_by_id(posts(:welcome).id, :include => :tagging)
+    post    = Post.includes(:tagging).find posts(:welcome).id
     tagging = taggings(:welcome_general)
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal tagging, post.tagging
@@ -254,7 +250,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_polymorphic_has_one_defined_in_abstract_parent
-    item    = Item.find_by_id(items(:dvd).id, :include => :tagging)
+    item    = Item.includes(:tagging).find items(:dvd).id
     tagging = taggings(:godfather)
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal tagging, item.tagging
@@ -262,8 +258,8 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_polymorphic_has_many_through
-    posts           = Post.find(:all, :order => 'posts.id')
-    posts_with_tags = Post.find(:all, :include => :tags, :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts           = Post.scoped(:order => 'posts.id').all
+    posts_with_tags = Post.scoped(:includes => :tags, :order => 'posts.id').all
     assert_equal posts.length, posts_with_tags.length
     posts.length.times do |i|
       assert_equal posts[i].tags.length, assert_no_queries { posts_with_tags[i].tags.length }
@@ -271,8 +267,8 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_polymorphic_has_many
-    posts               = Post.find(:all, :order => 'posts.id')
-    posts_with_taggings = Post.find(:all, :include => :taggings, :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts               = Post.scoped(:order => 'posts.id').all
+    posts_with_taggings = Post.scoped(:includes => :taggings, :order => 'posts.id').all
     assert_equal posts.length, posts_with_taggings.length
     posts.length.times do |i|
       assert_equal posts[i].taggings.length, assert_no_queries { posts_with_taggings[i].taggings.length }
@@ -280,25 +276,20 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_find_all
-    assert_equal [categories(:general)], authors(:david).categories.find(:all)
+    assert_equal [categories(:general)], authors(:david).categories.all
   end
 
   def test_has_many_find_first
-    assert_equal categories(:general), authors(:david).categories.find(:first)
+    assert_equal categories(:general), authors(:david).categories.first
   end
 
   def test_has_many_with_hash_conditions
-    assert_equal categories(:general), authors(:david).categories_like_general.find(:first)
+    assert_equal categories(:general), authors(:david).categories_like_general.first
   end
 
   def test_has_many_find_conditions
-    assert_equal categories(:general), authors(:david).categories.find(:first, :conditions => "categories.name = 'General'")
-    assert_nil authors(:david).categories.find(:first, :conditions => "categories.name = 'Technology'")
-  end
-
-  def test_has_many_class_methods_called_by_method_missing
-    assert_equal categories(:general), authors(:david).categories.find_all_by_name('General').first
-    assert_nil authors(:david).categories.find_by_name('Technology')
+    assert_equal categories(:general), authors(:david).categories.scoped(:where => "categories.name = 'General'").first
+    assert_nil authors(:david).categories.scoped(:where => "categories.name = 'Technology'").first
   end
 
   def test_has_many_array_methods_called_by_method_missing
@@ -327,14 +318,6 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [authors(:david), authors(:bob)], posts(:thinking).authors_using_custom_pk.order('authors.id')
   end
 
-  def test_both_scoped_and_explicit_joins_should_be_respected
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      Post.send(:with_scope, :find => {:joins => "left outer join comments on comments.id = posts.id"}) do
-        Post.find :all, :select => "comments.id, authors.id", :joins => "left outer join authors on authors.id = posts.author_id"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_belongs_to_polymorphic_with_counter_cache
     assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome)[:taggings_count]
     tagging = posts(:welcome).taggings.create(:tag => tags(:general))
@@ -362,7 +345,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_raise ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError do
-      tags(:general).taggings.find(:all, :include => :taggable, :references => :bogus_table, :conditions => 'bogus_table.column = 1')
+      tags(:general).taggings.includes(:taggable).where('bogus_table.column = 1').references(:bogus_table).to_a
     end
   end
 
@@ -372,7 +355,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_has_many_polymorphic_with_source_type
-    tag_with_include = Tag.find(tags(:general).id, :include => :tagged_posts)
+    tag_with_include = Tag.scoped(:includes => :tagged_posts).find(tags(:general).id)
     desired = posts(:welcome, :thinking)
     assert_no_queries do
       # added sort by ID as otherwise test using JRuby was failing as array elements were in different order
@@ -382,20 +365,20 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_find_all
-    assert_equal comments(:greetings), authors(:david).comments.find(:all, :order => 'comments.id').first
+    assert_equal comments(:greetings), authors(:david).comments.scoped(:order => 'comments.id').all.first
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_find_all_with_custom_class
-    assert_equal comments(:greetings), authors(:david).funky_comments.find(:all, :order => 'comments.id').first
+    assert_equal comments(:greetings), authors(:david).funky_comments.scoped(:order => 'comments.id').all.first
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_find_first
-    assert_equal comments(:greetings), authors(:david).comments.find(:first, :order => 'comments.id')
+    assert_equal comments(:greetings), authors(:david).comments.scoped(:order => 'comments.id').first
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_find_conditions
-    options = { :conditions => "comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}='SpecialComment'", :order => 'comments.id' }
-    assert_equal comments(:does_it_hurt), authors(:david).comments.find(:first, options)
+    options = { :where => "comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}='SpecialComment'", :order => 'comments.id' }
+    assert_equal comments(:does_it_hurt), authors(:david).comments.scoped(options).first
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_find_by_id
@@ -411,7 +394,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_has_many_through_polymorphic_has_many
-    author            = Author.find_by_id(authors(:david).id, :include => :taggings)
+    author            = Author.includes(:taggings).find authors(:david).id
     expected_taggings = taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general)
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.uniq.sort_by { |t| t.id }
@@ -419,7 +402,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_has_many
-    author = Author.find :first, :conditions => ['name = ?', 'David'], :include => :comments, :order => 'comments.id'
+    author = Author.scoped(:where => ['name = ?', 'David'], :includes => :comments, :order => 'comments.id').first
     SpecialComment.new; VerySpecialComment.new
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,12], author.comments.collect(&:id)
@@ -427,7 +410,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_has_many_with_conditions
-    post = Post.find(:first, :include => :invalid_tags)
+    post = Post.scoped(:includes => :invalid_tags).first
     assert_no_queries do
       post.invalid_tags
     end
@@ -435,8 +418,8 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_belongs_to_and_has_one_not_singularized
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Author.find(:first, :include => :author_address)
-      AuthorAddress.find(:first, :include => :author)
+      Author.scoped(:includes => :author_address).first
+      AuthorAddress.scoped(:includes => :author).first
     end
   end
 
@@ -452,7 +435,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_uses_conditions_specified_on_the_has_many_association
-    author = Author.find(:first)
+    author = Author.first
     assert_present author.comments
     assert_blank author.nonexistant_comments
   end
@@ -595,7 +578,27 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deleting_junk_from_has_many_through_should_raise_type_mismatch
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) { posts(:thinking).tags.delete("Uhh what now?") }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) { posts(:thinking).tags.delete(Object.new) }
+  end
+
+  def test_deleting_by_fixnum_id_from_has_many_through
+    post = posts(:thinking)
+
+    assert_difference 'post.tags.count', -1 do
+      assert_equal 1, post.tags.delete(1).size
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, post.tags.size
+  end
+
+  def test_deleting_by_string_id_from_has_many_through
+    post = posts(:thinking)
+
+    assert_difference 'post.tags.count', -1 do
+      assert_equal 1, post.tags.delete('1').size
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, post.tags.size
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_sum_uses_calculations
@@ -622,7 +625,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_polymorphic_has_many
     expected = taggings(:welcome_general)
-    p = Post.find(posts(:welcome).id, :include => :taggings)
+    p = Post.scoped(:includes => :taggings).find(posts(:welcome).id)
     assert_no_queries {assert p.taggings.include?(expected)}
     assert posts(:welcome).taggings.include?(taggings(:welcome_general))
   end
@@ -630,18 +633,18 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_polymorphic_has_one
     expected = posts(:welcome)
 
-    tagging  = Tagging.find(taggings(:welcome_general).id, :include => :taggable)
+    tagging  = Tagging.scoped(:includes => :taggable).find(taggings(:welcome_general).id)
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal expected, tagging.taggable}
   end
 
   def test_polymorphic_belongs_to
-    p = Post.find(posts(:welcome).id, :include => {:taggings => :taggable})
+    p = Post.scoped(:includes => {:taggings => :taggable}).find(posts(:welcome).id)
     assert_no_queries {assert_equal posts(:welcome), p.taggings.first.taggable}
   end
 
   def test_preload_polymorphic_has_many_through
-    posts           = Post.find(:all, :order => 'posts.id')
-    posts_with_tags = Post.find(:all, :include => :tags, :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts           = Post.scoped(:order => 'posts.id').all
+    posts_with_tags = Post.scoped(:includes => :tags, :order => 'posts.id').all
     assert_equal posts.length, posts_with_tags.length
     posts.length.times do |i|
       assert_equal posts[i].tags.length, assert_no_queries { posts_with_tags[i].tags.length }
@@ -649,7 +652,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preload_polymorph_many_types
-    taggings = Tagging.find :all, :include => :taggable, :conditions => ['taggable_type != ?', 'FakeModel']
+    taggings = Tagging.scoped(:includes => :taggable, :where => ['taggable_type != ?', 'FakeModel']).all
     assert_no_queries do
       taggings.first.taggable.id
       taggings[1].taggable.id
@@ -662,13 +665,13 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preload_nil_polymorphic_belongs_to
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Tagging.find(:all, :include => :taggable, :conditions => ['taggable_type IS NULL'])
+      Tagging.scoped(:includes => :taggable, :where => ['taggable_type IS NULL']).all
     end
   end
 
   def test_preload_polymorphic_has_many
-    posts               = Post.find(:all, :order => 'posts.id')
-    posts_with_taggings = Post.find(:all, :include => :taggings, :order => 'posts.id')
+    posts               = Post.scoped(:order => 'posts.id').all
+    posts_with_taggings = Post.scoped(:includes => :taggings, :order => 'posts.id').all
     assert_equal posts.length, posts_with_taggings.length
     posts.length.times do |i|
       assert_equal posts[i].taggings.length, assert_no_queries { posts_with_taggings[i].taggings.length }
@@ -676,7 +679,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_shared_parent
-    comments = Comment.find(:all, :include => :post, :conditions => 'post_id = 1')
+    comments = Comment.scoped(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 1').all
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal comments.first.post, comments[1].post
     end
@@ -684,7 +687,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_many_through_include_uses_array_include_after_loaded
     david = authors(:david)
-    david.categories.class # force load target
+    david.categories.load_target
 
     category = david.categories.first
 
@@ -731,7 +734,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # create dynamic Post models to allow different dependency options
     def find_post_with_dependency(post_id, association, association_name, dependency)
       class_name = "PostWith#{association.to_s.classify}#{dependency.to_s.classify}"
-      Post.find(post_id).update_column :type, class_name
+      Post.find(post_id).update_columns type: class_name
       klass = Object.const_set(class_name, Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base))
       klass.table_name = 'posts'
       klass.send(association, association_name, :as => :taggable, :dependent => dependency)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index 017905e0ac..1298710c75 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -67,15 +67,15 @@ class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ship = Ship.create!(:name => "The good ship Dollypop")
     part = ship.parts.create!(:name => "Mast")
     part.mark_for_destruction
-    ShipPart.find(part.id).update_column(:name, 'Deck')
+    ShipPart.find(part.id).update_columns(name: 'Deck')
     ship.parts.send(:load_target)
     assert_equal 'Deck', ship.parts[0].name
   end
 
 
   def test_include_with_order_works
-    assert_nothing_raised {Account.find(:first, :order => 'id', :include => :firm)}
-    assert_nothing_raised {Account.find(:first, :order => :id, :include => :firm)}
+    assert_nothing_raised {Account.scoped(:order => 'id', :includes => :firm).first}
+    assert_nothing_raised {Account.scoped(:order => :id, :includes => :firm).first}
   end
 
   def test_bad_collection_keys
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     david = developers(:david)
 
     assert !david.projects.loaded?
-    david.update_column(:created_at, Time.now)
+    david.update_columns(created_at: Time.now)
     assert !david.projects.loaded?
   end
 
@@ -214,6 +214,10 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     david = developers(:david)
     assert_equal david.association(:projects), david.projects.proxy_association
   end
+
+  def test_scoped_allows_conditions
+    assert developers(:david).projects.scoped(where: 'foo').where_values.include?('foo')
+  end
 end
 
 class OverridingAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
index 764305459d..f4c40b8b97 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     class ReadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       class FakeColumn < Struct.new(:name)
-        def type_cast_code(var)
-          var
-        end
-
         def type; :integer; end
       end
 
@@ -19,6 +15,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           def self.active_record_super; Base; end
           def self.base_class; self; end
 
+          extend ActiveRecord::Configuration
           include ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods
 
           def self.define_attribute_methods
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index ef01476ae4..aa0cdf5dfb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # DB2 is not case-sensitive
     return true if current_adapter?(:DB2Adapter)
 
-    assert_equal @loaded_fixtures['computers']['workstation'].to_hash, Computer.find(:first).attributes
+    assert_equal @loaded_fixtures['computers']['workstation'].to_hash, Computer.first.attributes
   end
 
   def test_hashes_not_mangled
@@ -481,23 +481,23 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_typecast_attribute_from_select_to_false
-    topic = Topic.create(:title => 'Budget')
+    Topic.create(:title => 'Budget')
     # Oracle does not support boolean expressions in SELECT
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      topic = Topic.find(:first, :select => "topics.*, 0 as is_test")
+      topic = Topic.scoped(:select => "topics.*, 0 as is_test").first
     else
-      topic = Topic.find(:first, :select => "topics.*, 1=2 as is_test")
+      topic = Topic.scoped(:select => "topics.*, 1=2 as is_test").first
     end
     assert !topic.is_test?
   end
 
   def test_typecast_attribute_from_select_to_true
-    topic = Topic.create(:title => 'Budget')
+    Topic.create(:title => 'Budget')
     # Oracle does not support boolean expressions in SELECT
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      topic = Topic.find(:first, :select => "topics.*, 1 as is_test")
+      topic = Topic.scoped(:select => "topics.*, 1 as is_test").first
     else
-      topic = Topic.find(:first, :select => "topics.*, 2=2 as is_test")
+      topic = Topic.scoped(:select => "topics.*, 2=2 as is_test").first
     end
     assert topic.is_test?
   end
@@ -792,6 +792,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
+
   def cached_columns
     Topic.columns.find_all { |column|
       !Topic.serialized_attributes.include? column.name
@@ -815,7 +816,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def privatize(method_signature)
-    @target.class_eval <<-private_method
+    @target.class_eval(<<-private_method, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
       private
       def #{method_signature}
         "I'm private"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index 1376810adf..b980dc58e3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -20,22 +20,6 @@ require 'models/company'
 require 'models/eye'
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_autosave_should_be_a_valid_option_for_has_one
-    assert ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasOne.valid_options.include?(:autosave)
-  end
-
-  def test_autosave_should_be_a_valid_option_for_belongs_to
-    assert ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::BelongsTo.valid_options.include?(:autosave)
-  end
-
-  def test_autosave_should_be_a_valid_option_for_has_many
-    assert ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.valid_options.include?(:autosave)
-  end
-
-  def test_autosave_should_be_a_valid_option_for_has_and_belongs_to_many
-    assert ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.valid_options.include?(:autosave)
-  end
-
   def test_should_not_add_the_same_callbacks_multiple_times_for_has_one
     assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Pirate, :ship
   end
@@ -87,7 +71,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCas
   end
 
   def test_save_fails_for_invalid_has_one
-    firm = Firm.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first
     assert firm.valid?
 
     firm.build_account
@@ -99,7 +83,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCas
   end
 
   def test_save_succeeds_for_invalid_has_one_with_validate_false
-    firm = Firm.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first
     assert firm.valid?
 
     firm.build_unvalidated_account
@@ -155,20 +139,20 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCas
   end
 
   def test_not_resaved_when_unchanged
-    firm = Firm.find(:first, :include => :account)
+    firm = Firm.scoped(:includes => :account).first
     firm.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(1) { firm.save! }
 
-    firm = Firm.find(:first)
-    firm.account = Account.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first
+    firm.account = Account.first
     assert_queries(Firm.partial_updates? ? 0 : 1) { firm.save! }
 
-    firm = Firm.find(:first).dup
-    firm.account = Account.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first.dup
+    firm.account = Account.first
     assert_queries(2) { firm.save! }
 
-    firm = Firm.find(:first).dup
-    firm.account = Account.find(:first).dup
+    firm = Firm.first.dup
+    firm.account = Account.first.dup
     assert_queries(2) { firm.save! }
   end
 
@@ -228,7 +212,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::Test
   end
 
   def test_assignment_before_parent_saved
-    client = Client.find(:first)
+    client = Client.first
     apple = Firm.new("name" => "Apple")
     client.firm = apple
     assert_equal apple, client.firm
@@ -342,7 +326,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::Test
   end
 
   def test_build_and_then_save_parent_should_not_reload_target
-    client = Client.find(:first)
+    client = Client.first
     apple = client.build_firm(:name => "Apple")
     client.save!
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal apple, client.firm }
@@ -384,7 +368,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
   end
 
   def test_invalid_adding_with_validate_false
-    firm = Firm.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first
     client = Client.new
     firm.unvalidated_clients_of_firm << client
 
@@ -397,7 +381,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
   def test_valid_adding_with_validate_false
     no_of_clients = Client.count
 
-    firm = Firm.find(:first)
+    firm = Firm.first
     client = Client.new("name" => "Apple")
 
     assert firm.valid?
@@ -627,7 +611,9 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice
     @pirate.ship.mark_for_destruction
     assert @pirate.save
-    @pirate.ship.expects(:destroy).never
+    class << @pirate.ship
+      def destroy; raise "Should not be called" end
+    end
     assert @pirate.save
   end
 
@@ -672,7 +658,9 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_a_parent_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice
     @ship.pirate.mark_for_destruction
     assert @ship.save
-    @ship.pirate.expects(:destroy).never
+    class << @ship.pirate
+      def destroy; raise "Should not be called" end
+    end
     assert @ship.save
   end
 
@@ -767,6 +755,16 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal before, @pirate.reload.birds
   end
 
+  def test_when_new_record_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_affect_other_records_from_saving
+    @pirate = @ship.build_pirate(:catchphrase => "Arr' now I shall keep me eye on you matey!") # new record
+
+    3.times { |i| @pirate.birds.build(:name => "birds_#{i}") }
+    @pirate.birds[1].mark_for_destruction
+    @pirate.save!
+
+    assert_equal 2, @pirate.birds.reload.length
+  end
+
   # Add and remove callbacks tests for association collections.
   %w{ method proc }.each do |callback_type|
     define_method("test_should_run_add_callback_#{callback_type}s_for_has_many") do
@@ -858,7 +856,7 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     2.times { |i| @pirate.parrots.create!(:name => "parrots_#{i}") }
     before = @pirate.parrots.map { |c| c.mark_for_destruction ; c }
 
-    class << @pirate.parrots
+    class << @pirate.association(:parrots)
       def destroy(*args)
         super
         raise 'Oh noes!'
@@ -978,10 +976,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     values = [@pirate.reload.catchphrase, @pirate.ship.name, *@pirate.ship.parts.map(&:name)]
     # Oracle saves empty string as NULL
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      expected = ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ?
-        [nil, nil, '', ''] :
-        [nil, nil, nil, nil]
-      assert_equal expected, values
+      assert_equal [nil, nil, nil, nil], values
     else
       assert_equal ['', '', '', ''], values
     end
@@ -1077,8 +1072,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @ship.save(:validate => false)
     # Oracle saves empty string as NULL
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      expected = ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ?  [nil, ''] : [nil, nil]
-      assert_equal expected, [@ship.reload.name, @ship.pirate.catchphrase]
+      assert_equal [nil, nil], [@ship.reload.name, @ship.pirate.catchphrase]
     else
       assert_equal ['', ''], [@ship.reload.name, @ship.pirate.catchphrase]
     end
@@ -1267,7 +1261,7 @@ module AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
   def test_should_not_load_the_associated_models_if_they_were_not_loaded_yet
     assert_queries(1) { @pirate.catchphrase = 'Arr'; @pirate.save! }
 
-    @pirate.send(@association_name).class # hack to load the target
+    @pirate.send(@association_name).load_target
 
     assert_queries(3) do
       @pirate.catchphrase = 'Yarr'
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index 01f647b261..a117568c85 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -62,7 +62,11 @@ end
 
 class Weird < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
-class Boolean < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+class Boolean < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def has_fun
+    super
+  end
+end
 
 class LintTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   include ActiveModel::Lint::Tests
@@ -77,6 +81,12 @@ end
 class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts
 
+  def setup
+    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
+    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
+    Time.zone = nil
+  end
+
   def test_generated_methods_modules
     modules = Computer.ancestors
     assert modules.include?(Computer::GeneratedFeatureMethods)
@@ -121,20 +131,13 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter,:OracleAdapter,:SQLServerAdapter)
     def test_limit_with_comma
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        Topic.limit("1,2").all
-      end
+      assert Topic.limit("1,2").all
     end
   end
 
   def test_limit_without_comma
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      assert_equal 1, Topic.limit("1").all.length
-    end
-
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(1).all.length
-    end
+    assert_equal 1, Topic.limit("1").all.length
+    assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(1).all.length
   end
 
   def test_invalid_limit
@@ -163,7 +166,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_select_symbol
     topic_ids = Topic.select(:id).map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal Topic.all.map(&:id).sort, topic_ids
+    assert_equal Topic.pluck(:id).sort, topic_ids
   end
 
   def test_table_exists
@@ -188,7 +191,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_previously_changed
-    topic = Topic.find :first
+    topic = Topic.first
     topic.title = '<3<3<3'
     assert_equal({}, topic.previous_changes)
 
@@ -198,7 +201,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_previously_changed_dup
-    topic = Topic.find :first
+    topic = Topic.first
     topic.title = '<3<3<3'
     topic.save!
 
@@ -224,7 +227,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
 
     # For adapters which support microsecond resolution.
-    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) || current_adapter?(:SQLiteAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) || current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
       assert_equal 11, Topic.find(1).written_on.sec
       assert_equal 223300, Topic.find(1).written_on.usec
       assert_equal 9900, Topic.find(2).written_on.usec
@@ -346,13 +349,13 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_load
-    topics = Topic.find(:all, :order => 'id')
+    topics = Topic.scoped(:order => 'id').all
     assert_equal(4, topics.size)
     assert_equal(topics(:first).title, topics.first.title)
   end
 
   def test_load_with_condition
-    topics = Topic.find(:all, :conditions => "author_name = 'Mary'")
+    topics = Topic.scoped(:where => "author_name = 'Mary'").all
 
     assert_equal(1, topics.size)
     assert_equal(topics(:second).title, topics.first.title)
@@ -474,7 +477,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) or current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
     def test_update_all_with_order_and_limit
-      assert_equal 1, Topic.update_all("content = 'bulk updated!'", nil, :limit => 1, :order => 'id DESC')
+      assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(1).order('id DESC').update_all(:content => 'bulk updated!')
     end
   end
 
@@ -606,7 +609,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'value', weird.send('a$b')
     assert_equal 'value', weird.read_attribute('a$b')
 
-    weird.update_column('a$b', 'value2')
+    weird.update_columns('a$b' => 'value2')
     weird.reload
     assert_equal 'value2', weird.send('a$b')
     assert_equal 'value2', weird.read_attribute('a$b')
@@ -689,7 +692,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     }
     topic = Topic.find(1)
     topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_no_date
@@ -796,8 +799,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = Topic.find(1)
     topic.attributes = attributes
     assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_time_zone_aware_attributes
@@ -813,14 +814,9 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 23, 24, 0), topic.written_on
     assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on.time
     assert_equal Time.zone, topic.written_on.time_zone
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-    Time.zone = nil
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_time_zone_aware_attributes_false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
     attributes = {
       "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
@@ -830,8 +826,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.attributes = attributes
     assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
     assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes
@@ -848,9 +842,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
     assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
   ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-    Time.zone = nil
     Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
   end
 
@@ -868,10 +859,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       topic.attributes = attributes
       assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 16, 24, 0), topic.bonus_time
       assert topic.bonus_time.utc?
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-      ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-      Time.zone = nil
     end
   end
 
@@ -885,48 +872,39 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
   end
 
-  def test_multiparameter_assignment_of_aggregation
-    customer = Customer.new
-    address = Address.new("The Street", "The City", "The Country")
-    attributes = { "address(1)" => address.street, "address(2)" => address.city, "address(3)" => address.country }
-    customer.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal address, customer.address
-  end
+  def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_time_attribute
+    return skip "Oracle does not have TIME data type" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
 
-  def test_multiparameter_assignment_of_aggregation_out_of_order
-    customer = Customer.new
-    address = Address.new("The Street", "The City", "The Country")
-    attributes = { "address(3)" => address.country, "address(2)" => address.city, "address(1)" => address.street }
-    customer.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal address, customer.address
+    topic = Topic.new( "bonus_time(4i)"=> "01", "bonus_time(5i)" => "05" )
+    assert_equal 1, topic.bonus_time.hour
+    assert_equal 5, topic.bonus_time.min
   end
 
-  def test_multiparameter_assignment_of_aggregation_with_missing_values
-    ex = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::MultiparameterAssignmentErrors) do
-      customer = Customer.new
-      address = Address.new("The Street", "The City", "The Country")
-      attributes = { "address(2)" => address.city, "address(3)" => address.country }
-      customer.attributes = attributes
-    end
-    assert_equal("address", ex.errors[0].attribute)
+  def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_date_attribute
+    topic = Topic.new( "written_on(1i)" => "1952", "written_on(2i)" => "3", "written_on(3i)" => "11" )
+    assert_equal 1952, topic.written_on.year
+    assert_equal 3, topic.written_on.month
+    assert_equal 11, topic.written_on.day
   end
 
-  def test_multiparameter_assignment_of_aggregation_with_blank_values
-    customer = Customer.new
-    address = Address.new("The Street", "The City", "The Country")
-    attributes = { "address(1)" => "", "address(2)" => address.city, "address(3)" => address.country }
-    customer.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Address.new(nil, "The City", "The Country"), customer.address
+  def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_date_and_time_attribute
+    topic = Topic.new(
+        "written_on(1i)" => "1952",
+        "written_on(2i)" => "3",
+        "written_on(3i)" => "11",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "13",
+        "written_on(5i)" => "55")
+    assert_equal 1952, topic.written_on.year
+    assert_equal 3, topic.written_on.month
+    assert_equal 11, topic.written_on.day
+    assert_equal 13, topic.written_on.hour
+    assert_equal 55, topic.written_on.min
   end
 
-  def test_multiparameter_assignment_of_aggregation_with_large_index
-    ex = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::MultiparameterAssignmentErrors) do
-      customer = Customer.new
-      address = Address.new("The Street", "The City", "The Country")
-      attributes = { "address(1)" => "The Street", "address(2)" => address.city, "address(3000)" => address.country }
-      customer.attributes = attributes
+  def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_time_but_not_date_on_date_field
+    assert_raise( ActiveRecord::MultiparameterAssignmentErrors ) do
+      Topic.new( "written_on(4i)" => "13", "written_on(5i)" => "55" )
     end
-    assert_equal("address", ex.errors[0].attribute)
   end
 
   def test_attributes_on_dummy_time
@@ -938,7 +916,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     }
     topic = Topic.find(1)
     topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
+    assert_equal Time.local(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
   end
 
   def test_boolean
@@ -957,6 +935,16 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert b_true.value?
   end
 
+  def test_boolean_without_questionmark
+    b_true = Boolean.create({ "value" => true })
+    true_id = b_true.id
+
+    subclass   = Class.new(Boolean).find true_id
+    superclass = Boolean.find true_id
+
+    assert_equal superclass.read_attribute(:has_fun), subclass.read_attribute(:has_fun)
+  end
+
   def test_boolean_cast_from_string
     b_blank = Boolean.create({ "value" => "" })
     blank_id = b_blank.id
@@ -1008,26 +996,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("c", duped_topic.title)
   end
 
-  def test_dup_with_aggregate_of_same_name_as_attribute
-    dev = DeveloperWithAggregate.find(1)
-    assert_kind_of DeveloperSalary, dev.salary
-
-    dup = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { dup = dev.dup }
-    assert_kind_of DeveloperSalary, dup.salary
-    assert_equal dev.salary.amount, dup.salary.amount
-    assert !dup.persisted?
-
-    # test if the attributes have been dupd
-    original_amount = dup.salary.amount
-    dev.salary.amount = 1
-    assert_equal original_amount, dup.salary.amount
-
-    assert dup.save
-    assert dup.persisted?
-    assert_not_equal dup.id, dev.id
-  end
-
   def test_dup_does_not_copy_associations
     author = authors(:david)
     assert_not_equal [], author.posts
@@ -1139,7 +1107,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert g.save
 
       # Reload and check that we have all the geometric attributes.
-      h = ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.without { Geometric.find(g.id) }
+      h = Geometric.find(g.id)
 
       assert_equal '(5,6.1)', h.a_point
       assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
@@ -1168,7 +1136,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert g.save
 
       # Reload and check that we have all the geometric attributes.
-      h = ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.without { Geometric.find(g.id) }
+      h = Geometric.find(g.id)
 
       assert_equal '(5,6.1)', h.a_point
       assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
@@ -1250,10 +1218,10 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_quoting_arrays
-    replies = Reply.find(:all, :conditions => [ "id IN (?)", topics(:first).replies.collect(&:id) ])
+    replies = Reply.scoped(:where => [ "id IN (?)", topics(:first).replies.collect(&:id) ]).all
     assert_equal topics(:first).replies.size, replies.size
 
-    replies = Reply.find(:all, :conditions => [ "id IN (?)", [] ])
+    replies = Reply.scoped(:where => [ "id IN (?)", [] ]).all
     assert_equal 0, replies.size
   end
 
@@ -1296,6 +1264,15 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({ :foo => :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
   end
 
+  def test_serialized_attribute_calling_dup_method
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klass.table_name = "topics"
+    klass.serialize :content, JSON
+
+    t = klass.new(:content => { :foo => :bar }).dup
+    assert_equal({ :foo => :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+  end
+
   def test_serialized_attribute_declared_in_subclass
     hash = { 'important1' => 'value1', 'important2' => 'value2' }
     important_topic = ImportantTopic.create("important" => hash)
@@ -1489,7 +1466,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     after_seq     = Joke.sequence_name
 
     assert_not_equal before_columns, after_columns
-    assert_not_equal before_seq, after_seq unless before_seq.blank? && after_seq.blank?
+    assert_not_equal before_seq, after_seq unless before_seq.nil? && after_seq.nil?
   end
 
   def test_dont_clear_sequence_name_when_setting_explicitly
@@ -1500,7 +1477,19 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Joke.table_name    = "funny_jokes"
     after_seq          = Joke.sequence_name
 
-    assert_equal before_seq, after_seq unless before_seq.blank? && after_seq.blank?
+    assert_equal before_seq, after_seq unless before_seq.nil? && after_seq.nil?
+  ensure
+    Joke.reset_sequence_name
+  end
+
+  def test_dont_clear_inheritnce_column_when_setting_explicitly
+    Joke.inheritance_column = "my_type"
+    before_inherit = Joke.inheritance_column
+
+    Joke.reset_column_information
+    after_inherit = Joke.inheritance_column
+
+    assert_equal before_inherit, after_inherit unless before_inherit.blank? && after_inherit.blank?
   end
 
   def test_set_table_name_symbol_converted_to_string
@@ -1540,22 +1529,19 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_count_with_join
     res = Post.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM posts LEFT JOIN comments ON posts.id=comments.post_id WHERE posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'"
 
-    res2 = Post.count(:conditions => "posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'", :joins => "LEFT JOIN comments ON posts.id=comments.post_id")
+    res2 = Post.where("posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'").joins("LEFT JOIN comments ON posts.id=comments.post_id").count
     assert_equal res, res2
 
     res3 = nil
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      res3 = Post.count(:conditions => "posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'",
-                        :joins => "LEFT JOIN comments ON posts.id=comments.post_id")
+      res3 = Post.where("posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'").joins("LEFT JOIN comments ON posts.id=comments.post_id").count
     end
     assert_equal res, res3
 
     res4 = Post.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(p.id) FROM posts p, comments co WHERE p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id"
     res5 = nil
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      res5 = Post.count(:conditions => "p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id",
-                        :joins => "p, comments co",
-                        :select => "p.id")
+      res5 = Post.where("p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id").joins("p, comments co").select("p.id").count
     end
 
     assert_equal res4, res5
@@ -1563,145 +1549,64 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     res6 = Post.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT p.id) FROM posts p, comments co WHERE p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id"
     res7 = nil
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      res7 = Post.count(:conditions => "p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id",
-                        :joins => "p, comments co",
-                        :select => "p.id",
-                        :distinct => true)
+      res7 = Post.where("p.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post' AND p.id=co.post_id").joins("p, comments co").select("p.id").count(distinct: true)
     end
     assert_equal res6, res7
   end
 
-  def test_scoped_find_conditions
-    scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => 'salary > 90000' }) do
-      Developer.find(:all, :conditions => 'id < 5')
-    end
-    assert !scoped_developers.include?(developers(:david)) # David's salary is less than 90,000
-    assert_equal 3, scoped_developers.size
-  end
-
   def test_no_limit_offset
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Developer.find(:all, :offset => 2)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_limit_offset
-    scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :limit => 3, :offset => 2 }) do
-      Developer.find(:all, :order => 'id')
+      Developer.scoped(:offset => 2).all
     end
-    assert !scoped_developers.include?(developers(:david))
-    assert !scoped_developers.include?(developers(:jamis))
-    assert_equal 3, scoped_developers.size
-
-    # Test without scoped find conditions to ensure we get the whole thing
-    developers = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'id')
-    assert_equal Developer.count, developers.size
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_order
-    # Test order in scope
-    scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :limit => 1, :order => 'salary DESC' }) do
-      Developer.find(:all)
-    end
-    assert_equal 'Jamis', scoped_developers.first.name
-    assert scoped_developers.include?(developers(:jamis))
-    # Test scope without order and order in find
-    scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :limit => 1 }) do
-      Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC')
-    end
-    # Test scope order + find order, order has priority
-    scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :limit => 3, :order => 'id DESC' }) do
-      Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary ASC')
-    end
-    assert scoped_developers.include?(developers(:poor_jamis))
-    assert ! scoped_developers.include?(developers(:david))
-    assert ! scoped_developers.include?(developers(:jamis))
-    assert_equal 3, scoped_developers.size
-
-    # Test without scoped find conditions to ensure we get the right thing
-    assert ! scoped_developers.include?(Developer.find(1))
-    assert scoped_developers.include?(Developer.find(11))
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_limit_offset_including_has_many_association
-    topics = Topic.send(:with_scope, :find => {:limit => 1, :offset => 1, :include => :replies}) do
-      Topic.find(:all, :order => "topics.id")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, topics.size
-    assert_equal 2, topics.first.id
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_order_including_has_many_association
-    developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :order => 'developers.salary DESC', :include => :projects }) do
-      Developer.find(:all)
-    end
-    assert developers.size >= 2
-    (1...developers.size).each do |i|
-      assert developers[i-1].salary >= developers[i].salary
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_with_group_and_having
-    developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :group => 'developers.salary', :having => "SUM(salary) > 10000", :select => "SUM(salary) as salary" }) do
-      Developer.find(:all)
-    end
-    assert_equal 3, developers.size
   end
 
   def test_find_last
-    last  = Developer.find :last
-    assert_equal last, Developer.find(:first, :order => 'id desc')
+    last  = Developer.last
+    assert_equal last, Developer.scoped(:order => 'id desc').first
   end
 
   def test_last
-    assert_equal Developer.find(:first, :order => 'id desc'), Developer.last
+    assert_equal Developer.scoped(:order => 'id desc').first, Developer.last
   end
 
   def test_all
     developers = Developer.all
     assert_kind_of Array, developers
-    assert_equal Developer.find(:all), developers
+    assert_equal Developer.all, developers
   end
 
   def test_all_with_conditions
-    assert_equal Developer.find(:all, :order => 'id desc'), Developer.order('id desc').all
+    assert_equal Developer.scoped(:order => 'id desc').all, Developer.order('id desc').all
   end
 
   def test_find_ordered_last
-    last  = Developer.find :last, :order => 'developers.salary ASC'
-    assert_equal last, Developer.find(:all, :order => 'developers.salary ASC').last
+    last  = Developer.scoped(:order => 'developers.salary ASC').last
+    assert_equal last, Developer.scoped(:order => 'developers.salary ASC').all.last
   end
 
   def test_find_reverse_ordered_last
-    last  = Developer.find :last, :order => 'developers.salary DESC'
-    assert_equal last, Developer.find(:all, :order => 'developers.salary DESC').last
+    last  = Developer.scoped(:order => 'developers.salary DESC').last
+    assert_equal last, Developer.scoped(:order => 'developers.salary DESC').all.last
   end
 
   def test_find_multiple_ordered_last
-    last  = Developer.find :last, :order => 'developers.name, developers.salary DESC'
-    assert_equal last, Developer.find(:all, :order => 'developers.name, developers.salary DESC').last
+    last  = Developer.scoped(:order => 'developers.name, developers.salary DESC').last
+    assert_equal last, Developer.scoped(:order => 'developers.name, developers.salary DESC').all.last
   end
 
   def test_find_keeps_multiple_order_values
-    combined = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'developers.name, developers.salary')
-    assert_equal combined, Developer.find(:all, :order => ['developers.name', 'developers.salary'])
+    combined = Developer.scoped(:order => 'developers.name, developers.salary').all
+    assert_equal combined, Developer.scoped(:order => ['developers.name', 'developers.salary']).all
   end
 
   def test_find_keeps_multiple_group_values
-    combined = Developer.find(:all, :group => 'developers.name, developers.salary, developers.id, developers.created_at, developers.updated_at')
-    assert_equal combined, Developer.find(:all, :group => ['developers.name', 'developers.salary', 'developers.id', 'developers.created_at', 'developers.updated_at'])
+    combined = Developer.scoped(:group => 'developers.name, developers.salary, developers.id, developers.created_at, developers.updated_at').all
+    assert_equal combined, Developer.scoped(:group => ['developers.name', 'developers.salary', 'developers.id', 'developers.created_at', 'developers.updated_at']).all
   end
 
   def test_find_symbol_ordered_last
-    last  = Developer.find :last, :order => :salary
-    assert_equal last, Developer.find(:all, :order => :salary).last
-  end
-
-  def test_find_scoped_ordered_last
-    last_developer = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :order => 'developers.salary ASC' }) do
-      Developer.find(:last)
-    end
-    assert_equal last_developer, Developer.find(:all, :order => 'developers.salary ASC').last
+    last  = Developer.scoped(:order => :salary).last
+    assert_equal last, Developer.scoped(:order => :salary).all.last
   end
 
   def test_abstract_class
@@ -1776,7 +1681,13 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_to_param_should_return_string
-    assert_kind_of String, Client.find(:first).to_param
+    assert_kind_of String, Client.first.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_returns_id_even_if_not_persisted
+    client = Client.new
+    client.id = 1
+    assert_equal "1", client.to_param
   end
 
   def test_inspect_class
@@ -1795,8 +1706,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_inspect_limited_select_instance
-    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1>), Topic.find(:first, :select => 'id', :conditions => 'id = 1').inspect
-    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1, title: "The First Topic">), Topic.find(:first, :select => 'id, title', :conditions => 'id = 1').inspect
+    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1>), Topic.scoped(:select => 'id', :where => 'id = 1').first.inspect
+    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1, title: "The First Topic">), Topic.scoped(:select => 'id, title', :where => 'id = 1').first.inspect
   end
 
   def test_inspect_class_without_table
@@ -1954,7 +1865,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_attribute_names
-    assert_equal ["id", "type", "ruby_type", "firm_id", "firm_name", "name", "client_of", "rating", "account_id"],
+    assert_equal ["id", "type", "ruby_type", "firm_id", "firm_name", "name", "client_of", "rating", "account_id", "description"],
                  Company.attribute_names
   end
 
@@ -1976,18 +1887,16 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     est_key = Developer.first.cache_key
 
     assert_equal utc_key, est_key
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_updated_at
     dev = Developer.first
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:number)}", dev.cache_key
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_nil_updated_at
     dev = Developer.first
-    dev.update_attribute(:updated_at, nil)
+    dev.update_columns(updated_at: nil)
     assert_match(/\/#{dev.id}$/, dev.cache_key)
   end
 
@@ -2033,4 +1942,41 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_typecasting_aliases
     assert_equal 10, Topic.select('10 as tenderlove').first.tenderlove
   end
+
+  def test_slice
+    company = Company.new(:rating => 1, :name => "37signals", :firm_name => "37signals")
+    hash = company.slice(:name, :rating, "arbitrary_method")
+    assert_equal hash[:name], company.name
+    assert_equal hash['name'], company.name
+    assert_equal hash[:rating], company.rating
+    assert_equal hash['arbitrary_method'], company.arbitrary_method
+    assert_equal hash[:arbitrary_method], company.arbitrary_method
+    assert_nil hash[:firm_name]
+    assert_nil hash['firm_name']
+  end
+
+  def test_default_values_are_deeply_dupped
+    company = Company.new
+    company.description << "foo"
+    assert_equal "", Company.new.description
+  end
+
+  ["find_by", "find_by!"].each do |meth|
+    test "#{meth} delegates to scoped" do
+      record = stub
+
+      scope = mock
+      scope.expects(meth).with(:foo, :bar).returns(record)
+
+      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+      klass.stubs(:scoped => scope)
+
+      assert_equal record, klass.public_send(meth, :foo, :bar)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "scoped can take a values hash" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    assert_equal ['foo'], klass.scoped(select: 'foo').select_values
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
index 660098b9ad..cdd4b49042 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
@@ -27,30 +27,18 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_each_should_raise_if_select_is_set_without_id
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
-      Post.find_each(:select => :title, :batch_size => 1) { |post| post }
+      Post.select(:title).find_each(:batch_size => 1) { |post| post }
     end
   end
 
   def test_each_should_execute_if_id_is_in_select
     assert_queries(6) do
-      Post.find_each(:select => "id, title, type", :batch_size => 2) do |post|
+      Post.select("id, title, type").find_each(:batch_size => 2) do |post|
         assert_kind_of Post, post
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def test_each_should_raise_if_the_order_is_set
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
-      Post.find_each(:order => "title") { |post| post }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_each_should_raise_if_the_limit_is_set
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
-      Post.find_each(:limit => 1) { |post| post }
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_warn_if_limit_scope_is_set
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn)
     Post.limit(1).find_each { |post| post }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 3652255c38..03aa9fdb27 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @listener   = LogListener.new
       @pk         = Topic.columns.find { |c| c.primary }
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @listener)
+
+      skip_if_prepared_statement_caching_is_not_supported
     end
 
     def teardown
@@ -30,9 +32,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_binds_are_logged
-      # FIXME: use skip with minitest
-      return unless @connection.supports_statement_cache?
-
       sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk, 0)
       binds = [[@pk, 1]]
       sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub}"
@@ -44,9 +43,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_find_one_uses_binds
-      # FIXME: use skip with minitest
-      return unless @connection.supports_statement_cache?
-
       Topic.find(1)
       binds = [[@pk, 1]]
       message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds] == binds }
@@ -54,9 +50,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_logs_bind_vars
-      # FIXME: use skip with minitest
-      return unless @connection.supports_statement_cache?
-
       pk = Topic.columns.find { |x| x.primary }
 
       payload = {
@@ -86,5 +79,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         logger.sql event
         assert_match([[pk.name, 10]].inspect, logger.debugs.first)
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def skip_if_prepared_statement_caching_is_not_supported
+      skip('prepared statement caching is not supported') unless @connection.supports_statement_cache?
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
index 0391319a00..9a718756d0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
@@ -49,13 +49,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_get_maximum_of_field_with_include
-    assert_equal 55, Account.maximum(:credit_limit, :include => :firm, :references => :companies, :conditions => "companies.name != 'Summit'")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_get_maximum_of_field_with_scoped_include
-    Account.send :with_scope, :find => { :include => :firm, :references => :companies, :conditions => "companies.name != 'Summit'" } do
-      assert_equal 55, Account.maximum(:credit_limit)
-    end
+    assert_equal 55, Account.where("companies.name != 'Summit'").references(:companies).includes(:firm).maximum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
   def test_should_get_minimum_of_field
@@ -63,12 +57,21 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_field
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :group => :firm_id)
-    [1,6,2].each { |firm_id| assert c.keys.include?(firm_id) }
+    c = Account.group(:firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
+    [1,6,2].each do |firm_id|
+      assert c.keys.include?(firm_id), "Group #{c.inspect} does not contain firm_id #{firm_id}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_group_by_arel_attribute
+    c = Account.group(Account.arel_table[:firm_id]).sum(:credit_limit)
+    [1,6,2].each do |firm_id|
+      assert c.keys.include?(firm_id), "Group #{c.inspect} does not contain firm_id #{firm_id}"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_multiple_fields
-    c = Account.count(:all, :group => ['firm_id', :credit_limit])
+    c = Account.group('firm_id', :credit_limit).count(:all)
     [ [nil, 50], [1, 50], [6, 50], [6, 55], [9, 53], [2, 60] ].each { |firm_and_limit| assert c.keys.include?(firm_and_limit) }
   end
 
@@ -81,32 +84,32 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_summed_field
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :group => :firm_id)
+    c = Account.group(:firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal 50,   c[1]
     assert_equal 105,  c[6]
     assert_equal 60,   c[2]
   end
 
   def test_should_order_by_grouped_field
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :group => :firm_id, :order => "firm_id")
+    c = Account.scoped(:group => :firm_id, :order => "firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal [1, 2, 6, 9], c.keys.compact
   end
 
   def test_should_order_by_calculation
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :group => :firm_id, :order => "sum_credit_limit desc, firm_id")
+    c = Account.scoped(:group => :firm_id, :order => "sum_credit_limit desc, firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal [105, 60, 53, 50, 50], c.keys.collect { |k| c[k] }
     assert_equal [6, 2, 9, 1], c.keys.compact
   end
 
   def test_should_limit_calculation
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :conditions => "firm_id IS NOT NULL",
-                    :group => :firm_id, :order => "firm_id", :limit => 2)
+    c = Account.scoped(:where => "firm_id IS NOT NULL",
+                       :group => :firm_id, :order => "firm_id", :limit => 2).sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal [1, 2], c.keys.compact
   end
 
   def test_should_limit_calculation_with_offset
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :conditions => "firm_id IS NOT NULL",
-                    :group => :firm_id, :order => "firm_id", :limit => 2, :offset => 1)
+    c = Account.scoped(:where => "firm_id IS NOT NULL", :group => :firm_id,
+                       :order => "firm_id", :limit => 2, :offset => 1).sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal [2, 6], c.keys.compact
   end
 
@@ -156,16 +159,8 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_summed_field_having_condition
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :group => :firm_id,
-                                   :having => 'sum(credit_limit) > 50')
-    assert_nil        c[1]
-    assert_equal 105, c[6]
-    assert_equal 60,  c[2]
-  end
-
-  def test_should_group_by_summed_field_having_sanitized_condition
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :group => :firm_id,
-                                   :having => ['sum(credit_limit) > ?', 50])
+    c = Account.scoped(:group => :firm_id,
+                       :having => 'sum(credit_limit) > 50').sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_nil        c[1]
     assert_equal 105, c[6]
     assert_equal 60,  c[2]
@@ -179,19 +174,19 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_summed_association
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :group => :firm)
+    c = Account.group(:firm).sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal 50,   c[companies(:first_firm)]
     assert_equal 105,  c[companies(:rails_core)]
     assert_equal 60,   c[companies(:first_client)]
   end
 
   def test_should_sum_field_with_conditions
-    assert_equal 105, Account.sum(:credit_limit, :conditions => 'firm_id = 6')
+    assert_equal 105, Account.where('firm_id = 6').sum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
   def test_should_return_zero_if_sum_conditions_return_nothing
-    assert_equal 0, Account.sum(:credit_limit, :conditions => '1 = 2')
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:rails_core).companies.sum(:id, :conditions => '1 = 2')
+    assert_equal 0, Account.where('1 = 2').sum(:credit_limit)
+    assert_equal 0, companies(:rails_core).companies.where('1 = 2').sum(:id)
   end
 
   def test_sum_should_return_valid_values_for_decimals
@@ -200,24 +195,24 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_summed_field_with_conditions
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :conditions => 'firm_id > 1',
-                                   :group => :firm_id)
+    c = Account.scoped(:where => 'firm_id > 1',
+                       :group => :firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_nil        c[1]
     assert_equal 105, c[6]
     assert_equal 60,  c[2]
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_summed_field_with_conditions_and_having
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :conditions => 'firm_id > 1',
-                                   :group => :firm_id,
-                                   :having => 'sum(credit_limit) > 60')
+    c = Account.scoped(:where => 'firm_id > 1',
+                       :group => :firm_id,
+                       :having => 'sum(credit_limit) > 60').sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_nil        c[1]
     assert_equal 105, c[6]
     assert_nil        c[2]
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_fields_with_table_alias
-    c = Account.sum(:credit_limit, :group => 'accounts.firm_id')
+    c = Account.group('accounts.firm_id').sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal 50,  c[1]
     assert_equal 105, c[6]
     assert_equal 60,  c[2]
@@ -229,14 +224,14 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_calculate_grouped_with_invalid_field
-    c = Account.count(:all, :group => 'accounts.firm_id')
+    c = Account.group('accounts.firm_id').count(:all)
     assert_equal 1, c[1]
     assert_equal 2, c[6]
     assert_equal 1, c[2]
   end
 
   def test_should_calculate_grouped_association_with_invalid_field
-    c = Account.count(:all, :group => :firm)
+    c = Account.group(:firm).count(:all)
     assert_equal 1, c[companies(:first_firm)]
     assert_equal 2, c[companies(:rails_core)]
     assert_equal 1, c[companies(:first_client)]
@@ -255,7 +250,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     column.expects(:type_cast).with("ABC").returns("ABC")
     Account.expects(:columns).at_least_once.returns([column])
 
-    c = Account.count(:all, :group => :firm)
+    c = Account.group(:firm).count(:all)
     first_key = c.keys.first
     assert_equal Firm, first_key.class
     assert_equal 1, c[first_key]
@@ -263,22 +258,14 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_should_calculate_grouped_association_with_foreign_key_option
     Account.belongs_to :another_firm, :class_name => 'Firm', :foreign_key => 'firm_id'
-    c = Account.count(:all, :group => :another_firm)
+    c = Account.group(:another_firm).count(:all)
     assert_equal 1, c[companies(:first_firm)]
     assert_equal 2, c[companies(:rails_core)]
     assert_equal 1, c[companies(:first_client)]
   end
 
-  def test_should_not_modify_options_when_using_includes
-    options = {:conditions => 'companies.id > 1', :include => :firm, :references => :companies}
-    options_copy = options.dup
-
-    Account.count(:all, options)
-    assert_equal options_copy, options
-  end
-
   def test_should_calculate_grouped_by_function
-    c = Company.count(:all, :group => "UPPER(#{QUOTED_TYPE})")
+    c = Company.group("UPPER(#{QUOTED_TYPE})").count(:all)
     assert_equal 2, c[nil]
     assert_equal 1, c['DEPENDENTFIRM']
     assert_equal 4, c['CLIENT']
@@ -286,7 +273,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_calculate_grouped_by_function_with_table_alias
-    c = Company.count(:all, :group => "UPPER(companies.#{QUOTED_TYPE})")
+    c = Company.group("UPPER(companies.#{QUOTED_TYPE})").count(:all)
     assert_equal 2, c[nil]
     assert_equal 1, c['DEPENDENTFIRM']
     assert_equal 4, c['CLIENT']
@@ -306,25 +293,24 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_sum_scoped_field_with_conditions
-    assert_equal 8,  companies(:rails_core).companies.sum(:id, :conditions => 'id > 7')
+    assert_equal 8,  companies(:rails_core).companies.where('id > 7').sum(:id)
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_scoped_field
-    c = companies(:rails_core).companies.sum(:id, :group => :name)
+    c = companies(:rails_core).companies.group(:name).sum(:id)
     assert_equal 7, c['Leetsoft']
     assert_equal 8, c['Jadedpixel']
   end
 
   def test_should_group_by_summed_field_through_association_and_having
-    c = companies(:rails_core).companies.sum(:id, :group => :name,
-                                                  :having => 'sum(id) > 7')
+    c = companies(:rails_core).companies.group(:name).having('sum(id) > 7').sum(:id)
     assert_nil      c['Leetsoft']
     assert_equal 8, c['Jadedpixel']
   end
 
   def test_should_count_selected_field_with_include
-    assert_equal 6, Account.count(:distinct => true, :include => :firm)
-    assert_equal 4, Account.count(:distinct => true, :include => :firm, :select => :credit_limit)
+    assert_equal 6, Account.includes(:firm).count(:distinct => true)
+    assert_equal 4, Account.includes(:firm).select(:credit_limit).count(:distinct => true)
   end
 
   def test_should_not_perform_joined_include_by_default
@@ -345,14 +331,14 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_should_count_scoped_select_with_options
     Account.update_all("credit_limit = NULL")
-    Account.last.update_column('credit_limit', 49)
-    Account.first.update_column('credit_limit', 51)
+    Account.last.update_columns('credit_limit' => 49)
+    Account.first.update_columns('credit_limit' => 51)
 
-    assert_equal 1, Account.scoped(:select => "credit_limit").count(:conditions => ['credit_limit >= 50'])
+    assert_equal 1, Account.scoped(:select => "credit_limit").where('credit_limit >= 50').count
   end
 
   def test_should_count_manual_select_with_include
-    assert_equal 6, Account.count(:select => "DISTINCT accounts.id", :include => :firm)
+    assert_equal 6, Account.scoped(:select => "DISTINCT accounts.id", :includes => :firm).count
   end
 
   def test_count_with_column_parameter
@@ -360,16 +346,16 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_count_with_column_and_options_parameter
-    assert_equal 2, Account.count(:firm_id, :conditions => "credit_limit = 50 AND firm_id IS NOT NULL")
+    assert_equal 2, Account.where("credit_limit = 50 AND firm_id IS NOT NULL").count(:firm_id)
   end
 
   def test_should_count_field_in_joined_table
-    assert_equal 5, Account.count('companies.id', :joins => :firm)
-    assert_equal 4, Account.count('companies.id', :joins => :firm, :distinct => true)
+    assert_equal 5, Account.joins(:firm).count('companies.id')
+    assert_equal 4, Account.joins(:firm).count('companies.id', :distinct => true)
   end
 
   def test_should_count_field_in_joined_table_with_group_by
-    c = Account.count('companies.id', :group => 'accounts.firm_id', :joins => :firm)
+    c = Account.scoped(:group => 'accounts.firm_id', :joins => :firm).count('companies.id')
 
     [1,6,2,9].each { |firm_id| assert c.keys.include?(firm_id) }
   end
@@ -392,17 +378,33 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_count_with_from_option
-    assert_equal Company.count(:all), Company.count(:all, :from => 'companies')
-    assert_equal Account.count(:all, :conditions => "credit_limit = 50"),
-        Account.count(:all, :from => 'accounts', :conditions => "credit_limit = 50")
-    assert_equal Company.count(:type, :conditions => {:type => "Firm"}),
-        Company.count(:type, :conditions => {:type => "Firm"}, :from => 'companies')
+    assert_equal Company.count(:all), Company.from('companies').count(:all)
+    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit = 50").count(:all),
+        Account.from('accounts').where("credit_limit = 50").count(:all)
+    assert_equal Company.where(:type => "Firm").count(:type),
+        Company.where(:type => "Firm").from('companies').count(:type)
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_block_acts_as_array
+    accounts = Account.where('id > 0')
+    assert_equal Account.count, accounts.count { true }
+    assert_equal 0, accounts.count { false }
+    assert_equal Account.where('credit_limit > 50').size, accounts.count { |account| account.credit_limit > 50 }
+    assert_equal Account.count, Account.count { true }
+    assert_equal 0, Account.count { false }
+  end
+
+  def test_sum_with_block_acts_as_array
+    accounts = Account.where('id > 0')
+    assert_equal Account.sum(:credit_limit), accounts.sum { |account| account.credit_limit }
+    assert_equal Account.sum(:credit_limit) + Account.count, accounts.sum{ |account| account.credit_limit + 1 }
+    assert_equal 0, accounts.sum { |account| 0 }
   end
 
   def test_sum_with_from_option
-    assert_equal Account.sum(:credit_limit), Account.sum(:credit_limit, :from => 'accounts')
-    assert_equal Account.sum(:credit_limit, :conditions => "credit_limit > 50"),
-        Account.sum(:credit_limit, :from => 'accounts', :conditions => "credit_limit > 50")
+    assert_equal Account.sum(:credit_limit), Account.from('accounts').sum(:credit_limit)
+    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").sum(:credit_limit),
+        Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from('accounts').sum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
   def test_sum_array_compatibility
@@ -410,33 +412,67 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_average_with_from_option
-    assert_equal Account.average(:credit_limit), Account.average(:credit_limit, :from => 'accounts')
-    assert_equal Account.average(:credit_limit, :conditions => "credit_limit > 50"),
-        Account.average(:credit_limit, :from => 'accounts', :conditions => "credit_limit > 50")
+    assert_equal Account.average(:credit_limit), Account.from('accounts').average(:credit_limit)
+    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").average(:credit_limit),
+        Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from('accounts').average(:credit_limit)
   end
 
   def test_minimum_with_from_option
-    assert_equal Account.minimum(:credit_limit), Account.minimum(:credit_limit, :from => 'accounts')
-    assert_equal Account.minimum(:credit_limit, :conditions => "credit_limit > 50"),
-        Account.minimum(:credit_limit, :from => 'accounts', :conditions => "credit_limit > 50")
+    assert_equal Account.minimum(:credit_limit), Account.from('accounts').minimum(:credit_limit)
+    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").minimum(:credit_limit),
+        Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from('accounts').minimum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
   def test_maximum_with_from_option
-    assert_equal Account.maximum(:credit_limit), Account.maximum(:credit_limit, :from => 'accounts')
-    assert_equal Account.maximum(:credit_limit, :conditions => "credit_limit > 50"),
-        Account.maximum(:credit_limit, :from => 'accounts', :conditions => "credit_limit > 50")
+    assert_equal Account.maximum(:credit_limit), Account.from('accounts').maximum(:credit_limit)
+    assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").maximum(:credit_limit),
+        Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from('accounts').maximum(:credit_limit)
+  end
+
+  def test_maximum_with_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
+    Company.create!(:name => "test", :contracts => [Contract.new(:developer_id => 7)])
+
+    # TODO: Investigate why PG isn't being typecast
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) || current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+      assert_equal "7", Company.includes(:contracts).maximum(:developer_id)
+    else
+      assert_equal 7, Company.includes(:contracts).maximum(:developer_id)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_minimum_with_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
+    Company.create!(:name => "test", :contracts => [Contract.new(:developer_id => 7)])
+
+    # TODO: Investigate why PG isn't being typecast
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) || current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+      assert_equal "7", Company.includes(:contracts).minimum(:developer_id)
+    else
+      assert_equal 7, Company.includes(:contracts).minimum(:developer_id)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sum_with_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
+    Company.create!(:name => "test", :contracts => [Contract.new(:developer_id => 7)])
+
+    # TODO: Investigate why PG isn't being typecast
+    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      assert_equal "7", Company.includes(:contracts).sum(:developer_id)
+    else
+      assert_equal 7, Company.includes(:contracts).sum(:developer_id)
+    end
   end
 
+
   def test_from_option_with_specified_index
     if Edge.connection.adapter_name == 'MySQL' or Edge.connection.adapter_name == 'Mysql2'
-      assert_equal Edge.count(:all), Edge.count(:all, :from => 'edges USE INDEX(unique_edge_index)')
-      assert_equal Edge.count(:all, :conditions => 'sink_id < 5'),
-          Edge.count(:all, :from => 'edges USE INDEX(unique_edge_index)', :conditions => 'sink_id < 5')
+      assert_equal Edge.count(:all), Edge.from('edges USE INDEX(unique_edge_index)').count(:all)
+      assert_equal Edge.where('sink_id < 5').count(:all),
+          Edge.from('edges USE INDEX(unique_edge_index)').where('sink_id < 5').count(:all)
     end
   end
 
   def test_from_option_with_table_different_than_class
-    assert_equal Account.count(:all), Company.count(:all, :from => 'accounts')
+    assert_equal Account.count(:all), Company.from('accounts').count(:all)
   end
 
   def test_distinct_is_honored_when_used_with_count_operation_after_group
@@ -484,8 +520,60 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [c.id], Company.joins(:contracts).pluck(:id)
   end
 
+  def test_pluck_if_table_included
+    c = Company.create!(:name => "test", :contracts => [Contract.new(:developer_id => 7)])
+    assert_equal [c.id], Company.includes(:contracts).where("contracts.id" => c.contracts.first).pluck(:id)
+  end
+
   def test_pluck_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_joined
     Company.create!(:name => "test", :contracts => [Contract.new(:developer_id => 7)])
     assert_equal [7], Company.joins(:contracts).pluck(:developer_id)
   end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_selection_clause
+    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.pluck('DISTINCT credit_limit').sort
+    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.pluck('DISTINCT accounts.credit_limit').sort
+    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.pluck('DISTINCT(credit_limit)').sort
+
+    # MySQL returns "SUM(DISTINCT(credit_limit))" as the column name unless
+    # an alias is provided.  Without the alias, the column cannot be found
+    # and properly typecast.
+    assert_equal [50 + 53 + 55 + 60], Account.pluck('SUM(DISTINCT(credit_limit)) as credit_limit')
+  end
+
+  def test_plucks_with_ids
+    assert_equal Company.all.map(&:id).sort, Company.ids.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
+    Company.create!(:name => "test", :contracts => [Contract.new(:developer_id => 7)])
+    ids = Company.includes(:contracts).pluck(:developer_id)
+    assert_equal Company.count, ids.length
+    assert_equal [7], ids.compact
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_multiple_columns
+    assert_equal [
+      [1, "The First Topic"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day"],
+      [3, "The Third Topic of the day"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day"]
+    ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id, :title)
+    assert_equal [
+      [1, "The First Topic", "David"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day", "Mary"],
+      [3, "The Third Topic of the day", "Carl"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day", "Carl"]
+    ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id, :title, :author_name)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_multiple_columns_and_selection_clause
+    assert_equal [[1, 50], [2, 50], [3, 50], [4, 60], [5, 55], [6, 53]],
+      Account.pluck('id, credit_limit')
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_multiple_columns_and_includes
+    Company.create!(:name => "test", :contracts => [Contract.new(:developer_id => 7)])
+    companies_and_developers = Company.order('companies.id').includes(:contracts).pluck(:name, :developer_id)
+
+    assert_equal Company.count, companies_and_developers.length
+    assert_equal ["37signals", nil], companies_and_developers.first
+    assert_equal ["test", 7], companies_and_developers.last
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index 7690769226..deeef3a3fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -426,11 +426,13 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_before_destroy_returning_false
     david = ImmutableDeveloper.find(1)
     assert !david.destroy
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { david.destroy! }
     assert_not_nil ImmutableDeveloper.find_by_id(1)
 
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.find(1)
     someone.cancel_before_destroy = true
     assert !someone.destroy
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { someone.destroy! }
     assert !someone.after_destroy_called
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
index c7dcc21809..b874adc081 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal Object, coder.object_class
       end
 
+      def test_type_mismatch_on_different_classes_on_dump
+        coder = YAMLColumn.new(Array)
+        assert_raises(SerializationTypeMismatch) do
+          coder.dump("a")
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_type_mismatch_on_different_classes
         coder = YAMLColumn.new(Array)
         assert_raises(SerializationTypeMismatch) do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
index a44b49466f..bd2fbaa7db 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
@@ -136,12 +136,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           smallint_column = PostgreSQLColumn.new('number', nil, oid, "smallint")
           assert_equal :integer, smallint_column.type
         end
-
-        def test_uuid_column_should_map_to_string
-          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Identity.new
-          uuid_column = PostgreSQLColumn.new('unique_id', nil, oid, "uuid")
-          assert_equal :string, uuid_column.type
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
index ccc57cb876..a7b63d15c9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,64 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert !column.type_cast('off')
         assert !column.type_cast('OFF')
       end
+
+      def test_type_cast_integer
+        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
+        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(1)
+        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast('1')
+        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast('1ignore')
+        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast('bad1')
+        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast('bad')
+        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(1.7)
+        assert_nil column.type_cast(nil)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_non_integer_to_integer
+        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
+        assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+          column.type_cast([])
+        end
+        assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+          column.type_cast(true)
+        end
+        assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+          column.type_cast(false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_time
+        column = Column.new("field", nil, "time")
+        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
+        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('  ')
+
+        time_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%T")
+        assert_equal time_string, column.type_cast(time_string).strftime("%T")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_datetime_and_timestamp
+        [Column.new("field", nil, "datetime"), Column.new("field", nil, "timestamp")].each do |column|
+          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
+          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('  ')
+
+          datetime_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%FT%T")
+          assert_equal datetime_string, column.type_cast(datetime_string).strftime("%FT%T")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_date
+        column = Column.new("field", nil, "date")
+        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
+        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('  ')
+
+        date_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%F")
+        assert_equal date_string, column.type_cast(date_string).strftime("%F")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_duration_to_integer
+        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
+        assert_equal 1800, column.type_cast(30.minutes)
+        assert_equal 7200, column.type_cast(2.hours)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
index 7dc6e8afcb..3e3d6e2769 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_close
         pool = ConnectionPool.new(ConnectionSpecification.new({}, nil))
-        pool.connections << adapter
+        pool.insert_connection_for_test! adapter
         adapter.pool = pool
 
         # Make sure the pool marks the connection in use
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
index dc99ac665c..17cb447105 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @handler = ConnectionHandler.new
         @handler.establish_connection 'america', Base.connection_pool.spec
         @klass = Class.new do
+          include Model::Tag
           def self.name; 'america'; end
-          class << self
-            alias active_record_super superclass
-          end
         end
         @subklass = Class.new(@klass) do
+          include Model::Tag
           def self.name; 'north america'; end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/quoting_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59dcb96ebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/quoting_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Quoting
+      class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+        def test_quoting_classes
+          assert_equal "'Object'", AbstractAdapter.new(nil).quote(Object)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
index 2c69bfde5b..8287b35aaf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require "cases/helper"
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class ConnectionPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      attr_reader :pool
+
       def setup
         super
 
@@ -25,6 +27,67 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @pool.disconnect!
       end
 
+      def active_connections(pool)
+        pool.connections.find_all(&:in_use?)
+      end
+
+      def test_checkout_after_close
+        connection = pool.connection
+        assert connection.in_use?
+
+        connection.close
+        assert !connection.in_use?
+
+        assert pool.connection.in_use?
+      end
+
+      def test_released_connection_moves_between_threads
+        thread_conn = nil
+
+        Thread.new {
+          pool.with_connection do |conn|
+            thread_conn = conn
+          end
+        }.join
+
+        assert thread_conn
+
+        Thread.new {
+          pool.with_connection do |conn|
+            assert_equal thread_conn, conn
+          end
+        }.join
+      end
+
+      def test_with_connection
+        assert_equal 0, active_connections(pool).size
+
+        main_thread = pool.connection
+        assert_equal 1, active_connections(pool).size
+
+        Thread.new {
+          pool.with_connection do |conn|
+            assert conn
+            assert_equal 2, active_connections(pool).size
+          end
+          assert_equal 1, active_connections(pool).size
+        }.join
+
+        main_thread.close
+        assert_equal 0, active_connections(pool).size
+      end
+
+      def test_active_connection_in_use
+        assert !pool.active_connection?
+        main_thread = pool.connection
+
+        assert pool.active_connection?
+
+        main_thread.close
+
+        assert !pool.active_connection?
+      end
+
       def test_full_pool_exception
         assert_raises(PoolFullError) do
           (@pool.size + 1).times do
@@ -33,11 +96,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_full_pool_blocks
+        cs = @pool.size.times.map { @pool.checkout }
+        t = Thread.new { @pool.checkout }
+
+        # make sure our thread is in the timeout section
+        Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+
+        connection = cs.first
+        connection.close
+        assert_equal connection, t.join.value
+      end
+
+      def test_removing_releases_latch
+        cs = @pool.size.times.map { @pool.checkout }
+        t = Thread.new { @pool.checkout }
+
+        # make sure our thread is in the timeout section
+        Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+
+        connection = cs.first
+        @pool.remove connection
+        assert_respond_to t.join.value, :execute
+      end
+
       def test_reap_and_active
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
-        @pool.timeout = 0
+        @pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
         connections = @pool.connections.dup
 
@@ -50,7 +137,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
-        @pool.timeout = 0
+        @pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
         connections = @pool.connections.dup
         connections.each do |conn|
@@ -113,6 +200,110 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end.join
       end
 
+      # The connection pool is "fair" if threads waiting for
+      # connections receive them the order in which they began
+      # waiting.  This ensures that we don't timeout one HTTP request
+      # even while well under capacity in a multi-threaded environment
+      # such as a Java servlet container.
+      #
+      # We don't need strict fairness: if two connections become
+      # available at the same time, it's fine of two threads that were
+      # waiting acquire the connections out of order.
+      #
+      # Thus this test prepares waiting threads and then trickles in
+      # available connections slowly, ensuring the wakeup order is
+      # correct in this case.
+      def test_checkout_fairness
+        @pool.instance_variable_set(:@size, 10)
+        expected = (1..@pool.size).to_a.freeze
+        # check out all connections so our threads start out waiting
+        conns = expected.map { @pool.checkout }
+        mutex = Mutex.new
+        order = []
+        errors = []
+
+        threads = expected.map do |i|
+          t = Thread.new {
+            begin
+              @pool.checkout # never checked back in
+              mutex.synchronize { order << i }
+            rescue => e
+              mutex.synchronize { errors << e }
+            end
+          }
+          Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+          t
+        end
+
+        # this should wake up the waiting threads one by one in order
+        conns.each { |conn| @pool.checkin(conn); sleep 0.1 }
+
+        threads.each(&:join)
+
+        raise errors.first if errors.any?
+
+        assert_equal(expected, order)
+      end
+
+      # As mentioned in #test_checkout_fairness, we don't care about
+      # strict fairness.  This test creates two groups of threads:
+      # group1 whose members all start waiting before any thread in
+      # group2.  Enough connections are checked in to wakeup all
+      # group1 threads, and the fact that only group1 and no group2
+      # threads acquired a connection is enforced.
+      def test_checkout_fairness_by_group
+        @pool.instance_variable_set(:@size, 10)
+        # take all the connections
+        conns = (1..10).map { @pool.checkout }
+        mutex = Mutex.new
+        successes = []    # threads that successfully got a connection
+        errors = []
+
+        make_thread = proc do |i|
+          t = Thread.new {
+            begin
+              @pool.checkout # never checked back in
+              mutex.synchronize { successes << i }
+            rescue => e
+              mutex.synchronize { errors << e }
+            end
+          }
+          Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+          t
+        end
+
+        # all group1 threads start waiting before any in group2
+        group1 = (1..5).map(&make_thread)
+        group2 = (6..10).map(&make_thread)
+
+        # checkin n connections back to the pool
+        checkin = proc do |n|
+          n.times do
+            c = conns.pop
+            @pool.checkin(c)
+          end
+        end
+
+        checkin.call(group1.size)         # should wake up all group1
+
+        loop do
+          sleep 0.1
+          break if mutex.synchronize { (successes.size + errors.size) == group1.size }
+        end
+
+        winners = mutex.synchronize { successes.dup }
+        checkin.call(group2.size)         # should wake up everyone remaining
+
+        group1.each(&:join)
+        group2.each(&:join)
+
+        assert_equal((1..group1.size).to_a, winners.sort)
+
+        if errors.any?
+          raise errors.first
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_automatic_reconnect=
         pool = ConnectionPool.new ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec
         assert pool.automatic_reconnect
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
index e6cb1b9521..673a2b2b88 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_url_host_no_db
+          skip "only if mysql is available" unless defined?(MysqlAdapter)
           spec = resolve 'mysql://foo?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
             :adapter  => "mysql",
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_url_host_db
+          skip "only if mysql is available" unless defined?(MysqlAdapter)
           spec = resolve 'mysql://foo/bar?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
             :adapter  => "mysql",
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_url_port
+          skip "only if mysql is available" unless defined?(MysqlAdapter)
           spec = resolve 'mysql://foo:123?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
             :adapter  => "mysql",
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
index d63ecdbcc5..42ef51ef3e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         assert_match 'SHARE MODE', Person.lock('LOCK IN SHARE MODE').to_sql
         assert_sql(/LOCK IN SHARE MODE/) do
-          Person.find(1, :lock => 'LOCK IN SHARE MODE')
+          Person.scoped(:lock => 'LOCK IN SHARE MODE').find(1)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_dynamic_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_dynamic_methods_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09ca61aa1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_dynamic_methods_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+# This file should be deleted when active_record_deprecated_finders is removed as
+# a dependency.
+#
+# It is kept for now as there is some fairly nuanced behaviour in the dynamic
+# finders so it is useful to keep this around to guard against regressions if
+# we need to change the code.
+
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/reply'
+require 'models/customer'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/company'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/category'
+require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/person'
+require 'models/reader'
+
+class DeprecatedDynamicMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :topics, :customers, :companies, :accounts, :posts, :categories, :categories_posts, :authors, :people, :comments, :readers
+
+  def setup
+    @deprecation_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :silence
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = @deprecation_behavior
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute
+    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day")
+    assert_equal 2, topics.size
+    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
+
+    assert_equal [], Topic.find_all_by_title("The First Topic!!")
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute_which_is_a_symbol
+    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day".to_sym)
+    assert_equal 2, topics.size
+    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
+
+    assert_equal [], Topic.find_all_by_title("The First Topic!!")
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute_with_options
+    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day", :order => "id DESC")
+    assert_equal topics(:first), topics.last
+
+    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day", :order => "id")
+    assert_equal topics(:first), topics.first
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_by_array_attribute
+    assert_equal 2, Topic.find_all_by_title(["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day"]).size
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_by_boolean_attribute
+    topics = Topic.find_all_by_approved(false)
+    assert_equal 1, topics.size
+    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
+
+    topics = Topic.find_all_by_approved(true)
+    assert_equal 3, topics.size
+    assert topics.include?(topics(:second))
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_by_nil_and_not_nil_attributes
+    topics = Topic.find_all_by_last_read_and_author_name nil, "Mary"
+    assert_equal 1, topics.size
+    assert_equal "Mary", topics[0].author_name
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute
+    number_of_companies = Company.count
+    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name("38signals")
+    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
+    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name("38signals")
+    assert sig38.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes
+    number_of_topics = Topic.count
+    another = Topic.find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic","John")
+    assert_equal number_of_topics + 1, Topic.count
+    assert_equal another, Topic.find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic", "John")
+    assert another.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_bang
+    number_of_companies = Company.count
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Company.find_or_create_by_name!("") }
+    assert_equal number_of_companies, Company.count
+    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name!("38signals")
+    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
+    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name!("38signals")
+    assert sig38.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_bang
+    number_of_companies = Company.count
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id!("", 17) }
+    assert_equal number_of_companies, Company.count
+    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id!("38signals", 17)
+    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
+    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id!("38signals", 17)
+    assert sig38.persisted?
+    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
+    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_and_hash
+    number_of_companies = Company.count
+    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
+    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
+    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
+    assert sig38.persisted?
+    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
+    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
+    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_and_hash
+    number_of_companies = Company.count
+    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
+    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
+    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
+    assert sig38.persisted?
+    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
+    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
+    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute
+    sig38 = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name("38signals")
+    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
+    assert !sig38.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_should_not_set_attribute_even_when_protected
+    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name({:name => "Fortune 1000", :rating => 1000})
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_not_equal 1000, c.rating
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert !c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_should_not_set_attribute_even_when_protected
+    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name({:name => "Fortune 1000", :rating => 1000})
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_not_equal 1000, c.rating
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_protected
+    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name_and_rating("Fortune 1000", 1000)
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert !c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_protected
+    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_rating("Fortune 1000", 1000)
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_protected_and_also_set_the_hash
+    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_rating(1000, {:name => "Fortune 1000"})
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert !c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_protected_and_also_set_the_hash
+    c = Company.find_or_create_by_rating(1000, {:name => "Fortune 1000"})
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_should_set_protected_attributes_if_given_as_block
+    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert !c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_should_set_protected_attributes_if_given_as_block
+    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_should_work_with_block_on_first_call
+	  class << Company
+		undef_method(:find_or_create_by_name) if method_defined?(:find_or_create_by_name)
+	  end
+    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
+    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
+    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
+    assert c.valid?
+    assert c.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_from_two_attributes
+    another = Topic.find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic","John")
+    assert_equal "Another topic", another.title
+    assert_equal "John", another.author_name
+    assert !another.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_from_two_attributes_but_passing_only_one
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic") }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_and_hash
+    sig38 = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
+    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
+    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
+    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
+    assert !sig38.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_last_by_one_attribute
+    assert_equal Topic.last, Topic.find_last_by_title(Topic.last.title)
+    assert_nil Topic.find_last_by_title("A title with no matches")
+  end
+
+  def test_find_last_by_invalid_method_syntax
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.fail_to_find_last_by_title("The First Topic") }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.find_last_by_title?("The First Topic") }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_last_by_one_attribute_with_several_options
+    assert_equal accounts(:signals37), Account.order('id DESC').where('id != ?', 3).find_last_by_credit_limit(50)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_last_by_one_missing_attribute
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.find_last_by_undertitle("The Last Topic!") }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_last_by_two_attributes
+    topic = Topic.last
+    assert_equal topic, Topic.find_last_by_title_and_author_name(topic.title, topic.author_name)
+    assert_nil Topic.find_last_by_title_and_author_name(topic.title, "Anonymous")
+  end
+
+  def test_find_last_with_limit_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
+    scope = Topic.limit(2)
+    unloaded_last = scope.last
+    loaded_last = scope.all.last
+    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
+  end
+
+  def test_find_last_with_limit_and_offset_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
+    scope = Topic.offset(2).limit(2)
+    unloaded_last = scope.last
+    loaded_last = scope.all.last
+    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
+  end
+
+  def test_find_last_with_offset_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
+    scope = Topic.offset(3)
+    unloaded_last = scope.last
+    loaded_last = scope.all.last
+    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_by_nil_attribute
+    topics = Topic.find_all_by_last_read nil
+    assert_equal 3, topics.size
+    assert topics.collect(&:last_read).all?(&:nil?)
+  end
+
+  def test_forwarding_to_dynamic_finders
+    welcome = Post.find(1)
+    assert_equal 4, Category.find_all_by_type('SpecialCategory').size
+    assert_equal 0, welcome.categories.find_all_by_type('SpecialCategory').size
+    assert_equal 2, welcome.categories.find_all_by_type('Category').size
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_order
+    assert_equal [companies(:second_client), companies(:first_client)], companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.scoped(:where => "type = 'Client'").all
+    assert_equal [companies(:second_client), companies(:first_client)], companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_all_by_type('Client')
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_limit
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.scoped(:where => "type = 'Client'").all.length
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find_all_by_type('Client').length
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_all_limit_should_override_association_limit
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.scoped(:where => "type = 'Client'", :limit => 9_000).all.length
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find_all_by_type('Client', :limit => 9_000).length
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_last_without_specified_order
+    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).unsorted_clients.find_last_by_type('Client')
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_using_an_association
+    author = authors(:david)
+    number_of_posts = Post.count
+    another = author.posts.find_or_create_by_title_and_body("Another Post", "This is the Body")
+    assert_equal number_of_posts + 1, Post.count
+    assert_equal another, author.posts.find_or_create_by_title_and_body("Another Post", "This is the Body")
+    assert another.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_order_for_through
+    assert_equal [Comment.find(10), Comment.find(7), Comment.find(6), Comment.find(3)], authors(:david).comments_desc.scoped(:where => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'").all
+    assert_equal [Comment.find(10), Comment.find(7), Comment.find(6), Comment.find(3)], authors(:david).comments_desc.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment')
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_limit_for_through
+    assert_equal 1, authors(:david).limited_comments.scoped(:where => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'").all.length
+    assert_equal 1, authors(:david).limited_comments.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment').length
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_all_order_should_override_association_limit_for_through
+    assert_equal 4, authors(:david).limited_comments.scoped(:where => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'", :limit => 9_000).all.length
+    assert_equal 4, authors(:david).limited_comments.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment', :limit => 9_000).length
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_include_over_the_same_table_for_through
+    assert_equal 2, people(:michael).posts.scoped(:includes => :people).all.length
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_by_resets_cached_counters
+    person = Person.create! :first_name => 'tenderlove'
+    post   = Post.first
+
+    assert_equal [], person.readers
+    assert_nil person.readers.find_by_post_id(post.id)
+
+    person.readers.find_or_create_by_post_id(post.id)
+
+    assert_equal 1, person.readers.count
+    assert_equal 1, person.readers.length
+    assert_equal post, person.readers.first.post
+    assert_equal person, person.readers.first.person
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize
+    the_client = companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_initialize_by_name("Yet another client")
+    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).id, the_client.firm_id
+    assert_equal "Yet another client", the_client.name
+    assert !the_client.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_updates_size
+    number_of_clients = companies(:first_firm).clients.size
+    the_client = companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_create_by_name("Yet another client")
+    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm, :reload).clients.size
+    assert_equal the_client, companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_create_by_name("Yet another client")
+    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm, :reload).clients.size
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_updates_collection_size
+    number_of_clients = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client")
+    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_returns_the_instantiated_object
+    client = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client")
+    assert_equal client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[-1]
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_only_instantiates_a_single_object
+    number_of_clients = Client.count
+    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client").save!
+    companies(:first_firm).save!
+    assert_equal number_of_clients+1, Client.count
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_with_hash
+    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title(:title => 'Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
+    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title(:title => 'Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
+    assert post.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_with_one_attribute_followed_by_hash
+    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
+    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
+    assert post.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_should_work_with_block
+    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post') {|p| p.body = 'somebody'}
+    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post') {|p| p.body = 'somebody'}
+    assert post.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_forwarding_to_dynamic_finders_2
+    welcome = Post.find(1)
+    assert_equal 4, Comment.find_all_by_type('Comment').size
+    assert_equal 2, welcome.comments.find_all_by_type('Comment').size
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_all_by_attributes
+    authors = Author.scoped
+
+    davids = authors.find_all_by_name('David')
+    assert_kind_of Array, davids
+    assert_equal [authors(:david)], davids
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_or_initialize_by_attributes
+    authors = Author.scoped
+
+    lifo = authors.find_or_initialize_by_name('Lifo')
+    assert_equal "Lifo", lifo.name
+    assert !lifo.persisted?
+
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors.find_or_initialize_by_name(:name => 'David')
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_or_create_by_attributes
+    authors = Author.scoped
+
+    lifo = authors.find_or_create_by_name('Lifo')
+    assert_equal "Lifo", lifo.name
+    assert lifo.persisted?
+
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors.find_or_create_by_name(:name => 'David')
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_or_create_by_attributes_bang
+    authors = Author.scoped
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { authors.find_or_create_by_name!('') }
+
+    lifo = authors.find_or_create_by_name!('Lifo')
+    assert_equal "Lifo", lifo.name
+    assert lifo.persisted?
+
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors.find_or_create_by_name!(:name => 'David')
+  end
+
+  def test_finder_block
+    t = Topic.first
+    found = nil
+    Topic.find_by_id(t.id) { |f| found = f }
+    assert_equal t, found
+  end
+
+  def test_finder_block_nothing_found
+    bad_id = Topic.maximum(:id) + 1
+    assert_nil Topic.find_by_id(bad_id) { |f| raise }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_returns_block_value
+    t = Topic.first
+    x = Topic.find_by_id(t.id) { |f| "hi mom!" }
+    assert_equal "hi mom!", x
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_finder_with_invalid_params
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_by_title 'No Title', :join => "It should be `joins'" }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_one_attribute_with_order_option
+    assert_equal accounts(:signals37), Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :order => 'id')
+    assert_equal accounts(:rails_core_account), Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :order => 'id DESC')
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes_should_yield_found_object
+    david = authors(:david)
+    yielded_value = nil
+    Author.find_by_name(david.name) do |author|
+      yielded_value = author
+    end
+    assert_equal david, yielded_value
+  end
+end
+
+class DynamicScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :posts
+
+  def setup
+    @test_klass = Class.new(Post) do
+      def self.name; "Post"; end
+    end
+    @deprecation_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :silence
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = @deprecation_behavior
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_scope
+    assert_equal @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id(1).find(1), @test_klass.find(1)
+    assert_equal @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id_and_title(1, "Welcome to the weblog").first, @test_klass.scoped(:where => { :author_id => 1, :title => "Welcome to the weblog"}).first
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_scope_should_create_methods_after_hitting_method_missing
+    assert_blank @test_klass.methods.grep(/scoped_by_type/)
+    @test_klass.scoped_by_type(nil)
+    assert_present @test_klass.methods.grep(/scoped_by_type/)
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_scope_with_less_number_of_arguments
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id_and_title(1) }
+  end
+end
+
+class DynamicScopeMatchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_scoped_by_no_match
+    assert_nil ActiveRecord::DynamicMatchers::Method.match(nil, "not_scoped_at_all")
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_by
+    model = stub(attribute_aliases: {})
+    match = ActiveRecord::DynamicMatchers::Method.match(model, "scoped_by_age_and_sex_and_location")
+    assert_not_nil match
+    assert_equal %w(age sex location), match.attribute_names
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_finder_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2afc91b769..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_finder_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/entrant'
-
-class DeprecatedFinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :entrants
-
-  def test_deprecated_find_all_was_removed
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Entrant.find_all }
-  end
-
-  def test_deprecated_find_first_was_removed
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Entrant.find_first }
-  end
-
-  def test_deprecated_find_on_conditions_was_removed
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Entrant.find_on_conditions }
-  end
-
-  def test_count
-    assert_equal(0, Entrant.count(:conditions => "id > 3"))
-    assert_equal(1, Entrant.count(:conditions => ["id > ?", 2]))
-    assert_equal(2, Entrant.count(:conditions => ["id > ?", 1]))
-  end
-
-  def test_count_by_sql
-    assert_equal(0, Entrant.count_by_sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM entrants WHERE id > 3"))
-    assert_equal(1, Entrant.count_by_sql(["SELECT COUNT(*) FROM entrants WHERE id > ?", 2]))
-    assert_equal(2, Entrant.count_by_sql(["SELECT COUNT(*) FROM entrants WHERE id > ?", 1]))
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index 54e0b40b4f..3f26e10dda 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,17 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_setting_time_attributes_with_time_zone_field_to_itself_should_not_be_marked_as_a_change
+    in_time_zone 'Paris' do
+      target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+      target.table_name = 'pirates'
+
+      pirate = target.create
+      pirate.created_on = pirate.created_on
+      assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_time_attributes_changes_without_time_zone_by_skip
     in_time_zone 'Paris' do
       target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
@@ -288,7 +299,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     with_partial_updates Pirate, false do
       assert_queries(2) { 2.times { pirate.save! } }
-      Pirate.update_all({ :updated_on => old_updated_on }, :id => pirate.id)
+      Pirate.where(id: pirate.id).update_all(:updated_on => old_updated_on)
     end
 
     with_partial_updates Pirate, true do
@@ -306,7 +317,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     with_partial_updates Person, false do
       assert_queries(2) { 2.times { person.save! } }
-      Person.update_all({ :first_name => 'baz' }, :id => person.id)
+      Person.where(id: person.id).update_all(:first_name => 'baz')
     end
 
     with_partial_updates Person, true do
@@ -413,7 +424,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_partial_updates(Topic) do
       Topic.create!(:author_name => 'Bill', :content => {:a => "a"})
       topic = Topic.select('id, author_name').first
-      topic.update_column :author_name, 'John'
+      topic.update_columns author_name: 'John'
       topic = Topic.first
       assert_not_nil topic.content
     end
@@ -485,16 +496,6 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_nil pirate.previous_changes['updated_on'][1]
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('parrot_id')
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('created_on')
-
-    pirate = Pirate.find_by_catchphrase("Ahoy!")
-    pirate.update_attribute(:catchphrase, "Ninjas suck!")
-
-    assert_equal 2, pirate.previous_changes.size
-    assert_equal ["Ahoy!", "Ninjas suck!"], pirate.previous_changes['catchphrase']
-    assert_not_nil pirate.previous_changes['updated_on'][0]
-    assert_not_nil pirate.previous_changes['updated_on'][1]
-    assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('parrot_id')
-    assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('created_on')
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dynamic_finder_match_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dynamic_finder_match_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e576870317..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dynamic_finder_match_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  class DynamicFinderMatchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    def test_find_or_create_by
-      match = DynamicFinderMatch.match("find_or_create_by_age_and_sex_and_location")
-      assert_not_nil match
-      assert !match.finder?
-      assert match.instantiator?
-      assert_equal :first, match.finder
-      assert_equal :create, match.instantiator
-      assert_equal %w(age sex location), match.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_or_initialize_by
-      match = DynamicFinderMatch.match("find_or_initialize_by_age_and_sex_and_location")
-      assert_not_nil match
-      assert !match.finder?
-      assert match.instantiator?
-      assert_equal :first, match.finder
-      assert_equal :new, match.instantiator
-      assert_equal %w(age sex location), match.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_no_match
-      assert_nil DynamicFinderMatch.match("not_a_finder")
-    end
-
-    def find_by_bang
-      match = DynamicFinderMatch.match("find_by_age_and_sex_and_location!")
-      assert_not_nil match
-      assert match.finder?
-      assert match.bang?
-      assert_equal :first, match.finder
-      assert_equal %w(age sex location), match.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_by
-      match = DynamicFinderMatch.match("find_by_age_and_sex_and_location")
-      assert_not_nil match
-      assert match.finder?
-      assert_equal :first, match.finder
-      assert_equal %w(age sex location), match.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_by_with_symbol
-      m = DynamicFinderMatch.match(:find_by_foo)
-      assert_equal :first, m.finder
-      assert_equal %w{ foo }, m.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_all_by_with_symbol
-      m = DynamicFinderMatch.match(:find_all_by_foo)
-      assert_equal :all, m.finder
-      assert_equal %w{ foo }, m.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_all_by
-      match = DynamicFinderMatch.match("find_all_by_age_and_sex_and_location")
-      assert_not_nil match
-      assert match.finder?
-      assert_equal :all, match.finder
-      assert_equal %w(age sex location), match.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_last_by
-      m = DynamicFinderMatch.match(:find_last_by_foo)
-      assert_equal :last, m.finder
-      assert_equal %w{ foo }, m.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_by!
-      m = DynamicFinderMatch.match(:find_by_foo!)
-      assert_equal :first, m.finder
-      assert m.bang?, 'should be banging'
-      assert_equal %w{ foo }, m.attribute_names
-    end
-
-    def test_find_or_create
-      m = DynamicFinderMatch.match(:find_or_create_by_foo)
-      assert_equal :first, m.finder
-      assert_equal %w{ foo }, m.attribute_names
-      assert_equal :create, m.instantiator
-    end
-
-    def test_find_or_initialize
-      m = DynamicFinderMatch.match(:find_or_initialize_by_foo)
-      assert_equal :first, m.finder
-      assert_equal %w{ foo }, m.attribute_names
-      assert_equal :new, m.instantiator
-    end
-
-    def test_garbage
-      assert !DynamicFinderMatch.match(:fooo), 'should be false'
-      assert !DynamicFinderMatch.match(:find_by), 'should be false'
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
index e118add44c..91e1df91cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
 
     def test_collects_nothing_if_available_queries_for_explain_is_nil
       with_queries(nil) do
-        SUBSCRIBER.call
+        SUBSCRIBER.finish(nil, nil, {})
         assert_nil Thread.current[:available_queries_for_explain]
       end
     end
 
     def test_collects_nothing_if_the_payload_has_an_exception
       with_queries([]) do |queries|
-        SUBSCRIBER.call(:exception => Exception.new)
+        SUBSCRIBER.finish(nil, nil, :exception => Exception.new)
         assert queries.empty?
       end
     end
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
     def test_collects_nothing_for_ignored_payloads
       with_queries([]) do |queries|
         ActiveRecord::ExplainSubscriber::IGNORED_PAYLOADS.each do |ip|
-          SUBSCRIBER.call(:name => ip)
+          SUBSCRIBER.finish(nil, nil, :name => ip)
         end
         assert queries.empty?
       end
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
       sql   = 'select 1 from users'
       binds = [1, 2]
       with_queries([]) do |queries|
-        SUBSCRIBER.call(:name => 'SQL', :sql => sql, :binds => binds)
+        SUBSCRIBER.finish(nil, nil, :name => 'SQL', :sql => sql, :binds => binds)
         assert_equal 1, queries.size
         assert_equal sql, queries[0][0]
         assert_equal binds, queries[0][1]
@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
       Thread.current[:available_queries_for_explain] = nil
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
index 83c9b6e107..bcc488f7ee 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
       original = base.logger
       base.logger = nil
 
-      base.logger.expects(:warn).never
+      class << base.logger
+        def warn; raise "Should not be called" end
+      end
 
       with_threshold(0) do
         car = Car.where(:name => 'honda').first
@@ -66,6 +68,16 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
       assert_equal [cars(:honda)], result
     end
 
+    def test_logging_query_plan_when_counting_by_sql
+      base.logger.expects(:warn).with do |message|
+        message.starts_with?('EXPLAIN for:')
+      end
+
+      with_threshold(0) do
+        Car.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM cars WHERE name = 'honda'"
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_exec_explain_with_no_binds
       sqls    = %w(foo bar)
       binds   = [[], []]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
index 235805a67c..9440cd429a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,11 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_respond_to Topic, :find_by_title_and_author_name
   end
 
+  def test_should_respond_to_find_all_by_an_aliased_attribute
+    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_by_heading)
+    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_by_heading
+  end
+
   def test_should_respond_to_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute
     ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_initialize_by_title)
     assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_initialize_by_title
@@ -56,6 +61,16 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name
   end
 
+  def test_should_respond_to_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_bang
+    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_create_by_title!)
+    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_create_by_title!
+  end
+
+  def test_should_respond_to_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_bang
+    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name!)
+    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name!
+  end
+
   def test_should_not_respond_to_find_by_one_missing_attribute
     assert !Topic.respond_to?(:find_by_undertitle)
   end
@@ -70,7 +85,6 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   private
 
   def ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(method_id)
-    class << Topic; self; end.send(:remove_method, method_id) if Topic.public_methods.any? { |m| m.to_s == method_id.to_s }
+    class << Topic; self; end.send(:remove_method, method_id) if Topic.public_methods.include? method_id
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
index 76c041397a..576a455f09 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert Topic.exists?(:author_name => "Mary", :approved => true)
     assert Topic.exists?(["parent_id = ?", 1])
     assert !Topic.exists?(45)
+    assert !Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
 
     begin
       assert !Topic.exists?("foo")
@@ -44,10 +45,20 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.exists?([1,2]) }
   end
 
+  def test_exists_does_not_select_columns_without_alias
+    assert_sql(/SELECT\W+1 AS one FROM ["`]topics["`]/i) do
+      Topic.exists?
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_exists_returns_true_with_one_record_and_no_args
     assert Topic.exists?
   end
 
+  def test_exists_returns_false_with_false_arg
+    assert !Topic.exists?(false)
+  end
+
   # exists? should handle nil for id's that come from URLs and always return false
   # (example: Topic.exists?(params[:id])) where params[:id] is nil
   def test_exists_with_nil_arg
@@ -62,30 +73,14 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert Topic.order(:id).uniq.exists?
   end
 
-  def test_does_not_exist_with_empty_table_and_no_args_given
-    Topic.delete_all
-    assert !Topic.exists?
-  end
-
-  def test_exists_with_aggregate_having_three_mappings
-    existing_address = customers(:david).address
-    assert Customer.exists?(:address => existing_address)
-  end
-
-  def test_exists_with_aggregate_having_three_mappings_with_one_difference
-    existing_address = customers(:david).address
-    assert !Customer.exists?(:address =>
-      Address.new(existing_address.street, existing_address.city, existing_address.country + "1"))
-    assert !Customer.exists?(:address =>
-      Address.new(existing_address.street, existing_address.city + "1", existing_address.country))
-    assert !Customer.exists?(:address =>
-      Address.new(existing_address.street + "1", existing_address.city, existing_address.country))
+  def test_exists_with_includes_limit_and_empty_result
+    assert !Topic.includes(:replies).limit(0).exists?
+    assert !Topic.includes(:replies).limit(1).where('0 = 1').exists?
   end
 
-  def test_exists_with_scoped_include
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects, :order => "projects.name" }) do
-      assert Developer.exists?
-    end
+  def test_exists_with_empty_table_and_no_args_given
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert !Topic.exists?
   end
 
   def test_exists_does_not_instantiate_records
@@ -104,14 +99,14 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_by_ids_with_limit_and_offset
-    assert_equal 2, Entrant.find([1,3,2], :limit => 2).size
-    assert_equal 1, Entrant.find([1,3,2], :limit => 3, :offset => 2).size
+    assert_equal 2, Entrant.scoped(:limit => 2).find([1,3,2]).size
+    assert_equal 1, Entrant.scoped(:limit => 3, :offset => 2).find([1,3,2]).size
 
     # Also test an edge case: If you have 11 results, and you set a
     #   limit of 3 and offset of 9, then you should find that there
     #   will be only 2 results, regardless of the limit.
-    devs = Developer.find :all
-    last_devs = Developer.find devs.map(&:id), :limit => 3, :offset => 9
+    devs = Developer.all
+    last_devs = Developer.scoped(:limit => 3, :offset => 9).find devs.map(&:id)
     assert_equal 2, last_devs.size
   end
 
@@ -119,58 +114,12 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], Topic.find([])
   end
 
-  def test_find_by_ids_missing_one
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, 2, 45) }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_with_limit
-    assert_equal(2, Entrant.find(:all, :limit => 2).size)
-    assert_equal(0, Entrant.find(:all, :limit => 0).size)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_with_prepared_limit_and_offset
-    entrants = Entrant.find(:all, :order => "id ASC", :limit => 2, :offset => 1)
-
-    assert_equal(2, entrants.size)
-    assert_equal(entrants(:second).name, entrants.first.name)
-
-    assert_equal 3, Entrant.count
-    entrants = Entrant.find(:all, :order => "id ASC", :limit => 2, :offset => 2)
-    assert_equal(1, entrants.size)
-    assert_equal(entrants(:third).name, entrants.first.name)
+  def test_find_doesnt_have_implicit_ordering
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Topic.find(1) }
   end
 
-  def test_find_all_with_limit_and_offset_and_multiple_order_clauses
-    first_three_posts = Post.find :all, :order => 'author_id, id', :limit => 3, :offset => 0
-    second_three_posts = Post.find :all, :order => ' author_id,id ', :limit => 3, :offset => 3
-    third_three_posts = Post.find :all, :order => ' author_id, id  ', :limit => 3, :offset => 6
-    last_posts = Post.find :all, :order => ' author_id, id  ', :limit => 3, :offset => 9
-
-    assert_equal [[0,3],[1,1],[1,2]], first_three_posts.map { |p| [p.author_id, p.id] }
-    assert_equal [[1,4],[1,5],[1,6]], second_three_posts.map { |p| [p.author_id, p.id] }
-    assert_equal [[2,7],[2,9],[2,11]], third_three_posts.map { |p| [p.author_id, p.id] }
-    assert_equal [[3,8],[3,10]], last_posts.map { |p| [p.author_id, p.id] }
-  end
-
-
-  def test_find_with_group
-    developers = Developer.find(:all, :group => "salary", :select => "salary")
-    assert_equal 4, developers.size
-    assert_equal 4, developers.map(&:salary).uniq.size
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_group_and_having
-    developers = Developer.find(:all, :group => "salary", :having => "sum(salary) > 10000", :select => "salary")
-    assert_equal 3, developers.size
-    assert_equal 3, developers.map(&:salary).uniq.size
-    assert developers.all? { |developer| developer.salary > 10000 }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_group_and_sanitized_having
-    developers = Developer.find(:all, :group => "salary", :having => ["sum(salary) > ?", 10000], :select => "salary")
-    assert_equal 3, developers.size
-    assert_equal 3, developers.map(&:salary).uniq.size
-    assert developers.all? { |developer| developer.salary > 10000 }
+  def test_find_by_ids_missing_one
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, 2, 45) }
   end
 
   def test_find_with_group_and_sanitized_having_method
@@ -199,14 +148,24 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [Account], accounts.collect(&:class).uniq
   end
 
-  def test_find_first
-    first = Topic.find(:first, :conditions => "title = 'The First Topic'")
-    assert_equal(topics(:first).title, first.title)
+  def test_take
+    assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.take
+  end
+
+  def test_take_failing
+    assert_nil Topic.where("title = 'This title does not exist'").take
+  end
+
+  def test_take_bang_present
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal topics(:second), Topic.where("title = 'The Second Topic of the day'").take!
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_find_first_failing
-    first = Topic.find(:first, :conditions => "title = 'The First Topic!'")
-    assert_nil(first)
+  def test_take_bang_missing
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+      Topic.where("title = 'This title does not exist'").take!
+    end
   end
 
   def test_first
@@ -229,6 +188,12 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_first_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:first)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.first
+  end
+
   def test_model_class_responds_to_first_bang
     assert Topic.first!
     Topic.delete_all
@@ -257,7 +222,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_first_and_last_with_integer_should_use_sql_limit
+  def test_take_and_first_and_last_with_integer_should_use_sql_limit
+    assert_sql(/LIMIT 3|ROWNUM <= 3/) { Topic.take(3).entries }
     assert_sql(/LIMIT 2|ROWNUM <= 2/) { Topic.first(2).entries }
     assert_sql(/LIMIT 5|ROWNUM <= 5/) { Topic.last(5).entries }
   end
@@ -278,7 +244,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_match(/LIMIT/, query.first)
   end
 
-  def test_first_and_last_with_integer_should_return_an_array
+  def test_take_and_first_and_last_with_integer_should_return_an_array
+    assert_kind_of Array, Topic.take(5)
     assert_kind_of Array, Topic.first(5)
     assert_kind_of Array, Topic.last(5)
   end
@@ -292,7 +259,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_only_some_columns
-    topic = Topic.find(1, :select => "author_name")
+    topic = Topic.scoped(:select => "author_name").find(1)
     assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) {topic.title}
     assert_nil topic.read_attribute("title")
     assert_equal "David", topic.author_name
@@ -302,36 +269,24 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_respond_to topic, "author_name"
   end
 
-  def test_find_on_blank_conditions
-    [nil, " ", [], {}].each do |blank|
-      assert_nothing_raised { Topic.find(:first, :conditions => blank) }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_on_blank_bind_conditions
-    [ [""], ["",{}] ].each do |blank|
-      assert_nothing_raised { Topic.find(:first, :conditions => blank) }
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_find_on_array_conditions
-    assert Topic.find(1, :conditions => ["approved = ?", false])
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, :conditions => ["approved = ?", true]) }
+    assert Topic.scoped(:where => ["approved = ?", false]).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => ["approved = ?", true]).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions
-    assert Topic.find(1, :conditions => { :approved => false })
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, :conditions => { :approved => true }) }
+    assert Topic.scoped(:where => { :approved => false }).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => { :approved => true }).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_explicit_table_name
-    assert Topic.find(1, :conditions => { 'topics.approved' => false })
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, :conditions => { 'topics.approved' => true }) }
+    assert Topic.scoped(:where => { 'topics.approved' => false }).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => { 'topics.approved' => true }).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_hashed_table_name
-    assert Topic.find(1, :conditions => {:topics => { :approved => false }})
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, :conditions => {:topics => { :approved => true }}) }
+    assert Topic.scoped(:where => {:topics => { :approved => false }}).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => {:topics => { :approved => true }}).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table
@@ -341,140 +296,90 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table_and_with_range
-    firms = DependentFirm.all :joins => :account, :conditions => {:name => 'RailsCore', :accounts => { :credit_limit => 55..60 }}
+    firms = DependentFirm.scoped :joins => :account, :where => {:name => 'RailsCore', :accounts => { :credit_limit => 55..60 }}
     assert_equal 1, firms.size
     assert_equal companies(:rails_core), firms.first
   end
 
-  def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_explicit_table_name_and_aggregate
-    david = customers(:david)
-    assert Customer.find(david.id, :conditions => { 'customers.name' => david.name, :address => david.address })
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) {
-      Customer.find(david.id, :conditions => { 'customers.name' => david.name + "1", :address => david.address })
-    }
-  end
-
   def test_find_on_association_proxy_conditions
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12], Comment.find_all_by_post_id(authors(:david).posts).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12], Comment.where(post_id: authors(:david).posts).map(&:id).sort
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_range
-    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.find(:all, :conditions => { :id => 1..2 }).map(&:id).sort
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, :conditions => { :id => 2..3 }) }
+    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.scoped(:where => { :id => 1..2 }).all.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => { :id => 2..3 }).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_end_exclusive_range
-    assert_equal [1,2,3], Topic.find(:all, :conditions => { :id => 1..3 }).map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.find(:all, :conditions => { :id => 1...3 }).map(&:id).sort
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(3, :conditions => { :id => 2...3 }) }
+    assert_equal [1,2,3], Topic.scoped(:where => { :id => 1..3 }).all.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.scoped(:where => { :id => 1...3 }).all.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => { :id => 2...3 }).find(3) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_multiple_ranges
-    assert_equal [1,2,3], Comment.find(:all, :conditions => { :id => 1..3, :post_id => 1..2 }).map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal [1], Comment.find(:all, :conditions => { :id => 1..1, :post_id => 1..10 }).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2,3], Comment.scoped(:where => { :id => 1..3, :post_id => 1..2 }).all.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1], Comment.scoped(:where => { :id => 1..1, :post_id => 1..10 }).all.map(&:id).sort
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_array_of_integers_and_ranges
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.find(:all, :conditions => {:id => [1..2, 3, 5, 6..8, 9]}).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.scoped(:where => {:id => [1..2, 3, 5, 6..8, 9]}).all.map(&:id).sort
   end
 
   def test_find_on_multiple_hash_conditions
-    assert Topic.find(1, :conditions => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => false })
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, :conditions => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => true }) }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, :conditions => { :author_name => "David", :title => "HHC", :replies_count => 1, :approved => false }) }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(1, :conditions => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => true }) }
+    assert Topic.scoped(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => false }).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => true }).find(1) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "HHC", :replies_count => 1, :approved => false }).find(1) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.scoped(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => true }).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_condition_interpolation
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = '%s'", "37signals"])
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!"])
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"])
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => ["id = %d", 1]).written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where("name = '%s'", "37signals").first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.scoped(:where => ["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_condition_array_interpolation
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = '%s'", "37signals"])
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!"])
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"])
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => ["id = %d", 1]).written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.scoped(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.scoped(:where => ["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_condition_hash_interpolation
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.find(:first, :conditions => { :name => "37signals"})
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => { :name => "37signals!"})
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => {:id => 1}).written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.scoped(:where => { :name => "37signals"}).first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => { :name => "37signals!"}).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.scoped(:where => {:id => 1}).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_malformed
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) {
-      Company.find(:first, :conditions => { :id => 2, :dhh => true })
+      Company.scoped(:where => { :id => 2, :dhh => true }).first
     }
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_escaped_characters
     Company.create("name" => "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff")
-    assert Company.find(:first, :conditions => { :name => "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff" })
+    assert Company.scoped(:where => { :name => "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff" }).first
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_array
-    p1, p2 = Post.find(:all, :limit => 2, :order => 'id asc')
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.find(:all, :conditions => { :id => [p1, p2] }, :order => 'id asc')
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.find(:all, :conditions => { :id => [p1, p2.id] }, :order => 'id asc')
+    p1, p2 = Post.scoped(:limit => 2, :order => 'id asc').all
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.scoped(:where => { :id => [p1, p2] }, :order => 'id asc').all
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.scoped(:where => { :id => [p1, p2.id] }, :order => 'id asc').all
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_nil
-    topic = Topic.find(:first, :conditions => { :last_read => nil } )
+    topic = Topic.scoped(:where => { :last_read => nil } ).first
     assert_not_nil topic
     assert_nil topic.last_read
   end
 
-  def test_hash_condition_find_with_aggregate_having_one_mapping
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    found_customer = Customer.find(:first, :conditions => {:balance => balance})
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_condition_find_with_aggregate_attribute_having_same_name_as_field_and_key_value_being_aggregate
-    gps_location = customers(:david).gps_location
-    assert_kind_of GpsLocation, gps_location
-    found_customer = Customer.find(:first, :conditions => {:gps_location => gps_location})
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_condition_find_with_aggregate_having_one_mapping_and_key_value_being_attribute_value
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    found_customer = Customer.find(:first, :conditions => {:balance => balance.amount})
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_condition_find_with_aggregate_attribute_having_same_name_as_field_and_key_value_being_attribute_value
-    gps_location = customers(:david).gps_location
-    assert_kind_of GpsLocation, gps_location
-    found_customer = Customer.find(:first, :conditions => {:gps_location => gps_location.gps_location})
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_condition_find_with_aggregate_having_three_mappings
-    address = customers(:david).address
-    assert_kind_of Address, address
-    found_customer = Customer.find(:first, :conditions => {:address => address})
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_condition_find_with_one_condition_being_aggregate_and_another_not
-    address = customers(:david).address
-    assert_kind_of Address, address
-    found_customer = Customer.find(:first, :conditions => {:address => address, :name => customers(:david).name})
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
-  end
-
   def test_condition_utc_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
       with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => ['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getutc])
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.scoped(:where => ['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getutc]).first
       end
     end
   end
@@ -483,7 +388,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
       with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => {:written_on => topic.written_on.getutc})
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.scoped(:where => {:written_on => topic.written_on.getutc}).first
       end
     end
   end
@@ -492,7 +397,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
       with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => ['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getlocal])
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.scoped(:where => ['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getlocal]).first
       end
     end
   end
@@ -501,32 +406,32 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
       with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => {:written_on => topic.written_on.getlocal})
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.scoped(:where => {:written_on => topic.written_on.getlocal}).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_bind_variables
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = ?", "37signals"])
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = ?", "37signals!"])
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = ?", "37signals!' OR 1=1"])
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => ["id = ?", 1]).written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.scoped(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.scoped(:where => ["id = ?", 1]).first.written_on
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) {
-      Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["id=? AND name = ?", 2])
+      Company.scoped(:where => ["id=? AND name = ?", 2]).first
     }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) {
-     Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["id=?", 2, 3, 4])
+     Company.scoped(:where => ["id=?", 2, 3, 4]).first
     }
   end
 
   def test_bind_variables_with_quotes
     Company.create("name" => "37signals' go'es agains")
-    assert Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = ?", "37signals' go'es agains"])
+    assert Company.scoped(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals' go'es agains"]).first
   end
 
   def test_named_bind_variables_with_quotes
     Company.create("name" => "37signals' go'es agains")
-    assert Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = :name", {:name => "37signals' go'es agains"}])
+    assert Company.scoped(:where => ["name = :name", {:name => "37signals' go'es agains"}]).first
   end
 
   def test_bind_arity
@@ -544,10 +449,10 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nothing_raised { bind("'+00:00'", :foo => "bar") }
 
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals" }])
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals!" }])
-    assert_nil Company.find(:first, :conditions => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals!' OR 1=1" }])
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.find(:first, :conditions => ["id = :id", { :id => 1 }]).written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.scoped(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals" }]).first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals!" }]).first
+    assert_nil Company.scoped(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals!' OR 1=1" }]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.scoped(:where => ["id = :id", { :id => 1 }]).first.written_on
   end
 
   class SimpleEnumerable
@@ -618,12 +523,6 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "'something; select table'", ActiveRecord::Base.sanitize("something; select table")
   end
 
-  def test_count
-    assert_equal(0, Entrant.count(:conditions => "id > 3"))
-    assert_equal(1, Entrant.count(:conditions => ["id > ?", 2]))
-    assert_equal(2, Entrant.count(:conditions => ["id > ?", 1]))
-  end
-
   def test_count_by_sql
     assert_equal(0, Entrant.count_by_sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM entrants WHERE id > 3"))
     assert_equal(1, Entrant.count_by_sql(["SELECT COUNT(*) FROM entrants WHERE id > ?", 2]))
@@ -640,58 +539,24 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find_by_title!("The First Topic!") }
   end
 
-  def test_find_by_one_attribute_with_order_option
-    assert_equal accounts(:signals37), Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :order => 'id')
-    assert_equal accounts(:rails_core_account), Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :order => 'id DESC')
+  def test_find_by_one_attribute_that_is_an_alias
+    assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.find_by_heading("The First Topic")
+    assert_nil Topic.find_by_heading("The First Topic!")
   end
 
   def test_find_by_one_attribute_with_conditions
-    assert_equal accounts(:rails_core_account), Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :conditions => ['firm_id = ?', 6])
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_one_attribute_that_is_an_aggregate
-    address = customers(:david).address
-    assert_kind_of Address, address
-    found_customer = Customer.find_by_address(address)
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_one_attribute_that_is_an_aggregate_with_one_attribute_difference
-    address = customers(:david).address
-    assert_kind_of Address, address
-    missing_address = Address.new(address.street, address.city, address.country + "1")
-    assert_nil Customer.find_by_address(missing_address)
-    missing_address = Address.new(address.street, address.city + "1", address.country)
-    assert_nil Customer.find_by_address(missing_address)
-    missing_address = Address.new(address.street + "1", address.city, address.country)
-    assert_nil Customer.find_by_address(missing_address)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_two_attributes_that_are_both_aggregates
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    address = customers(:david).address
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    assert_kind_of Address, address
-    found_customer = Customer.find_by_balance_and_address(balance, address)
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_two_attributes_with_one_being_an_aggregate
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    found_customer = Customer.find_by_balance_and_name(balance, customers(:david).name)
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
+    assert_equal accounts(:rails_core_account), Account.where('firm_id = ?', 6).find_by_credit_limit(50)
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_finder_on_one_attribute_with_conditions_returns_same_results_after_caching
     # ensure this test can run independently of order
-    class << Account; self; end.send(:remove_method, :find_by_credit_limit) if Account.public_methods.any? { |m| m.to_s == 'find_by_credit_limit' }
-    a = Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :conditions => ['firm_id = ?', 6])
-    assert_equal a, Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :conditions => ['firm_id = ?', 6]) # find_by_credit_limit has been cached
+    class << Account; self; end.send(:remove_method, :find_by_credit_limit) if Account.public_methods.include?(:find_by_credit_limit)
+    a = Account.where('firm_id = ?', 6).find_by_credit_limit(50)
+    assert_equal a, Account.where('firm_id = ?', 6).find_by_credit_limit(50) # find_by_credit_limit has been cached
   end
 
   def test_find_by_one_attribute_with_several_options
-    assert_equal accounts(:unknown), Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :order => 'id DESC', :conditions => ['id != ?', 3])
+    assert_equal accounts(:unknown), Account.order('id DESC').where('id != ?', 3).find_by_credit_limit(50)
   end
 
   def test_find_by_one_missing_attribute
@@ -714,345 +579,26 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_by_title_and_author_name("The First Topic") }
   end
 
-  def test_find_last_by_one_attribute
-    assert_equal Topic.last, Topic.find_last_by_title(Topic.last.title)
-    assert_nil Topic.find_last_by_title("A title with no matches")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_invalid_method_syntax
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.fail_to_find_last_by_title("The First Topic") }
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.find_last_by_title?("The First Topic") }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_one_attribute_with_several_options
-    assert_equal accounts(:signals37), Account.find_last_by_credit_limit(50, :order => 'id DESC', :conditions => ['id != ?', 3])
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_one_missing_attribute
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.find_last_by_undertitle("The Last Topic!") }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_two_attributes
-    topic = Topic.last
-    assert_equal topic, Topic.find_last_by_title_and_author_name(topic.title, topic.author_name)
-    assert_nil Topic.find_last_by_title_and_author_name(topic.title, "Anonymous")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_with_limit_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
-    scope = Topic.limit(2)
-    unloaded_last = scope.last
-    loaded_last = scope.all.last
-    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_with_limit_and_offset_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
-    scope = Topic.offset(2).limit(2)
-    unloaded_last = scope.last
-    loaded_last = scope.all.last
-    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_with_offset_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
-    scope = Topic.offset(3)
-    unloaded_last = scope.last
-    loaded_last = scope.all.last
-    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day")
-    assert_equal 2, topics.size
-    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
-
-    assert_equal [], Topic.find_all_by_title("The First Topic!!")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute_which_is_a_symbol
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day".to_sym)
-    assert_equal 2, topics.size
-    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
-
-    assert_equal [], Topic.find_all_by_title("The First Topic!!")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute_that_is_an_aggregate
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    found_customers = Customer.find_all_by_balance(balance)
-    assert_equal 1, found_customers.size
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customers.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_two_attributes_that_are_both_aggregates
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    address = customers(:david).address
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    assert_kind_of Address, address
-    found_customers = Customer.find_all_by_balance_and_address(balance, address)
-    assert_equal 1, found_customers.size
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customers.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_two_attributes_with_one_being_an_aggregate
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    found_customers = Customer.find_all_by_balance_and_name(balance, customers(:david).name)
-    assert_equal 1, found_customers.size
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customers.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute_with_options
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day", :order => "id DESC")
-    assert_equal topics(:first), topics.last
-
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day", :order => "id")
-    assert_equal topics(:first), topics.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_array_attribute
-    assert_equal 2, Topic.find_all_by_title(["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day"]).size
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_boolean_attribute
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_approved(false)
-    assert_equal 1, topics.size
-    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
-
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_approved(true)
-    assert_equal 3, topics.size
-    assert topics.include?(topics(:second))
-  end
-
   def test_find_by_nil_attribute
     topic = Topic.find_by_last_read nil
     assert_not_nil topic
     assert_nil topic.last_read
   end
 
-  def test_find_all_by_nil_attribute
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_last_read nil
-    assert_equal 3, topics.size
-    assert topics.collect(&:last_read).all?(&:nil?)
-  end
-
   def test_find_by_nil_and_not_nil_attributes
     topic = Topic.find_by_last_read_and_author_name nil, "Mary"
     assert_equal "Mary", topic.author_name
   end
 
-  def test_find_all_by_nil_and_not_nil_attributes
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_last_read_and_author_name nil, "Mary"
-    assert_equal 1, topics.size
-    assert_equal "Mary", topics[0].author_name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute
-    number_of_companies = Company.count
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name("38signals")
-    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
-    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name("38signals")
-    assert sig38.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes
-    number_of_topics = Topic.count
-    another = Topic.find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic","John")
-    assert_equal number_of_topics + 1, Topic.count
-    assert_equal another, Topic.find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic", "John")
-    assert another.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_with_one_being_an_aggregate
-    number_of_customers = Customer.count
-    created_customer = Customer.find_or_create_by_balance_and_name(Money.new(123), "Elizabeth")
-    assert_equal number_of_customers + 1, Customer.count
-    assert_equal created_customer, Customer.find_or_create_by_balance(Money.new(123), "Elizabeth")
-    assert created_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_and_hash
-    number_of_companies = Company.count
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
-    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert sig38.persisted?
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
-    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_and_hash
-    number_of_companies = Company.count
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
-    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert sig38.persisted?
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
-    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_aggregate_attribute
-    number_of_customers = Customer.count
-    created_customer = Customer.find_or_create_by_balance(Money.new(123))
-    assert_equal number_of_customers + 1, Customer.count
-    assert_equal created_customer, Customer.find_or_create_by_balance(Money.new(123))
-    assert created_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_aggregate_attribute_and_hash
-    number_of_customers = Customer.count
-    balance = Money.new(123)
-    name = "Elizabeth"
-    created_customer = Customer.find_or_create_by_balance({:balance => balance, :name => name})
-    assert_equal number_of_customers + 1, Customer.count
-    assert_equal created_customer, Customer.find_or_create_by_balance({:balance => balance, :name => name})
-    assert created_customer.persisted?
-    assert_equal balance, created_customer.balance
-    assert_equal name, created_customer.name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name("38signals")
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert !sig38.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_aggregate_attribute
-    new_customer = Customer.find_or_initialize_by_balance(Money.new(123))
-    assert_equal 123, new_customer.balance.amount
-    assert !new_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_should_not_set_attribute_even_when_protected
-    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name({:name => "Fortune 1000", :rating => 1000})
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_not_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert !c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_should_not_set_attribute_even_when_protected
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name({:name => "Fortune 1000", :rating => 1000})
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_not_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_protected
-    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name_and_rating("Fortune 1000", 1000)
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert !c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_protected
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_rating("Fortune 1000", 1000)
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_protected_and_also_set_the_hash
-    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_rating(1000, {:name => "Fortune 1000"})
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert !c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_protected_and_also_set_the_hash
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_rating(1000, {:name => "Fortune 1000"})
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_should_set_protected_attributes_if_given_as_block
-    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert !c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_should_set_protected_attributes_if_given_as_block
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_should_work_with_block_on_first_call
-	  class << Company
-		undef_method(:find_or_create_by_name) if method_defined?(:find_or_create_by_name)
-	  end
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_two_attributes
-    another = Topic.find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic","John")
-    assert_equal "Another topic", another.title
-    assert_equal "John", another.author_name
-    assert !another.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_two_attributes_but_passing_only_one
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic") }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_aggregate_attribute_and_one_not
-    new_customer = Customer.find_or_initialize_by_balance_and_name(Money.new(123), "Elizabeth")
-    assert_equal 123, new_customer.balance.amount
-    assert_equal "Elizabeth", new_customer.name
-    assert !new_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_and_hash
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
-    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
-    assert !sig38.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_aggregate_attribute_and_hash
-    balance = Money.new(123)
-    name = "Elizabeth"
-    new_customer = Customer.find_or_initialize_by_balance({:balance => balance, :name => name})
-    assert_equal balance, new_customer.balance
-    assert_equal name, new_customer.name
-    assert !new_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
   def test_find_with_bad_sql
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Topic.find_by_sql "select 1 from badtable" }
   end
 
-  def test_find_with_invalid_params
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find :first, :join => "It should be `joins'" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find :first, :conditions => '1 = 1', :join => "It should be `joins'" }
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_finder_with_invalid_params
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_by_title 'No Title', :join => "It should be `joins'" }
-  end
-
   def test_find_all_with_join
-    developers_on_project_one = Developer.find(
-      :all,
+    developers_on_project_one = Developer.scoped(
       :joins => 'LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id',
-      :conditions => 'project_id=1'
-    )
+      :where => 'project_id=1'
+    ).all
     assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
     developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map { |d| d.name }
     assert developer_names.include?('David')
@@ -1060,17 +606,15 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_joins_dont_clobber_id
-    first = Firm.find(
-      :first,
+    first = Firm.scoped(
       :joins => 'INNER JOIN companies clients ON clients.firm_id = companies.id',
-      :conditions => 'companies.id = 1'
-    )
+      :where => 'companies.id = 1'
+    ).first
     assert_equal 1, first.id
   end
 
   def test_joins_with_string_array
-    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.find(
-      :all,
+    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.scoped(
       :joins => [
         "INNER JOIN categorizations ON categorizations.post_id = posts.id",
         "INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = categorizations.category_id AND categories.type = 'SpecialCategory'"
@@ -1081,15 +625,14 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_by_id_with_conditions_with_or
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Post.find([1,2,3],
-        :conditions => "posts.id <= 3 OR posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'")
+      Post.where("posts.id <= 3 OR posts.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Post'").find([1,2,3])
     end
   end
 
   # http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/6778
   def test_find_ignores_previously_inserted_record
     Post.create!(:title => 'test', :body => 'it out')
-    assert_equal [], Post.find_all_by_id(nil)
+    assert_equal [], Post.where(id: nil)
   end
 
   def test_find_by_empty_ids
@@ -1097,13 +640,13 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_by_empty_in_condition
-    assert_equal [], Post.find(:all, :conditions => ['id in (?)', []])
+    assert_equal [], Post.where('id in (?)', [])
   end
 
   def test_find_by_records
-    p1, p2 = Post.find(:all, :limit => 2, :order => 'id asc')
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.find(:all, :conditions => ['id in (?)', [p1, p2]], :order => 'id asc')
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.find(:all, :conditions => ['id in (?)', [p1, p2.id]], :order => 'id asc')
+    p1, p2 = Post.scoped(:limit => 2, :order => 'id asc').all
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.scoped(:where => ['id in (?)', [p1, p2]], :order => 'id asc')
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.scoped(:where => ['id in (?)', [p1, p2.id]], :order => 'id asc')
   end
 
   def test_select_value
@@ -1130,16 +673,15 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_order_on_included_associations_with_construct_finder_sql_for_association_limiting_and_is_distinct
-    assert_equal 2, Post.find(:all, :include => { :authors => :author_address }, :order => 'author_addresses.id DESC ', :limit => 2).size
+    assert_equal 2, Post.scoped(:includes => { :authors => :author_address }, :order => 'author_addresses.id DESC ', :limit => 2).all.size
 
-    assert_equal 3, Post.find(:all, :include => { :author => :author_address, :authors => :author_address},
-                              :order => 'author_addresses_authors.id DESC ', :limit => 3).size
+    assert_equal 3, Post.scoped(:includes => { :author => :author_address, :authors => :author_address},
+                              :order => 'author_addresses_authors.id DESC ', :limit => 3).all.size
   end
 
   def test_find_with_nil_inside_set_passed_for_one_attribute
-    client_of = Company.find(
-      :all,
-      :conditions => {
+    client_of = Company.scoped(
+      :where => {
         :client_of => [2, 1, nil],
         :name => ['37signals', 'Summit', 'Microsoft'] },
       :order => 'client_of DESC'
@@ -1150,9 +692,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_nil_inside_set_passed_for_attribute
-    client_of = Company.find(
-      :all,
-      :conditions => { :client_of => [nil] },
+    client_of = Company.scoped(
+      :where => { :client_of => [nil] },
       :order => 'client_of DESC'
     ).map { |x| x.client_of }
 
@@ -1160,22 +701,14 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_with_limiting_with_custom_select
-    posts = Post.find(
-      :all, :include => :author, :select => ' posts.*, authors.id as "author_id"',
-      :references => :authors, :limit => 3, :order => 'posts.id'
-    )
+    posts = Post.references(:authors).scoped(
+      :includes => :author, :select => ' posts.*, authors.id as "author_id"',
+      :limit => 3, :order => 'posts.id'
+    ).all
     assert_equal 3, posts.size
     assert_equal [0, 1, 1], posts.map(&:author_id).sort
   end
 
-  def test_finder_with_scoped_from
-    all_topics = Topic.find(:all)
-
-    Topic.send(:with_scope, :find => { :from => 'fake_topics' }) do
-      assert_equal all_topics, Topic.from('topics').to_a
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_find_one_message_with_custom_primary_key
     Toy.primary_key = :name
     begin
@@ -1185,6 +718,10 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_finder_with_offset_string
+    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Topic.scoped(:offset => "3").all }
+  end
+
   protected
     def bind(statement, *vars)
       if vars.first.is_a?(Hash)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index 562b370c97..c28f8de682 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ class InvalidTableNameFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
   def test_raises_error
-    assert_raise FixtureClassNotFound do
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::FixtureClassNotFound do
       funny_jokes(:a_joke)
     end
   end
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_only_generates_a_pk_if_necessary
-    m = Matey.find(:first)
+    m = Matey.first
     m.pirate = pirates(:blackbeard)
     m.target = pirates(:redbeard)
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index 9f5f012073..44d08a8ee4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ require File.expand_path('../../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
 
 require 'config'
 
+gem 'minitest'
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'stringio'
-require 'mocha'
 
 require 'cases/test_case'
 require 'active_record'
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@ require 'support/connection'
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
-# Enable Identity Map only when ENV['IM'] is set to "true"
-ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled = (ENV['IM'] == "true")
-
 # Avoid deprecation warning setting dependent_restrict_raises to false. The default is true
 ActiveRecord::Base.dependent_restrict_raises = false
 
@@ -39,7 +36,7 @@ def current_adapter?(*types)
 end
 
 def in_memory_db?
-  current_adapter?(:SQLiteAdapter) &&
+  current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) &&
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec.config[:database] == ":memory:"
 end
 
@@ -83,8 +80,8 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   self.use_instantiated_fixtures  = false
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
 
-  def create_fixtures(*table_names, &block)
-    ActiveRecord::Fixtures.create_fixtures(ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path, table_names, fixture_class_names, &block)
+  def create_fixtures(*fixture_set_names, &block)
+    ActiveRecord::Fixtures.create_fixtures(ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path, fixture_set_names, fixture_class_names, &block)
   end
 end
 
@@ -123,3 +120,19 @@ class << Time
     @now = nil
   end
 end
+
+module LogIntercepter
+  attr_accessor :logged, :intercepted
+  def self.extended(base)
+    base.logged = []
+  end
+  def log(sql, name, binds = [], &block)
+    if @intercepted
+      @logged << [sql, name, binds]
+      yield
+    else
+      super(sql, name,binds, &block)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map/middleware_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map/middleware_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b32a1c6d2..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map/middleware_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require "rack"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module IdentityMap
-    class MiddlewareTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def setup
-        super
-        @enabled = IdentityMap.enabled
-        IdentityMap.enabled = false
-      end
-
-      def teardown
-        super
-        IdentityMap.enabled = @enabled
-        IdentityMap.clear
-      end
-
-      def test_delegates
-        called = false
-        mw = Middleware.new lambda { |env|
-          called = true
-          [200, {}, nil]
-        }
-        mw.call({})
-        assert called, 'middleware delegated'
-      end
-
-      def test_im_enabled_during_delegation
-        mw = Middleware.new lambda { |env|
-          assert IdentityMap.enabled?, 'identity map should be enabled'
-          [200, {}, nil]
-        }
-        mw.call({})
-      end
-
-      class Enum < Struct.new(:iter)
-        def each(&b)
-          iter.call(&b)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_im_enabled_during_body_each
-        mw = Middleware.new lambda { |env|
-          [200, {}, Enum.new(lambda { |&b|
-            assert IdentityMap.enabled?, 'identity map should be enabled'
-            b.call "hello"
-          })]
-        }
-        body = mw.call({}).last
-        body.each { |x| assert_equal 'hello', x }
-      end
-
-      def test_im_disabled_after_body_close
-        mw = Middleware.new lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }
-        body = mw.call({}).last
-        assert IdentityMap.enabled?, 'identity map should be enabled'
-        body.close
-        assert !IdentityMap.enabled?, 'identity map should be disabled'
-      end
-
-      def test_im_cleared_after_body_close
-        mw = Middleware.new lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }
-        body = mw.call({}).last
-
-        IdentityMap.repository['hello'] = 'world'
-        assert !IdentityMap.repository.empty?, 'repo should not be empty'
-
-        body.close
-        assert IdentityMap.repository.empty?, 'repo should be empty'
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3efc8bf559..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,439 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-require 'models/developer'
-require 'models/project'
-require 'models/company'
-require 'models/topic'
-require 'models/reply'
-require 'models/computer'
-require 'models/customer'
-require 'models/order'
-require 'models/post'
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/tag'
-require 'models/tagging'
-require 'models/comment'
-require 'models/sponsor'
-require 'models/member'
-require 'models/essay'
-require 'models/subscriber'
-require "models/pirate"
-require "models/bird"
-require "models/parrot"
-
-if ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled?
-class IdentityMapTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :topics,
-    :developers_projects, :computers, :authors, :author_addresses,
-    :posts, :tags, :taggings, :comments, :subscribers
-
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Basic tests checking if IM is functioning properly on basic find operations#
-  ##############################################################################
-
-  def test_find_id
-    assert_same(Client.find(3), Client.find(3))
-  end
-
-  def test_find_id_without_identity_map
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.without do
-      assert_not_same(Client.find(3), Client.find(3))
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_id_use_identity_map
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled = false
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.use do
-      assert_same(Client.find(3), Client.find(3))
-    end
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled = true
-  end
-
-  def test_find_pkey
-    assert_same(
-      Subscriber.find('swistak'),
-      Subscriber.find('swistak')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_id
-    assert_same(
-      Client.find_by_id(3),
-      Client.find_by_id(3)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_string_and_numeric_id
-    assert_same(
-      Client.find_by_id("3"),
-      Client.find_by_id(3)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_pkey
-    assert_same(
-      Subscriber.find_by_nick('swistak'),
-      Subscriber.find_by_nick('swistak')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_find_first_id
-    assert_same(
-      Client.find(:first, :conditions => {:id => 1}),
-      Client.find(:first, :conditions => {:id => 1})
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_find_first_pkey
-    assert_same(
-      Subscriber.find(:first, :conditions => {:nick => 'swistak'}),
-      Subscriber.find(:first, :conditions => {:nick => 'swistak'})
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_queries_are_not_executed_when_finding_by_id
-    Post.find 1
-    assert_no_queries do
-      Post.find 1
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Tests checking if IM is functioning properly on more advanced finds        #
-  # and associations                                                           #
-  ##############################################################################
-
-  def test_owner_object_is_associated_from_identity_map
-    post = Post.find(1)
-    comment = post.comments.first
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      comment.post
-    end
-    assert_same post, comment.post
-  end
-
-  def test_associated_object_are_assigned_from_identity_map
-    post = Post.find(1)
-
-    post.comments.each do |comment|
-      assert_same post, comment.post
-      assert_equal post.object_id, comment.post.object_id
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_creation
-    t1 = Topic.create("title" => "t1")
-    t2 = Topic.find(t1.id)
-    assert_same(t1, t2)
-  end
-
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Tests checking if IM is functioning properly on classes with multiple      #
-  # types of inheritance                                                       #
-  ##############################################################################
-
-  def test_inherited_without_type_attribute_without_identity_map
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.without do
-      p1 = DestructivePirate.create!(:catchphrase => "I'm not a regular Pirate")
-      p2 = Pirate.find(p1.id)
-      assert_not_same(p1, p2)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_inherited_with_type_attribute_without_identity_map
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.without do
-      c = comments(:sub_special_comment)
-      c1 = SubSpecialComment.find(c.id)
-      c2 = Comment.find(c.id)
-      assert_same(c1.class, c2.class)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_inherited_without_type_attribute
-    p1 = DestructivePirate.create!(:catchphrase => "I'm not a regular Pirate")
-    p2 = Pirate.find(p1.id)
-    assert_not_same(p1, p2)
-  end
-
-  def test_inherited_with_type_attribute
-    c = comments(:sub_special_comment)
-    c1 = SubSpecialComment.find(c.id)
-    c2 = Comment.find(c.id)
-    assert_same(c1, c2)
-  end
-
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Tests checking dirty attribute behavior with IM                            #
-  ##############################################################################
-
-  def test_loading_new_instance_should_not_update_dirty_attributes
-    swistak = Subscriber.find(:first, :conditions => {:nick => 'swistak'})
-    swistak.name = "Swistak Sreberkowiec"
-    assert_equal(["name"], swistak.changed)
-    assert_equal({"name" => ["Marcin Raczkowski", "Swistak Sreberkowiec"]}, swistak.changes)
-
-    assert swistak.name_changed?
-    assert_equal("Swistak Sreberkowiec", swistak.name)
-  end
-
-  def test_loading_new_instance_should_change_dirty_attribute_original_value
-    swistak = Subscriber.find(:first, :conditions => {:nick => 'swistak'})
-    swistak.name = "Swistak Sreberkowiec"
-
-    Subscriber.update_all({:name => "Raczkowski Marcin"}, {:name => "Marcin Raczkowski"})
-
-    assert_equal({"name"=>["Marcin Raczkowski", "Swistak Sreberkowiec"]}, swistak.changes)
-    assert_equal("Swistak Sreberkowiec", swistak.name)
-  end
-
-  def test_loading_new_instance_should_remove_dirt
-    swistak = Subscriber.find(:first, :conditions => {:nick => 'swistak'})
-    swistak.name = "Swistak Sreberkowiec"
-
-    assert_equal({"name" => ["Marcin Raczkowski", "Swistak Sreberkowiec"]}, swistak.changes)
-
-    Subscriber.update_all({:name => "Swistak Sreberkowiec"}, {:name => "Marcin Raczkowski"})
-
-    assert_equal("Swistak Sreberkowiec", swistak.name)
-    assert_equal({"name"=>["Marcin Raczkowski", "Swistak Sreberkowiec"]}, swistak.changes)
-    assert swistak.name_changed?
-  end
-
-  def test_has_many_associations
-    pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
-    pirate.birds.create!(:name => 'Posideons Killer')
-    pirate.birds.create!(:name => 'Killer bandita Dionne')
-
-    posideons, _ = pirate.birds
-
-    pirate.reload
-
-    pirate.birds_attributes = [{ :id => posideons.id, :name => 'Grace OMalley' }]
-    assert_equal 'Grace OMalley', pirate.birds.to_a.find { |r| r.id == posideons.id }.name
-  end
-
-  def test_changing_associations
-    post1 = Post.create("title" => "One post", "body" => "Posting...")
-    post2 = Post.create("title" => "Another post", "body" => "Posting... Again...")
-    comment = Comment.new("body" => "comment")
-
-    comment.post = post1
-    assert comment.save
-
-    assert_same(post1.comments.first, comment)
-
-    comment.post = post2
-    assert comment.save
-
-    assert_same(post2.comments.first, comment)
-    assert_equal(0, post1.comments.size)
-  end
-
-  def test_im_with_polymorphic_has_many_going_through_join_model_with_custom_select_and_joins
-    tag = posts(:welcome).tags.first
-    tag_with_joins_and_select = posts(:welcome).tags.add_joins_and_select.first
-    assert_same(tag, tag_with_joins_and_select)
-    assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError, "Joins/select was not loaded") { tag.author_id }
-  end
-
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Tests checking Identity Map behavior with preloaded associations, joins,   #
-  # includes etc.                                                              #
-  ##############################################################################
-
-  def test_find_with_preloaded_associations
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-
-    # With IM we'll retrieve post object from previous query, it'll have comments
-    # already preloaded from first call
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:author).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-    end
-
-    # With IM we'll retrieve post object from previous query, it'll have comments
-    # already preloaded from first call
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:author).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:author, :comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_included_associations
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.includes(:comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      posts = Post.scoped.includes(:comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.includes(:author).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_joined_table_preloads
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :select => 'distinct posts.*', :include => :author, :joins => [:comments], :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id')
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
-    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
-    assert_same posts.first.author, Author.first
-
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :select => 'distinct posts.*', :include => :author, :joins => [:comments], :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id')
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
-    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
-    assert_same posts.first.author, Author.first
-
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => :author, :joins => {:taggings => :tag}, :conditions => "tags.name = 'General'", :order => 'posts.id')
-    assert_equal posts(:welcome, :thinking), posts
-    assert_same posts.first.author, Author.first
-
-    posts = Post.find(:all, :include => :author, :joins => {:taggings => {:tag => :taggings}}, :conditions => "taggings_tags.super_tag_id=2", :order => 'posts.id')
-    assert_equal posts(:welcome, :thinking), posts
-    assert_same posts.first.author, Author.first
-  end
-
-  def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_string_joined_table_preloads
-    posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.find(:all, :select => 'distinct posts.*', :include => :author, :joins => "INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id", :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id')
-    end
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
-    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
-
-    posts = assert_queries(1) do
-      Post.find(:all, :select => 'distinct posts.*', :include => :author, :joins => ["INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id"], :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id')
-    end
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
-    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
-  end
-
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Behaviour related to saving failures
-  ##############################################################################
-
-  def test_reload_object_if_save_failed
-    developer = Developer.first
-    developer.salary = 0
-
-    assert !developer.save
-
-    same_developer = Developer.first
-
-    assert_not_same  developer, same_developer
-    assert_not_equal 0, same_developer.salary
-    assert_not_equal developer.salary, same_developer.salary
-  end
-
-  def test_reload_object_if_forced_save_failed
-    developer = Developer.first
-    developer.salary = 0
-
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { developer.save! }
-
-    same_developer = Developer.first
-
-    assert_not_same  developer, same_developer
-    assert_not_equal 0, same_developer.salary
-    assert_not_equal developer.salary, same_developer.salary
-  end
-
-  def test_reload_object_if_update_attributes_fails
-    developer = Developer.first
-    developer.salary = 0
-
-    assert !developer.update_attributes(:salary => 0)
-
-    same_developer = Developer.first
-
-    assert_not_same  developer, same_developer
-    assert_not_equal 0, same_developer.salary
-    assert_not_equal developer.salary, same_developer.salary
-  end
-
-  ##############################################################################
-  # Behaviour of readonly, frozen, destroyed
-  ##############################################################################
-
-  def test_find_using_identity_map_respects_readonly_when_loading_associated_object_first
-    author  = Author.first
-    readonly_comment = author.readonly_comments.first
-
-    comment = Comment.first
-    assert !comment.readonly?
-
-    assert readonly_comment.readonly?
-
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) {readonly_comment.save}
-    assert comment.save
-  end
-
-  def test_find_using_identity_map_respects_readonly
-    comment = Comment.first
-    assert !comment.readonly?
-
-    author  = Author.first
-    readonly_comment = author.readonly_comments.first
-
-    assert readonly_comment.readonly?
-
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) {readonly_comment.save}
-    assert comment.save
-  end
-
-  def test_find_using_select_and_identity_map
-    author_id, author = Author.select('id').first, Author.first
-
-    assert_equal author_id, author
-    assert_same author_id, author
-    assert_not_nil author.name
-
-    post, post_id = Post.first, Post.select('id').first
-
-    assert_equal post_id, post
-    assert_same post_id, post
-    assert_not_nil post.title
-  end
-
-# Currently AR is not allowing changing primary key (see Persistence#update)
-# So we ignore it. If this changes, this test needs to be uncommented.
-#  def test_updating_of_pkey
-#    assert client = Client.find(3),
-#    client.update_attribute(:id, 666)
-#
-#    assert Client.find(666)
-#    assert_same(client, Client.find(666))
-#
-#    s = Subscriber.find_by_nick('swistak')
-#    assert s.update_attribute(:nick, 'swistakTheJester')
-#    assert_equal('swistakTheJester', s.nick)
-#
-#    assert stj = Subscriber.find_by_nick('swistakTheJester')
-#    assert_same(s, stj)
-#  end
-
-end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inclusion_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inclusion_test.rb
index 8726ba5e51..9b9c09d2d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inclusion_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inclusion_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'models/teapot'
 class BasicInclusionModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_basic_model
     Teapot.create!(:name => "Ronnie Kemper")
-    assert_equal "Ronnie Kemper", Teapot.find(1).name
+    assert_equal "Ronnie Kemper", Teapot.first.name
   end
 
   def test_initialization
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index 02df464469..06de51f5cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_class_with_blank_sti_name
-    company = Company.find(:first)
+    company = Company.first
     company = company.dup
     company.extend(Module.new {
       def read_attribute(name)
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     })
     company.save!
-    company = Company.find(:all).find { |x| x.id == company.id }
+    company = Company.all.find { |x| x.id == company.id }
     assert_equal '  ', company.type
   end
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_inheritance_find_all
-    companies = Company.find(:all, :order => 'id')
+    companies = Company.scoped(:order => 'id').all
     assert_kind_of Firm, companies[0], "37signals should be a firm"
     assert_kind_of Client, companies[1], "Summit should be a client"
   end
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_all_within_inheritance
     Client.update_all "name = 'I am a client'"
-    assert_equal "I am a client", Client.find(:all).first.name
+    assert_equal "I am a client", Client.all.first.name
     # Order by added as otherwise Oracle tests were failing because of different order of results
-    assert_equal "37signals", Firm.find(:all, :order => "id").first.name
+    assert_equal "37signals", Firm.scoped(:order => "id").all.first.name
   end
 
   def test_alt_update_all_within_inheritance
@@ -173,9 +173,9 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_first_within_inheritance
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.find(:first, :conditions => "name = '37signals'")
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Firm.find(:first, :conditions => "name = '37signals'")
-    assert_nil Client.find(:first, :conditions => "name = '37signals'")
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.scoped(:where => "name = '37signals'").first
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Firm.scoped(:where => "name = '37signals'").first
+    assert_nil Client.scoped(:where => "name = '37signals'").first
   end
 
   def test_alt_find_first_within_inheritance
@@ -187,10 +187,10 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_complex_inheritance
     very_special_client = VerySpecialClient.create("name" => "veryspecial")
     assert_equal very_special_client, VerySpecialClient.where("name = 'veryspecial'").first
-    assert_equal very_special_client, SpecialClient.find(:first, :conditions => "name = 'veryspecial'")
-    assert_equal very_special_client, Company.find(:first, :conditions => "name = 'veryspecial'")
-    assert_equal very_special_client, Client.find(:first, :conditions => "name = 'veryspecial'")
-    assert_equal 1, Client.find(:all, :conditions => "name = 'Summit'").size
+    assert_equal very_special_client, SpecialClient.scoped(:where => "name = 'veryspecial'").first
+    assert_equal very_special_client, Company.scoped(:where => "name = 'veryspecial'").first
+    assert_equal very_special_client, Client.scoped(:where => "name = 'veryspecial'").first
+    assert_equal 1, Client.scoped(:where => "name = 'Summit'").all.size
     assert_equal very_special_client, Client.find(very_special_client.id)
   end
 
@@ -201,14 +201,14 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_something_inherited
-    account = Account.find(1, :include => :firm)
+    account = Account.scoped(:includes => :firm).find(1)
     assert account.association_cache.key?(:firm), "nil proves eager load failed"
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_primary_key_quoting
     con = Account.connection
     assert_sql(/#{con.quote_table_name('companies')}.#{con.quote_column_name('id')} IN \(1\)/) do
-      Account.find(1, :include => :firm)
+      Account.scoped(:includes => :firm).find(1)
     end
   end
 
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   private
     def switch_to_alt_inheritance_column
       # we don't want misleading test results, so get rid of the values in the type column
-      Company.find(:all, :order => 'id').each do |c|
+      Company.scoped(:order => 'id').all.each do |c|
         c['type'] = nil
         c.save
       end
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_instantiation_doesnt_try_to_require_corresponding_file
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
-    foo = Firm.find(:first).clone
+    foo = Firm.first.clone
     foo.ruby_type = foo.type = 'FirmOnTheFly'
     foo.save!
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_date_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_date_test.rb
index 98cda010ae..426a350379 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_date_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_date_test.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ class InvalidDateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     invalid_dates = [[2007, 11, 31], [1993, 2, 29], [2007, 2, 29]]
 
-    topic = Topic.new
-
     valid_dates.each do |date_src|
       topic = Topic.new("last_read(1i)" => date_src[0].to_s, "last_read(2i)" => date_src[1].to_s, "last_read(3i)" => date_src[2].to_s)
       # Oracle DATE columns are datetime columns and Oracle adapter returns Time value
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
index d9e350abc0..a86b165c78 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -83,6 +83,53 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match %r{"favorite_quote":"Constraints are liberating"}, methods_json
   end
 
+  def test_uses_serializable_hash_with_only_option
+    def @contact.serializable_hash(options=nil)
+      super(only: %w(name))
+    end
+
+    json = @contact.to_json
+    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{awesome}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{age}, json
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_serializable_hash_with_except_option
+    def @contact.serializable_hash(options=nil)
+      super(except: %w(age))
+    end
+
+    json = @contact.to_json
+    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+    assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{age}, json
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_include_inheritance_column_from_sti
+    @contact = ContactSti.new(@contact.attributes)
+    assert_equal 'ContactSti', @contact.type
+
+    json = @contact.to_json
+    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{type}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{ContactSti}, json
+  end
+
+  def test_serializable_hash_with_default_except_option_and_excluding_inheritance_column_from_sti
+    @contact = ContactSti.new(@contact.attributes)
+    assert_equal 'ContactSti', @contact.type
+
+    def @contact.serializable_hash(options={})
+      super({ except: %w(age) }.merge!(options))
+    end
+
+    json = @contact.to_json
+    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{age}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{type}, json
+    assert_no_match %r{ContactSti}, json
+  end
+
   def test_serializable_hash_should_not_modify_options_in_argument
     options = { :only => :name }
     @contact.serializable_hash(options)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/lifecycle_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/lifecycle_test.rb
index 75e5dfa49b..0b78f2e46b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/lifecycle_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/lifecycle_test.rb
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class LifecycleTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_auto_observer
     topic_observer = TopicaAuditor.instance
     assert_nil TopicaAuditor.observed_class
-    assert_equal [Topic], TopicaAuditor.instance.observed_classes.to_a
+    assert_equal [Topic], TopicaAuditor.observed_classes.to_a
 
     topic = Topic.find(1)
     assert_equal topic.title, topic_observer.topic.title
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
index 807274ca67..afb0bd6fd9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ require 'models/string_key_object'
 require 'models/car'
 require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/wheel'
+require 'models/treasure'
 
 class LockWithoutDefault < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class ReadonlyFirstNamePerson < Person
 end
 
 class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :people, :legacy_things, :references, :string_key_objects
+  fixtures :people, :legacy_things, :references, :string_key_objects, :peoples_treasures
 
   def test_non_integer_lock_existing
     s1 = StringKeyObject.find("record1")
@@ -230,15 +231,24 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_polymorphic_destroy_with_dependencies_and_lock_version
     car = Car.create!
-    
+
     assert_difference 'car.wheels.count'  do
     	car.wheels << Wheel.create!
-    end 
+    end
     assert_difference 'car.wheels.count', -1  do
       car.destroy
     end
     assert car.destroyed?
   end
+
+  def test_removing_has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_upon_destroy
+    p = RichPerson.create! first_name: 'Jon'
+    p.treasures.create!
+    assert !p.treasures.empty?
+    p.destroy
+    assert p.treasures.empty?
+    assert RichPerson.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM peoples_treasures WHERE rich_person_id = 1").empty?
+  end
 end
 
 class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -313,7 +323,7 @@ class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     def counter_test(model, expected_count)
       add_counter_column_to(model)
-      object = model.find(:first)
+      object = model.first
       assert_equal 0, object.test_count
       assert_equal 0, object.send(model.locking_column)
       yield object.id
@@ -348,18 +358,7 @@ unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter) || in_memory_db?
     def test_sane_find_with_lock
       assert_nothing_raised do
         Person.transaction do
-          Person.find 1, :lock => true
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Test scoped lock.
-    def test_sane_find_with_scoped_lock
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        Person.transaction do
-          Person.send(:with_scope, :find => { :lock => true }) do
-            Person.find 1
-          end
+          Person.lock.find(1)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -370,7 +369,7 @@ unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter) || in_memory_db?
       def test_eager_find_with_lock
         assert_nothing_raised do
           Person.transaction do
-            Person.find 1, :include => :readers, :lock => true
+            Person.includes(:readers).lock.find(1)
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index d1f0ace184..acd2fcdad4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @old_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
-    @using_identity_map = ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled?
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled = false
     Developer.primary_key
     super
     ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.attach_to(:active_record)
@@ -22,7 +20,6 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     super
     ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.log_subscribers.pop
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = @old_logger
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled = @using_identity_map
   end
 
   def set_logger(logger)
@@ -103,13 +100,4 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_initializes_runtime
     Thread.new { assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.runtime }.join
   end
-
-  def test_log
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.use do
-      Post.find 1
-      Post.find 1
-    end
-    wait
-    assert_match(/From Identity Map/, @logger.logged(:debug).last)
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/mass_assignment_security_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/mass_assignment_security_test.rb
index 8122857f52..73a01906b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/mass_assignment_security_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/mass_assignment_security_test.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,11 @@ class MassAssignmentSecurityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_mass_assigning_does_not_choke_on_nil
-    Firm.new.assign_attributes(nil)
+    assert_nil Firm.new.assign_attributes(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_mass_assigning_does_not_choke_on_empty_hash
+    assert_nil Firm.new.assign_attributes({})
   end
 
   def test_assign_attributes_uses_default_role_when_no_role_is_provided
@@ -248,6 +252,82 @@ class MassAssignmentSecurityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "ActiveRecord::Model.whitelist_attributes works for models which include Model" do
+    begin
+      prev, ActiveRecord::Model.whitelist_attributes = ActiveRecord::Model.whitelist_attributes, true
+
+      klass = Class.new { include ActiveRecord::Model }
+      assert_equal ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::WhiteList, klass.active_authorizers[:default].class
+      assert_equal [], klass.active_authorizers[:default].to_a
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Model.whitelist_attributes = prev
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "ActiveRecord::Model.whitelist_attributes works for models which inherit Base" do
+    begin
+      prev, ActiveRecord::Model.whitelist_attributes = ActiveRecord::Model.whitelist_attributes, true
+
+      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+      assert_equal ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::WhiteList, klass.active_authorizers[:default].class
+      assert_equal [], klass.active_authorizers[:default].to_a
+
+      klass.attr_accessible 'foo'
+      assert_equal ['foo'], Class.new(klass).active_authorizers[:default].to_a
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Model.whitelist_attributes = prev
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer works for models which include Model" do
+    begin
+      sanitizer = Object.new
+      prev, ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer = ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer, sanitizer
+
+      klass = Class.new { include ActiveRecord::Model }
+      assert_equal sanitizer, klass._mass_assignment_sanitizer
+
+      ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer = nil
+      klass = Class.new { include ActiveRecord::Model }
+      assert_not_nil klass._mass_assignment_sanitizer
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer = prev
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer works for models which inherit Base" do
+    begin
+      sanitizer = Object.new
+      prev, ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer = ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer, sanitizer
+
+      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+      assert_equal sanitizer, klass._mass_assignment_sanitizer
+
+      sanitizer2 = Object.new
+      klass.mass_assignment_sanitizer = sanitizer2
+      assert_equal sanitizer2, Class.new(klass)._mass_assignment_sanitizer
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Model.mass_assignment_sanitizer = prev
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+
+# This class should be deleted when we removed active_record_deprecated_finders as a
+# dependency.
+class MassAssignmentSecurityDeprecatedFindersTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include MassAssignmentTestHelpers
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @deprecation_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :silence
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = @deprecation_behavior
+  end
+
   def test_find_or_initialize_by_with_attr_accessible_attributes
     p = TightPerson.find_or_initialize_by_first_name('Josh', attributes_hash)
 
@@ -861,4 +941,26 @@ class MassAssignmentSecurityNestedAttributesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_all_attributes(person.best_friends.first)
   end
 
+  def test_mass_assignment_options_are_reset_after_exception
+    person = NestedPerson.create!({ :first_name => 'David', :gender => 'm' }, :as => :admin)
+    person.create_best_friend!({ :first_name => 'Jeremy', :gender => 'm' }, :as => :admin)
+
+    attributes = { :best_friend_attributes => { :comments => 'rides a sweet bike' } }
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError) { person.assign_attributes(attributes, :as => :admin) }
+    assert_equal 'm', person.best_friend.gender
+
+    person.best_friend_attributes = { :gender => 'f' }
+    assert_equal 'm', person.best_friend.gender
+  end
+
+  def test_mass_assignment_options_are_nested_correctly
+    person = NestedPerson.create!({ :first_name => 'David', :gender => 'm' }, :as => :admin)
+    person.create_best_friend!({ :first_name => 'Jeremy', :gender => 'm' }, :as => :admin)
+
+    attributes = { :best_friend_first_name => 'Josh', :best_friend_attributes => { :gender => 'f' } }
+    person.assign_attributes(attributes, :as => :admin)
+    assert_equal 'Josh', person.best_friend.first_name
+    assert_equal 'f', person.best_friend.gender
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ebf6e26385..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,558 +0,0 @@
-# This file can be removed once with_exclusive_scope and with_scope are removed.
-# All the tests were already ported to relation_scoping_test.rb when the new
-# relation scoping API was added.
-
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/post'
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/developer'
-require 'models/project'
-require 'models/comment'
-
-class MethodScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :authors, :developers, :projects, :comments, :posts, :developers_projects
-
-  def test_set_conditions
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => 'just a test...' }) do
-      assert_match '(just a test...)', Developer.scoped.to_sql
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Developer.find(1) }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_first
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "salary = 100000" }) do
-      assert_equal Developer.find(10), Developer.find(:first, :order => 'name')
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_last
-    highest_salary = Developer.find(:first, :order => "salary DESC")
-
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :order => "salary" }) do
-      assert_equal highest_salary, Developer.last
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_last_preserves_scope
-    lowest_salary = Developer.find(:first, :order => "salary ASC")
-    highest_salary = Developer.find(:first, :order => "salary DESC")
-
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :order => "salary" }) do
-      assert_equal highest_salary, Developer.last
-      assert_equal lowest_salary, Developer.first
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_combines_conditions
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "salary = 9000" }) do
-      assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis), Developer.find(:first, :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_sanitizes_conditions
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => ['salary = ?', 9000] }) do
-      assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis), Developer.find(:first)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_combines_and_sanitizes_conditions
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => ['salary = ?', 9000] }) do
-      assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis), Developer.find(:first, :conditions => ['name = ?', 'Jamis'])
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_all
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-      assert_equal [developers(:david)], Developer.all
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_select
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :select => "id, name" }) do
-      developer = Developer.find(:first, :conditions => "name = 'David'")
-      assert_equal "David", developer.name
-      assert !developer.has_attribute?(:salary)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scope_select_concatenates
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :select => "name" }) do
-      developer = Developer.find(:first, :select => 'id, salary', :conditions => "name = 'David'")
-      assert_equal 80000, developer.salary
-      assert developer.has_attribute?(:id)
-      assert developer.has_attribute?(:name)
-      assert developer.has_attribute?(:salary)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_count
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-      assert_equal 1, Developer.count
-    end
-
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => 'salary = 100000' }) do
-      assert_equal 8, Developer.count
-      assert_equal 1, Developer.count(:conditions => "name LIKE 'fixture_1%'")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_include
-    # with the include, will retrieve only developers for the given project
-    scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects }) do
-      Developer.find(:all, :conditions => { 'projects.id' => 2 })
-    end
-    assert scoped_developers.include?(developers(:david))
-    assert !scoped_developers.include?(developers(:jamis))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_developers.size
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_joins
-    scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => 'JOIN developers_projects ON id = developer_id' } ) do
-      Developer.find(:all, :conditions => 'developers_projects.project_id = 2')
-    end
-    assert scoped_developers.include?(developers(:david))
-    assert !scoped_developers.include?(developers(:jamis))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_developers.size
-    assert_equal developers(:david).attributes, scoped_developers.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_using_new_style_joins
-    scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => :projects }) do
-      Developer.find(:all, :conditions => 'projects.id = 2')
-    end
-    assert scoped_developers.include?(developers(:david))
-    assert !scoped_developers.include?(developers(:jamis))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_developers.size
-    assert_equal developers(:david).attributes, scoped_developers.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_merges_old_style_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => 'INNER JOIN posts ON authors.id = posts.author_id ' }) do
-      Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :joins => 'INNER JOIN comments ON posts.id = comments.post_id', :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_merges_new_style_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => :posts }) do
-      Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :joins => :comments, :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_merges_new_and_old_style_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => :posts }) do
-      Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :joins => 'JOIN comments ON posts.id = comments.post_id', :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_merges_string_array_style_and_string_style_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => ["INNER JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id"]}) do
-      Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :joins => 'INNER JOIN comments ON posts.id = comments.post_id', :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_merges_string_array_style_and_hash_style_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => :posts}) do
-      Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :joins => ['INNER JOIN comments ON posts.id = comments.post_id'], :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_merges_joins_and_eliminates_duplicate_string_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => 'INNER JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id'}) do
-      Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :joins => ["INNER JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id", "INNER JOIN comments ON posts.id = comments.post_id"], :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_find_strips_spaces_from_string_joins_and_eliminates_duplicate_string_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => ' INNER JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id '}) do
-      Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :joins => ['INNER JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id'], :conditions => 'posts.id = 1')
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_count_include
-    # with the include, will retrieve only developers for the given project
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects }) do
-      assert_equal 1, Developer.count(:conditions => { 'projects.id' => 2 })
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scope_for_create_only_uses_equal
-    table = VerySpecialComment.arel_table
-    relation = VerySpecialComment.scoped
-    relation.where_values << table[:id].not_eq(1)
-    assert_equal({:type => "VerySpecialComment"}, relation.send(:scope_for_create))
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_create
-    new_comment = nil
-
-    VerySpecialComment.send(:with_scope, :create => { :post_id => 1 }) do
-      assert_equal({:post_id => 1, :type => 'VerySpecialComment' }, VerySpecialComment.scoped.send(:scope_for_create))
-      new_comment = VerySpecialComment.create :body => "Wonderful world"
-    end
-
-    assert Post.find(1).comments.include?(new_comment)
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_create_with_join_and_merge
-    Comment.where(:body => "but Who's Buying?").joins(:post).merge(Post.where(:body => 'Peace Sells...')).with_scope do
-      assert_equal({:body => "but Who's Buying?"}, Comment.scoped.scope_for_create)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_immutable_scope
-    options = { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => options) do
-      assert_equal %w(David), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-      options[:conditions] = "name != 'David'"
-      assert_equal %w(David), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-    end
-
-    scope = { :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }}
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, scope) do
-      assert_equal %w(David), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-      scope[:find][:conditions] = "name != 'David'"
-      assert_equal %w(David), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_with_duck_typing
-    scoping = Struct.new(:current_scope).new(:find => { :conditions => ["name = ?", 'David'] })
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, scoping) do
-       assert_equal %w(David), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_method_scoping_is_correctly_restored
-    begin
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'" }) do
-        raise "an exception"
-      end
-    rescue
-    end
-
-    assert !Developer.scoped.where_values.include?("name = 'Jamis'")
-  end
-end
-
-class NestedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :authors, :developers, :projects, :comments, :posts
-
-  def test_merge_options
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => 'salary = 80000' }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :limit => 10 }) do
-        devs = Developer.scoped
-        assert_match '(salary = 80000)', devs.to_sql
-        assert_equal 10, devs.taken
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_merge_inner_scope_has_priority
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :limit => 5 }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :limit => 10 }) do
-        assert_equal 10, Developer.scoped.taken
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_replace_options
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => {:name => 'David'} }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :conditions => {:name => 'Jamis'} }) do
-        assert_equal 'Jamis', Developer.scoped.send(:scope_for_create)[:name]
-      end
-
-      assert_equal 'David', Developer.scoped.send(:scope_for_create)[:name]
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_with_exclusive_scope_with_relation
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      Developer.all_johns
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_append_conditions
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => 'salary = 80000' }) do
-        devs = Developer.scoped
-        assert_match "(name = 'David') AND (salary = 80000)", devs.to_sql
-        assert_equal(1, Developer.count)
-      end
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'Maiha'" }) do
-        assert_equal(0, Developer.count)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_merge_and_append_options
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => 'salary = 80000', :limit => 10 }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-        devs = Developer.scoped
-        assert_match "(salary = 80000) AND (name = 'David')", devs.to_sql
-        assert_equal 10, devs.taken
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_find
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'" }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-        assert_nothing_raised { Developer.find(1) }
-        assert_equal('David', Developer.find(:first).name)
-      end
-      assert_equal('Jamis', Developer.find(:first).name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_find_include
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => { 'projects.id' => 2 } }) do
-        assert_nothing_raised { Developer.find(1) }
-        assert_equal('David', Developer.find(:first).name)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_find_merged_include
-    # :include's remain unique and don't "double up" when merging
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects, :conditions => { 'projects.id' => 2 } }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects }) do
-        assert_equal 1, Developer.scoped.includes_values.uniq.length
-        assert_equal 'David', Developer.find(:first).name
-      end
-    end
-
-    # the nested scope doesn't remove the first :include
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects, :conditions => { 'projects.id' => 2 } }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => [] }) do
-        assert_equal 1, Developer.scoped.includes_values.uniq.length
-        assert_equal('David', Developer.find(:first).name)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # mixing array and symbol include's will merge correctly
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => [:projects], :conditions => { 'projects.id' => 2 } }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects }) do
-        assert_equal 1, Developer.scoped.includes_values.uniq.length
-        assert_equal('David', Developer.find(:first).name)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_find_replace_include
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :include => :projects }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :include => [] }) do
-        assert_equal 0, Developer.scoped.includes_values.length
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_three_level_nested_exclusive_scoped_find
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'" }) do
-      assert_equal('Jamis', Developer.find(:first).name)
-
-      Developer.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-        assert_equal('David', Developer.find(:first).name)
-
-        Developer.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'Maiha'" }) do
-          assert_equal(nil, Developer.find(:first))
-        end
-
-        # ensure that scoping is restored
-        assert_equal('David', Developer.find(:first).name)
-      end
-
-      # ensure that scoping is restored
-      assert_equal('Jamis', Developer.find(:first).name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_merged_scoped_find
-    poor_jamis = developers(:poor_jamis)
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "salary < 100000" }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :offset => 1, :order => 'id asc' }) do
-        # Oracle adapter does not generated space after asc therefore trailing space removed from regex
-        assert_sql(/ORDER BY\s+id asc/) do
-          assert_equal(poor_jamis, Developer.find(:first, :order => 'id asc'))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_merged_scoped_find_sanitizes_conditions
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => ["name = ?", 'David'] }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => ['salary = ?', 9000] }) do
-        assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { developers(:poor_jamis) }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_find_combines_and_sanitizes_conditions
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => ["name = ?", 'David'] }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :conditions => ['salary = ?', 9000] }) do
-        assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis), Developer.find(:first)
-        assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis), Developer.find(:first, :conditions => ['name = ?', 'Jamis'])
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_merged_scoped_find_combines_and_sanitizes_conditions
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => ["name = ?", 'David'] }) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => ['salary > ?', 9000] }) do
-        assert_equal %w(David), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_create
-    comment = nil
-    Comment.send(:with_scope, :create => { :post_id => 1}) do
-      Comment.send(:with_scope, :create => { :post_id => 2}) do
-        assert_equal({:post_id => 2}, Comment.scoped.send(:scope_for_create))
-        comment = Comment.create :body => "Hey guys, nested scopes are broken. Please fix!"
-      end
-    end
-    assert_equal 2, comment.post_id
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_exclusive_scope_for_create
-    comment = nil
-
-    Comment.send(:with_scope, :create => { :body => "Hey guys, nested scopes are broken. Please fix!" }) do
-      Comment.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :create => { :post_id => 1 }) do
-        assert_equal({:post_id => 1}, Comment.scoped.send(:scope_for_create))
-        assert_blank Comment.new.body
-        comment = Comment.create :body => "Hey guys"
-      end
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, comment.post_id
-    assert_equal 'Hey guys', comment.body
-  end
-
-  def test_merged_scoped_find_on_blank_conditions
-    [nil, " ", [], {}].each do |blank|
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => {:conditions => blank}) do
-        Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => {:conditions => blank}) do
-          assert_nothing_raised { Developer.find(:first) }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_merged_scoped_find_on_blank_bind_conditions
-    [ [""], ["",{}] ].each do |blank|
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => {:conditions => blank}) do
-        Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => {:conditions => blank}) do
-          assert_nothing_raised { Developer.find(:first) }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_immutable_nested_scope
-    options1 = { :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'" }
-    options2 = { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => options1) do
-      Developer.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => options2) do
-        assert_equal %w(David), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-        options1[:conditions] = options2[:conditions] = nil
-        assert_equal %w(David), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_immutable_merged_scope
-    options1 = { :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'" }
-    options2 = { :conditions => "salary > 10000" }
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => options1) do
-      Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => options2) do
-        assert_equal %w(Jamis), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-        options1[:conditions] = options2[:conditions] = nil
-        assert_equal %w(Jamis), Developer.all.map(&:name)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_method_scoping_is_correctly_restored
-    Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-      begin
-        Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'Maiha'" }) do
-          raise "an exception"
-        end
-      rescue
-      end
-
-      assert Developer.scoped.where_values.include?("name = 'David'")
-      assert !Developer.scoped.where_values.include?("name = 'Maiha'")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_find_merges_old_style_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => 'INNER JOIN posts ON authors.id = posts.author_id' }) do
-      Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => 'INNER JOIN comments ON posts.id = comments.post_id' }) do
-        Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-      end
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_find_merges_new_style_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => :posts }) do
-      Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => :comments }) do
-        Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-      end
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scoped_find_merges_new_and_old_style_joins
-    scoped_authors = Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => :posts }) do
-      Author.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => 'INNER JOIN comments ON posts.id = comments.post_id' }) do
-        Author.find(:all, :select => 'DISTINCT authors.*', :joins => '', :conditions => 'comments.id = 1')
-      end
-    end
-    assert scoped_authors.include?(authors(:david))
-    assert !scoped_authors.include?(authors(:mary))
-    assert_equal 1, scoped_authors.size
-    assert_equal authors(:david).attributes, scoped_authors.first.attributes
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
index f0b1f74bd3..ec4c554abb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           t.column :one_int,    :integer, :limit => 1
           t.column :four_int,   :integer, :limit => 4
           t.column :eight_int,  :integer, :limit => 8
-          t.column :eleven_int, :integer, :limit => 11
         end
 
         columns = connection.columns(:testings)
@@ -94,20 +93,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         one     = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "one_int"     }
         four    = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "four_int"    }
         eight   = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "eight_int"   }
-        eleven  = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "eleven_int"   }
 
         if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
           assert_equal 'integer', default.sql_type
           assert_equal 'smallint', one.sql_type
           assert_equal 'integer', four.sql_type
           assert_equal 'bigint', eight.sql_type
-          assert_equal 'integer', eleven.sql_type
         elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) or current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
           assert_match 'int(11)', default.sql_type
           assert_match 'tinyint', one.sql_type
           assert_match 'int', four.sql_type
           assert_match 'bigint', eight.sql_type
-          assert_match 'int(11)', eleven.sql_type
         elsif current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
           assert_equal 'NUMBER(38)', default.sql_type
           assert_equal 'NUMBER(1)', one.sql_type
@@ -145,8 +141,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         created_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'created_at' }
         updated_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'updated_at' }
 
-        assert !created_at_column.null
-        assert !updated_at_column.null
+        assert created_at_column.null
+        assert updated_at_column.null
       end
 
       def test_create_table_with_timestamps_should_create_datetime_columns_with_options
@@ -295,14 +291,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_column_exists_with_definition
         connection.create_table :testings do |t|
-          t.column :foo, :string, :limit => 100
-          t.column :bar, :decimal, :precision => 8, :scale => 2
+          t.column :foo, :string, limit: 100
+          t.column :bar, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2
+          t.column :taggable_id, :integer, null: false 
+          t.column :taggable_type, :string, default: 'Photo'
         end
 
-        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :foo, :string, :limit => 100)
-        refute connection.column_exists?(:testings, :foo, :string, :limit => 50)
-        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :bar, :decimal, :precision => 8, :scale => 2)
-        refute connection.column_exists?(:testings, :bar, :decimal, :precision => 10, :scale => 2)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :foo, :string, limit: 100)
+        refute connection.column_exists?(:testings, :foo, :string, limit: nil)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :bar, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2)
+        refute connection.column_exists?(:testings, :bar, :decimal, precision: nil, scale: nil)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_id, :integer, null: false)
+        refute connection.column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_id, :integer, null: true)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_type, :string, default: 'Photo')
+        refute connection.column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_type, :string, default: nil)
       end
 
       def test_column_exists_on_table_with_no_options_parameter_supplied
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4614be9650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+require "cases/migration/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class TableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class MockConnection < MiniTest::Mock
+        def native_database_types
+          {
+            :string  => 'varchar(255)',
+            :integer => 'integer',
+          }
+        end
+
+        def type_to_sql(type, limit, precision, scale)
+          native_database_types[type]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup
+        @connection = MockConnection.new
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        assert @connection.verify
+      end
+
+      def with_change_table
+        yield ConnectionAdapters::Table.new(:delete_me, @connection)
+      end
+
+      def test_references_column_type_adds_id
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :customer, {}]
+          t.references :customer
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_references_column_type_removes_id
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :customer, {}]
+          t.remove_references :customer
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_belongs_to_works_like_add_references
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :customer, {}]
+          t.belongs_to :customer
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_belongs_to_works_like_remove_references
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :customer, {}]
+          t.remove_belongs_to :customer
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_adds_type
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true]
+          t.references :taggable, polymorphic: true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_removes_type
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true]
+          t.remove_references :taggable, polymorphic: true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_options_null_is_false_adds_table_flag
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true, null: false]
+          t.references :taggable, polymorphic: true, null: false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_options_null_is_false_removes_table_flag
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true, null: false]
+          t.remove_references :taggable, polymorphic: true, null: false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me]
+          t.timestamps
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me]
+          t.remove_timestamps
+        end
+      end
+
+      def string_column
+        @connection.native_database_types[:string]
+      end
+
+      def integer_column
+        @connection.native_database_types[:integer]
+      end
+
+      def test_integer_creates_integer_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :foo, integer_column, {}]
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, integer_column, {}]
+          t.integer :foo, :bar
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_string_creates_string_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :foo, string_column, {}]
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, string_column, {}]
+          t.string :foo, :bar
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_column_creates_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :integer, {}]
+          t.column :bar, :integer
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_column_creates_column_with_options
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :integer, {:null => false}]
+          t.column :bar, :integer, :null => false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_index_creates_index
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_index, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, {}]
+          t.index :bar
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_index_creates_index_with_options
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_index, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, {:unique => true}]
+          t.index :bar, :unique => true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_index_exists
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :index_exists?, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, {}]
+          t.index_exists?(:bar)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_index_exists_with_options
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :index_exists?, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, {:unique => true}]
+          t.index_exists?(:bar, :unique => true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_change_changes_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :change_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :string, {}]
+          t.change :bar, :string
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_change_changes_column_with_options
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :change_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :string, {:null => true}]
+          t.change :bar, :string, :null => true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_change_default_changes_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :change_column_default, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :string]
+          t.change_default :bar, :string
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_drops_single_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar]
+          t.remove :bar
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_drops_multiple_columns
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :baz]
+          t.remove :bar, :baz
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_index_removes_index_with_options
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_index, nil, [:delete_me, {:unique => true}]
+          t.remove_index :unique => true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_rename_renames_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :rename_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :baz]
+          t.rename :bar, :baz
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
index 040445ef12..9584d5dd06 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
@@ -54,17 +54,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Do a manual insertion
         if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (id, wealth, created_at, updated_at) values (people_seq.nextval, 12345678901234567890.0123456789, sysdate, sysdate)"
+          connection.execute "insert into test_models (id, wealth) values (people_seq.nextval, 12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
         elsif current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter) || (current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) && Mysql.client_version < 50003) #before mysql 5.0.3 decimals stored as strings
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth, created_at, updated_at) values ('12345678901234567890.0123456789', 0, 0)"
+          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values ('12345678901234567890.0123456789')"
         elsif current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth, created_at, updated_at) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789, now(), now())"
+          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
         else
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth, created_at, updated_at) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789, 0, 0)"
+          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
         end
 
         # SELECT
-        row = TestModel.find(:first)
+        row = TestModel.first
         assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
 
         # If this assert fails, that means the SELECT is broken!
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         TestModel.create :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789")
 
         # SELECT
-        row = TestModel.find(:first)
+        row = TestModel.first
         assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
 
         # If these asserts fail, that means the INSERT (create function, or cast to SQL) is broken!
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           :birthday => 18.years.ago, :favorite_day => 10.days.ago,
           :moment_of_truth => "1782-10-10 21:40:18", :male => true
 
-        bob = TestModel.find(:first)
+        bob = TestModel.first
         assert_equal 'bob', bob.first_name
         assert_equal 'bobsen', bob.last_name
         assert_equal "I was born ....", bob.bio
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               assert_not_equal "Z", bob.moment_of_truth.zone
               # US/Eastern is -5 hours from GMT
               assert_equal Rational(-5, 24), bob.moment_of_truth.offset
-              assert_match(/\A-05:?00\Z/, bob.moment_of_truth.zone) #ruby 1.8.6 uses HH:MM, prior versions use HHMM
+              assert_match(/\A-05:00\Z/, bob.moment_of_truth.zone)
               assert_equal DateTime::ITALY, bob.moment_of_truth.start
             end
           end
@@ -183,6 +183,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_instance_of TrueClass, bob.male?
         assert_kind_of BigDecimal, bob.wealth
       end
+
+      def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
+        skip("MySQL and PostgreSQL only") unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+
+        assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :integer_too_big, :integer, :limit => 10 }
+
+        unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+          assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :text_too_big, :integer, :limit => 0xfffffffff }
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
index 7d026961be..f2213ee6aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_index_with_name
-          @recorder.record :add_index, [:table, [:one, :two], {:name => "new_index"}]
-          remove = @recorder.inverse.first
-          assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {:name => "new_index"}]], remove
+        @recorder.record :add_index, [:table, [:one, :two], {:name => "new_index"}]
+        remove = @recorder.inverse.first
+        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {:name => "new_index"}]], remove
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_index_with_no_options
@@ -138,6 +138,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         add = @recorder.inverse.first
         assert_equal [:add_timestamps, [:table]], add
       end
+
+      def test_invert_add_reference
+        @recorder.record :add_reference, [:table, :taggable, { polymorphic: true }]
+        remove = @recorder.inverse.first
+        assert_equal [:remove_reference, [:table, :taggable, { polymorphic: true }]], remove
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_add_belongs_to_alias
+        @recorder.record :add_belongs_to, [:table, :user]
+        remove = @recorder.inverse.first
+        assert_equal [:remove_reference, [:table, :user]], remove
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_reference
+        @recorder.record :remove_reference, [:table, :taggable, { polymorphic: true }]
+        add = @recorder.inverse.first
+        assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :taggable, { polymorphic: true }]], add
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_belongs_to_alias
+        @recorder.record :remove_belongs_to, [:table, :user]
+        add = @recorder.inverse.first
+        assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :user]], add
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
index 0428d9ba76..cd1b0e8b47 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
@@ -10,60 +10,67 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       end
 
+      def teardown
+        super
+        %w(artists_musics musics_videos catalog).each do |table_name|
+          connection.drop_table table_name if connection.tables.include?(table_name)
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_create_join_table
         connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics
 
         assert_equal %w(artist_id music_id), connection.columns(:artists_musics).map(&:name).sort
-      ensure
-        connection.drop_table :artists_musics
       end
 
       def test_create_join_table_set_not_null_by_default
         connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics
 
         assert_equal [false, false], connection.columns(:artists_musics).map(&:null)
-      ensure
-        connection.drop_table :artists_musics
       end
 
       def test_create_join_table_with_strings
         connection.create_join_table 'artists', 'musics'
 
         assert_equal %w(artist_id music_id), connection.columns(:artists_musics).map(&:name).sort
-      ensure
-        connection.drop_table :artists_musics
       end
 
       def test_create_join_table_with_the_proper_order
         connection.create_join_table :videos, :musics
 
         assert_equal %w(music_id video_id), connection.columns(:musics_videos).map(&:name).sort
-      ensure
-        connection.drop_table :musics_videos
       end
 
       def test_create_join_table_with_the_table_name
-        connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, :table_name => :catalog
+        connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, table_name: :catalog
 
         assert_equal %w(artist_id music_id), connection.columns(:catalog).map(&:name).sort
-      ensure
-        connection.drop_table :catalog
       end
 
       def test_create_join_table_with_the_table_name_as_string
-        connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, :table_name => 'catalog'
+        connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, table_name: 'catalog'
 
         assert_equal %w(artist_id music_id), connection.columns(:catalog).map(&:name).sort
-      ensure
-        connection.drop_table :catalog
       end
 
       def test_create_join_table_with_column_options
-        connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, :column_options => {:null => true}
+        connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, column_options: {null: true}
 
         assert_equal [true, true], connection.columns(:artists_musics).map(&:null)
-      ensure
-        connection.drop_table :artists_musics
+      end
+
+      def test_create_join_table_without_indexes
+        connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics
+
+        assert connection.indexes(:artists_musics).blank?
+      end
+
+      def test_create_join_table_with_index
+        connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics do |t|
+          t.index [:artist_id, :music_id]
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [%w(artist_id music_id)], connection.indexes(:artists_musics).map(&:columns)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
index fe53510ba2..768ebc5861 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module TestHelper
       attr_reader :connection, :table_name
 
+      CONNECTION_METHODS = %w[add_column remove_column rename_column add_index change_column rename_table column_exists? index_exists? add_reference add_belongs_to remove_reference remove_references remove_belongs_to]
+
       class TestModel < ActiveRecord::Base
-        self.table_name = 'test_models'
+        self.table_name = :test_models
       end
 
       def setup
@@ -36,29 +38,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-      def add_column(*args)
-        connection.add_column(*args)
-      end
-
-      def remove_column(*args)
-        connection.remove_column(*args)
-      end
-
-      def rename_column(*args)
-        connection.rename_column(*args)
-      end
 
-      def add_index(*args)
-        connection.add_index(*args)
-      end
-
-      def change_column(*args)
-        connection.change_column(*args)
-      end
-
-      def rename_table(*args)
-        connection.rename_table(*args)
-      end
+      delegate(*CONNECTION_METHODS, to: :connection)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..264a99f9ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class ReferencesIndexTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      attr_reader :connection, :table_name
+
+      def setup
+        super
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @table_name = :testings
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        super
+        connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_index
+        connection.create_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo, :index => true
+        end
+
+        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id)
+      end
+
+      def test_does_not_create_index
+        connection.create_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo
+        end
+
+        refute connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id)
+      end
+
+      def test_does_not_create_index_explicit
+        connection.create_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo, :index => false
+        end
+
+        refute connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id)
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_index_with_options
+        connection.create_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo, :index => {:name => :index_testings_on_yo_momma}
+          t.references :bar, :index => {:unique => true}
+        end
+
+        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_yo_momma)
+        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, :bar_id, :name => :index_testings_on_bar_id, :unique => true)
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_polymorphic_index
+        return skip "Oracle Adapter does not support foreign keys if :polymorphic => true is used" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+
+        connection.create_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+        end
+
+        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_index_for_existing_table
+        connection.create_table table_name
+        connection.change_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo, :index => true
+        end
+
+        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id)
+      end
+
+      def test_does_not_create_index_for_existing_table
+        connection.create_table table_name
+        connection.change_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo
+        end
+
+        refute connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id)
+      end
+
+      def test_does_not_create_index_for_existing_table_explicit
+        connection.create_table table_name
+        connection.change_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo, :index => false
+        end
+
+        refute connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id)
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_polymorphic_index_for_existing_table
+        return skip "Oracle Adapter does not support foreign keys if :polymorphic => true is used" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+        connection.create_table table_name
+        connection.change_table table_name do |t|
+          t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+        end
+
+        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..144302bd4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+require "cases/migration/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class ReferencesStatementsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include ActiveRecord::Migration::TestHelper
+
+      self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+      def setup
+        super
+        @table_name = :test_models
+
+        add_column table_name, :supplier_id, :integer
+        add_index table_name, :supplier_id
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_reference_id_column
+        add_reference table_name, :user
+        assert column_exists?(table_name, :user_id, :integer)
+      end
+
+      def test_does_not_create_reference_type_column
+        add_reference table_name, :taggable
+        refute column_exists?(table_name, :taggable_type, :string)
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_reference_type_column
+        add_reference table_name, :taggable, polymorphic: true
+        assert column_exists?(table_name, :taggable_type, :string)
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_reference_id_index
+        add_reference table_name, :user, index: true
+        assert index_exists?(table_name, :user_id)
+      end
+
+      def test_does_not_create_reference_id_index
+        add_reference table_name, :user
+        refute index_exists?(table_name, :user_id)
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_polymorphic_index
+        add_reference table_name, :taggable, polymorphic: true, index: true
+        assert index_exists?(table_name, [:taggable_id, :taggable_type])
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_reference_type_column_with_default
+        add_reference table_name, :taggable, polymorphic: { default: 'Photo' }, index: true
+        assert column_exists?(table_name, :taggable_type, :string, default: 'Photo')
+      end
+
+      def test_creates_named_index
+        add_reference table_name, :tag, index: { name: 'index_taggings_on_tag_id' }
+        assert index_exists?(table_name, :tag_id, name: 'index_taggings_on_tag_id')
+      end
+
+      def test_deletes_reference_id_column
+        remove_reference table_name, :supplier
+        refute column_exists?(table_name, :supplier_id, :integer)
+      end
+
+      def test_deletes_reference_id_index
+        remove_reference table_name, :supplier
+        refute index_exists?(table_name, :supplier_id)
+      end
+      
+      def test_does_not_delete_reference_type_column
+        with_polymorphic_column do
+          remove_reference table_name, :supplier
+
+          refute column_exists?(table_name, :supplier_id, :integer)
+          assert column_exists?(table_name, :supplier_type, :string)
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def test_deletes_reference_type_column
+        with_polymorphic_column do
+          remove_reference table_name, :supplier, polymorphic: true
+          refute column_exists?(table_name, :supplier_type, :string)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_deletes_polymorphic_index
+        with_polymorphic_column do
+          remove_reference table_name, :supplier, polymorphic: true
+          refute index_exists?(table_name, [:supplier_id, :supplier_type])
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_belongs_to_alias
+        add_belongs_to table_name, :user
+        assert column_exists?(table_name, :user_id, :integer)
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_belongs_to_alias
+        remove_belongs_to table_name, :supplier
+        refute column_exists?(table_name, :supplier_id, :integer)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def with_polymorphic_column
+        add_column table_name, :supplier_type, :string
+        add_index table_name, [:supplier_id, :supplier_type]
+
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_column_test.rb
index 16e09fd80e..d1a85ee5e4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_column_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_column_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_column "test_models", "girlfriend", "exgirlfriend"
 
         TestModel.reset_column_information
-        bob = TestModel.find(:first)
+        bob = TestModel.first
 
         assert_equal "bobette", bob.exgirlfriend
       end
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_column :test_models, :first_name, :nick_name
         TestModel.reset_column_information
         assert TestModel.column_names.include?("nick_name")
-        assert_equal ['foo'], TestModel.find(:all).map(&:nick_name)
+        assert_equal ['foo'], TestModel.all.map(&:nick_name)
       end
 
       # FIXME: another integration test.  We should decouple this from the
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_column "test_models", "first_name", "nick_name"
         TestModel.reset_column_information
         assert TestModel.column_names.include?("nick_name")
-        assert_equal ['foo'], TestModel.find(:all).map(&:nick_name)
+        assert_equal ['foo'], TestModel.all.map(&:nick_name)
       end
 
       def test_rename_column_preserves_default_value_not_null
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
index d5ff2c607f..21901bec3c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         remove_column 'test_models', :updated_at
       end
 
+      def teardown
+        rename_table :octopi, :test_models if connection.table_exists? :octopi
+        super
+      end
+
       def test_rename_table_for_sqlite_should_work_with_reserved_words
         renamed = false
 
@@ -26,8 +31,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         renamed = true
 
         # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        con = connection
-        con.execute "INSERT INTO 'references' (url, created_at, updated_at) VALUES ('http://rubyonrails.com', 0, 0)"
+        connection.execute "INSERT INTO 'references' (url, created_at, updated_at) VALUES ('http://rubyonrails.com', 0, 0)"
         assert_equal 'http://rubyonrails.com', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM 'references' WHERE id=1")
       ensure
         return unless renamed
@@ -39,16 +43,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
         # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        con = connection
-        con.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
 
-        con.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
+        connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
 
-        con.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
 
         assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
-
-        rename_table :octopi, :test_models
       end
 
       def test_rename_table_with_an_index
@@ -57,15 +58,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
         # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        con = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        con.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-        con.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
-        con.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+        connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
+        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
 
         assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
         assert connection.indexes(:octopi).first.columns.include?("url")
+      end
+
+      def test_rename_table_for_postgresql_should_also_rename_default_sequence
+        skip 'not supported' unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+
+        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
+
+        pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('octopi')
 
-        rename_table :octopi, :test_models
+        assert_equal "octopi_#{pk}_seq", seq
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index 92dc150104..3c0d2b18d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.initialize_schema_migrations_table
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "DELETE FROM #{ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name}"
 
-    %w(things awesome_things prefix_things_suffix prefix_awesome_things_suffix).each do |table|
+    %w(things awesome_things prefix_things_suffix p_awesome_things_s ).each do |table|
       Thing.connection.drop_table(table) rescue nil
     end
     Thing.reset_column_information
@@ -56,6 +56,21 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Person.reset_column_information
   end
 
+  def test_migrator_versions
+    migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = migrations_path
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.up(migrations_path)
+    assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+    assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version
+    assert_equal false, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.down(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+    assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version
+    assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+  end
+
   def test_create_table_with_force_true_does_not_drop_nonexisting_table
     if Person.connection.table_exists?(:testings2)
       Person.connection.drop_table :testings2
@@ -109,7 +124,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       :value_of_e => BigDecimal("2.7182818284590452353602875")
     )
 
-    b = BigNumber.find(:first)
+    b = BigNumber.first
     assert_not_nil b
 
     assert_not_nil b.bank_balance
@@ -153,7 +168,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     GiveMeBigNumbers.down
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { BigNumber.find(:first) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { BigNumber.first }
   end
 
   def test_filtering_migrations
@@ -165,13 +180,13 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     Person.reset_column_information
     assert Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.find(:first) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.first }
 
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.down(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid", &name_filter)
 
     Person.reset_column_information
     assert !Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.find(:first) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.first }
   end
 
   class MockMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
@@ -278,19 +293,19 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_rename_table_with_prefix_and_suffix
     assert !Thing.table_exists?
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = 'p_'
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_s'
     Thing.reset_table_name
     Thing.reset_sequence_name
     WeNeedThings.up
 
     assert Thing.create("content" => "hello world")
-    assert_equal "hello world", Thing.find(:first).content
+    assert_equal "hello world", Thing.first.content
 
     RenameThings.up
-    Thing.table_name = "prefix_awesome_things_suffix"
+    Thing.table_name = "p_awesome_things_s"
 
-    assert_equal "hello world", Thing.find(:first).content
+    assert_equal "hello world", Thing.first.content
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ''
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
@@ -306,10 +321,10 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Reminder.reset_sequence_name
     WeNeedReminders.up
     assert Reminder.create("content" => "hello world", "remind_at" => Time.now)
-    assert_equal "hello world", Reminder.find(:first).content
+    assert_equal "hello world", Reminder.first.content
 
     WeNeedReminders.down
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.find(:first) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.first }
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ''
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
@@ -375,6 +390,27 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
+    skip("MySQL and PostgreSQL only") unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+
+    Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "integer limit didn't raise") do
+      Person.connection.create_table :test_integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
+        t.column :bigone, :integer, :limit => 10
+      end
+    end
+
+    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "text limit didn't raise") do
+        Person.connection.create_table :test_text_limits, :force => true do |t|
+          t.column :bigtext, :text, :limit => 0xfffffffff
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
+  end
+
   protected
     def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
       old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
@@ -400,227 +436,6 @@ class ReservedWordsMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-
-class ChangeTableMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @connection = Person.connection
-    @connection.create_table :delete_me, :force => true do |t|
-    end
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    Person.connection.drop_table :delete_me rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def test_references_column_type_adds_id
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, 'customer_id', :integer, {})
-      t.references :customer
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_references_column_type_removes_id
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:remove_column).with(:delete_me, 'customer_id')
-      t.remove_references :customer
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_add_belongs_to_works_like_add_references
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, 'customer_id', :integer, {})
-      t.belongs_to :customer
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_belongs_to_works_like_remove_references
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:remove_column).with(:delete_me, 'customer_id')
-      t.remove_belongs_to :customer
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_adds_type
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, 'taggable_type', :string, {})
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, 'taggable_id', :integer, {})
-      t.references :taggable, :polymorphic => true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_removes_type
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:remove_column).with(:delete_me, 'taggable_type')
-      @connection.expects(:remove_column).with(:delete_me, 'taggable_id')
-      t.remove_references :taggable, :polymorphic => true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_options_null_is_false_adds_table_flag
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, 'taggable_type', :string, {:null => false})
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, 'taggable_id', :integer, {:null => false})
-      t.references :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :null => false
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_options_null_is_false_removes_table_flag
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:remove_column).with(:delete_me, 'taggable_type')
-      @connection.expects(:remove_column).with(:delete_me, 'taggable_id')
-      t.remove_references :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :null => false
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_timestamps).with(:delete_me)
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:remove_timestamps).with(:delete_me)
-      t.remove_timestamps
-    end
-  end
-
-  def string_column
-    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      "character varying(255)"
-    elsif current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      'VARCHAR2(255)'
-    else
-      'varchar(255)'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def integer_column
-    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) or current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
-      'int(11)'
-    elsif current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      'NUMBER(38)'
-    else
-      'integer'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_integer_creates_integer_column
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, :foo, integer_column, {})
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, :bar, integer_column, {})
-      t.integer :foo, :bar
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_string_creates_string_column
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, :foo, string_column, {})
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, :bar, string_column, {})
-      t.string :foo, :bar
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_column_creates_column
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, :bar, :integer, {})
-      t.column :bar, :integer
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_column_creates_column_with_options
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_column).with(:delete_me, :bar, :integer, {:null => false})
-      t.column :bar, :integer, :null => false
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_index_creates_index
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_index).with(:delete_me, :bar, {})
-      t.index :bar
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_index_creates_index_with_options
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:add_index).with(:delete_me, :bar, {:unique => true})
-      t.index :bar, :unique => true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_index_exists
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:index_exists?).with(:delete_me, :bar, {})
-      t.index_exists?(:bar)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_index_exists_with_options
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:index_exists?).with(:delete_me, :bar, {:unique => true})
-      t.index_exists?(:bar, :unique => true)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_change_changes_column
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:change_column).with(:delete_me, :bar, :string, {})
-      t.change :bar, :string
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_change_changes_column_with_options
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:change_column).with(:delete_me, :bar, :string, {:null => true})
-      t.change :bar, :string, :null => true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_change_default_changes_column
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:change_column_default).with(:delete_me, :bar, :string)
-      t.change_default :bar, :string
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_drops_single_column
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:remove_column).with(:delete_me, [:bar])
-      t.remove :bar
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_drops_multiple_columns
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:remove_column).with(:delete_me, [:bar, :baz])
-      t.remove :bar, :baz
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_index_removes_index_with_options
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:remove_index).with(:delete_me, {:unique => true})
-      t.remove_index :unique => true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_rename_renames_column
-    with_change_table do |t|
-      @connection.expects(:rename_column).with(:delete_me, :bar, :baz)
-      t.rename :bar, :baz
-    end
-  end
-
-  protected
-  def with_change_table
-    Person.connection.change_table :delete_me do |t|
-      yield t
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
   class BulkAlterTableMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -723,7 +538,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
       # One query for columns (delete_me table)
       # One query for primary key (delete_me table)
       # One query to do the bulk change
-      assert_queries(3) do
+      assert_queries(3, :ignore_none => true) do
         with_bulk_change_table do |t|
           t.change :name, :string, :default => 'NONAME'
           t.change :birthdate, :datetime
@@ -882,8 +697,8 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_skipping_migrations
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_timestamps"
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
-    
-    sources = {} 
+
+    sources = {}
     sources[:bukkits] = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"
     sources[:omg]     = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_name_collision"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
index f7a5d05582..a03c4f552e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
@@ -27,19 +27,19 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_module_spanning_associations
-    firm = MyApplication::Business::Firm.find(:first)
+    firm = MyApplication::Business::Firm.first
     assert !firm.clients.empty?, "Firm should have clients"
     assert_nil firm.class.table_name.match('::'), "Firm shouldn't have the module appear in its table name"
   end
 
   def test_module_spanning_has_and_belongs_to_many_associations
-    project = MyApplication::Business::Project.find(:first)
+    project = MyApplication::Business::Project.first
     project.developers << MyApplication::Business::Developer.create("name" => "John")
     assert_equal "John", project.developers.last.name
   end
 
   def test_associations_spanning_cross_modules
-    account = MyApplication::Billing::Account.find(:first, :order => 'id')
+    account = MyApplication::Billing::Account.scoped(:order => 'id').first
     assert_kind_of MyApplication::Business::Firm, account.firm
     assert_kind_of MyApplication::Billing::Firm, account.qualified_billing_firm
     assert_kind_of MyApplication::Billing::Firm, account.unqualified_billing_firm
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_account_and_include_company
-    account = MyApplication::Billing::Account.find(1, :include => :firm)
+    account = MyApplication::Billing::Account.scoped(:includes => :firm).find(1)
     assert_kind_of MyApplication::Business::Firm, account.firm
   end
 
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     clients = []
 
     assert_nothing_raised NameError, "Should be able to resolve all class constants via reflection" do
-      clients << MyApplication::Business::Client.find(3, :include => {:firm => :account}, :conditions => 'accounts.id IS NOT NULL', :references => :accounts)
-      clients << MyApplication::Business::Client.find(3, :include => {:firm => :account})
+      clients << MyApplication::Business::Client.references(:accounts).scoped(:includes => {:firm => :account}, :where => 'accounts.id IS NOT NULL').find(3)
+      clients << MyApplication::Business::Client.scoped(:includes => {:firm => :account}).find(3)
     end
 
     clients.each do |client|
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
 
-    collection = Shop::Collection.find(:first)
+    collection = Shop::Collection.first
     assert !collection.products.empty?, "Collection should have products"
     assert_nothing_raised { collection.destroy }
   ensure
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
 
-    product = Shop::Product.find(:first)
+    product = Shop::Product.first
     assert !product.variants.empty?, "Product should have variants"
     assert_nothing_raised { product.destroy }
   ensure
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index 917a03bb34..06d6596725 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,13 @@ class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_arel_table_engines
-    assert_equal Entrant.arel_engine, Bird.arel_engine
+    assert_not_equal Entrant.arel_engine, Bird.arel_engine
+    assert_not_equal Entrant.arel_engine, Course.arel_engine
+  end
+
+  def test_connection
+    assert_equal Entrant.arel_engine.connection, Bird.arel_engine.connection
+    assert_not_equal Entrant.arel_engine.connection, Course.arel_engine.connection
   end
 
   unless in_memory_db?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
index e17ba76437..c886160af3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
@@ -10,16 +10,15 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :authors, :topics, :comments, :author_addresses
 
   def test_implements_enumerable
-    assert !Topic.find(:all).empty?
+    assert !Topic.all.empty?
 
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:all),   Topic.base
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:all),   Topic.base.to_a
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:first), Topic.base.first
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:all),   Topic.base.map { |i| i }
+    assert_equal Topic.all,   Topic.base
+    assert_equal Topic.all,   Topic.base.to_a
+    assert_equal Topic.first, Topic.base.first
+    assert_equal Topic.all,   Topic.base.map { |i| i }
   end
 
   def test_found_items_are_cached
-    Topic.columns
     all_posts = Topic.base
 
     assert_queries(1) do
@@ -38,14 +37,23 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_delegates_finds_and_calculations_to_the_base_class
-    assert !Topic.find(:all).empty?
+    assert !Topic.all.empty?
 
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:all),               Topic.base.find(:all)
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:first),             Topic.base.find(:first)
+    assert_equal Topic.all,               Topic.base.all
+    assert_equal Topic.first,             Topic.base.first
     assert_equal Topic.count,                    Topic.base.count
     assert_equal Topic.average(:replies_count), Topic.base.average(:replies_count)
   end
 
+  def test_method_missing_priority_when_delegating
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "topics"
+      scope :since, Proc.new { where('written_on >= ?', Time.now - 1.day) }
+      scope :to,    Proc.new { where('written_on <= ?', Time.now) }
+    end
+    assert_equal klazz.to.since.all, klazz.since.to.all
+  end
+
   def test_scope_should_respond_to_own_methods_and_methods_of_the_proxy
     assert Topic.approved.respond_to?(:limit)
     assert Topic.approved.respond_to?(:count)
@@ -58,10 +66,10 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_scopes_with_options_limit_finds_to_those_matching_the_criteria_specified
-    assert !Topic.find(:all, :conditions => {:approved => true}).empty?
+    assert !Topic.scoped(:where => {:approved => true}).all.empty?
 
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:all, :conditions => {:approved => true}), Topic.approved
-    assert_equal Topic.count(:conditions => {:approved => true}), Topic.approved.count
+    assert_equal Topic.scoped(:where => {:approved => true}).all, Topic.approved
+    assert_equal Topic.where(:approved => true).count, Topic.approved.count
   end
 
   def test_scopes_with_string_name_can_be_composed
@@ -70,13 +78,9 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Topic.replied.approved, Topic.replied.approved_as_string
   end
 
-  def test_scopes_can_be_specified_with_deep_hash_conditions
-    assert_equal Topic.replied.approved, Topic.replied.approved_as_hash_condition
-  end
-
   def test_scopes_are_composable
-    assert_equal((approved = Topic.find(:all, :conditions => {:approved => true})), Topic.approved)
-    assert_equal((replied = Topic.find(:all, :conditions => 'replies_count > 0')), Topic.replied)
+    assert_equal((approved = Topic.scoped(:where => {:approved => true}).all), Topic.approved)
+    assert_equal((replied = Topic.scoped(:where => 'replies_count > 0').all), Topic.replied)
     assert !(approved == replied)
     assert !(approved & replied).empty?
 
@@ -84,8 +88,8 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_procedural_scopes
-    topics_written_before_the_third = Topic.find(:all, :conditions => ['written_on < ?', topics(:third).written_on])
-    topics_written_before_the_second = Topic.find(:all, :conditions => ['written_on < ?', topics(:second).written_on])
+    topics_written_before_the_third = Topic.where('written_on < ?', topics(:third).written_on)
+    topics_written_before_the_second = Topic.where('written_on < ?', topics(:second).written_on)
     assert_not_equal topics_written_before_the_second, topics_written_before_the_third
 
     assert_equal topics_written_before_the_third, Topic.written_before(topics(:third).written_on)
@@ -93,46 +97,17 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_procedural_scopes_returning_nil
-    all_topics = Topic.find(:all)
+    all_topics = Topic.all
 
     assert_equal all_topics, Topic.written_before(nil)
   end
 
-  def test_scopes_with_joins
-    address = author_addresses(:david_address)
-    posts_with_authors_at_address = Post.find(
-      :all, :joins => 'JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id',
-      :conditions => [ 'authors.author_address_id = ?', address.id ]
-    )
-    assert_equal posts_with_authors_at_address, Post.with_authors_at_address(address)
-  end
-
-  def test_scopes_with_joins_respects_custom_select
-    address = author_addresses(:david_address)
-    posts_with_authors_at_address_titles = Post.find(:all,
-      :select => 'title',
-      :joins => 'JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id',
-      :conditions => [ 'authors.author_address_id = ?', address.id ]
-    )
-    assert_equal posts_with_authors_at_address_titles.map(&:title), Post.with_authors_at_address(address).find(:all, :select => 'title').map(&:title)
-  end
-
   def test_scope_with_object
     objects = Topic.with_object
     assert_operator objects.length, :>, 0
     assert objects.all?(&:approved?), 'all objects should be approved'
   end
 
-  def test_extensions
-    assert_equal 1, Topic.anonymous_extension.one
-    assert_equal 2, Topic.named_extension.two
-  end
-
-  def test_multiple_extensions
-    assert_equal 2, Topic.multiple_extensions.extension_two
-    assert_equal 1, Topic.multiple_extensions.extension_one
-  end
-
   def test_has_many_associations_have_access_to_scopes
     assert_not_equal Post.containing_the_letter_a, authors(:david).posts
     assert !Post.containing_the_letter_a.empty?
@@ -163,20 +138,16 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_active_records_have_scope_named__all__
-    assert !Topic.find(:all).empty?
+    assert !Topic.all.empty?
 
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:all), Topic.base
+    assert_equal Topic.all, Topic.base
   end
 
   def test_active_records_have_scope_named__scoped__
-    assert !Topic.find(:all, scope = {:conditions => "content LIKE '%Have%'"}).empty?
-
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:all, scope), Topic.scoped(scope)
-  end
+    scope = Topic.where("content LIKE '%Have%'")
+    assert !scope.empty?
 
-  def test_first_and_last_should_support_find_options
-    assert_equal Topic.base.first(:order => 'title'), Topic.base.find(:first, :order => 'title')
-    assert_equal Topic.base.last(:order => 'title'), Topic.base.find(:last, :order => 'title')
+    assert_equal scope, Topic.scoped(where: "content LIKE '%Have%'")
   end
 
   def test_first_and_last_should_allow_integers_for_limit
@@ -193,15 +164,6 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_first_and_last_find_options_should_use_query_when_results_are_loaded
-    topics = Topic.base
-    topics.reload # force load
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      topics.first(:order => 'title')
-      topics.last(:order => 'title')
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_empty_should_not_load_results
     topics = Topic.base
     assert_queries(2) do
@@ -264,9 +226,9 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_many_should_return_false_if_none_or_one
-    topics = Topic.base.scoped(:conditions => {:id => 0})
+    topics = Topic.base.where(:id => 0)
     assert !topics.many?
-    topics = Topic.base.scoped(:conditions => {:id => 1})
+    topics = Topic.base.where(:id => 1)
     assert !topics.many?
   end
 
@@ -318,7 +280,7 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_use_where_in_query_for_scope
-    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('Jamis').to_set, Developer.find_all_by_id(Developer.jamises).to_set
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'Jamis').to_set, Developer.where(id: Developer.jamises).to_set
   end
 
   def test_size_should_use_count_when_results_are_not_loaded
@@ -344,7 +306,7 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_chaining_with_duplicate_joins
     join = "INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id"
     post = Post.find(1)
-    assert_equal post.comments.size, Post.scoped(:joins => join).scoped(:joins => join, :conditions => "posts.id = #{post.id}").size
+    assert_equal post.comments.size, Post.joins(join).joins(join).where("posts.id = #{post.id}").size
   end
 
   def test_chaining_should_use_latest_conditions_when_creating
@@ -393,25 +355,6 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_scopes_with_reserved_names
-    class << Topic
-      def public_method; end
-      public :public_method
-
-      def protected_method; end
-      protected :protected_method
-
-      def private_method; end
-      private :private_method
-    end
-
-    [:public_method, :protected_method, :private_method].each do |reserved_method|
-      assert Topic.respond_to?(reserved_method, true)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn)
-      Topic.scope(reserved_method)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_scopes_on_relations
     # Topic.replied
     approved_topics = Topic.scoped.approved.order('id DESC')
@@ -483,42 +426,24 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       require "models/without_table"
     end
   end
-end
 
-class DynamicScopeMatchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_scoped_by_no_match
-    assert_nil ActiveRecord::DynamicScopeMatch.match("not_scoped_at_all")
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_by
-    match = ActiveRecord::DynamicScopeMatch.match("scoped_by_age_and_sex_and_location")
-    assert_not_nil match
-    assert match.scope?
-    assert_equal %w(age sex location), match.attribute_names
-  end
-end
-
-class DynamicScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :posts
+  def test_eager_scopes_are_deprecated
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klass.table_name = 'posts'
 
-  def setup
-    @test_klass = Class.new(Post) do
-      def self.name; "Post"; end
+    assert_deprecated do
+      klass.scope :welcome_2, klass.where(:id => posts(:welcome).id)
     end
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome).title], klass.welcome_2.map(&:title)
   end
 
-  def test_dynamic_scope
-    assert_equal @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id(1).find(1), @test_klass.find(1)
-    assert_equal @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id_and_title(1, "Welcome to the weblog").first, @test_klass.find(:first, :conditions => { :author_id => 1, :title => "Welcome to the weblog"})
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_scope_should_create_methods_after_hitting_method_missing
-    assert_blank @test_klass.methods.grep(/scoped_by_type/)
-    @test_klass.scoped_by_type(nil)
-    assert_present @test_klass.methods.grep(/scoped_by_type/)
-  end
+  def test_eager_default_scope_relations_are_deprecated
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klass.table_name = 'posts'
 
-  def test_dynamic_scope_with_less_number_of_arguments
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id_and_title(1) }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      klass.send(:default_scope, klass.where(:id => posts(:welcome).id))
+    end
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome).title], klass.all.map(&:title)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index 09276a034e..3a234f0cc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -172,6 +172,19 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     man.interests_attributes = [{:id => interest.id, :topic => 'gardening'}]
     assert_equal man.interests.first.topic, man.interests[0].topic
   end
+
+  def test_allows_class_to_override_setter_and_call_super
+    mean_pirate_class = Class.new(Pirate) do
+      accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrot
+      def parrot_attributes=(attrs)
+        super(attrs.merge(:color => "blue"))
+      end
+    end
+    mean_pirate = mean_pirate_class.new
+    mean_pirate.parrot_attributes = { :name => "James" }
+    assert_equal "James", mean_pirate.parrot.name
+    assert_equal "blue", mean_pirate.parrot.color
+  end
 end
 
 class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -183,7 +196,7 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_trying_to_build_polymorphic_belongs_to
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, "Cannot build association looter. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?" do
+    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, "Cannot build association `looter'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?" do
       Treasure.new(:name => 'pearl', :looter_attributes => {:catchphrase => "Arrr"})
     end
   end
@@ -768,6 +781,16 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
     assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) { @pirate.save! }
   end
 
+  def test_numeric_colum_changes_from_zero_to_no_empty_string
+    Man.accepts_nested_attributes_for(:interests)
+    Interest.validates_numericality_of(:zine_id)
+    man = Man.create(:name => 'John')
+    interest = man.interests.create(:topic=>'bar',:zine_id => 0)
+    assert  interest.save
+
+    assert  !man.update_attributes({:interests_attributes => { :id => interest.id, :zine_id => 'foo' }})
+  end
+
   private
 
   def association_setter
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index adfd8e83a1..1fd108fb9d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@ require 'models/warehouse_thing'
 require 'models/parrot'
 require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/person'
+require 'models/pet'
+require 'models/toy'
 require 'rexml/document'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/exception'
 
 class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
-  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans
+  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans, :pets, :toys
 
   # Oracle UPDATE does not support ORDER BY
   unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       author = authors(:david)
       assert_nothing_raised do
         assert_equal 1, author.posts_sorted_by_id_limited.size
-        assert_equal 2, author.posts_sorted_by_id_limited.find(:all, :limit => 2).size
+        assert_equal 2, author.posts_sorted_by_id_limited.scoped(:limit => 2).all.size
         assert_equal 1, author.posts_sorted_by_id_limited.update_all([ "body = ?", "bulk update!" ])
         assert_equal "bulk update!", posts(:welcome).body
         assert_not_equal "bulk update!", posts(:thinking).body
@@ -76,10 +78,20 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Topic.count, Topic.delete_all
   end
 
-  def test_update_by_condition
-    Topic.update_all "content = 'bulk updated!'", ["approved = ?", true]
-    assert_equal "Have a nice day", Topic.find(1).content
-    assert_equal "bulk updated!", Topic.find(2).content
+  def test_delete_all_with_joins_and_where_part_is_hash
+    where_args = {:toys => {:name => 'Bone'}}
+    count = Pet.joins(:toys).where(where_args).count
+
+    assert_equal count, 1
+    assert_equal count, Pet.joins(:toys).where(where_args).delete_all
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_with_joins_and_where_part_is_not_hash
+    where_args = ['toys.name = ?', 'Bone']
+    count = Pet.joins(:toys).where(where_args).count
+
+    assert_equal count, 1
+    assert_equal count, Pet.joins(:toys).where(where_args).delete_all
   end
 
   def test_increment_attribute
@@ -108,7 +120,7 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_destroy_all
     conditions = "author_name = 'Mary'"
-    topics_by_mary = Topic.all(:conditions => conditions, :order => 'id')
+    topics_by_mary = Topic.scoped(:where => conditions, :order => 'id').to_a
     assert ! topics_by_mary.empty?
 
     assert_difference('Topic.count', -topics_by_mary.size) do
@@ -119,7 +131,7 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_destroy_many
-    clients = Client.find([2, 3], :order => 'id')
+    clients = Client.scoped(:order => 'id').find([2, 3])
 
     assert_difference('Client.count', -2) do
       destroyed = Client.destroy([2, 3]).sort_by(&:id)
@@ -293,6 +305,13 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(topic.id) }
   end
 
+  def test_destroy!
+    topic = Topic.find(1)
+    assert_equal topic, topic.destroy!, 'topic.destroy! did not return self'
+    assert topic.frozen?, 'topic not frozen after destroy!'
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(topic.id) }
+  end
+
   def test_record_not_found_exception
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find(99999) }
   end
@@ -320,7 +339,7 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_update_all_with_non_standard_table_name
-    assert_equal 1, WarehouseThing.update_all(['value = ?', 0], ['id = ?', 1])
+    assert_equal 1, WarehouseThing.where(id: 1).update_all(['value = ?', 0])
     assert_equal 0, WarehouseThing.find(1).value
   end
 
@@ -352,148 +371,198 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveSupport::FrozenObjectError) { client.name = "something else" }
   end
 
-  def test_update_attribute
-    assert !Topic.find(1).approved?
-    Topic.find(1).update_attribute("approved", true)
-    assert Topic.find(1).approved?
+  def test_update_attribute_does_not_choke_on_nil
+    assert Topic.find(1).update_attributes(nil)
+  end
 
-    Topic.find(1).update_attribute(:approved, false)
-    assert !Topic.find(1).approved?
+  def test_update_column
+    topic = Topic.find(1)
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      topic.update_column("approved", true)
+    end
+    assert topic.approved?
+    topic.reload
+    assert topic.approved?
   end
 
-  def test_update_attribute_does_not_choke_on_nil
-    assert Topic.find(1).update_attributes(nil)
+  def test_update_column_should_not_use_setter_method
+    dev = Developer.find(1)
+    dev.instance_eval { def salary=(value); write_attribute(:salary, value * 2); end }
+
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      dev.update_column(:salary, 80000)
+    end
+    assert_equal 80000, dev.salary
+
+    dev.reload
+    assert_equal 80000, dev.salary
+  end
+
+  def test_update_column_should_raise_exception_if_new_record
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) do
+      assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+        topic.update_column("approved", false)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_update_column_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
+    topic = Topic.find(1)
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    end
+
+    topic.reload
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      topic.update_column(:content, "You too")
+    end
+    assert_equal [], topic.changed
+
+    topic.reload
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    end
+    assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
-  def test_update_attribute_for_readonly_attribute
+  def test_update_column_with_model_having_primary_key_other_than_id
     minivan = Minivan.find('m1')
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { minivan.update_attribute(:color, 'black') }
-  end
-
-  # This test is correct, but it is hard to fix it since
-  # update_attribute trigger simply call save! that triggers
-  # all callbacks.
-  # def test_update_attribute_with_one_changed_and_one_updated
-  #   t = Topic.order('id').limit(1).first
-  #   title, author_name = t.title, t.author_name
-  #   t.author_name = 'John'
-  #   t.update_attribute(:title, 'super_title')
-  #   assert_equal 'John', t.author_name
-  #   assert_equal 'super_title', t.title
-  #   assert t.changed?, "topic should have changed"
-  #   assert t.author_name_changed?, "author_name should have changed"
-  #   assert !t.title_changed?, "title should not have changed"
-  #   assert_nil t.title_change, 'title change should be nil'
-  #   assert_equal ['author_name'], t.changed
-  #
-  #   t.reload
-  #   assert_equal 'David', t.author_name
-  #   assert_equal 'super_title', t.title
-  # end
-
-  def test_update_attribute_with_one_updated
-    t = Topic.first
-    title = t.title
-    t.update_attribute(:title, 'super_title')
-    assert_equal 'super_title', t.title
-    assert !t.changed?, "topic should not have changed"
-    assert !t.title_changed?, "title should not have changed"
-    assert_nil t.title_change, 'title change should be nil'
+    new_name = 'sebavan'
 
-    t.reload
-    assert_equal 'super_title', t.title
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      minivan.update_column(:name, new_name)
+    end
+    assert_equal new_name, minivan.name
+  end
+
+  def test_update_column_for_readonly_attribute
+    minivan = Minivan.find('m1')
+    prev_color = minivan.color
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) do
+      assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+        minivan.update_column(:color, 'black')
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal prev_color, minivan.color
   end
 
-  def test_update_attribute_for_updated_at_on
+  def test_update_column_should_not_modify_updated_at
     developer = Developer.find(1)
     prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
 
-    developer.update_attribute(:updated_at, prev_month)
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      developer.update_column(:updated_at, prev_month)
+    end
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
 
-    developer.update_attribute(:salary, 80001)
-    assert_not_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      developer.update_column(:salary, 80001)
+    end
+    assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
 
     developer.reload
-    assert_not_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
+    assert_equal prev_month.to_i, developer.updated_at.to_i
   end
 
-  def test_update_column
+  def test_update_column_with_one_changed_and_one_updated
+    t = Topic.order('id').limit(1).first
+    author_name = t.author_name
+    t.author_name = 'John'
+    assert_deprecated "update_column is deprecated and will be removed in 4.1. Please use update_columns. E.g. update_columns(foo: 'bar')" do
+      t.update_column(:title, 'super_title')
+    end
+    assert_equal 'John', t.author_name
+    assert_equal 'super_title', t.title
+    assert t.changed?, "topic should have changed"
+    assert t.author_name_changed?, "author_name should have changed"
+
+    t.reload
+    assert_equal author_name, t.author_name
+    assert_equal 'super_title', t.title
+  end
+
+  def test_update_columns
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update_column("approved", true)
+    topic.update_columns({ "approved" => true, title: "Sebastian Topic" })
     assert topic.approved?
+    assert_equal "Sebastian Topic", topic.title
     topic.reload
     assert topic.approved?
-
-    topic.update_column(:approved, false)
-    assert !topic.approved?
-    topic.reload
-    assert !topic.approved?
+    assert_equal "Sebastian Topic", topic.title
   end
 
-  def test_update_column_should_not_use_setter_method
+  def test_update_columns_should_not_use_setter_method
     dev = Developer.find(1)
     dev.instance_eval { def salary=(value); write_attribute(:salary, value * 2); end }
 
-    dev.update_column(:salary, 80000)
+    dev.update_columns(salary: 80000)
     assert_equal 80000, dev.salary
 
     dev.reload
     assert_equal 80000, dev.salary
   end
 
-  def test_update_column_should_raise_exception_if_new_record
+  def test_update_columns_should_raise_exception_if_new_record
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { topic.update_column("approved", false) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { topic.update_columns({ approved: false }) }
   end
 
-  def test_update_column_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
+  def test_update_columns_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update_attribute("content", "Have a nice day")
+    topic.update_attributes({ "content" => "Have a nice day", :author_name => "Jose" })
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_column(:content, "You too")
+    topic.update_columns({ content: "You too", "author_name" => "Sebastian" })
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    topic.update_columns({ content: "Have a nice day", author_name: "Jose" })
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
-  def test_update_column_with_model_having_primary_key_other_than_id
+  def test_update_columns_with_model_having_primary_key_other_than_id
     minivan = Minivan.find('m1')
     new_name = 'sebavan'
 
-    minivan.update_column(:name, new_name)
+    minivan.update_columns(name: new_name)
     assert_equal new_name, minivan.name
   end
 
-  def test_update_column_for_readonly_attribute
+  def test_update_columns_with_one_readonly_attribute
     minivan = Minivan.find('m1')
     prev_color = minivan.color
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { minivan.update_column(:color, 'black') }
+    prev_name = minivan.name
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { minivan.update_columns({ name: "My old minivan", color: 'black' }) }
+    assert_equal prev_color, minivan.color
+    assert_equal prev_name, minivan.name
+
+    minivan.reload
     assert_equal prev_color, minivan.color
+    assert_equal prev_name, minivan.name
   end
 
-  def test_update_column_should_not_modify_updated_at
+  def test_update_columns_should_not_modify_updated_at
     developer = Developer.find(1)
     prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
 
-    developer.update_column(:updated_at, prev_month)
+    developer.update_columns(updated_at: prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
 
-    developer.update_column(:salary, 80001)
+    developer.update_columns(salary: 80000)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
+    assert_equal 80000, developer.salary
 
     developer.reload
     assert_equal prev_month.to_i, developer.updated_at.to_i
+    assert_equal 80000, developer.salary
   end
 
-  def test_update_column_with_one_changed_and_one_updated
+  def test_update_columns_with_one_changed_and_one_updated
     t = Topic.order('id').limit(1).first
-    title, author_name = t.title, t.author_name
+    author_name = t.author_name
     t.author_name = 'John'
-    t.update_column(:title, 'super_title')
+    t.update_columns(title: 'super_title')
     assert_equal 'John', t.author_name
     assert_equal 'super_title', t.title
     assert t.changed?, "topic should have changed"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index fba3006ebe..0a6354f5cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def checkout_connections
-    ActiveRecord::Model.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => 2, :wait_timeout => 0.3}))
+    ActiveRecord::Model.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => 2, :checkout_timeout => 0.3}))
     @connections = []
     @timed_out = 0
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # Will deadlock due to lack of Monitor timeouts in 1.9
   def checkout_checkin_connections(pool_size, threads)
-    ActiveRecord::Model.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => pool_size, :wait_timeout => 0.5}))
+    ActiveRecord::Model.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => pool_size, :checkout_timeout => 0.5}))
     @connection_count = 0
     @timed_out = 0
     threads.times do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index f36f4237b1..2d778e9e90 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,18 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache_enabled, 'cache on'
   end
 
+  def test_exceptional_middleware_assigns_original_connection_id_on_error
+    connection_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id
+
+    mw = ActiveRecord::QueryCache.new lambda { |env|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id = self.object_id
+      raise "lol borked"
+    }
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError) { mw.call({}) }
+
+    assert_equal connection_id, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id 
+  end
+
   def test_middleware_delegates
     called = false
     mw = ActiveRecord::QueryCache.new lambda { |env|
@@ -96,7 +108,7 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_cache_clear_after_close
     mw = ActiveRecord::QueryCache.new lambda { |env|
-      Post.find(:first)
+      Post.first
       [200, {}, nil]
     }
     body = mw.call({}).last
@@ -107,7 +119,7 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_queries
-    assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
+    assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_queries_with_cache
@@ -151,16 +163,11 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_cache_does_not_wrap_string_results_in_arrays
-    if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-      require 'sqlite3/version'
-      sqlite3_version = RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /java/ ? Jdbc::SQLite3::VERSION : SQLite3::VERSION
-    end
-
     Task.cache do
       # Oracle adapter returns count() as Fixnum or Float
       if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
         assert_kind_of Numeric, Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
-      elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) && sqlite3_version > '1.2.5' || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) || current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+      elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
         # Future versions of the sqlite3 adapter will return numeric
         assert_instance_of Fixnum,
          Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
@@ -169,6 +176,14 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_cache_is_ignored_for_locked_relations
+    task = Task.find 1
+
+    Task.cache do
+      assert_queries(2) { task.lock!; task.lock! }
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -233,8 +248,8 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_cache_is_expired_by_habtm_update
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
     ActiveRecord::Base.cache do
-      c = Category.find(:first)
-      p = Post.find(:first)
+      c = Category.first
+      p = Post.first
       p.categories << c
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
index 80ee74e41e..3dd11ae89d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
@@ -216,6 +216,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_string_with_crazy_column
         assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:foo))
       end
+
+      def test_quote_duration
+        assert_equal "1800", @quoter.quote(30.minutes)
+      end
+
+      def test_quote_duration_int_column
+        assert_equal "7200", @quoter.quote(2.hours, FakeColumn.new(:integer))
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
index e21109baae..df0399f548 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
@@ -23,11 +23,12 @@ class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save  }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save! }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.destroy }
   end
 
 
   def test_find_with_readonly_option
-    Developer.find(:all).each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
+    Developer.all.each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
     Developer.readonly(false).each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
     Developer.readonly(true).each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
     Developer.readonly.each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post = Post.find(1)
     assert !post.comments.empty?
     assert !post.comments.any?(&:readonly?)
-    assert !post.comments.find(:all).any?(&:readonly?)
+    assert !post.comments.all.any?(&:readonly?)
     assert post.comments.readonly(true).all?(&:readonly?)
   end
 
@@ -70,13 +71,13 @@ class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_readonly_scoping
-    Post.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => '1=1' }) do
+    Post.where('1=1').scoped do
       assert !Post.find(1).readonly?
       assert Post.readonly(true).find(1).readonly?
       assert !Post.readonly(false).find(1).readonly?
     end
 
-    Post.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => '   ' }) do
+    Post.joins('   ').scoped do
       assert !Post.find(1).readonly?
       assert Post.readonly.find(1).readonly?
       assert !Post.readonly(false).find(1).readonly?
@@ -85,14 +86,14 @@ class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # Oracle barfs on this because the join includes unqualified and
     # conflicting column names
     unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      Post.send(:with_scope, :find => { :joins => ', developers' }) do
+      Post.joins(', developers').scoped do
         assert Post.find(1).readonly?
         assert Post.readonly.find(1).readonly?
         assert !Post.readonly(false).find(1).readonly?
       end
     end
 
-    Post.send(:with_scope, :find => { :readonly => true }) do
+    Post.readonly(true).scoped do
       assert Post.find(1).readonly?
       assert Post.readonly.find(1).readonly?
       assert !Post.readonly(false).find(1).readonly?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
index 576ab60090..e53a27d5dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         spec.config[:reaping_frequency] = 0.0001
 
         pool = ConnectionPool.new spec
-        pool.timeout = 0
+        pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
         conn = pool.checkout
         count = pool.connections.length
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
index 16f05f2198..51f07b6a2f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_column_null_not_null
-    subscriber = Subscriber.find(:first)
+    subscriber = Subscriber.first
     assert subscriber.column_for_attribute("name").null
     assert !subscriber.column_for_attribute("nick").null
   end
@@ -77,36 +77,12 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_reflection_klass_for_nested_class_name
-    reflection = MacroReflection.new(:company, nil, { :class_name => 'MyApplication::Business::Company' }, ActiveRecord::Base)
+    reflection = MacroReflection.new(:company, nil, nil, { :class_name => 'MyApplication::Business::Company' }, ActiveRecord::Base)
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_equal MyApplication::Business::Company, reflection.klass
     end
   end
 
-  def test_aggregation_reflection
-    reflection_for_address = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :address, { :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ] }, Customer
-    )
-
-    reflection_for_balance = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :balance, { :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount) }, Customer
-    )
-
-    reflection_for_gps_location = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :gps_location, { }, Customer
-    )
-
-    assert Customer.reflect_on_all_aggregations.include?(reflection_for_gps_location)
-    assert Customer.reflect_on_all_aggregations.include?(reflection_for_balance)
-    assert Customer.reflect_on_all_aggregations.include?(reflection_for_address)
-
-    assert_equal reflection_for_address, Customer.reflect_on_aggregation(:address)
-
-    assert_equal Address, Customer.reflect_on_aggregation(:address).klass
-
-    assert_equal Money, Customer.reflect_on_aggregation(:balance).klass
-  end
-
   def test_reflect_on_all_autosave_associations
     expected = Pirate.reflect_on_all_associations.select { |r| r.options[:autosave] }
     received = Pirate.reflect_on_all_autosave_associations
@@ -117,7 +93,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_reflection
-    reflection_for_clients = AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, { :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
+    reflection_for_clients = AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
 
     assert_equal reflection_for_clients, Firm.reflect_on_association(:clients)
 
@@ -129,7 +105,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_one_reflection
-    reflection_for_account = AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :account, { :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
+    reflection_for_account = AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :account, nil, { :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
     assert_equal reflection_for_account, Firm.reflect_on_association(:account)
 
     assert_equal Account, Firm.reflect_on_association(:account).klass
@@ -189,8 +165,8 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_reflection_of_all_associations
     # FIXME these assertions bust a lot
-    assert_equal 39, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations.size
-    assert_equal 29, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many).size
+    assert_equal 34, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations.size
+    assert_equal 24, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many).size
     assert_equal 10, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_one).size
     assert_equal 0, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).size
   end
@@ -214,21 +190,25 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
-  def test_conditions
+  def test_scope_chain
     expected = [
-      [{ :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }],
-      [{ :taggings => { :comment => 'first' } }],
-      [{ :posts => { :title => ['misc post by bob', 'misc post by mary'] } }]
+      [Tagging.reflect_on_association(:tag).scope, Post.reflect_on_association(:first_blue_tags).scope],
+      [Post.reflect_on_association(:first_taggings).scope],
+      [Author.reflect_on_association(:misc_posts).scope]
     ]
-    actual = Author.reflect_on_association(:misc_post_first_blue_tags).conditions
+    actual = Author.reflect_on_association(:misc_post_first_blue_tags).scope_chain
     assert_equal expected, actual
 
     expected = [
-      [{ :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }, { :taggings => { :comment => 'first' } }, { :posts => { :title => ['misc post by bob', 'misc post by mary'] } }],
+      [
+        Tagging.reflect_on_association(:blue_tag).scope,
+        Post.reflect_on_association(:first_blue_tags_2).scope,
+        Author.reflect_on_association(:misc_post_first_blue_tags_2).scope
+      ],
       [],
       []
     ]
-    actual = Author.reflect_on_association(:misc_post_first_blue_tags_2).conditions
+    actual = Author.reflect_on_association(:misc_post_first_blue_tags_2).scope_chain
     assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
@@ -254,10 +234,10 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_association_primary_key_raises_when_missing_primary_key
-    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, {}, Author)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.association_primary_key }
 
-    through = ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, {}, Author)
+    through = ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
     through.stubs(:source_reflection).returns(stub_everything(:options => {}, :class_name => 'Edge'))
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { through.association_primary_key }
   end
@@ -268,7 +248,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_active_record_primary_key_raises_when_missing_primary_key
-    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :author, {}, Edge)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :author, nil, {}, Edge)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.active_record_primary_key }
   end
 
@@ -286,32 +266,32 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_association_validation
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
 
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, {}, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, {}, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_always_validate_association_if_explicit
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_validate_association_if_autosave
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_never_validate_association_if_explicit
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_foreign_key
@@ -319,16 +299,68 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "category_id", Post.reflect_on_association(:categorizations).foreign_key.to_s
   end
 
-  def test_through_reflection_conditions_do_not_modify_other_reflections
-    orig_conds = Post.reflect_on_association(:first_blue_tags_2).conditions.inspect
-    Author.reflect_on_association(:misc_post_first_blue_tags_2).conditions
-    assert_equal orig_conds, Post.reflect_on_association(:first_blue_tags_2).conditions.inspect
+  def test_through_reflection_scope_chain_does_not_modify_other_reflections
+    orig_conds = Post.reflect_on_association(:first_blue_tags_2).scope_chain.inspect
+    Author.reflect_on_association(:misc_post_first_blue_tags_2).scope_chain
+    assert_equal orig_conds, Post.reflect_on_association(:first_blue_tags_2).scope_chain.inspect
   end
 
   def test_symbol_for_class_name
     assert_equal Client, Firm.reflect_on_association(:unsorted_clients_with_symbol).klass
   end
 
+  def test_join_table
+    category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('categories', true)
+    product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('products', true)
+
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
+    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
+    assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
+
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
+    assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
+  end
+
+  def test_join_table_with_common_prefix
+    category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_categories', true)
+    product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_products', true)
+
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
+    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
+    assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
+
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
+    assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
+  end
+
+  def test_join_table_with_different_prefix
+    category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_categories', true)
+    page = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('content_pages', true)
+
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, page)
+    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
+    assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
+
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :pages, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(page)
+    assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
+  end
+
+  def test_join_table_can_be_overridden
+    category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('categories', true)
+    product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('products', true)
+
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, product)
+    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
+    assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
+
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, category)
+    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
+    assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_reflection(klass, association, options)
       assert reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(association)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90c690e266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/post'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class WhereTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    fixtures :posts
+
+    def test_where_error
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        Post.where(:id => { 'posts.author_id' => 10 }).first
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_table_name
+      post = Post.first
+      assert_equal post, Post.where(:posts => { 'id' => post.id }).first
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
index edf38cb7a3..cf367242f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_scoped_find_last_preserves_scope
-    lowest_salary  = Developer.first :order => "salary ASC"
-    highest_salary = Developer.first :order => "salary DESC"
+    lowest_salary  = Developer.order("salary ASC").first
+    highest_salary = Developer.order("salary DESC").first
 
     Developer.order("salary").scoping do
       assert_equal highest_salary, Developer.last
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_scope_select_concatenates
     Developer.select("id, name").scoping do
-      developer = Developer.select('id, salary').where("name = 'David'").first
+      developer = Developer.select('salary').where("name = 'David'").first
       assert_equal 80000, developer.salary
       assert developer.has_attribute?(:id)
       assert developer.has_attribute?(:name)
@@ -254,11 +254,6 @@ class HasManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, @welcome.comments.search_by_type('Comment').size
   end
 
-  def test_forwarding_to_dynamic_finders
-    assert_equal 4, Comment.find_all_by_type('Comment').size
-    assert_equal 2, @welcome.comments.find_all_by_type('Comment').size
-  end
-
   def test_nested_scope_finder
     Comment.where('1=0').scoping do
       assert_equal 0, @welcome.comments.count
@@ -300,12 +295,6 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'a category...', @welcome.categories.what_are_you
   end
 
-  def test_forwarding_to_dynamic_finders
-    assert_equal 4, Category.find_all_by_type('SpecialCategory').size
-    assert_equal 0, @welcome.categories.find_all_by_type('SpecialCategory').size
-    assert_equal 2, @welcome.categories.find_all_by_type('Category').size
-  end
-
   def test_nested_scope_finder
     Category.where('1=0').scoping do
       assert_equal 0, @welcome.categories.count
@@ -323,8 +312,8 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :developers, :posts
 
   def test_default_scope
-    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    expected = Developer.scoped(:order => 'salary DESC').all.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -362,12 +351,12 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_with_conditions_string
-    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.find(:all).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.all.map(&:id).sort
     assert_equal nil, DeveloperCalledDavid.create!.name
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_with_conditions_hash
-    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledJamis.find(:all).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledJamis.all.map(&:id).sort
     assert_equal 'Jamis', DeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
   end
 
@@ -395,23 +384,9 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 50000,   wheres[:salary]
   end
 
-  def test_method_scope
-    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all_ordered_by_name.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    assert_equal expected, received
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_scope
-    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.send(:with_scope, :find => { :order => 'name DESC'}) do
-      DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    end
-    assert_equal expected, received
-  end
-
   def test_scope_overwrites_default
-    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.scoped(:order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -427,17 +402,9 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
-  def test_nested_exclusive_scope
-    expected = Developer.find(:all, :limit => 100).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :limit => 100 }) do
-      DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    end
-    assert_equal expected, received
-  end
-
   def test_order_in_default_scope_should_prevail
-    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary desc').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all, :order => 'salary').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    expected = Developer.scoped(:order => 'salary desc').all.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.scoped(:order => 'salary').all.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index ac6dee3c6a..034339e413 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -19,33 +19,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert !relation.loaded, 'relation is not loaded'
     end
 
-    def test_single_values
-      assert_equal [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :from, :reordering, :reverse_order, :uniq].map(&:to_s).sort,
-        Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.map(&:to_s).sort
-    end
-
     def test_initialize_single_values
       relation = Relation.new :a, :b
-      Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.each do |method|
+      (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:create_with]).each do |method|
         assert_nil relation.send("#{method}_value"), method.to_s
       end
-    end
-
-    def test_association_methods
-      assert_equal [:includes, :eager_load, :preload].map(&:to_s).sort,
-        Relation::ASSOCIATION_METHODS.map(&:to_s).sort
-    end
-
-    def test_initialize_association_methods
-      relation = Relation.new :a, :b
-      Relation::ASSOCIATION_METHODS.each do |method|
-        assert_equal [], relation.send("#{method}_values"), method.to_s
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_multi_value_methods
-      assert_equal [:select, :group, :order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind, :references].map(&:to_s).sort,
-        Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.map(&:to_s).sort
+      assert_equal({}, relation.create_with_value)
     end
 
     def test_multi_value_initialize
@@ -64,19 +43,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       relation = Relation.new :a, :b
       assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
 
-      relation.where_values << :hello
+      relation.where! :hello
       assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
     def test_has_values
       relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
-      relation.where_values << relation.table[:id].eq(10)
+      relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({:id => 10}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
     def test_values_wrong_table
       relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
-      relation.where_values << Comment.arel_table[:id].eq(10)
+      relation.where! Comment.arel_table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
@@ -85,7 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       left     = relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       right    = relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       combine  = left.and right
-      relation.where_values << combine
+      relation.where! combine
       assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
@@ -108,7 +87,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_create_with_value_with_wheres
       relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
-      relation.where_values << relation.table[:id].eq(10)
+      relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       relation.create_with_value = {:hello => 'world'}
       assert_equal({:hello => 'world', :id => 10}, relation.scope_for_create)
     end
@@ -118,7 +97,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
 
-      relation.where_values << relation.table[:id].eq(10)
+      relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
 
       relation.create_with_value = {:hello => 'world'}
@@ -132,7 +111,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_eager_load_values
       relation = Relation.new :a, :b
-      relation.eager_load_values << :b
+      relation.eager_load! :b
       assert relation.eager_loading?
     end
 
@@ -149,10 +128,124 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal ['foo'], relation.references_values
     end
 
-    def test_apply_finder_options_takes_references
+    test 'merging a hash into a relation' do
       relation = Relation.new :a, :b
-      relation = relation.apply_finder_options(:references => :foo)
-      assert_equal ['foo'], relation.references_values
+      relation = relation.merge where: :lol, readonly: true
+
+      assert_equal [:lol], relation.where_values
+      assert_equal true, relation.readonly_value
+    end
+
+    test 'merging an empty hash into a relation' do
+      assert_equal [], Relation.new(:a, :b).merge({}).where_values
+    end
+
+    test 'merging a hash with unknown keys raises' do
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Relation::HashMerger.new(nil, omg: 'lol') }
+    end
+
+    test '#values returns a dup of the values' do
+      relation = Relation.new(:a, :b).where! :foo
+      values   = relation.values
+
+      values[:where] = nil
+      assert_not_nil relation.where_values
+    end
+
+    test 'relations can be created with a values hash' do
+      relation = Relation.new(:a, :b, where: [:foo])
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
+    end
+
+    test 'merging a single where value' do
+      relation = Relation.new(:a, :b)
+      relation.merge!(where: :foo)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
+    end
+
+    test 'merging a hash interpolates conditions' do
+      klass = stub
+      klass.stubs(:sanitize_sql).with(['foo = ?', 'bar']).returns('foo = bar')
+
+      relation = Relation.new(klass, :b)
+      relation.merge!(where: ['foo = ?', 'bar'])
+      assert_equal ['foo = bar'], relation.where_values
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RelationMutationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def relation
+      @relation ||= Relation.new :a, :b
+    end
+
+    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending]).each do |method|
+      test "##{method}!" do
+        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+        assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("#{method}_values")
+      end
+    end
+
+    test '#references!' do
+      assert relation.references!(:foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert relation.references_values.include?('foo')
+    end
+
+    test 'extending!' do
+      mod, mod2 = Module.new, Module.new
+
+      assert relation.extending!(mod).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [mod], relation.extending_values
+      assert relation.is_a?(mod)
+
+      relation.extending!(mod2)
+      assert_equal [mod, mod2], relation.extending_values
+    end
+
+    test 'extending! with empty args' do
+      relation.extending!
+      assert_equal [], relation.extending_values
+    end
+
+    (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:from, :lock, :reordering, :reverse_order, :create_with]).each do |method|
+      test "##{method}!" do
+        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+        assert_equal :foo, relation.public_send("#{method}_value")
+      end
+    end
+
+    test '#from!' do
+      assert relation.from!('foo').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal ['foo', nil], relation.from_value
+    end
+
+    test '#lock!' do
+      assert relation.lock!('foo').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal 'foo', relation.lock_value
+    end
+
+    test '#reorder!' do
+      relation = self.relation.order('foo')
+
+      assert relation.reorder!('bar').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal ['bar'], relation.order_values
+      assert relation.reordering_value
+    end
+
+    test 'reverse_order!' do
+      assert relation.reverse_order!.equal?(relation)
+      assert relation.reverse_order_value
+      relation.reverse_order!
+      assert !relation.reverse_order_value
+    end
+
+    test 'create_with!' do
+      assert relation.create_with!(foo: 'bar').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal({foo: 'bar'}, relation.create_with_value)
+    end
+
+    test 'merge!' do
+      assert relation.merge!(where: :foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index 7b1d65c6db..c8da7ddd99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -133,6 +133,13 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert topics.loaded?
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_subquery
+    relation = Topic.where(:approved => true)
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('*').from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('subquery.*').from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
+  end
+
   def test_finding_with_conditions
     assert_equal ["David"], Author.where(:name => 'David').map(&:name)
     assert_equal ['Mary'],  Author.where(["name = ?", 'Mary']).map(&:name)
@@ -228,6 +235,44 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_none_chainable_to_existing_scope_extension_method
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal 1, Topic.anonymous_extension.none.one
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_none_chained_to_methods_firing_queries_straight_to_db
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [],    Developer.none.pluck(:id) # => uses select_all
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete_all
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.update_all(:name => 'David')
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete(1)
+      assert_equal false, Developer.none.exists?(1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_content_size_methods
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.size
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.count
+      assert_equal true,  Developer.none.empty?
+      assert_equal false, Developer.none.any?
+      assert_equal false, Developer.none.many?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_calculations_methods
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.count
+      assert_equal nil,   Developer.none.calculate(:average, 'salary')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_metadata_methods
+    assert_equal "", Developer.none.to_sql
+    assert_equal({}, Developer.none.where_values_hash)
+  end
+
   def test_joins_with_nil_argument
     assert_nothing_raised { DependentFirm.joins(nil).first }
   end
@@ -249,7 +294,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions
-    assert_equal Topic.find(:all, :conditions => {:approved => false}), Topic.where({ :approved => false }).to_a
+    assert_equal Topic.scoped(:where => {:approved => false}).all, Topic.where({ :approved => false }).to_a
   end
 
   def test_joins_with_string_array
@@ -297,7 +342,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_respond_to_class_methods_and_scopes
-    assert DeveloperOrderedBySalary.scoped.respond_to?(:all_ordered_by_name)
     assert Topic.scoped.respond_to?(:by_lifo)
   end
 
@@ -323,7 +367,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert posts.first.comments.first
     end
 
-    assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) do
+    assert_queries(2) do
       posts = Post.preload(:comments).order('posts.id')
       assert posts.first.comments.first
     end
@@ -333,12 +377,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert posts.first.author
     end
 
-    assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) do
+    assert_queries(2) do
       posts = Post.preload(:author).order('posts.id')
       assert posts.first.author
     end
 
-    assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 3) do
+    assert_queries(3) do
       posts = Post.preload(:author, :comments).order('posts.id')
       assert posts.first.author
       assert posts.first.comments.first
@@ -351,7 +395,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert posts.first.comments.first
     end
 
-    assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) do
+    assert_queries(2) do
       posts = Post.scoped.includes(:comments).order('posts.id')
       assert posts.first.comments.first
     end
@@ -361,7 +405,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert posts.first.author
     end
 
-    assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 3) do
+    assert_queries(3) do
       posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).order('posts.id')
       assert posts.first.author
       assert posts.first.comments.first
@@ -369,18 +413,18 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_with_conditions_string
-    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.scoped.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.scoped.map(&:id).sort
     assert_nil DeveloperCalledDavid.create!.name
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_with_conditions_hash
-    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledJamis.scoped.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledJamis.scoped.map(&:id).sort
     assert_equal 'Jamis', DeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
   end
 
   def test_default_scoping_finder_methods
     developers = DeveloperCalledDavid.order('id').map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('David').map(&:id).sort, developers
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'David').map(&:id).sort, developers
   end
 
   def test_loading_with_one_association
@@ -404,15 +448,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
   end
 
-  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes_should_yield_found_object
-    david = authors(:david)
-    yielded_value = nil
-    Author.find_by_name(david.name) do |author|
-      yielded_value = author
-    end
-    assert_equal david, yielded_value
-  end
-
   def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes
     david = authors(:david)
     author = Author.preload(:taggings).find_by_id(david.id)
@@ -434,34 +469,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Author.scoped.find_by_id_and_name!(20, 'invalid') }
   end
 
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_by_attributes
-    authors = Author.scoped
-
-    davids = authors.find_all_by_name('David')
-    assert_kind_of Array, davids
-    assert_equal [authors(:david)], davids
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_or_initialize_by_attributes
-    authors = Author.scoped
-
-    lifo = authors.find_or_initialize_by_name('Lifo')
-    assert_equal "Lifo", lifo.name
-    assert !lifo.persisted?
-
-    assert_equal authors(:david), authors.find_or_initialize_by_name(:name => 'David')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_or_create_by_attributes
-    authors = Author.scoped
-
-    lifo = authors.find_or_create_by_name('Lifo')
-    assert_equal "Lifo", lifo.name
-    assert lifo.persisted?
-
-    assert_equal authors(:david), authors.find_or_create_by_name(:name => 'David')
-  end
-
   def test_find_id
     authors = Author.scoped
 
@@ -600,6 +607,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! davids.exists?(authors(:mary).id)
     assert ! davids.exists?("42")
     assert ! davids.exists?(42)
+    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new)
 
     fake  = Author.where(:name => 'fake author')
     assert ! fake.exists?
@@ -644,6 +652,10 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert davids.loaded?
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_limit_error
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.limit(10).delete_all }
+  end
+
   def test_select_argument_error
     assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select }
   end
@@ -673,10 +685,8 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_relation_merging_with_preload
-    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.without do
-      [Post.scoped.merge(Post.preload(:author)), Post.preload(:author).merge(Post.scoped)].each do |posts|
-        assert_queries(2) { assert posts.first.author }
-      end
+    [Post.scoped.merge(Post.preload(:author)), Post.preload(:author).merge(Post.scoped)].each do |posts|
+      assert_queries(2) { assert posts.first.author }
     end
   end
 
@@ -685,6 +695,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, comments.count
   end
 
+  def test_relation_merging_with_association
+    assert_queries(2) do  # one for loading post, and another one merged query
+      post = Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day').first
+      comments = Comment.where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(post.comments)
+      assert_equal 1, comments.count
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_count
     posts = Post.scoped
 
@@ -1017,10 +1035,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Post.all, all_posts.all
   end
 
-  def test_extensions_with_except
-    assert_equal 2, Topic.named_extension.order(:author_name).except(:order).two
-  end
-
   def test_only
     relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').limit(1)
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.all
@@ -1032,10 +1046,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Post.limit(1).all.first, all_posts.first
   end
 
-  def test_extensions_with_only
-    assert_equal 2, Topic.named_extension.order(:author_name).only(:order).two
-  end
-
   def test_anonymous_extension
     relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').extending do
       def author
@@ -1057,36 +1067,26 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Post.order(Post.arel_table[:title]).all, Post.order("title").all
   end
 
-  def test_order_with_find_with_order
-    assert_equal 'zyke', CoolCar.order('name desc').find(:first, :order => 'id').name
-    assert_equal 'zyke', FastCar.order('name desc').find(:first, :order => 'id').name
-  end
-
   def test_default_scope_order_with_scope_order
     assert_equal 'zyke', CoolCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name
-    assert_equal 'zyke', CoolCar.order_using_old_style.limit(1).first.name
     assert_equal 'zyke', FastCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name
-    assert_equal 'zyke', FastCar.order_using_old_style.limit(1).first.name
   end
 
   def test_order_using_scoping
     car1 = CoolCar.order('id DESC').scoping do
-      CoolCar.find(:first, :order => 'id asc')
+      CoolCar.scoped(:order => 'id asc').first
     end
     assert_equal 'zyke', car1.name
 
     car2 = FastCar.order('id DESC').scoping do
-      FastCar.find(:first, :order => 'id asc')
+      FastCar.scoped(:order => 'id asc').first
     end
     assert_equal 'zyke', car2.name
   end
 
   def test_unscoped_block_style
     assert_equal 'honda', CoolCar.unscoped { CoolCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name}
-    assert_equal 'honda', CoolCar.unscoped { CoolCar.order_using_old_style.limit(1).first.name}
-
     assert_equal 'honda', FastCar.unscoped { FastCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name}
-    assert_equal 'honda', FastCar.unscoped { FastCar.order_using_old_style.limit(1).first.name}
   end
 
   def test_intersection_with_array
@@ -1097,10 +1097,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [rails_author], relation & [rails_author]
   end
 
-  def test_removing_limit_with_options
-    assert_not_equal 1, Post.limit(1).all(:limit => nil).count
-  end
-
   def test_primary_key
     assert_equal "id", Post.scoped.primary_key
   end
@@ -1224,4 +1220,126 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     scope = Post.order('foo(comments.body)')
     assert_equal [], scope.references_values
   end
+
+  def test_presence
+    topics = Topic.scoped
+
+    # the first query is triggered because there are no topics yet.
+    assert_queries(1) { assert topics.present? }
+
+    # checking if there are topics is used before you actually display them,
+    # thus it shouldn't invoke an extra count query.
+    assert_no_queries { assert topics.present? }
+    assert_no_queries { assert !topics.blank? }
+
+    # shows count of topics and loops after loading the query should not trigger extra queries either.
+    assert_no_queries { topics.size }
+    assert_no_queries { topics.length }
+    assert_no_queries { topics.each }
+
+    # count always trigger the COUNT query.
+    assert_queries(1) { topics.count }
+
+    assert topics.loaded?
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by(author_id: 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by("author_id = 2")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by('author_id = ?', 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by returns nil if the record is missing" do
+    assert_equal nil, Post.scoped.find_by("1 = 0")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by(author_id: 2) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!(author_id: 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!("author_id = 2")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!('author_id = ?', 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Post.scoped.find_by!("1 = 0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by multi value methods" do
+    relation = Post.scoped
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.where! 'foo'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by single value methods" do
+    relation = Post.scoped
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.limit! 5
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by merge!" do
+    relation = Post.scoped
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.merge! where: 'foo'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "relations show the records in #inspect" do
+    relation = Post.limit(2)
+    assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>", relation.inspect
+  end
+
+  test "relations limit the records in #inspect at 10" do
+    relation = Post.limit(11)
+    assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(10).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}, ...]>", relation.inspect
+  end
+
+  test "already-loaded relations don't perform a new query in #inspect" do
+    relation = Post.limit(2)
+    relation.to_a
+
+    expected = "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>"
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal expected, relation.inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'using a custom table affects the wheres' do
+    table_alias = Post.arel_table.alias('omg_posts')
+
+    relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.new Post, table_alias
+    relation.where!(:foo => "bar")
+
+    node = relation.arel.constraints.first.grep(Arel::Attributes::Attribute).first
+    assert_equal table_alias, node.relation
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index 3314013cd4..01dd25a9df 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -236,10 +236,38 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
+    def test_schema_dump_includes_inet_shorthand_definition
+      output = standard_dump
+      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_address"} =~ output
+        assert_match %r{t.inet "inet_address"}, output
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_includes_cidr_shorthand_definition
+      output = standard_dump
+      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_address"} =~ output
+        assert_match %r{t.cidr "cidr_address"}, output
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_includes_macaddr_shorthand_definition
+      output = standard_dump
+      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_address"} =~ output
+        assert_match %r{t.macaddr "macaddr_address"}, output
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_includes_uuid_shorthand_definition
+      output = standard_dump
+      if %r{create_table "poistgresql_uuids"} =~ output
+        assert_match %r{t.uuid "guid"}, output
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_schema_dump_includes_hstores_shorthand_definition
       output = standard_dump
       if %r{create_table "postgresql_hstores"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.hstore "hash_store", default => ""}, output
+        assert_match %r[t.hstore "hash_store", :default => {}], output
       end
     end
 
@@ -273,4 +301,36 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     output = standard_dump
     assert_match %r{create_table "subscribers", :id => false}, output
   end
+
+  class CreateDogMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    def up
+      create_table("dogs") do |t|
+        t.column :name, :string
+      end
+      add_index "dogs", [:name]
+    end
+    def down
+      drop_table("dogs")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_table_name_prefix_and_suffix
+    original, $stdout = $stdout, StringIO.new
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = 'foo_'
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_bar'
+
+    migration = CreateDogMigration.new
+    migration.migrate(:up)
+
+    output = standard_dump
+    assert_no_match %r{create_table "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+    assert_no_match %r{create_index "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+    assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
+  ensure
+    migration.migrate(:down)
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ''
+    $stdout = original
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index a4c065e667..ce167509c1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -51,4 +51,11 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal @contact_attributes[:awesome], contact.awesome, "For #{format}"
     end
   end
+
+  def test_serialized_attributes_are_class_level_settings
+    assert_raise NoMethodError do
+      topic = Topic.new
+      topic.serialized_attributes = []
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/session_store/sql_bypass.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/session_store/sql_bypass_test.rb
index 7402b2afd6..b8cf4cf2cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/session_store/sql_bypass.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/session_store/sql_bypass_test.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert !Session.table_exists?
       end
 
+      def test_new_record?
+        s = SqlBypass.new :data => 'foo', :session_id => 10
+        assert s.new_record?, 'this is a new record!'
+      end
+
       def test_persisted?
         s = SqlBypass.new :data => 'foo', :session_id => 10
         assert !s.persisted?, 'this is a new record!'
@@ -51,6 +56,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         s.destroy
         assert_nil SqlBypass.find_by_session_id session_id
       end
+
+      def test_data_column
+        SqlBypass.drop_table! if exists = Session.table_exists?
+        old, SqlBypass.data_column = SqlBypass.data_column, 'foo'
+        SqlBypass.create_table!
+
+        session_id = 20
+        SqlBypass.new(:data => 'hello', :session_id => session_id).save
+        assert_equal 'hello', SqlBypass.find_by_session_id(session_id).data
+      ensure
+        SqlBypass.drop_table!
+        SqlBypass.data_column = old
+        SqlBypass.create_table! if exists
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
index 40520d6da2..3e60b62fd5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
@@ -3,15 +3,17 @@ require 'models/admin'
 require 'models/admin/user'
 
 class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :'admin/users'
+
   setup do
-    @john = Admin::User.create(:name => 'John Doe', :color => 'black', :remember_login => true)
+    @john = Admin::User.create!(:name => 'John Doe', :color => 'black', :remember_login => true, :height => 'tall', :is_a_good_guy => true)
   end
 
   test "reading store attributes through accessors" do
     assert_equal 'black', @john.color
     assert_nil @john.homepage
   end
-  
+
   test "writing store attributes through accessors" do
     @john.color = 'red'
     @john.homepage = '37signals.com'
@@ -32,6 +34,11 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert @john.settings_changed?
   end
 
+  test "updating the store won't mark it as changed if an attribute isn't changed" do
+    @john.color = @john.color
+    assert !@john.settings_changed?
+  end
+
   test "object initialization with not nullable column" do
     assert_equal true, @john.remember_login
   end
@@ -40,4 +47,84 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @john.remember_login = false
     assert_equal false, @john.remember_login
   end
+
+  test "preserve store attributes data in HashWithIndifferentAccess format without any conversion" do
+    @john.json_data = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(:height => 'tall', 'weight' => 'heavy')
+    @john.height = 'low'
+    assert_equal true, @john.json_data.instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
+    assert_equal 'low', @john.json_data[:height]
+    assert_equal 'low', @john.json_data['height']
+    assert_equal 'heavy', @john.json_data[:weight]
+    assert_equal 'heavy', @john.json_data['weight']
+  end
+
+  test "convert store attributes from Hash to HashWithIndifferentAccess saving the data and access attributes indifferently" do
+    user = Admin::User.find_by_name('Jamis')
+    assert_equal 'symbol',  user.settings[:symbol]
+    assert_equal 'symbol',  user.settings['symbol']
+    assert_equal 'string',  user.settings[:string]
+    assert_equal 'string',  user.settings['string']
+    assert_equal true,      user.settings.instance_of?(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
+
+    user.height = 'low'
+    assert_equal 'symbol',  user.settings[:symbol]
+    assert_equal 'symbol',  user.settings['symbol']
+    assert_equal 'string',  user.settings[:string]
+    assert_equal 'string',  user.settings['string']
+    assert_equal true,      user.settings.instance_of?(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
+  end
+
+  test "convert store attributes from any format other than Hash or HashWithIndifferent access losing the data" do
+    @john.json_data = "somedata"
+    @john.height = 'low'
+    assert_equal true, @john.json_data.instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
+    assert_equal 'low', @john.json_data[:height]
+    assert_equal 'low', @john.json_data['height']
+    assert_equal false, @john.json_data.delete_if { |k, v| k == 'height' }.any?
+  end
+
+  test "reading store attributes through accessors encoded with JSON" do
+    assert_equal 'tall', @john.height
+    assert_nil @john.weight
+  end
+
+  test "writing store attributes through accessors encoded with JSON" do
+    @john.height = 'short'
+    @john.weight = 'heavy'
+
+    assert_equal 'short', @john.height
+    assert_equal 'heavy', @john.weight
+  end
+
+  test "accessing attributes not exposed by accessors encoded with JSON" do
+    @john.json_data['somestuff'] = 'somecoolstuff'
+    @john.save
+
+    assert_equal 'somecoolstuff', @john.reload.json_data['somestuff']
+  end
+
+  test "updating the store will mark it as changed encoded with JSON" do
+    @john.height = 'short'
+    assert @john.json_data_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "object initialization with not nullable column encoded with JSON" do
+    assert_equal true, @john.is_a_good_guy
+  end
+
+  test "writing with not nullable column encoded with JSON" do
+    @john.is_a_good_guy = false
+    assert_equal false, @john.is_a_good_guy
+  end
+
+  test "stored attributes are returned" do
+    assert_equal [:color, :homepage], Admin::User.stored_attributes[:settings]
+  end
+
+  test "stores_attributes are class level settings" do
+    assert_raise NoMethodError do
+      @john.stored_attributes = {}
+    end
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f3489b7a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module DatabaseTasksSetupper
+    def setup
+      @mysql_tasks, @postgresql_tasks, @sqlite_tasks = stub, stub, stub
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::MySQLDatabaseTasks.stubs(:new).returns @mysql_tasks
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks.stubs(:new).returns @postgresql_tasks
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::SQLiteDatabaseTasks.stubs(:new).returns @sqlite_tasks
+    end
+  end
+
+  ADAPTERS_TASKS = {
+     :mysql      => :mysql_tasks,
+     :mysql2     => :mysql_tasks,
+     :postgresql => :postgresql_tasks,
+     :sqlite3    => :sqlite_tasks
+  }
+
+  class DatabaseTasksRegisterTask < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_register_task
+      klazz = Class.new do
+        def initialize(*arguments); end
+        def structure_dump(filename); end
+      end
+      instance = klazz.new
+
+      klazz.stubs(:new).returns instance
+      instance.expects(:structure_dump).with("awesome-file.sql")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.register_task(/foo/, klazz)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump({'adapter' => :foo}, "awesome-file.sql")
+    end
+  end
+ 
+  class DatabaseTasksCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include DatabaseTasksSetupper
+
+    ADAPTERS_TASKS.each do |k, v|
+      define_method("test_#{k}_create") do
+        eval("@#{v}").expects(:create)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create 'adapter' => k
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksCreateAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @configurations = {'development' => {'database' => 'my-db'}}
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(@configurations)
+    end
+
+    def test_ignores_configurations_without_databases
+      @configurations['development'].merge!('database' => nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).never
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_all
+    end
+
+    def test_ignores_remote_databases
+      @configurations['development'].merge!('host' => 'my.server.tld')
+      $stderr.stubs(:puts).returns(nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).never
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_all
+    end
+
+    def test_warning_for_remote_databases
+      @configurations['development'].merge!('host' => 'my.server.tld')
+
+      $stderr.expects(:puts).with('This task only modifies local databases. my-db is on a remote host.')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_all
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_ip
+      @configurations['development'].merge!('host' => '127.0.0.1')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_all
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_host
+      @configurations['development'].merge!('host' => 'localhost')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_all
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_configurations_with_blank_hosts
+      @configurations['development'].merge!('host' => nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_all
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksCreateCurrentTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @configurations = {
+        'development' => {'database' => 'dev-db'},
+        'test'        => {'database' => 'test-db'},
+        'production'  => {'database' => 'prod-db'}
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(@configurations)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_current_environment_database
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
+        with('database' => 'prod-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('production')
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_test_database_when_environment_is_database
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
+        with('database' => 'dev-db')
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
+        with('database' => 'test-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_for_the_given_environment
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stubs(:create).returns true
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with('development')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include DatabaseTasksSetupper
+
+    ADAPTERS_TASKS.each do |k, v|
+      define_method("test_#{k}_drop") do
+        eval("@#{v}").expects(:drop)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop 'adapter' => k
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksDropAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @configurations = {:development => {'database' => 'my-db'}}
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(@configurations)
+    end
+
+    def test_ignores_configurations_without_databases
+      @configurations[:development].merge!('database' => nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).never
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
+    end
+
+    def test_ignores_remote_databases
+      @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => 'my.server.tld')
+      $stderr.stubs(:puts).returns(nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).never
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
+    end
+
+    def test_warning_for_remote_databases
+      @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => 'my.server.tld')
+
+      $stderr.expects(:puts).with('This task only modifies local databases. my-db is on a remote host.')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_ip
+      @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => '127.0.0.1')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_host
+      @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => 'localhost')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_configurations_with_blank_hosts
+      @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksDropCurrentTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @configurations = {
+        'development' => {'database' => 'dev-db'},
+        'test'        => {'database' => 'test-db'},
+        'production'  => {'database' => 'prod-db'}
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(@configurations)
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_current_environment_database
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
+        with('database' => 'prod-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('production')
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_test_database_when_environment_is_database
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
+        with('database' => 'dev-db')
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
+        with('database' => 'test-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  class DatabaseTasksPurgeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include DatabaseTasksSetupper
+
+    ADAPTERS_TASKS.each do |k, v|
+      define_method("test_#{k}_purge") do
+        eval("@#{v}").expects(:purge)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge 'adapter' => k
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksCharsetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include DatabaseTasksSetupper
+ 
+    ADAPTERS_TASKS.each do |k, v|
+      define_method("test_#{k}_charset") do
+        eval("@#{v}").expects(:charset)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.charset 'adapter' => k
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksCollationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include DatabaseTasksSetupper
+ 
+    ADAPTERS_TASKS.each do |k, v|
+      define_method("test_#{k}_collation") do
+        eval("@#{v}").expects(:collation)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation 'adapter' => k
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksStructureDumpTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include DatabaseTasksSetupper
+
+    ADAPTERS_TASKS.each do |k, v|
+      define_method("test_#{k}_structure_dump") do
+        eval("@#{v}").expects(:structure_dump).with("awesome-file.sql")
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump({'adapter' => k}, "awesome-file.sql")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include DatabaseTasksSetupper
+
+    ADAPTERS_TASKS.each do |k, v|
+      define_method("test_#{k}_structure_load") do
+        eval("@#{v}").expects(:structure_load).with("awesome-file.sql")
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load({'adapter' => k}, "awesome-file.sql")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a0eb423bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'mysql'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class MysqlDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:create_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_without_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).
+        with('adapter' => 'mysql', 'database' => nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_database_with_default_options
+      @connection.expects(:create_database).
+        with('my-app-db', {:charset => 'utf8', :collation => 'utf8_unicode_ci'})
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_database_with_given_options
+      @connection.expects(:create_database).
+        with('my-app-db', {:charset => 'latin', :collation => 'latin_ci'})
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration.merge(
+        'charset' => 'latin', 'collation' => 'latin_ci'
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MysqlDBCreateAsRootTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:create_database => true, :execute => true)
+      @error         = Mysql::Error.new "Invalid permissions"
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db',
+        'username' => 'pat',
+        'password' => 'wossname'
+      }
+
+      $stdin.stubs(:gets).returns("secret\n")
+      $stdout.stubs(:print).returns(nil)
+      @error.stubs(:errno).returns(1045)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).raises(@error).then.
+        returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_root_password_is_requested
+      $stdin.expects(:gets).returns("secret\n")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_connection_established_as_root
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with({
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => nil,
+        'username' => 'root',
+        'password' => 'secret'
+      })
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_database_created_by_root
+      @connection.expects(:create_database).
+        with('my-app-db', :charset => 'utf8', :collation => 'utf8_unicode_ci')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_grant_privileges_for_normal_user
+      @connection.expects(:execute).with("GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON my-app-db.* TO 'pat'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'wossname' WITH GRANT OPTION;")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_connection_established_as_normal_user
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).returns do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with({
+          'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+          'database' => 'my-app-db',
+          'username' => 'pat',
+          'password' => 'secret'
+        })
+
+        raise @error
+      end
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_sends_output_to_stderr_when_other_errors
+      @error.stubs(:errno).returns(42)
+
+      $stderr.expects(:puts).at_least_once.returns(nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MySQLDBDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:drop_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_mysql_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with @configuration
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_drops_database
+      @connection.expects(:drop_database).with('my-app-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MySQLPurgeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:recreate_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => 'test-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_test_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:test)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_recreates_database_with_the_default_options
+      @connection.expects(:recreate_database).
+        with('test-db', {:charset => 'utf8', :collation => 'utf8_unicode_ci'})
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_recreates_database_with_the_given_options
+      @connection.expects(:recreate_database).
+        with('test-db', {:charset => 'latin', :collation => 'latin_ci'})
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration.merge(
+        'charset' => 'latin', 'collation' => 'latin_ci'
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MysqlDBCharsetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:create_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_retrieves_charset
+      @connection.expects(:charset)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.charset @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MysqlDBCollationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:create_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_retrieves_collation
+      @connection.expects(:collation)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MySQLStructureDumpTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:structure_dump => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => 'test-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_dump
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
+      @connection.expects(:structure_dump)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
+      assert File.exists?(filename)
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm(filename)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MySQLStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+        'database' => 'test-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_load
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
+      @connection.expects(:execute).twice
+
+      open(filename, 'w') { |f| f.puts("SELECT CURDATE();") }
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm(filename)
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62acd53003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PostgreSQLDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:create_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'postgresql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_postgresql_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
+        'adapter'            => 'postgresql',
+        'database'           => 'postgres',
+        'schema_search_path' => 'public'
+      )
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_database_with_default_encoding
+      @connection.expects(:create_database).
+        with('my-app-db', @configuration.merge('encoding' => 'utf8'))
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_database_with_given_encoding
+      @connection.expects(:create_database).
+        with('my-app-db', @configuration.merge('encoding' => 'latin'))
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration.
+        merge('encoding' => 'latin')
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_database_with_given_collation_and_ctype
+      @connection.expects(:create_database).
+        with('my-app-db', @configuration.merge('encoding' => 'utf8', 'collation' => 'ja_JP.UTF8', 'ctype' => 'ja_JP.UTF8'))
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration.
+        merge('collation' => 'ja_JP.UTF8', 'ctype' => 'ja_JP.UTF8')
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_new_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_db_create_with_error_prints_message
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).raises(Exception)
+
+      $stderr.stubs(:puts).returns(true)
+      $stderr.expects(:puts).
+        with("Couldn't create database for #{@configuration.inspect}")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class PostgreSQLDBDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:drop_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'postgresql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_postgresql_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
+        'adapter'            => 'postgresql',
+        'database'           => 'postgres',
+        'schema_search_path' => 'public'
+      )
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_drops_database
+      @connection.expects(:drop_database).with('my-app-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class PostgreSQLPurgeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:create_database => true, :drop_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'postgresql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:clear_active_connections!).returns(true)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_clears_active_connections
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:clear_active_connections!)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_postgresql_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
+        'adapter'            => 'postgresql',
+        'database'           => 'postgres',
+        'schema_search_path' => 'public'
+      )
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_drops_database
+      @connection.expects(:drop_database).with('my-app-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_database
+      @connection.expects(:create_database).
+        with('my-app-db', @configuration.merge('encoding' => 'utf8'))
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
+    end
+
+    def test_establishes_connection
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class PostgreSQLDBCharsetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:create_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'postgresql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_retrieves_charset
+      @connection.expects(:encoding)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.charset @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class PostgreSQLDBCollationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:create_database => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'postgresql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_retrieves_collation
+      @connection.expects(:collation)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation @configuration
+    end
+  end
+
+  class PostgreSQLStructureDumpTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub(:structure_dump => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'postgresql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+      Kernel.stubs(:system)
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_dump
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("pg_dump -i -s -x -O -f #{filename}  my-app-db").returns(true)
+      @connection.expects(:schema_search_path).returns("foo")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
+      assert File.exists?(filename)
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm(filename)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class PostgreSQLStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @connection    = stub
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'postgresql',
+        'database' => 'my-app-db'
+      }
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+      Kernel.stubs(:system)
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_dump
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("psql -f #{filename} my-app-db")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06a1d0ffc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'pathname'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class SqliteDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @database      = 'db_create.sqlite3'
+      @connection    = stub :connection
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+        'database' => @database
+      }
+
+      File.stubs(:exist?).returns(false)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_checks_database_exists
+      File.expects(:exist?).with(@database).returns(false)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+
+    def test_db_create_when_file_exists
+      File.stubs(:exist?).returns(true)
+
+      $stderr.expects(:puts).with("#{@database} already exists")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+
+    def test_db_create_with_file_does_nothing
+      File.stubs(:exist?).returns(true)
+      $stderr.stubs(:puts).returns(nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).never
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+
+    def test_db_create_establishes_a_connection
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+
+    def test_db_create_with_error_prints_message
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).raises(Exception)
+
+      $stderr.stubs(:puts).returns(true)
+      $stderr.expects(:puts).
+        with("Couldn't create database for #{@configuration.inspect}")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SqliteDBDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @database      = "db_create.sqlite3"
+      @path          = stub(:to_s => '/absolute/path', :absolute? => true)
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+        'database' => @database
+      }
+
+      Pathname.stubs(:new).returns(@path)
+      File.stubs(:join).returns('/former/relative/path')
+      FileUtils.stubs(:rm).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_path_from_database
+      Pathname.expects(:new).with(@database).returns(@path)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+
+    def test_removes_file_with_absolute_path
+      File.stubs(:exist?).returns(true)
+      @path.stubs(:absolute?).returns(true)
+
+      FileUtils.expects(:rm).with('/absolute/path')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+
+    def test_generates_absolute_path_with_given_root
+      @path.stubs(:absolute?).returns(false)
+
+      File.expects(:join).with('/rails/root', @path).
+        returns('/former/relative/path')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+
+    def test_removes_file_with_relative_path
+      File.stubs(:exist?).returns(true)
+      @path.stubs(:absolute?).returns(false)
+
+      FileUtils.expects(:rm).with('/former/relative/path')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SqliteDBCharsetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @database      = 'db_create.sqlite3'
+      @connection    = stub :connection
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+        'database' => @database
+      }
+
+      File.stubs(:exist?).returns(false)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_retrieves_charset
+      @connection.expects(:encoding)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.charset @configuration, '/rails/root'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SqliteDBCollationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @database      = 'db_create.sqlite3'
+      @connection    = stub :connection
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+        'database' => @database
+      }
+
+      File.stubs(:exist?).returns(false)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_retrieves_collation
+      assert_raise NoMethodError do
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation @configuration, '/rails/root'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SqliteStructureDumpTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @database      = "db_create.sqlite3"
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+        'database' => @database
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_dump
+      dbfile   = @database
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump @configuration, filename, '/rails/root'
+      assert File.exists?(dbfile)
+      assert File.exists?(filename)
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm(filename)
+      FileUtils.rm(dbfile)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SqliteStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @database      = "db_create.sqlite3"
+      @configuration = {
+        'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+        'database' => @database
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_load
+      dbfile   = @database
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+
+      open(filename, 'w') { |f| f.puts("select datetime('now', 'localtime');") }
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load @configuration, filename, '/rails/root'
+      assert File.exists?(dbfile)
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm(filename)
+      FileUtils.rm(dbfile)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
index 447aa29ffe..7444dc5de1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @developer = Developer.first
-    @developer.update_attribute(:updated_at, Time.now.prev_month)
+    @developer.update_columns(updated_at: Time.now.prev_month)
     @previously_updated_at = @developer.updated_at
   end
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     pet = Pet.first
     owner = pet.owner
-    owner.update_attribute(:happy_at, 3.days.ago)
+    owner.update_columns(happy_at: 3.days.ago)
     previously_owner_updated_at = owner.updated_at
 
     pet.name = "I'm a parrot"
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     owner = pet.owner
     time = 3.days.ago
 
-    owner.update_column(:updated_at, time)
+    owner.update_columns(updated_at: time)
     toy.touch
     owner.reload
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
index f8b3e01a49..961ba8d9ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -287,6 +287,74 @@ class TransactionObserverCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
     end
 
+    assert topic.id.nil?
+    assert !topic.persisted?
     assert_equal %w{ after_rollback }, topic.history
   end
+
+  class TopicWithManualRollbackObserverAttached < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = :topics
+    def history
+      @history ||= []
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TopicWithManualRollbackObserverAttachedObserver < ActiveRecord::Observer
+    def after_save(record)
+      record.history.push "after_save"
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_after_save_called_with_manual_rollback
+    assert TopicWithManualRollbackObserverAttachedObserver.instance, 'should have observer'
+
+    topic = TopicWithManualRollbackObserverAttached.new
+    
+    assert !topic.save
+    assert_equal nil, topic.id
+    assert !topic.persisted?
+    assert_equal %w{ after_save }, topic.history
+  end
+  def test_after_save_called_with_manual_rollback_bang
+    assert TopicWithManualRollbackObserverAttachedObserver.instance, 'should have observer'
+
+    topic = TopicWithManualRollbackObserverAttached.new
+    
+    topic.save!
+    assert_equal nil, topic.id
+    assert !topic.persisted?
+    assert_equal %w{ after_save }, topic.history
+  end
+end
+
+class SaveFromAfterCommitBlockTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class TopicWithSaveInCallback < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = :topics
+    after_commit :cache_topic, :on => :create
+    after_commit :call_update, :on => :update
+    attr_accessor :cached, :record_updated
+
+    def call_update
+      self.record_updated = true
+    end
+
+    def cache_topic
+      unless cached
+        self.cached = true
+        self.save
+      else
+        self.cached = false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_after_commit_in_save
+    topic = TopicWithSaveInCallback.new()
+    topic.save
+    assert_equal true, topic.cached
+    assert_equal true, topic.record_updated
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index 203dd054f1..a9ccd00fac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -362,6 +362,16 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_rollback_when_saving_a_frozen_record
+    topic = Topic.new(:title => 'test')
+    topic.freeze
+    e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) { topic.save }
+    assert_equal "can't modify frozen Hash", e.message
+    assert !topic.persisted?, 'not persisted'
+    assert_nil topic.id
+    assert topic.frozen?, 'not frozen'
+  end
+
   def test_restore_active_record_state_for_all_records_in_a_transaction
     topic_1 = Topic.new(:title => 'test_1')
     topic_2 = Topic.new(:title => 'test_2')
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
index c72b7b35cd..7ac34bc71e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !r.valid?
     assert r.errors[:topic].any?
 
-    r.topic = Topic.find :first
+    r.topic = Topic.first
     assert r.valid?
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
index 79442d68b0..ea5e055289 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ end
 class Thaumaturgist < IneptWizard
 end
 
+class ReplyTitle; end
+
+class ReplyWithTitleObject < Reply
+  validates_uniqueness_of :content, :scope => :title
+
+  def title; ReplyTitle.new; end
+end
+
 class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, 'warehouse-things', :developers
 
@@ -104,6 +112,14 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !r2.valid?, "Saving r2 first time"
   end
 
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_with_composed_attribute_scope
+    r1 = ReplyWithTitleObject.create "title" => "r1", "content" => "hello world"
+    assert r1.valid?, "Saving r1"
+
+    r2 = ReplyWithTitleObject.create "title" => "r1", "content" => "hello world"
+    assert !r2.valid?, "Saving r2 first time"
+  end
+
   def test_validate_uniqueness_with_object_arg
     Reply.validates_uniqueness_of(:topic)
 
@@ -189,7 +205,7 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t_utf8.save, "Should save t_utf8 as unique"
 
     # If database hasn't UTF-8 character set, this test fails
-    if Topic.find(t_utf8, :select => 'LOWER(title) AS title').title == "я тоже уникальный!"
+    if Topic.scoped(:select => 'LOWER(title) AS title').find(t_utf8).title == "я тоже уникальный!"
       t2_utf8 = Topic.new("title" => "я тоже УНИКАЛЬНЫЙ!")
       assert !t2_utf8.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
       assert !t2_utf8.save, "Shouldn't save t2_utf8 as unique"
@@ -261,10 +277,10 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert i1.errors[:value].any?, "Should not be empty"
   end
 
-  def test_validates_uniqueness_inside_with_scope
+  def test_validates_uniqueness_inside_scoping
     Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title)
 
-    Topic.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => { :author_name => "David" } }) do
+    Topic.where(:author_name => "David").scoping do
       t1 = Topic.new("title" => "I'm unique!", "author_name" => "Mary")
       assert t1.save
       t2 = Topic.new("title" => "I'm unique!", "author_name" => "David")
@@ -325,4 +341,16 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert w6.errors[:city].any?, "Should have errors for city"
     assert_equal ["has already been taken"], w6.errors[:city], "Should have uniqueness message for city"
   end
+  
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_with_conditions
+    Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title, :conditions => Topic.where('approved = ?', true))
+    Topic.create("title" => "I'm a topic", "approved" => true)
+    Topic.create("title" => "I'm an unapproved topic", "approved" => false)
+    
+    t3 = Topic.new("title" => "I'm a topic", "approved" => true)
+    assert !t3.valid?, "t3 shouldn't be valid"
+    
+    t4 = Topic.new("title" => "I'm an unapproved topic", "approved" => false)
+    assert t4.valid?, "t4 should be valid"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index e575a98170..b11b330374 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -93,30 +93,6 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_scoped_create_without_attributes
-    WrongReply.send(:with_scope, :create => {}) do
-      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { WrongReply.create! }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_create_with_exceptions_using_scope_for_protected_attributes
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      ProtectedPerson.send(:with_scope,  :create => { :first_name => "Mary" } ) do
-        person = ProtectedPerson.create! :addon => "Addon"
-        assert_equal person.first_name, "Mary", "scope should ignore attr_protected"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_create_with_exceptions_using_scope_and_empty_attributes
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      ProtectedPerson.send(:with_scope,  :create => { :first_name => "Mary" } ) do
-        person = ProtectedPerson.create!
-        assert_equal person.first_name, "Mary", "should be ok when no attributes are passed to create!"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_create_without_validation
     reply = WrongReply.new
     assert !reply.save
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 88751a72f9..7249ae9e4d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -74,33 +74,88 @@ end
 
 class DefaultXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
-    @xml = Contact.new(:name => 'aaron stack', :age => 25, :avatar => 'binarydata', :created_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1), :awesome => false, :preferences => { :gem => 'ruby' }).to_xml
+    @contact = Contact.new(
+      :name        => 'aaron stack',
+      :age         => 25,
+      :avatar      => 'binarydata',
+      :created_at  => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1),
+      :awesome     => false,
+      :preferences => { :gem => 'ruby' }
+    )
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_string
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>},     @xml
+    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, @contact.to_xml
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_integer
-    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, @xml
+    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, @contact.to_xml
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_binary
-    assert_match %r{YmluYXJ5ZGF0YQ==\n</avatar>},    @xml
-    assert_match %r{<avatar(.*)(type="binary")},     @xml
-    assert_match %r{<avatar(.*)(encoding="base64")}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{YmluYXJ5ZGF0YQ==\n</avatar>},    xml
+    assert_match %r{<avatar(.*)(type="binary")},     xml
+    assert_match %r{<avatar(.*)(encoding="base64")}, xml
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_datetime
-    assert_match %r{<created-at type=\"datetime\">2006-08-01T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, @xml
+    assert_match %r{<created-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-08-01T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, @contact.to_xml
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_boolean
-    assert_match %r{<awesome type=\"boolean\">false</awesome>}, @xml
+    assert_match %r{<awesome type=\"boolean\">false</awesome>}, @contact.to_xml
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_hash
-    assert_match %r{<preferences>\s*<gem>ruby</gem>\s*</preferences>}m, @xml
+    assert_match %r{<preferences>\s*<gem>ruby</gem>\s*</preferences>}m, @contact.to_xml
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_serializable_hash_with_only_option
+    def @contact.serializable_hash(options=nil)
+      super(only: %w(name))
+    end
+
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{age}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{awesome}, xml
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_serializable_hash_with_except_option
+    def @contact.serializable_hash(options=nil)
+      super(except: %w(age))
+    end
+
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<awesome type=\"boolean\">false</awesome>}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{age}, xml
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_include_inheritance_column_from_sti
+    @contact = ContactSti.new(@contact.attributes)
+    assert_equal 'ContactSti', @contact.type
+
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{<type}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{ContactSti}, xml
+  end
+
+  def test_serializable_hash_with_default_except_option_and_excluding_inheritance_column_from_sti
+    @contact = ContactSti.new(@contact.attributes)
+    assert_equal 'ContactSti', @contact.type
+
+    def @contact.serializable_hash(options={})
+      super({ except: %w(age) }.merge!(options))
+    end
+
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{age}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{<type}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{ContactSti}, xml
   end
 end
 
@@ -109,7 +164,7 @@ class DefaultXmlSerializationTimezoneTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     timezone, Time.zone = Time.zone, "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
 
     toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Mickey', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))
-    assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"datetime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
   ensure
     Time.zone = timezone
   end
@@ -118,7 +173,7 @@ class DefaultXmlSerializationTimezoneTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     timezone, Time.zone = Time.zone, "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
 
     toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Minnie', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1)).reload
-    assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"datetime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
   ensure
     Time.zone = timezone
   end
@@ -152,7 +207,7 @@ class NilXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert %r{<created-at (.*)></created-at>}.match(@xml)
     attributes = $1
     assert_match %r{nil="true"}, attributes
-    assert_match %r{type="datetime"}, attributes
+    assert_match %r{type="dateTime"}, attributes
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_boolean
@@ -188,7 +243,7 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "integer" , xml.elements["//replies-count"].attributes['type']
 
     assert_equal written_on_in_current_timezone, xml.elements["//written-on"].text
-    assert_equal "datetime" , xml.elements["//written-on"].attributes['type']
+    assert_equal "dateTime" , xml.elements["//written-on"].attributes['type']
 
     assert_equal "david@loudthinking.com", xml.elements["//author-email-address"].text
 
@@ -198,7 +253,7 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
       assert_equal last_read_in_current_timezone, xml.elements["//last-read"].text
-      assert_equal "datetime" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
+      assert_equal "dateTime" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
     else
       # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
       assert_equal "2004-04-15", xml.elements["//last-read"].text
@@ -211,7 +266,7 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal "boolean" , xml.elements["//approved"].attributes['type']
 
       assert_equal bonus_time_in_current_timezone, xml.elements["//bonus-time"].text
-      assert_equal "datetime" , xml.elements["//bonus-time"].attributes['type']
+      assert_equal "dateTime" , xml.elements["//bonus-time"].attributes['type']
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
index f450efd839..479b8c050d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 default_connection: <%= defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) ? 'jdbcsqlite3' : 'sqlite3' %>
 
+with_manual_interventions: false
+
 connections:
   jdbcderby:
     arunit:  activerecord_unittest
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/admin/users.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/admin/users.yml
index 6f11f2509e..e2884beda5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/admin/users.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/admin/users.yml
@@ -5,3 +5,6 @@ david:
 jamis:
   name: Jamis
   account: signals37
+  settings:
+    :symbol: symbol
+    string: string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/peoples_treasures.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/peoples_treasures.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a72b190d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/peoples_treasures.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+michael_diamond:
+  rich_person_id: <%= ActiveRecord::Fixtures.identify(:michael) %>
+  treasure_id: <%= ActiveRecord::Fixtures.identify(:diamond) %>
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/reserved_words/distincts_selects.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/reserved_words/distinct_select.yml
index 90e8c95fef..d96779ade4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/reserved_words/distincts_selects.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/reserved_words/distinct_select.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-distincts_selects1:
+distinct_select1:
   distinct_id: 1
   select_id: 1
 
-distincts_selects2:
+distinct_select2:
   distinct_id: 1
   select_id: 2
 
-distincts_selects3:
+distinct_select3:
   distinct_id: 2
   select_id: 3
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
index d0e628bd50..ad30039304 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@ class Admin::User < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :account
   store :settings, :accessors => [ :color, :homepage ]
   store :preferences, :accessors => [ :remember_login ]
+  store :json_data, :accessors => [ :height, :weight ], :coder => JSON
+  store :json_data_empty, :accessors => [ :is_a_good_guy ], :coder => JSON
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
index d50e11d6c9..3157d8fe7f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts
   has_many :very_special_comments, :through => :posts
-  has_many :posts_with_comments, :include => :comments, :class_name => "Post"
-  has_many :popular_grouped_posts, :include => :comments, :class_name => "Post", :group => "type", :having => "SUM(comments_count) > 1", :select => "type"
-  has_many :posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id, :include => :comments, :class_name => "Post", :order => 'comments.id'
-  has_many :posts_sorted_by_id_limited, :class_name => "Post", :order => 'posts.id', :limit => 1
-  has_many :posts_with_categories, :include => :categories, :class_name => "Post"
-  has_many :posts_with_comments_and_categories, :include => [ :comments, :categories ], :order => "posts.id", :class_name => "Post"
+  has_many :posts_with_comments, -> { includes(:comments) }, :class_name => "Post"
+  has_many :popular_grouped_posts, -> { includes(:comments).group("type").having("SUM(comments_count) > 1").select("type") }, :class_name => "Post"
+  has_many :posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id, -> { includes(:comments).order('comments.id') }, :class_name => "Post"
+  has_many :posts_sorted_by_id_limited, -> { order('posts.id').limit(1) }, :class_name => "Post"
+  has_many :posts_with_categories, -> { includes(:categories) }, :class_name => "Post"
+  has_many :posts_with_comments_and_categories, -> { includes(:comments, :categories).order("posts.id") }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_containing_the_letter_a, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_with_extension, :class_name => "Post" do #, :extend => ProxyTestExtension
     def testing_proxy_owner
@@ -19,28 +19,28 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
       proxy_target
     end
   end
-  has_one  :post_about_thinking, :class_name => 'Post', :conditions => "posts.title like '%thinking%'"
-  has_one  :post_about_thinking_with_last_comment, :class_name => 'Post', :conditions => "posts.title like '%thinking%'", :include => :last_comment
+  has_one  :post_about_thinking, -> { where("posts.title like '%thinking%'") }, :class_name => 'Post'
+  has_one  :post_about_thinking_with_last_comment, -> { where("posts.title like '%thinking%'").includes(:last_comment) }, :class_name => 'Post'
   has_many :comments, :through => :posts
   has_many :comments_containing_the_letter_e, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
-  has_many :comments_with_order_and_conditions, :through => :posts, :source => :comments, :order => 'comments.body', :conditions => "comments.body like 'Thank%'"
-  has_many :comments_with_include, :through => :posts, :source => :comments, :include => :post
+  has_many :comments_with_order_and_conditions, -> { order('comments.body').where("comments.body like 'Thank%'") }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
+  has_many :comments_with_include, -> { includes(:post) }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
 
   has_many :first_posts
-  has_many :comments_on_first_posts, :through => :first_posts, :source => :comments, :order => 'posts.id desc, comments.id asc'
+  has_many :comments_on_first_posts, -> { order('posts.id desc, comments.id asc') }, :through => :first_posts, :source => :comments
 
   has_one :first_post
-  has_one :comment_on_first_post,  :through => :first_post, :source => :comments, :order => 'posts.id desc, comments.id asc'
+  has_one :comment_on_first_post, -> { order('posts.id desc, comments.id asc') }, :through => :first_post, :source => :comments
 
-  has_many :thinking_posts, :class_name => 'Post', :conditions => { :title => 'So I was thinking' }, :dependent => :delete_all
-  has_many :welcome_posts,  :class_name => 'Post', :conditions => { :title => 'Welcome to the weblog' }
+  has_many :thinking_posts, -> { where(:title => 'So I was thinking') }, :dependent => :delete_all, :class_name => 'Post'
+  has_many :welcome_posts, -> { where(:title => 'Welcome to the weblog') }, :class_name => 'Post'
 
-  has_many :comments_desc, :through => :posts, :source => :comments, :order => 'comments.id DESC'
-  has_many :limited_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments, :limit => 1
+  has_many :comments_desc, -> { order('comments.id DESC') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
+  has_many :limited_comments, -> { limit(1) }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
   has_many :funky_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
-  has_many :ordered_uniq_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments, :uniq => true, :order => 'comments.id'
-  has_many :ordered_uniq_comments_desc, :through => :posts, :source => :comments, :uniq => true, :order => 'comments.id DESC'
-  has_many :readonly_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments, :readonly => true
+  has_many :ordered_uniq_comments, -> { uniq.order('comments.id') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
+  has_many :ordered_uniq_comments_desc, -> { uniq.order('comments.id DESC') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
+  has_many :readonly_comments, -> { readonly }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
 
   has_many :special_posts
   has_many :special_post_comments, :through => :special_posts, :source => :comments
@@ -48,16 +48,15 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :sti_posts, :class_name => 'StiPost'
   has_many :sti_post_comments, :through => :sti_posts, :source => :comments
 
-  has_many :special_nonexistant_posts, :class_name => "SpecialPost", :conditions => "posts.body = 'nonexistant'"
-  has_many :special_nonexistant_post_comments, :through => :special_nonexistant_posts, :source => :comments, :conditions => { 'comments.post_id' => 0 }
+  has_many :special_nonexistant_posts, -> { where("posts.body = 'nonexistant'") }, :class_name => "SpecialPost"
+  has_many :special_nonexistant_post_comments, -> { where('comments.post_id' => 0) }, :through => :special_nonexistant_posts, :source => :comments
   has_many :nonexistant_comments, :through => :posts
 
-  has_many :hello_posts, :class_name => "Post", :conditions => "posts.body = 'hello'"
+  has_many :hello_posts, -> { where "posts.body = 'hello'" }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :hello_post_comments, :through => :hello_posts, :source => :comments
-  has_many :posts_with_no_comments, :class_name => 'Post', :conditions => { 'comments.id' => nil }, :include => :comments
+  has_many :posts_with_no_comments, -> { where('comments.id' => nil).includes(:comments) }, :class_name => 'Post'
 
-  has_many :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions, :class_name => "Post",
-:conditions => {:body => 'hello'}
+  has_many :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions, -> { where(:body => 'hello') }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :hello_post_comments_with_hash_conditions, :through =>
 :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions, :source => :comments
 
@@ -84,29 +83,31 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :special_categories, :through => :special_categorizations, :source => :category
   has_one  :special_category,   :through => :special_categorizations, :source => :category
 
-  has_many :categories_like_general, :through => :categorizations, :source => :category, :class_name => 'Category', :conditions => { :name => 'General' }
+  has_many :categories_like_general, -> { where(:name => 'General') }, :through => :categorizations, :source => :category, :class_name => 'Category'
 
   has_many :categorized_posts, :through => :categorizations, :source => :post
-  has_many :unique_categorized_posts, :through => :categorizations, :source => :post, :uniq => true
+  has_many :unique_categorized_posts, -> { uniq }, :through => :categorizations, :source => :post
 
   has_many :nothings, :through => :kateggorisatons, :class_name => 'Category'
 
   has_many :author_favorites
-  has_many :favorite_authors, :through => :author_favorites, :order => 'name'
+  has_many :favorite_authors, -> { order('name') }, :through => :author_favorites
 
   has_many :tagging,         :through => :posts
   has_many :taggings,        :through => :posts
   has_many :tags,            :through => :posts
-  has_many :similar_posts,   :through => :tags,  :source => :tagged_posts, :uniq => true
-  has_many :distinct_tags,   :through => :posts, :source => :tags, :select => "DISTINCT tags.*", :order => "tags.name"
   has_many :post_categories, :through => :posts, :source => :categories
   has_many :tagging_tags,    :through => :taggings, :source => :tag
+
+  has_many :similar_posts, -> { uniq }, :through => :tags, :source => :tagged_posts
+  has_many :distinct_tags, -> { select("DISTINCT tags.*").order("tags.name") }, :through => :posts, :source => :tags
+
   has_many :tags_with_primary_key, :through => :posts
 
   has_many :books
   has_many :subscriptions,        :through => :books
-  has_many :subscribers,          :through => :subscriptions, :order => "subscribers.nick" # through has_many :through (on through reflection)
-  has_many :distinct_subscribers, :through => :subscriptions, :source => :subscriber, :select => "DISTINCT subscribers.*", :order => "subscribers.nick"
+  has_many :subscribers, -> { order("subscribers.nick") }, :through => :subscriptions
+  has_many :distinct_subscribers, -> { select("DISTINCT subscribers.*").order("subscribers.nick") }, :through => :subscriptions, :source => :subscriber
 
   has_one :essay, :primary_key => :name, :as => :writer
   has_one :essay_category, :through => :essay, :source => :category
@@ -130,18 +131,17 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :category_post_comments, :through => :categories, :source => :post_comments
 
-  has_many :misc_posts, :class_name => 'Post',
-           :conditions => { :posts => { :title => ['misc post by bob', 'misc post by mary'] } }
+  has_many :misc_posts, -> { where(:posts => { :title => ['misc post by bob', 'misc post by mary'] }) }, :class_name => 'Post'
   has_many :misc_post_first_blue_tags, :through => :misc_posts, :source => :first_blue_tags
 
-  has_many :misc_post_first_blue_tags_2, :through => :posts, :source => :first_blue_tags_2,
-           :conditions => { :posts => { :title => ['misc post by bob', 'misc post by mary'] } }
+  has_many :misc_post_first_blue_tags_2, -> { where(:posts => { :title => ['misc post by bob', 'misc post by mary'] }) },
+           :through => :posts, :source => :first_blue_tags_2
 
   has_many :posts_with_default_include, :class_name => 'PostWithDefaultInclude'
   has_many :comments_on_posts_with_default_include, :through => :posts_with_default_include, :source => :comments
 
-  scope :relation_include_posts, includes(:posts)
-  scope :relation_include_tags, includes(:tags)
+  scope :relation_include_posts, -> { includes(:posts) }
+  scope :relation_include_tags,  -> { includes(:tags) }
 
   attr_accessor :post_log
   after_initialize :set_post_log
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
index d27d0af77c..ce81a37966 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :authors
 
   has_many :citations, :foreign_key => 'book1_id'
-  has_many :references, :through => :citations, :source => :reference_of, :uniq => true
+  has_many :references, -> { uniq }, :through => :citations, :source => :reference_of
 
   has_many :subscriptions
   has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
index 888afc7604..640e57555d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Bulb < ActiveRecord::Base
-  default_scope where(:name => 'defaulty')
+  default_scope { where(:name => 'defaulty') }
   belongs_to :car
 
   attr_protected :car_id, :frickinawesome
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
index 6ff1329d8e..ac42f444e1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
@@ -1,28 +1,27 @@
 class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :bulbs
-  has_many :foo_bulbs, :class_name => "Bulb", :conditions => { :name => 'foo' }
-  has_many :frickinawesome_bulbs, :class_name => "Bulb", :conditions => { :frickinawesome => true }
+  has_many :foo_bulbs, -> { where(:name => 'foo') }, :class_name => "Bulb"
+  has_many :frickinawesome_bulbs, -> { where :frickinawesome => true }, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
   has_one :bulb
-  has_one :frickinawesome_bulb, :class_name => "Bulb", :conditions => { :frickinawesome => true }
+  has_one :frickinawesome_bulb, -> { where :frickinawesome => true }, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
   has_many :tyres
   has_many :engines, :dependent => :destroy
   has_many :wheels, :as => :wheelable, :dependent => :destroy
 
-  scope :incl_tyres, includes(:tyres)
-  scope :incl_engines, includes(:engines)
+  scope :incl_tyres, -> { includes(:tyres) }
+  scope :incl_engines, -> { includes(:engines) }
 
-  scope :order_using_new_style,  order('name asc')
-  scope :order_using_old_style,  :order => 'name asc'
+  scope :order_using_new_style,  -> { order('name asc') }
 
 end
 
 class CoolCar < Car
-  default_scope :order => 'name desc'
+  default_scope { order('name desc') }
 end
 
 class FastCar < Car
-  default_scope :order => 'name desc'
+  default_scope { order('name desc') }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb b/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
index 4bd980e606..6588531de6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ end
 
 class SpecialCategorization < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'categorizations'
-  default_scope where(:special => true)
+  default_scope { where(:special => true) }
 
   belongs_to :author
   belongs_to :category
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
index 02b85fd38a..f8c8ebb70c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :posts
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_posts, :class_name => "Post"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :other_posts, :class_name => "Post"
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :posts_with_authors_sorted_by_author_id, :class_name => "Post", :include => :authors, :order => "authors.id"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :posts_with_authors_sorted_by_author_id, -> { includes(:authors).order("authors.id") }, :class_name => "Post"
 
-  has_and_belongs_to_many(:select_testing_posts,
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :select_testing_posts,
+                          -> { select 'posts.*, 1 as correctness_marker' },
                           :class_name => 'Post',
                           :foreign_key => 'category_id',
-                          :association_foreign_key => 'post_id',
-                          :select => 'posts.*, 1 as correctness_marker')
+                          :association_foreign_key => 'post_id'
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :post_with_conditions,
-                          :class_name => 'Post',
-                          :conditions => { :title => 'Yet Another Testing Title' }
+                          -> { where :title => 'Yet Another Testing Title' },
+                          :class_name => 'Post'
 
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :popular_grouped_posts, :class_name => "Post", :group => "posts.type", :having => "sum(comments.post_id) > 2", :include => :comments
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :posts_grouped_by_title, :class_name => "Post", :group => "title", :select => "title"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :popular_grouped_posts, -> { group("posts.type").having("sum(comments.post_id) > 2").includes(:comments) }, :class_name => "Post"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :posts_grouped_by_title, -> { group("title").select("title") }, :class_name => "Post"
 
   def self.what_are_you
     'a category...'
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :post_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
 
   has_many :authors, :through => :categorizations
-  has_many :authors_with_select, :through => :categorizations, :source => :author, :select => 'authors.*, categorizations.post_id'
+  has_many :authors_with_select, -> { select 'authors.*, categorizations.post_id' }, :through => :categorizations, :source => :author
 
-  scope :general, :conditions => { :name => 'General' }
+  scope :general, -> { where(:name => 'General') }
 end
 
 class SpecialCategory < Category
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
index 88b139d931..3e9f1b0635 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :limit_by, lambda {|l| limit(l) }
-  scope :containing_the_letter_e, :conditions => "comments.body LIKE '%e%'"
-  scope :not_again, where("comments.body NOT LIKE '%again%'")
-  scope :for_first_post, :conditions => { :post_id => 1 }
-  scope :for_first_author,
-              :joins => :post,
-              :conditions => { "posts.author_id" => 1 }
-  scope :created
+  scope :containing_the_letter_e, -> { where("comments.body LIKE '%e%'") }
+  scope :not_again, -> { where("comments.body NOT LIKE '%again%'") }
+  scope :for_first_post, -> { where(:post_id => 1) }
+  scope :for_first_author, -> { joins(:post).where("posts.author_id" => 1) }
+  scope :created, -> { scoped }
 
   belongs_to :post, :counter_cache => true
   has_many :ratings
 
+  belongs_to :first_post, :foreign_key => :post_id
+
   has_many :children, :class_name => 'Comment', :foreign_key => :parent_id
   belongs_to :parent, :class_name => 'Comment', :counter_cache => :children_count
 
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   def self.search_by_type(q)
-    self.find(:all, :conditions => ["#{QUOTED_TYPE} = ?", q])
+    self.scoped(:where => ["#{QUOTED_TYPE} = ?", q]).all
   end
 
   def self.all_as_method
     all
   end
-  scope :all_as_scope, {}
+  scope :all_as_scope, -> { scoped }
 end
 
 class SpecialComment < Comment
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
index fbdfaa2c29..ff6b7d085f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
@@ -36,60 +36,47 @@ module Namespaced
 end
 
 class Firm < Company
-  has_many :clients, :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy, :counter_sql =>
-      "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM companies WHERE firm_id = 1 " +
-      "AND (#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client' OR #{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'SpecialClient' OR #{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'VerySpecialClient' )",
+  has_many :clients, -> { order "id" }, :dependent => :destroy,
       :before_remove => :log_before_remove,
       :after_remove  => :log_after_remove
   has_many :unsorted_clients, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :unsorted_clients_with_symbol, :class_name => :Client
-  has_many :clients_sorted_desc, :class_name => "Client", :order => "id DESC"
-  has_many :clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id"
-  has_many :clients_ordered_by_name, :order => "name", :class_name => "Client"
+  has_many :clients_sorted_desc, -> { order "id DESC" }, :class_name => "Client"
+  has_many :clients_of_firm, -> { order "id" }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client"
+  has_many :clients_ordered_by_name, -> { order "name" }, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :unvalidated_clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :validate => false
-  has_many :dependent_clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id", :dependent => :delete_all
-  has_many :limited_clients, :class_name => "Client", :limit => 1
-  has_many :clients_with_interpolated_conditions, :class_name => "Client", :conditions => proc { "rating > #{rating}" }
-  has_many :clients_like_ms, :conditions => "name = 'Microsoft'", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id"
-  has_many :clients_like_ms_with_hash_conditions, :conditions => { :name => 'Microsoft' }, :class_name => "Client", :order => "id"
-  has_many :clients_using_sql, :class_name => "Client", :finder_sql => proc { "SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}" }
-  has_many :clients_using_counter_sql, :class_name => "Client",
-           :finder_sql  => proc { "SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id} " },
-           :counter_sql => proc { "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}" }
-  has_many :clients_using_zero_counter_sql, :class_name => "Client",
-           :finder_sql  => proc { "SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}" },
-           :counter_sql => proc { "SELECT 0 FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}" }
-  has_many :no_clients_using_counter_sql, :class_name => "Client",
-           :finder_sql  => 'SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = 1000',
-           :counter_sql => 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM companies WHERE client_of = 1000'
-  has_many :clients_using_finder_sql, :class_name => "Client", :finder_sql => 'SELECT * FROM companies WHERE 1=1'
+  has_many :dependent_clients_of_firm, -> { order "id" }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :destroy
+  has_many :exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm, -> { order "id" }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
+  has_many :limited_clients, -> { limit 1 }, :class_name => "Client"
+  has_many :clients_with_interpolated_conditions, ->(firm) { where "rating > #{firm.rating}" }, :class_name => "Client"
+  has_many :clients_like_ms, -> { where("name = 'Microsoft'").order("id") }, :class_name => "Client"
+  has_many :clients_like_ms_with_hash_conditions, -> { where(:name => 'Microsoft').order("id") }, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :plain_clients, :class_name => 'Client'
-  has_many :readonly_clients, :class_name => 'Client', :readonly => true
+  has_many :readonly_clients, -> { readonly }, :class_name => 'Client'
   has_many :clients_using_primary_key, :class_name => 'Client',
            :primary_key => 'name', :foreign_key => 'firm_name'
   has_many :clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all, :class_name => 'Client',
            :primary_key => 'name', :foreign_key => 'firm_name', :dependent => :delete_all
-  has_many :clients_grouped_by_firm_id, :class_name => "Client", :group => "firm_id", :select => "firm_id"
-  has_many :clients_grouped_by_name, :class_name => "Client", :group => "name", :select => "name"
+  has_many :clients_grouped_by_firm_id, -> { group("firm_id").select("firm_id") }, :class_name => "Client"
+  has_many :clients_grouped_by_name, -> { group("name").select("name") }, :class_name => "Client"
 
   has_one :account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy, :validate => true
   has_one :unvalidated_account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => 'Account', :validate => false
-  has_one :account_with_select, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :select => "id, firm_id", :class_name=>'Account'
-  has_one :readonly_account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account", :readonly => true
+  has_one :account_with_select, -> { select("id, firm_id") }, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name=>'Account'
+  has_one :readonly_account, -> { readonly }, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
   # added order by id as in fixtures there are two accounts for Rails Core
   # Oracle tests were failing because of that as the second fixture was selected
-  has_one :account_using_primary_key, :primary_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account", :order => "id"
+  has_one :account_using_primary_key, -> { order('id') }, :primary_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
   has_one :account_using_foreign_and_primary_keys, :foreign_key => "firm_name", :primary_key => "name", :class_name => "Account"
   has_one :deletable_account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account", :dependent => :delete
 
-  has_one :account_limit_500_with_hash_conditions, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account", :conditions => { :credit_limit => 500 }
+  has_one :account_limit_500_with_hash_conditions, -> { where :credit_limit => 500 }, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
 
   has_one :unautosaved_account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => 'Account', :autosave => false
   has_many :accounts
   has_many :unautosaved_accounts, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => 'Account', :autosave => false
 
-  has_many :association_with_references, :class_name => 'Client', :references => :foo
+  has_many :association_with_references, -> { references(:foo) }, :class_name => 'Client'
 
   def log
     @log ||= []
@@ -111,20 +98,20 @@ class DependentFirm < Company
 end
 
 class RestrictedFirm < Company
-  has_one :account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :restrict, :order => "id"
-  has_many :companies, :foreign_key => 'client_of', :order => "id", :dependent => :restrict
+  has_one :account, -> { order("id") }, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :restrict
+  has_many :companies, -> { order("id") }, :foreign_key => 'client_of', :dependent => :restrict
 end
 
 class Client < Company
   belongs_to :firm, :foreign_key => "client_of"
   belongs_to :firm_with_basic_id, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "firm_id"
-  belongs_to :firm_with_select, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "firm_id", :select => "id"
+  belongs_to :firm_with_select, -> { select("id") }, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "firm_id"
   belongs_to :firm_with_other_name, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "client_of"
-  belongs_to :firm_with_condition, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "client_of", :conditions => ["1 = ?", 1]
+  belongs_to :firm_with_condition, -> { where "1 = ?", 1 }, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "client_of"
   belongs_to :firm_with_primary_key, :class_name => "Firm", :primary_key => "name", :foreign_key => "firm_name"
   belongs_to :firm_with_primary_key_symbols, :class_name => "Firm", :primary_key => :name, :foreign_key => :firm_name
-  belongs_to :readonly_firm, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "firm_id", :readonly => true
-  belongs_to :bob_firm, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "client_of", :conditions => { :name => "Bob" }
+  belongs_to :readonly_firm, -> { readonly }, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "firm_id"
+  belongs_to :bob_firm, -> { where :name => "Bob" }, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "client_of"
   has_many :accounts, :through => :firm
   belongs_to :account
 
@@ -179,9 +166,9 @@ end
 
 class ExclusivelyDependentFirm < Company
   has_one :account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :delete
-  has_many :dependent_sanitized_conditional_clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id", :dependent => :delete_all, :conditions => "name = 'BigShot Inc.'"
-  has_many :dependent_conditional_clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id", :dependent => :delete_all, :conditions => ["name = ?", 'BigShot Inc.']
-  has_many :dependent_hash_conditional_clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id", :dependent => :delete_all, :conditions => {:name => 'BigShot Inc.'}
+  has_many :dependent_sanitized_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where("name = 'BigShot Inc.'") }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
+  has_many :dependent_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where("name = ?", 'BigShot Inc.') }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
+  has_many :dependent_hash_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where(:name => 'BigShot Inc.') }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
 end
 
 class SpecialClient < Client
@@ -198,6 +185,11 @@ class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
     @destroyed_account_ids ||= Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
   end
 
+  # Test private kernel method through collection proxy using has_many.
+  def self.open
+    where('firm_name = ?', '37signals')
+  end
+
   before_destroy do |account|
     if account.firm
       Account.destroyed_account_ids[account.firm.id] << account.id
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
index 2c8c30efb4..0d14fa1be1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@ module MyApplication
     end
 
     class Firm < Company
-      has_many :clients, :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy
-      has_many :clients_sorted_desc, :class_name => "Client", :order => "id DESC"
-      has_many :clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id"
-      has_many :clients_like_ms, :conditions => "name = 'Microsoft'", :class_name => "Client", :order => "id"
-      has_many :clients_using_sql, :class_name => "Client", :finder_sql => 'SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}'
+      has_many :clients, -> { order("id") }, :dependent => :destroy
+      has_many :clients_sorted_desc, -> { order("id DESC") }, :class_name => "Client"
+      has_many :clients_of_firm, -> { order "id" }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client"
+      has_many :clients_like_ms, -> { where("name = 'Microsoft'").order("id") }, :class_name => "Client"
 
       has_one :account, :class_name => 'MyApplication::Billing::Account', :dependent => :destroy
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
index 3d15c7fbed..a1cb8d62b6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,40 @@
-class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
-  establish_connection(:adapter => 'fake')
+module ContactFakeColumns
+  def self.extended(base)
+    base.class_eval do
+      establish_connection(:adapter => 'fake')
+
+      connection.tables = [table_name]
+      connection.primary_keys = {
+        table_name => 'id'
+      }
+
+      column :name,           :string
+      column :age,            :integer
+      column :avatar,         :binary
+      column :created_at,     :datetime
+      column :awesome,        :boolean
+      column :preferences,    :string
+      column :alternative_id, :integer
+
+      serialize :preferences
 
-  connection.tables = ['contacts']
-  connection.primary_keys = {
-    'contacts' => 'id'
-  }
+      belongs_to :alternative, :class_name => 'Contact'
+    end
+  end
 
   # mock out self.columns so no pesky db is needed for these tests
-  def self.column(name, sql_type = nil, options = {})
-    connection.merge_column('contacts', name, sql_type, options)
+  def column(name, sql_type = nil, options = {})
+    connection.merge_column(table_name, name, sql_type, options)
   end
+end
 
-  column :name,           :string
-  column :age,            :integer
-  column :avatar,         :binary
-  column :created_at,     :datetime
-  column :awesome,        :boolean
-  column :preferences,    :string
-  column :alternative_id, :integer
+class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
+  extend ContactFakeColumns
+end
 
-  serialize :preferences
+class ContactSti < ActiveRecord::Base
+  extend ContactFakeColumns
+  column :type, :string
 
-  belongs_to :alternative, :class_name => 'Contact'
+  def type; 'ContactSti' end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
index 777f6b5ba0..594c484f20 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-  composed_of :address, :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ], :allow_nil => true
-  composed_of :balance, :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount), :converter => Proc.new { |balance| balance.to_money }
-  composed_of :gps_location, :allow_nil => true
-  composed_of :fullname, :mapping => %w(name to_s), :constructor => Proc.new { |name| Fullname.parse(name) }, :converter => :parse
+  cattr_accessor :gps_conversion_was_run
 end
 
 class Address
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
index 4dc9fff9fd..1caf8fca53 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
@@ -2,42 +2,42 @@ require 'ostruct'
 
 module DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension
   def find_most_recent
-    find(:first, :order => "id DESC")
+    scoped(:order => "id DESC").first
   end
 end
 
 module DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension2
   def find_least_recent
-    find(:first, :order => "id ASC")
+    scoped(:order => "id ASC").first
   end
 end
 
 class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects do
     def find_most_recent
-      find(:first, :order => "id DESC")
+      scoped(:order => "id DESC").first
     end
   end
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name,
+      -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension) },
       :class_name => "Project",
       :join_table => "developers_projects",
-      :association_foreign_key => "project_id",
-      :extend => DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension
+      :association_foreign_key => "project_id"
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name_twice,
+      -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension, DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension2) },
       :class_name => "Project",
       :join_table => "developers_projects",
-      :association_foreign_key => "project_id",
-      :extend => [DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension, DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension2]
+      :association_foreign_key => "project_id"
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name_and_block,
+      -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension) },
       :class_name => "Project",
       :join_table => "developers_projects",
-      :association_foreign_key => "project_id",
-      :extend => DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension do
+      :association_foreign_key => "project_id" do
         def find_least_recent
-          find(:first, :order => "id ASC")
+          scoped(:order => "id ASC").first
         end
       end
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :audit_logs
 
-  scope :jamises, :conditions => {:name => 'Jamis'}
+  scope :jamises, -> { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
 
   validates_inclusion_of :salary, :in => 50000..200000
   validates_length_of    :name, :within => 3..20
@@ -57,12 +57,6 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
   def log=(message)
     audit_logs.build :message => message
   end
-
-  def self.all_johns
-    self.with_exclusive_scope :find => where(:name => 'John') do
-      self.all
-    end
-  end
 end
 
 class AuditLog < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -70,12 +64,6 @@ class AuditLog < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :unvalidated_developer, :class_name => 'Developer'
 end
 
-DeveloperSalary = Struct.new(:amount)
-class DeveloperWithAggregate < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'developers'
-  composed_of :salary, :class_name => 'DeveloperSalary', :mapping => [%w(salary amount)]
-end
-
 class DeveloperWithBeforeDestroyRaise < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :foreign_key => 'developer_id'
@@ -88,31 +76,25 @@ end
 
 class DeveloperWithSelect < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  default_scope select('name')
+  default_scope { select('name') }
 end
 
 class DeveloperWithIncludes < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
   has_many :audit_logs, :foreign_key => :developer_id
-  default_scope includes(:audit_logs)
+  default_scope { includes(:audit_logs) }
 end
 
 class DeveloperOrderedBySalary < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  default_scope :order => 'salary DESC'
-
-  scope :by_name, order('name DESC')
+  default_scope { order('salary DESC') }
 
-  def self.all_ordered_by_name
-    with_scope(:find => { :order => 'name DESC' }) do
-      find(:all)
-    end
-  end
+  scope :by_name, -> { order('name DESC') }
 end
 
 class DeveloperCalledDavid < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  default_scope where("name = 'David'")
+  default_scope { where("name = 'David'") }
 end
 
 class LazyLambdaDeveloperCalledDavid < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -140,7 +122,7 @@ end
 
 class ClassMethodReferencingScopeDeveloperCalledDavid < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  scope :david, where(:name => 'David')
+  scope :david, -> { where(:name => 'David') }
 
   def self.default_scope
     david
@@ -149,40 +131,40 @@ end
 
 class LazyBlockReferencingScopeDeveloperCalledDavid < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  scope :david, where(:name => 'David')
+  scope :david, -> { where(:name => 'David') }
   default_scope { david }
 end
 
 class DeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
 
-  default_scope where(:name => 'Jamis')
-  scope :poor, where('salary < 150000')
+  default_scope { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
+  scope :poor, -> { where('salary < 150000') }
 end
 
 class PoorDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
 
-  default_scope where(:name => 'Jamis', :salary => 50000)
+  default_scope -> { where(:name => 'Jamis', :salary => 50000) }
 end
 
 class InheritedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis < DeveloperCalledJamis
   self.table_name = 'developers'
 
-  default_scope where(:salary => 50000)
+  default_scope -> { where(:salary => 50000) }
 end
 
 class MultiplePoorDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
 
-  default_scope where(:name => 'Jamis')
-  default_scope where(:salary => 50000)
+  default_scope -> { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
+  default_scope -> { where(:salary => 50000) }
 end
 
 module SalaryDefaultScope
   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-  included { default_scope where(:salary => 50000) }
+  included { default_scope { where(:salary => 50000) } }
 end
 
 class ModuleIncludedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis < DeveloperCalledJamis
@@ -193,14 +175,14 @@ end
 
 class EagerDeveloperWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects', :order => 'projects.id'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { order('projects.id') }, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects'
 
-  default_scope includes(:projects)
+  default_scope { includes(:projects) }
 end
 
 class EagerDeveloperWithClassMethodDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects', :order => 'projects.id'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { order('projects.id') }, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects'
 
   def self.default_scope
     includes(:projects)
@@ -209,21 +191,21 @@ end
 
 class EagerDeveloperWithLambdaDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects', :order => 'projects.id'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { order('projects.id') }, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects'
 
   default_scope lambda { includes(:projects) }
 end
 
 class EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects', :order => 'projects.id'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { order('projects.id') }, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects'
 
   default_scope { includes(:projects) }
 end
 
 class EagerDeveloperWithCallableDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects', :order => 'projects.id'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { order('projects.id') }, :foreign_key => 'developer_id', :join_table => 'developers_projects'
 
   default_scope OpenStruct.new(:call => includes(:projects))
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/liquid.rb b/activerecord/test/models/liquid.rb
index 3fcd5e4b69..6cfd443e75 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/liquid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/liquid.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Liquid < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = :liquid
-  has_many :molecules, :uniq => true
+  has_many :molecules, -> { uniq }
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
index 11a0f4ff63..359b29fac3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :fellow_members, :through => :club, :source => :members
   has_one :club, :through => :current_membership
   has_one :selected_club, :through => :selected_membership, :source => :club
-  has_one :favourite_club, :through => :membership, :conditions => ["memberships.favourite = ?", true], :source => :club
-  has_one :hairy_club, :through => :membership, :conditions => {:clubs => {:name => "Moustache and Eyebrow Fancier Club"}}, :source => :club
+  has_one :favourite_club, -> { where "memberships.favourite = ?", true }, :through => :membership, :source => :club
+  has_one :hairy_club, -> { where :clubs => {:name => "Moustache and Eyebrow Fancier Club"} }, :through => :membership, :source => :club
   has_one :sponsor, :as => :sponsorable
   has_one :sponsor_club, :through => :sponsor
   has_one :member_detail
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :current_memberships
   has_one :club_through_many, :through => :current_memberships, :source => :club
 
-  has_many :current_memberships, :conditions => { :favourite => true }
+  has_many :current_memberships, -> { where :favourite => true }
   has_many :clubs, :through => :current_memberships
 end
+
+class SelfMember < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "members"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :friends, :class_name => "SelfMember", :join_table => "member_friends"
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb b/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
index 4a4111833f..72e7bade68 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ class Organization < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :author, :primary_key => :name
   has_one :author_owned_essay_category, :through => :author, :source => :owned_essay_category
 
-  scope :clubs, { :from => 'clubs' }
+  scope :clubs, -> { from('clubs') }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
index 84bc901b5e..e204508986 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :posts, :through => :readers
   has_many :secure_posts, :through => :secure_readers
-  has_many :posts_with_no_comments, :through => :readers, :source => :post, :include => :comments,
-                                    :conditions => 'comments.id is null', :references => :comments
+  has_many :posts_with_no_comments, -> { includes(:comments).where('comments.id is null').references(:comments) },
+                                    :through => :readers, :source => :post
 
   has_many :references
   has_many :bad_references
-  has_many :fixed_bad_references, :conditions => { :favourite => true }, :class_name => 'BadReference'
-  has_one  :favourite_reference, :class_name => 'Reference', :conditions => ['favourite=?', true]
-  has_many :posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id, :through => :readers, :source => :post, :include => :comments, :order => 'comments.id'
+  has_many :fixed_bad_references, -> { where :favourite => true }, :class_name => 'BadReference'
+  has_one  :favourite_reference, -> { where 'favourite=?', true }, :class_name => 'Reference'
+  has_many :posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id, -> { includes(:comments).order('comments.id') }, :through => :readers, :source => :post
 
   has_many :jobs, :through => :references
   has_many :jobs_with_dependent_destroy,    :source => :job, :through => :references, :dependent => :destroy
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :agents_posts,         :through => :agents,       :source => :posts
   has_many :agents_posts_authors, :through => :agents_posts, :source => :author
 
-  scope :males,   :conditions => { :gender => 'M' }
-  scope :females, :conditions => { :gender => 'F' }
+  scope :males,   -> { where(:gender => 'M') }
+  scope :females, -> { where(:gender => 'F') }
 end
 
 class PersonWithDependentDestroyJobs < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -85,3 +85,28 @@ class TightPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class TightDescendant < TightPerson; end
+
+class RichPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'people'
+
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :treasures, :join_table => 'peoples_treasures'
+end
+
+class NestedPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'people'
+
+  attr_accessible :first_name, :best_friend_first_name, :best_friend_attributes
+  attr_accessible :first_name, :gender, :comments, :as => :admin
+  attr_accessible :best_friend_attributes, :best_friend_first_name, :as => :admin
+
+  has_one :best_friend, :class_name => 'NestedPerson', :foreign_key => :best_friend_id
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :best_friend, :update_only => true
+
+  def comments=(new_comments)
+    raise RuntimeError
+  end
+
+  def best_friend_first_name=(new_name)
+    assign_attributes({ :best_friend_attributes => { :first_name => new_name } })
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
index 5e0f5323e6..609b9369a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :parrot, :validate => true
   belongs_to :non_validated_parrot, :class_name => 'Parrot'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :parrots, :validate => true, :order => 'parrots.id ASC'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parrots, -> { order('parrots.id ASC') }, :validate => true
   has_and_belongs_to_many :non_validated_parrots, :class_name => 'Parrot'
   has_and_belongs_to_many :parrots_with_method_callbacks, :class_name => "Parrot",
     :before_add    => :log_before_add,
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :ship
   has_one :update_only_ship, :class_name => 'Ship'
   has_one :non_validated_ship, :class_name => 'Ship'
-  has_many :birds, :order => 'birds.id ASC'
+  has_many :birds, -> { order('birds.id ASC') }
   has_many :birds_with_method_callbacks, :class_name => "Bird",
     :before_add    => :log_before_add,
     :after_add     => :log_after_add,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
     :after_remove   => proc {|p,b| p.ship_log << "after_removing_proc_bird_#{b.id}"}
   has_many :birds_with_reject_all_blank, :class_name => "Bird"
 
-  has_one :foo_bulb, :foreign_key => :car_id, :class_name => "Bulb", :conditions => { :name => 'foo' }
+  has_one :foo_bulb, -> { where :name => 'foo' }, :foreign_key => :car_id, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :birds, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index 0fc22ac6a3..92038c76e5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -5,15 +5,10 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
   end
 
-  scope :containing_the_letter_a, where("body LIKE '%a%'")
-  scope :ranked_by_comments, order("comments_count DESC")
+  scope :containing_the_letter_a, -> { where("body LIKE '%a%'") }
+  scope :ranked_by_comments,      -> { order("comments_count DESC") }
 
   scope :limit_by, lambda {|l| limit(l) }
-  scope :with_authors_at_address, lambda { |address| {
-      :conditions => [ 'authors.author_address_id = ?', address.id ],
-      :joins => 'JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id'
-    }
-  }
 
   belongs_to :author do
     def greeting
@@ -21,24 +16,22 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
   end
 
-  belongs_to :author_with_posts, :class_name => "Author", :foreign_key => :author_id, :include => :posts
-  belongs_to :author_with_address, :class_name => "Author", :foreign_key => :author_id, :include => :author_address
+  belongs_to :author_with_posts, -> { includes(:posts) }, :class_name => "Author", :foreign_key => :author_id
+  belongs_to :author_with_address, -> { includes(:author_address) }, :class_name => "Author", :foreign_key => :author_id
 
   def first_comment
     super.body
   end
-  has_one :first_comment, :class_name => 'Comment', :order => 'id ASC'
-  has_one :last_comment, :class_name => 'Comment', :order => 'id desc'
+  has_one :first_comment, -> { order('id ASC') }, :class_name => 'Comment'
+  has_one :last_comment, -> { order('id desc') }, :class_name => 'Comment'
 
-  scope :with_special_comments, :joins => :comments, :conditions => {:comments => {:type => 'SpecialComment'} }
-  scope :with_very_special_comments, joins(:comments).where(:comments => {:type => 'VerySpecialComment'})
-  scope :with_post, lambda {|post_id|
-    { :joins => :comments, :conditions => {:comments => {:post_id => post_id} } }
-  }
+  scope :with_special_comments, -> { joins(:comments).where(:comments => {:type => 'SpecialComment'}) }
+  scope :with_very_special_comments, -> { joins(:comments).where(:comments => {:type => 'VerySpecialComment'}) }
+  scope :with_post, ->(post_id) { joins(:comments).where(:comments => { :post_id => post_id }) }
 
   has_many   :comments do
     def find_most_recent
-      find(:first, :order => "id DESC")
+      scoped(:order => "id DESC").first
     end
 
     def newest
@@ -54,13 +47,14 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :author_categorizations, :through => :author, :source => :categorizations
   has_many :author_addresses, :through => :author
 
-  has_many :comments_with_interpolated_conditions, :class_name => 'Comment',
-    :conditions => proc { ["#{"#{aliased_table_name}." rescue ""}body = ?", 'Thank you for the welcome'] }
+  has_many :comments_with_interpolated_conditions,
+    ->(p) { where "#{"#{p.aliased_table_name}." rescue ""}body = ?", 'Thank you for the welcome' },
+    :class_name => 'Comment'
 
   has_one  :very_special_comment
-  has_one  :very_special_comment_with_post, :class_name => "VerySpecialComment", :include => :post
+  has_one  :very_special_comment_with_post, -> { includes(:post) }, :class_name => "VerySpecialComment"
   has_many :special_comments
-  has_many :nonexistant_comments, :class_name => 'Comment', :conditions => 'comments.id < 0'
+  has_many :nonexistant_comments, -> { where 'comments.id < 0' }, :class_name => 'Comment'
 
   has_many :special_comments_ratings, :through => :special_comments, :source => :ratings
   has_many :special_comments_ratings_taggings, :through => :special_comments_ratings, :source => :taggings
@@ -71,33 +65,29 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :taggings, :as => :taggable
   has_many :tags, :through => :taggings do
     def add_joins_and_select
-      find :all, :select => 'tags.*, authors.id as author_id',
-        :joins => 'left outer join posts on taggings.taggable_id = posts.id left outer join authors on posts.author_id = authors.id'
+      scoped(:select => 'tags.*, authors.id as author_id',
+        :joins => 'left outer join posts on taggings.taggable_id = posts.id left outer join authors on posts.author_id = authors.id').all
     end
   end
 
-  has_many :interpolated_taggings, :class_name => 'Tagging', :as => :taggable, :conditions => proc { "1 = #{1}" }
-  has_many :interpolated_tags, :through => :taggings
-  has_many :interpolated_tags_2, :through => :interpolated_taggings, :source => :tag
-
   has_many :taggings_with_delete_all, :class_name => 'Tagging', :as => :taggable, :dependent => :delete_all
   has_many :taggings_with_destroy, :class_name => 'Tagging', :as => :taggable, :dependent => :destroy
 
   has_many :tags_with_destroy, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag, :dependent => :destroy
   has_many :tags_with_nullify, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag, :dependent => :nullify
 
-  has_many :misc_tags, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag, :conditions => { :tags => { :name => 'Misc' } }
+  has_many :misc_tags, -> { where :tags => { :name => 'Misc' } }, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag
   has_many :funky_tags, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag
   has_many :super_tags, :through => :taggings
   has_many :tags_with_primary_key, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag_with_primary_key
   has_one :tagging, :as => :taggable
 
-  has_many :first_taggings, :as => :taggable, :class_name => 'Tagging', :conditions => { :taggings => { :comment => 'first' } }
-  has_many :first_blue_tags, :through => :first_taggings, :source => :tag, :conditions => { :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }
+  has_many :first_taggings, -> { where :taggings => { :comment => 'first' } }, :as => :taggable, :class_name => 'Tagging'
+  has_many :first_blue_tags, -> { where :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }, :through => :first_taggings, :source => :tag
 
-  has_many :first_blue_tags_2, :through => :taggings, :source => :blue_tag, :conditions => { :taggings => { :comment => 'first' } }
+  has_many :first_blue_tags_2, -> { where :taggings => { :comment => 'first' } }, :through => :taggings, :source => :blue_tag
 
-  has_many :invalid_taggings, :as => :taggable, :class_name => "Tagging", :conditions => 'taggings.id < 0'
+  has_many :invalid_taggings, -> { where 'taggings.id < 0' }, :as => :taggable, :class_name => "Tagging"
   has_many :invalid_tags, :through => :invalid_taggings, :source => :tag
 
   has_many :categorizations, :foreign_key => :category_id
@@ -116,7 +106,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :readers
   has_many :secure_readers
-  has_many :readers_with_person, :include => :person, :class_name => "Reader"
+  has_many :readers_with_person, -> { includes(:person) }, :class_name => "Reader"
   has_many :people, :through => :readers
   has_many :secure_people, :through => :secure_readers
   has_many :single_people, :through => :readers
@@ -125,7 +115,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
               :after_add     => lambda {|owner, reader| log(:added,   :after,  reader.first_name) },
               :before_remove => lambda {|owner, reader| log(:removed, :before, reader.first_name) },
               :after_remove  => lambda {|owner, reader| log(:removed, :after,  reader.first_name) }
-  has_many :skimmers, :class_name => 'Reader', :conditions => { :skimmer => true }
+  has_many :skimmers, -> { where :skimmer => true }, :class_name => 'Reader'
   has_many :impatient_people, :through => :skimmers, :source => :person
 
   def self.top(limit)
@@ -171,7 +161,7 @@ end
 
 class FirstPost < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
-  default_scope where(:id => 1)
+  default_scope { where(:id => 1) }
 
   has_many :comments, :foreign_key => :post_id
   has_one  :comment,  :foreign_key => :post_id
@@ -179,16 +169,16 @@ end
 
 class PostWithDefaultInclude < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
-  default_scope includes(:comments)
+  default_scope { includes(:comments) }
   has_many :comments, :foreign_key => :post_id
 end
 
 class PostWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
-  default_scope :order => :title
+  default_scope { order(:title) }
 end
 
 class SpecialPostWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
-  default_scope where(:id => [1, 5,6])
+  default_scope { where(:id => [1, 5,6]) }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
index efe1ce67da..c31750688b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,17 @@
 class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, :uniq => true, :order => 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :readonly_developers, :class_name => "Developer", :readonly => true
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :selected_developers, :class_name => "Developer", :select => "developers.*", :uniq => true
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :non_unique_developers, :order => 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc', :class_name => 'Developer'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :limited_developers, :class_name => "Developer", :limit => 1
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_named_david, :class_name => "Developer", :conditions => "name = 'David'", :uniq => true
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_named_david_with_hash_conditions, :class_name => "Developer", :conditions => { :name => 'David' }, :uniq => true
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :salaried_developers, :class_name => "Developer", :conditions => "salary > 0"
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_finder_sql, :class_name => "Developer", :finder_sql => proc { "SELECT t.*, j.* FROM developers_projects j, developers t WHERE t.id = j.developer_id AND j.project_id = #{id} ORDER BY t.id" }
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_multiline_finder_sql, :class_name => "Developer", :finder_sql => proc {
-    "SELECT
-       t.*, j.*
-     FROM
-       developers_projects j,
-       developers t WHERE t.id = j.developer_id AND j.project_id = #{id} ORDER BY t.id"
-  }
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_by_sql, :class_name => "Developer", :delete_sql => proc { |record| "DELETE FROM developers_projects WHERE project_id = #{id} AND developer_id = #{record.id}" }
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, -> { uniq.order 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc' }
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :readonly_developers, -> { readonly }, :class_name => "Developer"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :selected_developers, -> { uniq.select "developers.*" }, :class_name => "Developer"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :non_unique_developers, -> { order 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc' }, :class_name => 'Developer'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :limited_developers, -> { limit 1 }, :class_name => "Developer"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_named_david, -> { where("name = 'David'").uniq }, :class_name => "Developer"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_named_david_with_hash_conditions, -> { where(:name => 'David').uniq }, :class_name => "Developer"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :salaried_developers, -> { where "salary > 0" }, :class_name => "Developer"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_callbacks, :class_name => "Developer", :before_add => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "before_adding#{r.id || '<new>'}"},
                             :after_add => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "after_adding#{r.id || '<new>'}"},
                             :before_remove => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "before_removing#{r.id}"},
                             :after_remove => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "after_removing#{r.id}"}
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :well_payed_salary_groups, :class_name => "Developer", :group => "developers.salary", :having => "SUM(salary) > 10000", :select => "SUM(salary) as salary"
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :well_payed_salary_groups, -> { group("developers.salary").having("SUM(salary) > 10000").select("SUM(salary) as salary") }, :class_name => "Developer"
 
   attr_accessor :developers_log
   after_initialize :set_developers_log
@@ -32,7 +23,7 @@ class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
   def self.all_as_method
     all
   end
-  scope :all_as_scope, {}
+  scope :all_as_scope, -> { scoped }
 end
 
 class SpecialProject < Project
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
index c5af0b5d5f..561b431766 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@ end
 
 class BadReference < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'references'
-  default_scope where(:favourite => false)
+  default_scope { where(:favourite => false) }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
index 6adfe0ae3c..53bc95e5f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'models/topic'
 
 class Reply < Topic
-  scope :base
+  scope :base, -> { scoped }
 
   belongs_to :topic, :foreign_key => "parent_id", :counter_cache => true
   belongs_to :topic_with_primary_key, :class_name => "Topic", :primary_key => "title", :foreign_key => "parent_title", :counter_cache => "replies_count"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/sponsor.rb b/activerecord/test/models/sponsor.rb
index aa4a3638fd..ec3dcf8a97 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/sponsor.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/sponsor.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ class Sponsor < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :sponsor_club, :class_name => "Club", :foreign_key => "club_id"
   belongs_to :sponsorable, :polymorphic => true
   belongs_to :thing, :polymorphic => true, :foreign_type => :sponsorable_type, :foreign_key => :sponsorable_id
-  belongs_to :sponsorable_with_conditions, :polymorphic => true,
-             :foreign_type => 'sponsorable_type', :foreign_key => 'sponsorable_id', :conditions => {:name => 'Ernie'}
+  belongs_to :sponsorable_with_conditions, -> { where :name => 'Ernie'}, :polymorphic => true,
+             :foreign_type => 'sponsorable_type', :foreign_key => 'sponsorable_id'
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
index ef323df158..f91f2ad2e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@ module Taggable
 end
 
 class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :tag, :include => :tagging
+  belongs_to :tag, -> { includes(:tagging) }
   belongs_to :super_tag,   :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => 'super_tag_id'
   belongs_to :invalid_tag, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => 'tag_id'
-  belongs_to :blue_tag,    :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id, :conditions => { :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }
+  belongs_to :blue_tag, -> { where :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id
   belongs_to :tag_with_primary_key, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id, :primary_key => :custom_primary_key
-  belongs_to :interpolated_tag, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id, :conditions => proc { "1 = #{1}" }
   belongs_to :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :counter_cache => true
   has_many :things, :through => :taggable
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
index 8bcb9df8a8..fb27c9d4f0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
 class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
-  scope :base
+  scope :base, -> { scoped }
   scope :written_before, lambda { |time|
     if time
-      { :conditions => ['written_on < ?', time] }
+      where 'written_on < ?', time
     end
   }
-  scope :approved, :conditions => {:approved => true}
-  scope :rejected, :conditions => {:approved => false}
+  scope :approved, -> { where(:approved => true) }
+  scope :rejected, -> { where(:approved => false) }
 
   scope :scope_with_lambda, lambda { scoped }
 
-  scope :by_lifo, :conditions => {:author_name => 'lifo'}
+  scope :by_lifo, -> { where(:author_name => 'lifo') }
+  scope :replied, -> { where 'replies_count > 0' }
 
-  scope :approved_as_hash_condition, :conditions => {:topics => {:approved => true}}
-  scope 'approved_as_string', :conditions => {:approved => true}
-  scope :replied, :conditions => ['replies_count > 0']
-  scope :anonymous_extension do
+  scope 'approved_as_string', -> { where(:approved => true) }
+  scope :anonymous_extension, -> { scoped } do
     def one
       1
     end
@@ -32,18 +31,6 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
       2
     end
   end
-  module MultipleExtensionOne
-    def extension_one
-      1
-    end
-  end
-  module MultipleExtensionTwo
-    def extension_two
-      2
-    end
-  end
-  scope :named_extension, :extend => NamedExtension
-  scope :multiple_extensions, :extend => [MultipleExtensionTwo, MultipleExtensionOne]
 
   has_many :replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
   has_many :replies_with_primary_key, :class_name => "Reply", :dependent => :destroy, :primary_key => "title", :foreign_key => "parent_title"
@@ -71,6 +58,8 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
     id
   end
 
+  alias_attribute :heading, :title
+
   before_validation :before_validation_for_transaction
   before_save :before_save_for_transaction
   before_destroy :before_destroy_for_transaction
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/toy.rb b/activerecord/test/models/toy.rb
index 0377e50011..ddc7048a56 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/toy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/toy.rb
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ class Toy < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :toy_id
   belongs_to :pet
 
-  scope :with_pet, joins(:pet)
+  scope :with_pet, -> { joins(:pet) }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb b/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
index 184ab1649e..50c824e4ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class WithoutTable < ActiveRecord::Base
-  default_scope where(:published => true)
+  default_scope -> { where(:published => true) }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
index 65b6f9f227..24a43d7ece 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
@@ -32,4 +32,13 @@ CREATE TABLE collation_tests (
 ) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci
 SQL
 
+  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS enum_tests;
+SQL
+
+  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+CREATE TABLE enum_tests (
+  enum_column ENUM('true','false')
+)
+SQL
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql_specific_schema.rb
index 7d324f98c4..802c08b819 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql_specific_schema.rb
@@ -43,4 +43,14 @@ CREATE TABLE collation_tests (
 ) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci
 SQL
 
+  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS enum_tests;
+SQL
+
+  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+CREATE TABLE enum_tests (
+  enum_column ENUM('true','false')
+)
+SQL
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
index 25b416a906..5f01f1fc50 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
-  %w(postgresql_tsvectors postgresql_hstores postgresql_arrays postgresql_moneys postgresql_numbers postgresql_times postgresql_network_addresses postgresql_bit_strings
-      postgresql_oids postgresql_xml_data_type defaults geometrics postgresql_timestamp_with_zones).each do |table_name|
-    execute "DROP TABLE  IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name table_name}"
+  %w(postgresql_tsvectors postgresql_hstores postgresql_arrays postgresql_moneys postgresql_numbers postgresql_times postgresql_network_addresses postgresql_bit_strings postgresql_uuids
+      postgresql_oids postgresql_xml_data_type defaults geometrics postgresql_timestamp_with_zones postgresql_partitioned_table postgresql_partitioned_table_parent).each do |table_name|
+    execute "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name table_name}"
   end
 
   execute 'DROP SEQUENCE IF EXISTS companies_nonstd_seq CASCADE'
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   execute "ALTER TABLE companies ALTER COLUMN id SET DEFAULT nextval('companies_nonstd_seq')"
   execute 'DROP SEQUENCE IF EXISTS companies_id_seq'
 
+  execute 'DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS partitioned_insert_trigger()'
+
   %w(accounts_id_seq developers_id_seq projects_id_seq topics_id_seq customers_id_seq orders_id_seq).each do |seq_name|
     execute "SELECT setval('#{seq_name}', 100)"
   end
@@ -57,6 +59,14 @@ _SQL
 _SQL
 
   execute <<_SQL
+  CREATE TABLE postgresql_uuids (
+    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    guid uuid,
+    compact_guid uuid
+  );
+_SQL
+
+  execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE postgresql_tsvectors (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
     text_vector tsvector
@@ -125,6 +135,37 @@ _SQL
   );
 _SQL
 
+begin
+    execute <<_SQL
+    CREATE TABLE postgresql_partitioned_table_parent (
+      id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+      number integer
+    );
+    CREATE TABLE postgresql_partitioned_table ( )
+      INHERITS (postgresql_partitioned_table_parent);
+
+    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION partitioned_insert_trigger()
+    RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+    BEGIN
+      INSERT INTO postgresql_partitioned_table VALUES (NEW.*);
+      RETURN NULL;
+    END;
+    $$
+    LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+    CREATE TRIGGER insert_partitioning_trigger
+      BEFORE INSERT ON postgresql_partitioned_table_parent
+      FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE partitioned_insert_trigger();
+_SQL
+rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
+  if e.message =~ /language "plpgsql" does not exist/
+    execute "CREATE LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';"
+    retry
+  else
+    raise e
+  end
+end
+
   begin
     execute <<_SQL
     CREATE TABLE postgresql_xml_data_type (
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index 428a85ab4e..8165d09df7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -37,8 +37,12 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :admin_users, :force => true do |t|
     t.string :name
-    t.text :settings, :null => true
-    t.text :preferences, :null => false, :default => ""
+    t.string :settings, :null => true, :limit => 1024
+    # MySQL does not allow default values for blobs. Fake it out with a
+    # big varchar below.
+    t.string :preferences, :null => false, :default => '', :limit => 1024
+    t.string :json_data, :null => true, :limit => 1024
+    t.string :json_data_empty, :null => false, :default => "", :limit => 1024
     t.references :account
   end
 
@@ -76,6 +80,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :binaries, :force => true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.binary :data
+    t.binary :short_data, :limit => 2048
   end
 
   create_table :birds, :force => true do |t|
@@ -91,6 +96,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :booleans, :force => true do |t|
     t.boolean :value
+    t.boolean :has_fun, :null => false, :default => false
   end
 
   create_table :bulbs, :force => true do |t|
@@ -172,6 +178,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :client_of
     t.integer :rating, :default => 1
     t.integer :account_id
+    t.string :description, :default => ""
   end
 
   add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type, :rating, :ruby_type], :name => "company_index"
@@ -354,6 +361,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :extra_data
   end
 
+  create_table :member_friends, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+    t.integer :member_id
+    t.integer :friend_id
+  end
+
   create_table :memberships, :force => true do |t|
     t.datetime :joined_on
     t.integer :club_id, :member_id
@@ -438,6 +450,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :parrots, :force => true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
+    t.column :color, :string
     t.column :parrot_sti_class, :string
     t.column :killer_id, :integer
     t.column :created_at, :datetime
@@ -468,6 +481,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.timestamps
   end
 
+  create_table :peoples_treasures, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+    t.column :rich_person_id, :integer
+    t.column :treasure_id, :integer
+  end
+
   create_table :pets, :primary_key => :pet_id ,:force => true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :owner_id, :integer
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
index ea05b35fe0..e9ddeb32cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
-  # For sqlite 3.1.0+, make a table with a autoincrement column
+  # For sqlite 3.1.0+, make a table with an autoincrement column
   if supports_autoincrement?
     create_table :table_with_autoincrement, :force => true do |t|
       t.column :name, :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
index 11154c3797..c176316a05 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ARTest
   end
 
   def self.connect
-    puts "Using #{connection_name} with Identity Map #{ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 'on' : 'off'}"
+    puts "Using #{connection_name}"
     ActiveRecord::Model.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new("debug.log")
     ActiveRecord::Model.configurations = connection_config
     ActiveRecord::Model.establish_connection 'arunit'
diff --git a/activeresource/CHANGELOG.md b/activeresource/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f305c3fd4a..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,385 +0,0 @@
-## Rails 4.0.0 (unreleased) ##
-
-* Adds support for PATCH requests. *dlee*
-
-
-## Rails 3.2.1 (January 26, 2012) ##
-
-*   Documentation fixes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.2.0 (January 20, 2012) ##
-
-*   Redirect responses: 303 See Other and 307 Temporary Redirect now behave like
-    301 Moved Permanently and 302 Found.  GH #3302.
-
-    *Jim Herz*
-
-
-## Rails 3.1.4 (March 1, 2012) ##
-
-*   No changes
-
-
-## Rails 3.1.3 (November 20, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes
-
-
-## Rails 3.1.2 (November 18, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes
-
-
-## Rails 3.1.1 (October 7, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.1.0 (August 30, 2011) ##
-
-*   The default format has been changed to JSON for all requests. If you want to continue to use XML you will need to set `self.format = :xml` in the class. eg.
-
-    class User < ActiveResource::Base    self.format = :xml
-    end
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.12 (March 1, 2012) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.11 (November 18, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.10 (August 16, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.9 (June 16, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.8 (June 7, 2011) ##
-
-*   No Changes
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.7 (April 18, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.6 (April 5, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.5 (February 26, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.4 (February 8, 2011) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.3 (November 16, 2010) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.2 (November 15, 2010) ##
-
-*   No changes
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.1 (October 15, 2010) ##
-
-*   No Changes, just a version bump.
-
-
-## Rails 3.0.0 (August 29, 2010) ##
-
-*   JSON: set Base.include_root_in_json = true to include a root value in the JSON: {"post": {"title": ...}}. Mirrors the Active Record option.  *Santiago Pastorino*
-
-*   Add support for errors in JSON format.  #1956 *Fabien Jakimowicz*
-
-*   Recognizes 410 as Resource Gone. #2316 *Jordan Brough, Jatinder Singh*
-
-*   More thorough SSL support.  #2370 *Roy Nicholson*
-
-*   HTTP proxy support.  #2133 *Marshall Huss, Sébastien Dabet*
-
-
-## 2.3.2 Final (March 15, 2009) ##
-
-*   Nothing new, just included in 2.3.2
-
-
-## 2.2.1 RC2 (November 14th, 2008) ##
-
-*   Fixed that ActiveResource#post would post an empty string when it shouldn't be posting anything #525 *Paolo Angelini*
-
-
-## 2.2.0 RC1 (October 24th, 2008) ##
-
-*   Add ActiveResource::Base#to_xml and ActiveResource::Base#to_json. #1011 *Rasik Pandey, Cody Fauser*
-
-*   Add ActiveResource::Base.find(:last). [#754 state:resolved] (Adrian Mugnolo)
-
-*   Fixed problems with the logger used if the logging string included %'s [#840 state:resolved] (Jamis Buck)
-
-*   Fixed Base#exists? to check status code as integer [#299 state:resolved] (Wes Oldenbeuving)
-
-
-## 2.1.0 (May 31st, 2008) ##
-
-*   Fixed response logging to use length instead of the entire thing (seangeo) *#27*
-
-*   Fixed that to_param should be used and honored instead of hardcoding the id #11406 *gspiers*
-
-*   Improve documentation. *Ryan Bigg, Jan De Poorter, Cheah Chu Yeow, Xavier Shay, Jack Danger Canty, Emilio Tagua, Xavier Noria,  Sunny Ripert*
-
-*   Use HEAD instead of GET in exists? *bscofield*
-
-*   Fix small documentation typo.  Closes #10670 *Luca Guidi*
-
-*   find_or_create_resource_for handles module nesting.  #10646 *xavier*
-
-*   Allow setting ActiveResource::Base#format before #site.  *Rick Olson*
-
-*   Support agnostic formats when calling custom methods.  Closes #10635 *joerichsen*
-
-*   Document custom methods.  #10589 *Cheah Chu Yeow*
-
-*   Ruby 1.9 compatibility.  *Jeremy Kemper*
-
-
-## 2.0.2 (December 16th, 2007) ##
-
-*   Added more specific exceptions for 400, 401, and 403 (all descending from ClientError so existing rescues will work) #10326 *trek*
-
-*   Correct empty response handling.  #10445 *seangeo*
-
-
-## 2.0.1 (December 7th, 2007) ##
-
-*   Don't cache net/http object so that ActiveResource is more thread-safe.  Closes #10142 *kou*
-
-*   Update XML documentation examples to include explicit type attributes. Closes #9754 *Josh Susser*
-
-*   Added one-off declarations of mock behavior [David Heinemeier Hansson]. Example:
-
-        Before:
-          ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-            mock.get "/people/1.xml", {}, "<person><name>David</name></person>"
-          end
-
-        Now:
-          ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people/1.xml", {}, "<person><name>David</name></person>"
-
-*   Added ActiveResource.format= which defaults to :xml but can also be set to :json [David Heinemeier Hansson]. Example:
-
-        class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-          self.site   = "http://app/"
-          self.format = :json
-        end
-
-        person = Person.find(1) # => GET http://app/people/1.json
-        person.name = "David"
-        person.save             # => PUT http://app/people/1.json {name: "David"}
-
-        Person.format = :xml
-        person.name = "Mary"
-        person.save             # => PUT http://app/people/1.json <person><name>Mary</name></person>
-
-*   Fix reload error when path prefix is used.  #8727 *Ian Warshak*
-
-*   Remove ActiveResource::Struct because it hasn't proven very useful. Creating a new ActiveResource::Base subclass is often less code and always clearer.  #8612 *Josh Peek*
-
-*   Fix query methods on resources. *Cody Fauser*
-
-*   pass the prefix_options to the instantiated record when using find without a specific id. Closes #8544 *Eloy Duran*
-
-*   Recognize and raise an exception on 405 Method Not Allowed responses.  #7692 *Josh Peek*
-
-*   Handle string and symbol param keys when splitting params into prefix params and query params.
-
-        Comment.find(:all, :params => { :article_id => 5, :page => 2 }) or Comment.find(:all, :params => { 'article_id' => 5, :page => 2 })
-
-*   Added find-one with symbol [David Heinemeier Hansson]. Example: Person.find(:one, :from => :leader) # => GET /people/leader.xml
-
-*   BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Changed the finder API to be more extensible with :params and more strict usage of scopes [David Heinemeier Hansson]. Changes:
-
-        Person.find(:all, :title => "CEO")      ...becomes: Person.find(:all, :params => { :title => "CEO" })
-        Person.find(:managers)                  ...becomes: Person.find(:all, :from => :managers)
-        Person.find("/companies/1/manager.xml") ...becomes: Person.find(:one, :from => "/companies/1/manager.xml")
-
-*   Add support for setting custom headers per Active Resource model *Rick Olson*
-
-    class Project
-        headers['X-Token'] = 'foo'
-    end
-
-    \# makes the GET request with the custom X-Token header
-    Project.find(:all)
-
-*   Added find-by-path options to ActiveResource::Base.find [David Heinemeier Hansson]. Examples:
-
-        employees = Person.find(:all, :from => "/companies/1/people.xml") # => GET /companies/1/people.xml
-        manager   = Person.find("/companies/1/manager.xml")               # => GET /companies/1/manager.xml
-
-
-*   Added support for using classes from within a single nested module [David Heinemeier Hansson]. Example:
-
-        module Highrise
-          class Note < ActiveResource::Base
-            self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-          end
-
-          class Comment < ActiveResource::Base
-            self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-          end
-        end
-
-    assert_kind_of Highrise::Comment, Note.find(1).comments.first
-
-
-*   Added load_attributes_from_response as a way of loading attributes from other responses than just create *David Heinemeier Hansson*
-
-        class Highrise::Task < ActiveResource::Base
-          def complete
-            load_attributes_from_response(post(:complete))
-          end
-        end
-
-    ...will set "done_at" when complete is called.
-
-
-*   Added support for calling custom methods #6979 *rwdaigle*
-
-        Person.find(:managers)    # => GET /people/managers.xml
-        Kase.find(1).post(:close) # => POST /kases/1/close.xml
-
-*   Remove explicit prefix_options parameter for ActiveResource::Base#initialize. *Rick Olson*
-    ActiveResource splits the prefix_options from it automatically.
-
-*   Allow ActiveResource::Base.delete with custom prefix. *Rick Olson*
-
-*   Add ActiveResource::Base#dup *Rick Olson*
-
-*   Fixed constant warning when fetching the same object multiple times *David Heinemeier Hansson*
-
-*   Added that saves which get a body response (and not just a 201) will use that response to update themselves *David Heinemeier Hansson*
-
-*   Disregard namespaces from the default element name, so Highrise::Person will just try to fetch from "/people", not "/highrise/people" *David Heinemeier Hansson*
-
-*   Allow array and hash query parameters.  #7756 *Greg Spurrier*
-
-*   Loading a resource preserves its prefix_options.  #7353 *Ryan Daigle*
-
-*   Carry over the convenience of #create from ActiveRecord.  Closes #7340.  *Ryan Daigle*
-
-*   Increase ActiveResource::Base test coverage.  Closes #7173, #7174 *Rich Collins*
-
-*   Interpret 422 Unprocessable Entity as ResourceInvalid.  #7097 *dkubb*
-
-*   Mega documentation patches. #7025, #7069 *rwdaigle*
-
-*   Base.exists?(id, options) and Base#exists? check whether the resource is found.  #6970 *rwdaigle*
-
-*   Query string support.  *untext, Jeremy Kemper*
-        # GET /forums/1/topics.xml?sort=created_at
-        Topic.find(:all, :forum_id => 1, :sort => 'created_at')
-
-*   Base#==, eql?, and hash methods. == returns true if its argument is identical to self or if it's an instance of the same class, is not new?, and has the same id. eql? is an alias for ==. hash delegates to id.  *Jeremy Kemper*
-
-*   Allow subclassed resources to share the site info *Rick Olson, Jeremy Kemper*
-    d        class BeastResource < ActiveResource::Base
-          self.site = 'http://beast.caboo.se'
-        end
-
-        class Forum < BeastResource
-          # taken from BeastResource
-          # self.site = 'http://beast.caboo.se'
-        end
-
-        class Topic < BeastResource
-          self.site += '/forums/:forum_id'
-        end
-
-*   Fix issues with ActiveResource collection handling.  Closes #6291. *bmilekic*
-
-*   Use attr_accessor_with_default to dry up attribute initialization. References #6538. *Stuart Halloway*
-
-*   Add basic logging support for logging outgoing requests. *Jamis Buck*
-
-*   Add Base.delete for deleting resources without having to instantiate them first. *Jamis Buck*
-
-*   Make #save behavior mimic AR::Base#save (true on success, false on failure). *Jamis Buck*
-
-*   Add Basic HTTP Authentication to ActiveResource (closes #6305). *jonathan*
-
-*   Extracted #id_from_response as an entry point for customizing how a created resource gets its own ID.
-    By default, it extracts from the Location response header.
-
-*   Optimistic locking: raise ActiveResource::ResourceConflict on 409 Conflict response. *Jeremy Kemper*
-
-        # Example controller action
-        def update
-          @person.save!
-        rescue ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError
-          render :xml => @person.reload.to_xml, :status => '409 Conflict'
-        end
-
-*   Basic validation support *Rick Olson*
-
-    Parses the xml response of ActiveRecord::Errors#to_xml with a similar interface to ActiveRecord::Errors.
-
-        render :xml => @person.errors.to_xml, :status => '400 Validation Error'
-
-*   Deep hashes are converted into collections of resources.  *Jeremy Kemper*
-        Person.new :name => 'Bob',
-                   :address => { :id => 1, :city => 'Portland' },
-                   :contacts => [{ :id => 1 }, { :id => 2 }]
-    Looks for Address and Contact resources and creates them if unavailable.
-    So clients can fetch a complex resource in a single request if you e.g.
-        render :xml => @person.to_xml(:include => [:address, :contacts])
-    in your controller action.
-
-*   Major updates *Rick Olson*
-
-    * Add full support for find/create/update/destroy
-    * Add support for specifying prefixes.
-    * Allow overriding of element_name, collection_name, and primary key
-    * Provide simpler HTTP mock interface for testing
-
-        # rails routing code
-        map.resources :posts do |post|
-          post.resources :comments
-        end
-
-        # ActiveResources
-        class Post < ActiveResource::Base
-          self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000/"
-        end
-
-        class Comment < ActiveResource::Base
-          self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000/posts/:post_id/"
-        end
-
-        @post     = Post.find 5
-        @comments = Comment.find :all, :post_id => @post.id
-
-        @comment  = Comment.new({:body => 'hello world'}, {:post_id => @post.id})
-        @comment.save
-
-*   Base.site= accepts URIs. 200...400 are valid response codes. PUT and POST request bodies default to ''. *Jeremy Kemper*
-
-*   Initial checkin: object-oriented client for restful HTTP resources which follow the Rails convention. *David Heinemeier Hansson*
diff --git a/activeresource/MIT-LICENSE b/activeresource/MIT-LICENSE
deleted file mode 100644
index 187e748f83..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/MIT-LICENSE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-Copyright (c) 2006-2012 David Heinemeier Hansson
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activeresource/README.rdoc b/activeresource/README.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index 8170f29973..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/README.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-= Active Resource
-
-Active Resource (ARes) connects business objects and Representational State Transfer (REST)
-web services.  It implements object-relational mapping for REST web services to provide transparent
-proxying capabilities between a client (ActiveResource) and a RESTful service (which is provided by Simply RESTful routing
-in ActionController::Resources).
-
-== Philosophy
-
-Active Resource attempts to provide a coherent wrapper object-relational mapping for REST
-web services. It follows the same philosophy as Active Record, in that one of its prime aims
-is to reduce the amount of code needed to map to these resources.  This is made possible
-by relying on a number of code- and protocol-based conventions that make it easy for Active Resource
-to infer complex relations and structures.  These conventions are outlined in detail in the documentation
-for ActiveResource::Base.
-
-== Overview
-
-Model classes are mapped to remote REST resources by Active Resource much the same way Active Record maps model classes to database
-tables.  When a request is made to a remote resource, a REST XML request is generated, transmitted, and the result
-received and serialized into a usable Ruby object.
-
-== Download and installation
-
-The latest version of Active Support can be installed with RubyGems:
-
-  % [sudo] gem install activeresource
-
-Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
-
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/master/activeresource
-
-=== Configuration and Usage
-
-Putting Active Resource to use is very similar to Active Record.  It's as simple as creating a model class
-that inherits from ActiveResource::Base and providing a <tt>site</tt> class variable to it:
-
-   class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-     self.site = "http://api.people.com:3000"
-   end
-
-Now the Person class is REST enabled and can invoke REST services very similarly to how Active Record invokes
-life cycle methods that operate against a persistent store.
-
-   # Find a person with id = 1
-   ryan = Person.find(1)
-   Person.exists?(1)  # => true
-
-As you can see, the methods are quite similar to Active Record's methods for dealing with database
-records.  But rather than dealing directly with a database record, you're dealing with HTTP resources (which may or may not be database records).
-
-==== Protocol
-
-Active Resource is built on a standard XML format for requesting and submitting resources over HTTP.  It mirrors the RESTful routing
-built into Action Controller but will also work with any other REST service that properly implements the protocol.
-REST uses HTTP, but unlike "typical" web applications, it makes use of all the verbs available in the HTTP specification:
-
-* GET requests are used for finding and retrieving resources.
-* POST requests are used to create new resources.
-* PUT requests are used to update existing resources.
-* DELETE requests are used to delete resources.
-
-For more information on how this protocol works with Active Resource, see the ActiveResource::Base documentation;
-for more general information on REST web services, see the article here[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer].
-
-==== Find
-
-Find requests use the GET method and expect the XML form of whatever resource/resources is/are being requested.  So,
-for a request for a single element, the XML of that item is expected in response:
-
-   # Expects a response of
-   #
-   # <person><id type="integer">1</id><attribute1>value1</attribute1><attribute2>..</attribute2></person>
-   #
-   # for GET http://api.people.com:3000/people/1.xml
-   #
-   ryan = Person.find(1)
-
-The XML document that is received is used to build a new object of type Person, with each
-XML element becoming an attribute on the object.
-
-   ryan.is_a? Person  # => true
-   ryan.attribute1  # => 'value1'
-
-Any complex element (one that contains other elements) becomes its own object:
-
-   # With this response:
-   #
-   # <person><id>1</id><attribute1>value1</attribute1><complex><attribute2>value2</attribute2></complex></person>
-   #
-   # for GET http://api.people.com:3000/people/1.xml
-   #
-   ryan = Person.find(1)
-   ryan.complex  # => <Person::Complex::xxxxx>
-   ryan.complex.attribute2  # => 'value2'
-
-Collections can also be requested in a similar fashion
-
-   # Expects a response of
-   #
-   # <people type="array">
-   #  <person><id type="integer">1</id><first>Ryan</first></person>
-   #  <person><id type="integer">2</id><first>Jim</first></person>
-   # </people>
-   #
-   # for GET http://api.people.com:3000/people.xml
-   #
-   people = Person.all
-   people.first  # => <Person::xxx 'first' => 'Ryan' ...>
-   people.last  # => <Person::xxx 'first' => 'Jim' ...>
-
-==== Create
-
-Creating a new resource submits the XML form of the resource as the body of the request and expects
-a 'Location' header in the response with the RESTful URL location of the newly created resource.  The
-id of the newly created resource is parsed out of the Location response header and automatically set
-as the id of the ARes object.
-
-  # <person><first>Ryan</first></person>
-  #
-  # is submitted as the body on
-  #
-  # POST http://api.people.com:3000/people.xml
-  #
-  # when save is called on a new Person object.  An empty response is
-  # is expected with a 'Location' header value:
-  #
-  # Response (201): Location: http://api.people.com:3000/people/2
-  #
-  ryan = Person.new(:first => 'Ryan')
-  ryan.new?  # => true
-  ryan.save  # => true
-  ryan.new?  # => false
-  ryan.id    # => 2
-
-==== Update
-
-'save' is also used to update an existing resource and follows the same protocol as creating a resource
-with the exception that no response headers are needed -- just an empty response when the update on the
-server side was successful.
-
-  # <person><first>Ryan</first></person>
-  #
-  # is submitted as the body on
-  #
-  # PUT http://api.people.com:3000/people/1.xml
-  #
-  # when save is called on an existing Person object.  An empty response is
-  # is expected with code (204)
-  #
-  ryan = Person.find(1)
-  ryan.first # => 'Ryan'
-  ryan.first = 'Rizzle'
-  ryan.save  # => true
-
-==== Delete
-
-Destruction of a resource can be invoked as a class and instance method of the resource.
-
-  # A request is made to
-  #
-  # DELETE http://api.people.com:3000/people/1.xml
-  #
-  # for both of these forms.  An empty response with
-  # is expected with response code (200)
-  #
-  ryan = Person.find(1)
-  ryan.destroy  # => true
-  ryan.exists?  # => false
-  Person.delete(2)  # => true
-  Person.exists?(2) # => false
-
-== License
-
-Active Support is released under the MIT license:
-
-* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-
-== Support
-
-API documentation is at
-
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
-
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
-
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
-
-You can find more usage information in the ActiveResource::Base documentation.
diff --git a/activeresource/Rakefile b/activeresource/Rakefile
deleted file mode 100755
index b85d8c7eb5..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/Rakefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rake
-require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rake/packagetask'
-require 'rubygems/package_task'
-
-desc "Default Task"
-task :default => [ :test ]
-
-# Run the unit tests
-
-Rake::TestTask.new { |t|
-  t.libs << "test"
-  t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
-  t.warning = true
-  t.verbose = true
-}
-
-namespace :test do
-  task :isolated do
-    ruby = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at('bindir', 'RUBY_INSTALL_NAME'))
-    activesupport_path = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../activesupport/lib"
-    Dir.glob("test/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
-      sh(ruby, '-w', "-Ilib:test:#{activesupport_path}", file)
-    end or raise "Failures"
-  end
-end
-
-spec = eval(File.read('activeresource.gemspec'))
-
-Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
-  p.gem_spec = spec
-end
-
-task :lines do
-  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
-
-  FileList["lib/active_resource/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
-    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
-    f = File.open(file_name)
-
-    while line = f.gets
-      lines += 1
-      next if line =~ /^\s*$/
-      next if line =~ /^\s*#/
-      codelines += 1
-    end
-    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
-
-    total_lines     += lines
-    total_codelines += codelines
-
-    lines, codelines = 0, 0
-  end
-
-  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
-end
-
-
-# Publishing ------------------------------------------------------
-
-desc "Release to gemcutter"
-task :release => :package do
-  require 'rake/gemcutter'
-  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
-  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/activeresource.gemspec b/activeresource/activeresource.gemspec
deleted file mode 100644
index ae1972a7d7..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/activeresource.gemspec
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-version = File.read(File.expand_path("../../RAILS_VERSION", __FILE__)).strip
-
-Gem::Specification.new do |s|
-  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
-  s.name        = 'activeresource'
-  s.version     = version
-  s.summary     = 'REST modeling framework (part of Rails).'
-  s.description = 'REST on Rails. Wrap your RESTful web app with Ruby classes and work with them like Active Record models.'
-
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
-
-  s.author            = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
-  s.email             = 'david@loudthinking.com'
-  s.homepage          = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
-
-  s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'MIT-LICENSE', 'README.rdoc', 'examples/**/*', 'lib/**/*']
-  s.require_path = 'lib'
-
-  s.extra_rdoc_files = %w( README.rdoc )
-  s.rdoc_options.concat ['--main',  'README.rdoc']
-
-  s.add_dependency('activesupport', version)
-  s.add_dependency('activemodel',   version)
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/examples/performance.rb b/activeresource/examples/performance.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e4df7a38a4..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/examples/performance.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'active_resource'
-require 'benchmark'
-
-TIMES = (ENV['N'] || 10_000).to_i
-
-# deep nested resource
-attrs = {
-  :id => 1,
-  :name => 'Luis',
-  :age => 21,
-  :friends => [
-    {
-      :name => 'JK',
-      :age => 24,
-      :colors => ['red', 'green', 'blue'],
-      :brothers => [
-        {
-          :name => 'Mateo',
-          :age => 35,
-          :children => [{ :name => 'Edith', :age => 5 }, { :name => 'Martha', :age => 4 }]
-        },
-        {
-          :name => 'Felipe',
-          :age => 33,
-          :children => [{ :name => 'Bryan', :age => 1 }, { :name => 'Luke', :age => 0 }]
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    {
-      :name => 'Eduardo',
-      :age => 20,
-      :colors => [],
-      :brothers => [
-        {
-          :name => 'Sebas',
-          :age => 23,
-          :children => [{ :name => 'Andres', :age => 0 }, { :name => 'Jorge', :age => 2 }]
-        },
-        {
-          :name => 'Elsa',
-          :age => 19,
-          :children => [{ :name => 'Natacha', :age => 1 }]
-        },
-        {
-          :name => 'Milena',
-          :age => 16,
-          :children => []
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
-}
-
-class Customer < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-end
-
-module Nested
-  class Customer < ActiveResource::Base
-    self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-  end
-end
-
-Benchmark.bm(40) do |x|
-  x.report('Model.new (instantiation)')              { TIMES.times { Customer.new } }
-  x.report('Nested::Model.new (instantiation)')      { TIMES.times { Nested::Customer.new } }
-  x.report('Model.new (setting attributes)')         { TIMES.times { Customer.new attrs } }
-  x.report('Nested::Model.new (setting attributes)') { TIMES.times { Nested::Customer.new attrs } }
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ab06086631..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006-2012 David Heinemeier Hansson
-#
-# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-# the following conditions:
-#
-# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-#
-# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-#++
-
-activesupport_path = File.expand_path('../../../activesupport/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activesupport_path) if File.directory?(activesupport_path) && !$:.include?(activesupport_path)
-
-activemodel_path = File.expand_path('../../../activemodel/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activemodel_path) if File.directory?(activemodel_path) && !$:.include?(activemodel_path)
-
-require 'active_support'
-require 'active_model'
-require 'active_resource/version'
-
-module ActiveResource
-  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-  autoload :Base
-  autoload :Connection
-  autoload :CustomMethods
-  autoload :Formats
-  autoload :HttpMock
-  autoload :Observing
-  autoload :Schema
-  autoload :Validations
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/base.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/base.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c2d070aef..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/base.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1515 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'set'
-require 'uri'
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
-require 'active_resource/exceptions'
-require 'active_resource/connection'
-require 'active_resource/formats'
-require 'active_resource/schema'
-require 'active_resource/log_subscriber'
-
-module ActiveResource
-  # ActiveResource::Base is the main class for mapping RESTful resources as models in a Rails application.
-  #
-  # For an outline of what Active Resource is capable of, see its {README}[link:files/activeresource/README_rdoc.html].
-  #
-  # == Automated mapping
-  #
-  # Active Resource objects represent your RESTful resources as manipulatable Ruby objects. To map resources
-  # to Ruby objects, Active Resource only needs a class name that corresponds to the resource name (e.g., the class
-  # Person maps to the resources people, very similarly to Active Record) and a +site+ value, which holds the
-  # URI of the resources.
-  #
-  #   class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  #     self.site = "https://api.people.com"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Now the Person class is mapped to RESTful resources located at <tt>https://api.people.com/people/</tt>, and
-  # you can now use Active Resource's life cycle methods to manipulate resources. In the case where you already have
-  # an existing model with the same name as the desired RESTful resource you can set the +element_name+ value.
-  #
-  #   class PersonResource < ActiveResource::Base
-  #     self.site = "https://api.people.com"
-  #     self.element_name = "person"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # If your Active Resource object is required to use an HTTP proxy you can set the +proxy+ value which holds a URI.
-  #
-  #   class PersonResource < ActiveResource::Base
-  #     self.site = "https://api.people.com"
-  #     self.proxy = "https://user:password@proxy.people.com:8080"
-  #   end
-  #
-  #
-  # == Life cycle methods
-  #
-  # Active Resource exposes methods for creating, finding, updating, and deleting resources
-  # from REST web services.
-  #
-  #   ryan = Person.new(:first => 'Ryan', :last => 'Daigle')
-  #   ryan.save                # => true
-  #   ryan.id                  # => 2
-  #   Person.exists?(ryan.id)  # => true
-  #   ryan.exists?             # => true
-  #
-  #   ryan = Person.find(1)
-  #   # Resource holding our newly created Person object
-  #
-  #   ryan.first = 'Rizzle'
-  #   ryan.save                # => true
-  #
-  #   ryan.destroy             # => true
-  #
-  # As you can see, these are very similar to Active Record's life cycle methods for database records.
-  # You can read more about each of these methods in their respective documentation.
-  #
-  # === Custom REST methods
-  #
-  # Since simple CRUD/life cycle methods can't accomplish every task, Active Resource also supports
-  # defining your own custom REST methods. To invoke them, Active Resource provides the <tt>get</tt>,
-  # <tt>post</tt>, <tt>put</tt> and <tt>\delete</tt> methods where you can specify a custom REST method
-  # name to invoke.
-  #
-  #   # POST to the custom 'register' REST method, i.e. POST /people/new/register.json.
-  #   Person.new(:name => 'Ryan').post(:register)
-  #   # => { :id => 1, :name => 'Ryan', :position => 'Clerk' }
-  #
-  #   # PUT an update by invoking the 'promote' REST method, i.e. PUT /people/1/promote.json?position=Manager.
-  #   Person.find(1).put(:promote, :position => 'Manager')
-  #   # => { :id => 1, :name => 'Ryan', :position => 'Manager' }
-  #
-  #   # GET all the positions available, i.e. GET /people/positions.json.
-  #   Person.get(:positions)
-  #   # => [{:name => 'Manager'}, {:name => 'Clerk'}]
-  #
-  #   # DELETE to 'fire' a person, i.e. DELETE /people/1/fire.json.
-  #   Person.find(1).delete(:fire)
-  #
-  # For more information on using custom REST methods, see the
-  # ActiveResource::CustomMethods documentation.
-  #
-  # == Validations
-  #
-  # You can validate resources client side by overriding validation methods in the base class.
-  #
-  #   class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  #      self.site = "https://api.people.com"
-  #      protected
-  #        def validate
-  #          errors.add("last", "has invalid characters") unless last =~ /[a-zA-Z]*/
-  #        end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # See the ActiveResource::Validations documentation for more information.
-  #
-  # == Authentication
-  #
-  # Many REST APIs require authentication. The HTTP spec describes two ways to
-  # make requests with a username and password (see RFC 2617).
-  #
-  # Basic authentication simply sends a username and password along with HTTP
-  # requests. These sensitive credentials are sent unencrypted, visible to
-  # any onlooker, so this scheme should only be used with SSL.
-  #
-  # Digest authentication sends a crytographic hash of the username, password,
-  # HTTP method, URI, and a single-use secret key provided by the server.
-  # Sensitive credentials aren't visible to onlookers, so digest authentication
-  # doesn't require SSL. However, this doesn't mean the connection is secure!
-  # Just the username and password.
-  #
-  # (You really, really want to use SSL. There's little reason not to.)
-  #
-  # === Picking an authentication scheme
-  #
-  # Basic authentication is the default. To switch to digest authentication,
-  # set +auth_type+ to +:digest+:
-  #
-  #    class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  #      self.auth_type = :digest
-  #    end
-  #
-  # === Setting the username and password
-  #
-  # Set +user+ and +password+ on the class, or include them in the +site+ URL.
-  #
-  #    class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  #      # Set user and password directly:
-  #      self.user = "ryan"
-  #      self.password = "password"
-  #
-  #      # Or include them in the site:
-  #      self.site = "https://ryan:password@api.people.com"
-  #    end
-  #
-  # === Certificate Authentication
-  #
-  # You can also authenticate using an X509 certificate. <tt>See ssl_options=</tt> for all options.
-  #
-  #    class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  #      self.site = "https://secure.api.people.com/"
-  #
-  #      File.open(pem_file_path, 'rb') do |pem_file|
-  #        self.ssl_options = {
-  #          cert:        OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(pem_file),
-  #          key:         OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(pem_file),
-  #          ca_path:     "/path/to/OpenSSL/formatted/CA_Certs",
-  #          verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER }
-  #      end
-  #    end
-  #
-  #
-  # == Errors & Validation
-  #
-  # Error handling and validation is handled in much the same manner as you're used to seeing in
-  # Active Record. Both the response code in the HTTP response and the body of the response are used to
-  # indicate that an error occurred.
-  #
-  # === Resource errors
-  #
-  # When a GET is requested for a resource that does not exist, the HTTP <tt>404</tt> (Resource Not Found)
-  # response code will be returned from the server which will raise an ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound
-  # exception.
-  #
-  #   # GET https://api.people.com/people/999.json
-  #   ryan = Person.find(999) # 404, raises ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound
-  #
-  #
-  # <tt>404</tt> is just one of the HTTP error response codes that Active Resource will handle with its own exception. The
-  # following HTTP response codes will also result in these exceptions:
-  #
-  # * 200..399 - Valid response. No exceptions, other than these redirects:
-  # * 301, 302, 303, 307 - ActiveResource::Redirection
-  # * 400 - ActiveResource::BadRequest
-  # * 401 - ActiveResource::UnauthorizedAccess
-  # * 403 - ActiveResource::ForbiddenAccess
-  # * 404 - ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound
-  # * 405 - ActiveResource::MethodNotAllowed
-  # * 409 - ActiveResource::ResourceConflict
-  # * 410 - ActiveResource::ResourceGone
-  # * 422 - ActiveResource::ResourceInvalid (rescued by save as validation errors)
-  # * 401..499 - ActiveResource::ClientError
-  # * 500..599 - ActiveResource::ServerError
-  # * Other - ActiveResource::ConnectionError
-  #
-  # These custom exceptions allow you to deal with resource errors more naturally and with more precision
-  # rather than returning a general HTTP error. For example:
-  #
-  #   begin
-  #     ryan = Person.find(my_id)
-  #   rescue ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound
-  #     redirect_to :action => 'not_found'
-  #   rescue ActiveResource::ResourceConflict, ActiveResource::ResourceInvalid
-  #     redirect_to :action => 'new'
-  #   end
-  #
-  # When a GET is requested for a nested resource and you don't provide the prefix_param
-  # an ActiveResource::MissingPrefixParam will be raised.
-  #
-  #  class Comment < ActiveResource::Base
-  #    self.site = "https://someip.com/posts/:post_id"
-  #  end
-  #
-  #  Comment.find(1)
-  #  # => ActiveResource::MissingPrefixParam: post_id prefix_option is missing
-  #
-  # === Validation errors
-  #
-  # Active Resource supports validations on resources and will return errors if any of these validations fail
-  # (e.g., "First name can not be blank" and so on). These types of errors are denoted in the response by
-  # a response code of <tt>422</tt> and an XML or JSON representation of the validation errors. The save operation will
-  # then fail (with a <tt>false</tt> return value) and the validation errors can be accessed on the resource in question.
-  #
-  #   ryan = Person.find(1)
-  #   ryan.first # => ''
-  #   ryan.save  # => false
-  #
-  #   # When
-  #   # PUT https://api.people.com/people/1.xml
-  #   # or
-  #   # PUT https://api.people.com/people/1.json
-  #   # is requested with invalid values, the response is:
-  #   #
-  #   # Response (422):
-  #   # <errors><error>First cannot be empty</error></errors>
-  #   # or
-  #   # {"errors":{"first":["cannot be empty"]}}
-  #   #
-  #
-  #   ryan.errors.invalid?(:first)  # => true
-  #   ryan.errors.full_messages     # => ['First cannot be empty']
-  #
-  # For backwards-compatibility with older endpoints, the following formats are also supported in JSON responses:
-  #
-  #   # {"errors":['First cannot be empty']}
-  #   #   This was the required format for previous versions of ActiveResource
-  #   # {"first":["cannot be empty"]}
-  #   #   This was the default format produced by respond_with in ActionController <3.2.1
-  #
-  # Parsing either of these formats will result in a deprecation warning.
-  #
-  # Learn more about Active Resource's validation features in the ActiveResource::Validations documentation.
-  #
-  # === Timeouts
-  #
-  # Active Resource relies on HTTP to access RESTful APIs and as such is inherently susceptible to slow or
-  # unresponsive servers. In such cases, your Active Resource method calls could \timeout. You can control the
-  # amount of time before Active Resource times out with the +timeout+ variable.
-  #
-  #   class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  #     self.site = "https://api.people.com"
-  #     self.timeout = 5
-  #   end
-  #
-  # This sets the +timeout+ to 5 seconds. You can adjust the +timeout+ to a value suitable for the RESTful API
-  # you are accessing. It is recommended to set this to a reasonably low value to allow your Active Resource
-  # clients (especially if you are using Active Resource in a Rails application) to fail-fast (see
-  # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-fast) rather than cause cascading failures that could incapacitate your
-  # server.
-  #
-  # When a \timeout occurs, an ActiveResource::TimeoutError is raised. You should rescue from
-  # ActiveResource::TimeoutError in your Active Resource method calls.
-  #
-  # Internally, Active Resource relies on Ruby's Net::HTTP library to make HTTP requests. Setting +timeout+
-  # sets the <tt>read_timeout</tt> of the internal Net::HTTP instance to the same value. The default
-  # <tt>read_timeout</tt> is 60 seconds on most Ruby implementations.
-  class Base
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # The logger for diagnosing and tracing Active Resource calls.
-    cattr_accessor :logger
-
-    class_attribute :_format
-
-    class << self
-      # Creates a schema for this resource - setting the attributes that are
-      # known prior to fetching an instance from the remote system.
-      #
-      # The schema helps define the set of <tt>known_attributes</tt> of the
-      # current resource.
-      #
-      # There is no need to specify a schema for your Active Resource. If
-      # you do not, the <tt>known_attributes</tt> will be guessed from the
-      # instance attributes returned when an instance is fetched from the
-      # remote system.
-      #
-      # example:
-      # class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-      #   schema do
-      #     # define each attribute separately
-      #     attribute 'name', :string
-      #
-      #     # or use the convenience methods and pass >=1 attribute names
-      #     string  'eye_color', 'hair_color'
-      #     integer 'age'
-      #     float   'height', 'weight'
-      #
-      #     # unsupported types should be left as strings
-      #     # overload the accessor methods if you need to convert them
-      #     attribute 'created_at', 'string'
-      #   end
-      # end
-      #
-      # p = Person.new
-      # p.respond_to? :name   # => true
-      # p.respond_to? :age    # => true
-      # p.name                # => nil
-      # p.age                 # => nil
-      #
-      # j = Person.find_by_name('John') # <person><name>John</name><age>34</age><num_children>3</num_children></person>
-      # j.respond_to? :name   # => true
-      # j.respond_to? :age    # => true
-      # j.name                # => 'John'
-      # j.age                 # => '34'  # note this is a string!
-      # j.num_children        # => '3'  # note this is a string!
-      #
-      # p.num_children        # => NoMethodError
-      #
-      # Attribute-types must be one of:
-      #  string, integer, float
-      #
-      # Note: at present the attribute-type doesn't do anything, but stay
-      # tuned...
-      # Shortly it will also *cast* the value of the returned attribute.
-      # ie:
-      # j.age                 # => 34   # cast to an integer
-      # j.weight              # => '65' # still a string!
-      #
-      def schema(&block)
-        if block_given?
-          schema_definition = Schema.new
-          schema_definition.instance_eval(&block)
-
-          # skip out if we didn't define anything
-          return unless schema_definition.attrs.present?
-
-          @schema ||= {}.with_indifferent_access
-          @known_attributes ||= []
-
-          schema_definition.attrs.each do |k,v|
-            @schema[k] = v
-            @known_attributes << k
-          end
-
-          schema
-        else
-          @schema ||= nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Alternative, direct way to specify a <tt>schema</tt> for this
-      # Resource. <tt>schema</tt> is more flexible, but this is quick
-      # for a very simple schema.
-      #
-      # Pass the schema as a hash with the keys being the attribute-names
-      # and the value being one of the accepted attribute types (as defined
-      # in <tt>schema</tt>)
-      #
-      # example:
-      #
-      # class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-      #   schema = {'name' => :string, 'age' => :integer }
-      # end
-      #
-      # The keys/values can be strings or symbols. They will be converted to
-      # strings.
-      #
-      def schema=(the_schema)
-        unless the_schema.present?
-          # purposefully nulling out the schema
-          @schema = nil
-          @known_attributes = []
-          return
-        end
-
-        raise ArgumentError, "Expected a hash" unless the_schema.kind_of? Hash
-
-        schema do
-          the_schema.each {|k,v| attribute(k,v) }
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns the list of known attributes for this resource, gathered
-      # from the provided <tt>schema</tt>
-      # Attributes that are known will cause your resource to return 'true'
-      # when <tt>respond_to?</tt> is called on them. A known attribute will
-      # return nil if not set (rather than <t>MethodNotFound</tt>); thus
-      # known attributes can be used with <tt>validates_presence_of</tt>
-      # without a getter-method.
-      def known_attributes
-        @known_attributes ||= []
-      end
-
-      # Gets the URI of the REST resources to map for this class. The site variable is required for
-      # Active Resource's mapping to work.
-      def site
-        # Not using superclass_delegating_reader because don't want subclasses to modify superclass instance
-        #
-        # With superclass_delegating_reader
-        #
-        #   Parent.site = 'https://anonymous@test.com'
-        #   Subclass.site # => 'https://anonymous@test.com'
-        #   Subclass.site.user = 'david'
-        #   Parent.site # => 'https://david@test.com'
-        #
-        # Without superclass_delegating_reader (expected behavior)
-        #
-        #   Parent.site = 'https://anonymous@test.com'
-        #   Subclass.site # => 'https://anonymous@test.com'
-        #   Subclass.site.user = 'david' # => TypeError: can't modify frozen object
-        #
-        if defined?(@site)
-          @site
-        elsif superclass != Object && superclass.site
-          superclass.site.dup.freeze
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Sets the URI of the REST resources to map for this class to the value in the +site+ argument.
-      # The site variable is required for Active Resource's mapping to work.
-      def site=(site)
-        @connection = nil
-        if site.nil?
-          @site = nil
-        else
-          @site = create_site_uri_from(site)
-          @user = URI.parser.unescape(@site.user) if @site.user
-          @password = URI.parser.unescape(@site.password) if @site.password
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Gets the \proxy variable if a proxy is required
-      def proxy
-        # Not using superclass_delegating_reader. See +site+ for explanation
-        if defined?(@proxy)
-          @proxy
-        elsif superclass != Object && superclass.proxy
-          superclass.proxy.dup.freeze
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Sets the URI of the http proxy to the value in the +proxy+ argument.
-      def proxy=(proxy)
-        @connection = nil
-        @proxy = proxy.nil? ? nil : create_proxy_uri_from(proxy)
-      end
-
-      # Gets the \user for REST HTTP authentication.
-      def user
-        # Not using superclass_delegating_reader. See +site+ for explanation
-        if defined?(@user)
-          @user
-        elsif superclass != Object && superclass.user
-          superclass.user.dup.freeze
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Sets the \user for REST HTTP authentication.
-      def user=(user)
-        @connection = nil
-        @user = user
-      end
-
-      # Gets the \password for REST HTTP authentication.
-      def password
-        # Not using superclass_delegating_reader. See +site+ for explanation
-        if defined?(@password)
-          @password
-        elsif superclass != Object && superclass.password
-          superclass.password.dup.freeze
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Sets the \password for REST HTTP authentication.
-      def password=(password)
-        @connection = nil
-        @password = password
-      end
-
-      def auth_type
-        if defined?(@auth_type)
-          @auth_type
-        end
-      end
-
-      def auth_type=(auth_type)
-        @connection = nil
-        @auth_type = auth_type
-      end
-
-      # Sets the format that attributes are sent and received in from a mime type reference:
-      #
-      #   Person.format = :json
-      #   Person.find(1) # => GET /people/1.json
-      #
-      #   Person.format = ActiveResource::Formats::XmlFormat
-      #   Person.find(1) # => GET /people/1.xml
-      #
-      # Default format is <tt>:json</tt>.
-      def format=(mime_type_reference_or_format)
-        format = mime_type_reference_or_format.is_a?(Symbol) ?
-          ActiveResource::Formats[mime_type_reference_or_format] : mime_type_reference_or_format
-
-        self._format = format
-        connection.format = format if site
-      end
-
-      # Returns the current format, default is ActiveResource::Formats::JsonFormat.
-      def format
-        self._format || ActiveResource::Formats::JsonFormat
-      end
-
-      # Sets the number of seconds after which requests to the REST API should time out.
-      def timeout=(timeout)
-        @connection = nil
-        @timeout = timeout
-      end
-
-      # Gets the number of seconds after which requests to the REST API should time out.
-      def timeout
-        if defined?(@timeout)
-          @timeout
-        elsif superclass != Object && superclass.timeout
-          superclass.timeout
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Options that will get applied to an SSL connection.
-      #
-      # * <tt>:key</tt> - An OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
-      # * <tt>:cert</tt> - An OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object as client certificate
-      # * <tt>:ca_file</tt> - Path to a CA certification file in PEM format. The file can contain several CA certificates.
-      # * <tt>:ca_path</tt> - Path of a CA certification directory containing certifications in PEM format.
-      # * <tt>:verify_mode</tt> - Flags for server the certification verification at beginning of SSL/TLS session. (OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER is acceptable)
-      # * <tt>:verify_callback</tt> - The verify callback for the server certification verification.
-      # * <tt>:verify_depth</tt> - The maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
-      # * <tt>:cert_store</tt> - OpenSSL::X509::Store to verify peer certificate.
-      # * <tt>:ssl_timeout</tt> -The SSL timeout in seconds.
-      def ssl_options=(opts={})
-        @connection   = nil
-        @ssl_options  = opts
-      end
-
-      # Returns the SSL options hash.
-      def ssl_options
-        if defined?(@ssl_options)
-          @ssl_options
-        elsif superclass != Object && superclass.ssl_options
-          superclass.ssl_options
-        end
-      end
-
-      # An instance of ActiveResource::Connection that is the base \connection to the remote service.
-      # The +refresh+ parameter toggles whether or not the \connection is refreshed at every request
-      # or not (defaults to <tt>false</tt>).
-      def connection(refresh = false)
-        if defined?(@connection) || superclass == Object
-          @connection = Connection.new(site, format) if refresh || @connection.nil?
-          @connection.proxy = proxy if proxy
-          @connection.user = user if user
-          @connection.password = password if password
-          @connection.auth_type = auth_type if auth_type
-          @connection.timeout = timeout if timeout
-          @connection.ssl_options = ssl_options if ssl_options
-          @connection
-        else
-          superclass.connection
-        end
-      end
-
-      def headers
-        @headers ||= {}
-        
-        if superclass != Object && superclass.headers
-          @headers = superclass.headers.merge(@headers)
-        else
-          @headers
-        end
-      end
-
-      attr_writer :element_name
-
-      def element_name
-        @element_name ||= model_name.element
-      end
-
-      attr_writer :collection_name
-
-      def collection_name
-        @collection_name ||= ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(element_name)
-      end
-
-      attr_writer :primary_key
-
-      def primary_key
-        @primary_key ||= 'id'
-      end
-
-      # Gets the \prefix for a resource's nested URL (e.g., <tt>prefix/collectionname/1.json</tt>)
-      # This method is regenerated at runtime based on what the \prefix is set to.
-      def prefix(options={})
-        default = site.path
-        default << '/' unless default[-1..-1] == '/'
-        # generate the actual method based on the current site path
-        self.prefix = default
-        prefix(options)
-      end
-
-      # An attribute reader for the source string for the resource path \prefix. This
-      # method is regenerated at runtime based on what the \prefix is set to.
-      def prefix_source
-        prefix # generate #prefix and #prefix_source methods first
-        prefix_source
-      end
-
-      # Sets the \prefix for a resource's nested URL (e.g., <tt>prefix/collectionname/1.json</tt>).
-      # Default value is <tt>site.path</tt>.
-      def prefix=(value = '/')
-        # Replace :placeholders with '#{embedded options[:lookups]}'
-        prefix_call = value.gsub(/:\w+/) { |key| "\#{URI.parser.escape options[#{key}].to_s}" }
-
-        # Clear prefix parameters in case they have been cached
-        @prefix_parameters = nil
-
-        silence_warnings do
-          # Redefine the new methods.
-          instance_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def prefix_source() "#{value}" end
-            def prefix(options={}) "#{prefix_call}" end
-          RUBY_EVAL
-        end
-      rescue Exception => e
-        logger.error "Couldn't set prefix: #{e}\n  #{code}" if logger
-        raise
-      end
-
-      alias_method :set_prefix, :prefix=  #:nodoc:
-
-      alias_method :set_element_name, :element_name=  #:nodoc:
-      alias_method :set_collection_name, :collection_name=  #:nodoc:
-
-      # Gets the element path for the given ID in +id+. If the +query_options+ parameter is omitted, Rails
-      # will split from the \prefix options.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # +prefix_options+ - A \hash to add a \prefix to the request for nested URLs (e.g., <tt>:account_id => 19</tt>
-      #                    would yield a URL like <tt>/accounts/19/purchases.json</tt>).
-      # +query_options+ - A \hash to add items to the query string for the request.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   Post.element_path(1)
-      #   # => /posts/1.json
-      #
-      #   class Comment < ActiveResource::Base
-      #     self.site = "https://37s.sunrise.com/posts/:post_id"
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   Comment.element_path(1, :post_id => 5)
-      #   # => /posts/5/comments/1.json
-      #
-      #   Comment.element_path(1, :post_id => 5, :active => 1)
-      #   # => /posts/5/comments/1.json?active=1
-      #
-      #   Comment.element_path(1, {:post_id => 5}, {:active => 1})
-      #   # => /posts/5/comments/1.json?active=1
-      #
-      def element_path(id, prefix_options = {}, query_options = nil)
-        check_prefix_options(prefix_options)
-
-        prefix_options, query_options = split_options(prefix_options) if query_options.nil?
-        "#{prefix(prefix_options)}#{collection_name}/#{URI.parser.escape id.to_s}.#{format.extension}#{query_string(query_options)}"
-      end
-
-      # Gets the new element path for REST resources.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * +prefix_options+ - A hash to add a prefix to the request for nested URLs (e.g., <tt>:account_id => 19</tt>
-      #   would yield a URL like <tt>/accounts/19/purchases/new.json</tt>).
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   Post.new_element_path
-      #   # => /posts/new.json
-      #
-      #   class Comment < ActiveResource::Base
-      #     self.site = "https://37s.sunrise.com/posts/:post_id"
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   Comment.collection_path(:post_id => 5)
-      #   # => /posts/5/comments/new.json
-      def new_element_path(prefix_options = {})
-        "#{prefix(prefix_options)}#{collection_name}/new.#{format.extension}"
-      end
-
-      # Gets the collection path for the REST resources. If the +query_options+ parameter is omitted, Rails
-      # will split from the +prefix_options+.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * +prefix_options+ - A hash to add a prefix to the request for nested URLs (e.g., <tt>:account_id => 19</tt>
-      #   would yield a URL like <tt>/accounts/19/purchases.json</tt>).
-      # * +query_options+ - A hash to add items to the query string for the request.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   Post.collection_path
-      #   # => /posts.json
-      #
-      #   Comment.collection_path(:post_id => 5)
-      #   # => /posts/5/comments.json
-      #
-      #   Comment.collection_path(:post_id => 5, :active => 1)
-      #   # => /posts/5/comments.json?active=1
-      #
-      #   Comment.collection_path({:post_id => 5}, {:active => 1})
-      #   # => /posts/5/comments.json?active=1
-      #
-      def collection_path(prefix_options = {}, query_options = nil)
-        check_prefix_options(prefix_options)
-        prefix_options, query_options = split_options(prefix_options) if query_options.nil?
-        "#{prefix(prefix_options)}#{collection_name}.#{format.extension}#{query_string(query_options)}"
-      end
-
-      alias_method :set_primary_key, :primary_key=  #:nodoc:
-
-      # Builds a new, unsaved record using the default values from the remote server so
-      # that it can be used with RESTful forms.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * +attributes+ - A hash that overrides the default values from the server.
-      #
-      # Returns the new resource instance.
-      #
-      def build(attributes = {})
-        attrs = self.format.decode(connection.get("#{new_element_path}").body).merge(attributes)
-        self.new(attrs)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a new resource instance and makes a request to the remote service
-      # that it be saved, making it equivalent to the following simultaneous calls:
-      #
-      #   ryan = Person.new(:first => 'ryan')
-      #   ryan.save
-      #
-      # Returns the newly created resource. If a failure has occurred an
-      # exception will be raised (see <tt>save</tt>). If the resource is invalid and
-      # has not been saved then <tt>valid?</tt> will return <tt>false</tt>,
-      # while <tt>new?</tt> will still return <tt>true</tt>.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   Person.create(:name => 'Jeremy', :email => 'myname@nospam.com', :enabled => true)
-      #   my_person = Person.find(:first)
-      #   my_person.email # => myname@nospam.com
-      #
-      #   dhh = Person.create(:name => 'David', :email => 'dhh@nospam.com', :enabled => true)
-      #   dhh.valid? # => true
-      #   dhh.new?   # => false
-      #
-      #   # We'll assume that there's a validation that requires the name attribute
-      #   that_guy = Person.create(:name => '', :email => 'thatguy@nospam.com', :enabled => true)
-      #   that_guy.valid? # => false
-      #   that_guy.new?   # => true
-      def create(attributes = {})
-        self.new(attributes).tap { |resource| resource.save }
-      end
-
-      # Core method for finding resources. Used similarly to Active Record's +find+ method.
-      #
-      # ==== Arguments
-      # The first argument is considered to be the scope of the query. That is, how many
-      # resources are returned from the request. It can be one of the following.
-      #
-      # * <tt>:one</tt> - Returns a single resource.
-      # * <tt>:first</tt> - Returns the first resource found.
-      # * <tt>:last</tt> - Returns the last resource found.
-      # * <tt>:all</tt> - Returns every resource that matches the request.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:from</tt> - Sets the path or custom method that resources will be fetched from.
-      # * <tt>:params</tt> - Sets query and \prefix (nested URL) parameters.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   Person.find(1)
-      #   # => GET /people/1.json
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:all)
-      #   # => GET /people.json
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:all, :params => { :title => "CEO" })
-      #   # => GET /people.json?title=CEO
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:first, :from => :managers)
-      #   # => GET /people/managers.json
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:last, :from => :managers)
-      #   # => GET /people/managers.json
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:all, :from => "/companies/1/people.json")
-      #   # => GET /companies/1/people.json
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:one, :from => :leader)
-      #   # => GET /people/leader.json
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:all, :from => :developers, :params => { :language => 'ruby' })
-      #   # => GET /people/developers.json?language=ruby
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:one, :from => "/companies/1/manager.json")
-      #   # => GET /companies/1/manager.json
-      #
-      #   StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-      #   # => GET /people/1/street_addresses/1.json
-      #
-      # == Failure or missing data
-      #   A failure to find the requested object raises a ResourceNotFound
-      #   exception if the find was called with an id.
-      #   With any other scope, find returns nil when no data is returned.
-      #
-      #   Person.find(1)
-      #   # => raises ResourceNotFound
-      #
-      #   Person.find(:all)
-      #   Person.find(:first)
-      #   Person.find(:last)
-      #   # => nil
-      def find(*arguments)
-        scope   = arguments.slice!(0)
-        options = arguments.slice!(0) || {}
-
-        case scope
-          when :all   then find_every(options)
-          when :first then find_every(options).first
-          when :last  then find_every(options).last
-          when :one   then find_one(options)
-          else             find_single(scope, options)
-        end
-      end
-
-
-      # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:first, *args)</tt>. You can pass
-      # in all the same arguments to this method as you can to
-      # <tt>find(:first)</tt>.
-      def first(*args)
-        find(:first, *args)
-      end
-
-      # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:last, *args)</tt>. You can pass
-      # in all the same arguments to this method as you can to
-      # <tt>find(:last)</tt>.
-      def last(*args)
-        find(:last, *args)
-      end
-
-      # This is an alias for find(:all). You can pass in all the same
-      # arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:all)</tt>
-      def all(*args)
-        find(:all, *args)
-      end
-
-
-      # Deletes the resources with the ID in the +id+ parameter.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # All options specify \prefix and query parameters.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   Event.delete(2) # sends DELETE /events/2
-      #
-      #   Event.create(:name => 'Free Concert', :location => 'Community Center')
-      #   my_event = Event.find(:first) # let's assume this is event with ID 7
-      #   Event.delete(my_event.id) # sends DELETE /events/7
-      #
-      #   # Let's assume a request to events/5/cancel.json
-      #   Event.delete(params[:id]) # sends DELETE /events/5
-      def delete(id, options = {})
-        connection.delete(element_path(id, options))
-      end
-
-      # Asserts the existence of a resource, returning <tt>true</tt> if the resource is found.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   Note.create(:title => 'Hello, world.', :body => 'Nothing more for now...')
-      #   Note.exists?(1) # => true
-      #
-      #   Note.exists(1349) # => false
-      def exists?(id, options = {})
-        if id
-          prefix_options, query_options = split_options(options[:params])
-          path = element_path(id, prefix_options, query_options)
-          response = connection.head(path, headers)
-          response.code.to_i == 200
-        end
-        # id && !find_single(id, options).nil?
-      rescue ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound, ActiveResource::ResourceGone
-        false
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def check_prefix_options(prefix_options)
-          p_options = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(prefix_options)
-          prefix_parameters.each do |p|
-            raise(MissingPrefixParam, "#{p} prefix_option is missing") if p_options[p].blank?
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Find every resource
-        def find_every(options)
-          begin
-            case from = options[:from]
-            when Symbol
-              instantiate_collection(get(from, options[:params]))
-            when String
-              path = "#{from}#{query_string(options[:params])}"
-              instantiate_collection(format.decode(connection.get(path, headers).body) || [])
-            else
-              prefix_options, query_options = split_options(options[:params])
-              path = collection_path(prefix_options, query_options)
-              instantiate_collection( (format.decode(connection.get(path, headers).body) || []), prefix_options )
-            end
-          rescue ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound
-            # Swallowing ResourceNotFound exceptions and return nil - as per
-            # ActiveRecord.
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Find a single resource from a one-off URL
-        def find_one(options)
-          case from = options[:from]
-          when Symbol
-            instantiate_record(get(from, options[:params]))
-          when String
-            path = "#{from}#{query_string(options[:params])}"
-            instantiate_record(format.decode(connection.get(path, headers).body))
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Find a single resource from the default URL
-        def find_single(scope, options)
-          prefix_options, query_options = split_options(options[:params])
-          path = element_path(scope, prefix_options, query_options)
-          instantiate_record(format.decode(connection.get(path, headers).body), prefix_options)
-        end
-
-        def instantiate_collection(collection, prefix_options = {})
-          collection.collect! { |record| instantiate_record(record, prefix_options) }
-        end
-
-        def instantiate_record(record, prefix_options = {})
-          new(record, true).tap do |resource|
-            resource.prefix_options = prefix_options
-          end
-        end
-
-
-        # Accepts a URI and creates the site URI from that.
-        def create_site_uri_from(site)
-          site.is_a?(URI) ? site.dup : URI.parse(site)
-        end
-
-        # Accepts a URI and creates the proxy URI from that.
-        def create_proxy_uri_from(proxy)
-          proxy.is_a?(URI) ? proxy.dup : URI.parse(proxy)
-        end
-
-        # contains a set of the current prefix parameters.
-        def prefix_parameters
-          @prefix_parameters ||= prefix_source.scan(/:\w+/).map { |key| key[1..-1].to_sym }.to_set
-        end
-
-        # Builds the query string for the request.
-        def query_string(options)
-          "?#{options.to_query}" unless options.nil? || options.empty?
-        end
-
-        # split an option hash into two hashes, one containing the prefix options,
-        # and the other containing the leftovers.
-        def split_options(options = {})
-          prefix_options, query_options = {}, {}
-
-          (options || {}).each do |key, value|
-            next if key.blank? || !key.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-            (prefix_parameters.include?(key.to_sym) ? prefix_options : query_options)[key.to_sym] = value
-          end
-
-          [ prefix_options, query_options ]
-        end
-    end
-
-    attr_accessor :attributes #:nodoc:
-    attr_accessor :prefix_options #:nodoc:
-
-    # If no schema has been defined for the class (see
-    # <tt>ActiveResource::schema=</tt>), the default automatic schema is
-    # generated from the current instance's attributes
-    def schema
-      self.class.schema || self.attributes
-    end
-
-    # This is a list of known attributes for this resource. Either
-    # gathered from the provided <tt>schema</tt>, or from the attributes
-    # set on this instance after it has been fetched from the remote system.
-    def known_attributes
-      self.class.known_attributes + self.attributes.keys.map(&:to_s)
-    end
-
-
-    # Constructor method for \new resources; the optional +attributes+ parameter takes a \hash
-    # of attributes for the \new resource.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   my_course = Course.new
-    #   my_course.name = "Western Civilization"
-    #   my_course.lecturer = "Don Trotter"
-    #   my_course.save
-    #
-    #   my_other_course = Course.new(:name => "Philosophy: Reason and Being", :lecturer => "Ralph Cling")
-    #   my_other_course.save
-    def initialize(attributes = {}, persisted = false)
-      @attributes     = {}.with_indifferent_access
-      @prefix_options = {}
-      @persisted = persisted
-      load(attributes)
-    end
-
-    # Returns a \clone of the resource that hasn't been assigned an +id+ yet and
-    # is treated as a \new resource.
-    #
-    #   ryan = Person.find(1)
-    #   not_ryan = ryan.clone
-    #   not_ryan.new?  # => true
-    #
-    # Any active resource member attributes will NOT be cloned, though all other
-    # attributes are. This is to prevent the conflict between any +prefix_options+
-    # that refer to the original parent resource and the newly cloned parent
-    # resource that does not exist.
-    #
-    #   ryan = Person.find(1)
-    #   ryan.address = StreetAddress.find(1, :person_id => ryan.id)
-    #   ryan.hash = {:not => "an ARes instance"}
-    #
-    #   not_ryan = ryan.clone
-    #   not_ryan.new?            # => true
-    #   not_ryan.address         # => NoMethodError
-    #   not_ryan.hash            # => {:not => "an ARes instance"}
-    def clone
-      # Clone all attributes except the pk and any nested ARes
-      cloned = Hash[attributes.reject {|k,v| k == self.class.primary_key || v.is_a?(ActiveResource::Base)}.map { |k, v| [k, v.clone] }]
-      # Form the new resource - bypass initialize of resource with 'new' as that will call 'load' which
-      # attempts to convert hashes into member objects and arrays into collections of objects. We want
-      # the raw objects to be cloned so we bypass load by directly setting the attributes hash.
-      resource = self.class.new({})
-      resource.prefix_options = self.prefix_options
-      resource.send :instance_variable_set, '@attributes', cloned
-      resource
-    end
-
-
-    # Returns +true+ if this object hasn't yet been saved, otherwise, returns +false+.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   not_new = Computer.create(:brand => 'Apple', :make => 'MacBook', :vendor => 'MacMall')
-    #   not_new.new? # => false
-    #
-    #   is_new = Computer.new(:brand => 'IBM', :make => 'Thinkpad', :vendor => 'IBM')
-    #   is_new.new? # => true
-    #
-    #   is_new.save
-    #   is_new.new? # => false
-    #
-    def new?
-      !persisted?
-    end
-    alias :new_record? :new?
-
-    # Returns +true+ if this object has been saved, otherwise returns +false+.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   persisted = Computer.create(:brand => 'Apple', :make => 'MacBook', :vendor => 'MacMall')
-    #   persisted.persisted? # => true
-    #
-    #   not_persisted = Computer.new(:brand => 'IBM', :make => 'Thinkpad', :vendor => 'IBM')
-    #   not_persisted.persisted? # => false
-    #
-    #   not_persisted.save
-    #   not_persisted.persisted? # => true
-    #
-    def persisted?
-      @persisted
-    end
-
-    # Gets the <tt>\id</tt> attribute of the resource.
-    def id
-      attributes[self.class.primary_key]
-    end
-
-    # Sets the <tt>\id</tt> attribute of the resource.
-    def id=(id)
-      attributes[self.class.primary_key] = id
-    end
-
-    # Test for equality. Resource are equal if and only if +other+ is the same object or
-    # is an instance of the same class, is not <tt>new?</tt>, and has the same +id+.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   ryan = Person.create(:name => 'Ryan')
-    #   jamie = Person.create(:name => 'Jamie')
-    #
-    #   ryan == jamie
-    #   # => false (Different name attribute and id)
-    #
-    #   ryan_again = Person.new(:name => 'Ryan')
-    #   ryan == ryan_again
-    #   # => false (ryan_again is new?)
-    #
-    #   ryans_clone = Person.create(:name => 'Ryan')
-    #   ryan == ryans_clone
-    #   # => false (Different id attributes)
-    #
-    #   ryans_twin = Person.find(ryan.id)
-    #   ryan == ryans_twin
-    #   # => true
-    #
-    def ==(other)
-      other.equal?(self) || (other.instance_of?(self.class) && other.id == id && other.prefix_options == prefix_options)
-    end
-
-    # Tests for equality (delegates to ==).
-    def eql?(other)
-      self == other
-    end
-
-    # Delegates to id in order to allow two resources of the same type and \id to work with something like:
-    #   [(a = Person.find 1), (b = Person.find 2)] & [(c = Person.find 1), (d = Person.find 4)] # => [a]
-    def hash
-      id.hash
-    end
-
-    # Duplicates the current resource without saving it.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   my_invoice = Invoice.create(:customer => 'That Company')
-    #   next_invoice = my_invoice.dup
-    #   next_invoice.new? # => true
-    #
-    #   next_invoice.save
-    #   next_invoice == my_invoice # => false (different id attributes)
-    #
-    #   my_invoice.customer   # => That Company
-    #   next_invoice.customer # => That Company
-    def dup
-      self.class.new.tap do |resource|
-        resource.attributes     = @attributes
-        resource.prefix_options = @prefix_options
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Saves (+POST+) or \updates (+PUT+) a resource. Delegates to +create+ if the object is \new,
-    # +update+ if it exists. If the response to the \save includes a body, it will be assumed that this body
-    # is Json for the final object as it looked after the \save (which would include attributes like +created_at+
-    # that weren't part of the original submit).
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   my_company = Company.new(:name => 'RoleModel Software', :owner => 'Ken Auer', :size => 2)
-    #   my_company.new? # => true
-    #   my_company.save # sends POST /companies/ (create)
-    #
-    #   my_company.new? # => false
-    #   my_company.size = 10
-    #   my_company.save # sends PUT /companies/1 (update)
-    def save
-      new? ? create : update
-    end
-
-    # Saves the resource.
-    #
-    # If the resource is new, it is created via +POST+, otherwise the
-    # existing resource is updated via +PUT+.
-    #
-    # With <tt>save!</tt> validations always run. If any of them fail
-    # ActiveResource::ResourceInvalid gets raised, and nothing is POSTed to
-    # the remote system.
-    # See ActiveResource::Validations for more information.
-    #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>save!</tt>. If any
-    # of the <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is
-    # cancelled and <tt>save!</tt> raises ActiveResource::ResourceInvalid.
-    def save!
-      save || raise(ResourceInvalid.new(self))
-    end
-
-    # Deletes the resource from the remote service.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   my_id = 3
-    #   my_person = Person.find(my_id)
-    #   my_person.destroy
-    #   Person.find(my_id) # 404 (Resource Not Found)
-    #
-    #   new_person = Person.create(:name => 'James')
-    #   new_id = new_person.id # => 7
-    #   new_person.destroy
-    #   Person.find(new_id) # 404 (Resource Not Found)
-    def destroy
-      connection.delete(element_path, self.class.headers)
-    end
-
-    # Evaluates to <tt>true</tt> if this resource is not <tt>new?</tt> and is
-    # found on the remote service. Using this method, you can check for
-    # resources that may have been deleted between the object's instantiation
-    # and actions on it.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   Person.create(:name => 'Theodore Roosevelt')
-    #   that_guy = Person.find(:first)
-    #   that_guy.exists? # => true
-    #
-    #   that_lady = Person.new(:name => 'Paul Bean')
-    #   that_lady.exists? # => false
-    #
-    #   guys_id = that_guy.id
-    #   Person.delete(guys_id)
-    #   that_guy.exists? # => false
-    def exists?
-      !new? && self.class.exists?(to_param, :params => prefix_options)
-    end
-
-    # Returns the serialized string representation of the resource in the configured
-    # serialization format specified in ActiveResource::Base.format. The options
-    # applicable depend on the configured encoding format.
-    def encode(options={})
-      send("to_#{self.class.format.extension}", options)
-    end
-
-    # A method to \reload the attributes of this object from the remote web service.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   my_branch = Branch.find(:first)
-    #   my_branch.name # => "Wislon Raod"
-    #
-    #   # Another client fixes the typo...
-    #
-    #   my_branch.name # => "Wislon Raod"
-    #   my_branch.reload
-    #   my_branch.name # => "Wilson Road"
-    def reload
-      self.load(self.class.find(to_param, :params => @prefix_options).attributes)
-    end
-
-    # A method to manually load attributes from a \hash. Recursively loads collections of
-    # resources. This method is called in +initialize+ and +create+ when a \hash of attributes
-    # is provided.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   my_attrs = {:name => 'J&J Textiles', :industry => 'Cloth and textiles'}
-    #   my_attrs = {:name => 'Marty', :colors => ["red", "green", "blue"]}
-    #
-    #   the_supplier = Supplier.find(:first)
-    #   the_supplier.name # => 'J&M Textiles'
-    #   the_supplier.load(my_attrs)
-    #   the_supplier.name('J&J Textiles')
-    #
-    #   # These two calls are the same as Supplier.new(my_attrs)
-    #   my_supplier = Supplier.new
-    #   my_supplier.load(my_attrs)
-    #
-    #   # These three calls are the same as Supplier.create(my_attrs)
-    #   your_supplier = Supplier.new
-    #   your_supplier.load(my_attrs)
-    #   your_supplier.save
-    def load(attributes, remove_root = false)
-      raise ArgumentError, "expected an attributes Hash, got #{attributes.inspect}" unless attributes.is_a?(Hash)
-      @prefix_options, attributes = split_options(attributes)
-
-      if attributes.keys.size == 1
-        remove_root = self.class.element_name == attributes.keys.first.to_s
-      end
-
-      attributes = Formats.remove_root(attributes) if remove_root
-
-      attributes.each do |key, value|
-        @attributes[key.to_s] =
-          case value
-            when Array
-              resource = nil
-              value.map do |attrs|
-                if attrs.is_a?(Hash)
-                  resource ||= find_or_create_resource_for_collection(key)
-                  resource.new(attrs)
-                else
-                  attrs.duplicable? ? attrs.dup : attrs
-                end
-              end
-            when Hash
-              resource = find_or_create_resource_for(key)
-              resource.new(value)
-            else
-              value.duplicable? ? value.dup : value
-          end
-      end
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Updates a single attribute and then saves the object.
-    #
-    # Note: Unlike ActiveRecord::Base.update_attribute, this method <b>is</b>
-    # subject to normal validation routines as an update sends the whole body
-    # of the resource in the request. (See Validations).
-    #
-    # As such, this method is equivalent to calling update_attributes with a single attribute/value pair.
-    #
-    # If the saving fails because of a connection or remote service error, an
-    # exception will be raised. If saving fails because the resource is
-    # invalid then <tt>false</tt> will be returned.
-    def update_attribute(name, value)
-      self.send("#{name}=".to_sym, value)
-      self.save
-    end
-
-    # Updates this resource with all the attributes from the passed-in Hash
-    # and requests that the record be saved.
-    #
-    # If the saving fails because of a connection or remote service error, an
-    # exception will be raised. If saving fails because the resource is
-    # invalid then <tt>false</tt> will be returned.
-    #
-    # Note: Though this request can be made with a partial set of the
-    # resource's attributes, the full body of the request will still be sent
-    # in the save request to the remote service.
-    def update_attributes(attributes)
-      load(attributes, false) && save
-    end
-
-    # For checking <tt>respond_to?</tt> without searching the attributes (which is faster).
-    alias_method :respond_to_without_attributes?, :respond_to?
-
-    # A method to determine if an object responds to a message (e.g., a method call). In Active Resource, a Person object with a
-    # +name+ attribute can answer <tt>true</tt> to <tt>my_person.respond_to?(:name)</tt>, <tt>my_person.respond_to?(:name=)</tt>, and
-    # <tt>my_person.respond_to?(:name?)</tt>.
-    def respond_to?(method, include_priv = false)
-      method_name = method.to_s
-      if attributes.nil?
-        super
-      elsif known_attributes.include?(method_name)
-        true
-      elsif method_name =~ /(?:=|\?)$/ && attributes.include?($`)
-        true
-      else
-        # super must be called at the end of the method, because the inherited respond_to?
-        # would return true for generated readers, even if the attribute wasn't present
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_json(options={})
-      super({ :root => self.class.element_name }.merge(options))
-    end
-
-    def to_xml(options={})
-      super({ :root => self.class.element_name }.merge(options))
-    end
-
-    protected
-      def connection(refresh = false)
-        self.class.connection(refresh)
-      end
-
-      # Update the resource on the remote service.
-      def update
-        connection.put(element_path(prefix_options), encode, self.class.headers).tap do |response|
-          load_attributes_from_response(response)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Create (i.e., \save to the remote service) the \new resource.
-      def create
-        connection.post(collection_path, encode, self.class.headers).tap do |response|
-          self.id = id_from_response(response)
-          load_attributes_from_response(response)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def load_attributes_from_response(response)
-        if (response_code_allows_body?(response.code) &&
-            (response['Content-Length'].nil? || response['Content-Length'] != "0") &&
-            !response.body.nil? && response.body.strip.size > 0)
-          load(self.class.format.decode(response.body), true)
-          @persisted = true
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Takes a response from a typical create post and pulls the ID out
-      def id_from_response(response)
-        response['Location'][/\/([^\/]*?)(\.\w+)?$/, 1] if response['Location']
-      end
-
-      def element_path(options = nil)
-        self.class.element_path(to_param, options || prefix_options)
-      end
-
-      def new_element_path
-        self.class.new_element_path(prefix_options)
-      end
-
-      def collection_path(options = nil)
-        self.class.collection_path(options || prefix_options)
-      end
-
-    private
-
-      def read_attribute_for_serialization(n)
-        attributes[n]
-      end
-
-      # Determine whether the response is allowed to have a body per HTTP 1.1 spec section 4.4.1
-      def response_code_allows_body?(c)
-        !((100..199).include?(c) || [204,304].include?(c))
-      end
-
-      # Tries to find a resource for a given collection name; if it fails, then the resource is created
-      def find_or_create_resource_for_collection(name)
-        find_or_create_resource_for(ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(name.to_s))
-      end
-
-      # Tries to find a resource in a non empty list of nested modules
-      # if it fails, then the resource is created
-      def find_or_create_resource_in_modules(resource_name, module_names)
-        receiver = Object
-        namespaces = module_names[0, module_names.size-1].map do |module_name|
-          receiver = receiver.const_get(module_name)
-        end
-        const_args = [resource_name, false]
-        if namespace = namespaces.reverse.detect { |ns| ns.const_defined?(*const_args) }
-          namespace.const_get(*const_args)
-        else
-          create_resource_for(resource_name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Tries to find a resource for a given name; if it fails, then the resource is created
-      def find_or_create_resource_for(name)
-        resource_name = name.to_s.camelize
-
-        const_args = [resource_name, false]
-        if self.class.const_defined?(*const_args)
-          self.class.const_get(*const_args)
-        else
-          ancestors = self.class.name.split("::")
-          if ancestors.size > 1
-            find_or_create_resource_in_modules(resource_name, ancestors)
-          else
-            if Object.const_defined?(*const_args)
-              Object.const_get(*const_args)
-            else
-              create_resource_for(resource_name)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Create and return a class definition for a resource inside the current resource
-      def create_resource_for(resource_name)
-        resource = self.class.const_set(resource_name, Class.new(ActiveResource::Base))
-        resource.prefix = self.class.prefix
-        resource.site   = self.class.site
-        resource
-      end
-
-      def split_options(options = {})
-        self.class.__send__(:split_options, options)
-      end
-
-      def method_missing(method_symbol, *arguments) #:nodoc:
-        method_name = method_symbol.to_s
-
-        if method_name =~ /(=|\?)$/
-          case $1
-          when "="
-            attributes[$`] = arguments.first
-          when "?"
-            attributes[$`]
-          end
-        else
-          return attributes[method_name] if attributes.include?(method_name)
-          # not set right now but we know about it
-          return nil if known_attributes.include?(method_name)
-          super
-        end
-      end
-  end
-
-  class Base
-    extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    include CustomMethods, Observing, Validations
-    include ActiveModel::Conversion
-    include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
-    include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a8dc3146d..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,284 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
-require 'net/https'
-require 'date'
-require 'time'
-require 'uri'
-
-module ActiveResource
-  # Class to handle connections to remote web services.
-  # This class is used by ActiveResource::Base to interface with REST
-  # services.
-  class Connection
-
-    HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES = {  :get => 'Accept',
-      :put => 'Content-Type',
-      :post => 'Content-Type',
-      :patch => 'Content-Type',
-      :delete => 'Accept',
-      :head => 'Accept'
-    }
-
-    attr_reader :site, :user, :password, :auth_type, :timeout, :proxy, :ssl_options
-    attr_accessor :format
-
-    class << self
-      def requests
-        @@requests ||= []
-      end
-    end
-
-    # The +site+ parameter is required and will set the +site+
-    # attribute to the URI for the remote resource service.
-    def initialize(site, format = ActiveResource::Formats::JsonFormat)
-      raise ArgumentError, 'Missing site URI' unless site
-      @user = @password = nil
-      self.site = site
-      self.format = format
-    end
-
-    # Set URI for remote service.
-    def site=(site)
-      @site = site.is_a?(URI) ? site : URI.parse(site)
-      @user = URI.parser.unescape(@site.user) if @site.user
-      @password = URI.parser.unescape(@site.password) if @site.password
-    end
-
-    # Set the proxy for remote service.
-    def proxy=(proxy)
-      @proxy = proxy.is_a?(URI) ? proxy : URI.parse(proxy)
-    end
-
-    # Sets the user for remote service.
-    def user=(user)
-      @user = user
-    end
-
-    # Sets the password for remote service.
-    def password=(password)
-      @password = password
-    end
-
-    # Sets the auth type for remote service.
-    def auth_type=(auth_type)
-      @auth_type = legitimize_auth_type(auth_type)
-    end
-
-    # Sets the number of seconds after which HTTP requests to the remote service should time out.
-    def timeout=(timeout)
-      @timeout = timeout
-    end
-
-    # Hash of options applied to Net::HTTP instance when +site+ protocol is 'https'.
-    def ssl_options=(opts={})
-      @ssl_options = opts
-    end
-
-    # Executes a GET request.
-    # Used to get (find) resources.
-    def get(path, headers = {})
-      with_auth { request(:get, path, build_request_headers(headers, :get, self.site.merge(path))) }
-    end
-
-    # Executes a DELETE request (see HTTP protocol documentation if unfamiliar).
-    # Used to delete resources.
-    def delete(path, headers = {})
-      with_auth { request(:delete, path, build_request_headers(headers, :delete, self.site.merge(path))) }
-    end
-
-    # Executes a PATCH request (see HTTP protocol documentation if unfamiliar).
-    # Used to update resources.
-    def patch(path, body = '', headers = {})
-      with_auth { request(:patch, path, body.to_s, build_request_headers(headers, :patch, self.site.merge(path))) }
-    end
-
-    # Executes a PUT request (see HTTP protocol documentation if unfamiliar).
-    # Used to update resources.
-    def put(path, body = '', headers = {})
-      with_auth { request(:put, path, body.to_s, build_request_headers(headers, :put, self.site.merge(path))) }
-    end
-
-    # Executes a POST request.
-    # Used to create new resources.
-    def post(path, body = '', headers = {})
-      with_auth { request(:post, path, body.to_s, build_request_headers(headers, :post, self.site.merge(path))) }
-    end
-
-    # Executes a HEAD request.
-    # Used to obtain meta-information about resources, such as whether they exist and their size (via response headers).
-    def head(path, headers = {})
-      with_auth { request(:head, path, build_request_headers(headers, :head, self.site.merge(path))) }
-    end
-
-    private
-      # Makes a request to the remote service.
-      def request(method, path, *arguments)
-        result = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("request.active_resource") do |payload|
-          payload[:method]      = method
-          payload[:request_uri] = "#{site.scheme}://#{site.host}:#{site.port}#{path}"
-          payload[:result]      = http.send(method, path, *arguments)
-        end
-        handle_response(result)
-      rescue Timeout::Error => e
-        raise TimeoutError.new(e.message)
-      rescue OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError => e
-        raise SSLError.new(e.message)
-      end
-
-      # Handles response and error codes from the remote service.
-      def handle_response(response)
-        case response.code.to_i
-          when 301, 302, 303, 307
-            raise(Redirection.new(response))
-          when 200...400
-            response
-          when 400
-            raise(BadRequest.new(response))
-          when 401
-            raise(UnauthorizedAccess.new(response))
-          when 403
-            raise(ForbiddenAccess.new(response))
-          when 404
-            raise(ResourceNotFound.new(response))
-          when 405
-            raise(MethodNotAllowed.new(response))
-          when 409
-            raise(ResourceConflict.new(response))
-          when 410
-            raise(ResourceGone.new(response))
-          when 422
-            raise(ResourceInvalid.new(response))
-          when 401...500
-            raise(ClientError.new(response))
-          when 500...600
-            raise(ServerError.new(response))
-          else
-            raise(ConnectionError.new(response, "Unknown response code: #{response.code}"))
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Creates new Net::HTTP instance for communication with the
-      # remote service and resources.
-      def http
-        configure_http(new_http)
-      end
-
-      def new_http
-        if @proxy
-          Net::HTTP.new(@site.host, @site.port, @proxy.host, @proxy.port, @proxy.user, @proxy.password)
-        else
-          Net::HTTP.new(@site.host, @site.port)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def configure_http(http)
-        apply_ssl_options(http).tap do |https|
-          # Net::HTTP timeouts default to 60 seconds.
-          if defined? @timeout
-            https.open_timeout = @timeout
-            https.read_timeout = @timeout
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def apply_ssl_options(http)
-        http.tap do |https|
-          # Skip config if site is already a https:// URI.
-          if defined? @ssl_options
-            http.use_ssl = true
-
-            # Default to no cert verification (WTF? FIXME)
-            http.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
-
-            # All the SSL options have corresponding http settings.
-            @ssl_options.each { |key, value| http.send "#{key}=", value }
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def default_header
-        @default_header ||= {}
-      end
-
-      # Builds headers for request to remote service.
-      def build_request_headers(headers, http_method, uri)
-        authorization_header(http_method, uri).update(default_header).update(http_format_header(http_method)).update(headers)
-      end
-
-      def response_auth_header
-        @response_auth_header ||= ""
-      end
-
-      def with_auth
-        retried ||= false
-        yield
-      rescue UnauthorizedAccess => e
-        raise if retried || auth_type != :digest
-        @response_auth_header = e.response['WWW-Authenticate']
-        retried = true
-        retry
-      end
-
-      def authorization_header(http_method, uri)
-        if @user || @password
-          if auth_type == :digest
-            { 'Authorization' => digest_auth_header(http_method, uri) }
-          else
-            { 'Authorization' => 'Basic ' + ["#{@user}:#{@password}"].pack('m').delete("\r\n") }
-          end
-        else
-          {}
-        end
-      end
-
-      def digest_auth_header(http_method, uri)
-        params = extract_params_from_response
-
-        request_uri = uri.path
-        request_uri << "?#{uri.query}" if uri.query
-
-        ha1 = Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{@user}:#{params['realm']}:#{@password}")
-        ha2 = Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{http_method.to_s.upcase}:#{request_uri}")
-
-        params.merge!('cnonce' => client_nonce)
-        request_digest = Digest::MD5.hexdigest([ha1, params['nonce'], "0", params['cnonce'], params['qop'], ha2].join(":"))
-        "Digest #{auth_attributes_for(uri, request_digest, params)}"
-      end
-
-      def client_nonce
-        Digest::MD5.hexdigest("%x" % (Time.now.to_i + rand(65535)))
-      end
-
-      def extract_params_from_response
-        params = {}
-        if response_auth_header =~ /^(\w+) (.*)/
-          $2.gsub(/(\w+)="(.*?)"/) { params[$1] = $2 }
-        end
-        params
-      end
-
-      def auth_attributes_for(uri, request_digest, params)
-        [
-          %Q(username="#{@user}"),
-          %Q(realm="#{params['realm']}"),
-          %Q(qop="#{params['qop']}"),
-          %Q(uri="#{uri.path}"),
-          %Q(nonce="#{params['nonce']}"),
-          %Q(nc="0"),
-          %Q(cnonce="#{params['cnonce']}"),
-          %Q(opaque="#{params['opaque']}"),
-          %Q(response="#{request_digest}")].join(", ")
-      end
-
-      def http_format_header(http_method)
-        {HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[http_method] => format.mime_type}
-      end
-
-      def legitimize_auth_type(auth_type)
-        return :basic if auth_type.nil?
-        auth_type = auth_type.to_sym
-        auth_type.in?([:basic, :digest]) ? auth_type : :basic
-      end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/custom_methods.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/custom_methods.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 839dc79d50..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/custom_methods.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-
-module ActiveResource
-  # A module to support custom REST methods and sub-resources, allowing you to break out
-  # of the "default" REST methods with your own custom resource requests. For example,
-  # say you use Rails to expose a REST service and configure your routes with:
-  #
-  #    map.resources :people, :new => { :register => :post },
-  #                           :member => { :promote => :put, :deactivate => :delete }
-  #                           :collection => { :active => :get }
-  #
-  #  This route set creates routes for the following HTTP requests:
-  #
-  #    POST      /people/new/register.json # PeopleController.register
-  #    PATCH/PUT /people/1/promote.json    # PeopleController.promote with :id => 1
-  #    DELETE    /people/1/deactivate.json # PeopleController.deactivate with :id => 1
-  #    GET       /people/active.json       # PeopleController.active
-  #
-  # Using this module, Active Resource can use these custom REST methods just like the
-  # standard methods.
-  #
-  #   class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  #     self.site = "https://37s.sunrise.com"
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new(:name => 'Ryan').post(:register)  # POST /people/new/register.json
-  #   # => { :id => 1, :name => 'Ryan' }
-  #
-  #   Person.find(1).put(:promote, :position => 'Manager') # PUT /people/1/promote.json
-  #   Person.find(1).delete(:deactivate) # DELETE /people/1/deactivate.json
-  #
-  #   Person.get(:active)  # GET /people/active.json
-  #   # => [{:id => 1, :name => 'Ryan'}, {:id => 2, :name => 'Joe'}]
-  #
-  module CustomMethods
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    included do
-      class << self
-        alias :orig_delete :delete
-
-        # Invokes a GET to a given custom REST method. For example:
-        #
-        #   Person.get(:active)  # GET /people/active.json
-        #   # => [{:id => 1, :name => 'Ryan'}, {:id => 2, :name => 'Joe'}]
-        #
-        #   Person.get(:active, :awesome => true)  # GET /people/active.json?awesome=true
-        #   # => [{:id => 1, :name => 'Ryan'}]
-        #
-        # Note: the objects returned from this method are not automatically converted
-        # into ActiveResource::Base instances - they are ordinary Hashes. If you are expecting
-        # ActiveResource::Base instances, use the <tt>find</tt> class method with the
-        # <tt>:from</tt> option. For example:
-        #
-        #   Person.find(:all, :from => :active)
-        def get(custom_method_name, options = {})
-          hashified = format.decode(connection.get(custom_method_collection_url(custom_method_name, options), headers).body)
-          derooted  = Formats.remove_root(hashified)
-          derooted.is_a?(Array) ? derooted.map { |e| Formats.remove_root(e) } : derooted
-        end
-
-        def post(custom_method_name, options = {}, body = '')
-          connection.post(custom_method_collection_url(custom_method_name, options), body, headers)
-        end
-
-        def patch(custom_method_name, options = {}, body = '')
-          connection.patch(custom_method_collection_url(custom_method_name, options), body, headers)
-        end
-
-        def put(custom_method_name, options = {}, body = '')
-          connection.put(custom_method_collection_url(custom_method_name, options), body, headers)
-        end
-
-        def delete(custom_method_name, options = {})
-          # Need to jump through some hoops to retain the original class 'delete' method
-          if custom_method_name.is_a?(Symbol)
-            connection.delete(custom_method_collection_url(custom_method_name, options), headers)
-          else
-            orig_delete(custom_method_name, options)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      def custom_method_collection_url(method_name, options = {})
-        prefix_options, query_options = split_options(options)
-        "#{prefix(prefix_options)}#{collection_name}/#{method_name}.#{format.extension}#{query_string(query_options)}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def get(method_name, options = {})
-      self.class.format.decode(connection.get(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), self.class.headers).body)
-    end
-
-    def post(method_name, options = {}, body = nil)
-      request_body = body.blank? ? encode : body
-      if new?
-        connection.post(custom_method_new_element_url(method_name, options), request_body, self.class.headers)
-      else
-        connection.post(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), request_body, self.class.headers)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def patch(method_name, options = {}, body = '')
-      connection.patch(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), body, self.class.headers)
-    end
-
-    def put(method_name, options = {}, body = '')
-      connection.put(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), body, self.class.headers)
-    end
-
-    def delete(method_name, options = {})
-      connection.delete(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), self.class.headers)
-    end
-
-
-    private
-      def custom_method_element_url(method_name, options = {})
-        "#{self.class.prefix(prefix_options)}#{self.class.collection_name}/#{id}/#{method_name}.#{self.class.format.extension}#{self.class.__send__(:query_string, options)}"
-      end
-
-      def custom_method_new_element_url(method_name, options = {})
-        "#{self.class.prefix(prefix_options)}#{self.class.collection_name}/new/#{method_name}.#{self.class.format.extension}#{self.class.__send__(:query_string, options)}"
-      end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/exceptions.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/exceptions.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 51bede3bd0..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/exceptions.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveResource
-  class ConnectionError < StandardError # :nodoc:
-    attr_reader :response
-
-    def initialize(response, message = nil)
-      @response = response
-      @message  = message
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      message = "Failed."
-      message << "  Response code = #{response.code}." if response.respond_to?(:code)
-      message << "  Response message = #{response.message}." if response.respond_to?(:message)
-      message
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Raised when a Timeout::Error occurs.
-  class TimeoutError < ConnectionError
-    def initialize(message)
-      @message = message
-    end
-    def to_s; @message ;end
-  end
-
-  # Raised when a OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError occurs.
-  class SSLError < ConnectionError
-    def initialize(message)
-      @message = message
-    end
-    def to_s; @message ;end
-  end
-
-  # 3xx Redirection
-  class Redirection < ConnectionError # :nodoc:
-    def to_s
-      response['Location'] ? "#{super} => #{response['Location']}" : super
-    end
-  end
-
-  class MissingPrefixParam < ArgumentError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 4xx Client Error
-  class ClientError < ConnectionError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 400 Bad Request
-  class BadRequest < ClientError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 401 Unauthorized
-  class UnauthorizedAccess < ClientError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 403 Forbidden
-  class ForbiddenAccess < ClientError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 404 Not Found
-  class ResourceNotFound < ClientError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 409 Conflict
-  class ResourceConflict < ClientError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 410 Gone
-  class ResourceGone < ClientError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 5xx Server Error
-  class ServerError < ConnectionError # :nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # 405 Method Not Allowed
-  class MethodNotAllowed < ClientError # :nodoc:
-    def allowed_methods
-      @response['Allow'].split(',').map { |verb| verb.strip.downcase.to_sym }
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f7ad689cc5..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveResource
-  module Formats
-    autoload :XmlFormat, 'active_resource/formats/xml_format'
-    autoload :JsonFormat, 'active_resource/formats/json_format'
-
-    # Lookup the format class from a mime type reference symbol. Example:
-    #
-    #   ActiveResource::Formats[:xml]  # => ActiveResource::Formats::XmlFormat
-    #   ActiveResource::Formats[:json] # => ActiveResource::Formats::JsonFormat
-    def self.[](mime_type_reference)
-      ActiveResource::Formats.const_get(ActiveSupport::Inflector.camelize(mime_type_reference.to_s) + "Format")
-    end
-
-    def self.remove_root(data)
-      if data.is_a?(Hash) && data.keys.size == 1
-        data.values.first
-      else
-        data
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/json_format.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/json_format.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 827d1cc23a..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/json_format.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/json'
-
-module ActiveResource
-  module Formats
-    module JsonFormat
-      extend self
-
-      def extension
-        "json"
-      end
-
-      def mime_type
-        "application/json"
-      end
-
-      def encode(hash, options = nil)
-        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(hash, options)
-      end
-
-      def decode(json)
-        Formats.remove_root(ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json))
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/xml_format.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/xml_format.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 49cb9aa1ac..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/xml_format.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-
-module ActiveResource
-  module Formats
-    module XmlFormat
-      extend self
-
-      def extension
-        "xml"
-      end
-
-      def mime_type
-        "application/xml"
-      end
-
-      def encode(hash, options={})
-        hash.to_xml(options)
-      end
-
-      def decode(xml)
-        Formats.remove_root(Hash.from_xml(xml))
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9856f5872f..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,332 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
-
-module ActiveResource
-  class InvalidRequestError < StandardError; end #:nodoc:
-
-  # One thing that has always been a pain with remote web services is testing. The HttpMock
-  # class makes it easy to test your Active Resource models by creating a set of mock responses to specific
-  # requests.
-  #
-  # To test your Active Resource model, you simply call the ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to
-  # method with an attached block. The block declares a set of URIs with expected input, and the output
-  # each request should return. The passed in block has any number of entries in the following generalized
-  # format:
-  #
-  #   mock.http_method(path, request_headers = {}, body = nil, status = 200, response_headers = {})
-  #
-  # * <tt>http_method</tt> - The HTTP method to listen for. This can be +get+, +post+, +patch+, +put+, +delete+ or
-  #   +head+.
-  # * <tt>path</tt> - A string, starting with a "/", defining the URI that is expected to be
-  #   called.
-  # * <tt>request_headers</tt> - Headers that are expected along with the request. This argument uses a
-  #   hash format, such as <tt>{ "Content-Type" => "application/json" }</tt>. This mock will only trigger
-  #   if your tests sends a request with identical headers.
-  # * <tt>body</tt> - The data to be returned. This should be a string of Active Resource parseable content,
-  #   such as Json.
-  # * <tt>status</tt> - The HTTP response code, as an integer, to return with the response.
-  # * <tt>response_headers</tt> - Headers to be returned with the response. Uses the same hash format as
-  #   <tt>request_headers</tt> listed above.
-  #
-  # In order for a mock to deliver its content, the incoming request must match by the <tt>http_method</tt>,
-  # +path+ and <tt>request_headers</tt>. If no match is found an +InvalidRequestError+ exception
-  # will be raised showing you what request it could not find a response for and also what requests and response
-  # pairs have been recorded so you can create a new mock for that request.
-  #
-  # ==== Example
-  #   def setup
-  #     @matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" } }.to_json
-  #     ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-  #       mock.post   "/people.json",   {}, @matz, 201, "Location" => "/people/1.json"
-  #       mock.get    "/people/1.json", {}, @matz
-  #       mock.put    "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 204
-  #       mock.delete "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 200
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   def test_get_matz
-  #     person = Person.find(1)
-  #     assert_equal "Matz", person.name
-  #   end
-  #
-  class HttpMock
-    class Responder #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(responses)
-        @responses = responses
-      end
-
-      [ :post, :patch, :put, :get, :delete, :head ].each do |method|
-        # def post(path, request_headers = {}, body = nil, status = 200, response_headers = {})
-        #   @responses[Request.new(:post, path, nil, request_headers)] = Response.new(body || "", status, response_headers)
-        # end
-        module_eval <<-EOE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def #{method}(path, request_headers = {}, body = nil, status = 200, response_headers = {})
-            request  = Request.new(:#{method}, path, nil, request_headers)
-            response = Response.new(body || "", status, response_headers)
-
-            delete_duplicate_responses(request)
-
-            @responses << [request, response]
-          end
-        EOE
-      end
-
-    private
-
-      def delete_duplicate_responses(request)
-        @responses.delete_if {|r| r[0] == request }
-      end
-    end
-
-    class << self
-
-      # Returns an array of all request objects that have been sent to the mock. You can use this to check
-      # if your model actually sent an HTTP request.
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      #   def setup
-      #     @matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" } }.to_json
-      #     ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      #       mock.get "/people/1.json", {}, @matz
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   def test_should_request_remote_service
-      #     person = Person.find(1)  # Call the remote service
-      #
-      #     # This request object has the same HTTP method and path as declared by the mock
-      #     expected_request = ActiveResource::Request.new(:get, "/people/1.json")
-      #
-      #     # Assert that the mock received, and responded to, the expected request from the model
-      #     assert ActiveResource::HttpMock.requests.include?(expected_request)
-      #   end
-      def requests
-        @@requests ||= []
-      end
-
-      # Returns the list of requests and their mocked responses. Look up a
-      # response for a request using <tt>responses.assoc(request)</tt>.
-      def responses
-        @@responses ||= []
-      end
-
-      # Accepts a block which declares a set of requests and responses for the HttpMock to respond to in
-      # the following format:
-      #
-      #   mock.http_method(path, request_headers = {}, body = nil, status = 200, response_headers = {})
-      #
-      # === Example
-      #
-      #   @matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" } }.to_json
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      #     mock.post   "/people.json",   {}, @matz, 201, "Location" => "/people/1.json"
-      #     mock.get    "/people/1.json", {}, @matz
-      #     mock.put    "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 204
-      #     mock.delete "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 200
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Alternatively, accepts a hash of <tt>{Request => Response}</tt> pairs allowing you to generate
-      # these the following format:
-      #
-      #   ActiveResource::Request.new(method, path, body, request_headers)
-      #   ActiveResource::Response.new(body, status, response_headers)
-      #
-      # === Example
-      #
-      # Request.new(:#{method}, path, nil, request_headers)
-      #
-      #   @matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" } }.to_json
-      #
-      #   create_matz      = ActiveResource::Request.new(:post, '/people.json', @matz, {})
-      #   created_response = ActiveResource::Response.new("", 201, {"Location" => "/people/1.json"})
-      #   get_matz         = ActiveResource::Request.new(:get, '/people/1.json', nil)
-      #   ok_response      = ActiveResource::Response.new("", 200, {})
-      #
-      #   pairs = {create_matz => created_response, get_matz => ok_response}
-      #
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to(pairs)
-      #
-      # Note, by default, every time you call +respond_to+, any previous request and response pairs stored
-      # in HttpMock will be deleted giving you a clean slate to work on.
-      #
-      # If you want to override this behavior, pass in +false+ as the last argument to +respond_to+
-      #
-      # === Example
-      #
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      #     mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-      #   end
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length #=> 1
-      #
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to(false) do |mock|
-      #     mock.send(:get, "/people/2", {}, "JSON2")
-      #   end
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length #=> 2
-      #
-      # This also works with passing in generated pairs of requests and responses, again, just pass in false
-      # as the last argument:
-      #
-      # === Example
-      #
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      #     mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-      #   end
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length #=> 1
-      #
-      #   get_matz         = ActiveResource::Request.new(:get, '/people/1.json', nil)
-      #   ok_response      = ActiveResource::Response.new("", 200, {})
-      #
-      #   pairs = {get_matz => ok_response}
-      #
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to(pairs, false)
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length #=> 2
-      #
-      #   # If you add a response with an existing request, it will be replaced
-      #
-      #   fail_response      = ActiveResource::Response.new("", 404, {})
-      #   pairs = {get_matz => fail_response}
-      #
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to(pairs, false)
-      #   ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length #=> 2
-      #
-      def respond_to(*args) #:yields: mock
-        pairs = args.first || {}
-        reset! if args.last.class != FalseClass
-
-        if block_given?
-          yield Responder.new(responses)
-        else
-          delete_responses_to_replace pairs.to_a
-          responses.concat pairs.to_a
-          Responder.new(responses)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def delete_responses_to_replace(new_responses)
-        new_responses.each{|nr|
-          request_to_remove = nr[0]
-          @@responses = responses.delete_if{|r| r[0] == request_to_remove}
-        }
-      end
-
-      # Deletes all logged requests and responses.
-      def reset!
-        requests.clear
-        responses.clear
-      end
-    end
-
-    # body?       methods
-    { true  => %w(post patch put),
-      false => %w(get delete head) }.each do |has_body, methods|
-      methods.each do |method|
-        # def post(path, body, headers)
-        #   request = ActiveResource::Request.new(:post, path, body, headers)
-        #   self.class.requests << request
-        #   if response = self.class.responses.assoc(request)
-        #     response[1]
-        #   else
-        #     raise InvalidRequestError.new("Could not find a response recorded for #{request.to_s} - Responses recorded are: - #{inspect_responses}")
-        #   end
-        # end
-        module_eval <<-EOE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def #{method}(path, #{'body, ' if has_body}headers)
-            request = ActiveResource::Request.new(:#{method}, path, #{has_body ? 'body, ' : 'nil, '}headers)
-            self.class.requests << request
-            if response = self.class.responses.assoc(request)
-              response[1]
-            else
-              raise InvalidRequestError.new("Could not find a response recorded for \#{request.to_s} - Responses recorded are: \#{inspect_responses}")
-            end
-          end
-        EOE
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(site) #:nodoc:
-      @site = site
-    end
-
-    def inspect_responses #:nodoc:
-      self.class.responses.map { |r| r[0].to_s }.inspect
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Request
-    attr_accessor :path, :method, :body, :headers
-
-    def initialize(method, path, body = nil, headers = {})
-      @method, @path, @body, @headers = method, path, body, headers
-    end
-
-    def ==(req)
-      path == req.path && method == req.method && headers_match?(req)
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      "<#{method.to_s.upcase}: #{path} [#{headers}] (#{body})>"
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def headers_match?(req)
-      # Ignore format header on equality if it's not defined
-      format_header = ActiveResource::Connection::HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[method]
-      if headers[format_header].present? || req.headers[format_header].blank?
-        headers == req.headers
-      else
-        headers.dup.merge(format_header => req.headers[format_header]) == req.headers
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Response
-    attr_accessor :body, :message, :code, :headers
-
-    def initialize(body, message = 200, headers = {})
-      @body, @message, @headers = body, message.to_s, headers
-      @code = @message[0,3].to_i
-
-      resp_cls = Net::HTTPResponse::CODE_TO_OBJ[@code.to_s]
-      if resp_cls && !resp_cls.body_permitted?
-        @body = nil
-      end
-
-      self['Content-Length'] = @body.nil? ? "0" : body.size.to_s
-
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if code is 2xx,
-    # false otherwise.
-    def success?
-      code.in?(200..299)
-    end
-
-    def [](key)
-      headers[key]
-    end
-
-    def []=(key, value)
-      headers[key] = value
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if the other is a Response with an equal body, equal message
-    # and equal headers. Otherwise it returns false.
-    def ==(other)
-      if (other.is_a?(Response))
-        other.body == body && other.message == message && other.headers == headers
-      else
-        false
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Connection
-    private
-      silence_warnings do
-        def http
-          @http ||= HttpMock.new(@site)
-        end
-      end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/log_subscriber.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/log_subscriber.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e52baf36d..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/log_subscriber.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveResource
-  class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
-    def request(event)
-      result = event.payload[:result]
-      info "#{event.payload[:method].to_s.upcase} #{event.payload[:request_uri]}"
-      info "--> %d %s %d (%.1fms)" % [result.code, result.message, result.body.to_s.length, event.duration]
-    end
-
-    def logger
-      ActiveResource::Base.logger
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-ActiveResource::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_resource
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/observing.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/observing.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1bfceb8dc8..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/observing.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveResource
-  module Observing
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-    include ActiveModel::Observing
-
-    included do
-      %w( create save update destroy ).each do |method|
-        # def create_with_notifications(*args, &block)
-        #   notify_observers(:before_create)
-        #   if result = create_without_notifications(*args, &block)
-        #     notify_observers(:after_create)
-        #   end
-        #   result
-        # end
-        # alias_method_chain(create, :notifications)
-        class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def #{method}_with_notifications(*args, &block)
-            notify_observers(:before_#{method})
-            if result = #{method}_without_notifications(*args, &block)
-              notify_observers(:after_#{method})
-            end
-            result
-          end
-        EOS
-        alias_method_chain(method, :notifications)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/railtie.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/railtie.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 60f6f88311..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/railtie.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-require "active_resource"
-require "rails"
-
-module ActiveResource
-  class Railtie < Rails::Railtie
-    config.active_resource = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-
-    initializer "active_resource.set_configs" do |app|
-      app.config.active_resource.each do |k,v|
-        ActiveResource::Base.send "#{k}=", v
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/schema.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/schema.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5957969aa2..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/schema.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_resource/exceptions'
-
-module ActiveResource # :nodoc:
-  class Schema # :nodoc:
-    # attributes can be known to be one of these types. They are easy to
-    # cast to/from.
-    KNOWN_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES = %w( string text integer float decimal datetime timestamp time date binary boolean )
-
-    # An array of attribute definitions, representing the attributes that
-    # have been defined.
-    attr_accessor :attrs
-
-    # The internals of an Active Resource Schema are very simple -
-    # unlike an Active Record TableDefinition (on which it is based).
-    # It provides a set of convenience methods for people to define their
-    # schema using the syntax:
-    #  schema do
-    #    string :foo
-    #    integer :bar
-    #  end
-    #
-    #  The schema stores the name and type of each attribute. That is then
-    #  read out by the schema method to populate the schema of the actual
-    #  resource.
-    def initialize
-      @attrs = {}
-    end
-
-    def attribute(name, type, options = {})
-      raise ArgumentError, "Unknown Attribute type: #{type.inspect} for key: #{name.inspect}" unless type.nil? || Schema::KNOWN_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES.include?(type.to_s)
-
-      the_type = type.to_s
-      # TODO: add defaults
-      #the_attr = [type.to_s]
-      #the_attr << options[:default] if options.has_key? :default
-      @attrs[name.to_s] = the_type
-      self
-    end
-
-    # The following are the attribute types supported by Active Resource
-    # migrations.
-    KNOWN_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES.each do |attr_type|
-      # def string(*args)
-      #   options = args.extract_options!
-      #   attr_names = args
-      #
-      #   attr_names.each { |name| attribute(name, 'string', options) }
-      # end
-      class_eval <<-EOV, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{attr_type.to_s}(*args)
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          attr_names = args
-
-          attr_names.each { |name| attribute(name, '#{attr_type}', options) }
-        end
-      EOV
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/validations.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/validations.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 028acb8bce..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/validations.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-
-module ActiveResource
-  class ResourceInvalid < ClientError  #:nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # Active Resource validation is reported to and from this object, which is used by Base#save
-  # to determine whether the object in a valid state to be saved. See usage example in Validations.
-  class Errors < ActiveModel::Errors
-    # Grabs errors from an array of messages (like ActiveRecord::Validations).
-    # The second parameter directs the errors cache to be cleared (default)
-    # or not (by passing true).
-    def from_array(messages, save_cache = false)
-      clear unless save_cache
-      humanized_attributes = Hash[@base.attributes.keys.map { |attr_name| [attr_name.humanize, attr_name] }]
-      messages.each do |message|
-        attr_message = humanized_attributes.keys.detect do |attr_name|
-          if message[0, attr_name.size + 1] == "#{attr_name} "
-            add humanized_attributes[attr_name], message[(attr_name.size + 1)..-1]
-          end
-        end
-
-        self[:base] << message if attr_message.nil?
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Grabs errors from a hash of attribute => array of errors elements
-    # The second parameter directs the errors cache to be cleared (default)
-    # or not (by passing true)
-    #
-    # Unrecognized attribute names will be humanized and added to the record's
-    # base errors.
-    def from_hash(messages, save_cache = false)
-      clear unless save_cache
-
-      messages.each do |(key,errors)|
-        errors.each do |error|
-          if @base.attributes.keys.include?(key)
-            add key, error
-          elsif key == 'base'
-            self[:base] << error
-          else
-            # reporting an error on an attribute not in attributes
-            # format and add them to base
-            self[:base] << "#{key.humanize} #{error}"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Grabs errors from a json response.
-    def from_json(json, save_cache = false)
-      decoded = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json) || {} rescue {}
-      if decoded.kind_of?(Hash) && (decoded.has_key?('errors') || decoded.empty?)
-        errors = decoded['errors'] || {}
-        if errors.kind_of?(Array)
-          # 3.2.1-style with array of strings
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('Returning errors as an array of strings is deprecated.')
-          from_array errors, save_cache
-        else
-          # 3.2.2+ style
-          from_hash errors, save_cache
-        end
-      else
-        # <3.2-style respond_with - lacks 'errors' key
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('Returning errors as a hash without a root "errors" key is deprecated.')
-        from_hash decoded, save_cache
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Grabs errors from an XML response.
-    def from_xml(xml, save_cache = false)
-      array = Array.wrap(Hash.from_xml(xml)['errors']['error']) rescue []
-      from_array array, save_cache
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Module to support validation and errors with Active Resource objects. The module overrides
-  # Base#save to rescue ActiveResource::ResourceInvalid exceptions and parse the errors returned
-  # in the web service response. The module also adds an +errors+ collection that mimics the interface
-  # of the errors provided by ActiveModel::Errors.
-  #
-  # ==== Example
-  #
-  # Consider a Person resource on the server requiring both a +first_name+ and a +last_name+ with a
-  # <tt>validates_presence_of :first_name, :last_name</tt> declaration in the model:
-  #
-  #   person = Person.new(:first_name => "Jim", :last_name => "")
-  #   person.save                   # => false (server returns an HTTP 422 status code and errors)
-  #   person.valid?                 # => false
-  #   person.errors.empty?          # => false
-  #   person.errors.count           # => 1
-  #   person.errors.full_messages   # => ["Last name can't be empty"]
-  #   person.errors[:last_name]  # => ["can't be empty"]
-  #   person.last_name = "Halpert"
-  #   person.save                   # => true (and person is now saved to the remote service)
-  #
-  module Validations
-    extend  ActiveSupport::Concern
-    include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-    included do
-      alias_method_chain :save, :validation
-    end
-
-    # Validate a resource and save (POST) it to the remote web service.
-    # If any local validations fail - the save (POST) will not be attempted.
-    def save_with_validation(options={})
-      perform_validation = options[:validate] != false
-
-      # clear the remote validations so they don't interfere with the local
-      # ones. Otherwise we get an endless loop and can never change the
-      # fields so as to make the resource valid.
-      @remote_errors = nil
-      if perform_validation && valid? || !perform_validation
-        save_without_validation
-        true
-      else
-        false
-      end
-    rescue ResourceInvalid => error
-      # cache the remote errors because every call to <tt>valid?</tt> clears
-      # all errors. We must keep a copy to add these back after local
-      # validations.
-      @remote_errors = error
-      load_remote_errors(@remote_errors, true)
-      false
-    end
-
-
-    # Loads the set of remote errors into the object's Errors based on the
-    # content-type of the error-block received.
-    def load_remote_errors(remote_errors, save_cache = false ) #:nodoc:
-      case self.class.format
-      when ActiveResource::Formats[:xml]
-        errors.from_xml(remote_errors.response.body, save_cache)
-      when ActiveResource::Formats[:json]
-        errors.from_json(remote_errors.response.body, save_cache)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Checks for errors on an object (i.e., is resource.errors empty?).
-    #
-    # Runs all the specified local validations and returns true if no errors
-    # were added, otherwise false.
-    # Runs local validations (eg those on your Active Resource model), and
-    # also any errors returned from the remote system the last time we
-    # saved.
-    # Remote errors can only be cleared by trying to re-save the resource.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   my_person = Person.create(params[:person])
-    #   my_person.valid?
-    #   # => true
-    #
-    #   my_person.errors.add('login', 'can not be empty') if my_person.login == ''
-    #   my_person.valid?
-    #   # => false
-    #
-    def valid?
-      super
-      load_remote_errors(@remote_errors, true) if defined?(@remote_errors) && @remote_errors.present?
-      errors.empty?
-    end
-
-    # Returns the Errors object that holds all information about attribute error messages.
-    def errors
-      @errors ||= Errors.new(self)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/version.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d02784bd5d..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveResource
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 0
-    TINY  = 0
-    PRE   = "beta"
-
-    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join('.')
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/abstract_unit.rb b/activeresource/test/abstract_unit.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c68625df4f..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
-
-lib = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../lib")
-$:.unshift(lib) unless $:.include?('lib') || $:.include?(lib)
-
-require 'minitest/autorun'
-require 'active_resource'
-require 'active_support'
-require 'active_support/test_case'
-require 'setter_trap'
-require 'active_support/logger'
-
-ActiveResource::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/debug.log")
-
-def setup_response
-  matz_hash = { 'person' => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' } }
-
-  @default_request_headers = { 'Content-Type' => 'application/json' }
-  @matz  = matz_hash.to_json
-  @matz_xml  = matz_hash.to_xml
-  @david = { :person => { :id => 2, :name => 'David' } }.to_json
-  @greg  = { :person => { :id => 3, :name => 'Greg' } }.to_json
-  @addy  = { :address => { :id => 1, :street => '12345 Street', :country => 'Australia' } }.to_json
-  @rick  = { :person => { :name => "Rick", :age => 25 } }.to_json
-  @joe    = { :person => { :id => 6, :name => 'Joe', :likes_hats => true }}.to_json
-  @people = { :people => [ { :person => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' } }, { :person => { :id => 2, :name => 'David' } }] }.to_json
-  @people_david = { :people => [ { :person => { :id => 2, :name => 'David' } }] }.to_json
-  @addresses = { :addresses => [{ :address => { :id => 1, :street => '12345 Street', :country => 'Australia' } }] }.to_json
-
-  # - deep nested resource -
-  # - Luis (Customer)
-  #   - JK (Customer::Friend)
-  #     - Mateo (Customer::Friend::Brother)
-  #       - Edith (Customer::Friend::Brother::Child)
-  #       - Martha (Customer::Friend::Brother::Child)
-  #     - Felipe (Customer::Friend::Brother)
-  #       - Bryan (Customer::Friend::Brother::Child)
-  #       - Luke (Customer::Friend::Brother::Child)
-  #   - Eduardo (Customer::Friend)
-  #     - Sebas (Customer::Friend::Brother)
-  #       - Andres (Customer::Friend::Brother::Child)
-  #       - Jorge (Customer::Friend::Brother::Child)
-  #     - Elsa (Customer::Friend::Brother)
-  #       - Natacha (Customer::Friend::Brother::Child)
-  #     - Milena (Customer::Friend::Brother)
-  #
-  @luis = {
-    :customer => {
-      :id => 1,
-      :name => 'Luis',
-      :friends => [{
-        :name => 'JK',
-        :brothers => [
-          {
-            :name => 'Mateo',
-            :children => [{ :name => 'Edith' },{ :name => 'Martha' }]
-          }, {
-            :name => 'Felipe',
-            :children => [{ :name => 'Bryan' },{ :name => 'Luke' }]
-          }
-        ]
-      }, {
-        :name => 'Eduardo',
-        :brothers => [
-          {
-            :name => 'Sebas',
-            :children => [{ :name => 'Andres' },{ :name => 'Jorge' }]
-          }, {
-            :name => 'Elsa',
-            :children => [{ :name => 'Natacha' }]
-          }, {
-            :name => 'Milena',
-            :children => []
-          }
-        ]
-      }]
-    }
-  }.to_json
-  # - resource with yaml array of strings; for ARs using serialize :bar, Array
-  @marty = <<-eof.strip
-    <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>
-    <person>
-      <id type=\"integer\">5</id>
-      <name>Marty</name>
-      <colors type=\"yaml\">---
-    - \"red\"
-    - \"green\"
-    - \"blue\"
-    </colors>
-    </person>
-  eof
-
-  @startup_sound = {
-    :sound => {
-      :name => "Mac Startup Sound", :author => { :name => "Jim Reekes" }
-    }
-  }.to_json
-
-  ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-    mock.get    "/people/1.json",               {}, @matz
-    mock.get    "/people/1.xml",                {}, @matz_xml
-    mock.get    "/people/2.xml",                {}, @david
-    mock.get    "/people/5.xml",                {}, @marty
-    mock.get    "/people/Greg.json",            {}, @greg
-    mock.get    "/people/6.json",               {}, @joe
-    mock.get    "/people/4.json",               { 'key' => 'value' }, nil, 404
-    mock.put    "/people/1.json",               {}, nil, 204
-    mock.delete "/people/1.json",               {}, nil, 200
-    mock.delete "/people/2.xml",                {}, nil, 400
-    mock.get    "/people/99.json",              {}, nil, 404
-    mock.post   "/people.json",                 {}, @rick, 201, 'Location' => '/people/5.xml'
-    mock.get    "/people.json",                 {}, @people
-    mock.get    "/people/1/addresses.json",     {}, @addresses
-    mock.get    "/people/1/addresses/1.json",   {}, @addy
-    mock.get    "/people/1/addresses/2.xml",    {}, nil, 404
-    mock.get    "/people/2/addresses.json",     {}, nil, 404
-    mock.get    "/people/2/addresses/1.xml",    {}, nil, 404
-    mock.get    "/people/Greg/addresses/1.json", {}, @addy
-    mock.put    "/people/1/addresses/1.json",   {}, nil, 204
-    mock.delete "/people/1/addresses/1.json",   {}, nil, 200
-    mock.post   "/people/1/addresses.json",     {}, nil, 201, 'Location' => '/people/1/addresses/5'
-    mock.get    "/people/1/addresses/99.json",  {}, nil, 404
-    mock.get    "/people//addresses.xml",       {}, nil, 404
-    mock.get    "/people//addresses/1.xml",     {}, nil, 404
-    mock.put    "/people//addresses/1.xml",     {}, nil, 404
-    mock.delete "/people//addresses/1.xml",     {}, nil, 404
-    mock.post   "/people//addresses.xml",       {}, nil, 404
-    mock.head   "/people/1.json",               {}, nil, 200
-    mock.head   "/people/Greg.json",            {}, nil, 200
-    mock.head   "/people/99.json",              {}, nil, 404
-    mock.head   "/people/1/addresses/1.json",   {}, nil, 200
-    mock.head   "/people/1/addresses/2.json",   {}, nil, 404
-    mock.head   "/people/2/addresses/1.json",    {}, nil, 404
-    mock.head   "/people/Greg/addresses/1.json", {}, nil, 200
-    # customer
-    mock.get    "/customers/1.json",             {}, @luis
-    # sound
-    mock.get    "/sounds/1.json",                {}, @startup_sound
-  end
-
-  Person.user = nil
-  Person.password = nil
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/authorization_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/authorization_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fbfe086599..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/authorization_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,251 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class AuthorizationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  Response = Struct.new(:code)
-
-  def setup
-    @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new('http://localhost')
-    @matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' } }.to_json
-    @david = { :person => { :id => 2, :name => 'David' } }.to_json
-    @authenticated_conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://david:test123@localhost")
-    @basic_authorization_request_header = { 'Authorization' => 'Basic ZGF2aWQ6dGVzdDEyMw==' }
-  end
-
-  private
-    def decode(response)
-      @authenticated_conn.format.decode(response.body)
-    end
-end
-
-class BasicAuthorizationTest < AuthorizationTest
-  def setup
-    super
-    @authenticated_conn.auth_type = :basic
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get    "/people/2.json",           @basic_authorization_request_header, @david
-      mock.get    "/people/1.json",           @basic_authorization_request_header, nil, 401, { 'WWW-Authenticate' => 'i_should_be_ignored' }
-      mock.put    "/people/2.json",           @basic_authorization_request_header, nil, 204
-      mock.delete "/people/2.json",           @basic_authorization_request_header, nil, 200
-      mock.post   "/people/2/addresses.json", @basic_authorization_request_header, nil, 201, 'Location' => '/people/1/addresses/5'
-      mock.head   "/people/2.json",           @basic_authorization_request_header, nil, 200
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_get
-    david = decode(@authenticated_conn.get("/people/2.json"))
-    assert_equal "David", david["name"]
-  end
-
-  def test_post
-    response = @authenticated_conn.post("/people/2/addresses.json")
-    assert_equal "/people/1/addresses/5", response["Location"]
-  end
-
-  def test_put
-    response = @authenticated_conn.put("/people/2.json")
-    assert_equal 204, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_delete
-    response = @authenticated_conn.delete("/people/2.json")
-    assert_equal 200, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_head
-    response = @authenticated_conn.head("/people/2.json")
-    assert_equal 200, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_retry_on_401_doesnt_happen_with_basic_auth
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::UnauthorizedAccess) { @authenticated_conn.get("/people/1.json") }
-    assert_equal "", @authenticated_conn.send(:response_auth_header)
-  end
-
-  def test_raises_invalid_request_on_unauthorized_requests
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.get("/people/2.json") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.post("/people/2/addresses.json") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.put("/people/2.json") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.delete("/people/2.json") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.head("/people/2.json") }
-  end
-
-
-  def test_authorization_header
-    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    assert_equal @basic_authorization_request_header['Authorization'], authorization_header['Authorization']
-    authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
-
-    assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
-    assert_equal ["david", "test123"], ::Base64.decode64(authorization[1]).split(":")[0..1]
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_with_username_but_no_password
-    @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://david:@localhost")
-    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
-
-    assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
-    assert_equal ["david"], ::Base64.decode64(authorization[1]).split(":")[0..1]
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_with_password_but_no_username
-    @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://:test123@localhost")
-    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
-
-    assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
-    assert_equal ["", "test123"], ::Base64.decode64(authorization[1]).split(":")[0..1]
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_with_decoded_credentials_from_url
-    @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://my%40email.com:%31%32%33@localhost")
-    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
-
-    assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
-    assert_equal ["my@email.com", "123"], ::Base64.decode64(authorization[1]).split(":")[0..1]
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_explicitly_setting_username_and_password
-    @authenticated_conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://@localhost")
-    @authenticated_conn.user = 'david'
-    @authenticated_conn.password = 'test123'
-    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    assert_equal @basic_authorization_request_header['Authorization'], authorization_header['Authorization']
-    authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
-
-    assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
-    assert_equal ["david", "test123"], ::Base64.decode64(authorization[1]).split(":")[0..1]
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_explicitly_setting_username_but_no_password
-    @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://@localhost")
-    @conn.user = "david"
-    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
-
-    assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
-    assert_equal ["david"], ::Base64.decode64(authorization[1]).split(":")[0..1]
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_explicitly_setting_password_but_no_username
-    @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://@localhost")
-    @conn.password = "test123"
-    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
-
-    assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
-    assert_equal ["", "test123"], ::Base64.decode64(authorization[1]).split(":")[0..1]
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_if_credentials_supplied_and_auth_type_is_basic
-    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    assert_equal @basic_authorization_request_header['Authorization'], authorization_header['Authorization']
-    authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
-
-    assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
-    assert_equal ["david", "test123"], ::Base64.decode64(authorization[1]).split(":")[0..1]
-  end
-
-  def test_client_nonce_is_not_nil
-    assert_not_nil ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://david:test123@localhost").send(:client_nonce)
-  end
-end
-
-class DigestAuthorizationTest < AuthorizationTest
-  def setup
-    super
-    @authenticated_conn.auth_type = :digest
-
-    # Make client nonce deterministic
-    def @authenticated_conn.client_nonce; 'i-am-a-client-nonce' end
-
-    @nonce = "MTI0OTUxMzc4NzpjYWI3NDM3NDNmY2JmODU4ZjQ2ZjcwNGZkMTJiMjE0NA=="
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get    "/people/2.json",           { 'Authorization' => blank_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "fad396f6a34aeba28e28b9b96ddbb671") }, nil, 401, { 'WWW-Authenticate' => response_digest_auth_header }
-      mock.get    "/people/2.json",           { 'Authorization' => request_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "c064d5ba8891a25290c76c8c7d31fb7b") }, @david, 200
-      mock.get    "/people/1.json",           { 'Authorization' => request_digest_auth_header("/people/1.json", "f9c0b594257bb8422af4abd429c5bb70") }, @matz, 200
-
-      mock.put    "/people/2.json",           { 'Authorization' => blank_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "50a685d814f94665b9d160fbbaa3958a") }, nil, 401, { 'WWW-Authenticate' => response_digest_auth_header }
-      mock.put    "/people/2.json",           { 'Authorization' => request_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "5a75cde841122d8e0f20f8fd1f98a743") }, nil, 204
-
-      mock.delete "/people/2.json",           { 'Authorization' => blank_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "846f799107eab5ca4285b909ee299a33") }, nil, 401, { 'WWW-Authenticate' => response_digest_auth_header }
-      mock.delete "/people/2.json",           { 'Authorization' => request_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "9f5b155224edbbb69fd99d8ce094681e") }, nil, 200
-
-      mock.post   "/people/2/addresses.json", { 'Authorization' => blank_digest_auth_header("/people/2/addresses.json", "6984d405ff3d9ed07bbf747dcf16afb0") }, nil, 401, { 'WWW-Authenticate' => response_digest_auth_header }
-      mock.post   "/people/2/addresses.json", { 'Authorization' => request_digest_auth_header("/people/2/addresses.json", "4bda6a28dbf930b5af9244073623bd04") }, nil, 201, 'Location' => '/people/1/addresses/5'
-
-      mock.head   "/people/2.json",           { 'Authorization' => blank_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "15e5ed84ba5c4cfcd5c98a36c2e4f421") }, nil, 401, { 'WWW-Authenticate' => response_digest_auth_header }
-      mock.head   "/people/2.json",           { 'Authorization' => request_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "d4c6d2bcc8717abb2e2ccb8c49ee6a91") }, nil, 200
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_if_credentials_supplied_and_auth_type_is_digest
-    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json'))
-    assert_equal blank_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json", "fad396f6a34aeba28e28b9b96ddbb671"), authorization_header['Authorization']
-  end
-
-  def test_authorization_header_with_query_string_if_auth_type_is_digest
-    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.__send__(:authorization_header, :get, URI.parse('/people/2.json?only=name'))
-    assert_equal blank_digest_auth_header("/people/2.json?only=name", "f8457b0b5d21b6b80737a386217afb24"), authorization_header['Authorization']
-  end
-
-  def test_get_with_digest_auth_handles_initial_401_response_and_retries
-    response = @authenticated_conn.get("/people/2.json")
-    assert_equal "David", decode(response)["name"]
-  end
-
-  def test_post_with_digest_auth_handles_initial_401_response_and_retries
-    response = @authenticated_conn.post("/people/2/addresses.json")
-    assert_equal "/people/1/addresses/5", response["Location"]
-    assert_equal 201, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_put_with_digest_auth_handles_initial_401_response_and_retries
-    response = @authenticated_conn.put("/people/2.json")
-    assert_equal 204, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_delete_with_digest_auth_handles_initial_401_response_and_retries
-    response = @authenticated_conn.delete("/people/2.json")
-    assert_equal 200, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_head_with_digest_auth_handles_initial_401_response_and_retries
-    response = @authenticated_conn.head("/people/2.json")
-    assert_equal 200, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_get_with_digest_auth_caches_nonce
-    response = @authenticated_conn.get("/people/2.json")
-    assert_equal "David", decode(response)["name"]
-
-    # There is no mock for this request with a non-cached nonce.
-    response = @authenticated_conn.get("/people/1.json")
-    assert_equal "Matz", decode(response)["name"]
-  end
-
-  def test_raises_invalid_request_on_unauthorized_requests_with_digest_auth
-    @conn.auth_type = :digest
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.get("/people/2.json") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.post("/people/2/addresses.json") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.put("/people/2.json") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.delete("/people/2.json") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { @conn.head("/people/2.json") }
-  end
-
-  private
-    def blank_digest_auth_header(uri, response)
-      %Q(Digest username="david", realm="", qop="", uri="#{uri}", nonce="", nc="0", cnonce="i-am-a-client-nonce", opaque="", response="#{response}")
-    end
-
-    def request_digest_auth_header(uri, response)
-      %Q(Digest username="david", realm="RailsTestApp", qop="auth", uri="#{uri}", nonce="#{@nonce}", nc="0", cnonce="i-am-a-client-nonce", opaque="ef6dfb078ba22298d366f99567814ffb", response="#{response}")
-    end
-
-    def response_digest_auth_header
-      %Q(Digest realm="RailsTestApp", qop="auth", algorithm=MD5, nonce="#{@nonce}", opaque="ef6dfb078ba22298d366f99567814ffb")
-    end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/base/custom_methods_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/base/custom_methods_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f7aa7a4a09..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/base/custom_methods_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'fixtures/person'
-require 'fixtures/street_address'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-
-class CustomMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' } }.to_json
-    @matz_deep  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz', :other => 'other' } }.to_json
-    @matz_array = { :people => [{ :person => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' } }] }.to_json
-    @ryan  = { :person => { :name => 'Ryan' } }.to_json
-    @addy  = { :address => { :id => 1, :street => '12345 Street' } }.to_json
-    @addy_deep  = { :address => { :id => 1, :street => '12345 Street', :zip => "27519" } }.to_json
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get    "/people/1.json",        {}, @matz
-      mock.get    "/people/1/shallow.json", {}, @matz
-      mock.get    "/people/1/deep.json", {}, @matz_deep
-      mock.get    "/people/retrieve.json?name=Matz", {}, @matz_array
-      mock.get    "/people/managers.json", {}, @matz_array
-      mock.post   "/people/hire.json?name=Matz", {}, nil, 201
-      mock.put    "/people/1/promote.json?position=Manager", {}, nil, 204
-      mock.put    "/people/promote.json?name=Matz", {}, nil, 204, {}
-      mock.put    "/people/sort.json?by=name", {}, nil, 204
-      mock.delete "/people/deactivate.json?name=Matz", {}, nil, 200
-      mock.delete "/people/1/deactivate.json", {}, nil, 200
-      mock.post   "/people/new/register.json",      {}, @ryan, 201, 'Location' => '/people/5.json'
-      mock.post   "/people/1/register.json", {}, @matz, 201
-      mock.get    "/people/1/addresses/1.json", {}, @addy
-      mock.get    "/people/1/addresses/1/deep.json", {}, @addy_deep
-      mock.put    "/people/1/addresses/1/normalize_phone.json?locale=US", {}, nil, 204
-      mock.put    "/people/1/addresses/sort.json?by=name", {}, nil, 204
-      mock.post   "/people/1/addresses/new/link.json", {}, { :address => { :street => '12345 Street' } }.to_json, 201, 'Location' => '/people/1/addresses/2.json'
-    end
-
-    Person.user = nil
-    Person.password = nil
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.reset!
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_collection_method
-    # GET
-    assert_equal([{ "id" => 1, "name" => 'Matz' }], Person.get(:retrieve, :name => 'Matz'))
-
-    # POST
-    assert_equal(ActiveResource::Response.new("", 201, {}), Person.post(:hire, :name => 'Matz'))
-
-    # PUT
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new("", 204, {}),
-                   Person.put(:promote, {:name => 'Matz'}, 'atestbody')
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new("", 204, {}), Person.put(:sort, :by => 'name')
-
-    # DELETE
-    Person.delete :deactivate, :name => 'Matz'
-
-    # Nested resource
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new("", 204, {}), StreetAddress.put(:sort, :person_id => 1, :by => 'name')
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_element_method
-    # Test GET against an element URL
-    assert_equal Person.find(1).get(:shallow), {"id" => 1, "name" => 'Matz'}
-    assert_equal Person.find(1).get(:deep), {"id" => 1, "name" => 'Matz', "other" => 'other'}
-
-    # Test PUT against an element URL
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new("", 204, {}), Person.find(1).put(:promote, {:position => 'Manager'}, 'body')
-
-    # Test DELETE against an element URL
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new("", 200, {}), Person.find(1).delete(:deactivate)
-
-    # With nested resources
-    assert_equal StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 }).get(:deep),
-                  { "id" => 1, "street" => '12345 Street', "zip" => "27519" }
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new("", 204, {}),
-                   StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 }).put(:normalize_phone, :locale => 'US')
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_new_element_method
-    # Test POST against a new element URL
-    ryan = Person.new(:name => 'Ryan')
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new(@ryan, 201, { 'Location' => '/people/5.json' }), ryan.post(:register)
-    expected_request = ActiveResource::Request.new(:post, '/people/new/register.json', @ryan)
-    assert_equal expected_request.body, ActiveResource::HttpMock.requests.first.body
-
-    # Test POST against a nested collection URL
-    addy = StreetAddress.new(:street => '123 Test Dr.', :person_id => 1)
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new({ :address => { :street => '12345 Street' } }.to_json,
-                   201, { 'Location' => '/people/1/addresses/2.json' }),
-                 addy.post(:link)
-
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new(@matz, 201), matz.post(:register)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_custom_resources
-    assert_equal 'Matz', Person.find(:all, :from => :managers).first.name
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/base/equality_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/base/equality_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fffd8b75c3..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/base/equality_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require "fixtures/person"
-require "fixtures/street_address"
-
-class BaseEqualityTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @new = Person.new
-    @one = Person.new(:id => 1)
-    @two = Person.new(:id => 2)
-    @street = StreetAddress.new(:id => 2)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_equal_self
-    assert @new == @new, '@new == @new'
-    assert @one == @one, '@one == @one'
-  end
-
-  def test_shouldnt_equal_new_resource
-    assert @new != @one, '@new != @one'
-    assert @one != @new, '@one != @new'
-  end
-
-  def test_shouldnt_equal_different_class
-    assert @two != @street, 'person != street_address with same id'
-    assert @street != @two, 'street_address != person with same id'
-  end
-
-  def test_eql_should_alias_equals_operator
-    assert_equal @new == @new, @new.eql?(@new)
-    assert_equal @new == @one, @new.eql?(@one)
-
-    assert_equal @one == @one, @one.eql?(@one)
-    assert_equal @one == @new, @one.eql?(@new)
-
-    assert_equal @one == @street, @one.eql?(@street)
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_should_be_id_hash
-    [@new, @one, @two, @street].each do |resource|
-      assert_equal resource.id.hash, resource.hash
-    end
-  end
-
-	def test_with_prefix_options
-    assert_equal @one == @one, @one.eql?(@one)
-    assert_equal @one == @one.dup, @one.eql?(@one.dup)
-    new_one = @one.dup
-    new_one.prefix_options = {:foo => 'bar'}
-    assert_not_equal @one, new_one
-	end
-
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/base/load_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/base/load_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f07e1ea16b..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/base/load_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require "fixtures/person"
-require "fixtures/street_address"
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-
-module Highrise
-  class Note < ActiveResource::Base
-    self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-  end
-
-  class Comment < ActiveResource::Base
-    self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-  end
-
-  module Deeply
-    module Nested
-      class Note < ActiveResource::Base
-        self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-      end
-
-      class Comment < ActiveResource::Base
-        self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-      end
-
-      module TestDifferentLevels
-        class Note < ActiveResource::Base
-          self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-
-class BaseLoadTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @matz  = { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' }
-
-    @first_address = { :address => { :id => 1, :street => '12345 Street' } }
-    @addresses = [@first_address, { :address => { :id => 2, :street => '67890 Street' } }]
-    @addresses_from_json = { :street_addresses => @addresses }
-    @addresses_from_json_single = { :street_addresses => [ @first_address ] }
-
-    @deep  = { :id => 1, :street => {
-      :id => 1, :state => { :id => 1, :name => 'Oregon',
-        :notable_rivers => [
-          { :id => 1, :name => 'Willamette' },
-          { :id => 2, :name => 'Columbia', :rafted_by => @matz }],
-        :postal_codes => [ 97018, 1234567890 ],
-        :dates => [ Time.now ],
-        :votes => [ true, false, true ],
-        :places => [ "Columbia City", "Unknown" ]}}}
-
-
-    # List of books formated as [{timestamp_of_publication => name}, ...]
-    @books = {:books => [
-        {1009839600 => "Ruby in a Nutshell"},
-        {1199142000 => "The Ruby Programming Language"}
-      ]}
-
-    @books_date = {:books => [
-        {Time.at(1009839600) => "Ruby in a Nutshell"},
-        {Time.at(1199142000) => "The Ruby Programming Language"}
-    ]}
-    @person = Person.new
-  end
-
-  def test_load_hash_with_integers_as_keys
-    assert_nothing_raised{@person.load(@books)}
-  end
-
-  def test_load_hash_with_dates_as_keys
-    assert_nothing_raised{@person.load(@books_date)}
-  end
-
-  def test_load_expects_hash
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @person.load nil }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @person.load '<person id="1"/>' }
-  end
-
-  def test_load_simple_hash
-    assert_equal Hash.new, @person.attributes
-    assert_equal @matz.stringify_keys, @person.load(@matz).attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_after_load_attributes_are_accessible
-    assert_equal Hash.new, @person.attributes
-    assert_equal @matz.stringify_keys, @person.load(@matz).attributes
-    assert_equal @matz[:name], @person.attributes['name']
-  end
-
-  def test_after_load_attributes_are_accessible_via_indifferent_access
-    assert_equal Hash.new, @person.attributes
-    assert_equal @matz.stringify_keys, @person.load(@matz).attributes
-    assert_equal @matz[:name], @person.attributes['name']
-    assert_equal @matz[:name], @person.attributes[:name]
-  end
-
-  def test_load_one_with_existing_resource
-    address = @person.load(:street_address => @first_address.values.first).street_address
-    assert_kind_of StreetAddress, address
-    assert_equal @first_address.values.first.stringify_keys, address.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_load_one_with_unknown_resource
-    address = silence_warnings { @person.load(@first_address).address }
-    assert_kind_of Person::Address, address
-    assert_equal @first_address.values.first.stringify_keys, address.attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_load_collection_with_existing_resource
-    addresses = @person.load(@addresses_from_json).street_addresses
-    assert_kind_of Array, addresses
-    addresses.each { |address| assert_kind_of StreetAddress, address }
-    assert_equal @addresses.map { |a| a[:address].stringify_keys }, addresses.map(&:attributes)
-  end
-
-  def test_load_collection_with_unknown_resource
-    Person.__send__(:remove_const, :Address) if Person.const_defined?(:Address)
-    assert !Person.const_defined?(:Address), "Address shouldn't exist until autocreated"
-    addresses = silence_warnings { @person.load(:addresses => @addresses).addresses }
-    assert Person.const_defined?(:Address), "Address should have been autocreated"
-    addresses.each { |address| assert_kind_of Person::Address, address }
-    assert_equal @addresses.map { |a| a[:address].stringify_keys }, addresses.map(&:attributes)
-  end
-
-  def test_load_collection_with_single_existing_resource
-    addresses = @person.load(@addresses_from_json_single).street_addresses
-    assert_kind_of Array, addresses
-    addresses.each { |address| assert_kind_of StreetAddress, address }
-    assert_equal [ @first_address.values.first ].map(&:stringify_keys), addresses.map(&:attributes)
-  end
-
-  def test_load_collection_with_single_unknown_resource
-    Person.__send__(:remove_const, :Address) if Person.const_defined?(:Address)
-    assert !Person.const_defined?(:Address), "Address shouldn't exist until autocreated"
-    addresses = silence_warnings { @person.load(:addresses => [ @first_address ]).addresses }
-    assert Person.const_defined?(:Address), "Address should have been autocreated"
-    addresses.each { |address| assert_kind_of Person::Address, address }
-    assert_equal [ @first_address.values.first ].map(&:stringify_keys), addresses.map(&:attributes)
-  end
-
-  def test_recursively_loaded_collections
-    person = @person.load(@deep)
-    assert_equal @deep[:id], person.id
-
-    street = person.street
-    assert_kind_of Person::Street, street
-    assert_equal @deep[:street][:id], street.id
-
-    state = street.state
-    assert_kind_of Person::Street::State, state
-    assert_equal @deep[:street][:state][:id], state.id
-
-    rivers = state.notable_rivers
-    assert_kind_of Array, rivers
-    assert_kind_of Person::Street::State::NotableRiver, rivers.first
-    assert_equal @deep[:street][:state][:notable_rivers].first[:id], rivers.first.id
-    assert_equal @matz[:id], rivers.last.rafted_by.id
-
-    postal_codes = state.postal_codes
-    assert_kind_of Array, postal_codes
-    assert_equal 2, postal_codes.size
-    assert_kind_of Fixnum, postal_codes.first
-    assert_equal @deep[:street][:state][:postal_codes].first, postal_codes.first
-    assert_kind_of Numeric, postal_codes.last
-    assert_equal @deep[:street][:state][:postal_codes].last, postal_codes.last
-
-    places = state.places
-    assert_kind_of Array, places
-    assert_kind_of String, places.first
-    assert_equal @deep[:street][:state][:places].first, places.first
-
-    dates = state.dates
-    assert_kind_of Array, dates
-    assert_kind_of Time, dates.first
-    assert_equal @deep[:street][:state][:dates].first, dates.first
-
-    votes = state.votes
-    assert_kind_of Array, votes
-    assert_kind_of TrueClass, votes.first
-    assert_equal @deep[:street][:state][:votes].first, votes.first
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_collections_within_the_same_namespace
-    n = Highrise::Note.new(:comments => [{ :comment => { :name => "1" } }])
-    assert_kind_of Highrise::Comment, n.comments.first
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_collections_within_deeply_nested_namespace
-    n = Highrise::Deeply::Nested::Note.new(:comments => [{ :name => "1" }])
-    assert_kind_of Highrise::Deeply::Nested::Comment, n.comments.first
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_collections_in_different_levels_of_namespaces
-    n = Highrise::Deeply::Nested::TestDifferentLevels::Note.new(:comments => [{ :name => "1" }])
-    assert_kind_of Highrise::Deeply::Nested::Comment, n.comments.first
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/base/schema_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/base/schema_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d29eaf5fb6..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/base/schema_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,411 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-require "fixtures/person"
-require "fixtures/street_address"
-
-########################################################################
-# Testing the schema of your Active Resource models
-########################################################################
-class SchemaTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-  def setup
-    setup_response # find me in abstract_unit
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    Person.schema = nil # hack to stop test bleedthrough...
-  end
-
-  #####################################################
-  # Passing in a schema directly and returning it
-  ####
-
-  test "schema on a new model should be empty" do
-    assert Person.schema.blank?, "should have a blank class schema"
-    assert Person.new.schema.blank?, "should have a blank instance schema"
-  end
-
-  test "schema should only accept a hash" do
-    ["blahblah", ['one','two'],  [:age, :name], Person.new].each do |bad_schema|
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError,"should only accept a hash (or nil), but accepted: #{bad_schema.inspect}") do
-        Person.schema = bad_schema
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "schema should accept a simple hash" do
-    new_schema = {'age' => 'integer', 'name' => 'string',
-      'height' => 'float', 'bio' => 'text',
-      'weight' => 'decimal', 'photo' => 'binary',
-      'alive' => 'boolean', 'created_at' => 'timestamp',
-      'thetime' => 'time', 'thedate' => 'date', 'mydatetime' => 'datetime'}
-
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.schema = new_schema }
-    assert_equal new_schema, Person.schema
-  end
-
-  test "schema should accept a hash with simple values" do
-    new_schema = {'age' => 'integer', 'name' => 'string',
-      'height' => 'float', 'bio' => 'text',
-      'weight' => 'decimal', 'photo' => 'binary',
-      'alive' => 'boolean', 'created_at' => 'timestamp',
-      'thetime' => 'time', 'thedate' => 'date', 'mydatetime' => 'datetime'}
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.schema = new_schema }
-    assert_equal new_schema, Person.schema
-  end
-
-  test "schema should accept all known attribute types as values" do
-    # I'd prefer to use  here...
-    ActiveResource::Schema::KNOWN_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES.each do |the_type|
-      assert_nothing_raised("should have accepted #{the_type.inspect}"){ Person.schema = {'my_key' => the_type }}
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "schema should not accept unknown values" do
-    bad_values = [ :oogle, :blob, 'thing']
-
-    bad_values.each do |bad_value|
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError,"should only accept a known attribute type, but accepted: #{bad_value.inspect}") do
-        Person.schema = {'key' => bad_value}
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "schema should accept nil and remove the schema" do
-    new_schema = {'age' => 'integer', 'name' => 'string',
-      'height' => 'float', 'bio' => 'text',
-      'weight' => 'decimal', 'photo' => 'binary',
-      'alive' => 'boolean', 'created_at' => 'timestamp',
-      'thetime' => 'time', 'thedate' => 'date', 'mydatetime' => 'datetime'}
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.schema = new_schema }
-    assert_equal new_schema, Person.schema # sanity check
-
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.schema = nil }
-    assert_nil Person.schema, "should have nulled out the schema, but still had: #{Person.schema.inspect}"
-  end
-
-
-  test "schema should be with indifferent access" do
-    new_schema = {'age' => 'integer', 'name' => 'string',
-      'height' => 'float', 'bio' => 'text',
-      'weight' => 'decimal', 'photo' => 'binary',
-      'alive' => 'boolean', 'created_at' => 'timestamp',
-      'thetime' => 'time', 'thedate' => 'date', 'mydatetime' => 'datetime'}
-
-    new_schema_syms = new_schema.keys
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.schema = new_schema }
-    new_schema_syms.each do |col|
-      assert Person.new.respond_to?(col.to_s), "should respond to the schema's string key, but failed on: #{col.to_s}"
-      assert Person.new.respond_to?(col.to_sym), "should respond to the schema's symbol key, but failed on: #{col.to_sym}"
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  test "schema on a fetched resource should return all the attributes of that model instance" do
-    p = Person.find(1)
-    s = p.schema
-
-    assert s.present?, "should have found a non-empty schema!"
-
-    p.attributes.each do |the_attr, val|
-      assert s.has_key?(the_attr), "should have found attr: #{the_attr} in schema, but only had: #{s.inspect}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "with two instances, default schema should match the attributes of the individual instances - even if they differ" do
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    rick = Person.find(6)
-
-    m_attrs = matz.attributes.keys.sort
-    r_attrs = rick.attributes.keys.sort
-
-    assert_not_equal m_attrs, r_attrs, "should have different attributes on each model"
-
-    assert_not_equal matz.schema, rick.schema, "should have had different schemas too"
-  end
-
-  test "defining a schema should return it when asked" do
-    assert Person.schema.blank?, "should have a blank class schema"
-    new_schema = {'age' => 'integer', 'name' => 'string',
-      'height' => 'float', 'bio' => 'text',
-      'weight' => 'decimal', 'photo' => 'binary',
-      'alive' => 'boolean', 'created_at' => 'timestamp',
-      'thetime' => 'time', 'thedate' => 'date', 'mydatetime' => 'datetime'}
-
-    assert_nothing_raised {
-      Person.schema = new_schema
-      assert_equal new_schema, Person.schema, "should have saved the schema on the class"
-      assert_equal new_schema, Person.new.schema, "should have made the schema available to every instance"
-    }
-  end
-
-  test "defining a schema, then fetching a model should still match the defined schema" do
-    # sanity checks
-    assert Person.schema.blank?, "should have a blank class schema"
-    new_schema = {'age' => 'integer', 'name' => 'string',
-      'height' => 'float', 'bio' => 'text',
-      'weight' => 'decimal', 'photo' => 'binary',
-      'alive' => 'boolean', 'created_at' => 'timestamp',
-      'thetime' => 'time', 'thedate' => 'date', 'mydatetime' => 'datetime'}
-
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    assert !matz.schema.blank?, "should have some sort of schema on an instance variable"
-    assert_not_equal new_schema, matz.schema, "should not have the class-level schema until it's been added to the class!"
-
-    assert_nothing_raised {
-      Person.schema = new_schema
-      assert_equal new_schema, matz.schema, "class-level schema should override instance-level schema"
-    }
-  end
-
-
-  #####################################################
-  # Using the schema syntax
-  ####
-
-  test "should be able to use schema" do
-    assert_respond_to Person, :schema, "should at least respond to the schema method"
-
-    assert_nothing_raised("Should allow the schema to take a block") do
-      Person.schema { }
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "schema definition should store and return attribute set" do
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      s = nil
-      Person.schema do
-        s = self
-        attribute :foo, :string
-      end
-      assert_respond_to s, :attrs, "should return attributes in theory"
-      assert_equal({'foo' => 'string' }, s.attrs, "should return attributes in practice")
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "should be able to add attributes through schema" do
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      s = nil
-      Person.schema do
-        s = self
-        attribute('foo', 'string')
-      end
-      assert s.attrs.has_key?('foo'), "should have saved the attribute name"
-      assert_equal 'string', s.attrs['foo'], "should have saved the attribute type"
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "should convert symbol attributes to strings" do
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      s = nil
-      Person.schema do
-        attribute(:foo, :integer)
-        s = self
-      end
-
-      assert s.attrs.has_key?('foo'), "should have saved the attribute name as a string"
-      assert_equal 'integer', s.attrs['foo'], "should have saved the attribute type as a string"
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "should be able to add all known attribute types" do
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      ActiveResource::Schema::KNOWN_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES.each do |the_type|
-        s = nil
-        Person.schema do
-          s = self
-          attribute('foo', the_type)
-        end
-        assert s.attrs.has_key?('foo'), "should have saved the attribute name"
-        assert_equal the_type.to_s, s.attrs['foo'], "should have saved the attribute type of: #{the_type}"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "attributes should not accept unknown values" do
-    bad_values = [ :oogle, :blob, 'thing']
-
-    bad_values.each do |bad_value|
-      s = nil
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError,"should only accept a known attribute type, but accepted: #{bad_value.inspect}") do
-        Person.schema do
-          s = self
-          attribute 'key', bad_value
-        end
-      end
-      assert !self.respond_to?(bad_value), "should only respond to a known attribute type, but accepted: #{bad_value.inspect}"
-      assert_raises(NoMethodError,"should only have methods for known attribute types, but accepted: #{bad_value.inspect}") do
-        Person.schema do
-          send bad_value, 'key'
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  test "should accept attribute types as the type's name as the method" do
-    ActiveResource::Schema::KNOWN_ATTRIBUTE_TYPES.each do |the_type|
-      s = nil
-      Person.schema do
-        s = self
-        send(the_type,'foo')
-      end
-      assert s.attrs.has_key?('foo'), "should now have saved the attribute name"
-      assert_equal the_type.to_s, s.attrs['foo'], "should have saved the attribute type of: #{the_type}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "should accept multiple attribute names for an attribute method" do
-    names = ['foo','bar','baz']
-    s = nil
-    Person.schema do
-      s = self
-      string(*names)
-    end
-    names.each do |the_name|
-      assert s.attrs.has_key?(the_name), "should now have saved the attribute name: #{the_name}"
-      assert_equal 'string', s.attrs[the_name], "should have saved the attribute as a string"
-    end
-  end
-
-  #####################################################
-  # What a schema does for us
-  ####
-
-  # respond_to?
-
-  test "should respond positively to attributes that are only in the schema" do
-    new_attr_name = :my_new_schema_attribute
-    new_attr_name_two = :another_new_schema_attribute
-    assert Person.schema.blank?, "sanity check - should have a blank class schema"
-
-    assert !Person.new.respond_to?(new_attr_name), "sanity check - should not respond to the brand-new attribute yet"
-    assert !Person.new.respond_to?(new_attr_name_two), "sanity check - should not respond to the brand-new attribute yet"
-
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      Person.schema = {new_attr_name.to_s => 'string'}
-      Person.schema { string new_attr_name_two }
-    end
-
-    assert_respond_to Person.new, new_attr_name, "should respond to the attribute in a passed-in schema, but failed on: #{new_attr_name}"
-    assert_respond_to Person.new, new_attr_name_two, "should respond to the attribute from the schema, but failed on: #{new_attr_name_two}"
-  end
-
-  test "should not care about ordering of schema definitions" do
-    new_attr_name = :my_new_schema_attribute
-    new_attr_name_two = :another_new_schema_attribute
-
-    assert Person.schema.blank?, "sanity check - should have a blank class schema"
-
-    assert !Person.new.respond_to?(new_attr_name), "sanity check - should not respond to the brand-new attribute yet"
-    assert !Person.new.respond_to?(new_attr_name_two), "sanity check - should not respond to the brand-new attribute yet"
-
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      Person.schema { string new_attr_name_two }
-      Person.schema = {new_attr_name.to_s => 'string'}
-    end
-
-    assert_respond_to Person.new, new_attr_name, "should respond to the attribute in a passed-in schema, but failed on: #{new_attr_name}"
-    assert_respond_to Person.new, new_attr_name_two, "should respond to the attribute from the schema, but failed on: #{new_attr_name_two}"
-  end
-
-  # method_missing effects
-
-  test "should not give method_missing for attribute only in schema" do
-    new_attr_name = :another_new_schema_attribute
-    new_attr_name_two = :another_new_schema_attribute
-
-    assert Person.schema.blank?, "sanity check - should have a blank class schema"
-
-    assert_raises(NoMethodError, "should not have found the attribute: #{new_attr_name} as a method") do
-      Person.new.send(new_attr_name)
-    end
-    assert_raises(NoMethodError, "should not have found the attribute: #{new_attr_name_two} as a method") do
-      Person.new.send(new_attr_name_two)
-    end
-
-    Person.schema = {new_attr_name.to_s => :float}
-    Person.schema { string new_attr_name_two }
-
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      Person.new.send(new_attr_name)
-      Person.new.send(new_attr_name_two)
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  ########
-  # Known attributes
-  #
-  # Attributes can be known to be attributes even if they aren't actually
-  # 'set' on a particular instance.
-  # This will only differ from 'attributes' if a schema has been set.
-
-  test "new model should have no known attributes" do
-    assert Person.known_attributes.blank?, "should have no known attributes"
-    assert Person.new.known_attributes.blank?, "should have no known attributes on a new instance"
-  end
-
-  test "setting schema should set known attributes on class and instance" do
-    new_schema = {'age' => 'integer', 'name' => 'string',
-      'height' => 'float', 'bio' => 'text',
-      'weight' => 'decimal', 'photo' => 'binary',
-      'alive' => 'boolean', 'created_at' => 'timestamp',
-      'thetime' => 'time', 'thedate' => 'date', 'mydatetime' => 'datetime'}
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.schema = new_schema }
-
-    assert_equal new_schema.keys.sort, Person.known_attributes.sort
-    assert_equal new_schema.keys.sort, Person.new.known_attributes.sort
-  end
-
-  test "known attributes on a fetched resource should return all the attributes of the instance" do
-    p = Person.find(1)
-    attrs = p.known_attributes
-
-    assert attrs.present?, "should have found some attributes!"
-
-    p.attributes.each do |the_attr, val|
-      assert attrs.include?(the_attr), "should have found attr: #{the_attr} in known attributes, but only had: #{attrs.inspect}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "with two instances, known attributes should match the attributes of the individual instances - even if they differ" do
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    rick = Person.find(6)
-
-    m_attrs = matz.attributes.keys.sort
-    r_attrs = rick.attributes.keys.sort
-
-    assert_not_equal m_attrs, r_attrs, "should have different attributes on each model"
-
-    assert_not_equal matz.known_attributes, rick.known_attributes, "should have had different known attributes too"
-  end
-
-  test "setting schema then fetching should add schema attributes to the instance attributes" do
-    # an attribute in common with fetched instance and one that isn't
-    new_schema = {'age' => 'integer', 'name' => 'string',
-      'height' => 'float', 'bio' => 'text',
-      'weight' => 'decimal', 'photo' => 'binary',
-      'alive' => 'boolean', 'created_at' => 'timestamp',
-      'thetime' => 'time', 'thedate' => 'date', 'mydatetime' => 'datetime'}
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.schema = new_schema }
-
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    known_attrs = matz.known_attributes
-
-    matz.attributes.keys.each do |the_attr|
-      assert known_attrs.include?(the_attr), "should have found instance attr: #{the_attr} in known attributes, but only had: #{known_attrs.inspect}"
-    end
-    new_schema.keys.each do |the_attr|
-      assert known_attrs.include?(the_attr), "should have found schema attr: #{the_attr} in known attributes, but only had: #{known_attrs.inspect}"
-    end
-  end
-
-
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/base_errors_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/base_errors_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 88ac2de96e..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/base_errors_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require "fixtures/person"
-
-class BaseErrorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post "/people.xml", {}, %q(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><errors><error>Age can't be blank</error><error>Name can't be blank</error><error>Name must start with a letter</error><error>Person quota full for today.</error></errors>), 422, {'Content-Type' => 'application/xml; charset=utf-8'}
-      mock.post "/people.json", {}, %q({"errors":{"age":["can't be blank"],"name":["can't be blank", "must start with a letter"],"person":["quota full for today."]}}), 422, {'Content-Type' => 'application/json; charset=utf-8'}
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_mark_as_invalid
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      invalid_user_using_format(format) do
-        assert !@person.valid?
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_parse_json_and_xml_errors
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      invalid_user_using_format(format) do
-        assert_kind_of ActiveResource::Errors, @person.errors
-        assert_equal 4, @person.errors.size
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_parse_json_errors_when_no_errors_key
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post "/people.json", {}, '{}', 422, {'Content-Type' => 'application/json; charset=utf-8'}
-    end
-
-    invalid_user_using_format(:json) do
-      assert_kind_of ActiveResource::Errors, @person.errors
-      assert_equal 0, @person.errors.size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_parse_errors_to_individual_attributes
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      invalid_user_using_format(format) do
-        assert @person.errors[:name].any?
-        assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @person.errors[:age]
-        assert_equal ["can't be blank", "must start with a letter"], @person.errors[:name]
-        assert_equal ["Person quota full for today."], @person.errors[:base]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_iterate_over_errors
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      invalid_user_using_format(format) do
-        errors = []
-        @person.errors.each { |attribute, message| errors << [attribute, message] }
-        assert errors.include?([:name, "can't be blank"])
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_iterate_over_full_errors
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      invalid_user_using_format(format) do
-        errors = []
-        @person.errors.to_a.each { |message| errors << message }
-        assert errors.include?("Name can't be blank")
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_format_full_errors
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      invalid_user_using_format(format) do
-        full = @person.errors.full_messages
-        assert full.include?("Age can't be blank")
-        assert full.include?("Name can't be blank")
-        assert full.include?("Name must start with a letter")
-        assert full.include?("Person quota full for today.")
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_mark_as_invalid_when_content_type_is_unavailable_in_response_header
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post "/people.xml", {}, %q(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><errors><error>Age can't be blank</error><error>Name can't be blank</error><error>Name must start with a letter</error><error>Person quota full for today.</error></errors>), 422, {}
-      mock.post "/people.json", {}, %q({"errors":{"age":["can't be blank"],"name":["can't be blank", "must start with a letter"],"person":["quota full for today."]}}), 422, {}
-    end
-
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      invalid_user_using_format(format) do
-        assert !@person.valid?
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_parse_json_string_errors_with_an_errors_key
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post "/people.json", {}, %q({"errors":["Age can't be blank", "Name can't be blank", "Name must start with a letter", "Person quota full for today."]}), 422, {'Content-Type' => 'application/json; charset=utf-8'}
-    end
-
-    assert_deprecated(/as an array/) do
-      invalid_user_using_format(:json) do
-        assert @person.errors[:name].any?
-        assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @person.errors[:age]
-        assert_equal ["can't be blank", "must start with a letter"], @person.errors[:name]
-        assert_equal ["Person quota full for today."], @person.errors[:base]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_parse_3_1_style_json_errors
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post "/people.json", {}, %q({"age":["can't be blank"],"name":["can't be blank", "must start with a letter"],"person":["quota full for today."]}), 422, {'Content-Type' => 'application/json; charset=utf-8'}
-    end
-
-    assert_deprecated(/without a root/) do
-      invalid_user_using_format(:json) do
-        assert @person.errors[:name].any?
-        assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @person.errors[:age]
-        assert_equal ["can't be blank", "must start with a letter"], @person.errors[:name]
-        assert_equal ["Person quota full for today."], @person.errors[:base]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-  def invalid_user_using_format(mime_type_reference)
-    previous_format = Person.format
-    Person.format = mime_type_reference
-    @person = Person.new(:name => '', :age => '')
-    assert_equal false, @person.save
-
-    yield
-  ensure
-    Person.format = previous_format
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/base_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 33a6596602..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1177 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require "fixtures/person"
-require "fixtures/customer"
-require "fixtures/street_address"
-require "fixtures/sound"
-require "fixtures/beast"
-require "fixtures/proxy"
-require "fixtures/address"
-require "fixtures/subscription_plan"
-require 'active_support/json'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-require 'mocha'
-
-class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    setup_response # find me in abstract_unit
-    @original_person_site = Person.site
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    Person.site = @original_person_site
-  end
-
-  ########################################################################
-  # Tests relating to setting up the API-connection configuration
-  ########################################################################
-
-  def test_site_accessor_accepts_uri_or_string_argument
-    site = URI.parse('http://localhost')
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.site = 'http://localhost' }
-    assert_equal site, Person.site
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.site = site }
-    assert_equal site, Person.site
-  end
-
-  def test_should_use_site_prefix_and_credentials
-    assert_equal 'http://foo:bar@beast.caboo.se', Forum.site.to_s
-    assert_equal 'http://foo:bar@beast.caboo.se/forums/:forum_id', Topic.site.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_site_variable_can_be_reset
-    actor = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    assert_nil actor.site
-    actor.site = 'http://localhost:31337'
-    actor.site = nil
-    assert_nil actor.site
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_accessor_accepts_uri_or_string_argument
-    proxy = URI.parse('http://localhost')
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.proxy = 'http://localhost' }
-    assert_equal proxy, Person.proxy
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { Person.proxy = proxy }
-    assert_equal proxy, Person.proxy
-  end
-
-  def test_should_use_proxy_prefix_and_credentials
-    assert_equal 'http://user:password@proxy.local:3000', ProxyResource.proxy.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_variable_can_be_reset
-    actor = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    assert_nil actor.site
-    actor.proxy = 'http://localhost:31337'
-    actor.proxy = nil
-    assert_nil actor.site
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_setting_user
-    Forum.user = 'david'
-    assert_equal('david', Forum.user)
-    assert_equal('david', Forum.connection.user)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_setting_password
-    Forum.password = 'test123'
-    assert_equal('test123', Forum.password)
-    assert_equal('test123', Forum.connection.password)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_setting_auth_type
-    Forum.auth_type = :digest
-    assert_equal(:digest, Forum.auth_type)
-    assert_equal(:digest, Forum.connection.auth_type)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_setting_timeout
-    Forum.timeout = 5
-    assert_equal(5, Forum.timeout)
-    assert_equal(5, Forum.connection.timeout)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_setting_ssl_options
-    expected = {:verify => 1}
-    Forum.ssl_options= expected
-    assert_equal(expected, Forum.ssl_options)
-    assert_equal(expected, Forum.connection.ssl_options)
-  end
-
-  def test_user_variable_can_be_reset
-    actor = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    actor.site = 'http://cinema'
-    assert_nil actor.user
-    actor.user = 'username'
-    actor.user = nil
-    assert_nil actor.user
-    assert_nil actor.connection.user
-  end
-
-  def test_password_variable_can_be_reset
-    actor = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    actor.site = 'http://cinema'
-    assert_nil actor.password
-    actor.password = 'username'
-    actor.password = nil
-    assert_nil actor.password
-    assert_nil actor.connection.password
-  end
-
-  def test_timeout_variable_can_be_reset
-    actor = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    actor.site = 'http://cinema'
-    assert_nil actor.timeout
-    actor.timeout = 5
-    actor.timeout = nil
-    assert_nil actor.timeout
-    assert_nil actor.connection.timeout
-  end
-
-  def test_ssl_options_hash_can_be_reset
-    actor = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    actor.site = 'https://cinema'
-    assert_nil actor.ssl_options
-    actor.ssl_options = {:foo => 5}
-    actor.ssl_options = nil
-    assert_nil actor.ssl_options
-    assert_nil actor.connection.ssl_options
-  end
-
-  def test_credentials_from_site_are_decoded
-    actor = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    actor.site = 'http://my%40email.com:%31%32%33@cinema'
-    assert_equal("my@email.com", actor.user)
-    assert_equal("123", actor.password)
-  end
-
-  def test_site_reader_uses_superclass_site_until_written
-    # Superclass is Object so returns nil.
-    assert_nil ActiveResource::Base.site
-    assert_nil Class.new(ActiveResource::Base).site
-
-    # Subclass uses superclass site.
-    actor = Class.new(Person)
-    assert_equal Person.site, actor.site
-
-    # Subclass returns frozen superclass copy.
-    assert !Person.site.frozen?
-    assert actor.site.frozen?
-
-    # Changing subclass site doesn't change superclass site.
-    actor.site = 'http://localhost:31337'
-    assert_not_equal Person.site, actor.site
-
-    # Changed subclass site is not frozen.
-    assert !actor.site.frozen?
-
-    # Changing superclass site doesn't overwrite subclass site.
-    Person.site = 'http://somewhere.else'
-    assert_not_equal Person.site, actor.site
-
-    # Changing superclass site after subclassing changes subclass site.
-    jester = Class.new(actor)
-    actor.site = 'http://nomad'
-    assert_equal actor.site, jester.site
-    assert jester.site.frozen?
-
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass site when not overridden
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-
-    fruit.site = 'http://market'
-    assert_equal fruit.site, apple.site, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-
-    fruit.site = 'http://supermarket'
-    assert_equal fruit.site, apple.site, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_reader_uses_superclass_site_until_written
-    # Superclass is Object so returns nil.
-    assert_nil ActiveResource::Base.proxy
-    assert_nil Class.new(ActiveResource::Base).proxy
-
-    # Subclass uses superclass proxy.
-    actor = Class.new(Person)
-    assert_equal Person.proxy, actor.proxy
-
-    # Subclass returns frozen superclass copy.
-    assert !Person.proxy.frozen?
-    assert actor.proxy.frozen?
-
-    # Changing subclass proxy doesn't change superclass site.
-    actor.proxy = 'http://localhost:31337'
-    assert_not_equal Person.proxy, actor.proxy
-
-    # Changed subclass proxy is not frozen.
-    assert !actor.proxy.frozen?
-
-    # Changing superclass proxy doesn't overwrite subclass site.
-    Person.proxy = 'http://somewhere.else'
-    assert_not_equal Person.proxy, actor.proxy
-
-    # Changing superclass proxy after subclassing changes subclass site.
-    jester = Class.new(actor)
-    actor.proxy = 'http://nomad'
-    assert_equal actor.proxy, jester.proxy
-    assert jester.proxy.frozen?
-
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass proxy when not overridden
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-
-    fruit.proxy = 'http://market'
-    assert_equal fruit.proxy, apple.proxy, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-
-    fruit.proxy = 'http://supermarket'
-    assert_equal fruit.proxy, apple.proxy, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-  end
-
-  def test_user_reader_uses_superclass_user_until_written
-    # Superclass is Object so returns nil.
-    assert_nil ActiveResource::Base.user
-    assert_nil Class.new(ActiveResource::Base).user
-    Person.user = 'anonymous'
-
-    # Subclass uses superclass user.
-    actor = Class.new(Person)
-    assert_equal Person.user, actor.user
-
-    # Subclass returns frozen superclass copy.
-    assert !Person.user.frozen?
-    assert actor.user.frozen?
-
-    # Changing subclass user doesn't change superclass user.
-    actor.user = 'david'
-    assert_not_equal Person.user, actor.user
-
-    # Changing superclass user doesn't overwrite subclass user.
-    Person.user = 'john'
-    assert_not_equal Person.user, actor.user
-
-    # Changing superclass user after subclassing changes subclass user.
-    jester = Class.new(actor)
-    actor.user = 'john.doe'
-    assert_equal actor.user, jester.user
-
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass user when not overridden
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-
-    fruit.user = 'manager'
-    assert_equal fruit.user, apple.user, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-
-    fruit.user = 'client'
-    assert_equal fruit.user, apple.user, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-  end
-
-  def test_password_reader_uses_superclass_password_until_written
-    # Superclass is Object so returns nil.
-    assert_nil ActiveResource::Base.password
-    assert_nil Class.new(ActiveResource::Base).password
-    Person.password = 'my-password'
-
-    # Subclass uses superclass password.
-    actor = Class.new(Person)
-    assert_equal Person.password, actor.password
-
-    # Subclass returns frozen superclass copy.
-    assert !Person.password.frozen?
-    assert actor.password.frozen?
-
-    # Changing subclass password doesn't change superclass password.
-    actor.password = 'secret'
-    assert_not_equal Person.password, actor.password
-
-    # Changing superclass password doesn't overwrite subclass password.
-    Person.password = 'super-secret'
-    assert_not_equal Person.password, actor.password
-
-    # Changing superclass password after subclassing changes subclass password.
-    jester = Class.new(actor)
-    actor.password = 'even-more-secret'
-    assert_equal actor.password, jester.password
-
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass password when not overridden
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-
-    fruit.password = 'mega-secret'
-    assert_equal fruit.password, apple.password, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-
-    fruit.password = 'ok-password'
-    assert_equal fruit.password, apple.password, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-  end
-
-  def test_timeout_reader_uses_superclass_timeout_until_written
-    # Superclass is Object so returns nil.
-    assert_nil ActiveResource::Base.timeout
-    assert_nil Class.new(ActiveResource::Base).timeout
-    Person.timeout = 5
-
-    # Subclass uses superclass timeout.
-    actor = Class.new(Person)
-    assert_equal Person.timeout, actor.timeout
-
-    # Changing subclass timeout doesn't change superclass timeout.
-    actor.timeout = 10
-    assert_not_equal Person.timeout, actor.timeout
-
-    # Changing superclass timeout doesn't overwrite subclass timeout.
-    Person.timeout = 15
-    assert_not_equal Person.timeout, actor.timeout
-
-    # Changing superclass timeout after subclassing changes subclass timeout.
-    jester = Class.new(actor)
-    actor.timeout = 20
-    assert_equal actor.timeout, jester.timeout
-
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass timeout when not overridden.
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-
-    fruit.timeout = 25
-    assert_equal fruit.timeout, apple.timeout, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-
-    fruit.timeout = 30
-    assert_equal fruit.timeout, apple.timeout, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-  end
-
-  def test_ssl_options_reader_uses_superclass_ssl_options_until_written
-    # Superclass is Object so returns nil.
-    assert_nil ActiveResource::Base.ssl_options
-    assert_nil Class.new(ActiveResource::Base).ssl_options
-    Person.ssl_options = {:foo => 'bar'}
-
-    # Subclass uses superclass ssl_options.
-    actor = Class.new(Person)
-    assert_equal Person.ssl_options, actor.ssl_options
-
-    # Changing subclass ssl_options doesn't change superclass ssl_options.
-    actor.ssl_options = {:baz => ''}
-    assert_not_equal Person.ssl_options, actor.ssl_options
-
-    # Changing superclass ssl_options doesn't overwrite subclass ssl_options.
-    Person.ssl_options = {:color => 'blue'}
-    assert_not_equal Person.ssl_options, actor.ssl_options
-
-    # Changing superclass ssl_options after subclassing changes subclass ssl_options.
-    jester = Class.new(actor)
-    actor.ssl_options = {:color => 'red'}
-    assert_equal actor.ssl_options, jester.ssl_options
-
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass ssl_options when not overridden.
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-
-    fruit.ssl_options = {:alpha => 'betas'}
-    assert_equal fruit.ssl_options, apple.ssl_options, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-
-    fruit.ssl_options = {:omega => 'moos'}
-    assert_equal fruit.ssl_options, apple.ssl_options, 'subclass did not adopt changes from parent class'
-  end
-
-  def test_updating_baseclass_site_object_wipes_descendent_cached_connection_objects
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass site when not overridden
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-
-    fruit.site = 'http://market'
-    assert_equal fruit.connection.site, apple.connection.site
-    first_connection = apple.connection.object_id
-
-    fruit.site = 'http://supermarket'
-    assert_equal fruit.connection.site, apple.connection.site
-    second_connection = apple.connection.object_id
-    assert_not_equal(first_connection, second_connection, 'Connection should be re-created')
-  end
-
-  def test_updating_baseclass_user_wipes_descendent_cached_connection_objects
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass user when not overridden
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-    fruit.site = 'http://market'
-
-    fruit.user = 'david'
-    assert_equal fruit.connection.user, apple.connection.user
-    first_connection = apple.connection.object_id
-
-    fruit.user = 'john'
-    assert_equal fruit.connection.user, apple.connection.user
-    second_connection = apple.connection.object_id
-    assert_not_equal(first_connection, second_connection, 'Connection should be re-created')
-  end
-
-  def test_updating_baseclass_password_wipes_descendent_cached_connection_objects
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass password when not overridden
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-    fruit.site = 'http://market'
-
-    fruit.password = 'secret'
-    assert_equal fruit.connection.password, apple.connection.password
-    first_connection = apple.connection.object_id
-
-    fruit.password = 'supersecret'
-    assert_equal fruit.connection.password, apple.connection.password
-    second_connection = apple.connection.object_id
-    assert_not_equal(first_connection, second_connection, 'Connection should be re-created')
-  end
-
-  def test_updating_baseclass_timeout_wipes_descendent_cached_connection_objects
-    # Subclasses are always equal to superclass timeout when not overridden
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-    fruit.site = 'http://market'
-
-    fruit.timeout = 5
-    assert_equal fruit.connection.timeout, apple.connection.timeout
-    first_connection = apple.connection.object_id
-
-    fruit.timeout = 10
-    assert_equal fruit.connection.timeout, apple.connection.timeout
-    second_connection = apple.connection.object_id
-    assert_not_equal(first_connection, second_connection, 'Connection should be re-created')
-  end
-
-  def test_header_inheritance
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-    fruit.site = 'http://market'
-
-    fruit.headers['key'] = 'value'
-    assert_equal 'value', apple.headers['key']
-  end
-
-  def test_header_inheritance_set_at_multiple_points
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-    fruit.site = 'http://market'
-
-    fruit.headers['key'] = 'value'
-    assert_equal 'value', apple.headers['key']
-
-    apple.headers['key2'] = 'value2'
-    fruit.headers['key3'] = 'value3'
-
-    assert_equal 'value', apple.headers['key']
-    assert_equal 'value2', apple.headers['key2']
-    assert_equal 'value3', apple.headers['key3']
-  end
-
-  def test_header_inheritance_should_not_leak_upstream
-    fruit = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    apple = Class.new(fruit)
-    fruit.site = 'http://market'
-
-    fruit.headers['key'] = 'value'
-
-    apple.headers['key2'] = 'value2'
-    assert_equal nil, fruit.headers['key2']
-  end
-
-  ########################################################################
-  # Tests for setting up remote URLs for a given model (including adding
-  # parameters appropriately)
-  ########################################################################
-  def test_collection_name
-    assert_equal "people", Person.collection_name
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_path
-    assert_equal '/people.json', Person.collection_path
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_path_with_parameters
-    assert_equal '/people.json?gender=male', Person.collection_path(:gender => 'male')
-    assert_equal '/people.json?gender=false', Person.collection_path(:gender => false)
-    assert_equal '/people.json?gender=', Person.collection_path(:gender => nil)
-
-    assert_equal '/people.json?gender=male', Person.collection_path('gender' => 'male')
-
-    # Use includes? because ordering of param hash is not guaranteed
-    assert Person.collection_path(:gender => 'male', :student => true).include?('/people.json?')
-    assert Person.collection_path(:gender => 'male', :student => true).include?('gender=male')
-    assert Person.collection_path(:gender => 'male', :student => true).include?('student=true')
-
-    assert_equal '/people.json?name%5B%5D=bob&name%5B%5D=your+uncle%2Bme&name%5B%5D=&name%5B%5D=false', Person.collection_path(:name => ['bob', 'your uncle+me', nil, false])
-    assert_equal '/people.json?struct%5Ba%5D%5B%5D=2&struct%5Ba%5D%5B%5D=1&struct%5Bb%5D=fred', Person.collection_path(:struct => {:a => [2,1], 'b' => 'fred'})
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_element_path
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses/1.json', StreetAddress.element_path(1, :person_id => 1)
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses/1.json', StreetAddress.element_path(1, 'person_id' => 1)
-    assert_equal '/people/Greg/addresses/1.json', StreetAddress.element_path(1, 'person_id' => 'Greg')
-    assert_equal '/people/ann%20mary/addresses/ann%20mary.json', StreetAddress.element_path(:'ann mary', 'person_id' => 'ann mary')
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_element_path_without_required_prefix_param
-    assert_raise ActiveResource::MissingPrefixParam do
-      StreetAddress.element_path(1)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_module_element_path
-    assert_equal '/sounds/1.json', Asset::Sound.element_path(1)
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_element_path_with_redefined_to_param
-    Person.module_eval do
-      alias_method :original_to_param_element_path, :to_param
-       def to_param
-         name
-       end
-    end
-
-    # Class method.
-    assert_equal '/people/Greg.json', Person.element_path('Greg')
-
-    # Protected Instance method.
-    assert_equal '/people/Greg.json', Person.find('Greg').send(:element_path)
-
-    ensure
-      # revert back to original
-      Person.module_eval do
-        # save the 'new' to_param so we don't get a warning about discarding the method
-        alias_method :element_path_to_param, :to_param
-        alias_method :to_param, :original_to_param_element_path
-      end
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_element_path_with_parameters
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses/1.json?type=work', StreetAddress.element_path(1, :person_id => 1, :type => 'work')
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses/1.json?type=work', StreetAddress.element_path(1, 'person_id' => 1, :type => 'work')
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses/1.json?type=work', StreetAddress.element_path(1, :type => 'work', :person_id => 1)
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses/1.json?type%5B%5D=work&type%5B%5D=play+time', StreetAddress.element_path(1, :person_id => 1, :type => ['work', 'play time'])
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_element_path_with_prefix_and_parameters
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses/1.json?type=work', StreetAddress.element_path(1, {:person_id => 1}, {:type => 'work'})
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_collection_path_without_required_prefix_param
-    assert_raise ActiveResource::MissingPrefixParam do
-      StreetAddress.collection_path
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_collection_path
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses.json', StreetAddress.collection_path(:person_id => 1)
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses.json', StreetAddress.collection_path('person_id' => 1)
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_collection_path_with_parameters
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses.json?type=work', StreetAddress.collection_path(:person_id => 1, :type => 'work')
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses.json?type=work', StreetAddress.collection_path('person_id' => 1, :type => 'work')
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_collection_path_with_prefix_and_parameters
-    assert_equal '/people/1/addresses.json?type=work', StreetAddress.collection_path({:person_id => 1}, {:type => 'work'})
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_element_name
-    assert_equal 'address', StreetAddress.element_name
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_collection_name
-    assert_equal 'addresses', StreetAddress.collection_name
-  end
-
-  def test_prefix
-    assert_equal "/", Person.prefix
-    assert_equal Set.new, Person.__send__(:prefix_parameters)
-  end
-
-  def test_set_prefix
-    SetterTrap.rollback_sets(Person) do |person_class|
-      person_class.prefix = "the_prefix"
-      assert_equal "the_prefix", person_class.prefix
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_set_prefix_with_inline_keys
-    SetterTrap.rollback_sets(Person) do |person_class|
-      person_class.prefix = "the_prefix:the_param"
-      assert_equal "the_prefixthe_param_value", person_class.prefix(:the_param => "the_param_value")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_set_prefix_twice_should_clear_params
-    SetterTrap.rollback_sets(Person) do |person_class|
-      person_class.prefix = "the_prefix/:the_param1"
-      assert_equal Set.new([:the_param1]), person_class.prefix_parameters
-      person_class.prefix = "the_prefix/:the_param2"
-      assert_equal Set.new([:the_param2]), person_class.prefix_parameters
-      person_class.prefix = "the_prefix/:the_param1/other_prefix/:the_param2"
-      assert_equal Set.new([:the_param2, :the_param1]), person_class.prefix_parameters
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_set_prefix_with_default_value
-    SetterTrap.rollback_sets(Person) do |person_class|
-      person_class.set_prefix
-      assert_equal "/", person_class.prefix
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_prefix
-    assert_equal '/people//', StreetAddress.prefix
-    assert_equal '/people/1/', StreetAddress.prefix(:person_id => 1)
-    assert_equal [:person_id].to_set, StreetAddress.__send__(:prefix_parameters)
-  end
-
-
-  ########################################################################
-  # Tests basic CRUD functions (find/save/create etc)
-  ########################################################################
-  def test_respond_to
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    assert_respond_to matz, :name
-    assert_respond_to matz, :name=
-    assert_respond_to matz, :name?
-    assert !matz.respond_to?(:super_scalable_stuff)
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_header
-    Person.headers['key'] = 'value'
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound) { Person.find(4) }
-  ensure
-    Person.headers.delete('key')
-  end
-
-  def test_save
-    rick = Person.new
-    assert rick.save
-    assert_equal '5', rick.id
-  end
-
-  def test_save!
-    rick = Person.new
-    assert rick.save!
-    assert_equal '5', rick.id
-  end
-
-  def test_id_from_response
-    p = Person.new
-    resp = {'Location' => '/foo/bar/1'}
-    assert_equal '1', p.__send__(:id_from_response, resp)
-
-    resp['Location'] << '.json'
-    assert_equal '1', p.__send__(:id_from_response, resp)
-  end
-
-  def test_id_from_response_without_location
-    p = Person.new
-    resp = {}
-    assert_nil p.__send__(:id_from_response, resp)
-  end
-
-  def test_not_persisted_with_no_body_and_positive_content_length
-    resp = ActiveResource::Response.new(nil)
-    resp['Content-Length'] = "100"
-    Person.connection.expects(:post).returns(resp)
-    assert !Person.create.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_not_persisted_with_body_and_zero_content_length
-    resp = ActiveResource::Response.new(@rick)
-    resp['Content-Length'] = "0"
-    Person.connection.expects(:post).returns(resp)
-    assert !Person.create.persisted?
-  end
-
-  # These response codes aren't allowed to have bodies per HTTP spec
-  def test_not_persisted_with_empty_response_codes
-    [100,101,204,304].each do |status_code|
-      resp = ActiveResource::Response.new(@rick, status_code)
-      Person.connection.expects(:post).returns(resp)
-      assert !Person.create.persisted?
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Content-Length is not required by HTTP 1.1, so we should read
-  # the body anyway in its absence.
-  def test_persisted_with_no_content_length
-    resp = ActiveResource::Response.new(@rick)
-    resp['Content-Length'] = nil
-    Person.connection.expects(:post).returns(resp)
-    assert Person.create.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_create_with_custom_prefix
-    matzs_house = StreetAddress.new(:person_id => 1)
-    matzs_house.save
-    assert_equal '5', matzs_house.id
-  end
-
-  # Test that loading a resource preserves its prefix_options.
-  def test_load_preserves_prefix_options
-    address = StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    ryan = Person.new(:id => 1, :name => 'Ryan', :address => address)
-    assert_equal address.prefix_options, ryan.address.prefix_options
-  end
-
-  def test_reload_works_with_prefix_options
-    address = StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    assert_equal address, address.reload
-  end
-
-  def test_reload_with_redefined_to_param
-    Person.module_eval do
-      alias_method :original_to_param_reload, :to_param
-       def to_param
-         name
-       end
-    end
-
-    person = Person.find('Greg')
-    assert_equal person, person.reload
-
-    ensure
-      # revert back to original
-      Person.module_eval do
-        # save the 'new' to_param so we don't get a warning about discarding the method
-        alias_method :reload_to_param, :to_param
-        alias_method :to_param, :original_to_param_reload
-      end
-  end
-
-  def test_reload_works_without_prefix_options
-    person = Person.find(:first)
-    assert_equal person, person.reload
-  end
-
-  def test_create
-    rick = Person.create(:name => 'Rick')
-    assert rick.valid?
-    assert !rick.new?
-    assert_equal '5', rick.id
-
-    # test additional attribute returned on create
-    assert_equal 25, rick.age
-
-    # Test that save exceptions get bubbled up too
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post   "/people.json", {}, nil, 409
-    end
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceConflict) { Person.create(:name => 'Rick') }
-  end
-
-  def test_create_without_location
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post   "/people.json", {}, nil, 201
-    end
-    person = Person.create(:name => 'Rick')
-    assert_nil person.id
-  end
-
-  def test_clone
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    matz_c = matz.clone
-    assert matz_c.new?
-    matz.attributes.each do |k, v|
-      assert_equal v, matz_c.send(k) if k != Person.primary_key
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_clone
-    addy = StreetAddress.find(1, :params => {:person_id => 1})
-    addy_c = addy.clone
-    assert addy_c.new?
-    addy.attributes.each do |k, v|
-      assert_equal v, addy_c.send(k) if k != StreetAddress.primary_key
-    end
-    assert_equal addy.prefix_options, addy_c.prefix_options
-  end
-
-  def test_complex_clone
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    matz.address = StreetAddress.find(1, :params => {:person_id => matz.id})
-    matz.non_ar_hash = {:not => "an ARes instance"}
-    matz.non_ar_arr = ["not", "ARes"]
-    matz_c = matz.clone
-    assert matz_c.new?
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) {matz_c.address}
-    assert_equal matz.non_ar_hash, matz_c.non_ar_hash
-    assert_equal matz.non_ar_arr, matz_c.non_ar_arr
-
-    # Test that actual copy, not just reference copy
-    matz.non_ar_hash[:not] = "changed"
-    assert_not_equal matz.non_ar_hash, matz_c.non_ar_hash
-  end
-
-  def test_update
-    matz = Person.find(:first)
-    matz.name = "David"
-    assert_kind_of Person, matz
-    assert_equal "David", matz.name
-    assert_equal true, matz.save
-  end
-
-  def test_update_with_custom_prefix_with_specific_id
-    addy = StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    addy.street = "54321 Street"
-    assert_kind_of StreetAddress, addy
-    assert_equal "54321 Street", addy.street
-    addy.save
-  end
-
-  def test_update_with_custom_prefix_without_specific_id
-    addy = StreetAddress.find(:first, :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    addy.street = "54321 Lane"
-    assert_kind_of StreetAddress, addy
-    assert_equal "54321 Lane", addy.street
-    addy.save
-  end
-
-  def test_update_conflict
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/people/2.json", {}, @david
-      mock.put "/people/2.json", @default_request_headers, nil, 409
-    end
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceConflict) { Person.find(2).save }
-  end
-
-
-  ######
-  # update_attribute(s)(!)
-
-  def test_update_attribute_as_symbol
-    matz = Person.first
-    matz.expects(:save).returns(true)
-
-    assert_equal "Matz", matz.name
-    assert matz.update_attribute(:name, "David")
-    assert_equal "David", matz.name
-  end
-
-  def test_update_attribute_as_string
-    matz = Person.first
-    matz.expects(:save).returns(true)
-
-    assert_equal "Matz", matz.name
-    assert matz.update_attribute('name', "David")
-    assert_equal "David", matz.name
-  end
-
-
-  def test_update_attributes_as_symbols
-    addy = StreetAddress.first(:params => {:person_id => 1})
-    addy.expects(:save).returns(true)
-
-    assert_equal "12345 Street", addy.street
-    assert_equal "Australia", addy.country
-    assert addy.update_attributes(:street => '54321 Street', :country => 'USA')
-    assert_equal "54321 Street", addy.street
-    assert_equal "USA", addy.country
-  end
-
-  def test_update_attributes_as_strings
-    addy = StreetAddress.first(:params => {:person_id => 1})
-    addy.expects(:save).returns(true)
-
-    assert_equal "12345 Street", addy.street
-    assert_equal "Australia", addy.country
-    assert addy.update_attributes('street' => '54321 Street', 'country' => 'USA')
-    assert_equal "54321 Street", addy.street
-    assert_equal "USA", addy.country
-  end
-
-
-  #####
-  # Mayhem and destruction
-
-  def test_destroy
-    assert Person.find(1).destroy
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 404
-    end
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound) { Person.find(1).destroy }
-  end
-
-  def test_destroy_with_custom_prefix
-    assert StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 }).destroy
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/people/1/addresses/1.json", {}, nil, 404
-    end
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound) { StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 }) }
-  end
-
-  def test_destroy_with_410_gone
-    assert Person.find(1).destroy
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 410
-    end
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceGone) { Person.find(1).destroy }
-  end
-
-  def test_delete
-    assert Person.delete(1)
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 404
-    end
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound) { Person.find(1) }
-  end
-
-  def test_delete_with_custom_prefix
-    assert StreetAddress.delete(1, :person_id => 1)
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/people/1/addresses/1.json", {}, nil, 404
-    end
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound) { StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 }) }
-  end
-
-  def test_delete_with_410_gone
-    assert Person.delete(1)
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 410
-    end
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceGone) { Person.find(1) }
-  end
-
-  ########################################################################
-  # Tests the more miscellaneous helper methods
-  ########################################################################
-  def test_exists
-    # Class method.
-    assert !Person.exists?(nil)
-    assert Person.exists?(1)
-    assert !Person.exists?(99)
-
-    # Instance method.
-    assert !Person.new.exists?
-    assert Person.find(1).exists?
-    assert !Person.new(:id => 99).exists?
-
-    # Nested class method.
-    assert StreetAddress.exists?(1,  :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    assert !StreetAddress.exists?(1, :params => { :person_id => 2 })
-    assert !StreetAddress.exists?(2, :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-
-    # Nested instance method.
-    assert StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 }).exists?
-    assert !StreetAddress.new({:id => 1, :person_id => 2}).exists?
-    assert !StreetAddress.new({:id => 2, :person_id => 1}).exists?
-  end
-
-  def test_exists_with_redefined_to_param
-    Person.module_eval do
-      alias_method :original_to_param_exists, :to_param
-      def to_param
-        name
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Class method.
-    assert Person.exists?('Greg')
-
-    # Instance method.
-    assert Person.find('Greg').exists?
-
-    # Nested class method.
-    assert StreetAddress.exists?(1,  :params => { :person_id => Person.find('Greg').to_param })
-
-    # Nested instance method.
-    assert StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => Person.find('Greg').to_param }).exists?
-
-  ensure
-    # revert back to original
-    Person.module_eval do
-      # save the 'new' to_param so we don't get a warning about discarding the method
-      alias_method :exists_to_param, :to_param
-      alias_method :to_param, :original_to_param_exists
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_exists_without_http_mock
-    http = Net::HTTP.new(Person.site.host, Person.site.port)
-    ActiveResource::Connection.any_instance.expects(:http).returns(http)
-    http.expects(:request).returns(ActiveResource::Response.new(""))
-
-    assert Person.exists?('not-mocked')
-  end
-
-  def test_exists_with_410_gone
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.head "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 410
-    end
-
-    assert !Person.exists?(1)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml
-    Person.format = :xml
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    encode = matz.encode
-    xml = matz.to_xml
-
-    assert_equal encode, xml
-    assert xml.include?('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>')
-    assert xml.include?('<name>Matz</name>')
-    assert xml.include?('<id type="integer">1</id>')
-  ensure
-    Person.format = :json
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_element_name
-    Person.format = :xml
-    old_elem_name = Person.element_name
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    Person.element_name = 'ruby_creator'
-    encode = matz.encode
-    xml = matz.to_xml
-
-    assert_equal encode, xml
-    assert xml.include?('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>')
-    assert xml.include?('<ruby-creator>')
-    assert xml.include?('<name>Matz</name>')
-    assert xml.include?('<id type="integer">1</id>')
-    assert xml.include?('</ruby-creator>')
-  ensure
-    Person.format = :json
-    Person.element_name = old_elem_name
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_private_method_name_as_attribute
-    Person.format = :xml
-
-    customer = Customer.new(:foo => "foo")
-    customer.singleton_class.class_eval do
-      def foo
-        "bar"
-      end
-      private :foo
-    end
-
-    assert !customer.to_xml.include?("<foo>bar</foo>")
-    assert customer.to_xml.include?("<foo>foo</foo>")
-  ensure
-    Person.format = :json
-  end
-
-  def test_to_json
-    Person.include_root_in_json = true
-    joe = Person.find(6)
-    encode = joe.encode
-    json = joe.to_json
-
-    assert_equal encode, json
-    assert_match %r{^\{"person":\{}, json
-    assert_match %r{"id":6}, json
-    assert_match %r{"name":"Joe"}, json
-    assert_match %r{\}\}$}, json
-  end
-
-  def test_to_json_with_element_name
-    old_elem_name = Person.element_name
-    Person.include_root_in_json = true
-    joe = Person.find(6)
-    Person.element_name = 'ruby_creator'
-    encode = joe.encode
-    json = joe.to_json
-
-    assert_equal encode, json
-    assert_match %r{^\{"ruby_creator":\{}, json
-    assert_match %r{"id":6}, json
-    assert_match %r{"name":"Joe"}, json
-    assert_match %r{\}\}$}, json
-  ensure
-    Person.element_name = old_elem_name
-  end
-
-  def test_to_param_quacks_like_active_record
-    new_person = Person.new
-    assert_nil new_person.to_param
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    assert_equal '1', matz.to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_to_key_quacks_like_active_record
-    new_person = Person.new
-    assert_nil new_person.to_key
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    assert_equal [1], matz.to_key
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_deep_nested_resources
-    luis = Customer.find(1)
-    assert_kind_of Customer, luis
-    luis.friends.each do |friend|
-      assert_kind_of Customer::Friend, friend
-      friend.brothers.each do |brother|
-        assert_kind_of Customer::Friend::Brother, brother
-        brother.children.each do |child|
-          assert_kind_of Customer::Friend::Brother::Child, child
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_load_yaml_array
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      Person.format = :xml
-      marty = Person.find(5)
-      assert_equal 3, marty.colors.size
-      marty.colors.each do |color|
-        assert_kind_of String, color
-      end
-    end
-  ensure
-    Person.format = :json
-  end
-
-  def test_with_custom_formatter
-    addresses = [{ :id => "1", :street => "1 Infinite Loop", :city => "Cupertino", :state => "CA" }].to_xml(:root => :addresses)
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/addresses.xml", {}, addresses, 200
-    end
-
-    # late bind the site
-    AddressResource.site = "http://localhost"
-    addresses = AddressResource.find(:all)
-
-    assert_equal "Cupertino, CA", addresses.first.city_state
-  end
-
-  def test_create_with_custom_primary_key
-    silver_plan = { :plan => { :code => "silver", :price => 5.00 } }.to_json
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post "/plans.json", {}, silver_plan, 201, 'Location' => '/plans/silver.json'
-    end
-
-    plan = SubscriptionPlan.new(:code => "silver", :price => 5.00)
-    assert plan.new?
-
-    plan.save!
-    assert !plan.new?
-  end
-
-  def test_update_with_custom_primary_key
-    silver_plan = { :plan => { :code => "silver", :price => 5.00 } }.to_json
-    silver_plan_updated = { :plan => { :code => "silver", :price => 10.00 } }.to_json
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/plans/silver.json", {}, silver_plan
-      mock.put "/plans/silver.json", {}, silver_plan_updated, 201, 'Location' => '/plans/silver.json'
-    end
-
-    plan = SubscriptionPlan.find("silver")
-    assert !plan.new?
-    assert_equal 5.00, plan.price
-
-    # update price
-    plan.price = 10.00
-    plan.save!
-    assert_equal 10.00, plan.price
-  end
-
-  def test_namespacing
-    sound = Asset::Sound.find(1)
-    assert_equal "Asset::Sound::Author", sound.author.class.to_s
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/connection_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/connection_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a07ead15e..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/connection_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class ConnectionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  ResponseCodeStub = Struct.new(:code)
-  RedirectResponseStub = Struct.new(:code, :Location)
-
-  def setup
-    @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new('http://localhost')
-    matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' } }
-    david = { :person => { :id => 2, :name => 'David' } }
-    @people = { :people => [ matz, david ] }.to_json
-    @people_single = { 'people-single-elements' => [ matz ] }.to_json
-    @people_empty = { 'people-empty-elements' => [ ] }.to_json
-    @matz  = matz.to_json
-    @david = david.to_json
-    @header = { 'key' => 'value' }.freeze
-
-    @default_request_headers = { 'Content-Type' => 'application/json' }
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get    "/people/2.json", @header, @david
-      mock.get    "/people.json", {}, @people
-      mock.get    "/people_single_elements.json", {}, @people_single
-      mock.get    "/people_empty_elements.json", {}, @people_empty
-      mock.get    "/people/1.json", {}, @matz
-      mock.put    "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 204
-      mock.put    "/people/2.json", {}, @header, 204
-      mock.delete "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 200
-      mock.delete "/people/2.json", @header, nil, 200
-      mock.post   "/people.json",   {}, nil, 201, 'Location' => '/people/5.json'
-      mock.post   "/members.json",  {}, @header, 201, 'Location' => '/people/6.json'
-      mock.head   "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 200
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_handle_response
-    # 2xx and 3xx are valid responses.
-    [200, 299, 300, 399].each do |code|
-      expected = ResponseCodeStub.new(code)
-      assert_equal expected, handle_response(expected)
-    end
-
-    # 301 is moved permanently (redirect)
-    assert_redirect_raises 301
-
-    # 302 is found (redirect)
-    assert_redirect_raises 302
-
-    # 303 is see other (redirect)
-    assert_redirect_raises 303
-
-    # 307 is temporary redirect
-    assert_redirect_raises 307
-
-    # 400 is a bad request (e.g. malformed URI or missing request parameter)
-    assert_response_raises ActiveResource::BadRequest, 400
-
-    # 401 is an unauthorized request
-    assert_response_raises ActiveResource::UnauthorizedAccess, 401
-
-    # 403 is a forbidden request (and authorizing will not help)
-    assert_response_raises ActiveResource::ForbiddenAccess, 403
-
-    # 404 is a missing resource.
-    assert_response_raises ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound, 404
-
-    # 405 is a method not allowed error
-    assert_response_raises ActiveResource::MethodNotAllowed, 405
-
-    # 409 is an optimistic locking error
-    assert_response_raises ActiveResource::ResourceConflict, 409
-
-    # 410 is a removed resource
-    assert_response_raises ActiveResource::ResourceGone, 410
-
-    # 422 is a validation error
-    assert_response_raises ActiveResource::ResourceInvalid, 422
-
-    # 4xx are client errors.
-    [402, 499].each do |code|
-      assert_response_raises ActiveResource::ClientError, code
-    end
-
-    # 5xx are server errors.
-    [500, 599].each do |code|
-      assert_response_raises ActiveResource::ServerError, code
-    end
-
-    # Others are unknown.
-    [199, 600].each do |code|
-      assert_response_raises ActiveResource::ConnectionError, code
-    end
-  end
-
-  ResponseHeaderStub = Struct.new(:code, :message, 'Allow')
-  def test_should_return_allowed_methods_for_method_no_allowed_exception
-    begin
-      handle_response ResponseHeaderStub.new(405, "HTTP Failed...", "GET, POST")
-    rescue ActiveResource::MethodNotAllowed => e
-      assert_equal "Failed.  Response code = 405.  Response message = HTTP Failed....", e.message
-      assert_equal [:get, :post], e.allowed_methods
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_initialize_raises_argument_error_on_missing_site
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ActiveResource::Connection.new(nil) }
-  end
-
-  def test_site_accessor_accepts_uri_or_string_argument
-    site = URI.parse("http://localhost")
-
-    assert_raise(URI::InvalidURIError) { @conn.site = nil }
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @conn.site = "http://localhost" }
-    assert_equal site, @conn.site
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @conn.site = site }
-    assert_equal site, @conn.site
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_accessor_accepts_uri_or_string_argument
-    proxy = URI.parse("http://proxy_user:proxy_password@proxy.local:4242")
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @conn.proxy = "http://proxy_user:proxy_password@proxy.local:4242" }
-    assert_equal proxy, @conn.proxy
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @conn.proxy = proxy }
-    assert_equal proxy, @conn.proxy
-  end
-
-  def test_timeout_accessor
-    @conn.timeout = 5
-    assert_equal 5, @conn.timeout
-  end
-
-  def test_get
-    matz = decode(@conn.get("/people/1.json"))
-    assert_equal "Matz", matz["name"]
-  end
-
-  def test_head
-    response = @conn.head("/people/1.json")
-    assert response.body.blank?
-    assert_equal 200, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_get_with_header
-    david = decode(@conn.get("/people/2.json", @header))
-    assert_equal "David", david["name"]
-  end
-
-  def test_get_collection
-    people = decode(@conn.get("/people.json"))
-    assert_equal "Matz", people[0]["person"]["name"]
-    assert_equal "David", people[1]["person"]["name"]
-  end
-
-  def test_get_collection_single
-    people = decode(@conn.get("/people_single_elements.json"))
-    assert_equal "Matz", people[0]["person"]["name"]
-  end
-
-  def test_get_collection_empty
-    people = decode(@conn.get("/people_empty_elements.json"))
-    assert_equal [], people
-  end
-
-  def test_post
-    response = @conn.post("/people.json")
-    assert_equal "/people/5.json", response["Location"]
-  end
-
-  def test_post_with_header
-    response = @conn.post("/members.json", @header)
-    assert_equal "/people/6.json", response["Location"]
-  end
-
-  def test_put
-    response = @conn.put("/people/1.json")
-    assert_equal 204, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_put_with_header
-    response = @conn.put("/people/2.json", @header)
-    assert_equal 204, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_delete
-    response = @conn.delete("/people/1.json")
-    assert_equal 200, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_delete_with_header
-    response = @conn.delete("/people/2.json", @header)
-    assert_equal 200, response.code
-  end
-
-  def test_timeout
-    @http = mock('new Net::HTTP')
-    @conn.expects(:http).returns(@http)
-    @http.expects(:get).raises(Timeout::Error, 'execution expired')
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::TimeoutError) { @conn.get('/people_timeout.json') }
-  end
-
-  def test_setting_timeout
-    http = Net::HTTP.new('')
-
-    [10, 20].each do |timeout|
-      @conn.timeout = timeout
-      @conn.send(:configure_http, http)
-      assert_equal timeout, http.open_timeout
-      assert_equal timeout, http.read_timeout
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_accept_http_header
-    @http = mock('new Net::HTTP')
-    @conn.expects(:http).returns(@http)
-    path = '/people/1.xml'
-    @http.expects(:get).with(path, { 'Accept' => 'application/xhtml+xml' }).returns(ActiveResource::Response.new(@matz, 200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/xhtml' }))
-    assert_nothing_raised(Mocha::ExpectationError) { @conn.get(path, { 'Accept' => 'application/xhtml+xml' }) }
-  end
-
-  def test_ssl_options_get_applied_to_http
-    http = Net::HTTP.new('')
-    @conn.site="https://secure"
-    @conn.ssl_options={:verify_mode => OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}
-    @conn.send(:configure_http, http)
-
-    assert http.use_ssl?
-    assert_equal http.verify_mode, OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
-  end
-
-  def test_ssl_error
-    http = Net::HTTP.new('')
-    @conn.expects(:http).returns(http)
-    http.expects(:get).raises(OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, 'Expired certificate')
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::SSLError) { @conn.get('/people/1.json') }
-  end
-
-  def test_auth_type_can_be_string
-    @conn.auth_type = 'digest'
-    assert_equal(:digest, @conn.auth_type)
-  end
-
-  def test_auth_type_defaults_to_basic
-    @conn.auth_type = nil
-    assert_equal(:basic, @conn.auth_type)
-  end
-
-  def test_auth_type_ignores_nonsensical_values
-    @conn.auth_type = :wibble
-    assert_equal(:basic, @conn.auth_type)
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def assert_response_raises(klass, code)
-      assert_raise(klass, "Expected response code #{code} to raise #{klass}") do
-        handle_response ResponseCodeStub.new(code)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def assert_redirect_raises(code)
-      assert_raise(ActiveResource::Redirection, "Expected response code #{code} to raise ActiveResource::Redirection") do
-        handle_response RedirectResponseStub.new(code, 'http://example.com/')
-      end
-    end
-
-    def handle_response(response)
-      @conn.__send__(:handle_response, response)
-    end
-
-    def decode(response)
-      @conn.format.decode(response.body)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/finder_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e8550d356..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require "fixtures/person"
-require "fixtures/customer"
-require "fixtures/street_address"
-require "fixtures/beast"
-require "fixtures/proxy"
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-
-class FinderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    setup_response # find me in abstract_unit
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_id
-    matz = Person.find(1)
-    assert_kind_of Person, matz
-    assert_equal "Matz", matz.name
-    assert matz.name?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_id_with_custom_prefix
-    addy = StreetAddress.find(1, :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    assert_kind_of StreetAddress, addy
-    assert_equal '12345 Street', addy.street
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all
-    all = Person.find(:all)
-    assert_equal 2, all.size
-    assert_kind_of Person, all.first
-    assert_equal "Matz", all.first.name
-    assert_equal "David", all.last.name
-  end
-
-  def test_all
-    all = Person.all
-    assert_equal 2, all.size
-    assert_kind_of Person, all.first
-    assert_equal "Matz", all.first.name
-    assert_equal "David", all.last.name
-  end
-
-  def test_all_with_params
-    all = StreetAddress.all(:params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    assert_equal 1, all.size
-    assert_kind_of StreetAddress, all.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_first
-    matz = Person.find(:first)
-    assert_kind_of Person, matz
-    assert_equal "Matz", matz.name
-  end
-
-  def test_first
-    matz = Person.first
-    assert_kind_of Person, matz
-    assert_equal "Matz", matz.name
-  end
-
-  def test_first_with_params
-    addy = StreetAddress.first(:params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    assert_kind_of StreetAddress, addy
-    assert_equal '12345 Street', addy.street
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last
-    david = Person.find(:last)
-    assert_kind_of Person, david
-    assert_equal 'David', david.name
-  end
-
-  def test_last
-    david = Person.last
-    assert_kind_of Person, david
-    assert_equal 'David', david.name
-  end
-
-  def test_last_with_params
-    addy = StreetAddress.last(:params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    assert_kind_of StreetAddress, addy
-    assert_equal '12345 Street', addy.street
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_id_not_found
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound) { Person.find(99) }
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound) { StreetAddress.find(99, :params => {:person_id => 1}) }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_sub_objects
-    all = StreetAddress.find(:all, :params => { :person_id => 1 })
-    assert_equal 1, all.size
-    assert_kind_of StreetAddress, all.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_sub_objects_not_found
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      StreetAddress.find(:all, :params => { :person_id => 2 })
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_from
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to { |m| m.get "/companies/1/people.json", {}, @people_david }
-
-    people = Person.find(:all, :from => "/companies/1/people.json")
-    assert_equal 1, people.size
-    assert_equal "David", people.first.name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_from_with_options
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to { |m| m.get "/companies/1/people.json", {}, @people_david }
-
-    people = Person.find(:all, :from => "/companies/1/people.json")
-    assert_equal 1, people.size
-    assert_equal "David", people.first.name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_symbol_from
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to { |m| m.get "/people/managers.json", {}, @people_david }
-
-    people = Person.find(:all, :from => :managers)
-    assert_equal 1, people.size
-    assert_equal "David", people.first.name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_single_by_from
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to { |m| m.get "/companies/1/manager.json", {}, @david }
-
-    david = Person.find(:one, :from => "/companies/1/manager.json")
-    assert_equal "David", david.name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_single_by_symbol_from
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to { |m| m.get "/people/leader.json", {}, @david }
-
-    david = Person.find(:one, :from => :leader)
-    assert_equal "David", david.name
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/format_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/format_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 315f9db1eb..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/format_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require "fixtures/person"
-require "fixtures/street_address"
-
-class FormatTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @matz  = { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' }
-    @david = { :id => 2, :name => 'David' }
-
-    @programmers = [ @matz, @david ]
-  end
-
-  def test_http_format_header_name
-    [:get, :head].each do |verb|
-      header_name = ActiveResource::Connection::HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[verb]
-      assert_equal 'Accept', header_name
-    end
-
-    [:patch, :put, :post].each do |verb|
-      header_name = ActiveResource::Connection::HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[verb]
-      assert_equal 'Content-Type', header_name
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_formats_on_single_element
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      using_format(Person, format) do
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people/1.#{format}", {'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@david)
-        assert_equal @david[:name], Person.find(1).name
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_formats_on_collection
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      using_format(Person, format) do
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people.#{format}", {'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@programmers)
-        remote_programmers = Person.find(:all)
-        assert_equal 2, remote_programmers.size
-        assert remote_programmers.find { |p| p.name == 'David' }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_formats_on_custom_collection_method
-    [ :json, :xml ].each do |format|
-      using_format(Person, format) do
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people/retrieve.#{format}?name=David", {'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode([@david])
-        remote_programmers = Person.get(:retrieve, :name => 'David')
-        assert_equal 1, remote_programmers.size
-        assert_equal @david[:id], remote_programmers[0]['id']
-        assert_equal @david[:name], remote_programmers[0]['name']
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_formats_on_custom_element_method
-    [:json, :xml].each do |format|
-      using_format(Person, format) do
-        david = (format == :json ? { :person => @david } : @david)
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-          mock.get "/people/2.#{format}", { 'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type }, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(david)
-          mock.get "/people/2/shallow.#{format}", { 'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type }, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(david)
-        end
-
-        remote_programmer = Person.find(2).get(:shallow)
-        assert_equal @david[:id], remote_programmer['id']
-        assert_equal @david[:name], remote_programmer['name']
-      end
-
-      ryan_hash = { :name => 'Ryan' }
-      ryan_hash = (format == :json ? { :person => ryan_hash } : ryan_hash)
-      ryan = ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(ryan_hash)
-      using_format(Person, format) do
-        remote_ryan = Person.new(:name => 'Ryan')
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.post "/people.#{format}", { 'Content-Type' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ryan, 201, { 'Location' => "/people/5.#{format}" }
-        remote_ryan.save
-
-        remote_ryan = Person.new(:name => 'Ryan')
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.post "/people/new/register.#{format}", { 'Content-Type' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ryan, 201, { 'Location' => "/people/5.#{format}" }
-        assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new(ryan, 201, { 'Location' => "/people/5.#{format}" }), remote_ryan.post(:register)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_setting_format_before_site
-    resource = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
-    resource.format = :json
-    resource.site   = 'http://37s.sunrise.i:3000'
-    assert_equal ActiveResource::Formats[:json], resource.connection.format
-  end
-
-  def test_serialization_of_nested_resource
-    address  = { :street => '12345 Street' }
-    person  = { :name => 'Rus', :address => address}
-
-    [:json, :xml].each do |format|
-      encoded_person = ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(person)
-      assert_match(/12345 Street/, encoded_person)
-      remote_person = Person.new(person.update({:address => StreetAddress.new(address)}))
-      assert_kind_of StreetAddress, remote_person.address
-      using_format(Person, format) do
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.post "/people.#{format}", {'Content-Type' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, encoded_person, 201, {'Location' => "/people/5.#{format}"}
-        remote_person.save
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    def using_format(klass, mime_type_reference)
-      previous_format = klass.format
-      klass.format = mime_type_reference
-
-      yield
-    ensure
-      klass.format = previous_format
-    end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/http_mock_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/http_mock_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d13d9258ce..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/http_mock_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
-
-class HttpMockTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  setup do
-    @http = ActiveResource::HttpMock.new("http://example.com")
-  end
-
-  FORMAT_HEADER = ActiveResource::Connection::HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES
-
-  [:post, :patch, :put, :get, :delete, :head].each do |method|
-    test "responds to simple #{method} request" do
-      ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-        mock.send(method, "/people/1", { FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json" }, "Response")
-      end
-
-      assert_equal "Response", request(method, "/people/1", FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json").body
-    end
-
-    test "adds format header by default to #{method} request" do
-      ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-        mock.send(method, "/people/1", {}, "Response")
-      end
-
-      assert_equal "Response", request(method, "/people/1", FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json").body
-    end
-
-    test "respond only when headers match header by default to #{method} request" do
-      ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-        mock.send(method, "/people/1", {"X-Header" => "X"}, "Response")
-      end
-
-      assert_equal "Response", request(method, "/people/1", "X-Header" => "X").body
-      assert_raise(ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) { request(method, "/people/1") }
-    end
-
-    test "does not overwrite format header to #{method} request" do
-      ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-        mock.send(method, "/people/1", {FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json"}, "Response")
-      end
-
-      assert_equal "Response", request(method, "/people/1", FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json").body
-    end
-
-    test "ignores format header when there is only one response to same url in a #{method} request" do
-      ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-        mock.send(method, "/people/1", {}, "Response")
-      end
-
-      assert_equal "Response", request(method, "/people/1", FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json").body
-      assert_equal "Response", request(method, "/people/1", FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/xml").body
-    end
-
-    test "responds correctly when format header is given to #{method} request" do
-      ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-        mock.send(method, "/people/1", { FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/xml" }, "XML")
-        mock.send(method, "/people/1", { FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json" }, "Json")
-      end
-
-      assert_equal "XML", request(method, "/people/1", FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/xml").body
-      assert_equal "Json", request(method, "/people/1", FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json").body
-    end
-
-    test "raises InvalidRequestError if no response found for the #{method} request" do
-      ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-        mock.send(method, "/people/1", { FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/json" }, "json")
-      end
-
-      assert_raise(::ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError) do
-        request(method, "/people/1", FORMAT_HEADER[method] => "application/xml")
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  test "allows you to send in pairs directly to the respond_to method" do
-    matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" } }.to_json
-
-    create_matz = ActiveResource::Request.new(:post, '/people.json', matz, {})
-    created_response = ActiveResource::Response.new("", 201, { "Location" => "/people/1.json" })
-    get_matz = ActiveResource::Request.new(:get, '/people/1.json', nil)
-    ok_response = ActiveResource::Response.new(matz, 200, {})
-
-    pairs = {create_matz => created_response, get_matz => ok_response}
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to(pairs)
-    assert_equal 2, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-    assert_equal "", ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.assoc(create_matz)[1].body
-    assert_equal matz, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.assoc(get_matz)[1].body
-  end
-
-  test "resets all mocked responses on each call to respond_to with a block by default" do
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/2", {}, "JSON2")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-  end
-
-  test "resets all mocked responses on each call to respond_to by passing pairs by default" do
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-
-    matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" } }.to_json
-    get_matz = ActiveResource::Request.new(:get, '/people/1.json', nil)
-    ok_response = ActiveResource::Response.new(matz, 200, {})
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to({get_matz => ok_response})
-
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-  end
-
-  test "allows you to add new responses to the existing responses by calling a block" do
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to(false) do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/2", {}, "JSON2")
-    end
-    assert_equal 2, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-  end
-
-  test "allows you to add new responses to the existing responses by passing pairs" do
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-
-    matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" } }.to_json
-    get_matz = ActiveResource::Request.new(:get, '/people/1.json', nil)
-    ok_response = ActiveResource::Response.new(matz, 200, {})
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to({get_matz => ok_response}, false)
-
-    assert_equal 2, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-  end
-
-  test "allows you to replace the existing reponse with the same request by calling a block" do
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to(false) do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON2")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-  end
-
-  test "allows you to replace the existing reponse with the same request by passing pairs" do
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-
-    matz  = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" } }.to_json
-    get_matz = ActiveResource::Request.new(:get, '/people/1', nil)
-    ok_response = ActiveResource::Response.new(matz, 200, {})
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to({get_matz => ok_response}, false)
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-  end
-
-  test "do not replace the response with the same path but different method by calling a block" do
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to(false) do |mock|
-      mock.send(:put, "/people/1", {}, "JSON2")
-    end
-    assert_equal 2, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-  end
-
-  test "do not replace the response with the same path but different method by passing pairs" do
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.send(:get, "/people/1", {}, "JSON1")
-    end
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-
-    put_matz = ActiveResource::Request.new(:put, '/people/1', nil)
-    ok_response = ActiveResource::Response.new("", 200, {})
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to({put_matz => ok_response}, false)
-    assert_equal 2, ActiveResource::HttpMock.responses.length
-  end
-
-  def request(method, path, headers = {}, body = nil)
-    if method.in?([:patch, :put, :post])
-      @http.send(method, path, body, headers)
-    else
-      @http.send(method, path, headers)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ab5c22a783..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-require "abstract_unit"
-require "fixtures/person"
-require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
-require "active_resource/log_subscriber"
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions"
-
-class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @matz = { :person => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' } }.to_json
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get "/people/1.json", {}, @matz
-    end
-
-    ActiveResource::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_resource
-  end
-
-  def set_logger(logger)
-    ActiveResource::Base.logger = logger
-  end
-
-  def test_request_notification
-    Person.find(1)
-    wait
-    assert_equal 2, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_equal "GET http://37s.sunrise.i:3000/people/1.json", @logger.logged(:info)[0]
-    assert_match(/\-\-\> 200 200 33/, @logger.logged(:info)[1])
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/observing_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/observing_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2371a1bdf..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/observing_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'fixtures/person'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-
-class ObservingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  cattr_accessor :history
-
-  class PersonObserver < ActiveModel::Observer
-    observe :person
-
-    %w( after_create after_destroy after_save after_update
-        before_create before_destroy before_save before_update).each do |method|
-          define_method(method) { |*| log method }
-    end
-
-    private
-      def log(method)
-        (ObservingTest.history ||= []) << method.to_sym
-      end
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @matz = { 'person' => { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' } }.to_json
-
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.get    "/people/1.json", {}, @matz
-      mock.post   "/people.json",   {}, @matz, 201, 'Location' => '/people/1.json'
-      mock.put    "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 204
-      mock.delete "/people/1.json", {}, nil, 200
-    end
-
-    PersonObserver.instance
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    self.history = nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_fires_save_and_create_notifications
-    Person.create(:name => 'Rick')
-    assert_equal [:before_save, :before_create, :after_create, :after_save], self.history
-  end
-
-  def test_update_fires_save_and_update_notifications
-    person = Person.find(1)
-    person.save
-    assert_equal [:before_save, :before_update, :after_update, :after_save], self.history
-  end
-
-  def test_destroy_fires_destroy_notifications
-    person = Person.find(1)
-    person.destroy
-    assert_equal [:before_destroy, :after_destroy], self.history
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/validations_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c6c6e1d786..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'fixtures/project'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-
-# The validations are tested thoroughly under ActiveModel::Validations
-# This test case simply makes sure that they are all accessible by
-# Active Resource objects.
-class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-  VALID_PROJECT_HASH = { :name => "My Project", :description => "A project" }
-  def setup
-    @my_proj = { "person" => VALID_PROJECT_HASH }.to_json
-    ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-      mock.post "/projects.json", {}, @my_proj, 201, 'Location' => '/projects/5.json'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_validates_presence_of
-    p = new_project(:name => nil)
-    assert !p.valid?, "should not be a valid record without name"
-    assert !p.save, "should not have saved an invalid record"
-    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], p.errors[:name], "should have an error on name"
-
-    p.name = "something"
-
-    assert p.save, "should have saved after fixing the validation, but had: #{p.errors.inspect}"
-  end
-
-  def test_fails_save!
-    p = new_project(:name => nil)
-    assert_raise(ActiveResource::ResourceInvalid) { p.save! }
-  end
-
-  def test_save_without_validation
-    p = new_project(:name => nil)
-    assert !p.save
-    assert p.save(:validate => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_validate_callback
-    # we have a callback ensuring the description is longer than three letters
-    p = new_project(:description => 'a')
-    assert !p.valid?, "should not be a valid record when it fails a validation callback"
-    assert !p.save, "should not have saved an invalid record"
-    assert_equal ["must be greater than three letters long"], p.errors[:description], "should be an error on description"
-
-    # should now allow this description
-    p.description = 'abcd'
-    assert p.save, "should have saved after fixing the validation, but had: #{p.errors.inspect}"
-  end
-
-  def test_client_side_validation_maximum
-    project = Project.new(:description => '123456789012345')
-    assert ! project.valid?
-    assert_equal ['is too long (maximum is 10 characters)'], project.errors[:description]
-  end
-
-  protected
-
-  # quickie helper to create a new project with all the required
-  # attributes.
-  # Pass in any params you specifically want to override
-  def new_project(opts = {})
-    Project.new(VALID_PROJECT_HASH.merge(opts))
-  end
-
-end
-
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/address.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/address.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a73ecb52a..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/address.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# turns everything into the same object
-class AddressXMLFormatter
-  include ActiveResource::Formats::XmlFormat
-
-  def decode(xml)
-    data = ActiveResource::Formats::XmlFormat.decode(xml)
-    # process address fields
-    data.each do |address|
-      address['city_state'] = "#{address['city']}, #{address['state']}"
-    end
-    data
-  end
-
-end
-
-class AddressResource < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.element_name = "address"
-  self.format = AddressXMLFormatter.new
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/beast.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/beast.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e31ec58346..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/beast.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class BeastResource < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = 'http://beast.caboo.se'
-  site.user = 'foo'
-  site.password = 'bar'
-end
-
-class Forum < BeastResource
-  # taken from BeastResource
-  # self.site = 'http://beast.caboo.se'
-end
-
-class Topic < BeastResource
-  self.site += '/forums/:forum_id'
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/customer.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/customer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 845d5d11cb..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/customer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-class Customer < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/person.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/person.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e88bb69310..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/person.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/project.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/project.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 53de666601..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/project.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# used to test validations
-class Project < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-  schema do
-    string  :email
-    string  :name
-  end
-
-  validates :name, :presence => true
-  validates :description, :presence => false, :length => {:maximum => 10}
-  validate :description_greater_than_three_letters
-
-  # to test the validate *callback* works
-  def description_greater_than_three_letters
-    errors.add :description, 'must be greater than three letters long' if description.length < 3 unless description.blank?
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/proxy.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/proxy.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bb8e015df0..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/proxy.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-class ProxyResource < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = "http://localhost"
-  self.proxy = "http://user:password@proxy.local:3000"
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/sound.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/sound.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d9d2b99fcd..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/sound.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-module Asset  
-  class Sound < ActiveResource::Base
-    self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-  end
-end
-
-# to test namespacing in a module
-class Author
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/street_address.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/street_address.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a8adb98b5..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/street_address.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-class StreetAddress < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000/people/:person_id"
-  self.element_name = 'address'
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/fixtures/subscription_plan.rb b/activeresource/test/fixtures/subscription_plan.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e3c2dd9a74..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/fixtures/subscription_plan.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-class SubscriptionPlan < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = "http://37s.sunrise.i:3000"
-  self.element_name = 'plan'
-  self.primary_key = :code
-end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/setter_trap.rb b/activeresource/test/setter_trap.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7cfd9ca111..0000000000
--- a/activeresource/test/setter_trap.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-class SetterTrap < ActiveSupport::BasicObject
-  class << self
-    def rollback_sets(obj)
-      trapped = new(obj)
-      yield(trapped).tap { trapped.rollback_sets }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def initialize(obj)
-    @cache = {}
-    @obj = obj
-  end
-
-  def respond_to?(method)
-    @obj.respond_to?(method)
-  end
-
-  def method_missing(method, *args, &proc)
-    @cache[method] ||= @obj.send($`) if method.to_s =~ /=$/
-    @obj.send method, *args, &proc
-  end
-
-  def rollback_sets
-    @cache.each { |k, v| @obj.send k, v }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
index 09ec4ed618..df144dd00b 100644
--- a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,30 +1,105 @@
 ## Rails 4.0.0 (unreleased) ##
 
-*    AS::Callbacks: deprecate `:rescuable` option. *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   `Time#change` now works with time values with offsets other than UTC or the local time zone. *Andrew White*
 
-*    Adds Integer#ordinal to get the ordinal suffix string of an integer. *Tim Gildea*
+*   `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`: deprecate usage of filter object with `#before` and `#after` methods as `around` callback. *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
-*    AS::Callbacks: `:per_key` option is no longer supported
+*   Add `Time#prev_quarter` and `Time#next_quarter` short-hands for `months_ago(3)` and `months_since(3)`. *SungHee Kang*
 
-*    `AS::Callbacks#define_callbacks`: add `:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated` option.
+*   Remove obsolete and unused `require_association` method from dependencies. *fxn*
 
-*    Add html_escape_once to ERB::Util, and delegate escape_once tag helper to it. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Add `:instance_accessor` option for `config_accessor`.
 
-*    Remove ActiveSupport::TestCase#pending method, use `skip` instead. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+        class User
+          include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+          config_accessor :allowed_access, instance_accessor: false
+        end
+
+        User.new.allowed_access = true # => NoMethodError
+        User.new.allowed_access        # => NoMethodError
+
+    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+
+*   ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper methods have been moved to ActiveSupport::NumberHelper and are now available via
+    Numeric#to_s.  Numeric#to_s now accepts the formatting  options :phone, :currency, :percentage, :delimited,
+    :rounded, :human, and :human_size. *Andrew Mutz*
+
+*   Add `Hash#transform_keys`, `Hash#transform_keys!`, `Hash#deep_transform_keys`, and `Hash#deep_transform_keys!`. *Mark McSpadden*
+
+*   Changed xml type `datetime` to `dateTime` (with upper case letter `T`). *Angelo Capilleri*
+
+*   Add `:instance_accessor` option for `class_attribute`. *Alexey Vakhov*
+
+*   `constantize` now looks in the ancestor chain. *Marc-Andre Lafortune & Andrew White*
+
+*   Adds `Hash#deep_stringify_keys` and `Hash#deep_stringify_keys!` to convert all keys from a +Hash+ instance into strings *Lucas Húngaro*
+
+*   Adds `Hash#deep_symbolize_keys` and `Hash#deep_symbolize_keys!` to convert all keys from a +Hash+ instance into symbols *Lucas Húngaro*
+
+*   `Object#try` can't call private methods. *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+
+*   `AS::Callbacks#run_callbacks` remove `key` argument. *Francesco Rodriguez*
+
+*   `deep_dup` works more expectedly now and duplicates also values in +Hash+ instances and elements in +Array+ instances. *Alexey Gaziev*
+
+*   Inflector no longer applies ice -> ouse to words like slice, police, ets *Wes Morgan*
+
+*   Add `ActiveSupport::Deprecations.behavior = :silence` to completely ignore Rails runtime deprecations *twinturbo*
+
+*   Make Module#delegate stop using `send` - can no longer delegate to private methods. *dasch*
+
+*   AS::Callbacks: deprecate `:rescuable` option. *Bogdan Gusiev*
+
+*   Adds Integer#ordinal to get the ordinal suffix string of an integer. *Tim Gildea*
+
+*   AS::Callbacks: `:per_key` option is no longer supported
 
-*    Deprecates the compatibility method Module#local_constant_names,
-     use Module#local_constants instead (which returns symbols). *fxn*
+*   `AS::Callbacks#define_callbacks`: add `:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated` option.
 
-*    Deletes the compatibility method Module#method_names,
-     use Module#methods from now on (which returns symbols). *fxn*
+*   Add html_escape_once to ERB::Util, and delegate escape_once tag helper to it. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*    Deletes the compatibility method Module#instance_method_names,
-     use Module#instance_methods from now on (which returns symbols). *fxn*
+*   Remove ActiveSupport::TestCase#pending method, use `skip` instead. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*    BufferedLogger is deprecated.  Use ActiveSupport::Logger, or the logger
-     from Ruby stdlib.
+*   Deprecates the compatibility method Module#local_constant_names,
+    use Module#local_constants instead (which returns symbols). *fxn*
 
-*    Unicode database updated to 6.1.0.
+*   Deletes the compatibility method Module#method_names,
+    use Module#methods from now on (which returns symbols). *fxn*
+
+*   Deletes the compatibility method Module#instance_method_names,
+    use Module#instance_methods from now on (which returns symbols). *fxn*
+
+*   BufferedLogger is deprecated.  Use ActiveSupport::Logger, or the logger
+    from Ruby stdlib.
+
+*   Unicode database updated to 6.1.0.
+
+*   Adds `encode_big_decimal_as_string` option to force JSON serialization of BigDecimals as numeric instead
+    of wrapping them in strings for safety.
+
+*   Remove deprecated ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable. *Erich Menge*
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.5 (Jun 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable is deprecated. Define your own #as_json and #encode_json methods
+    for custom JSON string literals. *Erich Menge*
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.4 (May 31, 2012) ##
+
+*   Added #beginning_of_hour and #end_of_hour to Time and DateTime core
+    extensions. *Mark J. Titorenko*
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.3 (March 30, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.2 (March 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
 
 
 ## Rails 3.2.1 (January 26, 2012) ##
@@ -214,7 +289,7 @@
 *   Hash.from_xml no longer loses attributes on tags containing only whitespace *André Arko*
 
 
-##   Rails 3.0.6 (April 5, 2011) ##
+## Rails 3.0.6 (April 5, 2011) ##
 
 *   No changes.
 
diff --git a/activesupport/Rakefile b/activesupport/Rakefile
index 822c9d98ae..822c9d98ae 100755..100644
--- a/activesupport/Rakefile
+++ b/activesupport/Rakefile
diff --git a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
index d26d71b615..836bc2f9cf 100644
--- a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
+++ b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.description = 'A toolkit of support libraries and Ruby core extensions extracted from the Rails framework. Rich support for multibyte strings, internationalization, time zones, and testing.'
 
   s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.license     = 'MIT'
 
   s.author       = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
   s.email        = 'david@loudthinking.com'
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.rdoc_options.concat ['--encoding',  'UTF-8']
 
   s.add_dependency('i18n',       '~> 0.6')
-  s.add_dependency('multi_json', '~> 1.0')
-  s.add_dependency('tzinfo',     '~> 0.3.31')
+  s.add_dependency('multi_json', '~> 1.3')
+  s.add_dependency('tzinfo',     '~> 0.3.33')
+  s.add_dependency('minitest',   '~> 3.2')
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
index dbf0c25c5c..56d6676961 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
@@ -22,28 +22,16 @@
 #++
 
 require 'securerandom'
-
-module ActiveSupport
-  class << self
-    attr_accessor :load_all_hooks
-    def on_load_all(&hook) load_all_hooks << hook end
-    def load_all!; load_all_hooks.each { |hook| hook.call } end
-  end
-  self.load_all_hooks = []
-
-  on_load_all do
-    [Dependencies, Deprecation, Gzip, MessageVerifier, Multibyte]
-  end
-end
-
 require "active_support/dependencies/autoload"
 require "active_support/version"
 require "active_support/logger"
+require "active_support/lazy_load_hooks"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
   autoload :Concern
+  autoload :Dependencies
   autoload :DescendantsTracker
   autoload :FileUpdateChecker
   autoload :LogSubscriber
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index e97bb25b9f..7c3a41288b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # instead of the file system root.  The typical silencer use case is to exclude the output of a noisy library from the
   # backtrace, so that you can focus on the rest.
   #
-  # ==== Example:
-  #
   #   bc = BacktraceCleaner.new
   #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root, '') }
   #   bc.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /mongrel|rubygems/ }
@@ -42,8 +40,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Adds a filter from the block provided. Each line in the backtrace will be mapped against this filter.
     #
-    # Example:
-    #
     #   # Will turn "/my/rails/root/app/models/person.rb" into "/app/models/person.rb"
     #   backtrace_cleaner.add_filter { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root, '') }
     def add_filter(&block)
@@ -53,8 +49,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Adds a silencer from the block provided. If the silencer returns true for a given line, it will be excluded from
     # the clean backtrace.
     #
-    # Example:
-    #
     #   # Will reject all lines that include the word "mongrel", like "/gems/mongrel/server.rb" or "/app/my_mongrel_server/rb"
     #   backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /mongrel/ }
     def add_silencer(&block)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/basic_object.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/basic_object.rb
index c3c7ab0112..6ccb0cd525 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/basic_object.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/basic_object.rb
@@ -10,5 +10,4 @@ module ActiveSupport
       ::Object.send(:raise, *args)
     end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/benchmarkable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/benchmarkable.rb
index cc94041a1d..f149a7f0ed 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/benchmarkable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/benchmarkable.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         options[:level] ||= :info
 
         result = nil
-        ms = Benchmark.ms { result = options[:silence] ? logger.silence { yield } : yield }
+        ms = Benchmark.ms { result = options[:silence] ? silence { yield } : yield }
         logger.send(options[:level], '%s (%.1fms)' % [ message, ms ])
         result
       else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
index d7408eff9f..a62214d604 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         case
         when key.respond_to?(:cache_key) then key.cache_key
         when key.is_a?(Array)            then key.map { |element| retrieve_cache_key(element) }.to_param
+        when key.respond_to?(:to_a)      then retrieve_cache_key(key.to_a)
         else                                  key.to_param
         end.to_s
       end
@@ -279,7 +280,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             end
           end
           if entry && entry.expired?
-            race_ttl = options[:race_condition_ttl].to_f
+            race_ttl = options[:race_condition_ttl].to_i
             if race_ttl and Time.now.to_f - entry.expires_at <= race_ttl
               entry.expires_at = Time.now + race_ttl
               write_entry(key, entry, :expires_in => race_ttl * 2)
@@ -404,7 +405,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support increment")
       end
 
-      # Increment an integer value in the cache.
+      # Decrement an integer value in the cache.
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
index b7712a4a15..5be63af342 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/file/atomic'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
-require 'rack/utils'
+require 'uri/common'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Cache
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       attr_reader :cache_path
 
       DIR_FORMATTER = "%03X"
-      FILENAME_MAX_SIZE = 230 # max filename size on file system is 255, minus room for timestamp and random characters appended by Tempfile (used by atomic write)
+      FILENAME_MAX_SIZE = 228 # max filename size on file system is 255, minus room for timestamp and random characters appended by Tempfile (used by atomic write)
       EXCLUDED_DIRS = ['.', '..'].freeze
 
       def initialize(cache_path, options = nil)
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def clear(options = nil)
-        root_dirs = Dir.entries(cache_path).reject{|f| f.in?(EXCLUDED_DIRS)}
+        root_dirs = Dir.entries(cache_path).reject{|f| f.in?(EXCLUDED_DIRS + [".gitkeep"])}
         FileUtils.rm_r(root_dirs.collect{|f| File.join(cache_path, f)})
       end
 
@@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           if File.exist?(file_name)
             File.open(file_name) { |f| Marshal.load(f) }
           end
-        rescue
+        rescue => e
+          logger.error("FileStoreError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
           nil
         end
 
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         # Translate a key into a file path.
         def key_file_path(key)
-          fname = Rack::Utils.escape(key)
+          fname = URI.encode_www_form_component(key)
           hash = Zlib.adler32(fname)
           hash, dir_1 = hash.divmod(0x1000)
           dir_2 = hash.modulo(0x1000)
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # Translate a file path into a key.
         def file_path_key(path)
           fname = path[cache_path.to_s.size..-1].split(File::SEPARATOR, 4).last
-          Rack::Utils.unescape(fname)
+          URI.decode_www_form_component(fname, Encoding::UTF_8)
         end
 
         # Delete empty directories in the cache.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
index b15bb42c88..7fd5e3b53d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def write_entry(key, entry, options) # :nodoc:
           synchronize do
             old_entry = @data[key]
+            return false if @data.key?(key) && options[:unless_exist]
             @cache_size -= old_entry.size if old_entry
             @cache_size += entry.size
             @key_access[key] = Time.now.to_f
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
index 6e36edee4f..6cc875c69a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # methods, procs or lambdas, or callback objects that respond to certain predetermined
   # methods. See +ClassMethods.set_callback+ for details.
   #
-  # ==== Example
-  #
   #   class Record
   #     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
   #     define_callbacks :save
@@ -54,7 +52,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   saving...
   #   - save
   #   saved
-  #
   module Callbacks
     extend Concern
 
@@ -73,10 +70,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   run_callbacks :save do
     #     save
     #   end
-    #
-    def run_callbacks(kind, key = nil, &block)
-      #TODO: deprecate key argument
-      self.class.__run_callbacks(kind, self, &block)
+    def run_callbacks(kind, &block)
+      runner_name = self.class.__define_callbacks(kind, self)
+      send(runner_name, &block)
     end
 
     private
@@ -187,7 +183,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Compile around filters with conditions into proxy methods
       # that contain the conditions.
       #
-      # For `around_save :filter_name, :if => :condition':
+      # For `set_callback :save, :around, :filter_name, :if => :condition':
       #
       # def _conditional_callback_save_17
       #   if condition
@@ -198,7 +194,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #     yield self
       #   end
       # end
-      #
       def define_conditional_callback
         name = "_conditional_callback_#{@kind}_#{next_id}"
         @klass.class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL,  __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -252,7 +247,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   Objects::
       #     a method is created that calls the before_foo method
       #     on the object.
-      #
       def _compile_filter(filter)
         method_name = "_callback_#{@kind}_#{next_id}"
         case filter
@@ -289,7 +283,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           filter.singleton_class.class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
             def #{kind}(context, &block) filter(context, &block) end
           RUBY_EVAL
-        elsif filter.respond_to?(:before) && filter.respond_to?(:after) && kind == :around
+        elsif filter.respond_to?(:before) && filter.respond_to?(:after) && kind == :around && !filter.respond_to?(:around)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Filter object with #before and #after methods is deprecated. Define #around method instead.")
           def filter.around(context)
             should_continue = before(context)
             yield if should_continue
@@ -316,25 +311,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
         method << "value = nil"
         method << "halted = false"
 
-        callbacks = "value = yield if block_given? && !halted"
+        callbacks = "value = !halted && (!block_given? || yield)"
         reverse_each do |callback|
           callbacks = callback.apply(callbacks)
         end
         method << callbacks
 
-        method << "halted ? false : (block_given? ? value : true)"
-        method.flatten.compact.join("\n")
+        method << "value"
+        method.join("\n")
       end
 
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
 
-      # This method runs callback chain for the given kind.
-      # If this called first time it creates a new callback method for the kind.
+      # This method defines callback chain method for the given kind
+      # if it was not yet defined.
       # This generated method plays caching role.
-      #
-      def __run_callbacks(kind, object, &blk) #:nodoc:
+      def __define_callbacks(kind, object) #:nodoc:
         name = __callback_runner_name(kind)
         unless object.respond_to?(name, true)
           str = object.send("_#{kind}_callbacks").compile
@@ -343,7 +337,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             protected :#{name}
           RUBY_EVAL
         end
-        object.send(name, &blk)
+        name
       end
 
       def __reset_runner(symbol)
@@ -405,7 +399,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   will be called only when it returns a false value.
       # * <tt>:prepend</tt> - If true, the callback will be prepended to the existing
       #   chain rather than appended.
-      #
       def set_callback(name, *filter_list, &block)
         mapped = nil
 
@@ -430,7 +423,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   class Writer < Person
       #      skip_callback :validate, :before, :check_membership, :if => lambda { self.age > 18 }
       #   end
-      #
       def skip_callback(name, *filter_list, &block)
         __update_callbacks(name, filter_list, block) do |target, chain, type, filters, options|
           filters.each do |filter|
@@ -449,7 +441,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       # Remove all set callbacks for the given event.
-      #
       def reset_callbacks(symbol)
         callbacks = send("_#{symbol}_callbacks")
 
@@ -530,7 +521,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #     define_callbacks :save, :scope => [:name]
       #
       #   would call <tt>Audit#save</tt>.
-      #
       def define_callbacks(*callbacks)
         config = callbacks.last.is_a?(Hash) ? callbacks.pop : {}
         callbacks.each do |callback|
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
index c94a8d99f4..b927b58a9a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # these from +Host+ directly including +Foo+ in +Bar+:
   #
   #   module Bar
-  #     include Foo 
+  #     include Foo
   #     def self.included(base)
   #       base.method_injected_by_foo
   #     end
@@ -94,9 +94,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   class Host
   #     include Bar # works, Bar takes care now of its dependencies
   #   end
-  #
   module Concern
-    def self.extended(base)
+    def self.extended(base) #:nodoc:
       base.instance_variable_set("@_dependencies", [])
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
index a8aa53a80f..307ae40398 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
@@ -37,29 +37,77 @@ module ActiveSupport
         yield config
       end
 
-      # Allows you to add shortcut so that you don't have to refer to attribute through config.
-      # Also look at the example for config to contrast.
+      # Allows you to add shortcut so that you don't have to refer to attribute
+      # through config. Also look at the example for config to contrast.
+      # 
+      # Defines both class and instance config accessors.
       #
       #   class User
       #     include ActiveSupport::Configurable
       #     config_accessor :allowed_access
       #   end
       #
+      #   User.allowed_access # => nil 
+      #   User.allowed_access = false
+      #   User.allowed_access # => false   
+      # 
       #   user = User.new
+      #   user.allowed_access # => false
       #   user.allowed_access = true
       #   user.allowed_access # => true
       #
+      #   User.allowed_access # => false  
+      #
+      # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
+      #
+      #   class User
+      #     include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+      #     config_accessor :"1_Badname"
+      #   end
+      #   # => NameError: invalid config attribute name
+      #
+      # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
+      # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
+      #
+      #   class User
+      #     include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+      #     config_accessor :allowed_access, instance_reader: false, instance_writer: false
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   User.allowed_access = false
+      #   User.allowed_access # => false
+      #
+      #   User.new.allowed_access = true # => NoMethodError
+      #   User.new.allowed_access        # => NoMethodError
+      #
+      # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
+      #
+      #   class User
+      #     include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+      #     config_accessor :allowed_access, instance_accessor: false
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   User.allowed_access = false
+      #   User.allowed_access # => false
+      #
+      #   User.new.allowed_access = true # => NoMethodError
+      #   User.new.allowed_access        # => NoMethodError  
       def config_accessor(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
 
         names.each do |name|
-          reader, line = "def #{name}; config.#{name}; end", __LINE__
-          writer, line = "def #{name}=(value); config.#{name} = value; end", __LINE__
+          raise NameError.new('invalid config attribute name') unless name =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+
+          reader, reader_line = "def #{name}; config.#{name}; end", __LINE__
+          writer, writer_line = "def #{name}=(value); config.#{name} = value; end", __LINE__
 
-          singleton_class.class_eval reader, __FILE__, line
-          singleton_class.class_eval writer, __FILE__, line
-          class_eval reader, __FILE__, line unless options[:instance_reader] == false
-          class_eval writer, __FILE__, line unless options[:instance_writer] == false
+          singleton_class.class_eval reader, __FILE__, reader_line
+          singleton_class.class_eval writer, __FILE__, writer_line
+
+          unless options[:instance_accessor] == false
+            class_eval reader, __FILE__, reader_line unless options[:instance_reader] == false
+            class_eval writer, __FILE__, writer_line unless options[:instance_writer] == false
+          end
         end
       end
     end
@@ -79,7 +127,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   user.config.allowed_access # => true
     #   user.config.level          # => 1
-    #
     def config
       @_config ||= self.class.config.inheritable_copy
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
index 6162f7af27..a8f9dddae5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
@@ -1,40 +1,48 @@
 class Array
   # Returns the tail of the array from +position+.
   #
-  #   %w( a b c d ).from(0)  # => %w( a b c d )
-  #   %w( a b c d ).from(2)  # => %w( c d )
-  #   %w( a b c d ).from(10) # => %w()
-  #   %w().from(0)           # => %w()
+  #   %w( a b c d ).from(0)  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+  #   %w( a b c d ).from(2)  # => ["c", "d"]
+  #   %w( a b c d ).from(10) # => []
+  #   %w().from(0)           # => []
   def from(position)
     self[position, length] || []
   end
 
   # Returns the beginning of the array up to +position+.
   #
-  #   %w( a b c d ).to(0)  # => %w( a )
-  #   %w( a b c d ).to(2)  # => %w( a b c )
-  #   %w( a b c d ).to(10) # => %w( a b c d )
-  #   %w().to(0)           # => %w()
+  #   %w( a b c d ).to(0)  # => ["a"]
+  #   %w( a b c d ).to(2)  # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+  #   %w( a b c d ).to(10) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+  #   %w().to(0)           # => []
   def to(position)
-    self.first position + 1
+    first position + 1
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[1]</tt>.
+  #
+  #   %w( a b c d e).second # => "b"
   def second
     self[1]
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[2]</tt>.
+  #
+  #   %w( a b c d e).third # => "c"
   def third
     self[2]
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[3]</tt>.
+  #
+  #   %w( a b c d e).fourth # => "d"
   def fourth
     self[3]
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[4]</tt>.
+  #
+  #   %w( a b c d e).fifth # => "e"
   def fifth
     self[4]
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
index f3d06ecb2f..d6ae031c0d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
@@ -1,41 +1,95 @@
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 
 class Array
-  # Converts the array to a comma-separated sentence where the last element is joined by the connector word. Options:
-  # * <tt>:words_connector</tt> - The sign or word used to join the elements in arrays with two or more elements (default: ", ")
-  # * <tt>:two_words_connector</tt> - The sign or word used to join the elements in arrays with two elements (default: " and ")
-  # * <tt>:last_word_connector</tt> - The sign or word used to join the last element in arrays with three or more elements (default: ", and ")
+  # Converts the array to a comma-separated sentence where the last element is
+  # joined by the connector word.
+  #
+  # You can pass the following options to change the default behaviour. If you
+  # pass an option key that doesn't exist in the list below, it will raise an
+  # <tt>ArgumentError</tt>.
+  #
+  # Options:
+  #
+  # * <tt>:words_connector</tt> - The sign or word used to join the elements
+  #   in arrays with two or more elements (default: ", ").
+  # * <tt>:two_words_connector</tt> - The sign or word used to join the elements
+  #   in arrays with two elements (default: " and ").
+  # * <tt>:last_word_connector</tt> - The sign or word used to join the last element
+  #   in arrays with three or more elements (default: ", and ").
+  # * <tt>:locale</tt> - If +i18n+ is available, you can set a locale and use
+  #   the connector options defined on the 'support.array' namespace in the
+  #   corresponding dictionary file.
+  #
+  #   [].to_sentence                      # => ""
+  #   ['one'].to_sentence                 # => "one"
+  #   ['one', 'two'].to_sentence          # => "one and two"
+  #   ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence # => "one, two, and three"
+  #
+  #   ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(passing: 'invalid option')
+  #   # => ArgumentError: Unknown key :passing
+  #
+  #   ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(two_words_connector: '-')
+  #   # => "one-two"
+  #
+  #   ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: ' or ', last_word_connector: ' or at least ')
+  #   # => "one or two or at least three"
+  #
+  # Examples using <tt>:locale</tt> option:
+  #
+  #   # Given this locale dictionary:
+  #   # 
+  #   #   es:
+  #   #     support:
+  #   #       array:
+  #   #         words_connector: " o "
+  #   #         two_words_connector: " y "
+  #   #         last_word_connector: " o al menos "
+  #
+  #   ['uno', 'dos'].to_sentence(locale: :es)
+  #   # => "uno y dos"
+  #
+  #   ['uno', 'dos', 'tres'].to_sentence(locale: :es)
+  #   # => "uno o dos o al menos tres"
   def to_sentence(options = {})
+    options.assert_valid_keys(:words_connector, :two_words_connector, :last_word_connector, :locale)
+
+    default_connectors = {
+      :words_connector     => ', ',
+      :two_words_connector => ' and ',
+      :last_word_connector => ', and '
+    }
     if defined?(I18n)
-      default_words_connector     = I18n.translate(:'support.array.words_connector',     :locale => options[:locale])
-      default_two_words_connector = I18n.translate(:'support.array.two_words_connector', :locale => options[:locale])
-      default_last_word_connector = I18n.translate(:'support.array.last_word_connector', :locale => options[:locale])
-    else
-      default_words_connector     = ", "
-      default_two_words_connector = " and "
-      default_last_word_connector = ", and "
+      i18n_connectors = I18n.translate(:'support.array', locale: options[:locale], default: {})
+      default_connectors.merge!(i18n_connectors)
     end
-
-    options.assert_valid_keys(:words_connector, :two_words_connector, :last_word_connector, :locale)
-    options.reverse_merge! :words_connector => default_words_connector, :two_words_connector => default_two_words_connector, :last_word_connector => default_last_word_connector
+    options = default_connectors.merge!(options)
 
     case length
-      when 0
-        ""
-      when 1
-        self[0].to_s.dup
-      when 2
-        "#{self[0]}#{options[:two_words_connector]}#{self[1]}"
-      else
-        "#{self[0...-1].join(options[:words_connector])}#{options[:last_word_connector]}#{self[-1]}"
+    when 0
+      ''
+    when 1
+      self[0].to_s.dup
+    when 2
+      "#{self[0]}#{options[:two_words_connector]}#{self[1]}"
+    else
+      "#{self[0...-1].join(options[:words_connector])}#{options[:last_word_connector]}#{self[-1]}"
     end
   end
 
   # Converts a collection of elements into a formatted string by calling
-  # <tt>to_s</tt> on all elements and joining them:
+  # <tt>to_s</tt> on all elements and joining them. Having this model:
+  #
+  #   class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     def to_s
+  #       title
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Blog.all.map(&:title) #=> ["First Post", "Second Post", "Third post"]
+  #
+  # <tt>to_formatted_s</tt> shows us:
   #
   #   Blog.all.to_formatted_s # => "First PostSecond PostThird Post"
   #
@@ -45,14 +99,14 @@ class Array
   #   Blog.all.to_formatted_s(:db) # => "1,2,3"
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
     case format
-      when :db
-        if respond_to?(:empty?) && self.empty?
-          "null"
-        else
-          collect { |element| element.id }.join(",")
-        end
+    when :db
+      if empty?
+        'null'
       else
-        to_default_s
+        collect { |element| element.id }.join(',')
+      end
+    else
+      to_default_s
     end
   end
   alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s
@@ -86,20 +140,20 @@ class Array
   #     </project>
   #   </projects>
   #
-  # Otherwise the root element is "records":
+  # Otherwise the root element is "objects":
   #
   #   [{:foo => 1, :bar => 2}, {:baz => 3}].to_xml
   #
   #   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-  #   <records type="array">
-  #     <record>
+  #   <objects type="array">
+  #     <object>
   #       <bar type="integer">2</bar>
   #       <foo type="integer">1</foo>
-  #     </record>
-  #     <record>
+  #     </object>
+  #     <object>
   #       <baz type="integer">3</baz>
-  #     </record>
-  #   </records>
+  #     </object>
+  #   </objects>
   #
   # If the collection is empty the root element is "nil-classes" by default:
   #
@@ -139,26 +193,28 @@ class Array
     options = options.dup
     options[:indent]  ||= 2
     options[:builder] ||= Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:indent => options[:indent])
-    options[:root]    ||= if first.class.to_s != "Hash" && all? { |e| e.is_a?(first.class) }
-      underscored = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(first.class.name)
-      ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(underscored).tr('/', '_')
-    else
-      "objects"
-    end
+    options[:root]    ||= \
+      if first.class != Hash && all? { |e| e.is_a?(first.class) }
+        underscored = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(first.class.name)
+        ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(underscored).tr('/', '_')
+      else
+        'objects'
+      end
 
     builder = options[:builder]
     builder.instruct! unless options.delete(:skip_instruct)
 
     root = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(options[:root].to_s, options)
     children = options.delete(:children) || root.singularize
+    attributes = options[:skip_types] ? {} : {:type => 'array'}
 
-    attributes = options[:skip_types] ? {} : {:type => "array"}
-    return builder.tag!(root, attributes) if empty?
-
-    builder.__send__(:method_missing, root, attributes) do
-      each { |value| ActiveSupport::XmlMini.to_tag(children, value, options) }
-      yield builder if block_given?
+    if empty?
+      builder.tag!(root, attributes)
+    else
+      builder.__send__(:method_missing, root, attributes) do
+        each { |value| ActiveSupport::XmlMini.to_tag(children, value, options) }
+        yield builder if block_given?
+      end
     end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
index 2b3f639cb1..a184eb492a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
@@ -2,18 +2,21 @@ class Array
   # Splits or iterates over the array in groups of size +number+,
   # padding any remaining slots with +fill_with+ unless it is +false+.
   #
-  #   %w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7).in_groups_of(3) {|group| p group}
+  #   %w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10).in_groups_of(3) {|group| p group}
   #   ["1", "2", "3"]
   #   ["4", "5", "6"]
-  #   ["7", nil, nil]
+  #   ["7", "8", "9"]
+  #   ["10", nil, nil]
   #
-  #   %w(1 2 3).in_groups_of(2, '&nbsp;') {|group| p group}
+  #   %w(1 2 3 4 5).in_groups_of(2, '&nbsp;') {|group| p group}
   #   ["1", "2"]
-  #   ["3", "&nbsp;"]
+  #   ["3", "4"]
+  #   ["5", "&nbsp;"]
   #
-  #   %w(1 2 3).in_groups_of(2, false) {|group| p group}
+  #   %w(1 2 3 4 5).in_groups_of(2, false) {|group| p group}
   #   ["1", "2"]
-  #   ["3"]
+  #   ["3", "4"]
+  #   ["5"]
   def in_groups_of(number, fill_with = nil)
     if fill_with == false
       collection = self
@@ -42,10 +45,10 @@ class Array
   #   ["5", "6", "7", nil]
   #   ["8", "9", "10", nil]
   #
-  #   %w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7).in_groups(3, '&nbsp;') {|group| p group}
-  #   ["1", "2", "3"]
-  #   ["4", "5", "&nbsp;"]
-  #   ["6", "7", "&nbsp;"]
+  #   %w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10).in_groups(3, '&nbsp;') {|group| p group}
+  #   ["1", "2", "3", "4"]
+  #   ["5", "6", "7", "&nbsp;"]
+  #   ["8", "9", "10", "&nbsp;"]
   #
   #   %w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7).in_groups(3, false) {|group| p group}
   #   ["1", "2", "3"]
@@ -82,11 +85,9 @@ class Array
   #
   #   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(3)                # => [[1, 2], [4, 5]]
   #   (1..10).to_a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }   # => [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]]
-  def split(value = nil)
-    using_block = block_given?
-
+  def split(value = nil, &block)
     inject([[]]) do |results, element|
-      if (using_block && yield(element)) || (value == element)
+      if block && block.call(element) || value == element
         results << []
       else
         results.last << element
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/uniq_by.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/uniq_by.rb
index ac3dedc0e3..3bedfa9a61 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/uniq_by.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/uniq_by.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ class Array
   #   [1, 2, 3, 4].uniq_by { |i| i.odd? } # => [1, 2]
   #
   def uniq_by(&block)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "uniq_by " \
-      "is deprecated. Use Array#uniq instead", caller
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'uniq_by is deprecated. Use Array#uniq instead', caller
     uniq(&block)
   end
 
@@ -15,8 +14,7 @@ class Array
   #
   # Same as +uniq_by+, but modifies +self+.
   def uniq_by!(&block)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "uniq_by! " \
-      "is deprecated. Use Array#uniq! instead", caller
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'uniq_by! is deprecated. Use Array#uniq! instead', caller
     uniq!(&block)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb
index 4834eca8b1..9ea93d7226 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb
@@ -25,9 +25,6 @@ class Array
   #   Array(:foo => :bar)      # => [[:foo, :bar]]
   #   Array.wrap(:foo => :bar) # => [{:foo => :bar}]
   #
-  #   Array("foo\nbar")        # => ["foo\n", "bar"], in Ruby 1.8
-  #   Array.wrap("foo\nbar")   # => ["foo\nbar"]
-  #
   # There's also a related idiom that uses the splat operator:
   #
   #   [*object]
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
index 3ec7e576c8..5dc5710c53 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,13 @@ class BigDecimal
   end
 
   DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT = 'F'
-  def to_formatted_s(format = DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT)
-    _original_to_s(format)
+  def to_formatted_s(*args)
+    if args[0].is_a?(Symbol)
+      super
+    else
+      format = args[0] || DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT
+      _original_to_s(format)
+    end
   end
   alias_method :_original_to_s, :to_s
   alias_method :to_s, :to_formatted_s
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
index 305ed4964b..7b6f8ab0a1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
@@ -65,10 +65,12 @@ class Class
   # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass :instance_writer => false.
   #
   #   object.setting = false  # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # To opt out of both instance methods, pass :instance_accessor => false.
   def class_attribute(*attrs)
     options = attrs.extract_options!
-    instance_reader = options.fetch(:instance_reader, true)
-    instance_writer = options.fetch(:instance_writer, true)
+    instance_reader = options.fetch(:instance_accessor, true) && options.fetch(:instance_reader, true)
+    instance_writer = options.fetch(:instance_accessor, true) && options.fetch(:instance_writer, true)
 
     attrs.each do |name|
       class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ class Class
   end
 
   private
-  def singleton_class?
-    ancestors.first != self
-  end
+    def singleton_class?
+      ancestors.first != self
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
index 268303aaf2..fa1dbfdf06 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -2,33 +2,37 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 # Extends the class object with class and instance accessors for class attributes,
 # just like the native attr* accessors for instance attributes.
-#
-# Note that unlike +class_attribute+, if a subclass changes the value then that would
-# also change the value for parent class. Similarly if parent class changes the value
-# then that would change the value of subclasses too.
-#
-#  class Person
-#    cattr_accessor :hair_colors
-#  end
-#
-#  Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-#  Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-#  Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-#
-# To opt out of the instance writer method, pass :instance_writer => false.
-# To opt out of the instance reader method, pass :instance_reader => false.
-# To opt out of both instance methods, pass :instance_accessor => false.
-#
-#   class Person
-#     cattr_accessor :hair_colors, :instance_writer => false, :instance_reader => false
-#   end
-#
-#   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
-#   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
 class Class
+  # Defines a class attribute if it's not defined and creates a reader method that
+  # returns the attribute value.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_reader :hair_colors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.class_variable_set("@@hair_colors", [:brown, :black])
+  #   Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black]
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black]
+  #
+  # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_reader :"1_Badname "
+  #   end
+  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
+  #
+  # If you want to opt out the instance reader method, you can pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>
+  # or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_reader :hair_colors, instance_reader: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => NoMethodError
   def cattr_reader(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
+      raise NameError.new('invalid attribute name') unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         unless defined? @@#{sym}
           @@#{sym} = nil
@@ -49,9 +53,47 @@ class Class
     end
   end
 
+  # Defines a class attribute if it's not defined and creates a writer method to allow
+  # assignment to the attribute.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black]
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black]
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red]
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:blonde, :red]
+  #
+  # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_writer :"1_Badname "
+  #   end
+  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
+  #
+  # If you want to opt out the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>
+  # or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors, instance_writer: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red] # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Also, you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors do
+  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
   def cattr_writer(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
+      raise NameError.new('invalid attribute name') unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         unless defined? @@#{sym}
           @@#{sym} = nil
@@ -69,10 +111,58 @@ class Class
           end
         EOS
       end
-      self.send("#{sym}=", yield) if block_given?
+      send("#{sym}=", yield) if block_given?
     end
   end
 
+  # Defines both class and instance accessors for class attributes.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #   Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #
+  # If a subclass changes the value then that would also change the value for
+  # parent class. Similarly if parent class changes the value then that would
+  # change the value of subclasses too.
+  #
+  #   class Male < Person
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Male.hair_colors << :blue
+  #   Person.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red, :blue]
+  #
+  # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
+  # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_accessor: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Also you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors do
+  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") #=> [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
   def cattr_accessor(*syms, &blk)
     cattr_reader(*syms)
     cattr_writer(*syms, &blk)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
index 29bf7c0f3d..ff870f5fd1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 
@@ -22,23 +20,21 @@ class Class
     define_method("#{name}?") { !!send("#{name}") } if options[:instance_reader] != false
   end
 
-private
-
-  # Take the object being set and store it in a method. This gives us automatic
-  # inheritance behavior, without having to store the object in an instance
-  # variable and look up the superclass chain manually.
-  def _stash_object_in_method(object, method, instance_reader = true)
-    singleton_class.remove_possible_method(method)
-    singleton_class.send(:define_method, method) { object }
-    remove_possible_method(method)
-    define_method(method) { object } if instance_reader
-  end
-
-  def _superclass_delegating_accessor(name, options = {})
-    singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") do |value|
-      _stash_object_in_method(value, name, options[:instance_reader] != false)
+  private
+    # Take the object being set and store it in a method. This gives us automatic
+    # inheritance behavior, without having to store the object in an instance
+    # variable and look up the superclass chain manually.
+    def _stash_object_in_method(object, method, instance_reader = true)
+      singleton_class.remove_possible_method(method)
+      singleton_class.send(:define_method, method) { object }
+      remove_possible_method(method)
+      define_method(method) { object } if instance_reader
     end
-    send("#{name}=", nil)
-  end
 
+    def _superclass_delegating_accessor(name, options = {})
+      singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") do |value|
+        _stash_object_in_method(value, name, options[:instance_reader] != false)
+      end
+      send("#{name}=", nil)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb
index 74ea047c24..c2e0ebb3d4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/reachable'
 
-class Class #:nodoc:
+class Class
   begin
     ObjectSpace.each_object(Class.new) {}
 
-    def descendants
+    def descendants # :nodoc:
       descendants = []
       ObjectSpace.each_object(singleton_class) do |k|
         descendants.unshift k unless k == self
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class Class #:nodoc:
       descendants
     end
   rescue StandardError # JRuby
-    def descendants
+    def descendants # :nodoc:
       descendants = []
       ObjectSpace.each_object(Class) do |k|
         descendants.unshift k if k < self
@@ -25,7 +25,13 @@ class Class #:nodoc:
 
   # Returns an array with the direct children of +self+.
   #
-  #   Integer.subclasses # => [Bignum, Fixnum]
+  #   Integer.subclasses # => [Fixnum, Bignum]
+  #
+  #   class Foo; end
+  #   class Bar < Foo; end
+  #   class Baz < Foo; end
+  #
+  #   Foo.subclasses # => [Baz, Bar]
   def subclasses
     subclasses, chain = [], descendants
     chain.each do |k|
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..465fedda80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/acts_like'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/calculations'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/zones'
+
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
index 6d4270f8b0..7fe4161fb4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,15 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/date/zones'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
 
 class Date
-  DAYS_INTO_WEEK = { :monday => 0, :tuesday => 1, :wednesday => 2, :thursday => 3, :friday => 4, :saturday => 5, :sunday => 6 }
+  DAYS_INTO_WEEK = {
+    :monday => 0,
+    :tuesday => 1,
+    :wednesday => 2,
+    :thursday => 3,
+    :friday => 4,
+    :saturday => 5,
+    :sunday => 6
+  }
 
   class << self
     # Returns a new Date representing the date 1 day ago (i.e. yesterday's date).
@@ -31,7 +39,7 @@ class Date
 
   # Returns true if the Date object's date is today.
   def today?
-    self.to_date == ::Date.current # we need the to_date because of DateTime
+    to_date == ::Date.current # we need the to_date because of DateTime
   end
 
   # Returns true if the Date object's date lies in the future.
@@ -99,15 +107,13 @@ class Date
 
   # Returns a new Date where one or more of the elements have been changed according to the +options+ parameter.
   #
-  # Examples:
-  #
   #   Date.new(2007, 5, 12).change(:day => 1)                  # => Date.new(2007, 5, 1)
   #   Date.new(2007, 5, 12).change(:year => 2005, :month => 1) # => Date.new(2005, 1, 12)
   def change(options)
     ::Date.new(
-      options[:year]  || self.year,
-      options[:month] || self.month,
-      options[:day]   || self.day
+      options.fetch(:year, year),
+      options.fetch(:month, month),
+      options.fetch(:day, day)
     )
   end
 
@@ -166,7 +172,7 @@ class Date
   def end_of_week(start_day = :monday)
     days_to_end = 6 - days_to_week_start(start_day)
     result = self + days_to_end.days
-    self.acts_like?(:time) ? result.end_of_day : result
+    acts_like?(:time) ? result.end_of_day : result
   end
   alias :at_end_of_week :end_of_week
 
@@ -180,7 +186,7 @@ class Date
   # week. Default is +:monday+. +DateTime+ objects have their time set to 0:00.
   def prev_week(day = :monday)
     result = (self - 7).beginning_of_week + DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day]
-    self.acts_like?(:time) ? result.change(:hour => 0) : result
+    acts_like?(:time) ? result.change(:hour => 0) : result
   end
   alias :last_week :prev_week
 
@@ -193,43 +199,68 @@ class Date
   # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the start of the given day in next week (default is :monday).
   def next_week(day = :monday)
     result = (self + 7).beginning_of_week + DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day]
-    self.acts_like?(:time) ? result.change(:hour => 0) : result
+    acts_like?(:time) ? result.change(:hour => 0) : result
+  end
+
+  # Short-hand for months_ago(3)
+  def prev_quarter
+    months_ago(3)
   end
+  alias_method :last_quarter, :prev_quarter
 
-  # Returns a new ; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00DateTime representing the start of the month (1st of the month; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
+  # Short-hand for months_since(3)
+  def next_quarter
+    months_since(3)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the start of the month (1st of the month; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
   def beginning_of_month
-    self.acts_like?(:time) ? change(:day => 1, :hour => 0) : change(:day => 1)
+    acts_like?(:time) ? change(:day => 1, :hour => 0) : change(:day => 1)
   end
   alias :at_beginning_of_month :beginning_of_month
 
   # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the end of the month (last day of the month; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
   def end_of_month
-    last_day = ::Time.days_in_month( self.month, self.year )
-    self.acts_like?(:time) ? change(:day => last_day, :hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59) : change(:day => last_day)
+    last_day = ::Time.days_in_month(month, year)
+    if acts_like?(:time)
+      change(:day => last_day, :hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59)
+    else
+      change(:day => last_day)
+    end
   end
   alias :at_end_of_month :end_of_month
 
   # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the start of the quarter (1st of january, april, july, october; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
   def beginning_of_quarter
-    beginning_of_month.change(:month => [10, 7, 4, 1].detect { |m| m <= self.month })
+    first_quarter_month = [10, 7, 4, 1].detect { |m| m <= month }
+    beginning_of_month.change(:month => first_quarter_month)
   end
   alias :at_beginning_of_quarter :beginning_of_quarter
 
   # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the end of the quarter (last day of march, june, september, december; DateTime objects will have time set to 23:59:59)
   def end_of_quarter
-    beginning_of_month.change(:month => [3, 6, 9, 12].detect { |m| m >= self.month }).end_of_month
+    last_quarter_month = [3, 6, 9, 12].detect { |m| m >= month }
+    beginning_of_month.change(:month => last_quarter_month).end_of_month
   end
   alias :at_end_of_quarter :end_of_quarter
 
   # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the start of the year (1st of january; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
   def beginning_of_year
-    self.acts_like?(:time) ? change(:month => 1, :day => 1, :hour => 0) : change(:month => 1, :day => 1)
+    if acts_like?(:time)
+      change(:month => 1, :day => 1, :hour => 0)
+    else
+      change(:month => 1, :day => 1)
+    end
   end
   alias :at_beginning_of_year :beginning_of_year
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the end of the year (31st of december; DateTime objects will have time set to 23:59:59)
   def end_of_year
-    self.acts_like?(:time) ? change(:month => 12, :day => 31, :hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59) : change(:month => 12, :day => 31)
+    if acts_like?(:time)
+      change(:month => 12, :day => 31, :hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59)
+    else
+      change(:month => 12, :day => 31)
+    end
   end
   alias :at_end_of_year :end_of_year
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
index 3262c254f7..81f969e786 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 
 class Date
   DATE_FORMATS = {
-    :short        => "%e %b",
-    :long         => "%B %e, %Y",
-    :db           => "%Y-%m-%d",
-    :number       => "%Y%m%d",
-    :long_ordinal => lambda { |date| date.strftime("%B #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.ordinalize(date.day)}, %Y") }, # => "April 25th, 2007"
-    :rfc822       => "%e %b %Y"
+    :short        => '%e %b',
+    :long         => '%B %e, %Y',
+    :db           => '%Y-%m-%d',
+    :number       => '%Y%m%d',
+    :long_ordinal => lambda { |date|
+      day_format = ActiveSupport::Inflector.ordinalize(date.day)
+      date.strftime("%B #{day_format}, %Y") # => "April 25th, 2007"
+    },
+    :rfc822       => '%e %b %Y'
   }
 
   # Ruby 1.9 has Date#to_time which converts to localtime only.
@@ -23,7 +26,6 @@ class Date
   #
   # This method is aliased to <tt>to_s</tt>.
   #
-  # ==== Examples
   #   date = Date.new(2007, 11, 10)       # => Sat, 10 Nov 2007
   #
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:db)            # => "2007-11-10"
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ class Date
   # or Proc instance that takes a date argument as the value.
   #
   #   # config/initializers/time_formats.rb
-  #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = "%B %Y"
+  #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = '%B %Y'
   #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:short_ordinal] = lambda { |date| date.strftime("%B #{date.day.ordinalize}") }
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
     if formatter = DATE_FORMATS[format]
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ class Date
 
   # Overrides the default inspect method with a human readable one, e.g., "Mon, 21 Feb 2005"
   def readable_inspect
-    strftime("%a, %d %b %Y")
+    strftime('%a, %d %b %Y')
   end
   alias_method :default_inspect, :inspect
   alias_method :inspect, :readable_inspect
@@ -66,7 +68,6 @@ class Date
   # Converts a Date instance to a Time, where the time is set to the beginning of the day.
   # The timezone can be either :local or :utc (default :local).
   #
-  # ==== Examples
   #   date = Date.new(2007, 11, 10)  # => Sat, 10 Nov 2007
   #
   #   date.to_time                   # => Sat Nov 10 00:00:00 0800 2007
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8a27b9f38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/acts_like'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
index 6f730e4b6f..fd78044b5d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ class DateTime
   class << self
     # *DEPRECATED*: Use +DateTime.civil_from_format+ directly.
     def local_offset
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'DateTime.local_offset is deprecated. ' \
-        'Use DateTime.civil_from_format directly.', caller
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'DateTime.local_offset is deprecated. Use DateTime.civil_from_format directly.', caller
+
       ::Time.local(2012).utc_offset.to_r / 86400
     end
 
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ class DateTime
   # minute is passed, then sec is set to 0.
   def change(options)
     ::DateTime.civil(
-      options[:year]  || year,
-      options[:month] || month,
-      options[:day]   || day,
-      options[:hour]  || hour,
-      options[:min]   || (options[:hour] ? 0 : min),
-      options[:sec]   || ((options[:hour] || options[:min]) ? 0 : sec),
-      options[:offset]  || offset,
-      options[:start]  || start
+      options.fetch(:year, year),
+      options.fetch(:month, month),
+      options.fetch(:day, day),
+      options.fetch(:hour, hour),
+      options.fetch(:min, options[:hour] ? 0 : min),
+      options.fetch(:sec, (options[:hour] || options[:min]) ? 0 : sec),
+      options.fetch(:offset, offset),
+      options.fetch(:start, start)
     )
   end
 
@@ -53,8 +53,16 @@ class DateTime
   def advance(options)
     d = to_date.advance(options)
     datetime_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
-    seconds_to_advance = (options[:seconds] || 0) + (options[:minutes] || 0) * 60 + (options[:hours] || 0) * 3600
-    seconds_to_advance == 0 ? datetime_advanced_by_date : datetime_advanced_by_date.since(seconds_to_advance)
+    seconds_to_advance = \
+      options.fetch(:seconds, 0) +
+      options.fetch(:minutes, 0) * 60 +
+      options.fetch(:hours, 0) * 3600
+
+    if seconds_to_advance.zero?
+      datetime_advanced_by_date
+    else
+      datetime_advanced_by_date.since seconds_to_advance
+    end
   end
 
   # Returns a new DateTime representing the time a number of seconds ago
@@ -83,10 +91,19 @@ class DateTime
     change(:hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59)
   end
 
+  # Returns a new DateTime representing the start of the hour (hh:00:00)
+  def beginning_of_hour
+    change(:min => 0)
+  end
+  alias :at_beginning_of_hour :beginning_of_hour
+
+  # Returns a new DateTime representing the end of the hour (hh:59:59)
+  def end_of_hour
+    change(:min => 59, :sec => 59)
+  end
+
   # Adjusts DateTime to UTC by adding its offset value; offset is set to 0
   #
-  # Example:
-  #
   #   DateTime.civil(2005, 2, 21, 10, 11, 12, Rational(-6, 24))       # => Mon, 21 Feb 2005 10:11:12 -0600
   #   DateTime.civil(2005, 2, 21, 10, 11, 12, Rational(-6, 24)).utc   # => Mon, 21 Feb 2005 16:11:12 +0000
   def utc
@@ -108,4 +125,5 @@ class DateTime
   def <=>(other)
     super other.to_datetime
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
index dc55e9c33c..7c3a5eaace 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations'
 require 'active_support/values/time_zone'
 
 class DateTime
-  # Ruby 1.9 has DateTime#to_time which internally relies on Time. We define our own #to_time which allows
-  # DateTimes outside the range of what can be created with Time.
-  remove_method :to_time
-
   # Convert to a formatted string. See Time::DATE_FORMATS for predefined formats.
   #
   # This method is aliased to <tt>to_s</tt>.
@@ -30,7 +26,7 @@ class DateTime
   # datetime argument as the value.
   #
   #   # config/initializers/time_formats.rb
-  #   Time::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = "%B %Y"
+  #   Time::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = '%B %Y'
   #   Time::DATE_FORMATS[:short_ordinal] = lambda { |time| time.strftime("%B #{time.day.ordinalize}") }
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
     if formatter = ::Time::DATE_FORMATS[format]
@@ -39,10 +35,9 @@ class DateTime
       to_default_s
     end
   end
-  alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s unless (instance_methods(false) & [:to_s, 'to_s']).empty?
+  alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s if instance_methods(false).include?(:to_s)
   alias_method :to_s, :to_formatted_s
 
-  # Returns the +utc_offset+ as an +HH:MM formatted string. Examples:
   #
   #   datetime = DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, Rational(-6, 24))
   #   datetime.formatted_offset         # => "-06:00"
@@ -58,12 +53,6 @@ class DateTime
   alias_method :default_inspect, :inspect
   alias_method :inspect, :readable_inspect
 
-  # Attempts to convert self to a Ruby Time object; returns self if out of range of Ruby Time class.
-  # If self has an offset other than 0, self will just be returned unaltered, since there's no clean way to map it to a Time.
-  def to_time
-    self.offset == 0 ? ::Time.utc_time(year, month, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction * 1000000) : self
-  end
-
   # Returns DateTime with local offset for given year if format is local else offset is zero
   #
   #   DateTime.civil_from_format :local, 2012
@@ -91,8 +80,11 @@ class DateTime
 
   private
 
+  def offset_in_seconds
+    (offset * 86400).to_i
+  end
+
   def seconds_since_unix_epoch
-    seconds_per_day = 86_400
-    (self - ::DateTime.civil(1970)) * seconds_per_day
+    (jd - 2440588) * 86400 - offset_in_seconds + seconds_since_midnight
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
index 6fa55a9255..823735d3e2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ class DateTime
   #
   #   DateTime.new(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska')  # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
   def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
-    return self unless zone
-
-    ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
+    if zone
+      ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
+    else
+      self
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
index 77a5087981..03efe6a19a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module Enumerable
-  # Calculates a sum from the elements. Examples:
+  # Calculates a sum from the elements.
   #
   #  payments.sum { |p| p.price * p.tax_rate }
   #  payments.sum(&:price)
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Enumerable
   # It can also calculate the sum without the use of a block.
   #
   #  [5, 15, 10].sum # => 30
-  #  ["foo", "bar"].sum # => "foobar"
+  #  ['foo', 'bar'].sum # => "foobar"
   #  [[1, 2], [3, 1, 5]].sum => [1, 2, 3, 1, 5]
   #
   # The default sum of an empty list is zero. You can override this default:
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module Enumerable
     end
   end
 
-  # Convert an enumerable to a hash. Examples:
+  # Convert an enumerable to a hash.
   #
   #   people.index_by(&:login)
   #     => { "nextangle" => <Person ...>, "chade-" => <Person ...>, ...}
@@ -34,8 +34,11 @@ module Enumerable
   #     => { "Chade- Fowlersburg-e" => <Person ...>, "David Heinemeier Hansson" => <Person ...>, ...}
   #
   def index_by
-    return to_enum :index_by unless block_given?
-    Hash[map { |elem| [yield(elem), elem] }]
+    if block_given?
+      Hash[map { |elem| [yield(elem), elem] }]
+    else
+      to_enum :index_by
+    end
   end
 
   # Returns true if the enumerable has more than 1 element. Functionally equivalent to enum.to_a.size > 1.
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ module Enumerable
         cnt > 1
       end
     else
-      any?{ (cnt += 1) > 1 }
+      any? { (cnt += 1) > 1 }
     end
   end
 
@@ -62,8 +65,15 @@ class Range #:nodoc:
   # Optimize range sum to use arithmetic progression if a block is not given and
   # we have a range of numeric values.
   def sum(identity = 0)
-    return super if block_given? || !(first.instance_of?(Integer) && last.instance_of?(Integer))
-    actual_last = exclude_end? ? (last - 1) : last
-    (actual_last - first + 1) * (actual_last + first) / 2
+    if block_given? || !(first.is_a?(Integer) && last.is_a?(Integer))
+      super
+    else
+      actual_last = exclude_end? ? (last - 1) : last
+      if actual_last >= first
+        (actual_last - first + 1) * (actual_last + first) / 2
+      else
+        identity
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
index fc3277f4d2..9e504851e7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ class File
   # Write to a file atomically. Useful for situations where you don't
   # want other processes or threads to see half-written files.
   #
-  #   File.atomic_write("important.file") do |file|
-  #     file.write("hello")
+  #   File.atomic_write('important.file') do |file|
+  #     file.write('hello')
   #   end
   #
   # If your temp directory is not on the same filesystem as the file you're
   # trying to write, you can provide a different temporary directory.
   #
-  #   File.atomic_write("/data/something.important", "/data/tmp") do |file|
-  #     file.write("hello")
+  #   File.atomic_write('/data/something.important', '/data/tmp') do |file|
+  #     file.write('hello')
   #   end
   def self.atomic_write(file_name, temp_dir = Dir.tmpdir)
     require 'tempfile' unless defined?(Tempfile)
@@ -26,8 +26,14 @@ class File
       old_stat = stat(file_name)
     rescue Errno::ENOENT
       # No old permissions, write a temp file to determine the defaults
-      check_name = join(dirname(file_name), ".permissions_check.#{Thread.current.object_id}.#{Process.pid}.#{rand(1000000)}")
-      open(check_name, "w") { }
+      temp_file_name = [
+        '.permissions_check',
+        Thread.current.object_id,
+        Process.pid,
+        rand(1000000)
+      ].join('.')
+      check_name = join(dirname(file_name), temp_file_name)
+      open(check_name, 'w') { }
       old_stat = stat(check_name)
       unlink(check_name)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
index fd1cda991e..501483498d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_dup'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/diff'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
index 5f07bb4f5a..7c72ead36c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 class Hash
   # Returns a string containing an XML representation of its receiver:
   #
-  #   {"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}.to_xml
+  #   {'foo' => 1, 'bar' => 2}.to_xml
   #   # =>
   #   # <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   #   # <hash>
@@ -26,20 +26,20 @@ class Hash
   #
   # * If +value+ is a callable object it must expect one or two arguments. Depending
   #   on the arity, the callable is invoked with the +options+ hash as first argument
-  #   with +key+ as <tt>:root</tt>, and +key+ singularized as second argument. The 
+  #   with +key+ as <tt>:root</tt>, and +key+ singularized as second argument. The
   #   callable can add nodes by using <tt>options[:builder]</tt>.
   #
-  #     "foo".to_xml(lambda { |options, key| options[:builder].b(key) })
+  #     'foo'.to_xml(lambda { |options, key| options[:builder].b(key) })
   #     # => "<b>foo</b>"
   #
   # * If +value+ responds to +to_xml+ the method is invoked with +key+ as <tt>:root</tt>.
-  #     
+  #
   #     class Foo
   #       def to_xml(options)
-  #         options[:builder].bar "fooing!"
+  #         options[:builder].bar 'fooing!'
   #       end
   #     end
-  #          
+  #
   #     {:foo => Foo.new}.to_xml(:skip_instruct => true)
   #     # => "<hash><bar>fooing!</bar></hash>"
   #
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class Hash
   #       "TrueClass"  => "boolean",
   #       "FalseClass" => "boolean",
   #       "Date"       => "date",
-  #       "DateTime"   => "datetime",
-  #       "Time"       => "datetime"
+  #       "DateTime"   => "dateTime",
+  #       "Time"       => "dateTime"
   #     }
   #
   # By default the root node is "hash", but that's configurable via the <tt>:root</tt> option.
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class Hash
 
     options = options.dup
     options[:indent]  ||= 2
-    options[:root]    ||= "hash"
+    options[:root]    ||= 'hash'
     options[:builder] ||= Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:indent => options[:indent])
 
     builder = options[:builder]
@@ -100,24 +100,24 @@ class Hash
                 []
               else
                 case entries.class.to_s   # something weird with classes not matching here.  maybe singleton methods breaking is_a?
-                when "Array"
+                when 'Array'
                   entries.collect { |v| typecast_xml_value(v) }
-                when "Hash"
+                when 'Hash'
                   [typecast_xml_value(entries)]
                 else
                   raise "can't typecast #{entries.inspect}"
                 end
               end
-            elsif value['type'] == 'file' || 
-               (value["__content__"] && (value.keys.size == 1 || value["__content__"].present?))
-              content = value["__content__"]
-              if parser = ActiveSupport::XmlMini::PARSING[value["type"]]
+            elsif value['type'] == 'file' ||
+               (value['__content__'] && (value.keys.size == 1 || value['__content__'].present?))
+              content = value['__content__']
+              if parser = ActiveSupport::XmlMini::PARSING[value['type']]
                 parser.arity == 1 ? parser.call(content) : parser.call(content, value)
               else
                 content
               end
             elsif value['type'] == 'string' && value['nil'] != 'true'
-              ""
+              ''
             # blank or nil parsed values are represented by nil
             elsif value.blank? || value['nil'] == 'true'
               nil
@@ -129,9 +129,9 @@ class Hash
             else
               xml_value = Hash[value.map { |k,v| [k, typecast_xml_value(v)] }]
 
-              # Turn { :files => { :file => #<StringIO> } into { :files => #<StringIO> } so it is compatible with
+              # Turn { :files => { :file => #<StringIO> } } into { :files => #<StringIO> } so it is compatible with
               # how multipart uploaded files from HTML appear
-              xml_value["file"].is_a?(StringIO) ? xml_value["file"] : xml_value
+              xml_value['file'].is_a?(StringIO) ? xml_value['file'] : xml_value
             end
           when 'Array'
             value.map! { |i| typecast_xml_value(i) }
@@ -145,9 +145,9 @@ class Hash
 
       def unrename_keys(params)
         case params.class.to_s
-          when "Hash"
-            Hash[params.map { |k,v| [k.to_s.tr("-", "_"), unrename_keys(v)] } ]
-          when "Array"
+          when 'Hash'
+            Hash[params.map { |k,v| [k.to_s.tr('-', '_'), unrename_keys(v)] } ]
+          when 'Array'
             params.map { |v| unrename_keys(v) }
           else
             params
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_dup.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_dup.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 447142605c..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_dup.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class Hash
-  # Returns a deep copy of hash.
-  def deep_dup
-    duplicate = self.dup
-    duplicate.each_pair do |k,v|
-      tv = duplicate[k]
-      duplicate[k] = tv.is_a?(Hash) && v.is_a?(Hash) ? tv.deep_dup : v
-    end
-    duplicate
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
index af771c86ff..023bf68a87 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 class Hash
   # Returns a new hash with +self+ and +other_hash+ merged recursively.
+  #
+  #   h1 = {x: {y: [4,5,6]}, z: [7,8,9]}
+  #   h2 = {x: {y: [7,8,9]}, z: "xyz"}
+  #
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) #=> {:x => {:y => [7, 8, 9]}, :z => "xyz"}
+  #   h2.deep_merge(h1) #=> {:x => {:y => [4, 5, 6]}, :z => [7, 8, 9]}
   def deep_merge(other_hash)
     dup.deep_merge!(other_hash)
   end
 
-  # Returns a new hash with +self+ and +other_hash+ merged recursively.
-  # Modifies the receiver in place.
+  # Same as +deep_merge+, but modifies +self+.
   def deep_merge!(other_hash)
     other_hash.each_pair do |k,v|
       tv = self[k]
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/diff.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/diff.rb
index b904f49fa8..831dee8ecb 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/diff.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/diff.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 class Hash
   # Returns a hash that represents the difference between two hashes.
   #
-  # Examples:
-  #
   #   {1 => 2}.diff(1 => 2)         # => {}
   #   {1 => 2}.diff(1 => 3)         # => {1 => 2}
   #   {}.diff(1 => 2)               # => {1 => 2}
   #   {1 => 2, 3 => 4}.diff(1 => 2) # => {3 => 4}
-  def diff(h2)
-    dup.delete_if { |k, v| h2[k] == v }.merge!(h2.dup.delete_if { |k, v| has_key?(k) })
+  def diff(other)
+    dup.
+      delete_if { |k, v| other[k] == v }.
+      merge!(other.dup.delete_if { |k, v| has_key?(k) })
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
index 89729df258..c82da3c6c2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
@@ -4,13 +4,6 @@ class Hash
   #
   #   @person.update_attributes(params[:person].except(:admin))
   #
-  # If the receiver responds to +convert_key+, the method is called on each of the
-  # arguments. This allows +except+ to play nice with hashes with indifferent access
-  # for instance:
-  #
-  #   {:a => 1}.with_indifferent_access.except(:a)  # => {}
-  #   {:a => 1}.with_indifferent_access.except("a") # => {}
-  #
   def except(*keys)
     dup.except!(*keys)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
index d8748b1138..e753e36124 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
@@ -1,47 +1,138 @@
 class Hash
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
-  def stringify_keys
-    dup.stringify_keys!
+  # Return a new hash with all keys converted using the block operation.
+  #
+  #  hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
+  #
+  #  hash.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+  #  # => { "NAME" => "Rob", "AGE" => "28" }
+  def transform_keys
+    result = {}
+    each_key do |key|
+      result[yield(key)] = self[key]
+    end
+    result
   end
 
-  # Destructively convert all keys to strings.
-  def stringify_keys!
+  # Destructively convert all keys using the block operations.
+  # Same as transform_keys but modifies +self+
+  def transform_keys!
     keys.each do |key|
-      self[key.to_s] = delete(key)
+      self[yield(key)] = delete(key)
     end
     self
   end
 
+  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
+  #
+  #   hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
+  #
+  #   hash.stringify_keys
+  #   #=> { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" }
+  def stringify_keys
+    transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
+  end
+
+  # Destructively convert all keys to strings. Same as
+  # +stringify_keys+, but modifies +self+.
+  def stringify_keys!
+    transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
+  end
+
   # Return a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
   # they respond to +to_sym+.
+  #
+  #   hash = { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' }
+  #
+  #   hash.symbolize_keys
+  #   #=> { name: "Rob", age: "28" }
   def symbolize_keys
-    dup.symbolize_keys!
+    transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
+  alias_method :to_options,  :symbolize_keys
 
   # Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
-  # to +to_sym+.
+  # to +to_sym+. Same as +symbolize_keys+, but modifies +self+.
   def symbolize_keys!
-    keys.each do |key|
-      self[(key.to_sym rescue key) || key] = delete(key)
-    end
-    self
+    transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
-
-  alias_method :to_options,  :symbolize_keys
   alias_method :to_options!, :symbolize_keys!
 
   # Validate all keys in a hash match *valid keys, raising ArgumentError on a mismatch.
   # Note that keys are NOT treated indifferently, meaning if you use strings for keys but assert symbols
   # as keys, this will fail.
   #
-  # ==== Examples
-  #   { :name => "Rob", :years => "28" }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: years"
-  #   { :name => "Rob", :age => "28" }.assert_valid_keys("name", "age") # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: name"
-  #   { :name => "Rob", :age => "28" }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => passes, raises nothing
+  #   { :name => 'Rob', :years => '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: years"
+  #   { :name => 'Rob', :age => '28' }.assert_valid_keys('name', 'age') # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: name"
+  #   { :name => 'Rob', :age => '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => passes, raises nothing
   def assert_valid_keys(*valid_keys)
     valid_keys.flatten!
     each_key do |k|
-      raise(ArgumentError, "Unknown key: #{k}") unless valid_keys.include?(k)
+      raise ArgumentError.new("Unknown key: #{k}") unless valid_keys.include?(k)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Return a new hash with all keys converted by the block operation.
+  # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
+  # nested hashes.
+  #
+  #  hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
+  #
+  #  hash.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+  #  # => { "PERSON" => { "NAME" => "Rob", "AGE" => "28" } }
+  def deep_transform_keys(&block)
+    result = {}
+    each do |key, value|
+      result[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys(&block) : value
     end
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Destructively convert all keys by using the block operation.
+  # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
+  # nested hashes.
+  def deep_transform_keys!(&block)
+    keys.each do |key|
+      value = delete(key)
+      self[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys!(&block) : value
+    end
+    self
+  end
+
+  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
+  # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
+  # nested hashes.
+  #
+  #   hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
+  #
+  #   hash.deep_stringify_keys
+  #   # => { "person" => { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" } }
+  def deep_stringify_keys
+    deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
+  end
+
+  # Destructively convert all keys to strings.
+  # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
+  # nested hashes.
+  def deep_stringify_keys!
+    deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
+  end
+
+  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
+  # they respond to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash
+  # and from all nested hashes.
+  #
+  #   hash = { 'person' => { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' } }
+  #
+  #   hash.deep_symbolize_keys
+  #   # => { person: { name: "Rob", age: "28" } }
+  def deep_symbolize_keys
+    deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
+  end
+
+  # Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
+  # to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
+  # nested hashes.
+  def deep_symbolize_keys!
+    deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge.rb
index 01863a162b..6074103484 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,5 @@ class Hash
     # right wins if there is no left
     merge!( other_hash ){|key,left,right| left }
   end
-
   alias_method :reverse_update, :reverse_merge!
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
index fbc6e538d5..b862b5ae2a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ class Hash
   #   valid_keys = [:mass, :velocity, :time]
   #   search(options.slice(*valid_keys))
   def slice(*keys)
-    keys.map! { |key| convert_key(key) } if respond_to?(:convert_key)
+    keys.map! { |key| convert_key(key) } if respond_to?(:convert_key, true)
     keys.each_with_object(self.class.new) { |k, hash| hash[k] = self[k] if has_key?(k) }
   end
 
   # Replaces the hash with only the given keys.
-  # Returns a hash contained the removed key/value pairs
+  # Returns a hash containing the removed key/value pairs.
   #   {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3, :d => 4}.slice!(:a, :b) # => {:c => 3, :d => 4}
   def slice!(*keys)
-    keys.map! { |key| convert_key(key) } if respond_to?(:convert_key)
+    keys.map! { |key| convert_key(key) } if respond_to?(:convert_key, true)
     omit = slice(*self.keys - keys)
     hash = slice(*keys)
     replace(hash)
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@ class Hash
   # Removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.
   #   {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3, :d => 4}.extract!(:a, :b) # => {:a => 1, :b => 2}
   def extract!(*keys)
-    keys.each_with_object({}) {|key, result| result[key] = delete(key) }
+    keys.each_with_object({}) { |key, result| result[key] = delete(key) }
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
index 8dff217ddc..7c6c2f1ca7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 class Integer
   # Check whether the integer is evenly divisible by the argument.
+  #
+  #   0.multiple_of?(0)  #=> true
+  #   6.multiple_of?(5)  #=> false
+  #   10.multiple_of?(2) #=> true
   def multiple_of?(number)
     number != 0 ? self % number == 0 : zero?
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb
index c677400396..894b5d0696 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ class Integer
   #   1.year.to_f.from_now
   #
   # In such cases, Ruby's core
-  # Date[http://stdlib.rubyonrails.org/libdoc/date/rdoc/index.html] and
-  # Time[http://stdlib.rubyonrails.org/libdoc/time/rdoc/index.html] should be used for precision
-  # date and time arithmetic
+  # Date[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html] and
+  # Time[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html] should be used for precision
+  # date and time arithmetic.
   def months
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 30.days, [[:months, self]])
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
index d5b590e9f0..2073cac98d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 module Kernel
   unless respond_to?(:debugger)
-    # Starts a debugging session if ruby-debug has been loaded (call rails server --debugger to do load it).
+    # Starts a debugging session if the +debugger+ gem has been loaded (call rails server --debugger to do load it).
     def debugger
-      message = "\n***** Debugger requested, but was not available (ensure ruby-debug19 is listed in Gemfile/installed as gem): Start server with --debugger to enable *****\n"
+      message = "\n***** Debugger requested, but was not available (ensure the debugger gem is listed in Gemfile/installed as gem): Start server with --debugger to enable *****\n"
       defined?(Rails) ? Rails.logger.info(message) : $stderr.puts(message)
     end
     alias breakpoint debugger unless respond_to?(:breakpoint)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
index 526b8378a5..ad3f9ebec9 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'rbconfig'
+
 module Kernel
   # Sets $VERBOSE to nil for the duration of the block and back to its original value afterwards.
   #
@@ -49,10 +50,10 @@ module Kernel
   #
   #   suppress(ZeroDivisionError) do
   #     1/0
-  #     puts "This code is NOT reached"
+  #     puts 'This code is NOT reached'
   #   end
   #
-  #   puts "This code gets executed and nothing related to ZeroDivisionError was seen"
+  #   puts 'This code gets executed and nothing related to ZeroDivisionError was seen'
   def suppress(*exception_classes)
     begin yield
     rescue Exception => e
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ module Kernel
 
   # Captures the given stream and returns it:
   #
-  #   stream = capture(:stdout) { puts "Cool" }
+  #   stream = capture(:stdout) { puts 'Cool' }
   #   stream # => "Cool\n"
   #
   def capture(stream)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
index 8bdfa0c5bc..fe24f3716d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ class LoadError
     /^cannot load such file -- (.+)$/i,
   ]
 
-  def path
-    @path ||= begin
-      REGEXPS.find do |regex|
-        message =~ regex
+  unless method_defined?(:path)
+    def path
+      @path ||= begin
+        REGEXPS.find do |regex|
+          message =~ regex
+        end
+        $1
       end
-      $1
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/logger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/logger.rb
index a51818d2b2..16fce81445 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/logger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/logger.rb
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ class Logger
   alias :old_datetime_format= :datetime_format=
   # Logging date-time format (string passed to +strftime+). Ignored if the formatter
   # does not respond to datetime_format=.
-  def datetime_format=(datetime_format)
-    formatter.datetime_format = datetime_format if formatter.respond_to?(:datetime_format=)
+  def datetime_format=(format)
+    formatter.datetime_format = format if formatter.respond_to?(:datetime_format=)
   end
 
   alias :old_datetime_format :datetime_format
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
index ce481f0e84..580cb80413 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
@@ -26,26 +26,25 @@ class Module
     aliased_target, punctuation = target.to_s.sub(/([?!=])$/, ''), $1
     yield(aliased_target, punctuation) if block_given?
 
-    with_method, without_method = "#{aliased_target}_with_#{feature}#{punctuation}", "#{aliased_target}_without_#{feature}#{punctuation}"
+    with_method = "#{aliased_target}_with_#{feature}#{punctuation}"
+    without_method = "#{aliased_target}_without_#{feature}#{punctuation}"
 
     alias_method without_method, target
     alias_method target, with_method
 
     case
-      when public_method_defined?(without_method)
-        public target
-      when protected_method_defined?(without_method)
-        protected target
-      when private_method_defined?(without_method)
-        private target
+    when public_method_defined?(without_method)
+      public target
+    when protected_method_defined?(without_method)
+      protected target
+    when private_method_defined?(without_method)
+      private target
     end
   end
 
   # Allows you to make aliases for attributes, which includes
   # getter, setter, and query methods.
   #
-  # Example:
-  #
   #   class Content < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     # has a title attribute
   #   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
index 00db75bfec..db07d549b0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ class Module
     attr_internal_reader(*attrs)
     attr_internal_writer(*attrs)
   end
-
   alias_method :attr_internal, :attr_internal_accessor
 
   class << self; attr_accessor :attr_internal_naming_format end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
index be94ae1565..672cc0256f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ class Module
   def mattr_reader(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
+      raise NameError.new('invalid attribute name') unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         @@#{sym} = nil unless defined? @@#{sym}
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ class Module
   def mattr_writer(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
+      raise NameError.new('invalid attribute name') unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         def self.#{sym}=(obj)
           @@#{sym} = obj
@@ -44,19 +46,19 @@ class Module
   # Extends the module object with module and instance accessors for class attributes,
   # just like the native attr* accessors for instance attributes.
   #
-  #  module AppConfiguration
-  #    mattr_accessor :google_api_key
-  #    self.google_api_key = "123456789"
+  #   module AppConfiguration
+  #     mattr_accessor :google_api_key
   #
-  #    mattr_accessor :paypal_url
-  #    self.paypal_url = "www.sandbox.paypal.com"
-  #  end
+  #     self.google_api_key = "123456789"
+  #   end
   #
-  #  AppConfiguration.google_api_key = "overriding the api key!"
+  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key # => "123456789"
+  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key = "overriding the api key!"
+  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key # => "overriding the api key!"
   #
-  # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass :instance_writer => false.
-  # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass :instance_reader => false.
-  # To opt out of both instance methods, pass :instance_accessor => false.
+  # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
+  # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
+  # To opt out of both instance methods, pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
   def mattr_accessor(*syms)
     mattr_reader(*syms)
     mattr_writer(*syms)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
index ac2a63d3a1..39a1240c61 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Module
-  # Provides a delegate class method to easily expose contained objects' methods
+  # Provides a delegate class method to easily expose contained objects' public methods
   # as your own. Pass one or more methods (specified as symbols or strings)
   # and the name of the target object via the <tt>:to</tt> option (also a symbol
   # or string). At least one method and the <tt>:to</tt> option are required.
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ class Module
   #
   #   class Greeter < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     def hello
-  #       "hello"
+  #       'hello'
   #     end
   #
   #     def goodbye
-  #       "goodbye"
+  #       'goodbye'
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class Module
   #     delegate :name, :address, :to => :client, :prefix => true
   #   end
   #
-  #   john_doe = Person.new("John Doe", "Vimmersvej 13")
+  #   john_doe = Person.new('John Doe', 'Vimmersvej 13')
   #   invoice = Invoice.new(john_doe)
   #   invoice.client_name    # => "John Doe"
   #   invoice.client_address # => "Vimmersvej 13"
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ class Module
   #   end
   #
   #   invoice = Invoice.new(john_doe)
-  #   invoice.customer_name    # => "John Doe"
-  #   invoice.customer_address # => "Vimmersvej 13"
+  #   invoice.customer_name    # => 'John Doe'
+  #   invoice.customer_address # => 'Vimmersvej 13'
   #
   # If the delegate object is +nil+ an exception is raised, and that happens
   # no matter whether +nil+ responds to the delegated method. You can get a
@@ -104,15 +104,16 @@ class Module
   def delegate(*methods)
     options = methods.pop
     unless options.is_a?(Hash) && to = options[:to]
-      raise ArgumentError, "Delegation needs a target. Supply an options hash with a :to key as the last argument (e.g. delegate :hello, :to => :greeter)."
+      raise ArgumentError, 'Delegation needs a target. Supply an options hash with a :to key as the last argument (e.g. delegate :hello, :to => :greeter).'
     end
-    prefix, to, allow_nil = options[:prefix], options[:to], options[:allow_nil]
 
-    if prefix == true && to.to_s =~ /^[^a-z_]/
-      raise ArgumentError, "Can only automatically set the delegation prefix when delegating to a method."
+    prefix, allow_nil = options.values_at(:prefix, :allow_nil)
+
+    if prefix == true && to =~ /^[^a-z_]/
+      raise ArgumentError, 'Can only automatically set the delegation prefix when delegating to a method.'
     end
 
-    method_prefix =
+    method_prefix = \
       if prefix
         "#{prefix == true ? to : prefix}_"
       else
@@ -123,13 +124,15 @@ class Module
     line = line.to_i
 
     methods.each do |method|
-      method = method.to_s
+      # Attribute writer methods only accept one argument. Makes sure []=
+      # methods still accept two arguments.
+      definition = (method =~ /[^\]]=$/) ? 'arg' : '*args, &block'
 
       if allow_nil
         module_eval(<<-EOS, file, line - 2)
-          def #{method_prefix}#{method}(*args, &block)        # def customer_name(*args, &block)
+          def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})        # def customer_name(*args, &block)
             if #{to} || #{to}.respond_to?(:#{method})         #   if client || client.respond_to?(:name)
-              #{to}.__send__(:#{method}, *args, &block)       #     client.__send__(:name, *args, &block)
+              #{to}.#{method}(#{definition})                  #     client.name(*args, &block)
             end                                               #   end
           end                                                 # end
         EOS
@@ -137,8 +140,8 @@ class Module
         exception = %(raise "#{self}##{method_prefix}#{method} delegated to #{to}.#{method}, but #{to} is nil: \#{self.inspect}")
 
         module_eval(<<-EOS, file, line - 1)
-          def #{method_prefix}#{method}(*args, &block)        # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-            #{to}.__send__(:#{method}, *args, &block)         #   client.__send__(:name, *args, &block)
+          def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})        # def customer_name(*args, &block)
+            #{to}.#{method}(#{definition})                    #   client.name(*args, &block)
           rescue NoMethodError                                # rescue NoMethodError
             if #{to}.nil?                                     #   if client.nil?
               #{exception}                                    #     # add helpful message to the exception
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
index 5a5b4e3f80..9e77ac3c45 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers'
+
 class Module
   # Declare that a method has been deprecated.
   #   deprecate :foo
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
index 743db47bac..3c8e811fa4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@ class Module
   #
   #   M::N.parent_name # => "M"
   def parent_name
-    unless defined? @parent_name
+    if defined? @parent_name
+      @parent_name
+    else
       @parent_name = name =~ /::[^:]+\Z/ ? $`.freeze : nil
     end
-    @parent_name
   end
 
   # Returns the module which contains this one according to its name.
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ class Module
   # This method is useful for forward compatibility, since Ruby 1.8 returns
   # constant names as strings, whereas 1.9 returns them as symbols.
   def local_constant_names
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('Module#local_constant_names is deprecated, use Module#local_constants instead', caller)
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'Module#local_constant_names is deprecated, use Module#local_constants instead', caller
     local_constants.map { |c| c.to_s }
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const.rb
index 8adf050b6b..65525013db 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 #++
 module QualifiedConstUtils
   def self.raise_if_absolute(path)
-    raise NameError, "wrong constant name #$&" if path =~ /\A::[^:]+/
+    raise NameError.new("wrong constant name #$&") if path =~ /\A::[^:]+/
   end
 
   def self.names(path)
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ end
 #--
 # Qualified names are required to be relative because we are extending existing
 # methods that expect constant names, ie, relative paths of length 1. For example,
-# Object.const_get("::String") raises NameError and so does qualified_const_get.
+# Object.const_get('::String') raises NameError and so does qualified_const_get.
 #++
 class Module
   def qualified_const_defined?(path, search_parents=true)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
index b76bc16ee1..719071d1c2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 class Module
   def remove_possible_method(method)
     if method_defined?(method) || private_method_defined?(method)
-      remove_method(method)
+      undef_method(method)
     end
-  rescue NameError
-    # If the requested method is defined on a superclass or included module,
-    # method_defined? returns true but remove_method throws a NameError.
-    # Ignore this.
   end
 
   def redefine_method(method, &block)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric.rb
index 3805cf7990..a6bc0624be 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric.rb
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bbfa78639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
+require 'active_support/number_helper'
+
+class Numeric
+
+  # Provides options for converting numbers into formatted strings.
+  # Options are provided for phone numbers, currency, percentage,
+  # precision, positional notation, file size and pretty printing.
+  #
+  # ==== Options
+  #
+  # For details on which formats use which options, see ActiveSupport::NumberHelper
+  #
+  # ==== Examples
+  #
+  #  Phone Numbers:
+  #  5551234.to_s(:phone)                                           # => 555-1234
+  #  1235551234.to_s(:phone)                                        # => 123-555-1234
+  #  1235551234.to_s(:phone, :area_code => true)                    # => (123) 555-1234
+  #  1235551234.to_s(:phone, :delimiter => " ")                     # => 123 555 1234
+  #  1235551234.to_s(:phone, :area_code => true, :extension => 555) # => (123) 555-1234 x 555
+  #  1235551234.to_s(:phone, :country_code => 1)                    # => +1-123-555-1234
+  #  1235551234.to_s(:phone, :country_code => 1, :extension => 1343, :delimiter => ".")
+  #  # => +1.123.555.1234 x 1343
+  #
+  #  Currency:
+  #  1234567890.50.to_s(:currency)                    # => $1,234,567,890.50
+  #  1234567890.506.to_s(:currency)                   # => $1,234,567,890.51
+  #  1234567890.506.to_s(:currency, :precision => 3)  # => $1,234,567,890.506
+  #  1234567890.506.to_s(:currency, :locale => :fr)   # => 1 234 567 890,51 €
+  #  -1234567890.50.to_s(:currency, :negative_format => "(%u%n)")
+  #  # => ($1,234,567,890.50)
+  #  1234567890.50.to_s(:currency, :unit => "&pound;", :separator => ",", :delimiter => "")
+  #  # => &pound;1234567890,50
+  #  1234567890.50.to_s(:currency, :unit => "&pound;", :separator => ",", :delimiter => "", :format => "%n %u")
+  #  # => 1234567890,50 &pound;
+  #
+  #  Percentage:
+  #  100.to_s(:percentage)                                        # => 100.000%
+  #  100.to_s(:percentage, :precision => 0)                       # => 100%
+  #  1000.to_s(:percentage, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',') # => 1.000,000%
+  #  302.24398923423.to_s(:percentage, :precision => 5)           # => 302.24399%
+  #  1000.to_s(:percentage, :locale => :fr)                       # => 1 000,000%
+  #  100.to_s(:percentage, :format => "%n  %")                    # => 100  %
+  #
+  #  Delimited:
+  #  12345678.to_s(:delimited)                        # => 12,345,678
+  #  12345678.05.to_s(:delimited)                     # => 12,345,678.05
+  #  12345678.to_s(:delimited, :delimiter => ".")     # => 12.345.678
+  #  12345678.to_s(:delimited, :delimiter => ",")     # => 12,345,678
+  #  12345678.05.to_s(:delimited, :separator => " ")  # => 12,345,678 05
+  #  12345678.05.to_s(:delimited, :locale => :fr)     # => 12 345 678,05
+  #  98765432.98.to_s(:delimited, :delimiter => " ", :separator => ",")
+  #  # => 98 765 432,98
+  #
+  #  Rounded:
+  #  111.2345.to_s(:rounded)                                            # => 111.235
+  #  111.2345.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2)                           # => 111.23
+  #  13.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 5)                                 # => 13.00000
+  #  389.32314.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 0)                          # => 389
+  #  111.2345.to_s(:rounded, :significant => true)                      # => 111
+  #  111.2345.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 1, :significant => true)     # => 100
+  #  13.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 5, :significant => true)           # => 13.000
+  #  111.234.to_s(:rounded, :locale => :fr)                             # => 111,234
+  #  13.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 5, :significant => true, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true)
+  #  # => 13
+  #  389.32314.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 4, :significant => true)    # => 389.3
+  #  1111.2345.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
+  #  # => 1.111,23
+  #
+  #  Human-friendly size in Bytes:
+  #  123.to_s(:human_size)                                          # => 123 Bytes
+  #  1234.to_s(:human_size)                                         # => 1.21 KB
+  #  12345.to_s(:human_size)                                        # => 12.1 KB
+  #  1234567.to_s(:human_size)                                      # => 1.18 MB
+  #  1234567890.to_s(:human_size)                                   # => 1.15 GB
+  #  1234567890123.to_s(:human_size)                                # => 1.12 TB
+  #  1234567.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2)                     # => 1.2 MB
+  #  483989.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2)                      # => 470 KB
+  #  1234567.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2, :separator => ',')  # => 1,2 MB
+  #  1234567890123.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 5)        # => "1.1229 TB"
+  #  524288000.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 5)            # => "500 MB"
+  #
+  #  Human-friendly format:
+  #  123.to_s(:human)                                          # => "123"
+  #  1234.to_s(:human)                                         # => "1.23 Thousand"
+  #  12345.to_s(:human)                                        # => "12.3 Thousand"
+  #  1234567.to_s(:human)                                      # => "1.23 Million"
+  #  1234567890.to_s(:human)                                   # => "1.23 Billion"
+  #  1234567890123.to_s(:human)                                # => "1.23 Trillion"
+  #  1234567890123456.to_s(:human)                             # => "1.23 Quadrillion"
+  #  1234567890123456789.to_s(:human)                          # => "1230 Quadrillion"
+  #  489939.to_s(:human, :precision => 2)                      # => "490 Thousand"
+  #  489939.to_s(:human, :precision => 4)                      # => "489.9 Thousand"
+  #  1234567.to_s(:human, :precision => 4,
+  #                   :significant => false)                   # => "1.2346 Million"
+  #  1234567.to_s(:human, :precision => 1,
+  #                   :separator => ',',
+  #                   :significant => false)                   # => "1,2 Million"
+  def to_formatted_s(format = :default, options = {})
+    case format
+    when :phone
+      return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_phone(self, options)
+    when :currency
+      return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_currency(self, options)
+    when :percentage
+      return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_percentage(self, options)
+    when :delimited
+      return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_delimited(self, options)
+    when :rounded
+      return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded(self, options)
+    when :human
+      return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human(self, options)
+    when :human_size
+      return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human_size(self, options)
+    else
+      self.to_default_s
+    end
+  end
+
+  [Float, Fixnum, Bignum, BigDecimal].each do |klass|
+    klass.send(:alias_method, :to_default_s, :to_s)
+
+    klass.send(:define_method, :to_s) do |*args|
+      if args[0].is_a?(Symbol)
+        format = args[0]
+        options = args[1] || {}
+
+        self.to_formatted_s(format, options)
+      else
+        to_default_s(*args)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
index 58a03d508e..2bf3d1f278 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ class Numeric
   # These methods use Time#advance for precise date calculations when using from_now, ago, etc.
   # as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example:
   #
-  #   # equivalent to Time.now.advance(:months => 1)
+  #   # equivalent to Time.current.advance(:months => 1)
   #   1.month.from_now
   #
-  #   # equivalent to Time.now.advance(:years => 2)
+  #   # equivalent to Time.current.advance(:years => 2)
   #   2.years.from_now
   #
-  #   # equivalent to Time.now.advance(:months => 4, :years => 5)
+  #   # equivalent to Time.current.advance(:months => 4, :years => 5)
   #   (4.months + 5.years).from_now
   #
   # While these methods provide precise calculation when used as in the examples above, care
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ class Numeric
   #   1.year.to_f.from_now
   #
   # In such cases, Ruby's core
-  # Date[http://stdlib.rubyonrails.org/libdoc/date/rdoc/index.html] and
-  # Time[http://stdlib.rubyonrails.org/libdoc/time/rdoc/index.html] should be used for precision
-  # date and time arithmetic
+  # Date[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html] and
+  # Time[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html] should be used for precision
+  # date and time arithmetic.
   def seconds
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self, [[:seconds, self]])
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
index 9ad1e12699..ec2157221f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
index d67711f3b8..e238fef5a2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 class Object
   # An object is blank if it's false, empty, or a whitespace string.
-  # For example, "", "   ", +nil+, [], and {} are all blank.
+  # For example, '', '   ', +nil+, [], and {} are all blank.
   #
   # This simplifies:
   #
@@ -90,10 +90,10 @@ end
 class String
   # A string is blank if it's empty or contains whitespaces only:
   #
-  #   "".blank?                 # => true
-  #   "   ".blank?              # => true
-  #   "　".blank?               # => true
-  #   " something here ".blank? # => false
+  #   ''.blank?                 # => true
+  #   '   '.blank?              # => true
+  #   '　'.blank?               # => true
+  #   ' something here '.blank? # => false
   #
   def blank?
     self !~ /[^[:space:]]/
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f55fbc282e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
+
+class Object
+  # Returns a deep copy of object if it's duplicable. If it's
+  # not duplicable, returns +self+.
+  #
+  #   object = Object.new
+  #   dup    = object.deep_dup
+  #   dup.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+  #
+  #   object.instance_variable_defined?(:@a) #=> false
+  #   dup.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)    #=> true
+  def deep_dup
+    duplicable? ? dup : self
+  end
+end
+
+class Array
+  # Returns a deep copy of array.
+  #
+  #   array = [1, [2, 3]]
+  #   dup   = array.deep_dup
+  #   dup[1][2] = 4
+  #
+  #   array[1][2] #=> nil
+  #   dup[1][2]   #=> 4
+  def deep_dup
+    map { |it| it.deep_dup }
+  end
+end
+
+class Hash
+  # Returns a deep copy of hash.
+  #
+  #   hash = { a: { b: 'b' } }
+  #   dup  = hash.deep_dup
+  #   dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
+  #
+  #   hash[:a][:c] #=> nil
+  #   dup[:a][:c]  #=> "c"
+  def deep_dup
+    each_with_object(dup) do |(key, value), hash|
+      hash[key.deep_dup] = value.deep_dup
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
index 9d044eba71..f1b755c2c4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 class Object
   # Can you safely dup this object?
   #
-  # False for +nil+, +false+, +true+, symbols, numbers, class and module objects;
+  # False for +nil+, +false+, +true+, symbol, and number objects;
   # true otherwise.
   def duplicable?
     true
@@ -81,26 +81,15 @@ class Numeric
   end
 end
 
-class Class
-  # Classes are not duplicable:
-  #
-  #  c = Class.new # => #<Class:0x10328fd80>
-  #  c.dup         # => #<Class:0x10328fd80>
-  #
-  # Note +dup+ returned the same class object.
-  def duplicable?
-    false
-  end
-end
+require 'bigdecimal'
+class BigDecimal
+  begin
+    BigDecimal.new('4.56').dup
 
-class Module
-  # Modules are not duplicable:
-  #
-  #  m = Module.new # => #<Module:0x10328b6e0>
-  #  m.dup          # => #<Module:0x10328b6e0>
-  #
-  # Note +dup+ returned the same module object.
-  def duplicable?
-    false
+    def duplicable?
+      true
+    end
+  rescue TypeError
+    # can't dup, so use superclass implementation
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
index f611cdd606..3fec465ec0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ class Object
   # Returns true if this object is included in the argument(s). Argument must be
   # any object which responds to +#include?+ or optionally, multiple arguments can be passed in. Usage:
   #
-  #   characters = ["Konata", "Kagami", "Tsukasa"]
-  #   "Konata".in?(characters) # => true
-  #   
-  #   character = "Konata"
-  #   character.in?("Konata", "Kagami", "Tsukasa") # => true
+  #   characters = ['Konata', 'Kagami', 'Tsukasa']
+  #   'Konata'.in?(characters) # => true
+  #
+  #   character = 'Konata'
+  #   character.in?('Konata', 'Kagami', 'Tsukasa') # => true
   #
   # This will throw an ArgumentError if a single argument is passed in and it doesn't respond
   # to +#include?+.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Object
       if another_object.respond_to? :include?
         another_object.include? self
       else
-        raise ArgumentError.new("The single parameter passed to #in? must respond to #include?")
+        raise ArgumentError.new 'The single parameter passed to #in? must respond to #include?'
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
index 91fdf93eb2..40821fd619 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 class Object
-  # Returns a hash that maps instance variable names without "@" to their
-  # corresponding values. Keys are strings both in Ruby 1.8 and 1.9.
+  # Returns a hash with string keys that maps instance variable names without "@" to their
+  # corresponding values.
   #
   #   class C
   #     def initialize(x, y)
@@ -9,12 +9,11 @@ class Object
   #   end
   #
   #   C.new(0, 1).instance_values # => {"x" => 0, "y" => 1}
-  def instance_values #:nodoc:
+  def instance_values
     Hash[instance_variables.map { |name| [name[1..-1], instance_variable_get(name)] }]
   end
 
-  # Returns an array of instance variable names including "@". They are strings
-  # both in Ruby 1.8 and 1.9.
+  # Returns an array of instance variable names including "@".
   #
   #   class C
   #     def initialize(x, y)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
index e77a9da0ec..16a799ec03 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 class Object
-  # Invokes the method identified by the symbol +method+, passing it any arguments
-  # and/or the block specified, just like the regular Ruby <tt>Object#send</tt> does.
+  # Invokes the public method identified by the symbol +method+, passing it any arguments
+  # and/or the block specified, just like the regular Ruby <tt>Object#public_send</tt> does.
   #
   # *Unlike* that method however, a +NoMethodError+ exception will *not* be raised
   # and +nil+ will be returned instead, if the receiving object is a +nil+ object or NilClass.
   #
   # If try is called without a method to call, it will yield any given block with the object.
   #
-  # ==== Examples
+  # Please also note that +try+ is defined on +Object+, therefore it won't work with
+  # subclasses of +BasicObject+. For example, using try with +SimpleDelegator+ will
+  # delegate +try+ to target instead of calling it on delegator itself.
   #
   # Without +try+
   #   @person && @person.name
@@ -23,13 +25,13 @@ class Object
   #
   # Without a method argument try will yield to the block unless the receiver is nil.
   #   @person.try { |p| "#{p.first_name} #{p.last_name}" }
-  #--
-  # +try+ behaves like +Object#send+, unless called on +NilClass+.
+  #
+  # +try+ behaves like +Object#public_send+, unless called on +NilClass+.
   def try(*a, &b)
     if a.empty? && block_given?
       yield self
     else
-      __send__(*a, &b)
+      public_send(*a, &b)
     end
   end
 end
@@ -38,8 +40,6 @@ class NilClass
   # Calling +try+ on +nil+ always returns +nil+.
   # It becomes specially helpful when navigating through associations that may return +nil+.
   #
-  # === Examples
-  #
   #   nil.try(:name) # => nil
   #
   # Without +try+
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
index 1397142c04..e058367111 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Object
   #
   # It can also be used with an explicit receiver:
   #
-  #   I18n.with_options :locale => user.locale, :scope => "newsletter" do |i18n|
+  #   I18n.with_options :locale => user.locale, :scope => 'newsletter' do |i18n|
   #     subject i18n.t :subject
   #     body    i18n.t :body, :user_name => user.name
   #   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/proc.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/proc.rb
index 94bb5fb0cb..cd63740940 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/proc.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/proc.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
+require "active_support/deprecation"
 
 class Proc #:nodoc:
   def bind(object)
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'Proc#bind is deprecated and will be removed in future versions', caller
+
     block, time = self, Time.now
     object.class_eval do
       method_name = "__bind_#{time.to_i}_#{time.usec}"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range.rb
index c0736f3a44..1d8b1ede5a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/range/blockless_step'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/range/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/range/include_range'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/range/overlaps'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/blockless_step.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/blockless_step.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f687287f0d..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/blockless_step.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
-
-class Range
-  def step_with_blockless(*args, &block) #:nodoc:
-    if block_given?
-      step_without_blockless(*args, &block)
-    else
-      step_without_blockless(*args).to_a
-    end
-  end
-
-  alias_method_chain :step, :blockless
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb
index 43134b4314..b1a12781f3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ class Range
 
   # Gives a human readable format of the range.
   #
-  # ==== Example
-  #
   #   (1..100).to_formatted_s # => "1..100"
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
     if formatter = RANGE_FORMATS[format]
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb
index 684b7cbc4a..3af66aaf2f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class Range
   #  (1..5).include?(2..6) # => false
   #
   # The native Range#include? behavior is untouched.
-  #  ("a".."f").include?("c") # => true
+  #  ('a'..'f').include?('c') # => true
   #  (5..9).include?(11) # => false
   def include_with_range?(value)
     if value.is_a?(::Range)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string.rb
index ab49af55bf..fb36262528 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/xchar'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/interpolation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/exclude'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
index 9b5266c58c..8fa8157d65 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,77 @@
-require "active_support/multibyte"
-
 class String
+  # If you pass a single Fixnum, returns a substring of one character at that
+  # position. The first character of the string is at position 0, the next at
+  # position 1, and so on. If a range is supplied, a substring containing
+  # characters at offsets given by the range is returned. In both cases, if an
+  # offset is negative, it is counted from the end of the string. Returns nil
+  # if the initial offset falls outside the string. Returns an empty string if
+  # the beginning of the range is greater than the end of the string.
+  #
+  #   str = "hello"
+  #   str.at(0)      #=> "h"
+  #   str.at(1..3)   #=> "ell"
+  #   str.at(-2)     #=> "l"
+  #   str.at(-2..-1) #=> "lo"
+  #   str.at(5)      #=> nil
+  #   str.at(5..-1)  #=> ""
+  #
+  # If a Regexp is given, the matching portion of the string is returned.
+  # If a String is given, that given string is returned if it occurs in
+  # the string. In both cases, nil is returned if there is no match.
+  #
+  #   str = "hello"
+  #   str.at(/lo/) #=> "lo"
+  #   str.at(/ol/) #=> nil
+  #   str.at("lo") #=> "lo"
+  #   str.at("ol") #=> nil
   def at(position)
     self[position]
   end
 
+  # Returns a substring from the given position to the end of the string.
+  # If the position is negative, it is counted from the end of the string.
+  #
+  #   str = "hello"
+  #   str.from(0)  #=> "hello"
+  #   str.from(3)  #=> "lo"
+  #   str.from(-2) #=> "lo"
+  #
+  # You can mix it with +to+ method and do fun things like:
+  #
+  #   str = "hello"
+  #   str.from(0).to(-1) #=> "hello"
+  #   str.from(1).to(-2) #=> "ell"
   def from(position)
     self[position..-1]
   end
 
+  # Returns a substring from the beginning of the string to the given position.
+  # If the position is negative, it is counted from the end of the string.
+  #
+  #   str = "hello"
+  #   str.to(0)  #=> "h"
+  #   str.to(3)  #=> "hell"
+  #   str.to(-2) #=> "hell"
+  #
+  # You can mix it with +from+ method and do fun things like:
+  #
+  #   str = "hello"
+  #   str.from(0).to(-1) #=> "hello"
+  #   str.from(1).to(-2) #=> "ell"
   def to(position)
     self[0..position]
   end
 
+  # Returns the first character. If a limit is supplied, returns a substring
+  # from the beginning of the string until it reaches the limit value. If the
+  # given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
+  #
+  #   str = "hello"
+  #   str.first    #=> "h"
+  #   str.first(1) #=> "h"
+  #   str.first(2) #=> "he"
+  #   str.first(0) #=> ""
+  #   str.first(6) #=> "hello"
   def first(limit = 1)
     if limit == 0
       ''
@@ -23,6 +82,16 @@ class String
     end
   end
 
+  # Returns the last character of the string. If a limit is supplied, returns a substring
+  # from the end of the string until it reaches the limit value (counting backwards). If
+  # the given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
+  #
+  #   str = "hello"
+  #   str.last    #=> "o"
+  #   str.last(1) #=> "o"
+  #   str.last(2) #=> "lo"
+  #   str.last(0) #=> ""
+  #   str.last(6) #=> "hello"
   def last(limit = 1)
     if limit == 0
       ''
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
index 541f969faa..022b376aec 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
@@ -4,21 +4,45 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/time/calculations'
 class String
   # Form can be either :utc (default) or :local.
   def to_time(form = :utc)
-    return nil if self.blank?
-    d = ::Date._parse(self, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset).map { |arg| arg || 0 }
-    d[6] *= 1000000
-    ::Time.send("#{form}_time", *d[0..6]) - d[7]
+    unless blank?
+      date_values = ::Date._parse(self, false).
+        values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset).
+        map! { |arg| arg || 0 }
+      date_values[6] *= 1000000
+      offset = date_values.pop
+
+      ::Time.send("#{form}_time", *date_values) - offset
+    end
   end
 
+  # Converts a string to a Date value.
+  #
+  #   "1-1-2012".to_date   #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012
+  #   "01/01/2012".to_date #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012
+  #   "2012-12-13".to_date #=> Thu, 13 Dec 2012
+  #   "12/13/2012".to_date #=> ArgumentError: invalid date
   def to_date
-    return nil if self.blank?
-    ::Date.new(*::Date._parse(self, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday))
+    unless blank?
+      date_values = ::Date._parse(self, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday)
+
+      ::Date.new(*date_values)
+    end
   end
 
+  # Converts a string to a DateTime value.
+  #
+  #   "1-1-2012".to_datetime            #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0000
+  #   "01/01/2012 23:59:59".to_datetime #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012 23:59:59 +0000
+  #   "2012-12-13 12:50".to_datetime    #=> Thu, 13 Dec 2012 12:50:00 +0000
+  #   "12/13/2012".to_datetime          #=> ArgumentError: invalid date
   def to_datetime
-    return nil if self.blank?
-    d = ::Date._parse(self, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :zone, :sec_fraction).map { |arg| arg || 0 }
-    d[5] += d.pop
-    ::DateTime.civil(*d)
+    unless blank?
+      date_values = ::Date._parse(self, false).
+        values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :zone, :sec_fraction).
+        map! { |arg| arg || 0 }
+      date_values[5] += date_values.pop
+
+      ::DateTime.civil(*date_values)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
index 5e184ec1b3..114bcb87f0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 class String
-  # The inverse of <tt>String#include?</tt>. Returns true if the string does not include the other string.
+  # The inverse of <tt>String#include?</tt>. Returns true if the string
+  # does not include the other string.
+  #
+  #   "hello".exclude? "lo" #=> false
+  #   "hello".exclude? "ol" #=> true
+  #   "hello".exclude? ?h   #=> false
   def exclude?(string)
     !include?(string)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
index 1a34e88a87..8644529806 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte'
-
 class String
   # Returns the string, first removing all whitespace on both ends of
   # the string, and then changing remaining consecutive whitespace
   # groups into one space each.
   #
-  # Examples:
   #   %{ Multi-line
   #      string }.squish                   # => "Multi-line string"
   #   " foo   bar    \n   \t   boo".squish # => "foo bar boo"
@@ -22,26 +19,33 @@ class String
 
   # Truncates a given +text+ after a given <tt>length</tt> if +text+ is longer than <tt>length</tt>:
   #
-  #   "Once upon a time in a world far far away".truncate(27)
+  #   'Once upon a time in a world far far away'.truncate(27)
   #   # => "Once upon a time in a wo..."
   #
-  # Pass a <tt>:separator</tt> to truncate +text+ at a natural break:
+  # Pass a string or regexp <tt>:separator</tt> to truncate +text+ at a natural break:
+  #
+  #   'Once upon a time in a world far far away'.truncate(27, :separator => ' ')
+  #   # => "Once upon a time in a..."
   #
-  #   "Once upon a time in a world far far away".truncate(27, :separator => ' ')
+  #   'Once upon a time in a world far far away'.truncate(27, :separator => /\s/)
   #   # => "Once upon a time in a..."
   #
   # The last characters will be replaced with the <tt>:omission</tt> string (defaults to "...")
-  # for a total length not exceeding <tt>:length</tt>:
+  # for a total length not exceeding <tt>length</tt>:
   #
-  #   "And they found that many people were sleeping better.".truncate(25, :omission => "... (continued)")
+  #   'And they found that many people were sleeping better.'.truncate(25, :omission => '... (continued)')
   #   # => "And they f... (continued)"
-  def truncate(length, options = {})
-    return self.dup unless self.length > length
+  def truncate(truncate_at, options = {})
+    return dup unless length > truncate_at
 
-    options[:omission] ||= "..."
-    length_with_room_for_omission = length - options[:omission].length
-    stop = options[:separator] ?
-      (rindex(options[:separator], length_with_room_for_omission) || length_with_room_for_omission) : length_with_room_for_omission
+    options[:omission] ||= '...'
+    length_with_room_for_omission = truncate_at - options[:omission].length
+    stop = \
+      if options[:separator]
+        rindex(options[:separator], length_with_room_for_omission) || length_with_room_for_omission
+      else
+        length_with_room_for_omission
+      end
 
     self[0...stop] + options[:omission]
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
index 2194dafe4d..efa2d43f20 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/inflector/transliterate'
 # String inflections define new methods on the String class to transform names for different purposes.
 # For instance, you can figure out the name of a table from the name of a class.
 #
-#   "ScaleScore".tableize # => "scale_scores"
+#   'ScaleScore'.tableize # => "scale_scores"
 #
 class String
   # Returns the plural form of the word in the string.
@@ -13,15 +13,14 @@ class String
   # the singular form will be returned if <tt>count == 1</tt>.
   # For any other value of +count+ the plural will be returned.
   #
-  # ==== Examples
-  #   "post".pluralize             # => "posts"
-  #   "octopus".pluralize          # => "octopi"
-  #   "sheep".pluralize            # => "sheep"
-  #   "words".pluralize            # => "words"
-  #   "the blue mailman".pluralize # => "the blue mailmen"
-  #   "CamelOctopus".pluralize     # => "CamelOctopi"
-  #   "apple".pluralize(1)         # => "apple"
-  #   "apple".pluralize(2)         # => "apples"
+  #   'post'.pluralize             # => "posts"
+  #   'octopus'.pluralize          # => "octopi"
+  #   'sheep'.pluralize            # => "sheep"
+  #   'words'.pluralize            # => "words"
+  #   'the blue mailman'.pluralize # => "the blue mailmen"
+  #   'CamelOctopus'.pluralize     # => "CamelOctopi"
+  #   'apple'.pluralize(1)         # => "apple"
+  #   'apple'.pluralize(2)         # => "apples"
   def pluralize(count = nil)
     if count == 1
       self
@@ -32,12 +31,12 @@ class String
 
   # The reverse of +pluralize+, returns the singular form of a word in a string.
   #
-  #   "posts".singularize            # => "post"
-  #   "octopi".singularize           # => "octopus"
-  #   "sheep".singularize            # => "sheep"
-  #   "word".singularize             # => "word"
-  #   "the blue mailmen".singularize # => "the blue mailman"
-  #   "CamelOctopi".singularize      # => "CamelOctopus"
+  #   'posts'.singularize            # => "post"
+  #   'octopi'.singularize           # => "octopus"
+  #   'sheep'.singularize            # => "sheep"
+  #   'word'.singularize             # => "word"
+  #   'the blue mailmen'.singularize # => "the blue mailman"
+  #   'CamelOctopi'.singularize      # => "CamelOctopus"
   def singularize
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(self)
   end
@@ -46,10 +45,9 @@ class String
   # in the string. It raises a NameError when the name is not in CamelCase
   # or is not initialized.  See ActiveSupport::Inflector.constantize
   #
-  # Examples
-  #   "Module".constantize  # => Module
-  #   "Class".constantize   # => Class
-  #   "blargle".constantize # => NameError: wrong constant name blargle
+  #   'Module'.constantize  # => Module
+  #   'Class'.constantize   # => Class
+  #   'blargle'.constantize # => NameError: wrong constant name blargle
   def constantize
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.constantize(self)
   end
@@ -58,10 +56,9 @@ class String
   # in the string. It returns nil when the name is not in CamelCase
   # or is not initialized.  See ActiveSupport::Inflector.safe_constantize
   #
-  # Examples
-  #   "Module".safe_constantize  # => Module
-  #   "Class".safe_constantize   # => Class
-  #   "blargle".safe_constantize # => nil
+  #   'Module'.safe_constantize  # => Module
+  #   'Class'.safe_constantize   # => Class
+  #   'blargle'.safe_constantize # => nil
   def safe_constantize
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.safe_constantize(self)
   end
@@ -71,14 +68,16 @@ class String
   #
   # +camelize+ will also convert '/' to '::' which is useful for converting paths to namespaces.
   #
-  #   "active_record".camelize                # => "ActiveRecord"
-  #   "active_record".camelize(:lower)        # => "activeRecord"
-  #   "active_record/errors".camelize         # => "ActiveRecord::Errors"
-  #   "active_record/errors".camelize(:lower) # => "activeRecord::Errors"
+  #   'active_record'.camelize                # => "ActiveRecord"
+  #   'active_record'.camelize(:lower)        # => "activeRecord"
+  #   'active_record/errors'.camelize         # => "ActiveRecord::Errors"
+  #   'active_record/errors'.camelize(:lower) # => "activeRecord::Errors"
   def camelize(first_letter = :upper)
     case first_letter
-      when :upper then ActiveSupport::Inflector.camelize(self, true)
-      when :lower then ActiveSupport::Inflector.camelize(self, false)
+    when :upper
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.camelize(self, true)
+    when :lower
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.camelize(self, false)
     end
   end
   alias_method :camelcase, :camelize
@@ -89,8 +88,8 @@ class String
   #
   # +titleize+ is also aliased as +titlecase+.
   #
-  #   "man from the boondocks".titleize # => "Man From The Boondocks"
-  #   "x-men: the last stand".titleize  # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
+  #   'man from the boondocks'.titleize # => "Man From The Boondocks"
+  #   'x-men: the last stand'.titleize  # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
   def titleize
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.titleize(self)
   end
@@ -100,23 +99,23 @@ class String
   #
   # +underscore+ will also change '::' to '/' to convert namespaces to paths.
   #
-  #   "ActiveModel".underscore         # => "active_model"
-  #   "ActiveModel::Errors".underscore # => "active_model/errors"
+  #   'ActiveModel'.underscore         # => "active_model"
+  #   'ActiveModel::Errors'.underscore # => "active_model/errors"
   def underscore
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(self)
   end
 
   # Replaces underscores with dashes in the string.
   #
-  #   "puni_puni" # => "puni-puni"
+  #   'puni_puni'.dasherize # => "puni-puni"
   def dasherize
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.dasherize(self)
   end
 
   # Removes the module part from the constant expression in the string.
   #
-  #   "ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections".demodulize # => "Inflections"
-  #   "Inflections".demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
+  #   'ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections'.demodulize # => "Inflections"
+  #   'Inflections'.demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
   #
   # See also +deconstantize+.
   def demodulize
@@ -125,11 +124,11 @@ class String
 
   # Removes the rightmost segment from the constant expression in the string.
   #
-  #   "Net::HTTP".deconstantize   # => "Net"
-  #   "::Net::HTTP".deconstantize # => "::Net"
-  #   "String".deconstantize      # => ""
-  #   "::String".deconstantize    # => ""
-  #   "".deconstantize            # => ""
+  #   'Net::HTTP'.deconstantize   # => "Net"
+  #   '::Net::HTTP'.deconstantize # => "::Net"
+  #   'String'.deconstantize      # => ""
+  #   '::String'.deconstantize    # => ""
+  #   ''.deconstantize            # => ""
   #
   # See also +demodulize+.
   def deconstantize
@@ -138,8 +137,6 @@ class String
 
   # Replaces special characters in a string so that it may be used as part of a 'pretty' URL.
   #
-  # ==== Examples
-  #
   #   class Person
   #     def to_param
   #       "#{id}-#{name.parameterize}"
@@ -158,9 +155,9 @@ class String
   # Creates the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names. This method
   # uses the +pluralize+ method on the last word in the string.
   #
-  #   "RawScaledScorer".tableize # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
-  #   "egg_and_ham".tableize     # => "egg_and_hams"
-  #   "fancyCategory".tableize   # => "fancy_categories"
+  #   'RawScaledScorer'.tableize # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
+  #   'egg_and_ham'.tableize     # => "egg_and_hams"
+  #   'fancyCategory'.tableize   # => "fancy_categories"
   def tableize
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(self)
   end
@@ -169,12 +166,12 @@ class String
   # Note that this returns a string and not a class. (To convert to an actual class
   # follow +classify+ with +constantize+.)
   #
-  #   "egg_and_hams".classify # => "EggAndHam"
-  #   "posts".classify        # => "Post"
+  #   'egg_and_hams'.classify # => "EggAndHam"
+  #   'posts'.classify        # => "Post"
   #
   # Singular names are not handled correctly.
   #
-  #   "business".classify # => "Busines"
+  #   'business'.classify # => "Busines"
   def classify
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.classify(self)
   end
@@ -182,8 +179,8 @@ class String
   # Capitalizes the first word, turns underscores into spaces, and strips '_id'.
   # Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty output.
   #
-  #   "employee_salary" # => "Employee salary"
-  #   "author_id"       # => "Author"
+  #   'employee_salary' # => "Employee salary"
+  #   'author_id'       # => "Author"
   def humanize
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(self)
   end
@@ -192,10 +189,9 @@ class String
   # +separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore+ sets whether
   # the method should put '_' between the name and 'id'.
   #
-  # Examples
-  #   "Message".foreign_key        # => "message_id"
-  #   "Message".foreign_key(false) # => "messageid"
-  #   "Admin::Post".foreign_key    # => "post_id"
+  #   'Message'.foreign_key        # => "message_id"
+  #   'Message'.foreign_key(false) # => "messageid"
+  #   'Admin::Post'.foreign_key    # => "post_id"
   def foreign_key(separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore = true)
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.foreign_key(self, separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inquiry.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inquiry.rb
index 5f0a017de6..1dcd949536 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inquiry.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inquiry.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ require 'active_support/string_inquirer'
 
 class String
   # Wraps the current string in the <tt>ActiveSupport::StringInquirer</tt> class,
-  # which gives you a prettier way to test for equality. Example:
+  # which gives you a prettier way to test for equality.
   #
-  #   env = "production".inquiry
+  #   env = 'production'.inquiry
   #   env.production?  # => true
   #   env.development? # => false
   def inquiry
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/interpolation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/interpolation.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f764e9de1..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/interpolation.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/i18n'
-require 'i18n/core_ext/string/interpolate'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
index 4903687b73..5226ff0cbe 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ class ERB
     # In your ERB templates, use this method to escape any unsafe content. For example:
     #   <%=h @person.name %>
     #
-    # ==== Example:
-    #   puts html_escape("is a > 0 & a < 10?")
+    #   puts html_escape('is a > 0 & a < 10?')
     #   # => is a &gt; 0 &amp; a &lt; 10?
     def html_escape(s)
       s = s.to_s
@@ -37,11 +36,10 @@ class ERB
 
     # A utility method for escaping HTML without affecting existing escaped entities.
     #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   html_escape_once("1 < 2 &amp; 3")
+    #   html_escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
     #   # => "1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3"
     #
-    #   html_escape_once("&lt;&lt; Accept & Checkout")
+    #   html_escape_once('&lt;&lt; Accept & Checkout')
     #   # => "&lt;&lt; Accept &amp; Checkout"
     def html_escape_once(s)
       result = s.to_s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP) { |special| HTML_ESCAPE[special] }
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ class ERB
     # A utility method for escaping HTML entities in JSON strings
     # using \uXXXX JavaScript escape sequences for string literals:
     #
-    #   json_escape("is a > 0 & a < 10?")
+    #   json_escape('is a > 0 & a < 10?')
     #   # => is a \u003E 0 \u0026 a \u003C 10?
     #
     # Note that after this operation is performed the output is not
@@ -92,26 +90,31 @@ end
 
 module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
   class SafeBuffer < String
-    UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS = ["capitalize", "chomp", "chop", "delete", "downcase", "gsub", "lstrip", "next", "reverse", "rstrip", "slice", "squeeze", "strip", "sub", "succ", "swapcase", "tr", "tr_s", "upcase", "prepend"].freeze
+    UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS = %w(
+      capitalize chomp chop delete downcase gsub lstrip next reverse rstrip
+      slice squeeze strip sub succ swapcase tr tr_s upcase prepend
+    )
 
     alias_method :original_concat, :concat
     private :original_concat
 
     class SafeConcatError < StandardError
       def initialize
-        super "Could not concatenate to the buffer because it is not html safe."
+        super 'Could not concatenate to the buffer because it is not html safe.'
       end
     end
 
     def [](*args)
-      return super if args.size < 2
-
-      if html_safe?
-        new_safe_buffer = super
-        new_safe_buffer.instance_eval { @html_safe = true }
-        new_safe_buffer
+      if args.size < 2
+        super
       else
-        to_str[*args]
+        if html_safe?
+          new_safe_buffer = super
+          new_safe_buffer.instance_eval { @html_safe = true }
+          new_safe_buffer
+        else
+          to_str[*args]
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -147,6 +150,18 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       dup.concat(other)
     end
 
+    def %(args)
+      args = Array(args).map do |arg|
+        if !html_safe? || arg.html_safe?
+          arg
+        else
+          ERB::Util.h(arg)
+        end
+      end
+
+      self.class.new(super(args))
+    end
+
     def html_safe?
       defined?(@html_safe) && @html_safe
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32cffe237d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/calculations'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/marshal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
index 5076697c04..d0f574f2ba 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
 require 'active_support/duration'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
+require 'active_support/time_with_zone'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
 
 class Time
   COMMON_YEAR_DAYS_IN_MONTH = [nil, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]
-  DAYS_INTO_WEEK = { :monday => 0, :tuesday => 1, :wednesday => 2, :thursday => 3, :friday => 4, :saturday => 5, :sunday => 6 }
+  DAYS_INTO_WEEK = {
+    :monday    => 0,
+    :tuesday   => 1,
+    :wednesday => 2,
+    :thursday  => 3,
+    :friday    => 4,
+    :saturday  => 5,
+    :sunday    => 6
+  }
 
   class << self
     # Overriding case equality method so that it returns true for ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instances
@@ -15,8 +24,11 @@ class Time
     # Return the number of days in the given month.
     # If no year is specified, it will use the current year.
     def days_in_month(month, year = now.year)
-      return 29 if month == 2 && ::Date.gregorian_leap?(year)
-      COMMON_YEAR_DAYS_IN_MONTH[month]
+      if month == 2 && ::Date.gregorian_leap?(year)
+        29
+      else
+        COMMON_YEAR_DAYS_IN_MONTH[month]
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns a new Time if requested year can be accommodated by Ruby's Time class
@@ -24,8 +36,13 @@ class Time
     # otherwise returns a DateTime.
     def time_with_datetime_fallback(utc_or_local, year, month=1, day=1, hour=0, min=0, sec=0, usec=0)
       time = ::Time.send(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
+
       # This check is needed because Time.utc(y) returns a time object in the 2000s for 0 <= y <= 138.
-      time.year == year ? time : ::DateTime.civil_from_format(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
+      if time.year == year
+        time
+      else
+        ::DateTime.civil_from_format(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
+      end
     rescue
       ::DateTime.civil_from_format(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
     end
@@ -70,16 +87,21 @@ class Time
   # (hour, min, sec, usec) reset cascadingly, so if only the hour is passed, then minute, sec, and usec is set to 0. If the hour and
   # minute is passed, then sec and usec is set to 0.
   def change(options)
-    ::Time.send(
-      utc? ? :utc_time : :local_time,
-      options[:year]  || year,
-      options[:month] || month,
-      options[:day]   || day,
-      options[:hour]  || hour,
-      options[:min]   || (options[:hour] ? 0 : min),
-      options[:sec]   || ((options[:hour] || options[:min]) ? 0 : sec),
-      options[:usec]  || ((options[:hour] || options[:min] || options[:sec]) ? 0 : Rational(nsec, 1000))
-    )
+    new_year  = options.fetch(:year, year)
+    new_month = options.fetch(:month, month)
+    new_day   = options.fetch(:day, day)
+    new_hour  = options.fetch(:hour, hour)
+    new_min   = options.fetch(:min, options[:hour] ? 0 : min)
+    new_sec   = options.fetch(:sec, (options[:hour] || options[:min]) ? 0 : sec)
+    new_usec  = options.fetch(:usec, (options[:hour] || options[:min] || options[:sec]) ? 0 : Rational(nsec, 1000))
+
+    if utc?
+      ::Time.utc(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
+    elsif zone
+      ::Time.local(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
+    else
+      ::Time.new(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec + (new_usec.to_r / 1000000), utc_offset)
+    end
   end
 
   # Uses Date to provide precise Time calculations for years, months, and days.
@@ -89,18 +111,26 @@ class Time
   def advance(options)
     unless options[:weeks].nil?
       options[:weeks], partial_weeks = options[:weeks].divmod(1)
-      options[:days] = (options[:days] || 0) + 7 * partial_weeks
+      options[:days] = options.fetch(:days, 0) + 7 * partial_weeks
     end
 
     unless options[:days].nil?
       options[:days], partial_days = options[:days].divmod(1)
-      options[:hours] = (options[:hours] || 0) + 24 * partial_days
+      options[:hours] = options.fetch(:hours, 0) + 24 * partial_days
     end
 
     d = to_date.advance(options)
     time_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
-    seconds_to_advance = (options[:seconds] || 0) + (options[:minutes] || 0) * 60 + (options[:hours] || 0) * 3600
-    seconds_to_advance == 0 ? time_advanced_by_date : time_advanced_by_date.since(seconds_to_advance)
+    seconds_to_advance = \
+      options.fetch(:seconds, 0) +
+      options.fetch(:minutes, 0) * 60 +
+      options.fetch(:hours, 0) * 3600
+
+    if seconds_to_advance.zero?
+      time_advanced_by_date
+    else
+      time_advanced_by_date.since(seconds_to_advance)
+    end
   end
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the time a number of seconds ago, this is basically a wrapper around the Numeric extension
@@ -163,11 +193,23 @@ class Time
     months_since(1)
   end
 
+  # Short-hand for months_ago(3)
+  def prev_quarter
+    months_ago(3)
+  end
+  alias_method :last_quarter, :prev_quarter
+
+  # Short-hand for months_since(3)
+  def next_quarter
+    months_since(3)
+  end
+
   # Returns number of days to start of this week, week starts on start_day (default is :monday).
   def days_to_week_start(start_day = :monday)
     start_day_number = DAYS_INTO_WEEK[start_day]
     current_day_number = wday != 0 ? wday - 1 : 6
     days_span = current_day_number - start_day_number
+
     days_span >= 0 ? days_span : 7 + days_span
   end
 
@@ -199,13 +241,19 @@ class Time
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the start of the given day in the previous week (default is :monday).
   def prev_week(day = :monday)
-    ago(1.week).beginning_of_week.since(DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day].day).change(:hour => 0)
+    ago(1.week).
+      beginning_of_week.
+      since(DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day].day).
+      change(:hour => 0)
   end
   alias_method :last_week, :prev_week
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the start of the given day in next week (default is :monday).
   def next_week(day = :monday)
-    since(1.week).beginning_of_week.since(DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day].day).change(:hour => 0)
+    since(1.week).
+      beginning_of_week.
+      since(DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day].day).
+      change(:hour => 0)
   end
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the start of the day (0:00)
@@ -219,7 +267,27 @@ class Time
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the end of the day, 23:59:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
   def end_of_day
-    change(:hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59, :usec => 999999.999)
+    change(
+      :hour => 23,
+      :min => 59,
+      :sec => 59,
+      :usec => Rational(999999999, 1000)
+    )
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new Time representing the start of the hour (x:00)
+  def beginning_of_hour
+    change(:min => 0)
+  end
+  alias :at_beginning_of_hour :beginning_of_hour
+
+  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the hour, x:59:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
+  def end_of_hour
+    change(
+      :min => 59,
+      :sec => 59,
+      :usec => Rational(999999999, 1000)
+    )
   end
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the start of the month (1st of the month, 0:00)
@@ -233,19 +301,27 @@ class Time
   def end_of_month
     #self - ((self.mday-1).days + self.seconds_since_midnight)
     last_day = ::Time.days_in_month(month, year)
-    change(:day => last_day, :hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59, :usec => 999999.999)
+    change(
+      :day  => last_day,
+      :hour => 23,
+      :min  => 59,
+      :sec  => 59,
+      :usec => Rational(999999999, 1000)
+    )
   end
   alias :at_end_of_month :end_of_month
 
   # Returns  a new Time representing the start of the quarter (1st of january, april, july, october, 0:00)
   def beginning_of_quarter
-    beginning_of_month.change(:month => [10, 7, 4, 1].detect { |m| m <= month })
+    first_quarter_month = [10, 7, 4, 1].detect { |m| m <= month }
+    beginning_of_month.change(:month => first_quarter_month)
   end
   alias :at_beginning_of_quarter :beginning_of_quarter
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the end of the quarter (end of the last day of march, june, september, december)
   def end_of_quarter
-    beginning_of_month.change(:month => [3, 6, 9, 12].detect { |m| m >= month }).end_of_month
+    last_quarter_month = [3, 6, 9, 12].detect { |m| m >= month }
+    beginning_of_month.change(:month => last_quarter_month).end_of_month
   end
   alias :at_end_of_quarter :end_of_quarter
 
@@ -257,7 +333,14 @@ class Time
 
   # Returns a new Time representing the end of the year (end of the 31st of december)
   def end_of_year
-    change(:month => 12, :day => 31, :hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59, :usec => 999999.999)
+    change(
+      :month => 12,
+      :day   => 31,
+      :hour  => 23,
+      :min   => 59,
+      :sec   => 59,
+      :usec  => Rational(999999999, 1000)
+    )
   end
   alias :at_end_of_year :end_of_year
 
@@ -330,7 +413,11 @@ class Time
   # can be chronologically compared with a Time
   def compare_with_coercion(other)
     # we're avoiding Time#to_datetime cause it's expensive
-    other.is_a?(Time) ? compare_without_coercion(other.to_time) : to_datetime <=> other
+    if other.is_a?(Time)
+      compare_without_coercion(other.to_time)
+    else
+      to_datetime <=> other
+    end
   end
   alias_method :compare_without_coercion, :<=>
   alias_method :<=>, :compare_with_coercion
@@ -344,4 +431,5 @@ class Time
   end
   alias_method :eql_without_coercion, :eql?
   alias_method :eql?, :eql_with_coercion
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
index 0fdcd383f0..10ca26acf2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,20 @@ require 'active_support/values/time_zone'
 
 class Time
   DATE_FORMATS = {
-    :db           => "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
-    :number       => "%Y%m%d%H%M%S",
-    :time         => "%H:%M",
-    :short        => "%d %b %H:%M",
-    :long         => "%B %d, %Y %H:%M",
-    :long_ordinal => lambda { |time| time.strftime("%B #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.ordinalize(time.day)}, %Y %H:%M") },
-    :rfc822       => lambda { |time| time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S #{time.formatted_offset(false)}") }
+    :db           => '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
+    :number       => '%Y%m%d%H%M%S',
+    :nsec         => '%Y%m%d%H%M%S%9N',
+    :time         => '%H:%M',
+    :short        => '%d %b %H:%M',
+    :long         => '%B %d, %Y %H:%M',
+    :long_ordinal => lambda { |time|
+      day_format = ActiveSupport::Inflector.ordinalize(time.day)
+      time.strftime("%B #{day_format}, %Y %H:%M")
+    },
+    :rfc822       => lambda { |time|
+      offset_format = time.formatted_offset(false)
+      time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S #{offset_format}")
+    }
   }
 
   # Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for builtin formats.
@@ -34,7 +41,7 @@ class Time
   # or Proc instance that takes a time argument as the value.
   #
   #   # config/initializers/time_formats.rb
-  #   Time::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = "%B %Y"
+  #   Time::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = '%B %Y'
   #   Time::DATE_FORMATS[:short_ordinal] = lambda { |time| time.strftime("%B #{time.day.ordinalize}") }
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
     if formatter = DATE_FORMATS[format]
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
index 0c5962858e..37bc3fae24 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ class Time
     #     around_filter :set_time_zone
     #
     #     def set_time_zone
-    #       old_time_zone = Time.zone
-    #       Time.zone = current_user.time_zone if logged_in?
-    #       yield
-    #     ensure
-    #       Time.zone = old_time_zone
+    #       if logged_in?
+    #         Time.use_zone(current_user.time_zone) { yield }
+    #       else
+    #         yield
+    #       end
     #     end
     #   end
     def zone=(time_zone)
@@ -50,13 +50,21 @@ class Time
 
     # Returns a TimeZone instance or nil, or raises an ArgumentError for invalid timezones.
     def find_zone!(time_zone)
-      return time_zone if time_zone.nil? || time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
-      # lookup timezone based on identifier (unless we've been passed a TZInfo::Timezone)
-      unless time_zone.respond_to?(:period_for_local)
-        time_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[time_zone] || TZInfo::Timezone.get(time_zone)
+      if !time_zone || time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
+        time_zone
+      else
+        # lookup timezone based on identifier (unless we've been passed a TZInfo::Timezone)
+        unless time_zone.respond_to?(:period_for_local)
+          time_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[time_zone] || TZInfo::Timezone.get(time_zone)
+        end
+
+        # Return if a TimeZone instance, or wrap in a TimeZone instance if a TZInfo::Timezone
+        if time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
+          time_zone
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create(time_zone.name, nil, time_zone)
+        end
       end
-      # Return if a TimeZone instance, or wrap in a TimeZone instance if a TZInfo::Timezone
-      time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone) ? time_zone : ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create(time_zone.name, nil, time_zone)
     rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
       raise ArgumentError, "Invalid Timezone: #{time_zone}"
     end
@@ -79,8 +87,10 @@ class Time
   #
   #   Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska')  # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
   def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
-    return self unless zone
-
-    ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
+    if zone
+      ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
+    else
+      self
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
index 2c5950edf5..c9071a73d8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
@@ -129,16 +129,14 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Add a set of modules to the watch stack, remembering the initial constants
       def watch_namespaces(namespaces)
-        watching = []
-        namespaces.map do |namespace|
+        @watching << namespaces.map do |namespace|
           module_name = Dependencies.to_constant_name(namespace)
           original_constants = Dependencies.qualified_const_defined?(module_name) ?
             Inflector.constantize(module_name).local_constants : []
 
-          watching << module_name
           @stack[module_name] << original_constants
+          module_name
         end
-        @watching << watching
       end
 
       private
@@ -170,8 +168,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         end
       end
 
-      # Use const_missing to autoload associations so we don't have to
-      # require_association when using single-table inheritance.
       def const_missing(const_name, nesting = nil)
         klass_name = name.presence || "Object"
 
@@ -222,11 +218,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
           raise ArgumentError, "the file name must be a String -- you passed #{file_name.inspect}"
         end
 
-        Dependencies.depend_on(file_name, false, message)
-      end
-
-      def require_association(file_name)
-        Dependencies.associate_with(file_name)
+        Dependencies.depend_on(file_name, message)
       end
 
       def load_dependency(file)
@@ -308,20 +300,15 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       mechanism == :load
     end
 
-    def depend_on(file_name, swallow_load_errors = false, message = "No such file to load -- %s.rb")
+    def depend_on(file_name, message = "No such file to load -- %s.rb")
       path = search_for_file(file_name)
       require_or_load(path || file_name)
     rescue LoadError => load_error
-      unless swallow_load_errors
-        if file_name = load_error.message[/ -- (.*?)(\.rb)?$/, 1]
-          raise LoadError.new(message % file_name).copy_blame!(load_error)
-        end
-        raise
+      if file_name = load_error.message[/ -- (.*?)(\.rb)?$/, 1]
+        load_error.message.replace(message % file_name)
+        load_error.copy_blame!(load_error)
       end
-    end
-
-    def associate_with(file_name)
-      depend_on(file_name, true)
+      raise
     end
 
     def clear
@@ -365,7 +352,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Record history *after* loading so first load gets warnings.
       history << expanded
-      return result
+      result
     end
 
     # Is the provided constant path defined?
@@ -373,10 +360,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       Object.qualified_const_defined?(path.sub(/^::/, ''), false)
     end
 
-    def local_const_defined?(mod, const) #:nodoc:
-      mod.const_defined?(const, false)
-    end
-
     # Given +path+, a filesystem path to a ruby file, return an array of constant
     # paths which would cause Dependencies to attempt to load this file.
     def loadable_constants_for_path(path, bases = autoload_paths)
@@ -434,7 +417,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       mod = Module.new
       into.const_set const_name, mod
       autoloaded_constants << qualified_name unless autoload_once_paths.include?(base_path)
-      return mod
+      mod
     end
 
     # Load the file at the provided path. +const_paths+ is a set of qualified
@@ -458,7 +441,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       autoloaded_constants.concat newly_defined_paths unless load_once_path?(path)
       autoloaded_constants.uniq!
       log "loading #{path} defined #{newly_defined_paths * ', '}" unless newly_defined_paths.empty?
-      return result
+      result
     end
 
     # Return the constant path for the provided parent and constant name.
@@ -477,7 +460,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         raise ArgumentError, "A copy of #{from_mod} has been removed from the module tree but is still active!"
       end
 
-      raise NameError, "#{from_mod} is not missing constant #{const_name}!" if local_const_defined?(from_mod, const_name)
+      raise NameError, "#{from_mod} is not missing constant #{const_name}!" if from_mod.const_defined?(const_name, false)
 
       qualified_name = qualified_name_for from_mod, const_name
       path_suffix = qualified_name.underscore
@@ -486,12 +469,12 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       if file_path && ! loaded.include?(File.expand_path(file_path)) # We found a matching file to load
         require_or_load file_path
-        raise LoadError, "Expected #{file_path} to define #{qualified_name}" unless local_const_defined?(from_mod, const_name)
+        raise LoadError, "Expected #{file_path} to define #{qualified_name}" unless from_mod.const_defined?(const_name, false)
         return from_mod.const_get(const_name)
       elsif mod = autoload_module!(from_mod, const_name, qualified_name, path_suffix)
         return mod
       elsif (parent = from_mod.parent) && parent != from_mod &&
-            ! from_mod.parents.any? { |p| local_const_defined?(p, const_name) }
+            ! from_mod.parents.any? { |p| p.const_defined?(const_name, false) }
         # If our parents do not have a constant named +const_name+ then we are free
         # to attempt to load upwards. If they do have such a constant, then this
         # const_missing must be due to from_mod::const_name, which should not
@@ -505,7 +488,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       raise NameError,
             "uninitialized constant #{qualified_name}",
-            caller.reject {|l| l.starts_with? __FILE__ }
+            caller.reject { |l| l.starts_with? __FILE__ }
     end
 
     # Remove the constants that have been autoloaded, and those that have been
@@ -543,10 +526,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       def safe_get(key)
         key = key.name if key.respond_to?(:name)
-        @store[key] || begin
-          klass = Inflector.safe_constantize(key)
-          @store[key] = klass
-        end
+        @store[key] ||= Inflector.safe_constantize(key)
       end
 
       def store(klass)
@@ -600,10 +580,10 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     def mark_for_unload(const_desc)
       name = to_constant_name const_desc
       if explicitly_unloadable_constants.include? name
-        return false
+        false
       else
         explicitly_unloadable_constants << name
-        return true
+        true
       end
     end
 
@@ -631,10 +611,10 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         return new_constants unless aborting
 
         log "Error during loading, removing partially loaded constants "
-        new_constants.each {|c| remove_constant(c) }.clear
+        new_constants.each { |c| remove_constant(c) }.clear
       end
 
-      return []
+      []
     end
 
     # Convert the provided const desc to a qualified constant name (as a string).
@@ -663,7 +643,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       constantized.before_remove_const if constantized.respond_to?(:before_remove_const)
       parent.instance_eval { remove_const to_remove }
 
-      return true
+      true
     end
 
     protected
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
index 4c771da096..4045db3232 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require "active_support/inflector/methods"
-require "active_support/lazy_load_hooks"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Autoload
@@ -9,13 +8,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
     @@eager_autoload = false
 
     def autoload(const_name, path = @@at_path)
-      full = [self.name, @@under_path, const_name.to_s, path].compact.join("::")
-      location = path || Inflector.underscore(full)
+      unless path
+        full = [name, @@under_path, const_name.to_s, path].compact.join("::")
+        path = Inflector.underscore(full)
+      end
 
       if @@eager_autoload
-        @@autoloads[const_name] = location
+        @@autoloads[const_name] = path
       end
-      super const_name, location
+
+      super const_name, path
     end
 
     def autoload_under(path)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
index 45b9dda5ca..e3b4a7240e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/deprecation/behaviors'
 require 'active_support/deprecation/reporting'
 require 'active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers'
@@ -9,10 +10,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # The version the deprecated behavior will be removed, by default.
       attr_accessor :deprecation_horizon
     end
-    self.deprecation_horizon = '3.2'
+    self.deprecation_horizon = '4.1'
 
     # By default, warnings are not silenced and debugging is off.
     self.silenced = false
     self.debug = false
   end
-end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
index 94f8d7133e..fc962dcb57 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
@@ -6,17 +6,31 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Whether to print a backtrace along with the warning.
       attr_accessor :debug
 
-      # Returns the set behavior or if one isn't set, defaults to +:stderr+
+      # Returns the current behavior or if one isn't set, defaults to +:stderr+
       def behavior
         @behavior ||= [DEFAULT_BEHAVIORS[:stderr]]
       end
 
-      # Sets the behavior to the specified value. Can be a single value or an array.
+      # Sets the behavior to the specified value. Can be a single value, array, or
+      # an object that responds to +call+.
       #
-      # Examples
+      # Available behaviors:
+      #
+      # [+stderr+]  Log all deprecation warnings to <tt>$stderr</tt>.
+      # [+log+]     Log all deprecation warnings to +Rails.logger+.
+      # [+notify+]  Use <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications</tt> to notify +deprecation.rails+.
+      # [+silence+] Do nothing.
+      #
+      # Setting behaviors only affects deprecations that happen after boot time.
+      # Deprecation warnings raised by gems are not affected by this setting because
+      # they happen before Rails boots up.
       #
       #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :stderr
       #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = [:stderr, :log]
+      #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = MyCustomHandler
+      #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = proc { |message, callstack| 
+      #     # custom stuff
+      #   }
       def behavior=(behavior)
         @behavior = Array(behavior).map { |b| DEFAULT_BEHAVIORS[b] || b }
       end
@@ -41,8 +55,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
        },
        :notify => Proc.new { |message, callstack|
           ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("deprecation.rails",
-            :message => message, :callstack => callstack)
-       }
+          :message => message, :callstack => callstack)
+       },
+       :silence => Proc.new { |message, callstack| }
     }
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
index d0d8b577b3..257b70e34a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,30 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  class << Deprecation
+  module Deprecation
     # Declare that a method has been deprecated.
-    def deprecate_methods(target_module, *method_names)
+    #
+    #   module Fred
+    #     extend self
+    #
+    #     def foo; end
+    #     def bar; end
+    #     def baz; end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(Fred, :foo, bar: :qux, baz: 'use Bar#baz instead')
+    #   # => [:foo, :bar, :baz]
+    #
+    #   Fred.foo
+    #   # => "DEPRECATION WARNING: foo is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1."
+    #
+    #   Fred.bar
+    #   # => "DEPRECATION WARNING: bar is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1 (use qux instead)."
+    #
+    #   Fred.baz
+    #   # => "DEPRECATION WARNING: baz is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1 (use Bar#baz instead)."
+    def self.deprecate_methods(target_module, *method_names)
       options = method_names.extract_options!
       method_names += options.keys
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb
index 5d7e241d1a..a1e9618084 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     class << self
       attr_accessor :silenced
 
-      # Outputs a deprecation warning to the output configured by <tt>ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior</tt>
+      # Outputs a deprecation warning to the output configured by
+      # <tt>ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior</tt>.
       #
       #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("something broke!")
       #   # => "DEPRECATION WARNING: something broke! (called from your_code.rb:1)"
@@ -15,6 +16,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       # Silence deprecation warnings within the block.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("something broke!")
+      #   # => "DEPRECATION WARNING: something broke! (called from your_code.rb:1)"
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      #     ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("something broke!")
+      #   end
+      #   # => nil
       def silence
         old_silenced, @silenced = @silenced, true
         yield
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
index 00c67a470d..2cdc991120 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like'
 module ActiveSupport
   # Provides accurate date and time measurements using Date#advance and
   # Time#advance, respectively. It mainly supports the methods on Numeric.
-  # Example:
   #
   #   1.month.ago       # equivalent to Time.now.advance(:months => -1)
   class Duration < BasicObject
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
index 2ede084e95..1cc852a3e6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
-
 module ActiveSupport
   # \FileUpdateChecker specifies the API used by Rails to watch files
   # and control reloading. The API depends on four methods:
@@ -11,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   the filesystem or not;
   #
   # * +execute+ which executes the given block on initialization
-  #   and updates the counter to the latest timestamp;
+  #   and updates the latest watched files and timestamp;
   #
   # * +execute_if_updated+ which just executes the block if it was updated;
   #
@@ -37,45 +35,48 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # have directories as keys and the value is an array of extensions to be
     # watched under that directory.
     #
-    # This method must also receive a block that will be called once a path changes.
-    #
-    # == Implementation details
-    #
-    # This particular implementation checks for added and updated files,
-    # but not removed files. Directories lookup are compiled to a glob for
-    # performance. Therefore, while someone can add new files to the +files+
-    # array after initialization (and parts of Rails do depend on this feature),
-    # adding new directories after initialization is not allowed.
-    #
-    # Notice that other objects that implements FileUpdateChecker API may
-    # not even allow new files to be added after initialization. If this
-    # is the case, we recommend freezing the +files+ after initialization to
-    # avoid changes that won't make effect.
+    # This method must also receive a block that will be called once a path
+    # changes. The array of files and list of directories cannot be changed
+    # after FileUpdateChecker has been initialized.
     def initialize(files, dirs={}, &block)
-      @files = files
+      @files = files.freeze
       @glob  = compile_glob(dirs)
       @block = block
+
+      @watched    = nil
       @updated_at = nil
-      @last_update_at = updated_at
+
+      @last_watched   = watched
+      @last_update_at = updated_at(@last_watched)
     end
 
-    # Check if any of the entries were updated. If so, the updated_at
-    # value is cached until the block is executed via +execute+ or +execute_if_updated+
+    # Check if any of the entries were updated. If so, the watched and/or
+    # updated_at values are cached until the block is executed via +execute+
+    # or +execute_if_updated+
     def updated?
-      current_updated_at = updated_at
-      if @last_update_at < current_updated_at
-        @updated_at = updated_at
+      current_watched = watched
+      if @last_watched.size != current_watched.size
+        @watched = current_watched
         true
       else
-        false
+        current_updated_at = updated_at(current_watched)
+        if @last_update_at < current_updated_at
+          @watched    = current_watched
+          @updated_at = current_updated_at
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
       end
     end
 
-    # Executes the given block and updates the counter to latest timestamp.
+    # Executes the given block and updates the latest watched files and timestamp.
     def execute
-      @last_update_at = updated_at
+      @last_watched   = watched
+      @last_update_at = updated_at(@last_watched)
       @block.call
     ensure
+      @watched = nil
       @updated_at = nil
     end
 
@@ -91,27 +92,45 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
 
-    def updated_at #:nodoc:
-      @updated_at || begin
-        all = []
-        all.concat @files.select { |f| File.exists?(f) }
-        all.concat Dir[@glob] if @glob
-        all.map { |path| File.mtime(path) }.max || Time.at(0)
+    def watched
+      @watched || begin
+        all = @files.select { |f| File.exists?(f) }
+        all.concat(Dir[@glob]) if @glob
+        all
       end
     end
 
-    def compile_glob(hash) #:nodoc:
+    def updated_at(paths)
+      @updated_at || max_mtime(paths) || Time.at(0)
+    end
+
+    # This method returns the maximum mtime of the files in +paths+, or +nil+
+    # if the array is empty.
+    #
+    # Files with a mtime in the future are ignored. Such abnormal situation
+    # can happen for example if the user changes the clock by hand. It is
+    # healthy to consider this edge case because with mtimes in the future
+    # reloading is not triggered.
+    def max_mtime(paths)
+      time_now = Time.now
+      paths.map {|path| File.mtime(path)}.reject {|mtime| time_now < mtime}.max
+    end
+
+    def compile_glob(hash)
       hash.freeze # Freeze so changes aren't accidently pushed
       return if hash.empty?
 
-      globs = []
-      hash.each do |key, value|
-        globs << "#{key}/**/*#{compile_ext(value)}"
+      globs = hash.map do |key, value|
+        "#{escape(key)}/**/*#{compile_ext(value)}"
       end
       "{#{globs.join(",")}}"
     end
 
-    def compile_ext(array) #:nodoc:
+    def escape(key)
+      key.gsub(',','\,')
+    end
+
+    def compile_ext(array)
       array = Array(array)
       return if array.empty?
       ".{#{array.join(",")}}"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/gzip.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gzip.rb
index 420b965c87..6ef33ab683 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/gzip.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gzip.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,14 @@ require 'zlib'
 require 'stringio'
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  # A convenient wrapper for the zlib standard library that allows compression/decompression of strings with gzip.
+  # A convenient wrapper for the zlib standard library that allows
+  # compression/decompression of strings with gzip.
+  #
+  #   gzip = ActiveSupport::Gzip.compress('compress me!')
+  #   # => "\x1F\x8B\b\x00o\x8D\xCDO\x00\x03K\xCE\xCF-(J-.V\xC8MU\x04\x00R>n\x83\f\x00\x00\x00"
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Gzip.decompress(gzip)
+  #   # => "compress me!" 
   module Gzip
     class Stream < StringIO
       def initialize(*)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
index e4a13870d7..5fd20673d8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,46 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  # This class has dubious semantics and we only have it so that
-  # people can write <tt>params[:key]</tt> instead of <tt>params['key']</tt>
-  # and they get the same value for both keys.
+  # Implements a hash where keys <tt>:foo</tt> and <tt>"foo"</tt> are considered to be the same.
+  #
+  #   rgb = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+  #
+  #   rgb[:black] = '#000000'
+  #   rgb[:black]  # => '#000000'
+  #   rgb['black'] # => '#000000'
+  #
+  #   rgb['white'] = '#FFFFFF'
+  #   rgb[:white]  # => '#FFFFFF'
+  #   rgb['white'] # => '#FFFFFF'
+  #
+  # Internally symbols are mapped to strings when used as keys in the entire
+  # writing interface (calling <tt>[]=</tt>, <tt>merge</tt>, etc). This
+  # mapping belongs to the public interface. For example, given
+  #
+  #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(:a => 1)
+  #
+  # you are guaranteed that the key is returned as a string:
+  #
+  #   hash.keys # => ["a"]
+  #
+  # Technically other types of keys are accepted:
+  #
+  #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(:a => 1)
+  #   hash[0] = 0
+  #   hash # => {"a"=>1, 0=>0}
+  #
+  # but this class is intended for use cases where strings or symbols are the
+  # expected keys and it is convenient to understand both as the same. For
+  # example the +params+ hash in Ruby on Rails.
+  #
+  # Note that core extensions define <tt>Hash#with_indifferent_access</tt>:
+  #
+  #   rgb = {:black => '#000000', :white => '#FFFFFF'}.with_indifferent_access
+  #
+  # which may be handy.
   class HashWithIndifferentAccess < Hash
-    
-    # Always returns true, so that <tt>Array#extract_options!</tt> finds members of this class.
+    # Returns true so that <tt>Array#extract_options!</tt> finds members of
+    # this class.
     def extractable_options?
       true
     end
@@ -42,30 +76,41 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    def self.[](*args)
+      new.merge(Hash[*args])
+    end
+
     alias_method :regular_writer, :[]= unless method_defined?(:regular_writer)
     alias_method :regular_update, :update unless method_defined?(:regular_update)
 
     # Assigns a new value to the hash:
     #
-    #   hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     #   hash[:key] = "value"
     #
+    # This value can be later fetched using either +:key+ or +"key"+.
     def []=(key, value)
       regular_writer(convert_key(key), convert_value(value))
     end
 
     alias_method :store, :[]=
 
-    # Updates the instantized hash with values from the second:
+    # Updates the receiver in-place merging in the hash passed as argument:
     #
-    #   hash_1 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
-    #   hash_1[:key] = "value"
+    #   hash_1 = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    #   hash_2[:key] = "value"
     #
-    #   hash_2 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    #   hash_2 = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     #   hash_2[:key] = "New Value!"
     #
     #   hash_1.update(hash_2) # => {"key"=>"New Value!"}
     #
+    # The argument can be either an
+    # <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt> or a regular +Hash+.
+    # In either case the merge respects the semantics of indifferent access.
+    #
+    # If the argument is a regular hash with keys +:key+ and +"key"+ only one
+    # of the values end up in the receiver, but which was is unespecified.
     def update(other_hash)
       if other_hash.is_a? HashWithIndifferentAccess
         super(other_hash)
@@ -79,10 +124,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Checks the hash for a key matching the argument passed in:
     #
-    #   hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     #   hash["key"] = "value"
-    #   hash.key? :key  # => true
-    #   hash.key? "key" # => true
+    #   hash.key?(:key)  # => true
+    #   hash.key?("key") # => true
     #
     def key?(key)
       super(convert_key(key))
@@ -92,14 +137,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
     alias_method :has_key?, :key?
     alias_method :member?, :key?
 
-    # Fetches the value for the specified key, same as doing hash[key]
+    # Same as <tt>Hash#fetch</tt> where the key passed as argument can be
+    # either a string or a symbol:
+    #
+    #   counters = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    #   counters[:foo] = 1
+    #
+    #   counters.fetch("foo")          # => 1
+    #   counters.fetch(:bar, 0)        # => 0
+    #   counters.fetch(:bar) {|key| 0} # => 0
+    #   counters.fetch(:zoo)           # => KeyError: key not found: "zoo"
+    #
     def fetch(key, *extras)
       super(convert_key(key), *extras)
     end
 
     # Returns an array of the values at the specified indices:
     #
-    #   hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     #   hash[:a] = "x"
     #   hash[:b] = "y"
     #   hash.values_at("a", "b") # => ["x", "y"]
@@ -115,34 +170,45 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
-    # Merges the instantized and the specified hashes together, giving precedence to the values from the second hash.
-    # Does not overwrite the existing hash.
+    # This method has the same semantics of +update+, except it does not
+    # modify the receiver but rather returns a new hash with indifferent
+    # access with the result of the merge.
     def merge(hash)
       self.dup.update(hash)
     end
 
-    # Performs the opposite of merge, with the keys and values from the first hash taking precedence over the second.
-    # This overloaded definition prevents returning a regular hash, if reverse_merge is called on a <tt>HashWithDifferentAccess</tt>.
+    # Like +merge+ but the other way around: Merges the receiver into the
+    # argument and returns a new hash with indifferent access as result:
+    #
+    #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    #   hash['a'] = nil
+    #   hash.reverse_merge(:a => 0, :b => 1) # => {"a"=>nil, "b"=>1}
+    #
     def reverse_merge(other_hash)
-      super self.class.new_from_hash_copying_default(other_hash)
+      super(self.class.new_from_hash_copying_default(other_hash))
     end
 
+    # Same semantics as +reverse_merge+ but modifies the receiver in-place.
     def reverse_merge!(other_hash)
       replace(reverse_merge( other_hash ))
     end
 
-    # Removes a specified key from the hash.
+    # Removes the specified key from the hash.
     def delete(key)
       super(convert_key(key))
     end
 
     def stringify_keys!; self end
+    def deep_stringify_keys!; self end
     def stringify_keys; dup end
+    def deep_stringify_keys; dup end
     undef :symbolize_keys!
+    undef :deep_symbolize_keys!
     def symbolize_keys; to_hash.symbolize_keys end
+    def deep_symbolize_keys; to_hash.deep_symbolize_keys end
     def to_options!; self end
 
-    # Convert to a Hash with String keys.
+    # Convert to a regular hash with string keys.
     def to_hash
       Hash.new(default).merge!(self)
     end
@@ -156,7 +222,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         if value.is_a? Hash
           value.nested_under_indifferent_access
         elsif value.is_a?(Array)
-          value.dup.replace(value.map { |e| convert_value(e) })
+          value = value.dup if value.frozen?
+          value.map! { |e| convert_value(e) }
         else
           value
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb
index f9c5e5e2f8..188653bd9b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ rescue LoadError => e
   raise e
 end
 
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:i18n)
 I18n.load_path << "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/locale/en.yml"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
index bbeb8d82c6..f67b221024 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
@@ -9,25 +9,6 @@ module I18n
     config.i18n.load_path = []
     config.i18n.fallbacks = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
 
-    def self.reloader
-      @reloader ||= ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(reloader_paths){ I18n.reload! }
-    end
-
-    def self.reloader_paths
-      @reloader_paths ||= []
-    end
-
-    # Add <tt>I18n::Railtie.reloader</tt> to ActionDispatch callbacks. Since, at this
-    # point, no path was added to the reloader, I18n.reload! is not triggered
-    # on to_prepare callbacks. This will only happen on the config.after_initialize
-    # callback below.
-    initializer "i18n.callbacks" do |app|
-      app.reloaders << I18n::Railtie.reloader
-      ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare do
-        I18n::Railtie.reloader.execute_if_updated
-      end
-    end
-
     # Set the i18n configuration after initialization since a lot of
     # configuration is still usually done in application initializers.
     config.after_initialize do |app|
@@ -63,7 +44,9 @@ module I18n
 
       init_fallbacks(fallbacks) if fallbacks && validate_fallbacks(fallbacks)
 
-      reloader_paths.concat I18n.load_path
+      reloader = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(I18n.load_path.dup){ I18n.reload! }
+      app.reloaders << reloader
+      ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare { reloader.execute_if_updated }
       reloader.execute
 
       @i18n_inited = true
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
index b3eb1333ca..ca2d8cb270 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/inflector/inflections'
+
 module ActiveSupport
   Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
     inflect.plural(/$/, 's')
@@ -16,8 +18,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     inflect.plural(/([^aeiouy]|qu)y$/i, '\1ies')
     inflect.plural(/(x|ch|ss|sh)$/i, '\1es')
     inflect.plural(/(matr|vert|ind)(?:ix|ex)$/i, '\1ices')
-    inflect.plural(/(m|l)ouse$/i, '\1ice')
-    inflect.plural(/(m|l)ice$/i, '\1ice')
+    inflect.plural(/^(m|l)ouse$/i, '\1ice')
+    inflect.plural(/^(m|l)ice$/i, '\1ice')
     inflect.plural(/^(ox)$/i, '\1en')
     inflect.plural(/^(oxen)$/i, '\1')
     inflect.plural(/(quiz)$/i, '\1zes')
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     inflect.singular(/(ss)$/i, '\1')
     inflect.singular(/(n)ews$/i, '\1ews')
     inflect.singular(/([ti])a$/i, '\1um')
-    inflect.singular(/((a)naly|(b)a|(d)iagno|(p)arenthe|(p)rogno|(s)ynop|(t)he)(sis|ses)$/i, '\1\2sis')
+    inflect.singular(/((a)naly|(b)a|(d)iagno|(p)arenthe|(p)rogno|(s)ynop|(t)he)(sis|ses)$/i, '\1sis')
     inflect.singular(/(^analy)(sis|ses)$/i, '\1sis')
     inflect.singular(/([^f])ves$/i, '\1fe')
     inflect.singular(/(hive)s$/i, '\1')
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     inflect.singular(/(s)eries$/i, '\1eries')
     inflect.singular(/(m)ovies$/i, '\1ovie')
     inflect.singular(/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/i, '\1')
-    inflect.singular(/(m|l)ice$/i, '\1ouse')
+    inflect.singular(/^(m|l)ice$/i, '\1ouse')
     inflect.singular(/(bus)(es)?$/i, '\1')
     inflect.singular(/(o)es$/i, '\1')
     inflect.singular(/(shoe)s$/i, '\1')
@@ -58,6 +60,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     inflect.irregular('cow', 'kine')
     inflect.irregular('zombie', 'zombies')
 
-    inflect.uncountable(%w(equipment information rice money species series fish sheep jeans))
+    inflect.uncountable(%w(equipment information rice money species series fish sheep jeans police))
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
index 13b23d627a..c9e50a9462 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Inflector
+    extend self
+
     # A singleton instance of this class is yielded by Inflector.inflections, which can then be used to specify additional
-    # inflection rules. Examples:
+    # inflection rules.
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
     #     inflect.plural /^(ox)$/i, '\1\2en'
@@ -40,7 +42,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # A camelized string that contains the acronym will maintain the acronym when titleized or humanized, and will
       # convert the acronym into a non-delimited single lowercase word when passed to +underscore+.
       #
-      # Examples:
       #   acronym 'HTML'
       #   titleize 'html' #=> 'HTML'
       #   camelize 'html' #=> 'HTML'
@@ -70,7 +71,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # `acronym` may be used to specify any word that contains an acronym or otherwise needs to maintain a non-standard
       # capitalization. The only restriction is that the word must begin with a capital letter.
       #
-      # Examples:
       #   acronym 'RESTful'
       #   underscore 'RESTful' #=> 'restful'
       #   underscore 'RESTfulController' #=> 'restful_controller'
@@ -105,7 +105,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Specifies a new irregular that applies to both pluralization and singularization at the same time. This can only be used
       # for strings, not regular expressions. You simply pass the irregular in singular and plural form.
       #
-      # Examples:
       #   irregular 'octopus', 'octopi'
       #   irregular 'person', 'people'
       def irregular(singular, plural)
@@ -127,7 +126,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       # Add uncountable words that shouldn't be attempted inflected.
       #
-      # Examples:
       #   uncountable "money"
       #   uncountable "money", "information"
       #   uncountable %w( money information rice )
@@ -139,7 +137,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # When using a regular expression based replacement, the normal humanize formatting is called after the replacement.
       # When a string is used, the human form should be specified as desired (example: 'The name', not 'the_name')
       #
-      # Examples:
       #   human /_cnt$/i, '\1_count'
       #   human "legacy_col_person_name", "Name"
       def human(rule, replacement)
@@ -150,7 +147,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Give the scope as a symbol of the inflection type, the options are: <tt>:plurals</tt>,
       # <tt>:singulars</tt>, <tt>:uncountables</tt>, <tt>:humans</tt>.
       #
-      # Examples:
       #   clear :all
       #   clear :plurals
       def clear(scope = :all)
@@ -166,7 +162,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Yields a singleton instance of Inflector::Inflections so you can specify additional
     # inflector rules.
     #
-    # Example:
     #   ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
     #     inflect.uncountable "rails"
     #   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
index 48ea5653c7..c14a43de0d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
 require 'active_support/inflector/inflections'
+require 'active_support/inflections'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # The Inflector transforms words from singular to plural, class names to table names, modularized class names to ones without,
@@ -14,7 +17,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Returns the plural form of the word in the string.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   "post".pluralize             # => "posts"
     #   "octopus".pluralize          # => "octopi"
     #   "sheep".pluralize            # => "sheep"
@@ -26,7 +28,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # The reverse of +pluralize+, returns the singular form of a word in a string.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   "posts".singularize            # => "post"
     #   "octopi".singularize           # => "octopus"
     #   "sheep".singularize            # => "sheep"
@@ -41,7 +42,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # +camelize+ will also convert '/' to '::' which is useful for converting paths to namespaces.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   "active_model".camelize                # => "ActiveModel"
     #   "active_model".camelize(:lower)        # => "activeModel"
     #   "active_model/errors".camelize         # => "ActiveModel::Errors"
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # Changes '::' to '/' to convert namespaces to paths.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   "ActiveModel".underscore         # => "active_model"
     #   "ActiveModel::Errors".underscore # => "active_model/errors"
     #
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   "SSLError".underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
     def underscore(camel_cased_word)
       word = camel_cased_word.to_s.dup
-      word.gsub!(/::/, '/')
+      word.gsub!('::', '/')
       word.gsub!(/(?:([A-Za-z\d])|^)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1}#{$1 && '_'}#{$2.downcase}" }
       word.gsub!(/([A-Z\d]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
       word.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
@@ -87,7 +86,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Capitalizes the first word and turns underscores into spaces and strips a
     # trailing "_id", if any. Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty output.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   "employee_salary" # => "Employee salary"
     #   "author_id"       # => "Author"
     def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word)
@@ -104,21 +102,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # a nicer looking title. +titleize+ is meant for creating pretty output. It is not
     # used in the Rails internals.
     #
-    # +titleize+ is also aliased as as +titlecase+.
+    # +titleize+ is also aliased as +titlecase+.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   "man from the boondocks".titleize   # => "Man From The Boondocks"
     #   "x-men: the last stand".titleize    # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
     #   "TheManWithoutAPast".titleize       # => "The Man Without A Past"
     #   "raiders_of_the_lost_ark".titleize  # => "Raiders Of The Lost Ark"
     def titleize(word)
-      humanize(underscore(word)).gsub(/\b('?[a-z])/) { $1.capitalize }
+      humanize(underscore(word)).gsub(/\b(?<!['’`])[a-z]/) { $&.capitalize }
     end
 
     # Create the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names. This method
     # uses the +pluralize+ method on the last word in the string.
     #
-    # Examples
     #   "RawScaledScorer".tableize # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
     #   "egg_and_ham".tableize     # => "egg_and_hams"
     #   "fancyCategory".tableize   # => "fancy_categories"
@@ -130,7 +126,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Note that this returns a string and not a Class. (To convert to an actual class
     # follow +classify+ with +constantize+.)
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   "egg_and_hams".classify # => "EggAndHam"
     #   "posts".classify        # => "Post"
     #
@@ -143,8 +138,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Replaces underscores with dashes in the string.
     #
-    # Example:
-    #   "puni_puni" # => "puni-puni"
+    #   "puni_puni".dasherize # => "puni-puni"
     def dasherize(underscored_word)
       underscored_word.tr('_', '-')
     end
@@ -181,7 +175,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # +separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore+ sets whether
     # the method should put '_' between the name and 'id'.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   "Message".foreign_key        # => "message_id"
     #   "Message".foreign_key(false) # => "messageid"
     #   "Admin::Post".foreign_key    # => "post_id"
@@ -206,12 +199,29 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # NameError is raised when the name is not in CamelCase or the constant is
     # unknown.
-    def constantize(camel_cased_word) #:nodoc:
+    def constantize(camel_cased_word)
       names = camel_cased_word.split('::')
       names.shift if names.empty? || names.first.empty?
- 
+
       names.inject(Object) do |constant, name|
-        constant.const_get(name, false)
+        if constant == Object
+          constant.const_get(name)
+        else
+          candidate = constant.const_get(name)
+          next candidate if constant.const_defined?(name, false)
+          next candidate unless Object.const_defined?(name)
+
+          # Go down the ancestors to check it it's owned
+          # directly before we reach Object or the end of ancestors.
+          constant = constant.ancestors.inject do |const, ancestor|
+            break const    if ancestor == Object
+            break ancestor if ancestor.const_defined?(name, false)
+            const
+          end
+
+          # owner is in Object, so raise
+          constant.const_get(name, false)
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -251,7 +261,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Returns the suffix that should be added to a number to denote the position
     # in an ordered sequence such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   ordinal(1)     # => "st"
     #   ordinal(2)     # => "nd"
     #   ordinal(1002)  # => "nd"
@@ -274,7 +283,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Turns a number into an ordinal string used to denote the position in an
     # ordered sequence such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #   ordinalize(1)     # => "1st"
     #   ordinalize(2)     # => "2nd"
     #   ordinalize(1002)  # => "1002nd"
@@ -300,7 +308,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Applies inflection rules for +singularize+ and +pluralize+.
     #
-    # Examples:
     #  apply_inflections("post", inflections.plurals) # => "posts"
     #  apply_inflections("posts", inflections.singulars) # => "post"
     def apply_inflections(word, rules)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
index 40e7a0e389..a372b6d1f7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
@@ -66,8 +66,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Replaces special characters in a string so that it may be used as part of a 'pretty' URL.
     #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
     #   class Person
     #     def to_param
     #       "#{id}-#{name.parameterize}"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
index cbeb6c0a28..e44939e78a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
   module JSON
     class << self
+      # Parses a JSON string (JavaScript Object Notation) into a hash.
+      # See www.json.org for more info.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::JSON.decode("{\"team\":\"rails\",\"players\":\"36\"}")
+      #   => {"team" => "rails", "players" => "36"}
       def decode(json, options ={})
-        data = MultiJson.decode(json, options)
+        data = MultiJson.load(json, options)
         if ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
           convert_dates_from(data)
         else
@@ -18,12 +23,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def engine
-        MultiJson.engine
+        MultiJson.adapter
       end
       alias :backend :engine
 
       def engine=(name)
-        MultiJson.engine = name
+        MultiJson.use(name)
       end
       alias :backend= :engine=
 
@@ -34,6 +39,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
         self.backend = old_backend
       end
 
+      # Returns the class of the error that will be raised when there is an error in decoding JSON.
+      # Using this method means you won't directly depend on the ActiveSupport's JSON implementation, in case it changes in the future.
+      #
+      #   begin
+      #     obj = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(some_string)
+      #   rescue ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error
+      #     Rails.logger.warn("Attempted to decode invalid JSON: #{some_string}")
+      #   end
       def parse_error
         MultiJson::DecodeError
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
index b2adfea273..389df58ec4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
-require 'active_support/json/variable'
 
 require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions' # for #to_s
@@ -17,6 +16,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   class << self
     delegate :use_standard_json_time_format, :use_standard_json_time_format=,
       :escape_html_entities_in_json, :escape_html_entities_in_json=,
+      :encode_big_decimal_as_string, :encode_big_decimal_as_string=,
       :to => :'ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding'
   end
 
@@ -24,7 +24,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # matches YAML-formatted dates
     DATE_REGEX = /^(?:\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}|\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}[T \t]+\d{1,2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.[0-9]*)?(([ \t]*)Z|[-+]\d{2}?(:\d{2})?))$/
 
-    # Dumps object in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). See www.json.org for more info.
+    # Dumps objects in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). See www.json.org for more info.
+    #
+    #   ActiveSupport::JSON.encode({team: 'rails', players: '36'})
+    #   # => "{\"team\":\"rails\",\"players\":\"36\"}"
     def self.encode(value, options = nil)
       Encoding::Encoder.new(options).encode(value)
     end
@@ -104,6 +107,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # If true, use ISO 8601 format for dates and times. Otherwise, fall back to the Active Support legacy format.
         attr_accessor :use_standard_json_time_format
 
+        # If false, serializes BigDecimal objects as numeric instead of wrapping them in a string
+        attr_accessor :encode_big_decimal_as_string
+
         attr_accessor :escape_regex
         attr_reader :escape_html_entities_in_json
 
@@ -132,7 +138,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       self.use_standard_json_time_format = true
-      self.escape_html_entities_in_json  = false
+      self.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
+      self.encode_big_decimal_as_string  = true
     end
   end
 end
@@ -154,32 +161,67 @@ class Struct #:nodoc:
 end
 
 class TrueClass
-  AS_JSON = ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable.new('true').freeze
-  def as_json(options = nil) AS_JSON end #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+
+  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
 end
 
 class FalseClass
-  AS_JSON = ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable.new('false').freeze
-  def as_json(options = nil) AS_JSON end #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+
+  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
 end
 
 class NilClass
-  AS_JSON = ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable.new('null').freeze
-  def as_json(options = nil) AS_JSON end #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+
+  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
+    'null'
+  end
 end
 
 class String
-  def as_json(options = nil) self end #:nodoc:
-  def encode_json(encoder) encoder.escape(self) end #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+
+  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
+    encoder.escape(self)
+  end
 end
 
 class Symbol
-  def as_json(options = nil) to_s end #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
 end
 
 class Numeric
-  def as_json(options = nil) self end #:nodoc:
-  def encode_json(encoder) to_s end #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+
+  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
+end
+
+class Float
+  # Encoding Infinity or NaN to JSON should return "null". The default returns
+  # "Infinity" or "NaN" which breaks parsing the JSON. E.g. JSON.parse('[NaN]').
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    finite? ? self : nil
+  end
 end
 
 class BigDecimal
@@ -191,11 +233,21 @@ class BigDecimal
   # That's why a JSON string is returned. The JSON literal is not numeric, but if
   # the other end knows by contract that the data is supposed to be a BigDecimal,
   # it still has the chance to post-process the string and get the real value.
-  def as_json(options = nil) to_s end #:nodoc:
+  #
+  # Use ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_big_decimal_format = true to override this behaviour
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if finite?
+      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string ? to_s : self
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class Regexp
-  def as_json(options = nil) to_s end #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
 end
 
 module Enumerable
@@ -205,7 +257,9 @@ module Enumerable
 end
 
 class Range
-  def as_json(options = nil) to_s end #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
 end
 
 class Array
@@ -241,7 +295,7 @@ class Hash
     Hash[subset.map { |k, v| [k.to_s, encoder.as_json(v, options)] }]
   end
 
-  def encode_json(encoder)
+  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
     # values are encoded with use_options = false, because we don't want hash representations from ActiveModel to be
     # processed once again with as_json with options, as this could cause unexpected results (i.e. missing fields);
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/variable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/variable.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5685ed18b7..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/variable.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveSupport
-  module JSON
-    # A string that returns itself as its JSON-encoded form.
-    class Variable < String
-      def as_json(options = nil) self end #:nodoc:
-      def encode_json(encoder) self end #:nodoc:
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml b/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml
index a1499bcc90..18c7d47026 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml
@@ -34,3 +34,102 @@ en:
       words_connector: ", "
       two_words_connector: " and "
       last_word_connector: ", and "
+  number:
+    # Used in NumberHelper.number_to_delimited()
+    # These are also the defaults for 'currency', 'percentage', 'precision', and 'human'
+    format:
+      # Sets the separator between the units, for more precision (e.g. 1.0 / 2.0 == 0.5)
+      separator: "."
+      # Delimits thousands (e.g. 1,000,000 is a million) (always in groups of three)
+      delimiter: ","
+      # Number of decimals, behind the separator (the number 1 with a precision of 2 gives: 1.00)
+      precision: 3
+      # If set to true, precision will mean the number of significant digits instead
+      # of the number of decimal digits (1234 with precision 2 becomes 1200, 1.23543 becomes 1.2)
+      significant: false
+      # If set, the zeros after the decimal separator will always be stripped (eg.: 1.200 will be 1.2)
+      strip_insignificant_zeros: false
+  
+    # Used in NumberHelper.number_to_currency()
+    currency:
+      format:
+        # Where is the currency sign? %u is the currency unit, %n the number (default: $5.00)
+        format: "%u%n"
+        unit: "$"
+        # These five are to override number.format and are optional
+        separator: "."
+        delimiter: ","
+        precision: 2
+        significant: false
+        strip_insignificant_zeros: false
+  
+    # Used in NumberHelper.number_to_percentage()
+    percentage:
+      format:
+        # These five are to override number.format and are optional
+        # separator:
+        delimiter: ""
+        # precision:
+        # significant: false
+        # strip_insignificant_zeros: false
+        format: "%n%"
+  
+    # Used in NumberHelper.number_to_rounded()
+    precision:
+      format:
+        # These five are to override number.format and are optional
+        # separator:
+        delimiter: ""
+        # precision:
+        # significant: false
+        # strip_insignificant_zeros: false
+  
+    # Used in NumberHelper.number_to_human_size() and NumberHelper.number_to_human()
+    human:
+      format:
+        # These five are to override number.format and are optional
+        # separator:
+        delimiter: ""
+        precision: 3
+        significant: true
+        strip_insignificant_zeros: true
+      # Used in number_to_human_size()
+      storage_units:
+        # Storage units output formatting.
+        # %u is the storage unit, %n is the number (default: 2 MB)
+        format: "%n %u"
+        units:
+          byte:
+            one:   "Byte"
+            other: "Bytes"
+          kb: "KB"
+          mb: "MB"
+          gb: "GB"
+          tb: "TB"
+      # Used in NumberHelper.number_to_human()
+      decimal_units:
+        format: "%n %u"
+        # Decimal units output formatting
+        # By default we will only quantify some of the exponents
+        # but the commented ones might be defined or overridden
+        # by the user.
+        units:
+          # femto: Quadrillionth
+          # pico: Trillionth
+          # nano: Billionth
+          # micro: Millionth
+          # mili: Thousandth
+          # centi: Hundredth
+          # deci: Tenth
+          unit: ""
+          # ten:
+          #   one: Ten
+          #   other: Tens
+          # hundred: Hundred
+          thousand: Thousand
+          million: Million
+          billion: Billion
+          trillion: Trillion
+          quadrillion: Quadrillion
+  
+  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
index 58938cdc3d..e5b4ca2738 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber is an object set to consume ActiveSupport::Notifications
-  # with the sole purpose of logging them. The log subscriber dispatches notifications to 
+  # with the sole purpose of logging them. The log subscriber dispatches notifications to
   # a registered object based on its given namespace.
   #
   # An example would be Active Record log subscriber responsible for logging queries:
@@ -48,20 +48,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
     mattr_accessor :colorize_logging
     self.colorize_logging = true
 
-    class_attribute :logger
-
     class << self
-      remove_method :logger
       def logger
         @logger ||= Rails.logger if defined?(Rails)
+        @logger
       end
 
+      attr_writer :logger
+
       def attach_to(namespace, log_subscriber=new, notifier=ActiveSupport::Notifications)
         log_subscribers << log_subscriber
-        @@flushable_loggers = nil
 
         log_subscriber.public_methods(false).each do |event|
-          next if 'call' == event.to_s
+          next if %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
 
           notifier.subscribe("#{event}.#{namespace}", log_subscriber)
         end
@@ -71,28 +70,44 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @@log_subscribers ||= []
       end
 
-      def flushable_loggers
-        @@flushable_loggers ||= begin
-          loggers = log_subscribers.map(&:logger)
-          loggers.uniq!
-          loggers.select { |l| l.respond_to?(:flush) }
-        end
-      end
-
       # Flush all log_subscribers' logger.
       def flush_all!
-        flushable_loggers.each { |log| log.flush }
+        logger.flush if logger.respond_to?(:flush)
       end
     end
 
-    def call(message, *args)
+    def initialize
+      @queue_key = [self.class.name, object_id].join  "-"
+      super
+    end
+
+    def logger
+      LogSubscriber.logger
+    end
+
+    def start(name, id, payload)
       return unless logger
 
-      method = message.split('.').first
+      e = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(name, Time.now, nil, id, payload)
+      parent = event_stack.last
+      parent << e if parent
+
+      event_stack.push e
+    end
+
+    def finish(name, id, payload)
+      return unless logger
+
+      finished  = Time.now
+      event     = event_stack.pop
+      event.end = finished
+      event.payload.merge!(payload)
+
+      method = name.split('.').first
       begin
-        send(method, ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(message, *args))
+        send(method, event)
       rescue Exception => e
-        logger.error "Could not log #{message.inspect} event. #{e.class}: #{e.message} #{e.backtrace}"
+        logger.error "Could not log #{name.inspect} event. #{e.class}: #{e.message} #{e.backtrace}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -101,8 +116,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     %w(info debug warn error fatal unknown).each do |level|
       class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{level}(progname = nil, &block)
-          return unless logger
-          logger.#{level}(progname, &block)
+          logger.#{level}(progname, &block) if logger
         end
       METHOD
     end
@@ -114,9 +128,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     def color(text, color, bold=false)
       return text unless colorize_logging
-      color = self.class.const_get(color.to_s.upcase) if color.is_a?(Symbol)
+      color = self.class.const_get(color.upcase) if color.is_a?(Symbol)
       bold  = bold ? BOLD : ""
       "#{bold}#{color}#{text}#{CLEAR}"
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def event_stack
+      Thread.current[@queue_key] ||= []
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
index 7b7fc81e6c..b65ea6208c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
@@ -61,8 +61,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
           @logged = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
         end
 
-        def method_missing(level, message)
-          @logged[level] << message
+        def method_missing(level, message = nil)
+           if block_given?
+             @logged[level] << yield
+           else
+             @logged[level] << message
+           end
         end
 
         def logged(level)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte.rb
index 5efe13c537..977fe95dbe 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     # class so you can support other encodings. See the ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars implementation for
     # an example how to do this.
     #
-    # Example:
     #   ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = CharsForUTF32
     def self.proxy_class=(klass)
       @proxy_class = klass
@@ -18,4 +17,4 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       @proxy_class ||= ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
index 9a748dfa60..47336d2143 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Returns +true+ if _obj_ responds to the given method. Private methods are included in the search
       # only if the optional second parameter evaluates to +true+.
-      def respond_to?(method, include_private=false)
-        super || @wrapped_string.respond_to?(method, include_private)
+      def respond_to_missing?(method, include_private)
+        @wrapped_string.respond_to?(method, include_private)
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ when the proxy class can handle the string. Returns +false+ otherwise.
@@ -74,10 +74,9 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       # Works just like <tt>String#split</tt>, with the exception that the items in the resulting list are Chars
       # instances instead of String. This makes chaining methods easier.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   'Café périferôl'.mb_chars.split(/é/).map { |part| part.upcase.to_s } # => ["CAF", " P", "RIFERÔL"]
       def split(*args)
-        @wrapped_string.split(*args).map { |i| i.mb_chars }
+        @wrapped_string.split(*args).map { |i| self.class.new(i) }
       end
 
       # Works like like <tt>String#slice!</tt>, but returns an instance of Chars, or nil if the string was not
@@ -88,7 +87,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Reverses all characters in the string.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   'Café'.mb_chars.reverse.to_s # => 'éfaC'
       def reverse
         chars(Unicode.unpack_graphemes(@wrapped_string).reverse.flatten.pack('U*'))
@@ -97,7 +95,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       # Limits the byte size of the string to a number of bytes without breaking characters. Usable
       # when the storage for a string is limited for some reason.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   'こんにちは'.mb_chars.limit(7).to_s # => "こん"
       def limit(limit)
         slice(0...translate_offset(limit))
@@ -105,7 +102,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Converts characters in the string to uppercase.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   'Laurent, où sont les tests ?'.mb_chars.upcase.to_s # => "LAURENT, OÙ SONT LES TESTS ?"
       def upcase
         chars Unicode.upcase(@wrapped_string)
@@ -113,7 +109,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Converts characters in the string to lowercase.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   'VĚDA A VÝZKUM'.mb_chars.downcase.to_s # => "věda a výzkum"
       def downcase
         chars Unicode.downcase(@wrapped_string)
@@ -121,7 +116,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Converts characters in the string to the opposite case.
       #
-      # Example:
       #    'El Cañón".mb_chars.swapcase.to_s # => "eL cAÑÓN"
       def swapcase
         chars Unicode.swapcase(@wrapped_string)
@@ -129,7 +123,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Converts the first character to uppercase and the remainder to lowercase.
       #
-      # Example:
       #  'über'.mb_chars.capitalize.to_s # => "Über"
       def capitalize
         (slice(0) || chars('')).upcase + (slice(1..-1) || chars('')).downcase
@@ -137,11 +130,10 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Capitalizes the first letter of every word, when possible.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   "ÉL QUE SE ENTERÓ".mb_chars.titleize    # => "Él Que Se Enteró"
       #   "日本語".mb_chars.titleize                 # => "日本語"
       def titleize
-        chars(downcase.to_s.gsub(/\b('?[\S])/u) { Unicode.upcase($1)})
+        chars(downcase.to_s.gsub(/\b('?\S)/u) { Unicode.upcase($1)})
       end
       alias_method :titlecase, :titleize
 
@@ -157,7 +149,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Performs canonical decomposition on all the characters.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   'é'.length                         # => 2
       #   'é'.mb_chars.decompose.to_s.length # => 3
       def decompose
@@ -166,7 +157,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Performs composition on all the characters.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   'é'.length                       # => 3
       #   'é'.mb_chars.compose.to_s.length # => 2
       def compose
@@ -175,7 +165,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Returns the number of grapheme clusters in the string.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   'क्षि'.mb_chars.length   # => 4
       #   'क्षि'.mb_chars.grapheme_length # => 3
       def grapheme_length
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
index cb89d45c92..ef1711c60a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # The default normalization used for operations that require normalization. It can be set to any of the
       # normalizations in NORMALIZATION_FORMS.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.default_normalization_form = :c
       attr_accessor :default_normalization_form
       @default_normalization_form = :kc
@@ -72,7 +71,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       # Unpack the string at grapheme boundaries. Returns a list of character lists.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   Unicode.unpack_graphemes('क्षि') # => [[2325, 2381], [2359], [2367]]
       #   Unicode.unpack_graphemes('Café') # => [[67], [97], [102], [233]]
       def unpack_graphemes(string)
@@ -107,7 +105,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       # Reverse operation of unpack_graphemes.
       #
-      # Example:
       #   Unicode.pack_graphemes(Unicode.unpack_graphemes('क्षि')) # => 'क्षि'
       def pack_graphemes(unpacked)
         unpacked.flatten.pack('U*')
@@ -334,7 +331,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def load
           begin
             @codepoints, @composition_exclusion, @composition_map, @boundary, @cp1252 = File.open(self.class.filename, 'rb') { |f| Marshal.load f.read }
-          rescue Exception => e
+          rescue => e
               raise IOError.new("Couldn't load the Unicode tables for UTF8Handler (#{e.message}), ActiveSupport::Multibyte is unusable")
           end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
index 13f675c654..b4657a8ba9 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
+require 'active_support/notifications/instrumenter'
+require 'active_support/notifications/fanout'
+
 module ActiveSupport
   # = Notifications
   #
-  # +ActiveSupport::Notifications+ provides an instrumentation API for Ruby.
+  # <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications</tt> provides an instrumentation API for Ruby.
   #
   # == Instrumenters
   #
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   end
   #
   # That code returns right away, you are just subscribing to "render" events.
-  # The block will be called asynchronously whenever someone instruments "render":
+  # The block is saved and will be called whenever someone instruments "render":
   #
   #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("render", :extra => :information) do
   #     render :text => "Foo"
@@ -41,26 +44,53 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   event.duration  # => 10 (in milliseconds)
   #   event.payload   # => { :extra => :information }
   #
-  # The block in the +subscribe+ call gets the name of the event, start
+  # The block in the <tt>subscribe</tt> call gets the name of the event, start
   # timestamp, end timestamp, a string with a unique identifier for that event
   # (something like "535801666f04d0298cd6"), and a hash with the payload, in
   # that order.
   #
   # If an exception happens during that particular instrumentation the payload will
-  # have a key +:exception+ with an array of two elements as value: a string with
+  # have a key <tt>:exception</tt> with an array of two elements as value: a string with
   # the name of the exception class, and the exception message.
   #
-  # As the previous example depicts, the class +ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event+
+  # As the previous example depicts, the class <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event</tt>
   # is able to take the arguments as they come and provide an object-oriented
   # interface to that data.
   #
+  # It is also possible to pass an object as the second parameter passed to the
+  # <tt>subscribe</tt> method instead of a block:
+  #
+  #   module ActionController
+  #     class PageRequest
+  #       def call(name, started, finished, unique_id, payload)
+  #         Rails.logger.debug ["notification:", name, started, finished, unique_id, payload].join(" ")
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('process_action.action_controller', ActionController::PageRequest.new)
+  #
+  # resulting in the following output within the logs including a hash with the payload:
+  #
+  #   notification: process_action.action_controller 2012-04-13 01:08:35 +0300 2012-04-13 01:08:35 +0300 af358ed7fab884532ec7 {
+  #      :controller=>"Devise::SessionsController",
+  #      :action=>"new",
+  #      :params=>{"action"=>"new", "controller"=>"devise/sessions"},
+  #      :format=>:html,
+  #      :method=>"GET",
+  #      :path=>"/login/sign_in",
+  #      :status=>200,
+  #      :view_runtime=>279.3080806732178,
+  #      :db_runtime=>40.053
+  #    }
+  #
   # You can also subscribe to all events whose name matches a certain regexp:
   #
   #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe(/render/) do |*args|
   #     ...
   #   end
   #
-  # and even pass no argument to +subscribe+, in which case you are subscribing
+  # and even pass no argument to <tt>subscribe</tt>, in which case you are subscribing
   # to all events.
   #
   # == Temporary Subscriptions
@@ -105,12 +135,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # to log subscribers in a thread. You can use any queue implementation you want.
   #
   module Notifications
-    autoload :Instrumenter, 'active_support/notifications/instrumenter'
-    autoload :Event, 'active_support/notifications/instrumenter'
-    autoload :Fanout, 'active_support/notifications/fanout'
-
-    @instrumenters = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = notifier.listening?(k) }
-
     class << self
       attr_accessor :notifier
 
@@ -119,7 +143,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def instrument(name, payload = {})
-        if @instrumenters[name]
+        if notifier.listening?(name)
           instrumenter.instrument(name, payload) { yield payload if block_given? }
         else
           yield payload if block_given?
@@ -127,9 +151,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def subscribe(*args, &block)
-        notifier.subscribe(*args, &block).tap do
-          @instrumenters.clear
-        end
+        notifier.subscribe(*args, &block)
       end
 
       def subscribed(callback, *args, &block)
@@ -141,7 +163,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def unsubscribe(args)
         notifier.unsubscribe(args)
-        @instrumenters.clear
       end
 
       def instrumenter
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
index a9aa5464e9..6ffc091233 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,42 @@
+require 'mutex_m'
+
 module ActiveSupport
   module Notifications
     # This is a default queue implementation that ships with Notifications.
     # It just pushes events to all registered log subscribers.
+    #
+    # This class is thread safe. All methods are reentrant.
     class Fanout
+      include Mutex_m
+
       def initialize
         @subscribers = []
         @listeners_for = {}
+        super
       end
 
       def subscribe(pattern = nil, block = Proc.new)
-        subscriber = Subscriber.new(pattern, block).tap do |s|
-          @subscribers << s
+        subscriber = Subscribers.new pattern, block
+        synchronize do
+          @subscribers << subscriber
+          @listeners_for.clear
         end
-        @listeners_for.clear
         subscriber
       end
 
       def unsubscribe(subscriber)
-        @subscribers.reject! {|s| s.matches?(subscriber)}
-        @listeners_for.clear
+        synchronize do
+          @subscribers.reject! { |s| s.matches?(subscriber) }
+          @listeners_for.clear
+        end
+      end
+
+      def start(name, id, payload)
+        listeners_for(name).each { |s| s.start(name, id, payload) }
+      end
+
+      def finish(name, id, payload)
+        listeners_for(name).each { |s| s.finish(name, id, payload) }
       end
 
       def publish(name, *args)
@@ -26,7 +44,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def listeners_for(name)
-        @listeners_for[name] ||= @subscribers.select { |s| s.subscribed_to?(name) }
+        synchronize do
+          @listeners_for[name] ||= @subscribers.select { |s| s.subscribed_to?(name) }
+        end
       end
 
       def listening?(name)
@@ -37,23 +57,87 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def wait
       end
 
-      class Subscriber #:nodoc:
-        def initialize(pattern, delegate)
-          @pattern = pattern
-          @delegate = delegate
+      module Subscribers # :nodoc:
+        def self.new(pattern, listener)
+          if listener.respond_to?(:call)
+            subscriber = Timed.new pattern, listener
+          else
+            subscriber = Evented.new pattern, listener
+          end
+
+          unless pattern
+            AllMessages.new(subscriber)
+          else
+            subscriber
+          end
         end
 
-        def publish(message, *args)
-          @delegate.call(message, *args)
+        class Evented #:nodoc:
+          def initialize(pattern, delegate)
+            @pattern = pattern
+            @delegate = delegate
+          end
+
+          def start(name, id, payload)
+            @delegate.start name, id, payload
+          end
+
+          def finish(name, id, payload)
+            @delegate.finish name, id, payload
+          end
+
+          def subscribed_to?(name)
+            @pattern === name.to_s
+          end
+
+          def matches?(subscriber_or_name)
+            self === subscriber_or_name ||
+              @pattern && @pattern === subscriber_or_name
+          end
         end
 
-        def subscribed_to?(name)
-          !@pattern || @pattern === name.to_s
+        class Timed < Evented
+          def initialize(pattern, delegate)
+            @timestack = []
+            super
+          end
+
+          def publish(name, *args)
+            @delegate.call name, *args
+          end
+
+          def start(name, id, payload)
+            @timestack.push Time.now
+          end
+
+          def finish(name, id, payload)
+            started = @timestack.pop
+            @delegate.call(name, started, Time.now, id, payload)
+          end
         end
 
-        def matches?(subscriber_or_name)
-          self === subscriber_or_name ||
-            @pattern && @pattern === subscriber_or_name
+        class AllMessages # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(delegate)
+            @delegate = delegate
+          end
+
+          def start(name, id, payload)
+            @delegate.start name, id, payload
+          end
+
+          def finish(name, id, payload)
+            @delegate.finish name, id, payload
+          end
+
+          def publish(name, *args)
+            @delegate.publish name, *args
+          end
+
+          def subscribed_to?(name)
+            true
+          end
+
+          alias :matches? :===
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
index 3941c285a2..78d0397f1f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
+require 'securerandom'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Notifications
+    # Instrumentors are stored in a thread local.
     class Instrumenter
       attr_reader :id
 
@@ -14,15 +15,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # and publish it. Notice that events get sent even if an error occurs
       # in the passed-in block
       def instrument(name, payload={})
-        started = Time.now
-
+        @notifier.start(name, @id, payload)
         begin
           yield
         rescue Exception => e
           payload[:exception] = [e.class.name, e.message]
           raise e
         ensure
-          @notifier.publish(name, started, Time.now, @id, payload)
+          @notifier.finish(name, @id, payload)
         end
       end
 
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     class Event
-      attr_reader :name, :time, :end, :transaction_id, :payload, :duration
+      attr_reader :name, :time, :transaction_id, :payload, :children
+      attr_accessor :end
 
       def initialize(name, start, ending, transaction_id, payload)
         @name           = name
@@ -41,12 +42,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @time           = start
         @transaction_id = transaction_id
         @end            = ending
-        @duration       = 1000.0 * (@end - @time)
+        @children       = []
+      end
+
+      def duration
+        1000.0 * (self.end - time)
+      end
+
+      def <<(event)
+        @children << event
       end
 
       def parent_of?(event)
-        start = (time - event.time) * 1000
-        start <= 0 && (start + duration >= event.duration)
+        @children.include? event
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99f6489adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'active_support/i18n'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    extend self
+
+    DECIMAL_UNITS = { 0 => :unit, 1 => :ten, 2 => :hundred, 3 => :thousand, 6 => :million, 9 => :billion, 12 => :trillion, 15 => :quadrillion,
+      -1 => :deci, -2 => :centi, -3 => :mili, -6 => :micro, -9 => :nano, -12 => :pico, -15 => :femto }
+
+    DEFAULT_CURRENCY_VALUES = { :format => "%u%n", :negative_format => "-%u%n", :unit => "$", :separator => ".", :delimiter => ",",
+                                :precision => 2, :significant => false, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false }
+
+    STORAGE_UNITS = [:byte, :kb, :mb, :gb, :tb]
+
+    # Formats a +number+ into a US phone number (e.g., (555)
+    # 123-9876). You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # * <tt>:area_code</tt> - Adds parentheses around the area code.
+    # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Specifies the delimiter to use
+    #   (defaults to "-").
+    # * <tt>:extension</tt> - Specifies an extension to add to the
+    #   end of the generated number.
+    # * <tt>:country_code</tt> - Sets the country code for the phone
+    #   number.
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   number_to_phone(5551234)                                     # => 555-1234
+    #   number_to_phone("5551234")                                   # => 555-1234
+    #   number_to_phone(1235551234)                                  # => 123-555-1234
+    #   number_to_phone(1235551234, area_code: true)                 # => (123) 555-1234
+    #   number_to_phone(1235551234, delimiter: ' ')                  # => 123 555 1234
+    #   number_to_phone(1235551234, area_code: true, extension: 555) # => (123) 555-1234 x 555
+    #   number_to_phone(1235551234, country_code: 1)                 # => +1-123-555-1234
+    #   number_to_phone("123a456")                                   # => 123a456
+    #
+    #   number_to_phone(1235551234, country_code: 1, extension: 1343, delimiter: '.')
+    #   # => +1.123.555.1234 x 1343
+    def number_to_phone(number, options = {})
+      return unless number
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+      number       = number.to_s.strip
+      area_code    = options[:area_code]
+      delimiter    = options[:delimiter] || "-"
+      extension    = options[:extension]
+      country_code = options[:country_code]
+
+      if area_code
+        number.gsub!(/(\d{1,3})(\d{3})(\d{4}$)/,"(\\1) \\2#{delimiter}\\3")
+      else
+        number.gsub!(/(\d{0,3})(\d{3})(\d{4})$/,"\\1#{delimiter}\\2#{delimiter}\\3")
+        number.slice!(0, 1) if number.start_with?(delimiter) && !delimiter.blank?
+      end
+
+      str = ''
+      str << "+#{country_code}#{delimiter}" unless country_code.blank?
+      str << number
+      str << " x #{extension}" unless extension.blank?
+      str
+    end
+
+    # Formats a +number+ into a currency string (e.g., $13.65). You
+    # can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+    #   (defaults to current locale).
+    # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the level of precision (defaults
+    #   to 2).
+    # * <tt>:unit</tt> - Sets the denomination of the currency
+    #   (defaults to "$").
+    # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the units
+    #   (defaults to ".").
+    # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+    #   to ",").
+    # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format for non-negative numbers
+    #   (defaults to "%u%n").  Fields are <tt>%u</tt> for the
+    #   currency, and <tt>%n</tt> for the number.
+    # * <tt>:negative_format</tt> - Sets the format for negative
+    #   numbers (defaults to prepending an hyphen to the formatted
+    #   number given by <tt>:format</tt>).  Accepts the same fields
+    #   than <tt>:format</tt>, except <tt>%n</tt> is here the
+    #   absolute value of the number.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50)                # => $1,234,567,890.50
+    #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506)               # => $1,234,567,890.51
+    #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506, precision: 3) # => $1,234,567,890.506
+    #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506, locale: :fr)  # => 1 234 567 890,51 €
+    #   number_to_currency('123a456')                    # => $123a456
+    #
+    #   number_to_currency(-1234567890.50, negative_format: '(%u%n)')
+    #   # => ($1,234,567,890.50)
+    #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: '&pound;', separator: ',', delimiter: '')
+    #   # => &pound;1234567890,50
+    #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: '&pound;', separator: ',', delimiter: '', format: '%n %u')
+    #   # => 1234567890,50 &pound;
+    def number_to_currency(number, options = {})
+      return unless number
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+      currency = translations_for('currency', options[:locale])
+      currency[:negative_format] ||= "-" + currency[:format] if currency[:format]
+
+      defaults  = DEFAULT_CURRENCY_VALUES.merge(defaults_translations(options[:locale])).merge!(currency)
+      defaults[:negative_format] = "-" + options[:format] if options[:format]
+      options   = defaults.merge!(options)
+
+      unit      = options.delete(:unit)
+      format    = options.delete(:format)
+
+      if number.to_f.phase != 0
+        format = options.delete(:negative_format)
+        number = number.respond_to?("abs") ? number.abs : number.sub(/^-/, '')
+      end
+
+      format.gsub('%n', self.number_to_rounded(number, options)).gsub('%u', unit)
+    end
+
+    # Formats a +number+ as a percentage string (e.g., 65%). You can
+    # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+    #   (defaults to current locale).
+    # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+    #   (defaults to 3).
+    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+    #   digits (defaults to +false+).
+    # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+    #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+    # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+    #   to "").
+    # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+    #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+    #   +false+).
+    # * <tt>:format</tt> - Specifies the format of the percentage
+    #   string The number field is <tt>%n</tt> (defaults to "%n%").
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   number_to_percentage(100)                                 # => 100.000%
+    #   number_to_percentage('98')                                # => 98.000%
+    #   number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)                   # => 100%
+    #   number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: '.', separator: ,') # => 1.000,000%
+    #   number_to_percentage(302.24398923423, precision: 5)       # => 302.24399%
+    #   number_to_percentage(1000, :locale => :fr)                # => 1 000,000%
+    #   number_to_percentage('98a')                               # => 98a%
+    #   number_to_percentage(100, format: '%n  %')                # => 100  %
+    def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
+      return unless number
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+      defaults = format_translations('percentage', options[:locale])
+      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
+
+      format = options[:format] || "%n%"
+      format.gsub('%n', self.number_to_rounded(number, options))
+    end
+
+    # Formats a +number+ with grouped thousands using +delimiter+
+    # (e.g., 12,324). You can customize the format in the +options+
+    # hash.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+    #   (defaults to current locale).
+    # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+    #   to ",").
+    # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+    #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   number_to_delimited(12345678)                    # => 12,345,678
+    #   number_to_delimited('123456')                    # => 123,456
+    #   number_to_delimited(12345678.05)                 # => 12,345,678.05
+    #   number_to_delimited(12345678, delimiter: '.')    # => 12.345.678
+    #   number_to_delimited(12345678, delimiter: ',')    # => 12,345,678
+    #   number_to_delimited(12345678.05, separator: ' ') # => 12,345,678 05
+    #   number_to_delimited(12345678.05, locale: :fr)    # => 12 345 678,05
+    #   number_to_delimited('112a')                      # => 112a
+    #   number_to_delimited(98765432.98, delimiter: ' ', separator: ',')
+    #   # => 98 765 432,98
+    def number_to_delimited(number, options = {})
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+      return number unless valid_float?(number)
+
+      options = defaults_translations(options[:locale]).merge(options)
+
+      parts = number.to_s.to_str.split('.')
+      parts[0].gsub!(/(\d)(?=(\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/, "\\1#{options[:delimiter]}")
+      parts.join(options[:separator])
+    end
+
+    # Formats a +number+ with the specified level of
+    # <tt>:precision</tt> (e.g., 112.32 has a precision of 2 if
+    # +:significant+ is +false+, and 5 if +:significant+ is +true+).
+    # You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+    #   (defaults to current locale).
+    # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+    #   (defaults to 3).
+    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+    #   digits (defaults to +false+).
+    # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+    #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+    # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+    #   to "").
+    # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+    #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+    #   +false+).
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   number_to_rounded(111.2345)                                  # => 111.235
+    #   number_to_rounded(111.2345, precision: 2)                    # => 111.23
+    #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: 5)                          # => 13.00000
+    #   number_to_rounded(389.32314, precision: 0)                   # => 389
+    #   number_to_rounded(111.2345, significant: true)               # => 111
+    #   number_to_rounded(111.2345, precision: 1, significant: true) # => 100
+    #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: 5, significant: true)       # => 13.000
+    #   number_to_rounded(111.234, locale: :fr)                      # => 111,234
+    #
+    #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: 5, significant: true, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
+    #   # => 13
+    #
+    #   number_to_rounded(389.32314, precision: 4, significant: true) # => 389.3
+    #   number_to_rounded(1111.2345, precision: 2, separator: ',', delimiter: '.')
+    #   # => 1.111,23
+    def number_to_rounded(number, options = {})
+      return number unless valid_float?(number)
+      number  = Float(number)
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+      defaults = format_translations('precision', options[:locale])
+      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
+
+      precision = options.delete :precision
+      significant = options.delete :significant
+      strip_insignificant_zeros = options.delete :strip_insignificant_zeros
+
+      if significant && precision > 0
+        if number == 0
+          digits, rounded_number = 1, 0
+        else
+          digits = (Math.log10(number.abs) + 1).floor
+          rounded_number = (BigDecimal.new(number.to_s) / BigDecimal.new((10 ** (digits - precision)).to_f.to_s)).round.to_f * 10 ** (digits - precision)
+          digits = (Math.log10(rounded_number.abs) + 1).floor # After rounding, the number of digits may have changed
+        end
+        precision -= digits
+        precision = 0 if precision < 0 # don't let it be negative
+      else
+        rounded_number = BigDecimal.new(number.to_s).round(precision).to_f
+        rounded_number = rounded_number.abs if rounded_number.zero? # prevent showing negative zeros
+      end
+      formatted_number = self.number_to_delimited("%01.#{precision}f" % rounded_number, options)
+      if strip_insignificant_zeros
+        escaped_separator = Regexp.escape(options[:separator])
+        formatted_number.sub(/(#{escaped_separator})(\d*[1-9])?0+\z/, '\1\2').sub(/#{escaped_separator}\z/, '')
+      else
+        formatted_number
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
+    # representation (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.5 KB). This
+    # method is useful for reporting file sizes to users. You can
+    # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+    #
+    # See <tt>number_to_human</tt> if you want to pretty-print a
+    # generic number.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+    #   (defaults to current locale).
+    # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+    #   (defaults to 3).
+    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+    #   digits (defaults to +true+)
+    # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+    #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+    # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+    #   to "").
+    # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+    #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+    #   +true+)
+    # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - If +:si+ formats the number using the SI
+    #   prefix (defaults to :binary)
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   number_to_human_size(123)                                    # => 123 Bytes
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234)                                   # => 1.21 KB
+    #   number_to_human_size(12345)                                  # => 12.1 KB
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567)                                # => 1.18 MB
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890)                             # => 1.15 GB
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123)                          # => 1.12 TB
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                  # => 1.2 MB
+    #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                   # => 470 KB
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')  # => 1,2 MB
+    #
+    # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are stripped out by
+    # default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change that):
+    #
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5) # => "1.1229 TB"
+    #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)     # => "500 MB"
+    def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+      return number unless valid_float?(number)
+      number = Float(number)
+
+      defaults = format_translations('human', options[:locale])
+      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
+
+      #for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
+      options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true if not options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
+
+      storage_units_format = I18n.translate(:'number.human.storage_units.format', :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
+
+      base = options[:prefix] == :si ? 1000 : 1024
+
+      if number.to_i < base
+        unit = I18n.translate(:'number.human.storage_units.units.byte', :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i, :raise => true)
+        storage_units_format.gsub(/%n/, number.to_i.to_s).gsub(/%u/, unit)
+      else
+        max_exp  = STORAGE_UNITS.size - 1
+        exponent = (Math.log(number) / Math.log(base)).to_i # Convert to base
+        exponent = max_exp if exponent > max_exp # we need this to avoid overflow for the highest unit
+        number  /= base ** exponent
+
+        unit_key = STORAGE_UNITS[exponent]
+        unit = I18n.translate(:"number.human.storage_units.units.#{unit_key}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number, :raise => true)
+
+        formatted_number = self.number_to_rounded(number, options)
+        storage_units_format.gsub(/%n/, formatted_number).gsub(/%u/, unit)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Pretty prints (formats and approximates) a number in a way it
+    # is more readable by humans (eg.: 1200000000 becomes "1.2
+    # Billion"). This is useful for numbers that can get very large
+    # (and too hard to read).
+    #
+    # See <tt>number_to_human_size</tt> if you want to print a file
+    # size.
+    #
+    # You can also define you own unit-quantifier names if you want
+    # to use other decimal units (eg.: 1500 becomes "1.5
+    # kilometers", 0.150 becomes "150 milliliters", etc). You may
+    # define a wide range of unit quantifiers, even fractional ones
+    # (centi, deci, mili, etc).
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+    #   (defaults to current locale).
+    # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+    #   (defaults to 3).
+    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+    #   digits (defaults to +true+)
+    # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+    #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+    # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+    #   to "").
+    # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+    #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+    #   +true+)
+    # * <tt>:units</tt> - A Hash of unit quantifier names. Or a
+    #   string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It
+    #   might have the following keys:
+    #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>,
+    #     *<tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
+    #     *<tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
+    #     *<tt>:quadrillion</tt>
+    #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>,
+    #     *<tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
+    #     *<tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
+    # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string
+    #   (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
+    #   * %u - The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
+    #   * %n - The number
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   number_to_human(123)                         # => "123"
+    #   number_to_human(1234)                        # => "1.23 Thousand"
+    #   number_to_human(12345)                       # => "12.3 Thousand"
+    #   number_to_human(1234567)                     # => "1.23 Million"
+    #   number_to_human(1234567890)                  # => "1.23 Billion"
+    #   number_to_human(1234567890123)               # => "1.23 Trillion"
+    #   number_to_human(1234567890123456)            # => "1.23 Quadrillion"
+    #   number_to_human(1234567890123456789)         # => "1230 Quadrillion"
+    #   number_to_human(489939, precision: 2)        # => "490 Thousand"
+    #   number_to_human(489939, precision: 4)        # => "489.9 Thousand"
+    #   number_to_human(1234567, precision: 4,
+    #                            significant: false) # => "1.2346 Million"
+    #   number_to_human(1234567, precision: 1,
+    #                            separator: ',',
+    #                            significant: false) # => "1,2 Million"
+    #
+    # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
+    # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
+    # +false+ to change that):
+    #
+    #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6) # => "12.345 Billion"
+    #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)            # => "500 Million"
+    #
+    # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
+    #
+    # You can also use your own custom unit quantifiers:
+    #  number_to_human(500000, :units => {:unit => "ml", :thousand => "lt"})  # => "500 lt"
+    #
+    # If in your I18n locale you have:
+    #
+    #   distance:
+    #     centi:
+    #       one: "centimeter"
+    #       other: "centimeters"
+    #     unit:
+    #       one: "meter"
+    #       other: "meters"
+    #     thousand:
+    #       one: "kilometer"
+    #       other: "kilometers"
+    #     billion: "gazillion-distance"
+    #
+    # Then you could do:
+    #
+    #   number_to_human(543934, :units => :distance)               # => "544 kilometers"
+    #   number_to_human(54393498, :units => :distance)             # => "54400 kilometers"
+    #   number_to_human(54393498000, :units => :distance)          # => "54.4 gazillion-distance"
+    #   number_to_human(343, :units => :distance, :precision => 1) # => "300 meters"
+    #   number_to_human(1, :units => :distance)                    # => "1 meter"
+    #   number_to_human(0.34, :units => :distance)                 # => "34 centimeters"
+    def number_to_human(number, options = {})
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+      return number unless valid_float?(number)
+      number = Float(number)
+
+      defaults = format_translations('human', options[:locale])
+      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
+
+      #for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
+      options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true if not options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
+
+      inverted_du = DECIMAL_UNITS.invert
+
+      units = options.delete :units
+      unit_exponents = case units
+      when Hash
+        units
+      when String, Symbol
+        I18n.translate(:"#{units}", :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
+      when nil
+        I18n.translate(:"number.human.decimal_units.units", :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, ":units must be a Hash or String translation scope."
+      end.keys.map{|e_name| inverted_du[e_name] }.sort_by{|e| -e}
+
+      number_exponent = number != 0 ? Math.log10(number.abs).floor : 0
+      display_exponent = unit_exponents.find{ |e| number_exponent >= e } || 0
+      number  /= 10 ** display_exponent
+
+      unit = case units
+      when Hash
+        units[DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]]
+      when String, Symbol
+        I18n.translate(:"#{units}.#{DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
+      else
+        I18n.translate(:"number.human.decimal_units.units.#{DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
+      end
+
+      decimal_format = options[:format] || I18n.translate(:'number.human.decimal_units.format', :locale => options[:locale], :default => "%n %u")
+      formatted_number = self.number_to_rounded(number, options)
+      decimal_format.gsub(/%n/, formatted_number).gsub(/%u/, unit).strip
+    end
+
+    def self.private_module_and_instance_method(method_name)
+      private method_name
+      private_class_method method_name
+    end
+    private_class_method :private_module_and_instance_method
+
+    def format_translations(namespace, locale) #:nodoc:
+      defaults_translations(locale).merge(translations_for(namespace, locale))
+    end
+    private_module_and_instance_method :format_translations
+
+    def defaults_translations(locale) #:nodoc:
+      I18n.translate(:'number.format', :locale => locale, :default => {})
+    end
+    private_module_and_instance_method :defaults_translations
+
+    def translations_for(namespace, locale) #:nodoc:
+      I18n.translate(:"number.#{namespace}.format", :locale => locale, :default => {})
+    end
+    private_module_and_instance_method :translations_for
+
+    def valid_float?(number) #:nodoc:
+      Float(number)
+    rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+      false
+    end
+    private_module_and_instance_method :valid_float?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
index 8edd3960c7..1a3693f766 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,20 @@ YAML.add_builtin_type("omap") do |type, val|
 end
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  # The order of iteration over hashes in Ruby 1.8 is undefined. For example, you do not know the
-  # order in which +keys+ will return keys, or +each+ yield pairs. <tt>ActiveSupport::OrderedHash</tt>
-  # implements a hash that preserves insertion order, as in Ruby 1.9:
+  # <tt>ActiveSupport::OrderedHash</tt> implements a hash that preserves
+  # insertion order.
   #
   #   oh = ActiveSupport::OrderedHash.new
   #   oh[:a] = 1
   #   oh[:b] = 2
   #   oh.keys # => [:a, :b], this order is guaranteed
   #
-  # <tt>ActiveSupport::OrderedHash</tt> is namespaced to prevent conflicts with other implementations.
+  # Also, maps the +omap+ feature for YAML files
+  # (See http://yaml.org/type/omap.html) to support ordered items
+  # when loading from yaml.
+  #
+  # <tt>ActiveSupport::OrderedHash</tt> is namespaced to prevent conflicts
+  # with other implementations.
   class OrderedHash < ::Hash
     def to_yaml_type
       "!tag:yaml.org,2002:omap"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
index 538e41e0eb..60e6cd55ad 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    def respond_to?(name)
+    def respond_to_missing?(name, include_private)
       true
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
index f696716cc8..30ac881090 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
@@ -8,30 +8,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     initializer "active_support.deprecation_behavior" do |app|
       if deprecation = app.config.active_support.deprecation
         ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = deprecation
-      else
-        defaults = {"development" => :log,
-                    "production"  => :notify,
-                    "test"        => :stderr}
-
-        env = Rails.env
-
-        if defaults.key?(env)
-          msg = "You did not specify how you would like Rails to report " \
-                "deprecation notices for your #{env} environment, please " \
-                "set config.active_support.deprecation to :#{defaults[env]} " \
-                "at config/environments/#{env}.rb"
-
-          warn msg
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = defaults[env]
-        else
-          msg = "You did not specify how you would like Rails to report " \
-                "deprecation notices for your #{env} environment, please " \
-                "set config.active_support.deprecation to :log, :notify or " \
-                ":stderr at config/environments/#{env}.rb"
-
-          warn msg
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :stderr
-        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -42,12 +18,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
       zone_default = Time.find_zone!(app.config.time_zone)
 
       unless zone_default
-        raise \
-          'Value assigned to config.time_zone not recognized.' +
+        raise 'Value assigned to config.time_zone not recognized. ' \
           'Run "rake -D time" for a list of tasks for finding appropriate time zone names.'
       end
 
       Time.zone_default = zone_default
     end
+
+    initializer "active_support.set_configs" do |app|
+      app.config.active_support.each do |k, v|
+        k = "#{k}="
+        ActiveSupport.send(k, v) if ActiveSupport.respond_to? k
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
index 0f4a06468a..7aecdd11d3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #       end
       #   end
       #
+      # Exceptions raised inside exception handlers are not propagated up.
       def rescue_from(*klasses, &block)
         options = klasses.extract_options!
 
@@ -108,7 +109,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
       when Symbol
         method(rescuer)
       when Proc
-        rescuer.bind(self)
+        if rescuer.arity == 0
+          Proc.new { instance_exec(&rescuer) }
+        else
+          Proc.new { |_exception| instance_exec(_exception, &rescuer) }
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ruby/shim.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ruby/shim.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 13e96b3596..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ruby/shim.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# Backported Ruby builtins so you can code with the latest & greatest
-# but still run on any Ruby 1.8.x.
-#
-# Date        next_year, next_month
-# DateTime    to_date, to_datetime, xmlschema
-# Enumerable  group_by, none?
-# String      ord
-# Time        to_date, to_time, to_datetime
-require 'active_support'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date/calculations'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/interpolation'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
index f6ad861353..9cd8ac36bc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'logger'
 require 'active_support/logger'
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  # Wraps any standard Logger object to provide tagging capabilities. Examples:
+  # Wraps any standard Logger object to provide tagging capabilities.
   #
   #   logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Logger.new(STDOUT))
   #   logger.tagged("BCX") { logger.info "Stuff" }                            # Logs "[BCX] Stuff"
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # This is used by the default Rails.logger as configured by Railties to make it easy to stamp log lines
   # with subdomains, request ids, and anything else to aid debugging of multi-user production applications.
   module TaggedLogging
-    class Formatter < ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter # :nodoc:
+    module Formatter # :nodoc:
       # This method is invoked when a log event occurs
       def call(severity, timestamp, progname, msg)
-        super(severity, timestamp, progname, "#{tags_text}#{msg}")
+        super(severity, timestamp, progname, "#{tags_text} #{msg}".lstrip)
       end
 
       def clear!
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def tags_text
         tags = current_tags
         if tags.any?
-          tags.collect { |tag| "[#{tag}] " }.join
+          tags.collect { |tag| "[#{tag}]" }.join(' ')
         end
       end
     end
 
     def self.new(logger)
-      logger.formatter = Formatter.new
+      logger.formatter.extend Formatter
       logger.extend(self)
     end
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       tags     = formatter.current_tags
       new_tags = new_tags.flatten.reject(&:blank?)
       tags.concat new_tags
-      yield
+      yield self
     ensure
       tags.pop(new_tags.size)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
index 9a52c916ec..d2b8e602f9 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
@@ -1,29 +1,25 @@
+gem 'minitest' # make sure we get the gem, not stdlib
 require 'minitest/spec'
 require 'active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown'
 require 'active_support/testing/assertions'
 require 'active_support/testing/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/testing/declarative'
 require 'active_support/testing/isolation'
-require 'active_support/testing/mochaing'
+require 'active_support/testing/mocha_module'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase < ::MiniTest::Spec
 
-    if MiniTest::Unit::VERSION < '2.6.1'
-      class << self
-        alias :name :to_s
-      end
-    end
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::MochaModule
 
     # Use AS::TestCase for the base class when describing a model
     register_spec_type(self) do |desc|
-      desc < ActiveRecord::Model
+      Class === desc && desc < ActiveRecord::Model
     end
 
     Assertion = MiniTest::Assertion
-    alias_method :method_name, :name if method_defined? :name
-    alias_method :method_name, :__name__ if method_defined? :__name__
+    alias_method :method_name, :__name__
 
     $tags = {}
     def self.for_tag(tag)
@@ -39,7 +35,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Assertions
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Deprecation
-    extend ActiveSupport::Testing::Declarative
+
+    def self.describe(text)
+      if block_given?
+        super
+      else
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("`describe` without a block is deprecated, please switch to: `def self.name; #{text.inspect}; end`\n")
+
+        class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def self.name
+            "#{text}"
+          end
+        RUBY_EVAL
+      end
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      alias :test :it
+    end
 
     # test/unit backwards compatibility methods
     alias :assert_raise :assert_raises
@@ -48,6 +61,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
     alias :assert_no_match :refute_match
     alias :assert_not_same :refute_same
 
+    # Fails if the block raises an exception.
+    #
+    #   assert_nothing_raised do
+    #     ...
+    #   end
     def assert_nothing_raised(*args)
       yield
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
index d84595fa8f..ee1a647ed8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -3,45 +3,46 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Assertions
-      # Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated
-      # in the yielded block.
+      # Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a
+      # result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.
       #
       #   assert_difference 'Article.count' do
-      #     post :create, :article => {...}
+      #     post :create, article: {...}
       #   end
       #
       # An arbitrary expression is passed in and evaluated.
       #
       #   assert_difference 'assigns(:article).comments(:reload).size' do
-      #     post :create, :comment => {...}
+      #     post :create, comment: {...}
       #   end
       #
-      # An arbitrary positive or negative difference can be specified. The default is +1.
+      # An arbitrary positive or negative difference can be specified.
+      # The default is <tt>1</tt>.
       #
       #   assert_difference 'Article.count', -1 do
-      #     post :delete, :id => ...
+      #     post :delete, id: ...
       #   end
       #
       # An array of expressions can also be passed in and evaluated.
       #
-      #   assert_difference [ 'Article.count', 'Post.count' ], +2 do
-      #     post :create, :article => {...}
+      #   assert_difference [ 'Article.count', 'Post.count' ], 2 do
+      #     post :create, article: {...}
       #   end
       #
       # A lambda or a list of lambdas can be passed in and evaluated:
       #
       #   assert_difference lambda { Article.count }, 2 do
-      #     post :create, :article => {...}
+      #     post :create, article: {...}
       #   end
       #
       #   assert_difference [->{ Article.count }, ->{ Post.count }], 2 do
-      #     post :create, :article => {...}
+      #     post :create, article: {...}
       #   end
       #
-      # A error message can be specified.
+      # An error message can be specified.
       #
-      #   assert_difference 'Article.count', -1, "An Article should be destroyed" do
-      #     post :delete, :id => ...
+      #   assert_difference 'Article.count', -1, 'An Article should be destroyed' do
+      #     post :delete, id: ...
       #   end
       def assert_difference(expression, difference = 1, message = nil, &block)
         expressions = Array(expression)
@@ -60,33 +61,43 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      # Assertion that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after
-      # invoking the passed in block.
+      # Assertion that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not
+      # changed before and after invoking the passed in block.
       #
       #   assert_no_difference 'Article.count' do
-      #     post :create, :article => invalid_attributes
+      #     post :create, article: invalid_attributes
       #   end
       #
-      # A error message can be specified.
+      # An error message can be specified.
       #
-      #   assert_no_difference 'Article.count', "An Article should not be created" do
-      #     post :create, :article => invalid_attributes
+      #   assert_no_difference 'Article.count', 'An Article should not be created' do
+      #     post :create, article: invalid_attributes
       #   end
       def assert_no_difference(expression, message = nil, &block)
         assert_difference expression, 0, message, &block
       end
 
-      # Test if an expression is blank. Passes if object.blank? is true.
+      # Test if an expression is blank. Passes if <tt>object.blank?</tt> is +true+.
       #
-      #   assert_blank [] # => true
+      #   assert_blank []   # => true
+      #   assert_blank [[]] # => [[]] is not blank
+      #
+      # An error message can be specified.
+      #
+      #   assert_blank [], 'this should be blank'
       def assert_blank(object, message=nil)
         message ||= "#{object.inspect} is not blank"
         assert object.blank?, message
       end
 
-      # Test if an expression is not blank. Passes if object.present? is true.
+      # Test if an expression is not blank. Passes if <tt>object.present?</tt> is +true+.
+      #
+      #   assert_present({ data: 'x' }) # => true
+      #   assert_present({})            # => {} is blank
+      #
+      # An error message can be specified.
       #
-      #   assert_present({:data => 'x' }) # => true
+      #   assert_present({ data: 'x' }, 'this should not be blank')
       def assert_present(object, message=nil)
         message ||= "#{object.inspect} is blank"
         assert object.present?, message
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c05d45888..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveSupport
-  module Testing
-    module Declarative
-
-      def self.extended(klass)
-        klass.class_eval do
-
-          unless method_defined?(:describe)
-            def self.describe(text)
-              class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                def self.name
-                  "#{text}"
-                end
-              RUBY_EVAL
-            end
-          end
-
-        end
-      end
-
-      unless defined?(Spec)
-        # test "verify something" do
-        #   ...
-        # end
-        def test(name, &block)
-          test_name = "test_#{name.gsub(/\s+/,'_')}".to_sym
-          defined = instance_method(test_name) rescue false
-          raise "#{test_name} is already defined in #{self}" if defined
-          if block_given?
-            define_method(test_name, &block)
-          else
-            define_method(test_name) do
-              flunk "No implementation provided for #{name}"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
index 1a0681e850..27d444fd91 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,45 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     module Isolation
+      require 'thread'
+
+      class ParallelEach
+        include Enumerable
+
+        # default to 2 cores
+        CORES = (ENV['TEST_CORES'] || 2).to_i
+
+        def initialize list
+          @list  = list
+          @queue = SizedQueue.new CORES
+        end
+
+        def grep pattern
+          self.class.new super
+        end
+
+        def each
+          threads = CORES.times.map {
+            Thread.new {
+              while job = @queue.pop
+                yield job
+              end
+            }
+          }
+          @list.each { |i| @queue << i }
+          CORES.times { @queue << nil }
+          threads.each(&:join)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.included(klass) #:nodoc:
+        klass.extend(Module.new {
+          def test_methods
+            ParallelEach.new super
+          end
+        })
+      end
+
       def self.forking_env?
         !ENV["NO_FORK"] && ((RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] !~ /mswin|mingw/) && (RUBY_PLATFORM !~ /java/))
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mocha_module.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mocha_module.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed2942d23a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mocha_module.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    module MochaModule
+      begin
+        require 'mocha_standalone'
+        include Mocha::API
+
+        def before_setup
+          mocha_setup
+          super
+        end
+
+        def after_teardown
+          super
+          mocha_verify
+          mocha_teardown
+        end
+      rescue LoadError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mochaing.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mochaing.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ad75a6681..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mochaing.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-begin
-  silence_warnings { require 'mocha' }
-rescue LoadError
-  # Fake Mocha::ExpectationError so we can rescue it in #run. Bleh.
-  Object.const_set :Mocha, Module.new
-  Mocha.const_set :ExpectationError, Class.new(StandardError)
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance.rb
index 244ee1a224..a6c57cd0ff 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 require 'fileutils'
-require 'rails/version'
 require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
-require 'action_view/helpers/number_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
+require 'active_support/number_helper'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         ensure
           begin
             teardown
-            run_callbacks :teardown, :enumerator => :reverse_each
+            run_callbacks :teardown
           rescue Exception => e
             result = @runner.puke(self.class, method_name, e)
           end
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def record; end
       end
 
-      class Benchmarker < Performer     
+      class Benchmarker < Performer
         def initialize(*args)
           super
           @supported = @metric.respond_to?('measure')
@@ -148,26 +148,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def environment
-          unless defined? @env
-            app = "#{$1}.#{$2}" if File.directory?('.git') && `git branch -v` =~ /^\* (\S+)\s+(\S+)/
-
-            rails = Rails::VERSION::STRING
-            if File.directory?('vendor/rails/.git')
-              Dir.chdir('vendor/rails') do
-                rails += ".#{$1}.#{$2}" if `git branch -v` =~ /^\* (\S+)\s+(\S+)/
-              end
-            end
-
-            ruby = "#{RUBY_ENGINE}-#{RUBY_VERSION}.#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}"
-
-            @env = [app, rails, ruby, RUBY_PLATFORM] * ','
-          end
-
-          @env
+          @env ||= [].tap do |env|
+            env << "#{$1}.#{$2}" if File.directory?('.git') && `git branch -v` =~ /^\* (\S+)\s+(\S+)/
+            env << rails_version if defined?(Rails::VERSION::STRING)
+            env << "#{RUBY_ENGINE}-#{RUBY_VERSION}.#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}"
+            env << RUBY_PLATFORM
+          end.join(',')
         end
 
         protected
-          HEADER = 'measurement,created_at,app,rails,ruby,platform'
+          if defined?(Rails::VERSION::STRING)
+            HEADER = 'measurement,created_at,app,rails,ruby,platform'
+          else
+            HEADER = 'measurement,created_at,app,ruby,platform'
+          end
 
           def with_output_file
             fname = output_filename
@@ -185,6 +179,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
           def output_filename
             "#{super}.csv"
           end
+
+          def rails_version
+            "rails-#{Rails::VERSION::STRING}#{rails_branch}"
+          end
+
+          def rails_branch
+            if File.directory?('vendor/rails/.git')
+              Dir.chdir('vendor/rails') do
+                ".#{$1}.#{$2}" if `git branch -v` =~ /^\* (\S+)\s+(\S+)/
+              end
+            end
+          end
       end
 
       module Metrics
@@ -195,7 +201,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         class Base
-          include ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper
+          include ActiveSupport::NumberHelper
 
           attr_reader :total
 
@@ -207,7 +213,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             @name ||= self.class.name.demodulize.underscore
           end
 
-          def benchmark            
+          def benchmark
             with_gc_stats do
               before = measure
               yield
@@ -239,7 +245,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         class Amount < Base
           def format(measurement)
-            number_with_delimiter(measurement.floor)
+            number_to_delimited(measurement.floor)
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance/jruby.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance/jruby.rb
index b347539f13..34e3f9f45f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance/jruby.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance/jruby.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           klasses.each do |klass|
             fname = output_filename(klass)
             FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(fname))
-            file = File.open(fname, 'wb') do |file|
+            File.open(fname, 'wb') do |file|
               klass.new(@data).printProfile(file)
             end
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance/ruby.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance/ruby.rb
index b7a34ea279..12aef0d7fe 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance/ruby.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/performance/ruby.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end).freeze
 
       protected
+        remove_method :run_gc
         def run_gc
           GC.start
         end
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           @supported = @metric.measure_mode rescue false
         end
 
+        remove_method :run
         def run
           return unless @supported
 
@@ -36,9 +38,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
           RubyProf.pause
           full_profile_options[:runs].to_i.times { run_test(@metric, :profile) }
           @data = RubyProf.stop
-          @total = @data.threads.values.sum(0) { |method_infos| method_infos.max.total_time }
+          @total = @data.threads.sum(0) { |thread| thread.methods.max.total_time }
         end
 
+        remove_method :record
         def record
           return unless @supported
 
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             self.class::Mode
           end
 
+          remove_method :profile
           def profile
             RubyProf.resume
             yield
@@ -86,6 +90,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
 
           protected
+            remove_method :with_gc_stats
             def with_gc_stats
               GC::Profiler.enable
               GC.start
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb
index 772c7b4209..a65148cf1f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       included do
         include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
         define_callbacks :setup, :teardown
-
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -22,24 +21,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      def run(runner)
-        result = '.'
-        begin
-          run_callbacks :setup do
-            result = super
-          end
-        rescue Exception => e
-          result = runner.puke(self.class, method_name, e)
-        ensure
-          begin
-            run_callbacks :teardown
-          rescue Exception => e
-            result = runner.puke(self.class, method_name, e)
-          end
-        end
-        result
+      def before_setup
+        super
+        run_callbacks :setup
       end
 
+      def after_teardown
+        run_callbacks :teardown
+        super
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
index 9634b52ecf..bcd5d78b54 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   autoload :Duration, 'active_support/duration'
   autoload :TimeWithZone, 'active_support/time_with_zone'
   autoload :TimeZone, 'active_support/values/time_zone'
-
-  on_load_all do
-    [Duration, TimeWithZone, TimeZone]
-  end
 end
 
 require 'date'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time/autoload.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time/autoload.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c9a7731b39..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time/autoload.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveSupport
-  autoload :Duration, 'active_support/duration'
-  autoload :TimeWithZone, 'active_support/time_with_zone'
-  autoload :TimeZone, 'active_support/values/time_zone'
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
index 1cb71012ef..451520ac5c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #
   # You shouldn't ever need to create a TimeWithZone instance directly via <tt>new</tt> . Instead use methods
   # +local+, +parse+, +at+ and +now+ on TimeZone instances, and +in_time_zone+ on Time and DateTime instances.
-  # Examples:
   #
   #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'        # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
   #   Time.zone.local(2007, 2, 10, 15, 30, 45)        # => Sat, 10 Feb 2007 15:30:45 EST -05:00
@@ -20,7 +19,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # See Time and TimeZone for further documentation of these methods.
   #
   # TimeWithZone instances implement the same API as Ruby Time instances, so that Time and TimeWithZone instances are interchangeable.
-  # Examples:
   #
   #   t = Time.zone.now                     # => Sun, 18 May 2008 13:27:25 EDT -04:00
   #   t.hour                                # => 13
@@ -35,8 +33,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   t.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)  # => true
   #
   class TimeWithZone
+
+    # Report class name as 'Time' to thwart type checking
     def self.name
-      'Time' # Report class name as 'Time' to thwart type checking
+      'Time'
     end
 
     include Comparable
@@ -120,8 +120,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # %Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S +offset style by setting <tt>ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format</tt>
     # to false.
     #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
     #   # With ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format = true
     #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone.to_json
     #   # => "2005-02-01T15:15:10Z"
@@ -311,16 +309,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     # Ensure proxy class responds to all methods that underlying time instance responds to.
-    def respond_to?(sym, include_priv = false)
+    def respond_to_missing?(sym, include_priv)
       # consistently respond false to acts_like?(:date), regardless of whether #time is a Time or DateTime
-      return false if sym.to_s == 'acts_like_date?'
-      super || time.respond_to?(sym, include_priv)
+      return false if sym.to_sym == :acts_like_date?
+      time.respond_to?(sym, include_priv)
     end
 
     # Send the missing method to +time+ instance, and wrap result in a new TimeWithZone with the existing +time_zone+.
     def method_missing(sym, *args, &block)
-      result = time.__send__(sym, *args, &block)
-      result.acts_like?(:time) ? self.class.new(nil, time_zone, result) : result
+      wrap_with_time_zone time.__send__(sym, *args, &block)
     end
 
     private
@@ -338,11 +335,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def transfer_time_values_to_utc_constructor(time)
-        ::Time.utc_time(time.year, time.month, time.day, time.hour, time.min, time.sec, time.respond_to?(:usec) ? time.usec : 0)
+        ::Time.utc_time(time.year, time.month, time.day, time.hour, time.min, time.sec, time.respond_to?(:nsec) ? Rational(time.nsec, 1000) : 0)
       end
 
       def duration_of_variable_length?(obj)
         ActiveSupport::Duration === obj && obj.parts.any? {|p| p[0].in?([:years, :months, :days]) }
       end
+
+      def wrap_with_time_zone(time)
+        if time.acts_like?(:time)
+          self.class.new(nil, time_zone, time)
+        elsif time.is_a?(Range)
+          wrap_with_time_zone(time.begin)..wrap_with_time_zone(time.end)
+        else
+          time
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
index bfbb838ea7..cc3e6a4bf3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     MAPPING = {
       "International Date Line West" => "Pacific/Midway",
       "Midway Island"                => "Pacific/Midway",
-      "Samoa"                        => "Pacific/Pago_Pago",
+      "American Samoa"               => "Pacific/Pago_Pago",
       "Hawaii"                       => "Pacific/Honolulu",
       "Alaska"                       => "America/Juneau",
       "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"   => "America/Los_Angeles",
@@ -167,15 +167,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "Marshall Is."                 => "Pacific/Majuro",
       "Auckland"                     => "Pacific/Auckland",
       "Wellington"                   => "Pacific/Auckland",
-      "Nuku'alofa"                   => "Pacific/Tongatapu"
-    }.each { |name, zone| name.freeze; zone.freeze }
-    MAPPING.freeze
+      "Nuku'alofa"                   => "Pacific/Tongatapu",
+      "Tokelau Is."                  => "Pacific/Fakaofo",
+      "Samoa"                        => "Pacific/Apia"
+    }
 
     UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON = '%s%02d:%02d'
     UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON = UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON.sub(':', '')
 
     # Assumes self represents an offset from UTC in seconds (as returned from Time#utc_offset)
-    # and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string. Example:
+    # and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string.
     #
     #   TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(-21_600) # => "-06:00"
     def self.seconds_to_utc_offset(seconds, colon = true)
@@ -203,6 +204,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @current_period = nil
     end
 
+    # Returns the offset of this time zone from UTC in seconds.
     def utc_offset
       if @utc_offset
         @utc_offset
@@ -237,7 +239,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "(GMT#{formatted_offset}) #{name}"
     end
 
-    # Method for creating new ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance in time zone of +self+ from given values. Example:
+    # Method for creating new ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance in time zone of +self+ from given values.
     #
     #   Time.zone = "Hawaii"                      # => "Hawaii"
     #   Time.zone.local(2007, 2, 1, 15, 30, 45)   # => Thu, 01 Feb 2007 15:30:45 HST -10:00
@@ -246,17 +248,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
       ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, self, time)
     end
 
-    # Method for creating new ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance in time zone of +self+ from number of seconds since the Unix epoch. Example:
+    # Method for creating new ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance in time zone of +self+ from number of seconds since the Unix epoch.
     #
     #   Time.zone = "Hawaii"        # => "Hawaii"
     #   Time.utc(2000).to_f         # => 946684800.0
     #   Time.zone.at(946684800.0)   # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
     def at(secs)
-      utc = Time.at(secs).utc rescue DateTime.civil(1970).since(secs)
-      utc.in_time_zone(self)
+      Time.at(secs).utc.in_time_zone(self)
     end
 
-    # Method for creating new ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance in time zone of +self+ from parsed string. Example:
+    # Method for creating new ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance in time zone of +self+ from parsed string.
     #
     #   Time.zone = "Hawaii"                      # => "Hawaii"
     #   Time.zone.parse('1999-12-31 14:00:00')    # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
@@ -267,9 +268,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   Time.zone.parse('22:30:00')   # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 22:30:00 HST -10:00
     def parse(str, now=now)
       date_parts = Date._parse(str)
-      return if date_parts.blank?
+      return if date_parts.empty?
       time = Time.parse(str, now) rescue DateTime.parse(str)
+
       if date_parts[:offset].nil?
+        if date_parts[:hour] && time.hour != date_parts[:hour]
+          time = DateTime.parse(str)
+        end
+
         ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, self, time)
       else
         time.in_time_zone(self)
@@ -277,12 +283,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     # Returns an ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance representing the current time
-    # in the time zone represented by +self+. Example:
+    # in the time zone represented by +self+.
     #
     #   Time.zone = 'Hawaii'  # => "Hawaii"
     #   Time.zone.now         # => Wed, 23 Jan 2008 20:24:27 HST -10:00
     def now
-      Time.now.utc.in_time_zone(self)
+      time_now.utc.in_time_zone(self)
     end
 
     # Return the current date in this time zone.
@@ -391,5 +397,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
         end
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def time_now
+      Time.now
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
index 677e9910bb..88f9acb588 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "TrueClass"  => "boolean",
       "FalseClass" => "boolean",
       "Date"       => "date",
-      "DateTime"   => "datetime",
-      "Time"       => "datetime",
+      "DateTime"   => "dateTime",
+      "Time"       => "dateTime",
       "Array"      => "array",
       "Hash"       => "hash"
     } unless defined?(TYPE_NAMES)
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     FORMATTING = {
       "symbol"   => Proc.new { |symbol| symbol.to_s },
       "date"     => Proc.new { |date| date.to_s(:db) },
-      "datetime" => Proc.new { |time| time.xmlschema },
+      "dateTime" => Proc.new { |time| time.xmlschema },
       "binary"   => Proc.new { |binary| ::Base64.encode64(binary) },
       "yaml"     => Proc.new { |yaml| yaml.to_yaml }
     } unless defined?(FORMATTING)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if name.is_a?(Module)
         @backend = name
       else
-        require "active_support/xml_mini/#{name.to_s.downcase}"
+        require "active_support/xml_mini/#{name.downcase}"
         @backend = ActiveSupport.const_get("XmlMini_#{name}")
       end
     end
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         type_name ||= TYPE_NAMES[value.class.name]
         type_name ||= value.class.name if value && !value.respond_to?(:to_str)
         type_name   = type_name.to_s   if type_name
+        type_name   = "dateTime" if type_name == "datetime"
 
         key = rename_key(key.to_s, options)
 
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "#{left}#{middle.tr('_ ', '--')}#{right}"
     end
 
-	  # TODO: Add support for other encodings
+    # TODO: Add support for other encodings
     def _parse_binary(bin, entity) #:nodoc:
       case entity['encoding']
       when 'base64'
diff --git a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 40e25ce0cd..25ed962c23 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@ ensure
   $VERBOSE = old
 end
 
-lib = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../lib")
-$:.unshift(lib) unless $:.include?('lib') || $:.include?(lib)
-
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/encoding'
 
@@ -21,8 +18,6 @@ end
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'empty_bool'
 
-silence_warnings { require 'mocha' }
-
 ENV['NO_RELOAD'] = '1'
 require 'active_support'
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
index b03865da93..a75db47be8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
@@ -69,6 +69,10 @@ class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_expand_cache_key_of_true
     assert_equal 'true', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(true)
   end
+  
+  def test_expand_cache_key_of_array_like_object
+    assert_equal 'foo/bar/baz', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(%w{foo bar baz}.to_enum)
+  end
 end
 
 class CacheStoreSettingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -549,6 +553,9 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:file_store, cache_dir, :expires_in => 60)
     @peek = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:file_store, cache_dir, :expires_in => 60)
     @cache_with_pathname = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:file_store, Pathname.new(cache_dir), :expires_in => 60)
+
+    @buffer = StringIO.new
+    @cache.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(@buffer)
   end
 
   def teardown
@@ -564,6 +571,13 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include CacheDeleteMatchedBehavior
   include CacheIncrementDecrementBehavior
 
+  def test_clear
+    filepath = File.join(cache_dir, ".gitkeep")
+    FileUtils.touch(filepath)
+    @cache.clear
+    assert File.exist?(filepath)
+  end
+
   def test_key_transformation
     key = @cache.send(:key_file_path, "views/index?id=1")
     assert_equal "views/index?id=1", @cache.send(:file_path_key, key)
@@ -575,6 +589,16 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "views/index?id=1", @cache_with_pathname.send(:file_path_key, key)
   end
 
+  # Test that generated cache keys are short enough to have Tempfile stuff added to them and 
+  # remain valid
+  def test_filename_max_size
+    key = "#{'A' * ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore::FILENAME_MAX_SIZE}"
+    path = @cache.send(:key_file_path, key)
+    Dir::Tmpname.create(path) do |tmpname, n, opts|
+      assert File.basename(tmpname+'.lock').length <= 255, "Temp filename too long: #{File.basename(tmpname+'.lock').length}"
+    end
+  end
+
   # Because file systems have a maximum filename size, filenames > max size should be split in to directories
   # If filename is 'AAAAB', where max size is 4, the returned path should be AAAA/B
   def test_key_transformation_max_filename_size
@@ -591,6 +615,12 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore.new('/test/cache/directory').delete_matched(/does_not_exist/)
     end
   end
+
+  def test_log_exception_when_cache_read_fails
+    File.expects(:exist?).raises(StandardError, "failed")
+    @cache.send(:read_entry, "winston", {})
+    assert_present @buffer.string
+  end
 end
 
 class MemoryStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -663,6 +693,13 @@ class MemoryStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @cache.exist?(2)
     assert !@cache.exist?(1)
   end
+
+  def test_write_with_unless_exist
+    assert_equal true, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa")
+    assert_equal false, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa", :unless_exist => true)
+    @cache.write(1, nil)
+    assert_equal false, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa", :unless_exist => true)
+  end
 end
 
 uses_memcached 'memcached backed store' do
diff --git a/activesupport/test/callback_inheritance_test.rb b/activesupport/test/callback_inheritance_test.rb
index e5ac9511df..6be8ea8b84 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/callback_inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/callback_inheritance_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class GrandParent
   end
 
   def dispatch
-    run_callbacks(:dispatch, action_name) do
+    run_callbacks :dispatch do
       @log << action_name
     end
     self
diff --git a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
index 25688a9da5..b7c3b130c3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
 
     def dispatch
-      run_callbacks :dispatch, action_name do
+      run_callbacks :dispatch do
         @logger << "Done"
       end
       self
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
 
     def save
-      run_callbacks :save, :action
+      run_callbacks :save
     end
   end
 
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
 
     def save
-      run_callbacks :save, "hyphen-ated" do
+      run_callbacks :save do
         @stuff
       end
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb b/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
index 32e346bb48..b14950acb3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ class BacktraceCleanerFilterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @bc.add_filter { |line| line.gsub("/my/prefix", '') }
   end
 
-  test "backtrace should not contain prefix when it has been filtered out" do
-    assert_equal "/my/class.rb", @bc.clean([ "/my/prefix/my/class.rb" ]).first
+  test "backtrace should filter all lines in a backtrace, removing prefixes" do
+    assert_equal \
+        ["/my/class.rb", "/my/module.rb"],
+        @bc.clean(["/my/prefix/my/class.rb", "/my/prefix/my/module.rb"])
   end
 
   test "backtrace cleaner should allow removing filters" do
@@ -19,11 +21,6 @@ class BacktraceCleanerFilterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "/my/other_prefix/my/class.rb", @bc.clean([ "/my/other_prefix/my/class.rb" ]).first
   end
 
-  test "backtrace should filter all lines in a backtrace" do
-    assert_equal \
-      ["/my/class.rb", "/my/module.rb"],
-      @bc.clean([ "/my/prefix/my/class.rb", "/my/prefix/my/module.rb" ])
-  end
 end
 
 class BacktraceCleanerSilencerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
index 2e5ea2c360..da7729d066 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ class ConfigurableActiveSupport < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class Parent
     include ActiveSupport::Configurable
     config_accessor :foo
-    config_accessor :bar, :instance_reader => false, :instance_writer => false
+    config_accessor :bar, instance_reader: false, instance_writer: false
+    config_accessor :baz, instance_accessor: false
   end
 
   class Child < Parent
@@ -19,13 +20,13 @@ class ConfigurableActiveSupport < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "adds a configuration hash" do
-    assert_equal({ :foo => :bar }, Parent.config)
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, Parent.config)
   end
 
   test "adds a configuration hash to a module as well" do
     mixin = Module.new { include ActiveSupport::Configurable }
     mixin.config.foo = :bar
-    assert_equal({ :foo => :bar }, mixin.config)
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, mixin.config)
   end
 
   test "configuration hash is inheritable" do
@@ -39,8 +40,12 @@ class ConfigurableActiveSupport < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "configuration accessors is not available on instance" do
     instance = Parent.new
+
     assert !instance.respond_to?(:bar)
     assert !instance.respond_to?(:bar=)
+
+    assert !instance.respond_to?(:baz)
+    assert !instance.respond_to?(:baz=)
   end
 
   test "configuration hash is available on instance" do
@@ -71,6 +76,15 @@ class ConfigurableActiveSupport < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_method_defined child.new.config, :bar
   end
 
+  test "should raise name error if attribute name is invalid" do
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do 
+        include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+        config_accessor "invalid attribute name"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def assert_method_defined(object, method)
     methods = object.public_methods.map(&:to_s)
     assert methods.include?(method.to_s), "Expected #{methods.inspect} to include #{method.to_s.inspect}"
@@ -80,4 +94,4 @@ class ConfigurableActiveSupport < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     methods = object.public_methods.map(&:to_s)
     assert !methods.include?(method.to_s), "Expected #{methods.inspect} to not include #{method.to_s.inspect}"
   end
-end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
index 135f894056..ec05213409 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,41 @@
 module Ace
   module Base
     class Case
+      class Dice
+      end
+    end
+    class Fase < Case
+    end
+  end
+  class Gas
+    include Base
+  end
+end
+
+class Object
+  module AddtlGlobalConstants
+    class Case
+      class Dice
+      end
     end
   end
+  include AddtlGlobalConstants
 end
 
 module ConstantizeTestCases
   def run_constantize_tests_on
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("Ace::Base::Case") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("::Ace::Base::Case") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Case::Dice") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Base::Fase::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Fase::Dice") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case, yield("Ace::Gas::Case") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Gas::Case::Dice") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("::ConstantizeTestCases") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Object, yield("") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Object, yield("::") }
     assert_raise(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass") }
     assert_raise(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace") }
     assert_raise(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace::Base") }
@@ -18,13 +43,23 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_raise(NameError) { yield("InvalidClass\n") }
     assert_raise(NameError) { yield("Ace::ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_raise(NameError) { yield("Ace::Base::ConstantizeTestCases") }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { yield("Ace::Gas::Base") }
+    assert_raise(NameError) { yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases") }
   end
 
   def run_safe_constantize_tests_on
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("Ace::Base::Case") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("::Ace::Base::Case") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Case::Dice") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Base::Fase::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Fase::Dice") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case, yield("Ace::Gas::Case") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Gas::Case::Dice") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("::ConstantizeTestCases") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Object, yield("") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal Object, yield("::") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("UnknownClass") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("UnknownClass::Ace") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("UnknownClass::Ace::Base") }
@@ -33,6 +68,8 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("blargle") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("Ace::ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("Ace::Base::ConstantizeTestCases") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("Ace::Gas::Base") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_nothing_raised { assert_equal nil, yield("#<Class:0x7b8b718b>::Nested_1") }
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
index 58835c0ac5..9dfa2cbf11 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
@@ -90,6 +90,12 @@ class ArrayExtToSentenceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_one_non_string_element
     assert_equal '1', [1].to_sentence
   end
+
+  def test_does_not_modify_given_hash
+    options = { words_connector: ' ' }
+    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(options)
+    assert_equal({ words_connector: ' ' }, options)
+  end
 end
 
 class ArrayExtToSTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
index e24a089650..a5987044b9 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
@@ -14,4 +14,9 @@ class BigDecimalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     bd = BigDecimal.new '10'
     assert_equal bd, bd.to_d
   end
+  
+  def test_to_s
+    bd = BigDecimal.new '0.01'
+    assert_equal '0.01', bd.to_s
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb
index 3822e7af66..8d827f054e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb
@@ -42,4 +42,18 @@ class ClassAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !@object.respond_to?(:camp)
     assert !@object.respond_to?(:camp=)
   end
+
+  def test_should_raise_name_error_if_attribute_name_is_invalid
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        cattr_reader "invalid attribute name"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        cattr_writer "invalid attribute name"
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_test.rb
index e290a6e012..1c3ba8a7a0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_test.rb
@@ -66,6 +66,13 @@ class ClassAttributeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { object.setting? }
   end
 
+  test 'disabling both instance writer and reader' do
+    object = Class.new { class_attribute :setting, :instance_accessor => false }.new
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { object.setting }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { object.setting? }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { object.setting = 'boom' }
+  end
+
   test 'works well with singleton classes' do
     object = @klass.new
     object.singleton_class.setting = 'foo'
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
index 760d138623..088b74a29a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
@@ -289,6 +289,18 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Date.new(2004, 2, 29), Date.new(2004, 3, 31).last_month
   end
 
+  def test_next_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal Date.new(2005, 11, 30), Date.new(2005, 8, 31).next_quarter
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 2, 29), Date.new(2004, 5, 31).prev_quarter
+  end
+
+  def test_last_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 2, 29), Date.new(2004, 5, 31).last_quarter
+  end
+
   def test_yesterday_constructor
     assert_equal Date.current - 1, Date.yesterday
   end
@@ -374,14 +386,14 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_end_of_day
-    assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,21,23,59,59,999999.999), Date.new(2005,2,21).end_of_day
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,21,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Date.new(2005,2,21).end_of_day
   end
 
   def test_end_of_day_when_zone_is_set
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     with_env_tz 'UTC' do
       with_tz_default zone do
-        assert_equal zone.local(2005,2,21,23,59,59,999999.999), Date.new(2005,2,21).end_of_day
+        assert_equal zone.local(2005,2,21,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Date.new(2005,2,21).end_of_day
         assert_equal zone, Date.new(2005,2,21).end_of_day.time_zone
       end
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
index cd8cb5d18b..21b7efdc73 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
@@ -91,6 +91,14 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,23,59,59), DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,10,10,10).end_of_day
   end
 
+  def test_beginning_of_hour
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,19,0,0), DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,19,30,10).beginning_of_hour
+  end
+
+  def test_end_of_hour
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,19,59,59), DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,19,30,10).end_of_hour
+  end
+
   def test_beginning_of_month
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,0,0,0), DateTime.civil(2005,2,22,10,10,10).beginning_of_month
   end
@@ -263,6 +271,18 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2004, 2, 29), DateTime.civil(2004, 3, 31).last_month
   end
 
+  def test_next_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005, 11, 30), DateTime.civil(2005, 8, 31).next_quarter
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2004, 2, 29), DateTime.civil(2004, 5, 31).prev_quarter
+  end
+
+  def test_last_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2004, 2, 29), DateTime.civil(2004, 5, 31).last_quarter
+  end
+
   def test_xmlschema
     assert_match(/^1880-02-28T15:15:10\+00:?00$/, DateTime.civil(1880, 2, 28, 15, 15, 10).xmlschema)
     assert_match(/^1980-02-28T15:15:10\+00:?00$/, DateTime.civil(1980, 2, 28, 15, 15, 10).xmlschema)
@@ -407,6 +427,7 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_to_i
     assert_equal 946684800, DateTime.civil(2000).to_i
+    assert_equal 946684800, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,19,0,0,Rational(-5,24)).to_i
   end
 
   protected
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91d558dbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class DeepDupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+  def test_array_deep_dup
+    array = [1, [2, 3]]
+    dup = array.deep_dup
+    dup[1][2] = 4
+    assert_equal nil, array[1][2]
+    assert_equal 4, dup[1][2]
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_deep_dup
+    hash = { :a => { :b => 'b' } }
+    dup = hash.deep_dup
+    dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
+    assert_equal nil, hash[:a][:c]
+    assert_equal 'c', dup[:a][:c]
+  end
+
+  def test_array_deep_dup_with_hash_inside
+    array = [1, { :a => 2, :b => 3 } ]
+    dup = array.deep_dup
+    dup[1][:c] = 4
+    assert_equal nil, array[1][:c]
+    assert_equal 4, dup[1][:c]
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_deep_dup_with_array_inside
+    hash = { :a => [1, 2] }
+    dup = hash.deep_dup
+    dup[:a][2] = 'c'
+    assert_equal nil, hash[:a][2]
+    assert_equal 'c', dup[:a][2]
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_dup_initialize
+    zero_hash = Hash.new 0
+    hash = { :a => zero_hash }
+    dup = hash.deep_dup
+    assert_equal 0, dup[:a][44]
+  end
+
+  def test_object_deep_dup
+    object = Object.new
+    dup = object.deep_dup
+    dup.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
+    assert !object.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)
+    assert dup.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
index 3e54266051..e0566e012c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
@@ -4,9 +4,17 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 
 class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  RAISE_DUP  = [nil, false, true, :symbol, 1, 2.3, BigDecimal.new('4.56'), 5.seconds]
-  YES = ['1', Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now]
-  NO = [Class.new, Module.new]
+  RAISE_DUP  = [nil, false, true, :symbol, 1, 2.3, 5.seconds]
+  YES = ['1', Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new]
+  NO = []
+
+  begin
+    bd = BigDecimal.new('4.56')
+    YES << bd.dup
+  rescue TypeError
+    RAISE_DUP << bd
+  end
+
 
   def test_duplicable
     (RAISE_DUP + NO).each do |v|
@@ -14,7 +22,7 @@ class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 
     YES.each do |v|
-      assert v.duplicable?
+      assert v.duplicable?, "#{v.class} should be duplicable"
     end
 
     (YES + NO).each do |v|
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
index 0bf48dd378..0a1abac767 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
@@ -84,6 +84,11 @@ class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 10, (1..4.5).sum
     assert_equal 6, (1...4).sum
     assert_equal 'abc', ('a'..'c').sum
+    assert_equal 50_000_005_000_000, (0..10_000_000).sum
+    assert_equal 0, (10..0).sum
+    assert_equal 5, (10..0).sum(5)
+    assert_equal 10, (10..10).sum
+    assert_equal 42, (10...10).sum(42)
   end
 
   def test_index_by
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
index 50c9c57aa6..128e956a8c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AtomicWriteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert File.exist?(file_name)
     end
     assert File.exist?(file_name)
-    assert_equal 0100755, file_mode
+    assert_equal 0100755 & ~File.umask, file_mode
     assert_equal contents, File.read(file_name)
 
     File.atomic_write(file_name, Dir.pwd) do |file|
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class AtomicWriteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert File.exist?(file_name)
     end
     assert File.exist?(file_name)
-    assert_equal 0100755, file_mode
+    assert_equal 0100755 & ~File.umask, file_mode
     assert_equal contents, File.read(file_name)
   ensure
     File.unlink(file_name) rescue nil
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class AtomicWriteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert !File.exist?(file_name)
     end
     assert File.exist?(file_name)
-    assert_equal 0100666 ^ File.umask, file_mode
+    assert_equal 0100666 & ~File.umask, file_mode
     assert_equal contents, File.read(file_name)
   ensure
     File.unlink(file_name) rescue nil
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
index d71e3f968f..4dc9f57038 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 require 'active_support/ordered_hash'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
 require 'active_support/inflections'
 
 class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -24,56 +25,207 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @strings = { 'a' => 1, 'b' => 2 }
+    @nested_strings = { 'a' => { 'b' => { 'c' => 3 } } }
     @symbols = { :a  => 1, :b  => 2 }
+    @nested_symbols = { :a => { :b => { :c => 3 } } }
     @mixed   = { :a  => 1, 'b' => 2 }
+    @nested_mixed   = { 'a' => { :b => { 'c' => 3 } } }
     @fixnums = {  0  => 1,  1  => 2 }
+    @nested_fixnums = {  0  => { 1  => { 2 => 3} } }
     @illegal_symbols = { [] => 3 }
+    @nested_illegal_symbols = { [] => { [] => 3} }
+    @upcase_strings = { 'A' => 1, 'B' => 2 }
+    @nested_upcase_strings = { 'A' => { 'B' => { 'C' => 3 } } }
   end
 
   def test_methods
     h = {}
+    assert_respond_to h, :transform_keys
+    assert_respond_to h, :transform_keys!
+    assert_respond_to h, :deep_transform_keys
+    assert_respond_to h, :deep_transform_keys!
     assert_respond_to h, :symbolize_keys
     assert_respond_to h, :symbolize_keys!
+    assert_respond_to h, :deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_respond_to h, :deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_respond_to h, :stringify_keys
     assert_respond_to h, :stringify_keys!
+    assert_respond_to h, :deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_respond_to h, :deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_respond_to h, :to_options
     assert_respond_to h, :to_options!
   end
 
+  def test_transform_keys
+    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @strings.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @symbols.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @mixed.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_keys_not_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @mixed.dup
+    transformed_hash.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @mixed, transformed_hash
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_transform_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_transform_keys_not_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @nested_mixed.deep_dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @nested_mixed, transformed_hash
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_keys!
+    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @symbols.dup.transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @strings.dup.transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @mixed.dup.transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+  end
+
+  def test_transform_keys_with_bang_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @mixed.dup
+    transformed_hash.transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_strings, transformed_hash
+    assert_equal @mixed, { :a => 1, "b" => 2 }
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_transform_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_transform_keys_with_bang_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @nested_mixed.deep_dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, transformed_hash
+    assert_equal @nested_mixed, { 'a' => { :b => { 'c' => 3 } } }
+  end
+
   def test_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @symbols, @symbols.symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @symbols, @strings.symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @symbols, @mixed.symbolize_keys
   end
 
+  def test_symbolize_keys_not_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @mixed.dup
+    transformed_hash.symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @mixed, transformed_hash
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_symbolize_keys
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys_not_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @nested_mixed.deep_dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_mixed, transformed_hash
+  end
+
   def test_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @symbols, @symbols.dup.symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @symbols, @strings.dup.symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @symbols, @mixed.dup.symbolize_keys!
   end
 
+  def test_symbolize_keys_with_bang_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @mixed.dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbols, transformed_hash
+    assert_equal @mixed, { :a => 1, "b" => 2 }
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys_with_bang_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @nested_mixed.deep_dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, transformed_hash
+    assert_equal @nested_mixed, { 'a' => { :b => { 'c' => 3 } } }
+  end
+
   def test_symbolize_keys_preserves_keys_that_cant_be_symbolized
     assert_equal @illegal_symbols, @illegal_symbols.symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @illegal_symbols, @illegal_symbols.dup.symbolize_keys!
   end
 
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys_preserves_keys_that_cant_be_symbolized
+    assert_equal @nested_illegal_symbols, @nested_illegal_symbols.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_illegal_symbols, @nested_illegal_symbols.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+  end
+
   def test_symbolize_keys_preserves_fixnum_keys
     assert_equal @fixnums, @fixnums.symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @fixnums, @fixnums.dup.symbolize_keys!
   end
 
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys_preserves_fixnum_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_fixnums, @nested_fixnums.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_fixnums, @nested_fixnums.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+  end
+
   def test_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @strings, @symbols.stringify_keys
     assert_equal @strings, @strings.stringify_keys
     assert_equal @strings, @mixed.stringify_keys
   end
 
+  def test_stringify_keys_not_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @mixed.dup
+    transformed_hash.stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @mixed, transformed_hash
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_stringify_keys
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_stringify_keys_not_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @nested_mixed.deep_dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_mixed, transformed_hash
+  end
+
   def test_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @strings, @symbols.dup.stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @strings, @strings.dup.stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @strings, @mixed.dup.stringify_keys!
   end
 
+  def test_stringify_keys_with_bang_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @mixed.dup
+    transformed_hash.stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @strings, transformed_hash
+    assert_equal @mixed, { :a => 1, "b" => 2 }
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_stringify_keys_with_bang_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @nested_mixed.deep_dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, transformed_hash
+    assert_equal @nested_mixed, { 'a' => { :b => { 'c' => 3 } } }
+  end
+
   def test_symbolize_keys_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
     assert_instance_of Hash, @symbols.with_indifferent_access.symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @symbols, @symbols.with_indifferent_access.symbolize_keys
@@ -81,22 +233,46 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @symbols, @mixed.with_indifferent_access.symbolize_keys
   end
 
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    assert_instance_of Hash, @nested_symbols.with_indifferent_access.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.with_indifferent_access.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.with_indifferent_access.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.with_indifferent_access.deep_symbolize_keys
+  end
+
+
   def test_symbolize_keys_bang_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @symbols.with_indifferent_access.dup.symbolize_keys! }
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @strings.with_indifferent_access.dup.symbolize_keys! }
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @mixed.with_indifferent_access.dup.symbolize_keys! }
   end
 
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys_bang_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @nested_symbols.with_indifferent_access.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys! }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @nested_strings.with_indifferent_access.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys! }
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @nested_mixed.with_indifferent_access.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys! }
+  end
+
   def test_symbolize_keys_preserves_keys_that_cant_be_symbolized_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
     assert_equal @illegal_symbols, @illegal_symbols.with_indifferent_access.symbolize_keys
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @illegal_symbols.with_indifferent_access.dup.symbolize_keys! }
   end
 
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys_preserves_keys_that_cant_be_symbolized_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    assert_equal @nested_illegal_symbols, @nested_illegal_symbols.with_indifferent_access.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @nested_illegal_symbols.with_indifferent_access.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys! }
+  end
+
   def test_symbolize_keys_preserves_fixnum_keys_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
     assert_equal @fixnums, @fixnums.with_indifferent_access.symbolize_keys
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @fixnums.with_indifferent_access.dup.symbolize_keys! }
   end
 
+  def test_deep_symbolize_keys_preserves_fixnum_keys_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    assert_equal @nested_fixnums, @nested_fixnums.with_indifferent_access.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @nested_fixnums.with_indifferent_access.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys! }
+  end
+
   def test_stringify_keys_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
     assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, @symbols.with_indifferent_access.stringify_keys
     assert_equal @strings, @symbols.with_indifferent_access.stringify_keys
@@ -104,6 +280,13 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @strings, @mixed.with_indifferent_access.stringify_keys
   end
 
+  def test_deep_stringify_keys_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, @nested_symbols.with_indifferent_access.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.with_indifferent_access.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.with_indifferent_access.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.with_indifferent_access.deep_stringify_keys
+  end
+
   def test_stringify_keys_bang_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
     assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, @symbols.with_indifferent_access.dup.stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @strings, @symbols.with_indifferent_access.dup.stringify_keys!
@@ -111,6 +294,13 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @strings, @mixed.with_indifferent_access.dup.stringify_keys!
   end
 
+  def test_deep_stringify_keys_bang_for_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, @nested_symbols.with_indifferent_access.dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.with_indifferent_access.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.with_indifferent_access.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.with_indifferent_access.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+  end
+
   def test_nested_under_indifferent_access
     foo = { "foo" => SubclassingHash.new.tap { |h| h["bar"] = "baz" } }.with_indifferent_access
     assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, foo["foo"]
@@ -267,6 +457,13 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '1234', roundtrip.default
   end
 
+  def test_lookup_returns_the_same_object_that_is_stored_in_hash_indifferent_access
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new {|h, k| h[k] = []}
+    hash[:a] << 1
+
+    assert_equal [1], hash[:a]
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_hash_with_array_of_hashes
     hash = { "urls" => { "url" => [ { "address" => "1" }, { "address" => "2" } ] }}.with_indifferent_access
     assert_equal "1", hash[:urls][:url].first[:address]
@@ -297,6 +494,17 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, h[:first]
   end
 
+  def test_deep_stringify_and_deep_symbolize_keys_on_indifferent_preserves_hash
+    h = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    h[:first] = 1
+    h = h.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal 1, h['first']
+    h = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    h['first'] = 1
+    h = h.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal 1, h[:first]
+  end
+
   def test_to_options_on_indifferent_preserves_hash
     h = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     h['first'] = 1
@@ -363,21 +571,6 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, hash_1
   end
 
-  def test_deep_dup
-    hash = { :a => { :b => 'b' } }
-    dup = hash.deep_dup
-    dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
-    assert_equal nil, hash[:a][:c]
-    assert_equal 'c', dup[:a][:c]
-  end
-
-  def test_deep_dup_initialize
-    zero_hash = Hash.new 0
-    hash = { :a => zero_hash }
-    dup = hash.deep_dup
-    assert_equal 0, dup[:a][44]
-  end
-
   def test_store_on_indifferent_access
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash.store(:test1, 1)
@@ -388,6 +581,15 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, hash
   end
 
+  def test_constructor_on_indifferent_access
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess[:foo, 1]
+    assert_equal 1, hash[:foo]
+    assert_equal 1, hash['foo']
+    hash[:foo] = 3
+    assert_equal 3, hash[:foo]
+    assert_equal 3, hash['foo']
+  end
+
   def test_reverse_merge
     defaults = { :a => "x", :b => "y", :c => 10 }.freeze
     options  = { :a => 1, :b => 2 }
@@ -490,22 +692,28 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     original = {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3, :d => 4}
     expected = {:a => 1, :b => 2}
 
-    assert_equal expected, {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3, :d => 4}.extract!(:a, :b)
+    assert_equal expected, original.extract!(:a, :b)
   end
 
   def test_except
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y', :c => 10 }
     expected = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y' }
 
-    # Should return a new hash with only the given keys.
+    # Should return a new hash without the given keys.
     assert_equal expected, original.except(:c)
     assert_not_equal expected, original
 
-    # Should replace the hash with only the given keys.
+    # Should replace the hash without the given keys.
     assert_equal expected, original.except!(:c)
     assert_equal expected, original
   end
 
+  def test_except_with_more_than_one_argument
+    original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y', :c => 10 }
+    expected = { :a => 'x' }
+    assert_equal expected, original.except(:b, :c)
+  end
+
   def test_except_with_original_frozen
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y' }
     original.freeze
@@ -672,8 +880,8 @@ class HashToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :created_at => Time.utc(1999,2,2),
       :local_created_at => Time.utc(1999,2,2).in_time_zone('Eastern Time (US & Canada)')
     }.to_xml(@xml_options)
-    assert_match %r{<created-at type=\"datetime\">1999-02-02T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<local-created-at type=\"datetime\">1999-02-01T19:00:00-05:00</local-created-at>}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<created-at type=\"dateTime\">1999-02-02T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<local-created-at type=\"dateTime\">1999-02-01T19:00:00-05:00</local-created-at>}, xml
   end
 
   def test_multiple_records_from_xml_with_attributes_other_than_type_ignores_them_without_exploding
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
index e90b9d454f..439bc87323 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ class KernelDebuggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         @logger ||= MockStdErr.new
       end
     end
-    Object.const_set("Rails", rails)
+    Object.const_set(:Rails, rails)
     debugger
     assert_match(/Debugger requested/, rails.logger.output.first)
   ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, "Rails")
+    Object.send(:remove_const, :Rails)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
index 6a2ad2f241..a577f90bdd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
@@ -44,4 +44,18 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !@object.respond_to?(:camp)
     assert !@object.respond_to?(:camp=)
   end
+
+  def test_should_raise_name_error_if_attribute_name_is_invalid
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        mattr_reader "invalid attribute name"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        mattr_writer "invalid attribute name"
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
index 09ca4e7296..bd41311739 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
@@ -60,6 +60,14 @@ Tester = Struct.new(:client) do
   delegate :name, :to => :client, :prefix => false
 end
 
+class ParameterSet
+  delegate :[], :[]=, :to => :@params
+
+  def initialize
+    @params = {:foo => "bar"}
+  end
+end
+
 class Name
   delegate :upcase, :to => :@full_name
 
@@ -83,6 +91,17 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Fred", @david.place.name
   end
 
+  def test_delegation_to_index_get_method
+    @params = ParameterSet.new
+    assert_equal "bar", @params[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_delegation_to_index_set_method
+    @params = ParameterSet.new
+    @params[:foo] = "baz"
+    assert_equal "baz", @params[:foo]
+  end
+
   def test_delegation_down_hierarchy
     assert_equal "CHICAGO", @david.upcase
   end
@@ -215,7 +234,7 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_local_constant_names
     ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      assert_equal %w(Constant1 Constant3), Ab.local_constant_names
+      assert_equal %w(Constant1 Constant3), Ab.local_constant_names.sort.map(&:to_s)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
index 1cb1e25d4c..435f4aa5a1 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
@@ -186,3 +186,264 @@ class NumericExtSizeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 3458764513820540928, 3.exabyte
   end
 end
+
+class NumericExtFormattingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def kilobytes(number)
+    number * 1024
+  end
+
+  def megabytes(number)
+    kilobytes(number) * 1024
+  end
+
+  def gigabytes(number)
+    megabytes(number) * 1024
+  end
+
+  def terabytes(number)
+    gigabytes(number) * 1024
+  end
+  
+  def test_to_s__phone
+    assert_equal("555-1234", 5551234.to_s(:phone))
+    assert_equal("800-555-1212", 8005551212.to_s(:phone))
+    assert_equal("(800) 555-1212", 8005551212.to_s(:phone, :area_code => true))
+    assert_equal("800 555 1212", 8005551212.to_s(:phone, :delimiter => " "))
+    assert_equal("(800) 555-1212 x 123", 8005551212.to_s(:phone, :area_code => true, :extension => 123))
+    assert_equal("800-555-1212", 8005551212.to_s(:phone, :extension => "  "))
+    assert_equal("555.1212", 5551212.to_s(:phone, :delimiter => '.'))
+    assert_equal("+1-800-555-1212", 8005551212.to_s(:phone, :country_code => 1))
+    assert_equal("+18005551212", 8005551212.to_s(:phone, :country_code => 1, :delimiter => ''))
+    assert_equal("22-555-1212", 225551212.to_s(:phone))
+    assert_equal("+45-22-555-1212", 225551212.to_s(:phone, :country_code => 45))
+  end
+  
+  def test_to_s__currency
+    assert_equal("$1,234,567,890.50", 1234567890.50.to_s(:currency))
+    assert_equal("$1,234,567,890.51", 1234567890.506.to_s(:currency))
+    assert_equal("-$1,234,567,890.50", -1234567890.50.to_s(:currency))
+    assert_equal("-$ 1,234,567,890.50", -1234567890.50.to_s(:currency, :format => "%u %n"))
+    assert_equal("($1,234,567,890.50)", -1234567890.50.to_s(:currency, :negative_format => "(%u%n)"))
+    assert_equal("$1,234,567,892", 1234567891.50.to_s(:currency, :precision => 0))
+    assert_equal("$1,234,567,890.5", 1234567890.50.to_s(:currency, :precision => 1))
+    assert_equal("&pound;1234567890,50", 1234567890.50.to_s(:currency, :unit => "&pound;", :separator => ",", :delimiter => ""))
+  end
+  
+  
+  def test_to_s__rounded
+    assert_equal("-111.235", -111.2346.to_s(:rounded))
+    assert_equal("111.235", 111.2346.to_s(:rounded))
+    assert_equal("31.83", 31.825.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2))
+    assert_equal("111.23", 111.2346.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2))
+    assert_equal("111.00", 111.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2))
+    assert_equal("3268", (32.6751 * 100.00).to_s(:rounded, :precision => 0))
+    assert_equal("112", 111.50.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 0))
+    assert_equal("1234567892", 1234567891.50.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 0))
+    assert_equal("0", 0.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 0))
+    assert_equal("0.00100", 0.001.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 5))
+    assert_equal("0.001", 0.00111.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 3))
+    assert_equal("10.00", 9.995.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2))
+    assert_equal("11.00", 10.995.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2))
+    assert_equal("0.00", -0.001.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2))
+  end
+  
+  def test_to_s__percentage
+    assert_equal("100.000%", 100.to_s(:percentage))
+    assert_equal("100%", 100.to_s(:percentage, :precision => 0))
+    assert_equal("302.06%", 302.0574.to_s(:percentage, :precision => 2))
+    assert_equal("123.4%", 123.400.to_s(:percentage, :precision => 3, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true))
+    assert_equal("1.000,000%", 1000.to_s(:percentage, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ','))
+    assert_equal("1000.000  %", 1000.to_s(:percentage, :format => "%n  %"))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s__delimited
+    assert_equal("12,345,678", 12345678.to_s(:delimited))
+    assert_equal("0", 0.to_s(:delimited))
+    assert_equal("123", 123.to_s(:delimited))
+    assert_equal("123,456", 123456.to_s(:delimited))
+    assert_equal("123,456.78", 123456.78.to_s(:delimited))
+    assert_equal("123,456.789", 123456.789.to_s(:delimited))
+    assert_equal("123,456.78901", 123456.78901.to_s(:delimited))
+    assert_equal("123,456,789.78901", 123456789.78901.to_s(:delimited))
+    assert_equal("0.78901", 0.78901.to_s(:delimited))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s__delimited__with_options_hash
+    assert_equal '12 345 678', 12345678.to_s(:delimited, :delimiter => ' ')
+    assert_equal '12,345,678-05', 12345678.05.to_s(:delimited, :separator => '-')
+    assert_equal '12.345.678,05', 12345678.05.to_s(:delimited, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
+    assert_equal '12.345.678,05', 12345678.05.to_s(:delimited, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',')
+  end
+  
+
+  def test_to_s__rounded_with_custom_delimiter_and_separator
+    assert_equal '31,83',       31.825.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2, :separator => ',')
+    assert_equal '1.231,83',    1231.825.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s__rounded__with_significant_digits
+    assert_equal "124000", 123987.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+    assert_equal "120000000", 123987876.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "9775", 9775.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 4, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "5.4", 5.3923.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "5", 5.3923.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "1", 1.232.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "7", 7.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "1", 1.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "53", 52.7923.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "9775.00", 9775.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 6, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "5.392900", 5.3929.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 7, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "0.0", 0.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "0", 0.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "0.0001", 0.0001.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "0.000100", 0.0001.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 3, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "0.0001", 0.0001111.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+    assert_equal "10.0", 9.995.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+    assert_equal "9.99", 9.994.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+    assert_equal "11.0", 10.995.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s__rounded__with_strip_insignificant_zeros
+    assert_equal "9775.43", 9775.43.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 4, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true )
+    assert_equal "9775.2", 9775.2.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 6, :significant => true, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true )
+    assert_equal "0", 0.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 6, :significant => true, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true )
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s__rounded__with_significant_true_and_zero_precision
+    # Zero precision with significant is a mistake (would always return zero),
+    # so we treat it as if significant was false (increases backwards compatibility for number_to_human_size)
+    assert_equal "124", 123.987.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 0, :significant => true)
+    assert_equal "12", 12.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 0, :significant => true )
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s__human_size
+    assert_equal '0 Bytes',   0.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '1 Byte',    1.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '3 Bytes',   3.14159265.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '123 Bytes', 123.0.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '123 Bytes', 123.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '1.21 KB',   1234.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '12.1 KB',   12345.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '1.18 MB',   1234567.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '1.15 GB',   1234567890.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '1.12 TB',   1234567890123.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '1030 TB',   terabytes(1026).to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '444 KB',    kilobytes(444).to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '1020 MB',   megabytes(1023).to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '3 TB',      terabytes(3).to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '1.2 MB',    1234567.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2)
+    assert_equal '3 Bytes',   3.14159265.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 4)
+    assert_equal '1 KB',      kilobytes(1.0123).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2)
+    assert_equal '1.01 KB',   kilobytes(1.0100).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 4)
+    assert_equal '10 KB',     kilobytes(10.000).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 4)
+    assert_equal '1 Byte',    1.1.to_s(:human_size)
+    assert_equal '10 Bytes',  10.to_s(:human_size)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s__human_size_with_si_prefix
+    assert_equal '3 Bytes',    3.14159265.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    assert_equal '123 Bytes',  123.0.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    assert_equal '123 Bytes',  123.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    assert_equal '1.23 KB',    1234.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    assert_equal '12.3 KB',    12345.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    assert_equal '1.23 MB',    1234567.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    assert_equal '1.23 GB',    1234567890.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    assert_equal '1.23 TB',    1234567890123.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+  end
+  
+  def test_to_s__human_size_with_options_hash
+    assert_equal '1.2 MB',   1234567.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2)
+    assert_equal '3 Bytes',  3.14159265.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 4)
+    assert_equal '1 KB',     kilobytes(1.0123).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2)
+    assert_equal '1.01 KB',  kilobytes(1.0100).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 4)
+    assert_equal '10 KB',    kilobytes(10.000).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 4)
+    assert_equal '1 TB',     1234567890123.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 1)
+    assert_equal '500 MB',   524288000.to_s(:human_size, :precision=>3)
+    assert_equal '10 MB',    9961472.to_s(:human_size, :precision=>0)
+    assert_equal '40 KB',    41010.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 1)
+    assert_equal '40 KB',    41100.to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2)
+    assert_equal '1.0 KB',   kilobytes(1.0123).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 2, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false)
+    assert_equal '1.012 KB', kilobytes(1.0123).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 3, :significant => false)
+    assert_equal '1 KB',     kilobytes(1.0123).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 0, :significant => true) #ignores significant it precision is 0
+  end
+  
+  def test_to_s__human_size_with_custom_delimiter_and_separator
+    assert_equal '1,01 KB',     kilobytes(1.0123).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 3, :separator => ',')
+    assert_equal '1,01 KB',     kilobytes(1.0100).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 4, :separator => ',')
+    assert_equal '1.000,1 TB',  terabytes(1000.1).to_s(:human_size, :precision => 5, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',')
+  end
+    
+  def test_number_to_human
+    assert_equal '-123', -123.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '-0.5', -0.5.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '0',   0.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '0.5', 0.5.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '123', 123.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '1.23 Thousand', 1234.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '12.3 Thousand', 12345.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '1.23 Million', 1234567.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '1.23 Billion', 1234567890.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '1.23 Trillion', 1234567890123.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '1.23 Quadrillion', 1234567890123456.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '1230 Quadrillion', 1234567890123456789.to_s(:human)
+    assert_equal '490 Thousand', 489939.to_s(:human, :precision => 2)
+    assert_equal '489.9 Thousand', 489939.to_s(:human, :precision => 4)
+    assert_equal '489 Thousand', 489000.to_s(:human, :precision => 4)
+    assert_equal '489.0 Thousand', 489000.to_s(:human, :precision => 4, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false)
+    assert_equal '1.2346 Million', 1234567.to_s(:human, :precision => 4, :significant => false)
+    assert_equal '1,2 Million', 1234567.to_s(:human, :precision => 1, :significant => false, :separator => ',')
+    assert_equal '1 Million', 1234567.to_s(:human, :precision => 0, :significant => true, :separator => ',') #significant forced to false
+  end
+
+  def test_number_to_human_with_custom_units
+    #Only integers
+    volume = {:unit => "ml", :thousand => "lt", :million => "m3"}
+    assert_equal '123 lt', 123456.to_s(:human, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '12 ml', 12.to_s(:human, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 m3', 1234567.to_s(:human, :units => volume)
+
+    #Including fractionals
+    distance = {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
+    assert_equal '1.23 mm', 0.00123.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 cm', 0.0123.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 dm', 0.123.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 m',  1.23.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 dam', 12.3.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 hm', 123.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 km', 1230.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 km', 1230.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 km', 1230.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '12.3 km', 12300.to_s(:human, :units => distance)
+
+    #The quantifiers don't need to be a continuous sequence
+    gangster = {:hundred => "hundred bucks", :million => "thousand quids"}
+    assert_equal '1 hundred bucks', 100.to_s(:human, :units => gangster)
+    assert_equal '25 hundred bucks', 2500.to_s(:human, :units => gangster)
+    assert_equal '25 thousand quids', 25000000.to_s(:human, :units => gangster)
+    assert_equal '12300 thousand quids', 12345000000.to_s(:human, :units => gangster)
+
+    #Spaces are stripped from the resulting string
+    assert_equal '4', 4.to_s(:human, :units => {:unit => "", :ten => 'tens '})
+    assert_equal '4.5  tens', 45.to_s(:human, :units => {:unit => "", :ten => ' tens   '})
+  end
+
+  def test_number_to_human_with_custom_format
+    assert_equal '123 times Thousand', 123456.to_s(:human, :format => "%n times %u")
+    volume = {:unit => "ml", :thousand => "lt", :million => "m3"}
+    assert_equal '123.lt', 123456.to_s(:human, :units => volume, :format => "%n.%u")
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s__injected_on_proper_types
+    assert_equal Fixnum, 1230.class
+    assert_equal '1.23 Thousand', 1230.to_s(:human)
+    
+    assert_equal Float, Float(1230).class
+    assert_equal '1.23 Thousand', Float(1230).to_s(:human)
+
+    assert_equal Bignum, (100**10).class
+    assert_equal '100000 Quadrillion', (100**10).to_s(:human)
+
+    assert_equal BigDecimal, BigDecimal("1000010").class
+    assert_equal '1 Million', BigDecimal("1000010").to_s(:human)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
index b027fccab3..98ab82609e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try(method) }
   end
-  
+
   def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments
     method = :undefined_method
     assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
@@ -138,4 +138,16 @@ class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     nil.try { ran = true }
     assert_equal false, ran
   end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method
+    klass = Class.new do
+      private
+
+      def private_method
+        'private method'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { klass.new.try(:private_method) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/proc_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/proc_test.rb
index 690bfd3bf8..c4d5592196 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/proc_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/proc_test.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/proc'
 
 class ProcTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_bind_returns_method_with_changed_self
-    block = Proc.new { self }
-    assert_equal self, block.call
-    bound_block = block.bind("hello")
-    assert_not_equal block, bound_block
-    assert_equal "hello", bound_block.call
+    assert_deprecated do
+      block = Proc.new { self }
+      assert_equal self, block.call
+      bound_block = block.bind("hello")
+      assert_not_equal block, bound_block
+      assert_equal "hello", bound_block.call
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
index cf1ec448c2..f0cdc0bfd4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,18 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert((1..10).include?(1...10))
   end
 
+  def test_should_compare_identical_inclusive
+    assert((1..10) === (1..10))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_compare_identical_exclusive
+    assert((1...10) === (1...10))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_compare_other_with_exlusive_end
+    assert((1..10) === (1...10))
+  end
+
   def test_exclusive_end_should_not_include_identical_with_inclusive_end
     assert !(1...10).include?(1..10)
   end
@@ -57,16 +69,6 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert((1.0...10.0).include?(1.0...10.0))
   end
 
-  def test_blockless_step
-    assert_equal [1,3,5,7,9], (1..10).step(2)
-  end
-
-  def test_original_step
-    array = []
-    (1..10).step(2) {|i| array << i }
-    assert_equal [1,3,5,7,9], array
-  end
-
   def test_cover_is_not_override
     range = (1..3)
     assert range.method(:include?) != range.method(:cover?)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
index 6c2828b74e..e5b774425e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
@@ -279,11 +279,21 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
   end
 
+  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_regexp_seperator
+    assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(13, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
+    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(14, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
+    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
+  end
+
   def test_truncate_multibyte
     assert_equal "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 ...".force_encoding('UTF-8'),
       "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 \354\225\204\353\235\274\353\246\254\354\230\244".force_encoding('UTF-8').truncate(10)
   end
 
+  def test_truncate_should_not_be_html_safe
+    assert !"Hello World!".truncate(12).html_safe?
+  end
+
   def test_constantize
     run_constantize_tests_on do |string|
       string.constantize
@@ -433,6 +443,37 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @other_string.html_safe?
   end
 
+  test "Concatting safe onto unsafe with % yields unsafe" do
+    @other_string = "other%s"
+    string = @string.html_safe
+
+    @other_string = @other_string % string
+    assert !@other_string.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  test "Concatting unsafe onto safe with % yields escaped safe" do
+    @other_string = "other%s".html_safe
+    string = @other_string % "<foo>"
+
+    assert_equal "other&lt;foo&gt;", string
+    assert string.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  test "Concatting safe onto safe with % yields safe" do
+    @other_string = "other%s".html_safe
+    string = @string.html_safe
+
+    @other_string = @other_string % string
+    assert @other_string.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  test "Concatting with % doesn't modify a string" do
+    @other_string = ["<p>", "<b>", "<h1>"]
+    _ = "%s %s %s".html_safe % @other_string
+
+    assert_equal ["<p>", "<b>", "<h1>"], @other_string
+  end
+
   test "Concatting a fixnum to safe always yields safe" do
     string = @string.html_safe
     string = string.concat(13)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
index c542acca68..412aef9301 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
@@ -93,6 +93,10 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_beginning_of_hour
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,4,19,0,0), Time.local(2005,2,4,19,30,10).beginning_of_hour
+  end
+
   def test_beginning_of_month
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,1,0,0,0), Time.local(2005,2,22,10,10,10).beginning_of_month
   end
@@ -105,45 +109,49 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_end_of_day
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,8,12,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,8,12,10,10,10).end_of_day
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,8,12,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,8,12,10,10,10).end_of_day
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      assert_equal Time.local(2007,4,2,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,4,2,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'start DST'
-      assert_equal Time.local(2007,10,29,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,10,29,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'ends DST'
+      assert_equal Time.local(2007,4,2,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,4,2,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'start DST'
+      assert_equal Time.local(2007,10,29,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,10,29,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'ends DST'
     end
     with_env_tz 'NZ' do
-      assert_equal Time.local(2006,3,19,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2006,3,19,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'ends DST'
-      assert_equal Time.local(2006,10,1,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2006,10,1,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'start DST'
+      assert_equal Time.local(2006,3,19,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2006,3,19,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'ends DST'
+      assert_equal Time.local(2006,10,1,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2006,10,1,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'start DST'
     end
   end
 
   def test_end_of_week
-    assert_equal Time.local(2008,1,6,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,12,31,10,10,10).end_of_week
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,8,27,0,0,0).end_of_week #monday
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,8,28,0,0,0).end_of_week #tuesday
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,8,29,0,0,0).end_of_week #wednesday
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,8,30,0,0,0).end_of_week #thursday
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,8,31,0,0,0).end_of_week #friday
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,9,01,0,0,0).end_of_week #saturday
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,9,02,0,0,0).end_of_week #sunday
+    assert_equal Time.local(2008,1,6,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,12,31,10,10,10).end_of_week
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,8,27,0,0,0).end_of_week #monday
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,8,28,0,0,0).end_of_week #tuesday
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,8,29,0,0,0).end_of_week #wednesday
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,8,30,0,0,0).end_of_week #thursday
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,8,31,0,0,0).end_of_week #friday
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,9,01,0,0,0).end_of_week #saturday
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,9,2,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,9,02,0,0,0).end_of_week #sunday
+  end
+
+  def test_end_of_hour
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,4,19,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2005,2,4,19,30,10).end_of_hour
   end
 
   def test_end_of_month
-    assert_equal Time.local(2005,3,31,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2005,3,20,10,10,10).end_of_month
-    assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,28,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2005,2,20,10,10,10).end_of_month
-    assert_equal Time.local(2005,4,30,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2005,4,20,10,10,10).end_of_month
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,3,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2005,3,20,10,10,10).end_of_month
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,28,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2005,2,20,10,10,10).end_of_month
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,4,30,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2005,4,20,10,10,10).end_of_month
   end
 
   def test_end_of_quarter
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,3,31,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,2,15,10,10,10).end_of_quarter
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,3,31,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,3,31,0,0,0).end_of_quarter
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,12,31,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,12,21,10,10,10).end_of_quarter
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,6,30,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,4,1,0,0,0).end_of_quarter
-    assert_equal Time.local(2008,6,30,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2008,5,31,0,0,0).end_of_quarter
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,3,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,2,15,10,10,10).end_of_quarter
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,3,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,3,31,0,0,0).end_of_quarter
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,12,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,12,21,10,10,10).end_of_quarter
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,6,30,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,4,1,0,0,0).end_of_quarter
+    assert_equal Time.local(2008,6,30,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2008,5,31,0,0,0).end_of_quarter
   end
 
   def test_end_of_year
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,12,31,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,2,22,10,10,10).end_of_year
-    assert_equal Time.local(2007,12,31,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2007,12,31,10,10,10).end_of_year
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,12,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,2,22,10,10,10).end_of_year
+    assert_equal Time.local(2007,12,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2007,12,31,10,10,10).end_of_year
   end
 
   def test_beginning_of_year
@@ -451,6 +459,15 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,45),    Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,15,10).change(:min => 45)
   end
 
+  def test_offset_change
+    assert_equal Time.new(2006,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00"), Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:year => 2006)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,6,22,15,15,10,"-08:00"), Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:month => 6)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2012,9,22,15,15,10,"-08:00"), Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:year => 2012, :month => 9)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,16,0,0,"-08:00"),   Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:hour => 16)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,16,45,0,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:hour => 16, :min => 45)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,15,45,0,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:min => 45)
+  end
+
   def test_advance
     assert_equal Time.local(2006,2,28,15,15,10), Time.local(2005,2,28,15,15,10).advance(:years => 1)
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,6,28,15,15,10), Time.local(2005,2,28,15,15,10).advance(:months => 4)
@@ -495,6 +512,28 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(2013,10,17,20,22,19), Time.utc(2005,2,28,15,15,10).advance(:years => 7, :months => 19, :weeks => 2, :days => 5, :hours => 5, :minutes => 7, :seconds => 9)
   end
 
+  def test_offset_advance
+    assert_equal Time.new(2006,2,22,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:years => 1)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,6,22,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:months => 4)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,3,21,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:weeks => 3)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,3,25,3,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:weeks => 3.5)
+    assert_in_delta Time.new(2005,3,26,12,51,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:weeks => 3.7), 1
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,3,5,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:days => 5)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,3,6,3,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:days => 5.5)
+    assert_in_delta Time.new(2005,3,6,8,3,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:days => 5.7), 1
+    assert_equal Time.new(2012,9,22,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:years => 7, :months => 7)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2013,10,3,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:years => 7, :months => 19, :days => 11)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2013,10,17,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:years => 7, :months => 19, :weeks => 2, :days => 5)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2001,12,27,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:years => -3, :months => -2, :days => -1)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2004,2,29,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:years => 1) #leap day plus one year
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,28,20,15,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:hours => 5)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,28,15,22,10,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:minutes => 7)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,19,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:seconds => 9)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,28,20,22,19,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:hours => 5, :minutes => 7, :seconds => 9)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,28,10,8,1,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:hours => -5, :minutes => -7, :seconds => -9)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2013,10,17,20,22,19,'-08:00'), Time.new(2005,2,28,15,15,10,'-08:00').advance(:years => 7, :months => 19, :weeks => 2, :days => 5, :hours => 5, :minutes => 7, :seconds => 9)
+  end
+
   def test_advance_with_nsec
     t = Time.at(0, Rational(108635108, 1000))
     assert_equal t, t.advance(:months => 0)
@@ -509,7 +548,7 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal Time.local(2006,11,15), Time.local(2006,11,23,0,0,0).prev_week(:wednesday)
     end
   end
-  
+
   def test_last_week
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,21), Time.local(2005,3,1,15,15,10).last_week
@@ -549,12 +588,14 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_to_s
-    time = Time.utc(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
+    time = Time.utc(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30.12345678901)
     assert_equal time.to_default_s,                 time.to_s
     assert_equal time.to_default_s,                 time.to_s(:doesnt_exist)
     assert_equal "2005-02-21 17:44:30",             time.to_s(:db)
     assert_equal "21 Feb 17:44",                    time.to_s(:short)
     assert_equal "17:44",                           time.to_s(:time)
+    assert_equal "20050221174430",                  time.to_s(:number)
+    assert_equal "20050221174430123456789",         time.to_s(:nsec)
     assert_equal "February 21, 2005 17:44",         time.to_s(:long)
     assert_equal "February 21st, 2005 17:44",       time.to_s(:long_ordinal)
     with_env_tz "UTC" do
@@ -820,24 +861,32 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_all_day
-    assert_equal Time.local(2011,6,7,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,7,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_day
+    assert_equal Time.local(2011,6,7,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,7,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_day
+  end
+
+  def test_all_day_with_timezone
+    beginning_of_day = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"], Time.local(2011,6,7,0,0,0))
+    end_of_day = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"], Time.local(2011,6,7,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)))
+
+    assert_equal beginning_of_day, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10), ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"]).all_day.begin
+    assert_equal end_of_day, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10), ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"]).all_day.end
   end
 
   def test_all_week
-    assert_equal Time.local(2011,6,6,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,12,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_week
-    assert_equal Time.local(2011,6,5,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,11,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_week(:sunday)
+    assert_equal Time.local(2011,6,6,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,12,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_week
+    assert_equal Time.local(2011,6,5,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,11,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_week(:sunday)
   end
 
   def test_all_month
-    assert_equal Time.local(2011,6,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,30,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_month
+    assert_equal Time.local(2011,6,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,30,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_month
   end
 
   def test_all_quarter
-    assert_equal Time.local(2011,4,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,30,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_quarter
+    assert_equal Time.local(2011,4,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,6,30,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_quarter
   end
 
   def test_all_year
-    assert_equal Time.local(2011,1,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,12,31,23,59,59,999999.999), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_year
+    assert_equal Time.local(2011,1,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,12,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_year
   end
 
   protected
@@ -888,4 +937,17 @@ class TimeExtMarshalingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal t.to_f, unmarshaled.to_f
     assert_equal t, unmarshaled
   end
+
+
+  def test_next_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005, 11, 30), Time.local(2005, 8, 31).next_quarter
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 2, 29), Time.local(2004, 5, 31).prev_quarter
+  end
+
+  def test_last_quarter_on_31st
+    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 2, 29), Time.local(2004, 5, 31).last_quarter
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
index 7cf3842a16..1293f104e5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
@@ -80,6 +80,14 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
   end
 
+  def test_nsec
+    local     = Time.local(2011,6,7,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000))
+    with_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"], local)
+
+    assert_equal local.nsec, with_zone.nsec
+    assert_equal with_zone.nsec, 999999999
+  end
+
   def test_strftime
     assert_equal '1999-12-31 19:00:00 EST -0500', @twz.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z %z')
   end
@@ -191,7 +199,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def future_with_time_current_as_time_with_zone
+  def test_future_with_time_current_as_time_with_zone
     twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45) )
     Time.stubs(:current).returns(twz)
     assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).future?
@@ -450,6 +458,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_ruby_19_weekday_name_query_methods
     %w(sunday? monday? tuesday? wednesday? thursday? friday? saturday?).each do |name|
       assert_respond_to @twz, name
+      assert_equal @twz.send(name), @twz.method(name).call
     end
   end
 
@@ -482,36 +491,50 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:30 EST -05:00", @twz.advance(:seconds => 30).inspect
   end
 
-  def beginning_of_year
+  def test_beginning_of_year
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.inspect
     assert_equal "Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.beginning_of_year.inspect
   end
 
-  def end_of_year
+  def test_end_of_year
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.inspect
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 23:59:59 EST -05:00", @twz.end_of_year.inspect
   end
 
-  def beginning_of_month
+  def test_beginning_of_month
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.inspect
-    assert_equal "Fri, 01 Dec 1999 00:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.beginning_of_month.inspect
+    assert_equal "Wed, 01 Dec 1999 00:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.beginning_of_month.inspect
   end
 
-  def end_of_month
+  def test_end_of_month
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.inspect
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 23:59:59 EST -05:00", @twz.end_of_month.inspect
   end
 
-  def beginning_of_day
+  def test_beginning_of_day
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.inspect
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 00:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.beginning_of_day.inspect
   end
 
-  def end_of_day
+  def test_end_of_day
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.inspect
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 23:59:59 EST -05:00", @twz.end_of_day.inspect
   end
 
+  def test_beginning_of_hour
+    utc = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 30)
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc, @time_zone)
+    assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:30:00 EST -05:00", twz.inspect
+    assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", twz.beginning_of_hour.inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_end_of_hour
+    utc = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 30)
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc, @time_zone)
+    assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:30:00 EST -05:00", twz.inspect
+    assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:59:59 EST -05:00", twz.end_of_hour.inspect
+  end
+
   def test_since
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:01 EST -05:00", @twz.since(1).inspect
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
index 081e6a16fd..69829bcda5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,19 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_loading 'autoloading_fixtures', &block
   end
 
+  def test_depend_on_path
+    skip "LoadError#path does not exist" if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+
+    expected = assert_raises(LoadError) do
+      Kernel.require 'omgwtfbbq'
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raises(LoadError) do
+      ActiveSupport::Dependencies.depend_on 'omgwtfbbq'
+    end
+    assert_equal expected.path, e.path
+  end
+
   def test_tracking_loaded_files
     require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
     require_dependency 'dependencies/service_two'
@@ -60,10 +73,6 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) { require_dependency("missing_service") }
   end
 
-  def test_missing_association_raises_nothing
-    assert_nothing_raised { require_association("missing_model") }
-  end
-
   def test_dependency_which_raises_exception_isnt_added_to_loaded_set
     with_loading do
       filename = 'dependencies/raises_exception'
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
index e821a285d7..e21f3efe36 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
@@ -93,6 +93,26 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_match(/foo=nil/, @b)
   end
 
+  def test_default_stderr_behavior
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :stderr
+    behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior.first
+
+    content = capture(:stderr) {
+      assert_nil behavior.call('Some error!', ['call stack!'])
+    }
+    assert_match(/Some error!/, content)
+    assert_match(/call stack!/, content)
+  end
+
+  def test_default_silence_behavior
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :silence
+    behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior.first
+
+    assert_blank capture(:stderr) {
+      assert_nil behavior.call('Some error!', ['call stack!'])
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_deprecated_instance_variable_proxy
     assert_not_deprecated { @dtc.request.size }
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_test.rb b/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_test.rb
index dd2483287b..bd1df0f858 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'fileutils'
+require 'thread'
 
 MTIME_FIXTURES_PATH = File.expand_path("../fixtures", __FILE__)
 
@@ -43,8 +44,23 @@ class FileUpdateCheckerWithEnumerableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     i = 0
     checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(FILES){ i += 1 }
     FileUtils.rm(FILES)
-    assert !checker.execute_if_updated
-    assert_equal 0, i
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
+  def test_should_be_robust_to_handle_files_with_wrong_modified_time
+    i = 0
+    now = Time.now
+    time = Time.mktime(now.year + 1, now.month, now.day) # wrong mtime from the future
+    File.utime time, time, FILES[2]
+
+    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(FILES){ i += 1 }
+
+    sleep(1)
+    FileUtils.touch(FILES[0..1])
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
   end
 
   def test_should_cache_updated_result_until_execute
@@ -79,4 +95,18 @@ class FileUpdateCheckerWithEnumerableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !checker.execute_if_updated
     assert_equal 0, i
   end
+
+  def test_should_not_block_if_a_strange_filename_used
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p("tmp_watcher/valid,yetstrange,path,")
+    FileUtils.touch(FILES.map { |file_name| "tmp_watcher/valid,yetstrange,path,/#{file_name}" })
+
+    test = Thread.new do
+      ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new([],"tmp_watcher/valid,yetstrange,path," => :txt) { i += 1 }
+      Thread.exit
+    end
+    test.priority = -1
+    test.join(5)
+
+    assert !test.alive?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb b/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
index 4f2027f4eb..ddbba444cf 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
@@ -97,4 +97,9 @@ class I18nTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :support => { :array => { :two_words_connector => default_two_words_connector } }
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :support => { :array => { :last_word_connector => default_last_word_connector } }
   end
+
+  def test_to_sentence_with_empty_i18n_store
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
+    assert_equal 'a, b, and c', %w[a b c].to_sentence(locale: 'empty')
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
index 91ae6bc189..1f32e4ff92 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
@@ -413,6 +413,16 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  Irregularities.each do |irregularity|
+    singular, plural = *irregularity
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      define_method("test_singularize_of_irregularity_#{singular}_should_be_the_same") do
+        inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
+        assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(singular)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   [ :all, [] ].each do |scope|
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
       define_method("test_clear_inflections_with_#{scope.kind_of?(Array) ? "no_arguments" : scope}") do
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
index 809b8b46c9..ca4efd2e59 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "medium"      => "media",
     "stadium"     => "stadia",
     "analysis"    => "analyses",
+    "my_analysis" => "my_analyses",
 
     "node_child"  => "node_children",
     "child"       => "children",
@@ -109,7 +110,9 @@ module InflectorTestCases
 
     # regression tests against improper inflection regexes
     "|ice"        => "|ices",
-    "|ouse"       => "|ouses"
+    "|ouse"       => "|ouses",
+    "slice"       => "slices",
+    "police"      => "police"
   }
 
   CamelToUnderscore = {
@@ -211,16 +214,22 @@ module InflectorTestCases
   }
 
   MixtureToTitleCase = {
-    'active_record'       => 'Active Record',
-    'ActiveRecord'        => 'Active Record',
-    'action web service'  => 'Action Web Service',
-    'Action Web Service'  => 'Action Web Service',
-    'Action web service'  => 'Action Web Service',
-    'actionwebservice'    => 'Actionwebservice',
-    'Actionwebservice'    => 'Actionwebservice',
-    "david's code"        => "David's Code",
-    "David's code"        => "David's Code",
-    "david's Code"        => "David's Code"
+    'active_record'         => 'Active Record',
+    'ActiveRecord'          => 'Active Record',
+    'action web service'    => 'Action Web Service',
+    'Action Web Service'    => 'Action Web Service',
+    'Action web service'    => 'Action Web Service',
+    'actionwebservice'      => 'Actionwebservice',
+    'Actionwebservice'      => 'Actionwebservice',
+    "david's code"          => "David's Code",
+    "David's code"          => "David's Code",
+    "david's Code"          => "David's Code",
+    "sgt. pepper's"         => "Sgt. Pepper's",
+    "i've just seen a face" => "I've Just Seen A Face",
+    "maybe you'll be there" => "Maybe You'll Be There",
+    "¿por qué?"             => '¿Por Qué?',
+    "Fred’s"                => "Fred’s",
+    "Fred`s"                => "Fred`s"
   }
 
   OrdinalNumbers = {
@@ -299,5 +308,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     'child'  => 'children',
     'sex'    => 'sexes',
     'move'   => 'moves',
+    'cow'    => 'kine',
+    'zombie' => 'zombies',
   }
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
index a2e61d88d5..a947635f4a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   NilTests      = [[ nil,   %(null)  ]]
   NumericTests  = [[ 1,     %(1)     ],
                    [ 2.5,   %(2.5)   ],
+                   [ 0.0/0.0,   %(null) ],
+                   [ 1.0/0.0,   %(null) ],
+                   [ -1.0/0.0,  %(null) ],
+                   [ BigDecimal('0.0')/BigDecimal('0.0'),  %(null) ],
                    [ BigDecimal('2.5'), %("#{BigDecimal('2.5').to_s}") ]]
 
   StringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>',     %("this is the \\u003Cstring\\u003E")],
@@ -50,8 +54,6 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   HashlikeTests = [[ Hashlike.new, %({\"a\":1}) ]]
   CustomTests   = [[ Custom.new, '"custom"' ]]
 
-  VariableTests = [[ ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable.new('foo'), 'foo'],
-                   [ ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable.new('alert("foo")'), 'alert("foo")']]
   RegexpTests   = [[ /^a/, '"(?-mix:^a)"' ], [/^\w{1,2}[a-z]+/ix, '"(?ix-m:^\\\\w{1,2}[a-z]+)"']]
 
   DateTests     = [[ Date.new(2005,2,1), %("2005/02/01") ]]
@@ -270,6 +272,23 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                  JSON.parse(json_string_and_date))
   end
 
+  def test_opt_out_big_decimal_string_serialization
+    big_decimal = BigDecimal('2.5')
+
+    begin
+      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = false
+      assert_equal big_decimal.to_s, big_decimal.to_json
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_true_and_false_represented_as_themselves
+    assert_equal nil,   nil.as_json
+    assert_equal true,  true.as_json
+    assert_equal false, false.as_json
+  end
+
   protected
 
     def object_keys(json_object)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activesupport/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 8e160714b1..2a0e8d20ed 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class MyLogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
 
   def foo(event)
     debug "debug"
-    info "info"
+    info { "info" }
     warn "warn"
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/buffered_logger_test.rb b/activesupport/test/logger_test.rb
index 615635607c..eedeca30a8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/buffered_logger_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/logger_test.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@ require 'multibyte_test_helpers'
 require 'stringio'
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'tempfile'
-require 'active_support/testing/deprecation'
 
-class BufferedLoggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class LoggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include MultibyteTestHelpers
-  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Deprecation
 
   Logger = ActiveSupport::Logger
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
index 90aa13b3e6..ef289692bc 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   %w{capitalize downcase lstrip reverse rstrip swapcase upcase}.each do |method|
-    class_eval(<<-EOTESTS)
+    class_eval(<<-EOTESTS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
       def test_#{method}_bang_should_return_self_when_modifying_wrapped_string
         chars = ' él piDió Un bUen café '
         assert_equal chars.object_id, chars.send("#{method}!").object_id
@@ -458,6 +458,15 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !''.mb_chars.respond_to?(:undefined_method) # Not defined
   end
 
+  def test_method_works_for_proxyed_methods
+    assert_equal 'll', 'hello'.mb_chars.method(:slice).call(2..3) # Defined on Chars
+    chars = 'hello'.mb_chars
+    assert_equal 'Hello', chars.method(:capitalize!).call # Defined on Chars
+    assert_equal 'Hello', chars
+    assert_equal 'jello', 'hello'.mb_chars.method(:gsub).call(/h/, 'j') # Defined on String
+    assert_raise(NameError){ ''.mb_chars.method(:undefined_method) } # Not defined
+  end
+
   def test_acts_like_string
     assert 'Bambi'.mb_chars.acts_like_string?
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/notifications/evented_notification_test.rb b/activesupport/test/notifications/evented_notification_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f77a0eb3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/notifications/evented_notification_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Notifications
+    class EventedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      class Listener
+        attr_reader :events
+
+        def initialize
+          @events   = []
+        end
+
+        def start(name, id, payload)
+          @events << [:start, name, id, payload]
+        end
+
+        def finish(name, id, payload)
+          @events << [:finish, name, id, payload]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_evented_listener
+        notifier = Fanout.new
+        listener = Listener.new
+        notifier.subscribe 'hi', listener
+        notifier.start  'hi', 1, {}
+        notifier.start  'hi', 2, {}
+        notifier.finish 'hi', 2, {}
+        notifier.finish 'hi', 1, {}
+
+        assert_equal 4, listener.events.length
+        assert_equal [
+          [:start, 'hi', 1, {}],
+          [:start, 'hi', 2, {}],
+          [:finish, 'hi', 2, {}],
+          [:finish, 'hi', 1, {}],
+        ], listener.events
+      end
+
+      def test_evented_listener_no_events
+        notifier = Fanout.new
+        listener = Listener.new
+        notifier.subscribe 'hi', listener
+        notifier.start  'world', 1, {}
+        assert_equal 0, listener.events.length
+      end
+
+      def test_listen_to_everything
+        notifier = Fanout.new
+        listener = Listener.new
+        notifier.subscribe nil, listener
+        notifier.start  'hello', 1, {}
+        notifier.start  'world', 1, {}
+        notifier.finish  'world', 1, {}
+        notifier.finish  'hello', 1, {}
+
+        assert_equal 4, listener.events.length
+        assert_equal [
+          [:start,  'hello', 1, {}],
+          [:start,  'world', 1, {}],
+          [:finish,  'world', 1, {}],
+          [:finish,  'hello', 1, {}],
+        ], listener.events
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb b/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
index fc9fa90d07..bcb393c7bc 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
@@ -221,13 +221,15 @@ module Notifications
       assert_equal Hash[:payload => :bar], event.payload
     end
 
-    def test_event_is_parent_based_on_time_frame
+    def test_event_is_parent_based_on_children
       time = Time.utc(2009, 01, 01, 0, 0, 1)
 
       parent    = event(:foo, Time.utc(2009), Time.utc(2009) + 100, random_id, {})
       child     = event(:foo, time, time + 10, random_id, {})
       not_child = event(:foo, time, time + 100, random_id, {})
 
+      parent.children << child
+
       assert parent.parent_of?(child)
       assert !child.parent_of?(parent)
       assert !parent.parent_of?(not_child)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e07198027b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/number_helper'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  class NumberHelperI18nTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveSupport::NumberHelper
+
+    def setup
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'ts',
+        :number => {
+        :format => { :precision => 3, :delimiter => ',', :separator => '.', :significant => false, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false },
+        :currency => { :format => { :unit => '&$', :format => '%u - %n', :negative_format => '(%u - %n)', :precision => 2 } },
+        :human => {
+          :format => {
+            :precision => 2,
+            :significant => true,
+            :strip_insignificant_zeros => true
+          },
+          :storage_units => {
+            :format => "%n %u",
+            :units => {
+              :byte => "b",
+              :kb => "k"
+            }
+          },
+          :decimal_units => {
+            :format => "%n %u",
+            :units => {
+              :deci => {:one => "Tenth", :other => "Tenths"},
+              :unit =>  "u",
+              :ten => {:one => "Ten", :other => "Tens"},
+              :thousand => "t",
+              :million => "m",
+              :billion =>"b",
+              :trillion =>"t" ,
+              :quadrillion =>"q"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        :percentage => { :format => {:delimiter => '', :precision => 2, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true} },
+        :precision => { :format => {:delimiter => '', :significant => true} }
+      },
+      :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
+    end
+
+    def test_number_to_i18n_currency
+      assert_equal("&$ - 10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'ts'))
+      assert_equal("(&$ - 10.00)", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'ts'))
+      assert_equal("-10.00 - &$", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'ts', :format => "%n - %u"))
+    end
+
+    def test_number_to_currency_with_empty_i18n_store
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
+
+      assert_equal("$10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'empty'))
+      assert_equal("-$10.00", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'empty'))
+    end
+
+    def test_number_to_currency_without_currency_negative_format
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'no_negative_format', :number => {
+        :currency => { :format => { :unit => '@', :format => '%n %u' } }
+      }
+
+      assert_equal("-10.00 @", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'no_negative_format'))
+    end
+
+    def test_number_with_i18n_precision
+      #Delimiter was set to ""
+      assert_equal("10000", number_to_rounded(10000, :locale => 'ts'))
+
+      #Precision inherited and significant was set
+      assert_equal("1.00", number_to_rounded(1.0, :locale => 'ts'))
+    end
+
+    def test_number_with_i18n_delimiter
+      #Delimiter "," and separator "."
+      assert_equal("1,000,000.234", number_to_delimited(1000000.234, :locale => 'ts'))
+    end
+
+    def test_number_to_i18n_percentage
+      # to see if strip_insignificant_zeros is true
+      assert_equal("1%", number_to_percentage(1, :locale => 'ts'))
+      # precision is 2, significant should be inherited
+      assert_equal("1.24%", number_to_percentage(1.2434, :locale => 'ts'))
+      # no delimiter
+      assert_equal("12434%", number_to_percentage(12434, :locale => 'ts'))
+    end
+
+    def test_number_to_i18n_human_size
+      #b for bytes and k for kbytes
+      assert_equal("2 k", number_to_human_size(2048, :locale => 'ts'))
+      assert_equal("42 b", number_to_human_size(42, :locale => 'ts'))
+    end
+
+    def test_number_to_human_with_default_translation_scope
+      #Using t for thousand
+      assert_equal "2 t", number_to_human(2000, :locale => 'ts')
+      #Significant was set to true with precision 2, using b for billion
+      assert_equal "1.2 b", number_to_human(1234567890, :locale => 'ts')
+      #Using pluralization (Ten/Tens and Tenth/Tenths)
+      assert_equal "1 Tenth", number_to_human(0.1, :locale => 'ts')
+      assert_equal "1.3 Tenth", number_to_human(0.134, :locale => 'ts')
+      assert_equal "2 Tenths", number_to_human(0.2, :locale => 'ts')
+      assert_equal "1 Ten", number_to_human(10, :locale => 'ts')
+      assert_equal "1.2 Ten", number_to_human(12, :locale => 'ts')
+      assert_equal "2 Tens", number_to_human(20, :locale => 'ts')
+    end
+
+    def test_number_to_human_with_custom_translation_scope
+      #Significant was set to true with precision 2, with custom translated units
+      assert_equal "4.3 cm", number_to_human(0.0432, :locale => 'ts', :units => :custom_units_for_number_to_human)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b7d7f020c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/number_helper'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      
+      class TestClassWithInstanceNumberHelpers
+        include ActiveSupport::NumberHelper
+      end
+
+      class TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers
+        extend ActiveSupport::NumberHelper
+      end
+
+      def setup
+        @instance_with_helpers = TestClassWithInstanceNumberHelpers.new
+      end
+  
+      def kilobytes(number)
+        number * 1024
+      end
+
+      def megabytes(number)
+        kilobytes(number) * 1024
+      end
+
+      def gigabytes(number)
+        megabytes(number) * 1024
+      end
+
+      def terabytes(number)
+        gigabytes(number) * 1024
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_phone
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal("555-1234", number_helper.number_to_phone(5551234))
+          assert_equal("800-555-1212", number_helper.number_to_phone(8005551212))
+          assert_equal("(800) 555-1212", number_helper.number_to_phone(8005551212, {:area_code => true}))
+          assert_equal("", number_helper.number_to_phone("", {:area_code => true}))
+          assert_equal("800 555 1212", number_helper.number_to_phone(8005551212, {:delimiter => " "}))
+          assert_equal("(800) 555-1212 x 123", number_helper.number_to_phone(8005551212, {:area_code => true, :extension => 123}))
+          assert_equal("800-555-1212", number_helper.number_to_phone(8005551212, :extension => "  "))
+          assert_equal("555.1212", number_helper.number_to_phone(5551212, :delimiter => '.'))
+          assert_equal("800-555-1212", number_helper.number_to_phone("8005551212"))
+          assert_equal("+1-800-555-1212", number_helper.number_to_phone(8005551212, :country_code => 1))
+          assert_equal("+18005551212", number_helper.number_to_phone(8005551212, :country_code => 1, :delimiter => ''))
+          assert_equal("22-555-1212", number_helper.number_to_phone(225551212))
+          assert_equal("+45-22-555-1212", number_helper.number_to_phone(225551212, :country_code => 45))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_currency
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal("$1,234,567,890.50", number_helper.number_to_currency(1234567890.50))
+          assert_equal("$1,234,567,890.51", number_helper.number_to_currency(1234567890.506))
+          assert_equal("-$1,234,567,890.50", number_helper.number_to_currency(-1234567890.50))
+          assert_equal("-$ 1,234,567,890.50", number_helper.number_to_currency(-1234567890.50, {:format => "%u %n"}))
+          assert_equal("($1,234,567,890.50)", number_helper.number_to_currency(-1234567890.50, {:negative_format => "(%u%n)"}))
+          assert_equal("$1,234,567,892", number_helper.number_to_currency(1234567891.50, {:precision => 0}))
+          assert_equal("$1,234,567,890.5", number_helper.number_to_currency(1234567890.50, {:precision => 1}))
+          assert_equal("&pound;1234567890,50", number_helper.number_to_currency(1234567890.50, {:unit => "&pound;", :separator => ",", :delimiter => ""}))
+          assert_equal("$1,234,567,890.50", number_helper.number_to_currency("1234567890.50"))
+          assert_equal("1,234,567,890.50 K&#269;", number_helper.number_to_currency("1234567890.50", {:unit => "K&#269;", :format => "%n %u"}))
+          assert_equal("1,234,567,890.50 - K&#269;", number_helper.number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", {:unit => "K&#269;", :format => "%n %u", :negative_format => "%n - %u"}))
+          assert_equal("0.00", number_helper.number_to_currency(+0.0, {:unit => "", :negative_format => "(%n)"}))
+          assert_equal("(0.00)", number_helper.number_to_currency(-0.0, {:unit => "", :negative_format => "(%n)"}))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_percentage
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal("100.000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(100))
+          assert_equal("100%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(100, {:precision => 0}))
+          assert_equal("302.06%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(302.0574, {:precision => 2}))
+          assert_equal("100.000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage("100"))
+          assert_equal("1000.000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage("1000"))
+          assert_equal("123.4%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(123.400, :precision => 3, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true))
+          assert_equal("1.000,000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ','))
+          assert_equal("1000.000  %", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :format => "%n  %"))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_to_delimited
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal("12,345,678", number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678))
+          assert_equal("0", number_helper.number_to_delimited(0))
+          assert_equal("123", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123))
+          assert_equal("123,456", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456))
+          assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456.78))
+          assert_equal("123,456.789", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456.789))
+          assert_equal("123,456.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456.78901))
+          assert_equal("123,456,789.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456789.78901))
+          assert_equal("0.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(0.78901))
+          assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78"))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_to_delimited_with_options_hash
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal '12 345 678', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678, :delimiter => ' ')
+          assert_equal '12,345,678-05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :separator => '-')
+          assert_equal '12.345.678,05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
+          assert_equal '12.345.678,05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_to_rounded
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal("-111.235", number_helper.number_to_rounded(-111.2346))
+          assert_equal("111.235", number_helper.number_to_rounded(111.2346))
+          assert_equal("31.83", number_helper.number_to_rounded(31.825, :precision => 2))
+          assert_equal("111.23", number_helper.number_to_rounded(111.2346, :precision => 2))
+          assert_equal("111.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(111, :precision => 2))
+          assert_equal("111.235", number_helper.number_to_rounded("111.2346"))
+          assert_equal("31.83", number_helper.number_to_rounded("31.825", :precision => 2))
+          assert_equal("3268", number_helper.number_to_rounded((32.6751 * 100.00), :precision => 0))
+          assert_equal("112", number_helper.number_to_rounded(111.50, :precision => 0))
+          assert_equal("1234567892", number_helper.number_to_rounded(1234567891.50, :precision => 0))
+          assert_equal("0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0, :precision => 0))
+          assert_equal("0.00100", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0.001, :precision => 5))
+          assert_equal("0.001", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0.00111, :precision => 3))
+          assert_equal("10.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.995, :precision => 2))
+          assert_equal("11.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(10.995, :precision => 2))
+          assert_equal("0.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(-0.001, :precision => 2))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_to_rounded_with_custom_delimiter_and_separator
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal '31,83',       number_helper.number_to_rounded(31.825, :precision => 2, :separator => ',')
+          assert_equal '1.231,83',    number_helper.number_to_rounded(1231.825, :precision => 2, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_to_rounded_with_significant_digits
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal "124000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(123987, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+          assert_equal "120000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(123987876, :precision => 2, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "40000", number_helper.number_to_rounded("43523", :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9775, :precision => 4, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "5.4", number_helper.number_to_rounded(5.3923, :precision => 2, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "5", number_helper.number_to_rounded(5.3923, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "1", number_helper.number_to_rounded(1.232, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "7", number_helper.number_to_rounded(7, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "1", number_helper.number_to_rounded(1, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "53", number_helper.number_to_rounded(52.7923, :precision => 2, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9775, :precision => 6, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "5.392900", number_helper.number_to_rounded(5.3929, :precision => 7, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "0.0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0, :precision => 2, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "0.0001", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0.0001, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "0.000100", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0.0001, :precision => 3, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "0.0001", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0.0001111, :precision => 1, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "10.0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.995, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+          assert_equal "9.99", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.994, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+          assert_equal "11.0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(10.995, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_to_rounded_with_strip_insignificant_zeros
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal "9775.43", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9775.43, :precision => 4, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.2", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9775.2, :precision => 6, :significant => true, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true )
+          assert_equal "0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(0, :precision => 6, :significant => true, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_to_rounded_with_significant_true_and_zero_precision
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          # Zero precision with significant is a mistake (would always return zero),
+          # so we treat it as if significant was false (increases backwards compatibility for number_to_human_size)
+          assert_equal "124", number_helper.number_to_rounded(123.987, :precision => 0, :significant => true)
+          assert_equal "12", number_helper.number_to_rounded(12, :precision => 0, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "12", number_helper.number_to_rounded("12.3", :precision => 0, :significant => true )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_number_to_human_size
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal '0 Bytes',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(0)
+          assert_equal '1 Byte',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1)
+          assert_equal '3 Bytes',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(3.14159265)
+          assert_equal '123 Bytes', number_helper.number_to_human_size(123.0)
+          assert_equal '123 Bytes', number_helper.number_to_human_size(123)
+          assert_equal '1.21 KB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234)
+          assert_equal '12.1 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(12345)
+          assert_equal '1.18 MB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567)
+          assert_equal '1.15 GB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890)
+          assert_equal '1.12 TB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890123)
+          assert_equal '1030 TB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(terabytes(1026))
+          assert_equal '444 KB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(444))
+          assert_equal '1020 MB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(megabytes(1023))
+          assert_equal '3 TB',      number_helper.number_to_human_size(terabytes(3))
+          assert_equal '1.2 MB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567, :precision => 2)
+          assert_equal '3 Bytes',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(3.14159265, :precision => 4)
+          assert_equal '123 Bytes', number_helper.number_to_human_size('123')
+          assert_equal '1 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 2)
+          assert_equal '1.01 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0100), :precision => 4)
+          assert_equal '10 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(10.000), :precision => 4)
+          assert_equal '1 Byte',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(1.1)
+          assert_equal '10 Bytes', number_helper.number_to_human_size(10)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_human_size_with_si_prefix
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal '3 Bytes',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(3.14159265, :prefix => :si)
+          assert_equal '123 Bytes',  number_helper.number_to_human_size(123.0, :prefix => :si)
+          assert_equal '123 Bytes',  number_helper.number_to_human_size(123, :prefix => :si)
+          assert_equal '1.23 KB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234, :prefix => :si)
+          assert_equal '12.3 KB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(12345, :prefix => :si)
+          assert_equal '1.23 MB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567, :prefix => :si)
+          assert_equal '1.23 GB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890, :prefix => :si)
+          assert_equal '1.23 TB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890123, :prefix => :si)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_human_size_with_options_hash
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal '1.2 MB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567, :precision => 2)
+          assert_equal '3 Bytes',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(3.14159265, :precision => 4)
+          assert_equal '1 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 2)
+          assert_equal '1.01 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0100), :precision => 4)
+          assert_equal '10 KB',     number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(10.000), :precision => 4)
+          assert_equal '1 TB', number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890123, :precision => 1)
+          assert_equal '500 MB', number_helper.number_to_human_size(524288000, :precision=>3)
+          assert_equal '10 MB', number_helper.number_to_human_size(9961472, :precision=>0)
+          assert_equal '40 KB', number_helper.number_to_human_size(41010, :precision => 1)
+          assert_equal '40 KB', number_helper.number_to_human_size(41100, :precision => 2)
+          assert_equal '1.0 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 2, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false)
+          assert_equal '1.012 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 3, :significant => false)
+          assert_equal '1 KB',   number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 0, :significant => true) #ignores significant it precision is 0
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_human_size_with_custom_delimiter_and_separator
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal '1,01 KB',     number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0123), :precision => 3, :separator => ',')
+          assert_equal '1,01 KB',     number_helper.number_to_human_size(kilobytes(1.0100), :precision => 4, :separator => ',')
+          assert_equal '1.000,1 TB',  number_helper.number_to_human_size(terabytes(1000.1), :precision => 5, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_human
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal '-123', number_helper.number_to_human(-123)
+          assert_equal '-0.5', number_helper.number_to_human(-0.5)
+          assert_equal '0',   number_helper.number_to_human(0)
+          assert_equal '0.5', number_helper.number_to_human(0.5)
+          assert_equal '123', number_helper.number_to_human(123)
+          assert_equal '1.23 Thousand', number_helper.number_to_human(1234)
+          assert_equal '12.3 Thousand', number_helper.number_to_human(12345)
+          assert_equal '1.23 Million', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567)
+          assert_equal '1.23 Billion', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567890)
+          assert_equal '1.23 Trillion', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567890123)
+          assert_equal '1.23 Quadrillion', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567890123456)
+          assert_equal '1230 Quadrillion', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567890123456789)
+          assert_equal '490 Thousand', number_helper.number_to_human(489939, :precision => 2)
+          assert_equal '489.9 Thousand', number_helper.number_to_human(489939, :precision => 4)
+          assert_equal '489 Thousand', number_helper.number_to_human(489000, :precision => 4)
+          assert_equal '489.0 Thousand', number_helper.number_to_human(489000, :precision => 4, :strip_insignificant_zeros => false)
+          assert_equal '1.2346 Million', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567, :precision => 4, :significant => false)
+          assert_equal '1,2 Million', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567, :precision => 1, :significant => false, :separator => ',')
+          assert_equal '1 Million', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567, :precision => 0, :significant => true, :separator => ',') #significant forced to false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_human_with_custom_units
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          #Only integers
+          volume = {:unit => "ml", :thousand => "lt", :million => "m3"}
+          assert_equal '123 lt', number_helper.number_to_human(123456, :units => volume)
+          assert_equal '12 ml', number_helper.number_to_human(12, :units => volume)
+          assert_equal '1.23 m3', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567, :units => volume)
+
+          #Including fractionals
+          distance = {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
+          assert_equal '1.23 mm', number_helper.number_to_human(0.00123, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '1.23 cm', number_helper.number_to_human(0.0123, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '1.23 dm', number_helper.number_to_human(0.123, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '1.23 m', number_helper.number_to_human(1.23, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '1.23 dam', number_helper.number_to_human(12.3, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '1.23 hm', number_helper.number_to_human(123, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '1.23 km', number_helper.number_to_human(1230, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '1.23 km', number_helper.number_to_human(1230, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '1.23 km', number_helper.number_to_human(1230, :units => distance)
+          assert_equal '12.3 km', number_helper.number_to_human(12300, :units => distance)
+
+          #The quantifiers don't need to be a continuous sequence
+          gangster = {:hundred => "hundred bucks", :million => "thousand quids"}
+          assert_equal '1 hundred bucks', number_helper.number_to_human(100, :units => gangster)
+          assert_equal '25 hundred bucks', number_helper.number_to_human(2500, :units => gangster)
+          assert_equal '25 thousand quids', number_helper.number_to_human(25000000, :units => gangster)
+          assert_equal '12300 thousand quids', number_helper.number_to_human(12345000000, :units => gangster)
+
+          #Spaces are stripped from the resulting string
+          assert_equal '4', number_helper.number_to_human(4, :units => {:unit => "", :ten => 'tens '})
+          assert_equal '4.5  tens', number_helper.number_to_human(45, :units => {:unit => "", :ten => ' tens   '})
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_to_human_with_custom_format
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal '123 times Thousand', number_helper.number_to_human(123456, :format => "%n times %u")
+          volume = {:unit => "ml", :thousand => "lt", :million => "m3"}
+          assert_equal '123.lt', number_helper.number_to_human(123456, :units => volume, :format => "%n.%u")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_helpers_should_return_nil_when_given_nil
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_nil number_helper.number_to_phone(nil)
+          assert_nil number_helper.number_to_currency(nil)
+          assert_nil number_helper.number_to_percentage(nil)
+          assert_nil number_helper.number_to_delimited(nil)
+          assert_nil number_helper.number_to_rounded(nil)
+          assert_nil number_helper.number_to_human_size(nil)
+          assert_nil number_helper.number_to_human(nil)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_helpers_do_not_mutate_options_hash
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          options = { 'raise' => true }
+
+          number_helper.number_to_phone(1, options)
+          assert_equal({ 'raise' => true }, options)
+
+          number_helper.number_to_currency(1, options)
+          assert_equal({ 'raise' => true }, options)
+
+          number_helper.number_to_percentage(1, options)
+          assert_equal({ 'raise' => true }, options)
+
+          number_helper.number_to_delimited(1, options)
+          assert_equal({ 'raise' => true }, options)
+
+          number_helper.number_to_rounded(1, options)
+          assert_equal({ 'raise' => true }, options)
+
+          number_helper.number_to_human_size(1, options)
+          assert_equal({ 'raise' => true }, options)
+
+          number_helper.number_to_human(1, options)
+          assert_equal({ 'raise' => true }, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_number_helpers_should_return_non_numeric_param_unchanged
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert_equal("+1-x x 123", number_helper.number_to_phone("x", :country_code => 1, :extension => 123))
+          assert_equal("x", number_helper.number_to_phone("x"))
+          assert_equal("$x.", number_helper.number_to_currency("x."))
+          assert_equal("$x", number_helper.number_to_currency("x"))
+          assert_equal("x%", number_helper.number_to_percentage("x"))
+          assert_equal("x", number_helper.number_to_delimited("x"))
+          assert_equal("x.", number_helper.number_to_rounded("x."))
+          assert_equal("x", number_helper.number_to_rounded("x"))
+          assert_equal "x", number_helper.number_to_human_size('x')
+          assert_equal "x", number_helper.number_to_human('x')
+        end
+      end
+  
+      def test_extending_or_including_number_helper_correctly_hides_private_methods
+        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+          assert !number_helper.respond_to?(:valid_float?)
+          assert number_helper.respond_to?(:valid_float?, true)
+        end
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/ordered_options_test.rb b/activesupport/test/ordered_options_test.rb
index 0eee991e20..f60f9a58e3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/ordered_options_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/ordered_options_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/ordered_options'
 
 class OrderedOptionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_usage
@@ -76,4 +77,12 @@ class OrderedOptionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert copy.kind_of?(original.class)
     assert_not_equal copy.object_id, original.object_id
   end
+
+  def test_introspection
+    a = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+    assert a.respond_to?(:blah)
+    assert a.respond_to?(:blah=)
+    assert_equal 42, a.method(:blah=).call(42)
+    assert_equal 42, a.method(:blah).call
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb b/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
index dd4ae319e5..0751c2469e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @logger.tagged("BCX") { @logger.info "Funky time" }
     assert_equal "[BCX] Funky time\n", @output.string
   end
-  
+
   test "tagged twice" do
     @logger.tagged("BCX") { @logger.tagged("Jason") { @logger.info "Funky time" } }
     assert_equal "[BCX] [Jason] Funky time\n", @output.string
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ class TaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "[BCX] [Jason] [New] Funky time\n", @output.string
   end
 
+  test "provides access to the logger instance" do
+    @logger.tagged("BCX") { |logger| logger.info "Funky time" }
+    assert_equal "[BCX] Funky time\n", @output.string
+  end
+
   test "tagged once with blank and nil" do
     @logger.tagged(nil, "", "New") { @logger.info "Funky time" }
     assert_equal "[New] Funky time\n", @output.string
diff --git a/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
index e5b5547478..c02bfa8497 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
@@ -18,11 +18,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
-    def test_callback_with_exception
+    def test_standard_error_raised_within_setup_callback_is_puked
       tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
-        def self.name
-          nil
-        end
+        def self.name; nil; end
 
         setup :bad_callback
         def bad_callback; raise 'oh noes' end
@@ -41,11 +39,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       assert_equal 'oh noes', exception.message
     end
 
-    def test_teardown_callback_with_exception
+    def test_standard_error_raised_within_teardown_callback_is_puked
       tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
-        def self.name
-          nil
-        end
+        def self.name; nil; end
 
         teardown :bad_callback
         def bad_callback; raise 'oh noes' end
@@ -63,5 +59,51 @@ module ActiveSupport
       assert_equal test_name, name
       assert_equal 'oh noes', exception.message
     end
+
+    def test_passthrough_exception_raised_within_test_method_is_not_rescued
+      tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
+        def self.name; nil; end
+
+        def test_which_raises_interrupt; raise Interrupt; end
+      end
+
+      test_name = 'test_which_raises_interrupt'
+      fr = FakeRunner.new
+
+      test = tc.new test_name
+      assert_raises(Interrupt) { test.run fr }
+    end
+
+    def test_passthrough_exception_raised_within_setup_callback_is_not_rescued
+      tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
+        def self.name; nil; end
+
+        setup :callback_which_raises_interrupt
+        def callback_which_raises_interrupt; raise Interrupt; end
+        def test_true; assert true end
+      end
+
+      test_name = 'test_true'
+      fr = FakeRunner.new
+
+      test = tc.new test_name
+      assert_raises(Interrupt) { test.run fr }
+    end
+
+    def test_passthrough_exception_raised_within_teardown_callback_is_not_rescued
+      tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
+        def self.name; nil; end
+
+        teardown :callback_which_raises_interrupt
+        def callback_which_raises_interrupt; raise Interrupt; end
+        def test_true; assert true end
+      end
+
+      test_name = 'test_true'
+      fr = FakeRunner.new
+
+      test = tc.new test_name
+      assert_raises(Interrupt) { test.run fr }
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb b/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
index 11506554a9..2473cec384 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
@@ -15,68 +15,64 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @object.num = 0
   end
 
-  if lambda { }.respond_to?(:binding)
-    def test_assert_no_difference
-      assert_no_difference '@object.num' do
-        # ...
-      end
+  def test_assert_no_difference
+    assert_no_difference '@object.num' do
+      # ...
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_assert_difference
-      assert_difference '@object.num', +1 do
-        @object.increment
-      end
+  def test_assert_difference
+    assert_difference '@object.num', +1 do
+      @object.increment
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_assert_difference_with_implicit_difference
-      assert_difference '@object.num' do
-        @object.increment
-      end
+  def test_assert_difference_with_implicit_difference
+    assert_difference '@object.num' do
+      @object.increment
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_arbitrary_expression
-      assert_difference '@object.num + 1', +2 do
-        @object.increment
-        @object.increment
-      end
+  def test_arbitrary_expression
+    assert_difference '@object.num + 1', +2 do
+      @object.increment
+      @object.increment
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_negative_differences
-      assert_difference '@object.num', -1 do
-        @object.decrement
-      end
+  def test_negative_differences
+    assert_difference '@object.num', -1 do
+      @object.decrement
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_expression_is_evaluated_in_the_appropriate_scope
-      silence_warnings do
-        local_scope = local_scope = 'foo'
-        assert_difference('local_scope; @object.num') { @object.increment }
-      end
+  def test_expression_is_evaluated_in_the_appropriate_scope
+    silence_warnings do
+      local_scope = local_scope = 'foo'
+      assert_difference('local_scope; @object.num') { @object.increment }
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_array_of_expressions
-      assert_difference [ '@object.num', '@object.num + 1' ], +1 do
-        @object.increment
-      end
+  def test_array_of_expressions
+    assert_difference [ '@object.num', '@object.num + 1' ], +1 do
+      @object.increment
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_array_of_expressions_identify_failure
-      assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) do
-        assert_difference ['@object.num', '1 + 1'] do
-          @object.increment
-        end
+  def test_array_of_expressions_identify_failure
+    assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) do
+      assert_difference ['@object.num', '1 + 1'] do
+        @object.increment
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_array_of_expressions_identify_failure_when_message_provided
-      assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) do
-        assert_difference ['@object.num', '1 + 1'], 1, 'something went wrong' do
-          @object.increment
-        end
+  def test_array_of_expressions_identify_failure_when_message_provided
+    assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) do
+      assert_difference ['@object.num', '1 + 1'], 1, 'something went wrong' do
+        @object.increment
       end
     end
-  else
-    def default_test; end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/testing/performance_test.rb b/activesupport/test/testing/performance_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53073cb8db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/testing/performance_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/testing/performance'
+
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    class PerformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def test_amount_format
+        amount_metric = ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics[:amount].new
+        assert_equal "0", amount_metric.format(0)
+        assert_equal "1", amount_metric.format(1.23)
+        assert_equal "40,000,000", amount_metric.format(40000000)
+      end
+
+      def test_time_format
+        time_metric = ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics[:time].new
+        assert_equal "0 ms", time_metric.format(0)
+        assert_equal "40 ms", time_metric.format(0.04)
+        assert_equal "41 ms", time_metric.format(0.0415)
+        assert_equal "1.23 sec", time_metric.format(1.23)
+        assert_equal "40000.00 sec", time_metric.format(40000)
+        assert_equal "-5000 ms", time_metric.format(-5)
+      end
+
+      def test_space_format
+        space_metric = ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics[:digital_information_unit].new
+        assert_equal "0 Bytes", space_metric.format(0)
+        assert_equal "0 Bytes", space_metric.format(0.4)
+        assert_equal "1 Byte", space_metric.format(1.23)
+        assert_equal "123 Bytes", space_metric.format(123)
+        assert_equal "123 Bytes", space_metric.format(123.45)
+        assert_equal "12 KB", space_metric.format(12345)
+        assert_equal "1.2 MB", space_metric.format(1234567)
+        assert_equal "9.3 GB", space_metric.format(10**10)
+        assert_equal "91 TB", space_metric.format(10**14)
+        assert_equal "910000 TB", space_metric.format(10**18)
+      end
+
+      def test_environment_format_without_rails
+        metric = ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics[:time].new
+        benchmarker = ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Benchmarker.new(self, metric)
+        assert_equal "#{RUBY_ENGINE}-#{RUBY_VERSION}.#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL},#{RUBY_PLATFORM}", benchmarker.environment
+      end
+
+      def test_environment_format_with_rails
+        rails, version = Module.new, Module.new
+        version.const_set :STRING, "4.0.0"
+        rails.const_set :VERSION, version
+        Object.const_set :Rails, rails
+
+        metric = ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics[:time].new
+        benchmarker = ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Benchmarker.new(self, metric)
+        assert_equal "rails-4.0.0,#{RUBY_ENGINE}-#{RUBY_VERSION}.#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL},#{RUBY_PLATFORM}", benchmarker.environment
+      ensure
+        Object.send :remove_const, :Rails
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
index e26256f9c6..b9434489bb 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_now
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.local(2000))
-      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].dup
+      def zone.time_now; Time.local(2000); end
       assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, zone.now
       assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,5), zone.now.utc
       assert_equal Time.utc(2000), zone.now.time
@@ -59,8 +59,11 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_now_enforces_spring_dst_rules
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.local(2006,4,2,2)) # 2AM springs forward to 3AM
-      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].dup
+      def zone.time_now
+        Time.local(2006,4,2,2) # 2AM springs forward to 3AM
+      end
+
       assert_equal Time.utc(2006,4,2,3), zone.now.time
       assert_equal true, zone.now.dst?
     end
@@ -68,8 +71,10 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_now_enforces_fall_dst_rules
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.at(1162098000)) # equivalent to 1AM DST
-      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].dup
+      def zone.time_now
+        Time.at(1162098000) # equivalent to 1AM DST
+      end
       assert_equal Time.utc(2006,10,29,1), zone.now.time
       assert_equal true, zone.now.dst?
     end
@@ -198,6 +203,24 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,19), twz.time
   end
 
+  def test_parse_should_not_black_out_system_timezone_dst_jump
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Pacific Time (US & Canada)']
+    zone.stubs(:now).returns(zone.now)
+    Time.stubs(:parse).with('2012-03-25 03:29', zone.now).
+                       returns(Time.local(0,29,4,25,3,2012,nil,nil,true,"+03:00"))
+    twz = zone.parse('2012-03-25 03:29')
+    assert_equal [0, 29, 3, 25, 3, 2012], twz.to_a[0,6]
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_should_black_out_app_timezone_dst_jump
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Pacific Time (US & Canada)']
+    zone.stubs(:now).returns(zone.now)
+    Time.stubs(:parse).with('2012-03-11 02:29', zone.now).
+                       returns(Time.local(0,29,2,11,3,2012,nil,nil,false,"+02:00"))
+    twz = zone.parse('2012-03-11 02:29')
+    assert_equal [0, 29, 3, 11, 3, 2012], twz.to_a[0,6]
+  end
+
   def test_utc_offset_lazy_loaded_from_tzinfo_when_not_passed_in_to_initialize
     tzinfo = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create(tzinfo.name, nil, tzinfo)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/ts_isolated.rb b/activesupport/test/ts_isolated.rb
index 1d96c20bb6..2c217157d3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/ts_isolated.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/ts_isolated.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-$:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../activesupport/lib')
-
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
 require 'rbconfig'
@@ -12,7 +10,7 @@ class TestIsolated < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     define_method("test #{file}") do
       command = "#{ruby} -Ilib:test #{file}"
       result = silence_stderr { `#{command}` }
-      assert_block("#{command}\n#{result}") { $?.to_i.zero? }
+      assert $?.to_i.zero?, "#{command}\n#{result}"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ci/travis.rb b/ci/travis.rb
index 52e146df70..b03ac4fe35 100755
--- a/ci/travis.rb
+++ b/ci/travis.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ class Build
     'ap'   => 'actionpack',
     'am'   => 'actionmailer',
     'amo'  => 'activemodel',
-    'ares' => 'activeresource',
     'as'   => 'activesupport',
     'ar'   => 'activerecord'
   }
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ class Build
     self.options.update(options)
     Dir.chdir(dir) do
       announce(heading)
-      ENV['IM'] = identity_map?.inspect
       rake(*tasks)
     end
   end
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ class Build
 
   def heading
     heading = [gem]
-    heading << "with #{adapter} IM #{identity_map? ? 'enabled' : 'disabled'}" if activerecord?
+    heading << "with #{adapter}" if activerecord?
     heading << "in isolation" if isolated?
     heading.join(' ')
   end
@@ -62,7 +60,6 @@ class Build
   def key
     key = [gem]
     key << adapter if activerecord?
-    key << 'IM' if identity_map?
     key << 'isolated' if isolated?
     key.join(':')
   end
@@ -71,10 +68,6 @@ class Build
     gem == 'activerecord'
   end
 
-  def identity_map?
-    options[:identity_map]
-  end
-
   def isolated?
     options[:isolated]
   end
@@ -107,10 +100,6 @@ ENV['GEM'].split(',').each do |gem|
     build = Build.new(gem, :isolated => isolated)
     results[build.key] = build.run!
 
-    if build.activerecord?
-      build.options[:identity_map] = true
-      results[build.key] = build.run!
-    end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/guides/Rakefile b/guides/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d005a12936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+namespace :guides do
+
+  desc 'Generate guides (for authors), use ONLY=foo to process just "foo.textile"'
+  task :generate => 'generate:html'
+
+  namespace :generate do
+
+    desc "Generate HTML guides"
+    task :html do
+      ENV["WARN_BROKEN_LINKS"] = "1" # authors can't disable this
+      ruby "rails_guides.rb"
+    end
+
+    desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/kindlepublishing"
+    task :kindle do
+      ENV['KINDLE'] = '1'
+      Rake::Task['guides:generate:html'].invoke
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Validate guides -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  desc 'Validate guides, use ONLY=foo to process just "foo.html"'
+  task :validate do
+    ruby "w3c_validator.rb"
+  end
+
+  desc "Show help"
+  task :help do
+    puts <<-help
+
+Guides are taken from the source directory, and the resulting HTML goes into the
+output directory. Assets are stored under files, and copied to output/files as
+part of the generation process.
+
+All this process is handled via rake tasks, here's a full list of them:
+
+#{%x[rake -T]}
+Some arguments may be passed via environment variables:
+
+  WARNINGS=1
+    Internal links (anchors) are checked, also detects duplicated IDs.
+
+  ALL=1
+    Force generation of all guides.
+
+  ONLY=name
+    Useful if you want to generate only one or a set of guides.
+    
+    Generate only association_basics.html:
+      ONLY=assoc
+
+    Separate many using commas:
+      ONLY=assoc,migrations
+
+  GUIDES_LANGUAGE
+    Use it when you want to generate translated guides in
+    source/<GUIDES_LANGUAGE> folder (such as source/es)
+
+  EDGE=1
+    Indicate generated guides should be marked as edge.
+
+Examples:
+  $ rake guides:generate ALL=1
+  $ rake guides:generate EDGE=1
+  $ rake guides:generate:kindle EDGE=1
+  $ rake guides:generate GUIDES_LANGUAGE=es
+    help
+  end
+end
+
+task :default => 'guides:help'
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png b/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43c963ffa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/book_icon.gif b/guides/assets/images/book_icon.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..efc5e06880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/book_icon.gif
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/bullet.gif b/guides/assets/images/bullet.gif
index 95a26364a4..95a26364a4 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/bullet.gif
+++ b/guides/assets/images/bullet.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/challenge.png b/guides/assets/images/challenge.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30be3d7028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/challenge.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif b/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a61c28c02d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/check_bullet.gif b/guides/assets/images/check_bullet.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd54ef64c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/check_bullet.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif b/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6b335d0c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/csrf.png b/guides/assets/images/csrf.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8123d47c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/csrf.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/customized_error_messages.png b/guides/assets/images/customized_error_messages.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fcf47b4be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/customized_error_messages.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/edge_badge.png b/guides/assets/images/edge_badge.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a35dc9f8ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/edge_badge.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/error_messages.png b/guides/assets/images/error_messages.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1189e486d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/error_messages.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0e80cf8f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/feature_tile.gif b/guides/assets/images/feature_tile.gif
index 75469361db..75469361db 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/feature_tile.gif
+++ b/guides/assets/images/feature_tile.gif
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/footer_tile.gif b/guides/assets/images/footer_tile.gif
index bb33fc1ff0..bb33fc1ff0 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/footer_tile.gif
+++ b/guides/assets/images/footer_tile.gif
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/fxn.png b/guides/assets/images/fxn.png
index 9b531ee584..9b531ee584 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/fxn.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/fxn.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a13eddd91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6910e1647e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf23cba231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_post.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_post.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b573cb164c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_post.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/post_with_comments.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/post_with_comments.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e13095ff8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/post_with_comments.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..407ea2ea06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d461807c5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_posts.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_posts.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9467df6a07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_posts.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_posts_new.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_posts_new.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6860aaeca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_posts_new.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/undefined_method_post_path.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/undefined_method_post_path.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c29cb2f54f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/undefined_method_post_path.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_posts.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_posts.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1eca14b988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_posts.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_posts.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_posts.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd72586573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_posts.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/grey_bullet.gif b/guides/assets/images/grey_bullet.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c08b1571c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/grey_bullet.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/habtm.png b/guides/assets/images/habtm.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b062bc73fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/habtm.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/has_many.png b/guides/assets/images/has_many.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7589e3b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/has_many.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png b/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..858c898dc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/has_one.png b/guides/assets/images/has_one.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93faa05b07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/has_one.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png b/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07dac1a27d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png b/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72b030478f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/header_tile.gif b/guides/assets/images/header_tile.gif
index e2c878d492..e2c878d492 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/header_tile.gif
+++ b/guides/assets/images/header_tile.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9afa8ebec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_localized_pirate.png b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_localized_pirate.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf8d0b558c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_localized_pirate.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_en.png b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_en.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e887bfa306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_en.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_pirate.png b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_pirate.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa5618a865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_pirate.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translation_missing.png b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translation_missing.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..867aa7c42d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translation_missing.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ea6404822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/icons/README b/guides/assets/images/icons/README
index f12b2a730c..f12b2a730c 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/icons/README
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/README
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/1.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5d02adcf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/1.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/10.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/10.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe89f9ef83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/10.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/11.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/11.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9244a1ac4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/11.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/12.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/12.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae56459f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/12.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/13.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/13.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1181f9f892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/13.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/14.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/14.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4274e6580a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/14.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/15.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/15.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39304de94f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/15.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/2.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c57970ba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/2.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/3.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/3.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..57a33d15b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/3.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/4.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/4.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f061ab02b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/4.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/5.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/5.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4de02da11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/5.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/6.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/6.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e055eec1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/6.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/7.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/7.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ead87d040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/7.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/8.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/8.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb99545eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/8.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/9.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/9.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ac03602f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/9.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/caution.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/caution.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..031e19c776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/caution.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/example.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/example.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b0e482059
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/example.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/home.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/home.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24149d6e78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/home.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/important.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/important.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dafcf0f59e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/important.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/next.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/next.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..355b329f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/next.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/note.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/note.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08d35a6f5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/note.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/prev.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/prev.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea564c865e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/prev.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/tip.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/tip.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d834e6d1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/tip.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/up.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/up.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..379f0045af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/up.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/warning.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/warning.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72a8a5d873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/warning.png
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/jaimeiniesta.jpg b/guides/assets/images/jaimeiniesta.jpg
index 445f048d92..445f048d92 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/jaimeiniesta.jpg
+++ b/guides/assets/images/jaimeiniesta.jpg
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/nav_arrow.gif b/guides/assets/images/nav_arrow.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff081819ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/nav_arrow.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/oscardelben.jpg b/guides/assets/images/oscardelben.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f3f67c2c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/oscardelben.jpg
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/polymorphic.png b/guides/assets/images/polymorphic.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3cbc4502a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/polymorphic.png
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/radar.png b/guides/assets/images/radar.png
index f61e08763f..f61e08763f 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/radar.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/radar.png
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_kindle_cover.jpg b/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_kindle_cover.jpg
index 9eb16720a9..9eb16720a9 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_kindle_cover.jpg
+++ b/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_kindle_cover.jpg
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_logo.gif b/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_logo.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b0ad5af28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_logo.gif
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/rails_logo_remix.gif b/guides/assets/images/rails_logo_remix.gif
index 58960ee4f9..58960ee4f9 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/rails_logo_remix.gif
+++ b/guides/assets/images/rails_logo_remix.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/rails_welcome.png b/guides/assets/images/rails_welcome.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ad2d351de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/rails_welcome.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/session_fixation.png b/guides/assets/images/session_fixation.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac3ab01614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/session_fixation.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_grey.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_grey.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..995adb76cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/tab_grey.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_info.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_info.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e9dd164f18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/tab_info.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_note.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_note.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9b546c6f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/tab_note.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_red.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_red.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0613093ddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/tab_red.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39a3c2dc6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.gif
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png b/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ab1c56c4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/validation_error_messages.png b/guides/assets/images/validation_error_messages.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30e4ca4a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/validation_error_messages.png
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg b/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg
index e21d3cabfc..e21d3cabfc 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg
+++ b/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
index c4e4d459ea..c4e4d459ea 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAS3.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAS3.js
index 8aa3ed2732..8aa3ed2732 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAS3.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAS3.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAppleScript.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAppleScript.js
index d40bbd7dd2..d40bbd7dd2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAppleScript.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAppleScript.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushBash.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushBash.js
index 8c296969ff..8c296969ff 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushBash.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushBash.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCSharp.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCSharp.js
index 079214efe1..079214efe1 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCSharp.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCSharp.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushColdFusion.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushColdFusion.js
index 627dbb9b76..627dbb9b76 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushColdFusion.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushColdFusion.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCpp.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCpp.js
index 9f70d3aed6..9f70d3aed6 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCpp.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCpp.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCss.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCss.js
index 4297a9a648..4297a9a648 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCss.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCss.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDelphi.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDelphi.js
index e1060d4468..e1060d4468 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDelphi.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDelphi.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDiff.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDiff.js
index e9b14fc580..e9b14fc580 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDiff.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDiff.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushErlang.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushErlang.js
index 6ba7d9da87..6ba7d9da87 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushErlang.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushErlang.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushGroovy.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushGroovy.js
index 6ec5c18521..6ec5c18521 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushGroovy.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushGroovy.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJScript.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJScript.js
index ff98daba16..ff98daba16 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJScript.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJScript.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJava.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJava.js
index d692fd6382..d692fd6382 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJava.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJava.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJavaFX.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJavaFX.js
index 1a150a6ad3..1a150a6ad3 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJavaFX.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJavaFX.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPerl.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPerl.js
index d94a2e0ec5..d94a2e0ec5 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPerl.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPerl.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPhp.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPhp.js
index 95e6e4325b..95e6e4325b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPhp.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPhp.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js
index 9f7d9e90c3..9f7d9e90c3 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPowerShell.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPowerShell.js
index 0be1752968..0be1752968 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPowerShell.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPowerShell.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPython.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPython.js
index ce77462975..ce77462975 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPython.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPython.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js
index ff82130a7a..ff82130a7a 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSass.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSass.js
index aa04da0996..aa04da0996 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSass.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSass.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushScala.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushScala.js
index 4b0b6f04d2..4b0b6f04d2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushScala.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushScala.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js
index 5c2cd8806f..5c2cd8806f 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushVb.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushVb.js
index be845dc0b3..be845dc0b3 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushVb.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushVb.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js
index 69d9fd0b1f..69d9fd0b1f 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js
index b47b645472..b47b645472 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/fixes.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/fixes.css
index bf86b29efa..bf86b29efa 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/fixes.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/fixes.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/kindle.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/kindle.css
index b26cd1786a..b26cd1786a 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/kindle.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/kindle.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
index 90723cc8e1..42b85fefa3 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ body {
 	font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
 	font-size: 87.5%;
 	line-height: 1.5em;
-	background: #222;
+	background: #fff;
 	min-width: 69em;
 	color: #999;
 	}
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ body {
 #topNav {
 	padding: 1em 0;
 	color: #565656;
+	background: #222;
 }
 
 #header {
@@ -111,7 +112,6 @@ body {
 }
 
 #container {
-	background: #FFF;
 	color: #333;
 	padding: 0.5em 0 1.5em 0;
 	}
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ body {
 
 #footer {
 	padding: 2em 0;
-	background: url(../images/footer_tile.gif) repeat-x;
+	background: #222 url(../images/footer_tile.gif) repeat-x;
 	}
 #footer .wrapper {
 	padding-left: 2em;
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css
index 628da105d4..628da105d4 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/reset.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/reset.css
index cb14fbcc55..cb14fbcc55 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/reset.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/reset.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/style.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/style.css
index 89b2ab885a..89b2ab885a 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/style.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/style.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css
index 34f6864a15..34f6864a15 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDefault.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDefault.css
index 08f9e10e4e..08f9e10e4e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDefault.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDefault.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDjango.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDjango.css
index 1db1f70cb0..1db1f70cb0 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDjango.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDjango.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEclipse.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEclipse.css
index a45de9fd8e..a45de9fd8e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEclipse.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEclipse.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEmacs.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEmacs.css
index 706c77a0a8..706c77a0a8 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEmacs.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEmacs.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreFadeToGrey.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreFadeToGrey.css
index 6101eba51f..6101eba51f 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreFadeToGrey.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreFadeToGrey.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMDUltra.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMDUltra.css
index 2923ce7367..2923ce7367 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMDUltra.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMDUltra.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMidnight.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMidnight.css
index e3733eed56..e3733eed56 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMidnight.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMidnight.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreRDark.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreRDark.css
index d09368384d..d09368384d 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreRDark.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreRDark.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDefault.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDefault.css
index 136541172d..136541172d 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDefault.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDefault.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDjango.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDjango.css
index d8b4313433..d8b4313433 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDjango.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDjango.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEclipse.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEclipse.css
index 77377d9533..77377d9533 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEclipse.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEclipse.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEmacs.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEmacs.css
index dae5053fea..dae5053fea 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEmacs.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEmacs.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeFadeToGrey.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeFadeToGrey.css
index 8fbd871fb5..8fbd871fb5 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeFadeToGrey.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeFadeToGrey.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMDUltra.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMDUltra.css
index f4db39cd83..f4db39cd83 100755
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMDUltra.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMDUltra.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMidnight.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMidnight.css
index c49563cc9d..c49563cc9d 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMidnight.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMidnight.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRDark.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRDark.css
index 6305a10e4e..6305a10e4e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRDark.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRDark.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css
index 6d2edb2eb8..6d2edb2eb8 100644
--- a/railties/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
index 768985070c..670a8523b0 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
-gem 'rails', '3.2.0'
+gem 'rails', '3.2.3'
 
 # Bundle edge Rails instead:
 # gem 'rails', :git => 'git://github.com/rails/rails.git'
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ group :assets do
   gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.2.1'
 
   # See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
-  # gem 'therubyracer'
+  # gem 'therubyracer', :platform => :ruby
 
   gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.0.3'
 end
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ gem 'jquery-rails'
 # To use Jbuilder templates for JSON
 # gem 'jbuilder'
 
-# Use unicorn as the web server
+# Use unicorn as the app server
 # gem 'unicorn'
 
 # Deploy with Capistrano
 # gem 'capistrano'
 
 # To use debugger
-# gem 'ruby-debug19', :require => 'ruby-debug'
+# gem 'debugger'
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc b/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
index d2014bd35f..b5d7b6436b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ programming in general.
 Debugger support is available through the debugger command when you start your
 Mongrel or WEBrick server with --debugger. This means that you can break out of
 execution at any point in the code, investigate and change the model, and then,
-resume execution! You need to install ruby-debug19 to run the server in debugging
-mode. With gems, use <tt>sudo gem install ruby-debug19</tt>. Example:
+resume execution! You need to install the 'debugger' gem to run the server in debugging
+mode. Add gem 'debugger' to your Gemfile and run <tt>bundle</tt> to install it. Example:
 
   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
     def index
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile b/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
index e1d1ec8615..e1d1ec8615 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/images/rails.png b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/images/rails.png
index d5edc04e65..d5edc04e65 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/images/rails.png
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/images/rails.png
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
index 9097d830e2..9097d830e2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
index 3b5cc6648e..3b5cc6648e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
index e8065d9505..e8065d9505 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
index 7447fd078b..cf3d1be42e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 class CommentsController < ApplicationController
 	http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :only => :destroy
+
   def create
     @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
     @comment = @post.comments.create(params[:comment])
     redirect_to post_path(@post)
   end
- 
+
   def destroy
     @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
     @comment = @post.comments.find(params[:id])
     @comment.destroy
     redirect_to post_path(@post)
   end
- 
+
 end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8ac9aba5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+
+  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :except => [:index, :show]
+
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+    @post = Post.new
+  end
+
+  def create
+    @post = Post.new(params[:post])
+
+    if @post.save
+      redirect_to :action => :show, :id => @post.id
+    else
+      render 'new'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def edit
+    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def update
+    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+
+    if @post.update_attributes(params[:post])
+      redirect_to :action => :show, :id => @post.id
+    else
+      render 'edit'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def destroy
+    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+    @post.destroy
+
+    redirect_to :action => :index
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9b859b9c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class WelcomeController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
index de6be7945c..de6be7945c 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
index 0ec9ca5f2d..0ec9ca5f2d 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7b8cec898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module PostsHelper
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eeead45fc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module WelcomeHelper
+end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
index 4e76c5b5b0..4e76c5b5b0 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21387340b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :title, :presence => true,
+                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
+
+  has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d2bc1590e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<p>
+  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
+  <%= comment.commenter %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Comment:</strong>
+  <%= comment.body %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
+               :method => :delete,
+               :data => { :confirm => 'Are you sure?' } %>
+</p>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
index d15bdd6b59..00cb3a08f0 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 <%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
-  <div class="field">
+  <p>
     <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
     <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
+  </p>
+  <p>
     <%= f.label :body %><br />
     <%= f.text_area :body %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="actions">
+  </p>
+  <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
-  </div>
+  </p>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
index 6578a41da2..6578a41da2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f22139938c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
+    <div id="errorExplanation">
+      <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this post from being saved:</h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br />
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br />
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..911a48569d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<h1>Editing post</h1>
+
+<%= render 'form' %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a0e90eadc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<h1>Listing posts</h1>
+
+<%= link_to 'New post', :action => :new %>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Text</th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+  </tr>
+
+<% @posts.each do |post| %>
+  <tr>
+    <td><%= post.title %></td>
+    <td><%= post.text %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Show', :action => :show, :id => post.id %>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', :action => :edit, :id => post.id %>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', { :action => :destroy, :id => post.id }, :method => :delete, :data => { :confirm => 'Are you sure?' } %>
+  </tr>
+<% end %>
+</table>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
index 36ad7421f9..ce9523a721 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 <%= render 'form' %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65809033ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @post.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Comments</h2>
+<%= render @post.comments %>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= render "comments/form" %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e04680ea7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
+<%= link_to "My Blog", :controller => "posts" %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru b/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
index ddf869e921..ddf869e921 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
index d2cd5c028b..d2cd5c028b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
index 4489e58688..3596736667 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'rubygems'
-
 # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
index 51a4dd459d..51a4dd459d 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
index 8f728b7ce7..8f728b7ce7 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
index cec2b20c0b..cec2b20c0b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
index cfb8c960d6..ecc35b030b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Blog::Application.configure do
   # Generate digests for assets URLs.
   config.assets.digest = true
 
-  # Defaults to Rails.root.join("public/assets").
+  # Defaults to nil
   # config.assets.manifest = YOUR_PATH
 
   # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
index f2bc932fb3..f2bc932fb3 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
index 59385cdf37..59385cdf37 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
index 5d8d9be237..5d8d9be237 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
index 72aca7e441..72aca7e441 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
index b0c8ee23c1..f36ebdda18 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
@@ -4,4 +4,6 @@
 # If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
 # Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
 # no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
+# Make sure your secret key is kept private
+# if you're sharing your code publicly.
 Blog::Application.config.secret_token = '685a9bf865b728c6549a191c90851c1b5ec41ecb60b9e94ad79dd3f824749798aa7b5e94431901960bee57809db0947b481570f7f13376b7ca190fa28099c459'
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
index 1a67af58b5..1a67af58b5 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
index 999df20181..999df20181 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
index 179c14ca52..179c14ca52 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
index b048ac68f1..04a6bd374e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 Blog::Application.routes.draw do
+
   resources :posts do
     resources :comments
   end
 
-  get "home/index"
-
   # The priority is based upon order of creation:
   # first created -> highest priority.
 
@@ -54,8 +53,8 @@ Blog::Application.routes.draw do
 
   # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
   # just remember to delete public/index.html.
-  root :to => "home#index"
-  
+  root :to => "welcome#index"
+
   # See how all your routes lay out with "rake routes"
 
   # This is a legacy wild controller route that's not recommended for RESTful applications.
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901012815_create_comments.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901012815_create_comments.rb
index adda8078c1..adda8078c1 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901012815_create_comments.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901012815_create_comments.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901012504_create_posts.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20120420083127_create_posts.rb
index d45a961523..602bef31ab 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901012504_create_posts.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20120420083127_create_posts.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :posts do |t|
-      t.string :name
       t.string :title
-      t.text :content
+      t.text :text
 
       t.timestamps
     end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
index 9db4fbe4b6..cfb56ca9b9 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
@@ -11,31 +11,30 @@
 #
 # It's strongly recommended to check this file into your version control system.
 
-ActiveRecord::Schema.define(:version => 20110901013701) do
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define(:version => 20120420083127) do
 
   create_table "comments", :force => true do |t|
     t.string   "commenter"
     t.text     "body"
     t.integer  "post_id"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
+    t.datetime "created_at", :null => false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", :null => false
   end
 
   add_index "comments", ["post_id"], :name => "index_comments_on_post_id"
 
   create_table "posts", :force => true do |t|
-    t.string   "name"
     t.string   "title"
-    t.text     "content"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
+    t.text     "text"
+    t.datetime "created_at", :null => false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", :null => false
   end
 
   create_table "tags", :force => true do |t|
     t.string   "name"
     t.integer  "post_id"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
+    t.datetime "created_at", :null => false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", :null => false
   end
 
   add_index "tags", ["post_id"], :name => "index_tags_on_post_id"
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
index 4edb1e857e..4edb1e857e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/doc/README_FOR_APP b/guides/code/getting_started/doc/README_FOR_APP
index fe41f5cc24..fe41f5cc24 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/doc/README_FOR_APP
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/doc/README_FOR_APP
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
index 9a48320a5f..9a48320a5f 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
index 83660ab187..83660ab187 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
index f3648a0dbc..f3648a0dbc 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico b/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt b/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
index 085187fa58..1a3a5e4dd2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # See http://www.robotstxt.org/wc/norobots.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
 #
 # To ban all spiders from the entire site uncomment the next two lines:
-# User-Agent: *
+# User-agent: *
 # Disallow: /
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/script/rails b/guides/code/getting_started/script/rails
index f8da2cffd4..f8da2cffd4 100755
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/script/rails
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/script/rails
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
index d33da386bf..d33da386bf 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
index 8b0f75a33d..e1edfd385e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 # Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Fixtures.html
 
 one:
-  name: MyString
   title: MyString
-  content: MyText
+  text: MyText
 
 two:
-  name: MyString
   title: MyString
-  content: MyText
+  text: MyText
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/comments_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/comments_controller_test.rb
index 2ec71b4ec5..2ec71b4ec5 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/comments_controller_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/comments_controller_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/posts_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/posts_controller_test.rb
index b8f7b07820..b8f7b07820 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/posts_controller_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/posts_controller_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/home_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/welcome_controller_test.rb
index 0d9bb47c3e..e4d5abae11 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/home_controller_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/functional/welcome_controller_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class HomeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+class WelcomeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   test "should get index" do
     get :index
     assert_response :success
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/performance/browsing_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/performance/browsing_test.rb
index 3fea27b916..2a849b7f2b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/performance/browsing_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/performance/browsing_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'rails/performance_test_help'
 
 class BrowsingTest < ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest
   # Refer to the documentation for all available options
-  # self.profile_options = { :runs => 5, :metrics => [:wall_time, :memory]
+  # self.profile_options = { :runs => 5, :metrics => [:wall_time, :memory],
   #                          :output => 'tmp/performance', :formats => [:flat] }
 
   def test_homepage
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
index 8bf1192ffe..3daca18a71 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
 require 'rails/test_help'
 
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.(yml|csv) for all tests in alphabetical order.
+  # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
   #
   # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
   # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/comment_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/comment_test.rb
index b6d6131a96..b6d6131a96 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/comment_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/comment_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
index 2518c16bd5..2518c16bd5 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/home_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/home_helper_test.rb
index 4740a18dac..4740a18dac 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/home_helper_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/home_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
index 48549c2ea1..48549c2ea1 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/post_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/post_test.rb
index 6d9d463a71..6d9d463a71 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/post_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/post_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/tag_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/tag_test.rb
index b8498a117c..b8498a117c 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/tag_test.rb
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/unit/tag_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/plugins/.gitkeep b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/plugins/.gitkeep
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/plugins/.gitkeep
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/plugins/.gitkeep
diff --git a/railties/guides/rails_guides.rb b/guides/rails_guides.rb
index feb5fe3937..1955309865 100644
--- a/railties/guides/rails_guides.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides.rb
@@ -8,13 +8,10 @@ def bundler?
   File.exists?('Gemfile')
 end
 
-# Loading Action Pack requires rack and erubis.
-require 'rubygems'
-
 begin
   # Guides generation in the Rails repo.
-  as_lib = File.join(pwd, "../../activesupport/lib")
-  ap_lib = File.join(pwd, "../../actionpack/lib")
+  as_lib = File.join(pwd, "../activesupport/lib")
+  ap_lib = File.join(pwd, "../actionpack/lib")
 
   $:.unshift as_lib if File.directory?(as_lib)
   $:.unshift ap_lib if File.directory?(ap_lib)
diff --git a/railties/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
index d6a98f9ac4..230bebf3bb 100644
--- a/railties/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #
-# This script generates the guides. It can be invoked either directly or via the
-# generate_guides rake task within the railties directory.
+# This script generates the guides. It can be invoked via the
+# guides:generate rake task within the guides directory.
 #
 # Guides are taken from the source directory, and the resulting HTML goes into the
 # output directory. Assets are stored under files, and copied to output/files as
@@ -47,11 +47,6 @@
 #     Set to "1" to indicate generated guides should be marked as edge. This
 #     inserts a badge and changes the preamble of the home page.
 #
-#   KINDLE
-#     Set to "1" to generate the .mobi with all the guides. The kindlegen
-#     executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from
-#     http://www.amazon.com/kindlepublishing
-#
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 require 'set'
diff --git a/railties/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
index e6ef656474..e6ef656474 100644
--- a/railties/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb
index 89fbccbb1d..89fbccbb1d 100644
--- a/railties/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
index 489aa3ea7a..489aa3ea7a 100644
--- a/railties/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
diff --git a/railties/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb b/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb
index 4677fae504..0a002a785f 100644
--- a/railties/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
+module RedCloth::Formatters::HTML
+  def emdash(opts)
+    "--"
+  end
+end
+
 module RailsGuides
   module TextileExtensions
     def notestuff(body)
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.textile b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.textile
index 8e2d528eee..eb4b32329b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.textile
+++ b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.textile
@@ -118,9 +118,9 @@ h4. Transactional Migrations
 
 Historically, multiple-step Rails migrations have been a source of trouble. If something went wrong during a migration, everything before the error changed the database and everything after the error wasn't applied. Also, the migration version was stored as having been executed, which means that it couldn't be simply rerun by +rake db:migrate:redo+ after you fix the problem. Transactional migrations change this by wrapping migration steps in a DDL transaction, so that if any of them fail, the entire migration is undone. In Rails 2.2, transactional migrations are supported on PostgreSQL out of the box. The code is extensible to other database types in the future - and IBM has already extended it to support the DB2 adapter.
 
-* Lead Contributor: "Adam Wiggins":http://adam.blog.heroku.com/
+* Lead Contributor: "Adam Wiggins":http://adam.heroku.com/
 * More information:
-** "DDL Transactions":http://adam.blog.heroku.com/past/2008/9/3/ddl_transactions/
+** "DDL Transactions":http://adam.heroku.com/past/2008/9/3/ddl_transactions/
 ** "A major milestone for DB2 on Rails":http://db2onrails.com/2008/11/08/a-major-milestone-for-db2-on-rails/
 
 h4. Connection Pooling
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ This will enable recognition of (among others) these routes:
 
 * Lead Contributor: "S. Brent Faulkner":http://www.unwwwired.net/
 * More information:
-** "Rails Routing from the Outside In":http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#_nested_resources
+** "Rails Routing from the Outside In":http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#nested-resources
 ** "What's New in Edge Rails: Shallow Routes":http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/9/7/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-shallow-routes
 
 h4. Method Arrays for Member or Collection Routes
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.textile b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.textile
index 15abba66ab..36f425574b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.textile
+++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.textile
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ This will layer the changes from the template on top of whatever code the projec
 
 h4. Quieter Backtraces
 
-Building on Thoughtbot's "Quiet Backtrace":http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/quietbacktrace plugin, which allows you to selectively remove lines from +Test::Unit+ backtraces, Rails 2.3 implements +ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner+ and +Rails::BacktraceCleaner+ in core. This supports both filters (to perform regex-based substitutions on backtrace lines) and silencers (to remove backtrace lines entirely). Rails automatically adds silencers to get rid of the most common noise in a new application, and builds a +config/backtrace_silencers.rb+ file to hold your own additions. This feature also enables prettier printing from any gem in the backtrace.
+Building on Thoughtbot's "Quiet Backtrace":https://github.com/thoughtbot/quietbacktrace plugin, which allows you to selectively remove lines from +Test::Unit+ backtraces, Rails 2.3 implements +ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner+ and +Rails::BacktraceCleaner+ in core. This supports both filters (to perform regex-based substitutions on backtrace lines) and silencers (to remove backtrace lines entirely). Rails automatically adds silencers to get rid of the most common noise in a new application, and builds a +config/backtrace_silencers.rb+ file to hold your own additions. This feature also enables prettier printing from any gem in the backtrace.
 
 h4. Faster Boot Time in Development Mode with Lazy Loading/Autoload
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.textile b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.textile
index d22c76dd81..d22c76dd81 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.textile
+++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.textile
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.textile b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.textile
index f88d8624ba..f88d8624ba 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.textile
+++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.textile
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.textile b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.textile
index 0f8fea2bf6..3524ea6595 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.textile
+++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.textile
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ end
 
 h5(#actionview_deprecations). Deprecations
 
-* Passing formats or handlers to render :template and friends like <tt>render :template => "foo.html.erb"</tt> is deprecated. Instead, you can provide :handlers and :formats directly as an options: <tt> render :template => "foo", :formats => [:html, :js], :handlers => :erb</tt>.
+* Passing formats or handlers to render :template and friends like <tt>render :template => "foo.html.erb"</tt> is deprecated. Instead, you can provide :handlers and :formats directly as options: <tt> render :template => "foo", :formats => [:html, :js], :handlers => :erb</tt>.
 
 h4. Sprockets
 
diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.textile b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.textile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d545798f6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.textile
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+h2. Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes
+
+Highlights in Rails 4.0:
+
+These release notes cover the major changes, but do not include each bug-fix and changes. If you want to see everything, check out the "list of commits":https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+endprologue.
+
+h3. Upgrading to Rails 4.0
+
+TODO. This is a WIP guide.
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 3.2 in case you haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting an update to Rails 4.0. Then take heed of the following changes:
+
+h4. Rails 4.0 requires at least Ruby 1.9.3
+
+Rails 4.0 requires Ruby 1.9.3 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially and you should upgrade as early as possible.
+
+h4. What to update in your apps
+
+* Update your Gemfile to depend on
+** <tt>rails = 4.0.0</tt>
+** <tt>sass-rails ~> 3.2.3</tt>
+** <tt>coffee-rails ~> 3.2.1</tt>
+** <tt>uglifier >= 1.0.3</tt>
+
+TODO: Update the versions above.
+
+* Rails 4.0 removes <tt>vendor/plugins</tt> completely. You have to replace these plugins by extracting them as gems and adding them in your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, <tt>lib/my_plugin/*</tt> and add an appropriate initializer in <tt>config/initializers/my_plugin.rb</tt>.
+
+TODO: Configuration changes in environment files
+
+h3. Creating a Rails 4.0 application
+
+<shell>
+# You should have the 'rails' rubygem installed
+$ rails new myapp
+$ cd myapp
+</shell>
+
+h4. Vendoring Gems
+
+Rails now uses a +Gemfile+ in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This +Gemfile+ is processed by the "Bundler":https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
+
+More information: "Bundler homepage":http://gembundler.com
+
+h4. Living on the Edge
+
++Bundler+ and +Gemfile+ makes freezing your Rails application easy as pie with the new dedicated +bundle+ command. If you want to bundle straight from the Git repository, you can pass the +--edge+ flag:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails new myapp --edge
+</shell>
+
+If you have a local checkout of the Rails repository and want to generate an application using that, you can pass the +--dev+ flag:
+
+<shell>
+$ ruby /path/to/rails/railties/bin/rails new myapp --dev
+</shell>
+
+h3. Major Features
+
+h3. Documentation
+
+h3. Railties
+
+* Allow scaffold/model/migration generators to accept a <tt>polymorphic</tt> modifier for <tt>references</tt>/<tt>belongs_to</tt>, for instance
+
+<shell>
+rails g model Product supplier:references{polymorphic}
+</shell>
+
+will generate the model with <tt>belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true</tt> association and appropriate migration.
+
+* Set <tt>config.active_record.migration_error</tt> to <tt>:page_load</tt> for development.
+
+* Add runner to <tt>Rails::Railtie</tt> as a hook called just after runner starts.
+
+* Add <tt>/rails/info/routes</tt> path which displays the same information as +rake routes+.
+
+* Improved +rake routes+ output for redirects.
+
+* Load all environments available in <tt>config.paths["config/environments"]</tt>.
+
+* The application generator generates <tt>public/humans.txt</tt> with some basic data.
+
+* Add <tt>config.queue_consumer</tt> to allow the default consumer to be configurable.
+
+* Add <tt>Rails.queue</tt> as an interface with a default implementation that consumes jobs in a separate thread.
+
+* Remove <tt>Rack::SSL</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::SSL</tt>.
+
+* Allow to set class that will be used to run as a console, other than IRB, with <tt>Rails.application.config.console=</tt>. It's best to add it to console block.
+
+<ruby>
+# it can be added to config/application.rb
+console do
+  # this block is called only when running console,
+  # so we can safely require pry here
+  require "pry"
+  config.console = Pry
+end
+</ruby>
+
+* Add a convenience method <tt>hide!</tt> to Rails generators to hide the current generator namespace from showing when running <tt>rails generate</tt>.
+
+* Scaffold now uses +content_tag_for+ in <tt>index.html.erb</tt>.
+
+* <tt>Rails::Plugin</tt> is removed. Instead of adding plugins to <tt>vendor/plugins</tt>, use gems or bundler with path or git dependencies.
+
+h4(#railties_deprecations). Deprecations
+
+h3. Action Mailer
+
+* Allow to set default Action Mailer options via <tt>config.action_mailer.default_options=</tt>.
+
+* Raise an <tt>ActionView::MissingTemplate</tt> exception when no implicit template could be found.
+
+* Asynchronously send messages via the Rails Queue.
+
+h3. Action Pack
+
+h4. Action Controller
+
+* Add <tt>ActionController::Flash.add_flash_types</tt> method to allow people to register their own flash types. e.g.:
+
+<ruby>
+class ApplicationController
+  add_flash_types :error, :warning
+end
+</ruby>
+
+If you add the above code, you can use <tt><%= error %></tt> in an erb, and <tt>redirect_to /foo, :error => 'message'</tt> in a controller.
+
+* Remove Active Model dependency from Action Pack.
+
+* Support unicode characters in routes. Route will be automatically escaped, so instead of manually escaping:
+
+<ruby>
+get Rack::Utils.escape('こんにちは') => 'home#index'
+</ruby>
+
+You just have to write the unicode route:
+
+<ruby>
+get 'こんにちは' => 'home#index'
+</ruby>
+
+* Return proper format on exceptions.
+
+* Extracted redirect logic from <tt>ActionController::ForceSSL::ClassMethods.force_ssl</tt>  into <tt>ActionController::ForceSSL#force_ssl_redirect</tt>.
+
+* URL path parameters with invalid encoding now raise <tt>ActionController::BadRequest</tt>.
+
+* Malformed query and request parameter hashes now raise <tt>ActionController::BadRequest</tt>.
+
+* +respond_to+ and +respond_with+ now raise <tt>ActionController::UnknownFormat</tt> instead of directly returning head 406. The exception is rescued and converted to 406 in the exception handling middleware.
+
+* JSONP now uses <tt>application/javascript</tt> instead of <tt>application/json</tt> as the MIME type.
+
+* Session arguments passed to process calls in functional tests are now merged into the existing session, whereas previously they would replace the existing session.  This change may break some existing tests if they are asserting the exact contents of the session but should not break existing tests that only assert individual keys.
+
+* Forms of persisted records use always PATCH (via the +_method+ hack).
+
+* For resources, both PATCH and PUT are routed to the +update+ action.
+
+* Don't ignore +force_ssl+ in development. This is a change of behavior - use an <tt>:if</tt> condition to recreate the old behavior.
+
+<ruby>
+class AccountsController < ApplicationController
+  force_ssl :if => :ssl_configured?
+
+  def ssl_configured?
+    !Rails.env.development?
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+h5(#actioncontroller_deprecations). Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated <tt>ActionController::Integration</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::Integration</tt>.
+
+* Deprecated <tt>ActionController::IntegrationTest</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest</tt>.
+
+* Deprecated <tt>ActionController::PerformanceTest</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest</tt>.
+
+* Deprecated <tt>ActionController::AbstractRequest</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::Request</tt>.
+
+* Deprecated <tt>ActionController::Request</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::Request</tt>.
+
+* Deprecated <tt>ActionController::AbstractResponse</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::Response</tt>.
+
+* Deprecated <tt>ActionController::Response</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::Response</tt>.
+
+* Deprecated <tt>ActionController::Routing</tt> in favour of <tt>ActionDispatch::Routing</tt>.
+
+h4. Action Dispatch
+
+* Show routes in exception page while debugging a <tt>RoutingError</tt> in development.
+
+* Include <tt>mounted_helpers</tt> (helpers for accessing mounted engines) in <tt>ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest</tt> by default.
+
+* Added <tt>ActionDispatch::SSL</tt> middleware that when included force all the requests to be under HTTPS protocol.
+
+* Copy literal route constraints to defaults so that url generation know about them.  The copied constraints are <tt>:protocol</tt>, <tt>:subdomain</tt>, <tt>:domain</tt>, <tt>:host</tt> and <tt>:port</tt>.
+
+* Allows +assert_redirected_to+ to match against a regular expression.
+
+* Adds a backtrace to the routing error page in development.
+
+* +assert_generates+, +assert_recognizes+, and +assert_routing+ all raise +Assertion+ instead of +RoutingError+.
+
+* Allows the route helper root to take a string argument. For example, <tt>root 'pages#main'</tt> as a shortcut for <tt>root to: 'pages#main'</tt>.
+
+* Adds support for the PATCH verb: Request objects respond to <tt>patch?</tt>. Routes now have a new +patch+ method, and understand +:patch+ in the existing places where a verb is configured, like <tt>:via</tt>. Functional tests have a new method +patch+ and integration tests have a new method +patch_via_redirect+.
+If <tt>:patch</tt> is the default verb for updates, edits are tunneled as <tt>PATCH</tt> rather than as <tt>PUT</tt> and routing acts accordingly.
+
+* Integration tests support the OPTIONS method.
+
+* +expires_in+ accepts a +must_revalidate+ flag. If true, "must-revalidate" is added to the <tt>Cache-Control</tt> header.
+
+* Default responder will now always use your overridden block in <tt>respond_with</tt> to render your response.
+
+* Turn off verbose mode of <tt>rack-cache</tt>, we still have <tt>X-Rack-Cache</tt> to check that info.
+
+h5(#actiondispatch_deprecations). Deprecations
+
+h4. Action View
+
+* Remove Active Model dependency from Action Pack.
+
+* Allow to use <tt>mounted_helpers</tt> (helpers for accessing mounted engines) in <tt>ActionView::TestCase</tt>.
+
+* Make current object and counter (when it applies) variables accessible when rendering templates with <tt>:object</tt> or <tt>:collection</tt>.
+
+* Allow to lazy load +default_form_builder+ by passing a string instead of a constant.
+
+* Add index method to +FormBuilder+ class.
+
+* Adds support for layouts when rendering a partial with a given collection.
+
+* Remove <tt>:disable_with</tt> in favor of <tt>data-disable-with</tt> option from +submit_tag+, +button_tag+ and +button_to+ helpers.
+
+* Remove <tt>:mouseover</tt> option from +image_tag+ helper.
+
+* Templates without a handler extension now raises a deprecation warning but still defaults to +ERb+. In future releases, it will simply return the template content.
+
+* Add a +divider+ option to +grouped_options_for_select+ to generate a separator optgroup automatically, and deprecate prompt as third argument, in favor of using an options hash.
+
+* Add +time_field+ and +time_field_tag+ helpers which render an <tt>input[type="time"]</tt> tag.
+
+* Removed old +text_helper+ apis for +highlight+, +excerpt+ and +word_wrap+.
+
+* Remove the leading \n added by textarea on +assert_select+.
+
+* Changed default value for <tt>config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms</tt> to false. This change breaks remote forms that need to work also without JavaScript, so if you need such behavior, you can either set it to true or explicitly pass <tt>:authenticity_token => true</tt> in form options.
+
+* Make possible to use a block in +button_to+ helper if button text is hard to fit into the name parameter:
+
+<ruby>
+<%= button_to [:make_happy, @user] do %>
+  Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
+<% end %>
+# => "<form method="post" action="/users/1/make_happy" class="button_to">
+#      <div>
+#        <button type="submit">
+#          Make happy <strong>Name</strong>
+#        </button>
+#      </div>
+#    </form>"
+</ruby>
+
+* Replace +include_seconds+ boolean argument with <tt>:include_seconds => true</tt> option in +distance_of_time_in_words+ and +time_ago_in_words+ signature.
+
+* Remove +button_to_function+ and +link_to_function+ helpers.
+
+* +truncate+ now always returns an escaped HTML-safe string. The option <tt>:escape</tt> can be used as +false+ to not escape the result.
+
+* +truncate+ now accepts a block to show extra content when the text is truncated.
+
+* Add +week_field+, +week_field_tag+, +month_field+, +month_field_tag+, +datetime_local_field+, +datetime_local_field_tag+, +datetime_field+ and +datetime_field_tag+ helpers.
+
+* Add +color_field+ and +color_field_tag+ helpers.
+
+* Add +include_hidden+ option to select tag. With <tt>:include_hidden => false</tt> select with multiple attribute doesn't generate hidden input with blank value.
+
+* Removed default size option from the +text_field+, +search_field+, +telephone_field+, +url_field+, +email_field+ helpers.
+
+* Removed default cols and rows options from the +text_area+ helper.
+
+* Adds +image_url+, +javascript_url+, +stylesheet_url+, +audio_url+, +video_url+, and +font_url+ to assets tag helper. These URL helpers will return the full path to your assets. This is useful when you are going to reference this asset from external host.
+
+* Allow +value_method+ and +text_method+ arguments from +collection_select+ and +options_from_collection_for_select+ to receive an object that responds to <tt>:call</tt> such as a proc, to evaluate the option in the current element context. This works the same way with +collection_radio_buttons+ and +collection_check_boxes+.
+
+* Add +date_field+ and +date_field_tag+ helpers which render an <tt>input[type="date"]</tt> tag.
+
+* Add +collection_check_boxes+ form helper, similar to +collection_select+:
+
+<ruby>
+collection_check_boxes :post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name
+# Outputs something like:
+<input id="post_author_ids_1" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" />
+<label for="post_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="post_author_ids_2" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
+<label for="post_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input name="post[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
+</ruby>
+
+The label/check_box pairs can be customized with a block.
+
+* Add +collection_radio_buttons+ form helper, similar to +collection_select+:
+
+<ruby>
+collection_radio_buttons :post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name
+# Outputs something like:
+<input id="post_author_id_1" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" />
+<label for="post_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="post_author_id_2" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
+<label for="post_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
+</ruby>
+
+The label/radio_button pairs can be customized with a block.
+
+* +check_box+ with an HTML5 attribute +:form+ will now replicate the +:form+ attribute to the hidden field as well.
+
+* label form helper accepts <tt>:for => nil</tt> to not generate the attribute.
+
+* Add <tt>:format</tt> option to +number_to_percentage+.
+
+* Add <tt>config.action_view.logger</tt> to configure logger for +Action View+.
+
+* +check_box+ helper with <tt>:disabled => true</tt> will generate a +disabled+ hidden field to conform with the HTML convention where disabled fields are not submitted with the form. This is a behavior change, previously the hidden tag had a value of the disabled checkbox.
+
+* +favicon_link_tag+ helper will now use the favicon in <tt>app/assets</tt> by default.
+
+* <tt>ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper#highlight</tt> now defaults to the HTML5 +mark+ element.
+
+h5(#actionview_deprecations). Deprecations
+
+h4. Sprockets
+
+Moved into a separate gem <tt>sprockets-rails</tt>.
+
+h3. Active Record
+
+* Add <tt>add_reference</tt> and <tt>remove_reference</tt> schema statements. Aliases, <tt>add_belongs_to</tt> and <tt>remove_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable. References are reversible.
+
+<ruby>
+# Create a user_id column
+add_reference(:products, :user)
+
+# Create a supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
+add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true)
+
+# Remove polymorphic reference
+remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
+</ruby>
+
+
+* Add <tt>:default</tt> and <tt>:null</tt> options to <tt>column_exists?</tt>.
+
+<ruby>
+column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_id, :integer, null: false)
+column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_type, :string, default: 'Photo')
+</ruby>
+
+* <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation#inspect</tt> now makes it clear that you are dealing with a <tt>Relation</tt> object rather than an array:
+
+<ruby>
+User.where(:age => 30).inspect
+# => <ActiveRecord::Relation [#<User ...>, #<User ...>]>
+
+User.where(:age => 30).to_a.inspect
+# => [#<User ...>, #<User ...>]
+</ruby>
+
+if more than 10 items are returned by the relation, inspect will only show the first 10 followed by ellipsis.
+
+* Add <tt>:collation</tt> and <tt>:ctype</tt> support to PostgreSQL. These are available for PostgreSQL 8.4 or later.
+
+<yaml>
+development:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  host: localhost
+  database: rails_development
+  username: foo
+  password: bar
+  encoding: UTF8
+  collation: ja_JP.UTF8
+  ctype: ja_JP.UTF8
+</yaml>
+
+* <tt>FinderMethods#exists?</tt> now returns <tt>false</tt> with the <tt>false</tt> argument.
+
+* Added support for specifying the precision of a timestamp in the postgresql adapter. So, instead of having to incorrectly specify the precision using the <tt>:limit</tt> option, you may use <tt>:precision</tt>, as intended. For example, in a migration:
+
+<ruby>
+def change
+  create_table :foobars do |t|
+    t.timestamps :precision => 0
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+* Allow <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation#pluck</tt> to accept multiple columns. Returns an array of arrays containing the typecasted values:
+
+<ruby>
+Person.pluck(:id, :name)
+# SELECT people.id, people.name FROM people
+# => [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
+</ruby>
+
+* Improve the derivation of HABTM join table name to take account of nesting. It now takes the table names of the two models, sorts them lexically and then joins them, stripping any common prefix from the second table name. Some examples:
+
+<plain>
+Top level models (Category <=> Product)
+Old: categories_products
+New: categories_products
+
+Top level models with a global table_name_prefix (Category <=> Product)
+Old: site_categories_products
+New: site_categories_products
+
+Nested models in a module without a table_name_prefix method (Admin::Category <=> Admin::Product)
+Old: categories_products
+New: categories_products
+
+Nested models in a module with a table_name_prefix method (Admin::Category <=> Admin::Product)
+Old: categories_products
+New: admin_categories_products
+
+Nested models in a parent model (Catalog::Category <=> Catalog::Product)
+Old: categories_products
+New: catalog_categories_products
+
+Nested models in different parent models (Catalog::Category <=> Content::Page)
+Old: categories_pages
+New: catalog_categories_content_pages
+</plain>
+
+* Move HABTM validity checks to <tt>ActiveRecord::Reflection</tt>. One side effect of this is to move when the exceptions are raised from the point of declaration to when the association is built. This is consistant with other association validity checks.
+
+* Added <tt>stored_attributes</tt> hash which contains the attributes stored using <tt>ActiveRecord::Store</tt>. This allows you to retrieve the list of attributes you've defined.
+
+<ruby>
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  store :settings, accessors: [:color, :homepage]
+end
+
+User.stored_attributes[:settings] # [:color, :homepage]
+</ruby>
+
+* <tt>composed_of</tt> was removed. You'll have to write your own accessor and mutator methods if you'd like to use value objects to represent some portion of your models. So, instead of:
+
+<ruby>
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  composed_of :address, :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ]
+end
+</ruby>
+
+you could write something like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def address
+  @address ||= Address.new(address_street, address_city)
+end
+
+def address=(address)
+  self[:address_street] = @address.street
+  self[:address_city]   = @address.city
+
+  @address = address
+end
+</ruby>
+
+* PostgreSQL default log level is now 'warning', to bypass the noisy notice messages. You can change the log level using the <tt>min_messages</tt> option available in your <tt>config/database.yml</tt>.
+
+* Add uuid datatype support to PostgreSQL adapter.
+
+* <tt>update_attribute</tt> has been removed. Use <tt>update_column</tt> if you want to bypass mass-assignment protection, validations, callbacks, and touching of updated_at. Otherwise please use <tt>update_attributes</tt>.
+
+* Added <tt>ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!</tt> that raises an error if migrations are pending.
+
+* Added <tt>#destroy!</tt> which acts like <tt>#destroy</tt> but will raise an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed</tt> exception instead of returning <tt>false</tt>.
+
+* Allow blocks for count with <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation</tt>, to work similar as <tt>Array#count</tt>: <tt>Person.where("age > 26").count { |person| person.gender == 'female' }</tt>
+
+* Added support to <tt>CollectionAssociation#delete</tt> for passing fixnum or string values as record ids. This finds the records responding to the ids and deletes them.
+
+<ruby>
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :pets
+end
+
+person.pets.delete("1")  # => [#<Pet id: 1>]
+person.pets.delete(2, 3) # => [#<Pet id: 2>, #<Pet id: 3>]
+</ruby>
+
+* It's not possible anymore to destroy a model marked as read only.
+
+* Added ability to <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation#from</tt> to accept other <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation</tt> objects.
+
+* Added custom coders support for <tt>ActiveRecord::Store</tt>. Now you can set your custom coder like this:
+
+<ruby>store :settings, accessors: [ :color, :homepage ], coder: JSON</ruby>
+
+* +mysql+ and +mysql2+ connections will set <tt>SQL_MODE=STRICT_ALL_TABLES</tt> by default to avoid silent data loss. This can be disabled by specifying <tt>strict: false</tt> in <tt>config/database.yml</tt>.
+
+* Added default order to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#first</tt> to assure consistent results among diferent database engines. Introduced <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#take</tt> as a replacement to the old behavior.
+
+* Added an <tt>:index</tt> option to automatically create indexes for +references+ and +belongs_to+ statements in migrations. This can be either a boolean or a hash that is identical to options available to the +add_index+ method:
+
+<ruby>
+create_table :messages do |t|
+  t.references :person, :index => true
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Is the same as:
+
+<ruby>
+create_table :messages do |t|
+  t.references :person
+end
+add_index :messages, :person_id
+</ruby>
+
+Generators have also been updated to use the new syntax.
+
+* Added bang methods for mutating <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation</tt> objects. For example, while <tt>foo.where(:bar)</tt> will return a new object leaving foo unchanged, <tt>foo.where!(:bar)</tt> will mutate the foo object.
+
+* Added <tt>#find_by</tt> and <tt>#find_by!</tt> to mirror the functionality provided by dynamic finders in a way that allows dynamic input more easily:
+
+<ruby>
+Post.find_by name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4
+Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago
+Post.find_by! name: 'Spartacus'
+</ruby>
+
+* Added <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#slice</tt> to return a hash of the given methods with their names as keys and returned values as values.
+
+* Remove IdentityMap - IdentityMap has never graduated to be an "enabled-by-default" feature, due to some inconsistencies with associations, as described in this "commit":https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/302c912bf6bcd0fa200d964ec2dc4a44abe328a6. Hence the removal from the codebase, until such issues are fixed.
+
+* Added a feature to dump/load internal state of +SchemaCache+ instance because we want to boot more quickly when we have many models.
+
+<ruby>
+# execute rake task.
+RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump
+=> generate db/schema_cache.dump
+
+# add config.use_schema_cache_dump = true in config/production.rb. BTW, true is default.
+
+# boot rails.
+RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rails server
+=> use db/schema_cache.dump
+
+# If you remove clear dumped cache, execute rake task.
+RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:clear
+=> remove db/schema_cache.dump
+</ruby>
+
+* Added support for partial indices to +PostgreSQL+ adapter.
+
+* The +add_index+ method now supports a +where+ option that receives a string with the partial index criteria.
+
+* Added the <tt>ActiveRecord::NullRelation</tt> class implementing the null object pattern for the Relation class.
+
+* Implemented <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation#none</tt> method which returns a chainable relation with zero records (an instance of the +NullRelation+ class). Any subsequent condition chained to the returned relation will continue generating an empty relation and will not fire any query to the database.
+
+* Added +create_join_table+ migration helper to create HABTM join tables.
+
+<ruby>
+create_join_table :products, :categories
+# =>
+# create_table :categories_products, :id => false do |td|
+#   td.integer :product_id, :null => false
+#   td.integer :category_id, :null => false
+# end
+</ruby>
+
+* The primary key is always initialized in the +@attributes+ hash to nil (unless another value has been specified).
+
+* In previous releases, the following would generate a single query with an OUTER JOIN comments, rather than two separate queries:
+
+<ruby>Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.name = 'foo'")</ruby>
+
+This behaviour relies on matching SQL string, which is an inherently flawed idea unless we write an SQL parser, which we do not wish to do. Therefore, it is now deprecated.
+
+To avoid deprecation warnings and for future compatibility, you must explicitly state which tables you reference, when using SQL snippets:
+
+<ruby>Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.name = 'foo'").references(:comments)</ruby>
+
+Note that you do not need to explicitly specify references in the following cases, as they can be automatically inferred:
+
+<ruby>
+Post.where(comments: { name: 'foo' })
+Post.where('comments.name' => 'foo')
+Post.order('comments.name')
+</ruby>
+
+You also do not need to worry about this unless you are doing eager loading. Basically, don't worry unless you see a deprecation warning or (in future releases) an SQL error due to a missing JOIN.
+
+* Support for the +schema_info+ table has been dropped. Please switch to +schema_migrations+.
+
+* Connections *must* be closed at the end of a thread. If not, your connection pool can fill and an exception will be raised.
+
+* Added the <tt>ActiveRecord::Model</tt> module which can be included in a class as an alternative to inheriting from <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>:
+
+<ruby>
+class Post
+  include ActiveRecord::Model
+end
+</ruby>
+
+* PostgreSQL hstore records can be created.
+
+* PostgreSQL hstore types are automatically deserialized from the database.
+
+h4(#activerecord_deprecations). Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated most of the 'dynamic finder' methods. All dynamic methods except for +find_by_...+ and +find_by_...!+ are deprecated. Here's how you can rewrite the code:
+
+<ruby>
+find_all_by_... can be rewritten using where(...)
+find_last_by_... can be rewritten using where(...).last
+scoped_by_... can be rewritten using where(...)
+find_or_initialize_by_... can be rewritten using where(...).first_or_initialize
+find_or_create_by_... can be rewritten using where(...).first_or_create
+find_or_create_by_...! can be rewritten using where(...).first_or_create!
+</ruby>
+
+The implementation of the deprecated dynamic finders has been moved to the +active_record_deprecated_finders+ gem.
+
+* Deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do. For example this:
+
+<ruby>Post.find(:all, :conditions => { :comments_count => 10 }, :limit => 5)</ruby>
+
+should be rewritten in the new style which has existed since Rails 3:
+
+<ruby>Post.where(comments_count: 10).limit(5)</ruby>
+
+Note that as an interim step, it is possible to rewrite the above as:
+
+<ruby>Post.scoped(:where => { :comments_count => 10 }, :limit => 5)</ruby>
+
+This could save you a lot of work if there is a lot of old-style finder usage in your application.
+
+Calling <tt>Post.scoped(options)</tt> is a shortcut for <tt>Post.scoped.merge(options)</tt>. <tt>Relation#merge</tt> now accepts a hash of options, but they must be identical to the names of the equivalent finder method. These are mostly identical to the old-style finder option names, except in the following cases:
+
+<plain>
+:conditions becomes :where
+:include becomes :includes
+:extend becomes :extending
+</plain>
+
+The code to implement the deprecated features has been moved out to the +active_record_deprecated_finders+ gem. This gem is a dependency of Active Record in Rails 4.0. It will no longer be a dependency from Rails 4.1, but if your app relies on the deprecated features then you can add it to your own Gemfile. It will be maintained by the Rails core team until Rails 5.0 is released.
+
+* Deprecate eager-evaluated scopes.
+
+  Don't use this:
+
+<ruby>
+scope :red, where(color: 'red')
+default_scope where(color: 'red')
+</ruby>
+
+  Use this:
+
+<ruby>
+scope :red, -> { where(color: 'red') }
+default_scope { where(color: 'red') }
+</ruby>
+
+  The former has numerous issues. It is a common newbie gotcha to do the following:
+
+<ruby>
+scope :recent, where(published_at: Time.now - 2.weeks)
+</ruby>
+
+  Or a more subtle variant:
+
+<ruby>
+scope :recent, -> { where(published_at: Time.now - 2.weeks) }
+scope :recent_red, recent.where(color: 'red')
+</ruby>
+
+  Eager scopes are also very complex to implement within Active Record, and there are still bugs. For example, the following does not do what you expect:
+
+<ruby>
+scope :remove_conditions, except(:where)
+where(...).remove_conditions # => still has conditions
+</ruby>
+
+* Added deprecation for the :dependent => :restrict association option.
+
+* Up until now has_many and has_one, :dependent => :restrict option raised a DeleteRestrictionError at the time of destroying the object. Instead, it will add an error on the model.
+
+* To fix this warning, make sure your code isn't relying on a DeleteRestrictionError and then add config.active_record.dependent_restrict_raises = false to your application config.
+
+* New rails application would be generated with the config.active_record.dependent_restrict_raises = false in the application config.
+
+* The migration generator now creates a join table with (commented) indexes every time the migration name contains the word "join_table".
+
+h3. Active Model
+
+* Changed <tt>AM::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json</tt> default value to false. Now, AM Serializers and AR objects have the same default behaviour.
+
+<ruby>
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Model
+  include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+  attr_accessor :name, :age
+
+  def attributes
+    instance_values
+  end
+end
+
+user.as_json
+=> {"id"=>1, "name"=>"Konata Izumi", "age"=>16, "awesome"=>true}
+# root is not included
+
+person.as_json
+=> {"name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
+# root is not included
+</ruby>
+
+* Passing false hash values to +validates+ will no longer enable the corresponding validators.
+
+* +ConfirmationValidator+ error messages will attach to <tt>:#{attribute}_confirmation</tt> instead of +attribute+.
+
+* Added <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt>, a mixin to make Ruby objects work with Action Pack out of the box.
+
+* <tt>ActiveModel::Errors#to_json</tt> supports a new parameter <tt>:full_messages</tt>.
+
+* Trims down the API by removing <tt>valid?</tt> and <tt>errors.full_messages</tt>.
+
+h4(#activemodel_deprecations). Deprecations
+
+h3. Active Resource
+
+* Active Resource is removed from Rails 4.0 and is now a separate "gem":https://github.com/rails/activeresource.
+
+h3. Active Support
+
+* <tt>Time#change</tt> now works with time values with offsets other than UTC or the local time zone.
+
+* Add <tt>Time#prev_quarter</tt> and <tt>Time#next_quarter</tt> short-hands for <tt>months_ago(3)</tt> and <tt>months_since(3)</tt>.
+
+* Remove obsolete and unused <tt>require_association</tt> method from dependencies.
+
+* Add <tt>:instance_accessor</tt> option for <tt>config_accessor</tt>.
+
+<ruby>
+class User
+  include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+  config_accessor :allowed_access, instance_accessor: false
+end
+
+User.new.allowed_access = true # => NoMethodError
+User.new.allowed_access        # => NoMethodError
+</ruby>
+
+* <tt>ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper</tt> methods have been moved to <tt>ActiveSupport::NumberHelper</tt> and are now available via <tt>Numeric#to_s</tt>.
+
+* <tt>Numeric#to_s</tt> now accepts the formatting options :phone, :currency, :percentage, :delimited, :rounded, :human, and :human_size.
+
+* Add <tt>Hash#transform_keys</tt>, <tt>Hash#transform_keys!</tt>, <tt>Hash#deep_transform_keys</tt> and <tt>Hash#deep_transform_keys!</tt>.
+
+* Changed xml type datetime to dateTime (with upper case letter T).
+
+* Add <tt>:instance_accessor</tt> option for <tt>class_attribute</tt>.
+
+* +constantize+ now looks in the ancestor chain.
+
+* Add <tt>Hash#deep_stringify_keys</tt> and <tt>Hash#deep_stringify_keys!</tt> to convert all keys from a +Hash+ instance into strings.
+
+* Add <tt>Hash#deep_symbolize_keys</tt> and <tt>Hash#deep_symbolize_keys!</tt> to convert all keys from a +Hash+ instance into symbols.
+
+* <tt>Object#try</tt> can't call private methods.
+
+* AS::Callbacks#run_callbacks remove key argument.
+
+* +deep_dup+ works more expectedly now and duplicates also values in +Hash+ instances and elements in +Array+ instances.
+
+* Inflector no longer applies ice -> ouse to words like slice, police.
+
+* Add <tt>ActiveSupport::Deprecations.behavior = :silence</tt> to completely ignore Rails runtime deprecations.
+
+* Make <tt>Module#delegate</tt> stop using send - can no longer delegate to private methods.
+
+* AS::Callbacks deprecate :rescuable option.
+
+* Adds <tt>Integer#ordinal</tt> to get the ordinal suffix string of an integer.
+
+* AS::Callbacks :per_key option is no longer supported.
+
+* AS::Callbacks#define_callbacks add :skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated option.
+
+* Add html_escape_once to ERB::Util, and delegate escape_once tag helper to it.
+
+* Remove <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase#pending</tt> method, use +skip+ instead.
+
+* Deletes the compatibility method <tt>Module#method_names</tt>, use <tt>Module#methods</tt> from now on (which returns symbols).
+
+* Deletes the compatibility method <tt>Module#instance_method_names</tt>, use <tt>Module#instance_methods</tt> from now on (which returns symbols).
+
+* Unicode database updated to 6.1.0.
+
+* Adds +encode_big_decimal_as_string+ option to force JSON serialization of BigDecimals as numeric instead of wrapping them in strings for safety.
+
+h4(#activesupport_deprecations). Deprecations
+
+* <tt>ActiveSupport::Callbacks</tt>: deprecate usage of filter object with <tt>#before</tt> and <tt>#after</tt> methods as <tt>around</tt> callback.
+
+* <tt>BufferedLogger</tt> is deprecated.  Use <tt>ActiveSupport::Logger</tt> or the +logger+ from Ruby stdlib.
+
+* Deprecates the compatibility method <tt>Module#local_constant_names</tt> and use <tt>Module#local_constants</tt> instead (which returns symbols).
+
+h3. Credits
+
+See the "full list of contributors to Rails":http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/ for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/_license.html.erb b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
index 00b4466f50..00b4466f50 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/_license.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
index 9d2e9c1d68..9d2e9c1d68 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
index 52d134ace5..cc3350819b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
+++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
@@ -148,18 +148,19 @@ In this case, when a user opens the URL +/clients/active+, +params[:status]+ wil
 
 h4. +default_url_options+
 
-You can set global default parameters that will be used when generating URLs with +default_url_options+. To do this, define a method with that name in your controller:
+You can set global default parameters for URL generation by defining a method called +default_url_options+ in your controller. Such a method must return a hash with the desired defaults, whose keys must be symbols:
 
 <ruby>
 class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  # The options parameter is the hash passed in to 'url_for'
-  def default_url_options(options)
+  def default_url_options
     {:locale => I18n.locale}
   end
 end
 </ruby>
 
-These options will be used as a starting-point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by +url_for+. Because this method is defined in the controller, you can define it on +ApplicationController+ so it would be used for all URL generation, or you could define it on only one controller for all URLs generated there.
+These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed in +url_for+ calls.
+
+If you define +default_url_options+ in +ApplicationController+, as in the example above, it would be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in one specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there.
 
 
 h3. Session
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.textile b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.textile
index 26c95be031..54e55d7260 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.textile
+++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.textile
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ This guide should provide you with all you need to get started in sending and re
 
 endprologue.
 
-WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.0. Some of the code shown here will not work in earlier versions of Rails.
+WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.2. Some of the code shown here will not work in earlier versions of Rails.
 
 h3. Introduction
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ It is possible to send email to one or more recipients in one email (for e.g. in
 
 <ruby>
 class AdminMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-  default :to => Admin.all.map(&:email),
+  default :to => Proc.new { Admin.pluck(:email) },
           :from => "notification@example.com"
 
   def new_registration(user)
@@ -457,6 +457,7 @@ The following configuration options are best made in one of the environment file
 |+delivery_method+|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are <tt>:smtp</tt> (default), <tt>:sendmail</tt>, <tt>:file</tt> and <tt>:test</tt>.|
 |+perform_deliveries+|Determines whether deliveries are actually carried out when the +deliver+ method is invoked on the Mail message. By default they are, but this can be turned off to help functional testing.|
 |+deliveries+|Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with delivery_method :test. Most useful for unit and functional testing.|
+|+async+|Setting this flag will turn on asynchronous message sending, message rendering and delivery will be pushed to <tt>Rails.queue</tt> for processing.|
 
 h4. Example Action Mailer Configuration
 
@@ -507,10 +508,40 @@ class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to
     assert_equal [user.email], email.to
     assert_equal "Welcome to My Awesome Site", email.subject
-    assert_match(/<h1>Welcome to example.com, #{user.name}<\/h1>/, email.encoded)
-    assert_match(/Welcome to example.com, #{user.name}/, email.encoded)
+    assert_match "<h1>Welcome to example.com, #{user.name}</h1>", email.body.to_s
+    assert_match "you have joined to example.com community", email.body.to_s
   end
 end
 </ruby>
 
 In the test we send the email and store the returned object in the +email+ variable. We then ensure that it was sent (the first assert), then, in the second batch of assertions, we ensure that the email does indeed contain what we expect.
+
+h3. Asynchronous
+
+You can turn on application-wide asynchronous message sending by adding to your <tt>config/application.rb</tt> file:
+
+<ruby>
+config.action_mailer.async = true
+</ruby>
+
+Alternatively you can turn on async within specific mailers:
+
+<ruby>
+class WelcomeMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  self.async = true
+end
+</ruby>
+
+h4. Custom Queues
+
+If you need a different queue than <tt>Rails.queue</tt> for your mailer you can override <tt>ActionMailer::Base#queue</tt>:
+
+<ruby>
+class WelcomeMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def queue
+    MyQueue.new
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Your custom queue should expect a job that responds to <tt>#run</tt>.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile b/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
index f007629207..fdfa97effa 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
+++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ Now we'll create a simple "Hello World" application that uses the +titleize+ met
 *hello_world.rb:*
 
 <ruby>
-require 'rubygems'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'rack'
 
@@ -94,7 +93,6 @@ Now we'll create the same "Hello World" application in Sinatra.
 *hello_world.rb:*
 
 <ruby>
-require 'rubygems'
 require 'action_view'
 require 'sinatra'
 
@@ -431,11 +429,11 @@ form("post")
 <form action='/posts/create' method='post'>
   <p>
     <label for="post_title">Title</label><br />
-    <input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />
+    <input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />
   </p>
   <p>
     <label for="post_body">Body</label><br />
-    <textarea cols="40" id="post_body" name="post[body]" rows="20"></textarea>
+    <textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]"></textarea>
   </p>
   <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" />
 </form>
@@ -451,12 +449,12 @@ For example, if +@post+ has an attribute +title+ mapped to a +String+ column tha
 
 <ruby>
 input("post", "title") # =>
-  <input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="Hello World" />
+  <input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />
 </ruby>
 
 h4. RecordTagHelper
 
-This module provides methods for generating a container tag, such as a +<div>+, for your record. This is the recommended way of creating a container for render your Active Record object, as it adds an appropriate class and id attributes to that container. You can then refer to those containers easily by following the convention, instead of having to think about which class or id attribute you should use.
+This module provides methods for generating container tags, such as +div+, for your record. This is the recommended way of creating a container for render your Active Record object, as it adds an appropriate class and id attributes to that container. You can then refer to those containers easily by following the convention, instead of having to think about which class or id attribute you should use.
 
 h5. content_tag_for
 
@@ -544,28 +542,28 @@ image_tag("rails.png") # => <img src="http://assets.example.com/images/rails.png
 
 h5. register_javascript_expansion
 
-Register one or more JavaScript files to be included when symbol is passed to javascript_include_tag. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register JavaScript files that the plugin installed in +public/javascripts+.
+Register one or more JavaScript files to be included when symbol is passed to javascript_include_tag. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register JavaScript files that the plugin installed in +vendor/assets/javascripts+.
 
 <ruby>
 ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_javascript_expansion :monkey => ["head", "body", "tail"]
 
 javascript_include_tag :monkey # =>
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/head.js"></script>
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/body.js"></script>
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/tail.js"></script>
+  <script src="/assets/head.js"></script>
+  <script src="/assets/body.js"></script>
+  <script src="/assets/tail.js"></script>
 </ruby>
 
 h5. register_stylesheet_expansion
 
-Register one or more stylesheet files to be included when symbol is passed to +stylesheet_link_tag+. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register stylesheet files that the plugin installed in +public/stylesheets+.
+Register one or more stylesheet files to be included when symbol is passed to +stylesheet_link_tag+. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register stylesheet files that the plugin installed in +vendor/assets/stylesheets+.
 
 <ruby>
 ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_stylesheet_expansion :monkey => ["head", "body", "tail"]
 
 stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # =>
-  <link href="/stylesheets/head.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-  <link href="/stylesheets/body.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-  <link href="/stylesheets/tail.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+  <link href="/assets/head.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="/assets/body.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="/assets/tail.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
 </ruby>
 
 h5. auto_discovery_link_tag
@@ -579,44 +577,49 @@ auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {:title => "RSS
 
 h5. image_path
 
-Computes the path to an image asset in the +public/images+ directory. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by +image_tag+ to build the image path.
+Computes the path to an image asset in the +app/assets/images+ directory. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by +image_tag+ to build the image path.
 
 <ruby>
-image_path("edit.png") # => /images/edit.png
+image_path("edit.png") # => /assets/edit.png
+</ruby>
+
+Fingerprint will be added to the filename if config.assets.digest is set to true.
+
+<ruby>
+image_path("edit.png") # => /assets/edit-2d1a2db63fc738690021fedb5a65b68e.png
 </ruby>
 
 h5. image_url
 
-Computes the url to an image asset in the +public/images+ directory. This will call +image_path+ internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
+Computes the url to an image asset in the +app/asset/images+ directory. This will call +image_path+ internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
 
 <ruby>
-image_url("edit.png") # => http://www.example.com/images/edit.png
+image_url("edit.png") # => http://www.example.com/assets/edit.png
 </ruby>
 
 h5. image_tag
 
-Returns an html image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your +public/images+ directory.
+Returns an html image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your +app/assets/images+ directory.
 
 <ruby>
-image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/images/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
+image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
 </ruby>
 
 h5. javascript_include_tag
 
-Returns an html script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (+.js+ extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your +public/javascripts+ directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
+Returns an html script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (+.js+ extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your +app/assets/javascripts+ directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
 
 <ruby>
-javascript_include_tag "common" # =>
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/common.js"></script>
+javascript_include_tag "common" # => <script src="/assets/common.js"></script>
 </ruby>
 
-If the application does not use the asset pipeline, to include the jQuery JavaScript library in your application, pass +:defaults+ as the source. When using +:defaults+, if an +application.js+ file exists in your +public/javascripts+ directory, it will be included as well.
+If the application does not use the asset pipeline, to include the jQuery JavaScript library in your application, pass +:defaults+ as the source. When using +:defaults+, if an +application.js+ file exists in your +app/assets/javascripts+ directory, it will be included as well.
 
 <ruby>
 javascript_include_tag :defaults
 </ruby>
 
-You can also include all JavaScript files in the +public/javascripts+ directory using +:all+ as the source.
+You can also include all JavaScript files in the +app/assets/javascripts+ directory using +:all+ as the source.
 
 <ruby>
 javascript_include_tag :all
@@ -626,23 +629,23 @@ You can also cache multiple JavaScript files into one file, which requires less
 
 <ruby>
 javascript_include_tag :all, :cache => true # =>
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/javascripts/all.js"></script>
+  <script src="/javascripts/all.js"></script>
 </ruby>
 
 h5. javascript_path
 
-Computes the path to a JavaScript asset in the +public/javascripts+ directory. If the source filename has no extension, +.js+ will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by +javascript_include_tag+ to build the script path.
+Computes the path to a JavaScript asset in the +app/assets/javascripts+ directory. If the source filename has no extension, +.js+ will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by +javascript_include_tag+ to build the script path.
 
 <ruby>
-javascript_path "common" # => /javascripts/common.js
+javascript_path "common" # => /assets/common.js
 </ruby>
 
 h5. javascript_url
 
-Computes the url to a JavaScript asset in the +public/javascripts+ directory. This will call +javascript_path+ internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
+Computes the url to a JavaScript asset in the +app/assets/javascripts+ directory. This will call +javascript_path+ internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
 
 <ruby>
-javascript_url "common" # => http://www.example.com/javascripts/common.js
+javascript_url "common" # => http://www.example.com/assets/common.js
 </ruby>
 
 h5. stylesheet_link_tag
@@ -650,8 +653,7 @@ h5. stylesheet_link_tag
 Returns a stylesheet link tag for the sources specified as arguments. If you don't specify an extension, +.css+ will be appended automatically.
 
 <ruby>
-stylesheet_link_tag "application" # =>
-  <link href="/stylesheets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+stylesheet_link_tag "application" # => <link href="/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
 </ruby>
 
 You can also include all styles in the stylesheet directory using :all as the source:
@@ -664,23 +666,23 @@ You can also cache multiple stylesheets into one file, which requires less HTTP
 
 <ruby>
 stylesheet_link_tag :all, :cache => true
-  <link href="/stylesheets/all.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+# => <link href="/assets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
 </ruby>
 
 h5. stylesheet_path
 
-Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the +public/stylesheets+ directory. If the source filename has no extension, .css will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by stylesheet_link_tag to build the stylesheet path.
+Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the +app/assets/stylesheets+ directory. If the source filename has no extension, .css will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by stylesheet_link_tag to build the stylesheet path.
 
 <ruby>
-stylesheet_path "application" # => /stylesheets/application.css
+stylesheet_path "application" # => /assets/application.css
 </ruby>
 
 h5. stylesheet_url
 
-Computes the url to a stylesheet asset in the +public/stylesheets+ directory. This will call +stylesheet_path+ internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
+Computes the url to a stylesheet asset in the +app/assets/stylesheets+ directory. This will call +stylesheet_path+ internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
 
 <ruby>
-stylesheet_url "application" # => http://www.example.com/stylesheets/application.css
+stylesheet_url "application" # => http://www.example.com/assets/application.css
 </ruby>
 
 h4. AtomFeedHelper
@@ -805,7 +807,7 @@ For example, let's say we have a standard application layout, but also a special
 <p>This is a special page.</p>
 
 <% content_for :special_script do %>
-  <script type="text/javascript">alert('Hello!')</script>
+  <script>alert('Hello!')</script>
 <% end %>
 </ruby>
 
@@ -833,7 +835,7 @@ Reports the approximate distance in time between two Time or Date objects or int
 
 <ruby>
 distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds)        # => less than a minute
-distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds, true)  # => less than 20 seconds
+distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds, :include_seconds => true)  # => less than 20 seconds
 </ruby>
 
 h5. select_date
@@ -987,8 +989,8 @@ The HTML generated for this would be:
 
 <html>
 <form action="/persons/create" method="post">
-  <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" size="30" type="text" />
-  <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" />
   <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" />
 </form>
 </html>
@@ -1501,7 +1503,7 @@ javascript_tag "alert('All is good')"
 </ruby>
 
 <html>
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
 //<![CDATA[
 alert('All is good')
 //]]>
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_model_basics.textile b/guides/source/active_model_basics.textile
index 98b3533000..7cafff2ad8 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_model_basics.textile
+++ b/guides/source/active_model_basics.textile
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Person
 
   attribute_method_prefix 'reset_'
   attribute_method_suffix '_highest?'
-  define_attribute_methods ['age']
+  define_attribute_methods 'age'
 
   attr_accessor :age
 
@@ -95,12 +95,11 @@ h4. Dirty
 An object becomes dirty when an object is gone through one or more changes to its attributes and not yet saved. This gives the ability to check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based accessor methods. Lets consider a Person class with attributes first_name and last_name
 
 <ruby>
-require 'rubygems'
 require 'active_model'
 
 class Person
   include ActiveModel::Dirty
-  define_attribute_methods [:first_name, :last_name]
+  define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name
 
   def first_name
     @first_name
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ class Person
   attr_accessor :name, :email, :token
   
   validates :name, :presence => true
-  validates_format_of :email, :with => /^([^\s]+)((?:[-a-z0-9]\.)[a-z]{2,})$/i  
+  validates_format_of :email, :with => /\A([^\s]+)((?:[-a-z0-9]\.)[a-z]{2,})\z/i  
   validates! :token, :presence => true
   
 end
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_record_basics.textile b/guides/source/active_record_basics.textile
index 487f8b70f9..487f8b70f9 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_record_basics.textile
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.textile
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile b/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
index 21bbc64255..f71a136b22 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ This guide covers different ways to retrieve data from the database using Active
 
 endprologue.
 
-WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.0. Some of the code shown here will not work in other versions of Rails.
-
 If you're used to using raw SQL to find database records, then you will generally find that there are better ways to carry out the same operations in Rails. Active Record insulates you from the need to use SQL in most cases.
 
 Code examples throughout this guide will refer to one or more of the following models:
@@ -53,20 +51,26 @@ h3. Retrieving Objects from the Database
 To retrieve objects from the database, Active Record provides several finder methods. Each finder method allows you to pass arguments into it to perform certain queries on your database without writing raw SQL.
 
 The methods are:
-* +where+
-* +select+
+* +bind+
+* +create_with+
+* +extending+
+* +from+
 * +group+
-* +order+
-* +reorder+
-* +reverse_order+
-* +limit+
-* +offset+
-* +joins+
+* +having+
 * +includes+
+* +joins+
+* +limit+
 * +lock+
+* +offset+
+* +order+
+* +none+
 * +readonly+
-* +from+
-* +having+
+* +references+
+* +reorder+
+* +reverse_order+
+* +select+
+* +uniq+
+* +where+
 
 All of the above methods return an instance of <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation</tt>.
 
@@ -94,14 +98,33 @@ client = Client.find(10)
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 <sql>
-SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id = 10)
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id = 10) LIMIT 1
 </sql>
 
 <tt>Model.find(primary_key)</tt> will raise an +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound+ exception if no matching record is found.
 
+h5. +take+
+
+<tt>Model.take</tt> retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+
+<ruby>
+client = Client.take
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+</ruby>
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+<sql>
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+</sql>
+
+<tt>Model.take</tt> returns +nil+ if no record is found and no exception will be raised.
+
+TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine.
+
 h5. +first+
 
-<tt>Model.first</tt> finds the first record matched by the supplied options, if any. For example:
+<tt>Model.first</tt> finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 <ruby>
 client = Client.first
@@ -111,14 +134,14 @@ client = Client.first
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 <sql>
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
 </sql>
 
-<tt>Model.first</tt> returns +nil+ if no matching record is found. No exception will be raised.
+<tt>Model.first</tt> returns +nil+ if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
 h5. +last+
 
-<tt>Model.last</tt> finds the last record matched by the supplied options. For example:
+<tt>Model.last</tt> finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 <ruby>
 client = Client.last
@@ -131,11 +154,46 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
 </sql>
 
-<tt>Model.last</tt> returns +nil+ if no matching record is found. No exception will be raised.
+<tt>Model.last</tt> returns +nil+ if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
+
+h5. +find_by+
+
+<tt>Model.find_by</tt> finds the first record matching some conditions. For example:
+
+<ruby>
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo'
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon'
+# => nil
+</ruby>
+
+It is equivalent to writing:
+
+<ruby>
+Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take
+</ruby>
+
+h5(#take_1). +take!+
+
+<tt>Model.take!</tt> retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+
+<ruby>
+client = Client.take!
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+</ruby>
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+<sql>
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+</sql>
+
+<tt>Model.take!</tt> raises +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound+ if no matching record is found.
 
 h5(#first_1). +first!+
 
-<tt>Model.first!</tt> finds the first record. For example:
+<tt>Model.first!</tt> finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 <ruby>
 client = Client.first!
@@ -145,14 +203,14 @@ client = Client.first!
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 <sql>
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
 </sql>
 
-<tt>Model.first!</tt> raises +RecordNotFound+ if no matching record is found.
+<tt>Model.first!</tt> raises +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound+ if no matching record is found.
 
 h5(#last_1). +last!+
 
-<tt>Model.last!</tt> finds the last record. For example:
+<tt>Model.last!</tt> finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 <ruby>
 client = Client.last!
@@ -165,7 +223,25 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
 </sql>
 
-<tt>Model.last!</tt> raises +RecordNotFound+ if no matching record is found.
+<tt>Model.last!</tt> raises +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound+ if no matching record is found.
+
+h5(#find_by_1). +find_by!+
+
+<tt>Model.find_by!</tt> finds the first record matching some conditions. It raises +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound+ if no matching record is found. For example:
+
+<ruby>
+Client.find_by! first_name: 'Lifo'
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+
+Client.find_by! first_name: 'Jon'
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+</ruby>
+
+It is equivalent to writing:
+
+<ruby>
+Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take!
+</ruby>
 
 h4. Retrieving Multiple Objects
 
@@ -187,6 +263,54 @@ SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10))
 
 WARNING: <tt>Model.find(array_of_primary_key)</tt> will raise an +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound+ exception unless a matching record is found for <strong>all</strong> of the supplied primary keys.
 
+h5. take
+
+<tt>Model.take(limit)</tt> retrieves the first number of records specified by +limit+ without any explicit ordering:
+
+<ruby>
+Client.take(2)
+# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
+</ruby>
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+<sql>
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
+</sql>
+
+h5. first
+
+<tt>Model.first(limit)</tt> finds the first number of records specified by +limit+ ordered by primary key:
+
+<ruby>
+Client.first(2)
+# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
+</ruby>
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+<sql>
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
+</sql>
+
+h5. last
+
+<tt>Model.last(limit)</tt> finds the number of records specified by +limit+ ordered by primary key in descending order:
+
+<ruby>
+Client.last(2)
+# => [#<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">,
+      #<Client id: 9, first_name: "John">]
+</ruby>
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+<sql>
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER By id DESC LIMIT 2
+</sql>
+
 h4. Retrieving Multiple Objects in Batches
 
 We often need to iterate over a large set of records, as when we send a newsletter to a large set of users, or when we export data.
@@ -320,20 +444,6 @@ Client.where("created_at >= :start_date AND created_at <= :end_date",
 
 This makes for clearer readability if you have a large number of variable conditions.
 
-h5(#array-range_conditions). Range Conditions
-
-If you're looking for a range inside of a table (for example, users created in a certain timeframe) you can use the conditions option coupled with the +IN+ SQL statement for this. If you had two dates coming in from a controller you could do something like this to look for a range:
-
-<ruby>
-Client.where(:created_at => (params[:start_date].to_date)..(params[:end_date].to_date))
-</ruby>
-
-This query will generate something similar to the following SQL:
-
-<sql>
-  SELECT "clients".* FROM "clients" WHERE ("clients"."created_at" BETWEEN '2010-09-29' AND '2010-11-30')
-</sql>
-
 h4. Hash Conditions
 
 Active Record also allows you to pass in hash conditions which can increase the readability of your conditions syntax. With hash conditions, you pass in a hash with keys of the fields you want conditionalised and the values of how you want to conditionalise them:
@@ -352,9 +462,9 @@ The field name can also be a string:
 Client.where('locked' => true)
 </ruby>
 
-h5(#hash-range_conditions). Range Conditions
+NOTE: The values cannot be symbols. For example, you cannot do +Client.where(:status => :active)+.
 
-The good thing about this is that we can pass in a range for our fields without it generating a large query as shown in the preamble of this section.
+h5(#hash-range_conditions). Range Conditions
 
 <ruby>
 Client.where(:created_at => (Time.now.midnight - 1.day)..Time.now.midnight)
@@ -503,7 +613,9 @@ And this will give you a single +Order+ object for each date where there are ord
 The SQL that would be executed would be something like this:
 
 <sql>
-SELECT date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price FROM orders GROUP BY date(created_at)
+SELECT date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price
+FROM orders
+GROUP BY date(created_at)
 </sql>
 
 h3. Having
@@ -519,7 +631,10 @@ Order.select("date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price").grou
 The SQL that would be executed would be something like this:
 
 <sql>
-SELECT date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price FROM orders GROUP BY date(created_at) HAVING sum(price) > 100
+SELECT date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price
+FROM orders
+GROUP BY date(created_at)
+HAVING sum(price) > 100
 </sql>
 
 This will return single order objects for each day, but only those that are ordered more than $100 in a day.
@@ -659,7 +774,7 @@ Optimistic locking allows multiple users to access the same record for edits, an
 
 <strong>Optimistic locking column</strong>
 
-In order to use optimistic locking, the table needs to have a column called +lock_version+. Each time the record is updated, Active Record increments the +lock_version+ column. If an update request is made with a lower value in the +lock_version+ field than is currently in the +lock_version+ column in the database, the update request will fail with an +ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError+. Example:
+In order to use optimistic locking, the table needs to have a column called +lock_version+ of type integer. Each time the record is updated, Active Record increments the +lock_version+ column. If an update request is made with a lower value in the +lock_version+ field than is currently in the +lock_version+ column in the database, the update request will fail with an +ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError+. Example:
 
 <ruby>
 c1 = Client.find(1)
@@ -793,7 +908,7 @@ SELECT categories.* FROM categories
   INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
 </sql>
 
-Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with posts". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one post has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use Category.joins(:post).select("distinct(categories.id)").
+Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with posts". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one post has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use Category.joins(:posts).select("distinct(categories.id)").
 
 h5. Joining Multiple Associations
 
@@ -883,7 +998,7 @@ This code looks fine at the first sight. But the problem lies within the total n
 
 Active Record lets you specify in advance all the associations that are going to be loaded. This is possible by specifying the +includes+ method of the +Model.find+ call. With +includes+, Active Record ensures that all of the specified associations are loaded using the minimum possible number of queries.
 
-Revisiting the above case, we could rewrite +Client.all+ to use eager load addresses:
+Revisiting the above case, we could rewrite +Client.limit(10)+ to use eager load addresses:
 
 <ruby>
 clients = Client.includes(:address).limit(10)
@@ -928,7 +1043,7 @@ Even though Active Record lets you specify conditions on the eager loaded associ
 However if you must do this, you may use +where+ as you would normally.
 
 <ruby>
-Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible", true)
+Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible" => true)
 </ruby>
 
 This would generate a query which contains a +LEFT OUTER JOIN+ whereas the +joins+ method would generate one using the +INNER JOIN+ function instead.
@@ -943,21 +1058,23 @@ If, in the case of this +includes+ query, there were no comments for any posts,
 
 h3. Scopes
 
-Scoping allows you to specify commonly-used ARel queries which can be referenced as method calls on the association objects or models. With these scopes, you can use every method previously covered such as +where+, +joins+ and +includes+. All scope methods will return an +ActiveRecord::Relation+ object which will allow for further methods (such as other scopes) to be called on it.
+Scoping allows you to specify commonly-used queries which can be referenced as method calls on the association objects or models. With these scopes, you can use every method previously covered such as +where+, +joins+ and +includes+. All scope methods will return an +ActiveRecord::Relation+ object which will allow for further methods (such as other scopes) to be called on it.
 
-To define a simple scope, we use the +scope+ method inside the class, passing the ARel query that we'd like run when this scope is called:
+To define a simple scope, we use the +scope+ method inside the class, passing the query that we'd like run when this scope is called:
 
 <ruby>
 class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  scope :published, where(:published => true)
+  scope :published, -> { where(published: true) }
 end
 </ruby>
 
-Just like before, these methods are also chainable:
+This is exactly the same as defining a class method, and which you use is a matter of personal preference:
 
 <ruby>
 class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  scope :published, where(:published => true).joins(:category)
+  def self.published
+    where(published: true)
+  end
 end
 </ruby>
 
@@ -965,8 +1082,8 @@ Scopes are also chainable within scopes:
 
 <ruby>
 class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  scope :published, where(:published => true)
-  scope :published_and_commented, published.and(self.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0))
+  scope :published,               -> { where(:published => true) }
+  scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.where("comments_count > 0") }
 end
 </ruby>
 
@@ -983,25 +1100,13 @@ category = Category.first
 category.posts.published # => [published posts belonging to this category]
 </ruby>
 
-h4. Working with times
-
-If you're working with dates or times within scopes, due to how they are evaluated, you will need to use a lambda so that the scope is evaluated every time.
-
-<ruby>
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  scope :created_before_now, lambda { where("created_at < ?", Time.zone.now ) }
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Without the +lambda+, this +Time.zone.now+ will only be called once.
-
 h4. Passing in arguments
 
-When a +lambda+ is used for a +scope+, it can take arguments:
+Your scope can take arguments:
 
 <ruby>
 class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  scope :created_before, lambda { |time| where("created_at < ?", time) }
+  scope :created_before, ->(time) { where("created_at < ?", time) }
 end
 </ruby>
 
@@ -1048,7 +1153,7 @@ If we wish for a scope to be applied across all queries to the model we can use
 
 <ruby>
 class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
-  default_scope where("removed_at IS NULL")
+  default_scope { where("removed_at IS NULL") }
 end
 </ruby>
 
@@ -1133,6 +1238,8 @@ Client.where(:first_name => 'Andy').first_or_create!(:locked => false)
 # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Orders count can't be blank
 </ruby>
 
+As with +first_or_create+ there is a +find_or_create_by!+ method but the +first_or_create!+ method is preferred for clarity.
+
 h4. +first_or_initialize+
 
 The +first_or_initialize+ method will work just like +first_or_create+ but it will not call +create+ but +new+. This means that a new model instance will be created in memory but won't be saved to the database. Continuing with the +first_or_create+ example, we now want the client named 'Nick':
@@ -1183,26 +1290,54 @@ Client.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM clients WHERE id = '1'")
 
 h3. +pluck+
 
-<tt>pluck</tt> can be used to query a single column from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a column name as argument and returns an array of values of the specified column with the corresponding data type.
+<tt>pluck</tt> can be used to query a single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type.
 
 <ruby>
 Client.where(:active => true).pluck(:id)
 # SELECT id FROM clients WHERE active = 1
+# => [1, 2, 3]
 
 Client.uniq.pluck(:role)
 # SELECT DISTINCT role FROM clients
+# => ['admin', 'member', 'guest']
+
+Client.pluck(:id, :name)
+# SELECT clients.id, clients.name FROM clients
+# => [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
 </ruby>
 
 +pluck+ makes it possible to replace code like
 
 <ruby>
 Client.select(:id).map { |c| c.id }
+# or
+Client.select(:id).map { |c| [c.id, c.name] }
 </ruby>
 
 with
 
 <ruby>
 Client.pluck(:id)
+# or
+Client.pluck(:id, :name)
+</ruby>
+
+h3. +ids+
+
++ids+ can be used to pluck all the IDs for the relation using the table's primary key.
+
+<ruby>
+Person.ids
+# SELECT id FROM people
+</ruby>
+
+<ruby>
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.primary_key = "person_id"
+end
+
+Person.ids
+# SELECT person_id FROM people
 </ruby>
 
 h3. Existence of Objects
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_record_validations_callbacks.textile b/guides/source/active_record_validations_callbacks.textile
index 349d02c1f6..673894c93a 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_record_validations_callbacks.textile
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations_callbacks.textile
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ The following methods skip validations, and will save the object to the database
 * +update_all+
 * +update_attribute+
 * +update_column+
+* +update_columns+
 * +update_counters+
 
 Note that +save+ also has the ability to skip validations if passed +:validate => false+ as argument. This technique should be used with caution.
@@ -531,7 +532,7 @@ Person.new.valid?  => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: Name can't be blank
 
 h3. Conditional Validation
 
-Sometimes it will make sense to validate an object just when a given predicate is satisfied. You can do that by using the +:if+ and +:unless+ options, which can take a symbol, a string or a +Proc+. You may use the +:if+ option when you want to specify when the validation *should* happen. If you want to specify when the validation *should not* happen, then you may use the +:unless+ option.
+Sometimes it will make sense to validate an object just when a given predicate is satisfied. You can do that by using the +:if+ and +:unless+ options, which can take a symbol, a string, a +Proc+ or an +Array+. You may use the +:if+ option when you want to specify when the validation *should* happen. If you want to specify when the validation *should not* happen, then you may use the +:unless+ option.
 
 h4. Using a Symbol with +:if+ and +:unless+
 
@@ -583,6 +584,20 @@ end
 
 All validations inside of +with_options+ block will have automatically passed the condition +:if => :is_admin?+
 
+h4. Combining validation conditions
+
+On the other hand, when multiple conditions define whether or not a validation should happen, an +Array+ can be used. Moreover, you can apply both +:if:+ and +:unless+ to the same validation.
+
+<ruby>
+class Computer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :mouse, :presence => true,
+                    :if => ["market.retail?", :desktop?]
+                    :unless => Proc.new { |c| c.trackpad.present? }
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The validation only runs when all the +:if+ conditions and none of the +:unless+ conditions are evaluated to +true+.
+
 h3. Performing Custom Validations
 
 When the built-in validation helpers are not enough for your needs, you can write your own validators or validation methods as you prefer.
@@ -1050,6 +1065,7 @@ Additionally, the +after_find+ callback is triggered by the following finder met
 * +find_all_by_<em>attribute</em>+
 * +find_by_<em>attribute</em>+
 * +find_by_<em>attribute</em>!+
+* +find_by_sql+
 * +last+
 
 The +after_initialize+ callback is triggered every time a new object of the class is initialized.
@@ -1062,12 +1078,12 @@ Just as with validations, it is also possible to skip callbacks. These methods s
 * +decrement_counter+
 * +delete+
 * +delete_all+
-* +find_by_sql+
 * +increment+
 * +increment_counter+
 * +toggle+
 * +touch+
 * +update_column+
+* +update_columns+
 * +update_all+
 * +update_counters+
 
@@ -1107,7 +1123,7 @@ Post destroyed
 
 h3. Conditional Callbacks
 
-As with validations, we can also make the calling of a callback method conditional on the satisfaction of a given predicate. We can do this using the +:if+ and +:unless+ options, which can take a symbol, a string or a +Proc+. You may use the +:if+ option when you want to specify under which conditions the callback *should* be called. If you want to specify the conditions under which the callback *should not* be called, then you may use the +:unless+ option.
+As with validations, we can also make the calling of a callback method conditional on the satisfaction of a given predicate. We can do this using the +:if+ and +:unless+ options, which can take a symbol, a string, a +Proc+ or an +Array+. You may use the +:if+ option when you want to specify under which conditions the callback *should* be called. If you want to specify the conditions under which the callback *should not* be called, then you may use the +:unless+ option.
 
 h4. Using +:if+ and +:unless+ with a +Symbol+
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile
index 2091ce0395..66de6fd310 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ The following values are considered to be blank in a Rails application:
 
 * any other object that responds to +empty?+ and it is empty.
 
-INFO: In Ruby 1.9 the predicate for strings uses the Unicode-aware character class <tt>[:space:]</tt>, so for example U+2029 (paragraph separator) is considered to be whitespace. In Ruby 1.8 whitespace is considered to be <tt>\s</tt> together with the ideographic space U+3000.
+INFO: The predicate for strings uses the Unicode-aware character class <tt>[:space:]</tt>, so for example U+2029 (paragraph separator) is considered to be whitespace.
 
 WARNING: Note that numbers are not mentioned, in particular 0 and 0.0 are *not* blank.
 
@@ -154,11 +154,68 @@ WARNING. Any class can disallow duplication removing +dup+ and +clone+ or raisin
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb+.
 
+h4. +deep_dup+
+
+The +deep_dup+ method returns deep copy of a given object. Normally, when you +dup+ an object that contains other objects, ruby does not +dup+ them. If you have an array with a string, for example, it will look like this:
+
+<ruby>
+array     = ['string']
+duplicate = array.dup
+
+duplicate.push 'another-string'
+
+# object was duplicated, so element was added only to duplicate
+array     #=> ['string']
+duplicate #=> ['string', 'another-string']
+
+duplicate.first.gsub!('string', 'foo')
+
+# first element was not duplicated, it will be changed for both arrays
+array     #=> ['foo']
+duplicate #=> ['foo', 'another-string']
+</ruby>
+
+As you can see, after duplicating +Array+ instance, we got another object, therefore we can modify it and the original object will stay unchanged. This is not true for array's elements, however. Since +dup+ does not make deep copy, the string inside array is still the same object.
+
+If you need a deep copy of an object, you should use +deep_dup+. Here is an example:
+
+<ruby>
+array     = ['string']
+duplicate = array.deep_dup
+
+duplicate.first.gsub!('string', 'foo')
+
+array     #=> ['string']
+duplicate #=> ['foo']
+</ruby>
+
+If object is not duplicable, +deep_dup+ will just return this object:
+
+<ruby>
+number = 1
+dup = number.deep_dup
+number.object_id == dup.object_id   # => true
+</ruby>
+
+NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb+.
+
 h4. +try+
 
-Sometimes you want to call a method provided the receiver object is not +nil+, which is something you usually check first. +try+ is like +Object#send+ except that it returns +nil+ if sent to +nil+.
+When you want to call a method on an object only if it is not +nil+, the simplest way to achieve it is with conditional statements, adding unnecessary clutter. The alternative is to use +try+. +try+ is like +Object#send+ except that it returns +nil+ if sent to +nil+.
+
+Here is an example:
 
-For instance, in this code from +ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter+ +@logger+ could be +nil+, but you save the check and write in an optimistic style:
+<ruby>
+# without try
+unless @number.nil?
+  @number.next
+end
+
+# with try
+@number.try(:next)
+</ruby>
+
+Another example is this code from +ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter+ where +@logger+ could be +nil+. You can see that the code uses +try+ and avoids an unnecessary check.
 
 <ruby>
 def log_info(sql, name, ms)
@@ -184,7 +241,7 @@ You can evaluate code in the context of any object's singleton class using +clas
 <ruby>
 class Proc
   def bind(object)
-    block, time = self, Time.now
+    block, time = self, Time.current
     object.class_eval do
       method_name = "__bind_#{time.to_i}_#{time.usec}"
       define_method(method_name, &block)
@@ -200,7 +257,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class.rb+.
 
 h4. +acts_like?(duck)+
 
-The method +acts_like+ provides a way to check whether some class acts like some other class based on a simple convention: a class that provides the same interface as +String+ defines
+The method +acts_like?+ provides a way to check whether some class acts like some other class based on a simple convention: a class that provides the same interface as +String+ defines
 
 <ruby>
 def acts_like_string?
@@ -509,55 +566,6 @@ end
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb+.
 
-h5. +attr_accessor_with_default+
-
-The method +attr_accessor_with_default+ serves the same purpose as the Ruby macro +attr_accessor+ but allows you to set a default value for the attribute:
-
-<ruby>
-class Url
-  attr_accessor_with_default :port, 80
-end
-
-Url.new.port # => 80
-</ruby>
-
-The default value can be also specified with a block, which is called in the context of the corresponding object:
-
-<ruby>
-class User
-  attr_accessor :name, :surname
-  attr_accessor_with_default(:full_name) do
-    [name, surname].compact.join(" ")
-  end
-end
-
-u = User.new
-u.name = 'Xavier'
-u.surname = 'Noria'
-u.full_name # => "Xavier Noria"
-</ruby>
-
-The result is not cached, the block is invoked in each call to the reader.
-
-You can overwrite the default with the writer:
-
-<ruby>
-url = Url.new
-url.host # => 80
-url.host = 8080
-url.host # => 8080
-</ruby>
-
-The default value is returned as long as the attribute is unset. The reader does not rely on the value of the attribute to know whether it has to return the default. It rather monitors the writer: if there's any assignment the value is no longer considered to be unset.
-
-Active Resource uses this macro to set a default value for the +:primary_key+ attribute:
-
-<ruby>
-attr_accessor_with_default :primary_key, 'id'
-</ruby>
-
-NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/module/attr_accessor_with_default.rb+.
-
 h5. Internal Attributes
 
 When you are defining an attribute in a class that is meant to be subclassed, name collisions are a risk. That's remarkably important for libraries.
@@ -1083,49 +1091,6 @@ A model may find it useful to set +:instance_accessor+ to +false+ as a way to pr
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb+.
 
-h4. Class Inheritable Attributes
-
-WARNING: Class Inheritable Attributes are deprecated. It's recommended that you use +Class#class_attribute+ instead.
-
-Class variables are shared down the inheritance tree. Class instance variables are not shared, but they are not inherited either. The macros +class_inheritable_reader+, +class_inheritable_writer+, and +class_inheritable_accessor+ provide accessors for class-level data which is inherited but not shared with children:
-
-<ruby>
-module ActionController
-  class Base
-    # FIXME: REVISE/SIMPLIFY THIS COMMENT.
-    # The value of allow_forgery_protection is inherited,
-    # but its value in a particular class does not affect
-    # the value in the rest of the controllers hierarchy.
-    class_inheritable_accessor :allow_forgery_protection
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-They accomplish this with class instance variables and cloning on subclassing, there are no class variables involved. Cloning is performed with +dup+ as long as the value is duplicable.
-
-There are some variants specialised in arrays and hashes:
-
-<ruby>
-class_inheritable_array
-class_inheritable_hash
-</ruby>
-
-Those writers take any inherited array or hash into account and extend them rather than overwrite them.
-
-As with vanilla class attribute accessors these macros create convenience instance methods for reading and writing. The generation of the writer instance method can be prevented setting +:instance_writer+ to +false+ (not any false value, but exactly +false+):
-
-<ruby>
-module ActiveRecord
-  class Base
-    class_inheritable_accessor :default_scoping, :instance_writer => false
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Since values are copied when a subclass is defined, if the base class changes the attribute after that, the subclass does not see the new value. That's the point.
-
-NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/class/inheritable_attributes.rb+.
-
 h4. Subclasses & Descendants
 
 h5. +subclasses+
@@ -1180,7 +1145,7 @@ h4. Output Safety
 
 h5. Motivation
 
-Inserting data into HTML templates needs extra care. For example you can't just interpolate +@review.title+ verbatim into an HTML page. On one hand if the review title is "Flanagan & Matz rules!" the output won't be well-formed because an ampersand has to be escaped as "&amp;amp;". On the other hand, depending on the application that may be a big security hole because users can inject malicious HTML setting a hand-crafted review title. Check out the "section about cross-site scripting in the Security guide":security.html#cross-site-scripting-xss for further information about the risks.
+Inserting data into HTML templates needs extra care. For example, you can't just interpolate +@review.title+ verbatim into an HTML page. For one thing, if the review title is "Flanagan & Matz rules!" the output won't be well-formed because an ampersand has to be escaped as "&amp;amp;". What's more, depending on the application, that may be a big security hole because users can inject malicious HTML setting a hand-crafted review title. Check out the "section about cross-site scripting in the Security guide":security.html#cross-site-scripting-xss for further information about the risks.
 
 h5. Safe Strings
 
@@ -1304,9 +1269,14 @@ Pass a +:separator+ to truncate the string at a natural break:
 # => "Oh dear! Oh..."
 </ruby>
 
-In the above example "dear" gets cut first, but then +:separator+ prevents it.
+The option +:separator+ can be a regexp:
 
-WARNING: The option +:separator+ can't be a regexp.
+<ruby>
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate(18, :separator => /\s/)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh..."
+</ruby>
+
+In above examples "dear" gets cut first, but then +:separator+ prevents it.
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb+.
 
@@ -1319,20 +1289,6 @@ The <tt>inquiry</tt> method converts a string into a +StringInquirer+ object mak
 "active".inquiry.inactive?       # => false
 </ruby>
 
-h4. Key-based Interpolation
-
-In Ruby 1.9 the <tt>%</tt> string operator supports key-based interpolation, both formatted and unformatted:
-
-<ruby>
-"Total is %<total>.02f" % {:total => 43.1}  # => Total is 43.10
-"I say %{foo}" % {:foo => "wadus"}          # => "I say wadus"
-"I say %{woo}" % {:foo => "wadus"}          # => KeyError
-</ruby>
-
-Active Support adds that functionality to <tt>%</tt> in previous versions of Ruby.
-
-NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/string/interpolation.rb+.
-
 h4. +starts_with?+ and +ends_with?+
 
 Active Support defines 3rd person aliases of +String#start_with?+ and +String#end_with?+:
@@ -1379,7 +1335,7 @@ Returns the character of the string at position +position+:
 "hello".at(0)  # => "h"
 "hello".at(4)  # => "o"
 "hello".at(-1) # => "o"
-"hello".at(10) # => ERROR if < 1.9, nil in 1.9
+"hello".at(10) # => nil
 </ruby>
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb+.
@@ -1859,6 +1815,130 @@ Singular forms are aliased so you are able to say:
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb+.
 
+h4. Time
+
+Enables the use of time calculations and declarations, like @45.minutes <plus> 2.hours <plus> 4.years@.
+
+These methods use Time#advance for precise date calculations when using from_now, ago, etc.
+as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example:
+
+<ruby>
+# equivalent to Time.current.advance(:months => 1)
+1.month.from_now
+
+# equivalent to Time.current.advance(:years => 2)
+2.years.from_now
+
+# equivalent to Time.current.advance(:months => 4, :years => 5)
+(4.months + 5.years).from_now
+</ruby>
+
+While these methods provide precise calculation when used as in the examples above, care
+should be taken to note that this is not true if the result of `months', `years', etc is
+converted before use:
+
+<ruby>
+# equivalent to 30.days.to_i.from_now
+1.month.to_i.from_now
+
+# equivalent to 365.25.days.to_f.from_now
+1.year.to_f.from_now
+</ruby>
+
+In such cases, Ruby's core
+Date[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html] and
+Time[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html] should be used for precision
+date and time arithmetic.
+
+NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb+.
+
+h4. Formatting
+
+Enables the formatting of numbers in a variety of ways.
+
+Produce a string representation of a number as a telephone number:
+
+<ruby>
+5551234.to_s(:phone)
+# => 555-1234
+1235551234.to_s(:phone)
+# => 123-555-1234
+1235551234.to_s(:phone, :area_code => true)
+# => (123) 555-1234
+1235551234.to_s(:phone, :delimiter => " ")
+# => 123 555 1234
+1235551234.to_s(:phone, :area_code => true, :extension => 555)
+# => (123) 555-1234 x 555
+1235551234.to_s(:phone, :country_code => 1)
+# => +1-123-555-1234
+</ruby>
+
+Produce a string representation of a number as currency:
+
+<ruby>
+1234567890.50.to_s(:currency)                    # => $1,234,567,890.50
+1234567890.506.to_s(:currency)                   # => $1,234,567,890.51
+1234567890.506.to_s(:currency, :precision => 3)  # => $1,234,567,890.506
+</ruby>
+
+Produce a string representation of a number as a percentage:
+
+<ruby>
+100.to_s(:percentage)
+# => 100.000%
+100.to_s(:percentage, :precision => 0)
+# => 100%
+1000.to_s(:percentage, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',')
+# => 1.000,000%
+302.24398923423.to_s(:percentage, :precision => 5)
+# => 302.24399%
+</ruby>
+
+Produce a string representation of a number in delimited form:
+
+<ruby>
+12345678.to_s(:delimited)                        # => 12,345,678
+12345678.05.to_s(:delimited)                     # => 12,345,678.05
+12345678.to_s(:delimited, :delimiter => ".")     # => 12.345.678
+12345678.to_s(:delimited, :delimiter => ",")     # => 12,345,678
+12345678.05.to_s(:delimited, :separator => " ")  # => 12,345,678 05
+</ruby>
+
+Produce a string representation of a number rounded to a precision:
+
+<ruby>
+111.2345.to_s(:rounded)                        # => 111.235
+111.2345.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 2)       # => 111.23
+13.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 5)             # => 13.00000
+389.32314.to_s(:rounded, :precision => 0)      # => 389
+111.2345.to_s(:rounded, :significant => true)  # => 111
+</ruby>
+
+Produce a string representation of a number as a human-readable number of bytes:
+
+<ruby>
+123.to_s(:human_size)            # => 123 Bytes
+1234.to_s(:human_size)           # => 1.21 KB
+12345.to_s(:human_size)          # => 12.1 KB
+1234567.to_s(:human_size)        # => 1.18 MB
+1234567890.to_s(:human_size)     # => 1.15 GB
+1234567890123.to_s(:human_size)  # => 1.12 TB
+</ruby>
+
+Produce a string representation of a number in human-readable words:
+
+<ruby>
+123.to_s(:human)               # => "123"
+1234.to_s(:human)              # => "1.23 Thousand"
+12345.to_s(:human)             # => "12.3 Thousand"
+1234567.to_s(:human)           # => "1.23 Million"
+1234567890.to_s(:human)        # => "1.23 Billion"
+1234567890123.to_s(:human)     # => "1.23 Trillion"
+1234567890123456.to_s(:human)  # => "1.23 Quadrillion"
+</ruby>
+
+NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/numeric/formatting.rb+.
+
 h3. Extensions to +Integer+
 
 h4. +multiple_of?+
@@ -2112,7 +2192,7 @@ h5. +to_formatted_s+
 
 The method +to_formatted_s+ acts like +to_s+ by default.
 
-If the array contains items that respond to +id+, however, it may be passed the symbol <tt>:db</tt> as argument. That's typically used with collections of ARs, though technically any object in Ruby 1.8 responds to +id+ indeed. Returned strings are:
+If the array contains items that respond to +id+, however, it may be passed the symbol <tt>:db</tt> as argument. That's typically used with collections of ARs. Returned strings are:
 
 <ruby>
 [].to_formatted_s(:db)            # => "null"
@@ -2152,20 +2232,20 @@ To do so it sends +to_xml+ to every item in turn, and collects the results under
 
 By default, the name of the root element is the underscorized and dasherized plural of the name of the class of the first item, provided the rest of elements belong to that type (checked with <tt>is_a?</tt>) and they are not hashes. In the example above that's "contributors".
 
-If there's any element that does not belong to the type of the first one the root node becomes "records":
+If there's any element that does not belong to the type of the first one the root node becomes "objects":
 
 <ruby>
 [Contributor.first, Commit.first].to_xml
 # =>
 # <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-# <records type="array">
-#   <record>
+# <objects type="array">
+#   <object>
 #     <id type="integer">4583</id>
 #     <name>Aaron Batalion</name>
 #     <rank type="integer">53</rank>
 #     <url-id>aaron-batalion</url-id>
-#   </record>
-#   <record>
+#   </object>
+#   <object>
 #     <author>Joshua Peek</author>
 #     <authored-timestamp type="datetime">2009-09-02T16:44:36Z</authored-timestamp>
 #     <branch>origin/master</branch>
@@ -2176,30 +2256,30 @@ If there's any element that does not belong to the type of the first one the roo
 #     <imported-from-svn type="boolean">false</imported-from-svn>
 #     <message>Kill AMo observing wrap_with_notifications since ARes was only using it</message>
 #     <sha1>723a47bfb3708f968821bc969a9a3fc873a3ed58</sha1>
-#   </record>
-# </records>
+#   </object>
+# </objects>
 </ruby>
 
-If the receiver is an array of hashes the root element is by default also "records":
+If the receiver is an array of hashes the root element is by default also "objects":
 
 <ruby>
 [{:a => 1, :b => 2}, {:c => 3}].to_xml
 # =>
 # <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-# <records type="array">
-#   <record>
+# <objects type="array">
+#   <object>
 #     <b type="integer">2</b>
 #     <a type="integer">1</a>
-#   </record>
-#   <record>
+#   </object>
+#   <object>
 #     <c type="integer">3</c>
-#   </record>
-# </records>
+#   </object>
+# </objects>
 </ruby>
 
 WARNING. If the collection is empty the root element is by default "nil-classes". That's a gotcha, for example the root element of the list of contributors above would not be "contributors" if the collection was empty, but "nil-classes". You may use the <tt>:root</tt> option to ensure a consistent root element.
 
-The name of children nodes is by default the name of the root node singularized. In the examples above we've seen "contributor" and "record". The option <tt>:children</tt> allows you to set these node names.
+The name of children nodes is by default the name of the root node singularized. In the examples above we've seen "contributor" and "object". The option <tt>:children</tt> allows you to set these node names.
 
 The default XML builder is a fresh instance of <tt>Builder::XmlMarkup</tt>. You can configure your own builder via the <tt>:builder</tt> option. The method also accepts options like <tt>:dasherize</tt> and friends, they are forwarded to the builder:
 
@@ -2266,6 +2346,19 @@ Thus, in this case the behavior is different for +nil+, and the differences with
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb+.
 
+h4. Duplicating
+
+The method +Array.deep_dup+ duplicates itself and all objects inside recursively with ActiveSupport method +Object#deep_dup+. It works like +Array#map+ with sending +deep_dup+ method to each object inside.
+
+<ruby>
+array = [1, [2, 3]]
+dup = array.deep_dup
+dup[1][2] = 4
+array[1][2] == nil   # => true
+</ruby>
+
+NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/array/deep_dup.rb+.
+
 h4. Grouping
 
 h5. +in_groups_of(number, fill_with = nil)+
@@ -2393,6 +2486,7 @@ To do so, the method loops over the pairs and builds nodes that depend on the _v
 * If +value+ responds to +to_xml+ the method is invoked with +key+ as <tt>:root</tt>.
 
 * Otherwise, a node with +key+ as tag is created with a string representation of +value+ as text node. If +value+ is +nil+ an attribute "nil" set to "true" is added. Unless the option <tt>:skip_types</tt> exists and is true, an attribute "type" is added as well according to the following mapping:
+
 <ruby>
 XML_TYPE_NAMES = {
   "Symbol"     => "symbol",
@@ -2472,6 +2566,23 @@ The method +deep_merge!+ performs a deep merge in place.
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb+.
 
+h4. Deep duplicating
+
+The method +Hash.deep_dup+ duplicates itself and all keys and values inside recursively with ActiveSupport method +Object#deep_dup+. It works like +Enumerator#each_with_object+ with sending +deep_dup+ method to each pair inside.
+
+<ruby>
+hash = { :a => 1, :b => { :c => 2, :d => [3, 4] } }
+
+dup = hash.deep_dup
+dup[:b][:e] = 5
+dup[:b][:d] << 5
+
+hash[:b][:e] == nil      # => true
+hash[:b][:d] == [3, 4]   # => true
+</ruby>
+
+NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_dup.rb+.
+
 h4. Diffing
 
 The method +diff+ returns a hash that represents a diff of the receiver and the argument with the following logic:
@@ -2538,6 +2649,45 @@ There's also the bang variant +except!+ that removes keys in the very receiver.
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb+.
 
+h5. +transform_keys+ and +transform_keys!+
+
+The method +transform_keys+ accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the keys in the receiver:
+
+<ruby>
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, :a => :a}.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+# => {"" => nil, "A" => :a, "1" => 1}
+</ruby>
+
+The result in case of collision is undefined:
+
+<ruby>
+{"a" => 1, :a => 2}.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+# => {"A" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+</ruby>
+
+This method may be useful for example to build specialized conversions. For instance +stringify_keys+ and +symbolize_keys+ use +transform_keys+ to perform their key conversions:
+
+<ruby>
+def stringify_keys
+  transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
+end
+...
+def symbolize_keys
+  transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
+end
+</ruby>
+
+There's also the bang variant +transform_keys!+ that applies the block operations to keys in the very receiver.
+
+Besides that, one can use +deep_transform_keys+ and +deep_transform_keys!+ to perform the block operation on all the keys in the given hash and all the hashes nested into it. An example of the result is:
+
+<ruby>
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, :nested => {:a => 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+# => {""=>nil, "1"=>1, "NESTED"=>{"A"=>3, "5"=>5}}
+</ruby>
+
+NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb+.
+
 h5. +stringify_keys+ and +stringify_keys!+
 
 The method +stringify_keys+ returns a hash that has a stringified version of the keys in the receiver. It does so by sending +to_s+ to them:
@@ -2568,6 +2718,13 @@ The second line can safely access the "type" key, and let the user to pass eithe
 
 There's also the bang variant +stringify_keys!+ that stringifies keys in the very receiver.
 
+Besides that, one can use +deep_stringify_keys+ and +deep_stringify_keys!+ to stringify all the keys in the given hash and all the hashes nested into it. An example of the result is:
+
+<ruby>
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, :nested => {:a => 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_stringify_keys
+# => {""=>nil, "1"=>1, "nested"=>{"a"=>3, "5"=>5}}
+</ruby>
+
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb+.
 
 h5. +symbolize_keys+ and +symbolize_keys!+
@@ -2602,6 +2759,13 @@ The second line can safely access the +:params+ key, and let the user to pass ei
 
 There's also the bang variant +symbolize_keys!+ that symbolizes keys in the very receiver.
 
+Besides that, one can use +deep_symbolize_keys+ and +deep_symbolize_keys!+ to symbolize all the keys in the given hash and all the hashes nested into it. An example of the result is:
+
+<ruby>
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, "nested" => {"a" => 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_symbolize_keys
+# => {nil=>nil, 1=>1, :nested=>{:a=>3, 5=>5}}
+</ruby>
+
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb+.
 
 h5. +to_options+ and +to_options!+
@@ -2619,27 +2783,7 @@ The method +assert_valid_keys+ receives an arbitrary number of arguments, and ch
 {:a => 1}.assert_valid_keys("a") # ArgumentError
 </ruby>
 
-Active Record does not accept unknown options when building associations for example. It implements that control via +assert_valid_keys+:
-
-<ruby>
-mattr_accessor :valid_keys_for_has_many_association
-@@valid_keys_for_has_many_association = [
-  :class_name, :table_name, :foreign_key, :primary_key,
-  :dependent,
-  :select, :conditions, :include, :order, :group, :having, :limit, :offset,
-  :as, :through, :source, :source_type,
-  :uniq,
-  :finder_sql, :counter_sql,
-  :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove,
-  :extend, :readonly,
-  :validate, :inverse_of
-]
-
-def create_has_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension)
-  options.assert_valid_keys(valid_keys_for_has_many_association)
-  ...
-end
-</ruby>
+Active Record does not accept unknown options when building associations, for example. It implements that control via +assert_valid_keys+.
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb+.
 
@@ -2742,36 +2886,27 @@ As the example depicts, the +:db+ format generates a +BETWEEN+ SQL clause. That
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb+.
 
-h4. +step+
-
-Active Support extends the method +Range#step+ so that it can be invoked without a block:
-
-<ruby>
-(1..10).step(2) # => [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
-</ruby>
-
-As the example shows, in that case the method returns an array with the corresponding elements.
-
-NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/range/blockless_step.rb+.
-
 h4. +include?+
 
-The method +Range#include?+ says whether some value falls between the ends of a given instance:
+The methods +Range#include?+ and +Range#===+ say whether some value falls between the ends of a given instance:
 
 <ruby>
 (2..3).include?(Math::E) # => true
 </ruby>
 
-Active Support extends this method so that the argument may be another range in turn. In that case we test whether the ends of the argument range belong to the receiver themselves:
+Active Support extends these methods so that the argument may be another range in turn. In that case we test whether the ends of the argument range belong to the receiver themselves:
 
 <ruby>
 (1..10).include?(3..7)  # => true
 (1..10).include?(0..7)  # => false
 (1..10).include?(3..11) # => false
 (1...9).include?(3..9)  # => false
-</ruby>
 
-WARNING: The original +Range#include?+ is still the one aliased to +Range#===+.
+(1..10) === (3..7)  # => true
+(1..10) === (0..7)  # => false
+(1..10) === (3..11) # => false
+(1...9) === (3..9)  # => false
+</ruby>
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb+.
 
@@ -2867,8 +3002,6 @@ d.prev_year               # => Sun, 28 Feb 1999
 d.next_year               # => Wed, 28 Feb 2001
 </ruby>
 
-Active Support defines these methods as well for Ruby 1.8.
-
 +prev_year+ is aliased to +last_year+.
 
 h6. +prev_month+, +next_month+
@@ -2890,10 +3023,29 @@ Date.new(2000, 5, 31).next_month # => Fri, 30 Jun 2000
 Date.new(2000, 1, 31).next_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
 </ruby>
 
-Active Support defines these methods as well for Ruby 1.8.
-
 +prev_month+ is aliased to +last_month+.
 
+h6. +prev_quarter+, +next_quarter+
+
+Same as +prev_month+ and +next_month+. It returns the date with the same day in the previous or next quarter:
+
+<ruby>
+t = Time.local(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010
+t.prev_quarter             # => Mon, 08 Feb 2010
+t.next_quarter             # => Sun, 08 Aug 2010
+</ruby>
+
+If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned:
+
+<ruby>
+Time.local(2000, 7, 31).prev_quarter  # => Sun, 30 Apr 2000
+Time.local(2000, 5, 31).prev_quarter  # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
+Time.local(2000, 10, 31).prev_quarter # => Mon, 30 Oct 2000
+Time.local(2000, 11, 31).next_quarter # => Wed, 28 Feb 2001
+</ruby>
+
++prev_quarter+ is aliased to +last_quarter+.
+
 h6. +beginning_of_week+, +end_of_week+
 
 The methods +beginning_of_week+ and +end_of_week+ return the dates for the
@@ -3101,18 +3253,38 @@ The method +beginning_of_day+ returns a timestamp at the beginning of the day (0
 
 <ruby>
 date = Date.new(2010, 6, 7)
-date.beginning_of_day # => Sun Jun 07 00:00:00 +0200 2010
+date.beginning_of_day # => Mon Jun 07 00:00:00 +0200 2010
 </ruby>
 
 The method +end_of_day+ returns a timestamp at the end of the day (23:59:59):
 
 <ruby>
 date = Date.new(2010, 6, 7)
-date.end_of_day # => Sun Jun 06 23:59:59 +0200 2010
+date.end_of_day # => Mon Jun 07 23:59:59 +0200 2010
 </ruby>
 
 +beginning_of_day+ is aliased to +at_beginning_of_day+, +midnight+, +at_midnight+.
 
+h6. +beginning_of_hour+, +end_of_hour+
+
+The method +beginning_of_hour+ returns a timestamp at the beginning of the hour (hh:00:00):
+
+<ruby>
+date = DateTime.new(2010, 6, 7, 19, 55, 25)
+date.beginning_of_hour # => Mon Jun 07 19:00:00 +0200 2010
+</ruby>
+
+The method +end_of_hour+ returns a timestamp at the end of the hour (hh:59:59):
+
+<ruby>
+date = DateTime.new(2010, 6, 7, 19, 55, 25)
+date.end_of_hour # => Mon Jun 07 19:59:59 +0200 2010
+</ruby>
+
++beginning_of_hour+ is aliased to +at_beginning_of_hour+.
+
+INFO: +beginning_of_hour+ and +end_of_hour+ are implemented for +Time+ and +DateTime+ but *not* +Date+ as it does not make sense to request the beginning or end of an hour on a +Date+ instance.
+
 h6. +ago+, +since+
 
 The method +ago+ receives a number of seconds as argument and returns a timestamp those many seconds ago from midnight:
@@ -3180,6 +3352,13 @@ since (in)
 
 On the other hand, +advance+ and +change+ are also defined and support more options, they are documented below.
 
+The following methods are only implemented in +active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb+ as they only make sense when used with a +DateTime+ instance:
+
+<ruby>
+beginning_of_hour (at_beginning_of_hour)
+end_of_hour
+</ruby>
+
 h5. Named Datetimes
 
 h6. +DateTime.current+
@@ -3322,6 +3501,8 @@ ago
 since (in)
 beginning_of_day (midnight, at_midnight, at_beginning_of_day)
 end_of_day
+beginning_of_hour (at_beginning_of_hour)
+end_of_hour
 beginning_of_week (at_beginning_of_week)
 end_of_week (at_end_of_week)
 monday
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.textile b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.textile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dcdd9d14f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.textile
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+h2. Active Support Instrumentation
+
+Active Support is a part of core Rails that provides Ruby language extensions, utilities and other things. One of the things it includes is an instrumentation API that can be used inside an application to measure certain actions that occur within Ruby code, such as that inside a Rails application or the framework itself. It is not limited to Rails, however. It can be used independently in other Ruby scripts if it is so desired.
+
+In this guide, you will learn how to use the instrumentation API inside of ActiveSupport to measure events inside of Rails and other Ruby code. We cover:
+
+* What instrumentation can provide
+* The hooks inside the Rails framework for instrumentation
+* Adding a subscriber to a hook
+* Building a custom instrumentation implementation
+
+endprologue.
+
+h3. Introduction to instrumentation
+
+The instrumentation API provided by ActiveSupport allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in <TODO: link to section detailing each hook point>. With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code.
+
+For example, there is a hook provided within Active Record that is called every time Active Record uses an SQL query on a database. This hook could be *subscribed* to, and used to track the number of queries during a certain action. There's another hook around the processing of an action of a controller. This could be used, for instance, to track how long a specific action has taken.
+
+You are even able to create your own events inside your application which you can later subscribe to.
+
+h3. Rails framework hooks
+
+Within the Ruby on Rails framework, there are a number of hooks provided for common events. These are detailed below.
+
+h3. ActionController
+
+h4. write_fragment.action_controller
+
+|_.Key         |_.Value|
+|+:key+        |The complete key|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'posts/1-dasboard-view'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. read_fragment.action_controller
+
+|_.Key         |_.Value|
+|+:key+        |The complete key|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'posts/1-dasboard-view'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. expire_fragment.action_controller
+
+|_.Key         |_.Value|
+|+:key+        |The complete key|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'posts/1-dasboard-view'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. exist_fragment?.action_controller
+
+|_.Key         |_.Value|
+|+:key+        |The complete key|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'posts/1-dasboard-view'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. write_page.action_controller
+
+|_.Key     |_.Value|
+|+:path+   |The complete path|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :path => '/users/1'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. expire_page.action_controller
+
+|_.Key     |_.Value|
+|+:path+   |The complete path|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :path => '/users/1'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. start_processing.action_controller
+
+|_.Key          |_.Value |
+|+:controller+  |The controller name|
+|+:action+      |The action|
+|+:params+      |Hash of request parameters without any filtered parameter|
+|+:format+      |html/js/json/xml etc|
+|+:method+      |HTTP request verb|
+|+:path+        |Request path|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :controller => "PostsController",
+  :action => "new",
+  :params => { "action" => "new", "controller" => "posts" },
+  :format => :html,
+  :method => "GET",
+  :path => "/posts/new"
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. process_action.action_controller
+
+|_.Key             |_.Value |
+|+:controller+     |The controller name|
+|+:action+         |The action|
+|+:params+         |Hash of request parameters without any filtered parameter|
+|+:format+         |html/js/json/xml etc|
+|+:method+         |HTTP request verb|
+|+:path+           |Request path|
+|+:view_runtime+   |Amount spent in view in ms|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :controller => "PostsController",
+  :action => "index",
+  :params => {"action" => "index", "controller" => "posts"},
+  :format => :html,
+  :method => "GET",
+  :path => "/posts",
+  :status => 200,
+  :view_runtime => 46.848,
+  :db_runtime => 0.157
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. send_file.action_controller
+
+|_.Key        |_.Value |
+|+:path+      |Complete path to the file|
+
+INFO. Additional keys may be added by the caller.
+
+h4. send_data.action_controller
+
++ActionController+ does not had any specific information to the payload. All options are passed through to the payload.
+
+h4. redirect_to.action_controller
+
+|_.Key         |_.Value |
+|+:status+     |HTTP response code|
+|+:location+   |URL to redirect to|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :status => 302,
+  :location => "http://localhost:3000/posts/new"
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. halted_callback.action_controller
+
+|_.Key       |_.Value |
+|+:filter+   |Filter that halted the action|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :filter => ":halting_filter"
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h3. ActionView
+
+h4. render_template.action_view
+
+|_.Key          |_.Value |
+|+:identifier+  |Full path to template|
+|+:layout+      |Applicable layout|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :identifier => "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/index.html.erb",
+  :layout => "layouts/application"
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. render_partial.action_view
+
+|_.Key           |_.Value |
+|+:identifier+   |Full path to template|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :identifier => "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb",
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h3. ActiveRecord
+
+h4. sql.active_record
+
+|_.Key          |_.Value |
+|+:sql+         |SQL statement|
+|+:name+        |Name of the operation|
+|+:object_id+   |+self.object_id+|
+
+INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well.
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :sql => "SELECT \"posts\".* FROM \"posts\" ",
+  :name => "Post Load",
+  :connection_id => 70307250813140,
+  :binds => []
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. identity.active_record
+
+|_.Key            |_.Value |
+|+:line+          |Primary Key of object in the identity map|
+|+:name+          |Record's class|
+|+:connection_id+ |+self.object_id+|
+
+h3. ActionMailer
+
+h4. receive.action_mailer
+
+|_.Key          |_.Value|
+|+:mailer+      |Name of the mailer class|
+|+:message_id+  |ID of the message, generated by the Mail gem|
+|+:subject+     |Subject of the mail|
+|+:to+          |To address(es) of the mail|
+|+:from+        |From address of the mail|
+|+:bcc+         |BCC addresses of the mail|
+|+:cc+          |CC addresses of the mail|
+|+:date+        |Date of the mail|
+|+:mail+        |The encoded form of the mail|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :mailer => "Notification",
+  :message_id => "4f5b5491f1774_181b23fc3d4434d38138e5@mba.local.mail",
+  :subject => "Rails Guides",
+  :to => ["users@rails.com", "ddh@rails.com"],
+  :from => ["me@rails.com"],
+  :date => Sat, 10 Mar 2012 14:18:09 +0100,
+  :mail=> "..." # ommitted for beverity
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. deliver.action_mailer
+
+|_.Key          |_.Value|
+|+:mailer+      |Name of the mailer class|
+|+:message_id+  |ID of the message, generated by the Mail gem|
+|+:subject+     |Subject of the mail|
+|+:to+          |To address(es) of the mail|
+|+:from+        |From address of the mail|
+|+:bcc+         |BCC addresses of the mail|
+|+:cc+          |CC addresses of the mail|
+|+:date+        |Date of the mail|
+|+:mail+        |The encoded form of the mail|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :mailer => "Notification",
+  :message_id => "4f5b5491f1774_181b23fc3d4434d38138e5@mba.local.mail",
+  :subject => "Rails Guides",
+  :to => ["users@rails.com", "ddh@rails.com"],
+  :from => ["me@rails.com"],
+  :date => Sat, 10 Mar 2012 14:18:09 +0100,
+  :mail=> "..." # ommitted for beverity
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h3. ActiveResource
+
+h4. request.active_resource
+
+|_.Key           |_.Value|
+|+:method+       |HTTP method|
+|+:request_uri+  |Complete URI|
+|+:result+       |HTTP response object|
+
+h3. ActiveSupport
+
+h4. cache_read.active_support
+
+|_.Key                |_.Value|
+|+:key+               |Key used in the store|
+|+:hit+               |If this read is a hit|
+|+:super_operation+   |:fetch is added when a read is used with +#fetch+|
+
+h4. cache_generate.active_support
+
+This event is only used when +#fetch+ is called with a block.
+
+|_.Key   |_.Value|
+|+:key+  |Key used in the store|
+
+INFO. Options passed to fetch will be merged with the payload when writing to the store
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+
+h4. cache_fetch_hit.active_support
+
+This event is only used when +#fetch+ is called with a block.
+
+|_.Key   |_.Value|
+|+:key+  |Key used in the store|
+
+INFO. Options passed to fetch will be merged with the payload.
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. cache_write.active_support
+
+|_.Key   |_.Value|
+|+:key+  |Key used in the store|
+
+INFO. Cache stores my add their own keys
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. cache_delete.active_support
+
+|_.Key   |_.Value|
+|+:key+  |Key used in the store|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h4. cache_exist?.active_support
+
+|_.Key   |_.Value|
+|+:key+  |Key used in the store|
+
+<ruby>
+{
+  :key => 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+</ruby>
+
+h3. Rails
+
+h4. deprecation.rails
+
+|_.Key           |_.Value|
+|+:message+      |The deprecation warning|
+|+:callstack+    |Where the deprecation came from|
+
+h3. Subscribing to an event
+
+Subscribing to an event is easy. Use +ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe+ with a block to
+listen to any notification.
+
+The block receives the following arguments:
+
+# The name of the event
+# Time when it started
+# Time when it finished
+# An unique ID for this event
+# The payload (described in previous sections)
+
+<ruby>
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+  # your own custom stuff
+  Rails.logger.info "#{name} Received!"
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Defining all those block arguments each time can be tedious. You can easily create an +ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event+
+from block args like this:
+
+<ruby>
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |*args|
+  event = ActiveSupport::Notification::Event.new args
+
+  event.name      # => "process_action.action_controller"
+  event.duration  # => 10 (in milliseconds)
+  event.payload   # => { :extra => :information }
+
+  Rails.logger.info "#{event} Received!"
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Most times you only care about the data itself. Here is a shortuct to just get the data.
+
+<ruby>
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |*args|
+  data = args.extract_options!
+  data # { :extra => :information }
+</ruby>
+
+You may also subscribe to events matching a regular expresssion. This enables you to subscribe to
+multiple events at once. Here's you could subscribe to everything from +ActionController+.
+
+<ruby>
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe /action_controller/ do |*args|
+  # inspect all ActionController events
+end
+</ruby>
+
+h3. Creating custom events
+
+Adding your own events is easy as well. +ActiveSupport::Notifications+ will take care of
+all the heavy lifting for you. Simply call +instrument+ with a +name+, +payload+ and a block.
+The notification will be sent after the block returns. +ActiveSupport+ will generate the start and end times
+as well as the unique ID. All data passed into the +insturment+ call will make it into the payload.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+<ruby>
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "my.custom.event", :this => :data do
+  # do your custom stuff here
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Now you can listen to this event with:
+
+<ruby>
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "my.custom.event" do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+  puts data.inspect # { :this => :data }
+end
+</ruby>
+
+You should follow Rails conventions when defining your own events. The format is: +event.library+.
+If you application is sending Tweets, you should create an event named +tweet.twitter+.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.textile b/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.textile
index 5913a472fd..26e0270a31 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.textile
+++ b/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.textile
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 h2. AJAX on Rails
 
-This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails (and more); it will enable you to create rich and dynamic AJAX applications with ease! We will cover the following topics:
+This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails (and more);
+it will enable you to create rich and dynamic AJAX applications with ease! We will
+cover the following topics:
 
 * Quick introduction to AJAX and related technologies
 * Unobtrusive JavaScript helpers with drivers for Prototype, jQuery etc
@@ -10,34 +12,99 @@ endprologue.
 
 h3. Hello AJAX - a Quick Intro
 
-You'll need the basics of DOM, HTTP requests and other topics discussed here to really understand Ajax on Rails.
+AJAX is about updating parts of a web page without reloading the page. An AJAX
+call happens as a response to an event, like when the page finished loading or
+when a user clicks on an element. For example, let say you click on a link, which
+would usually take you to a new page, but instead of doing that, an asynchronous
+HTTP request is made and the response is evaluated with JavaScript. That way the
+page is not reloaded and new information can be dynamically included in the page.
+The way that happens is by inserting, removing or changing parts of the DOM. The
+DOM, or Document Object Model, is a convention to represent the HTML document as
+a set of nodes that contain other nodes. For example, a list of names is represented
+as a +ul+ element node containing several +li+ element nodes. An AJAX call can
+be made to obtain a new list item to include, and append it inside a +li+ node to
+the +ul+ node.
 
 h4. Asynchronous JavaScript + XML
 
-Basic terminology, new style of creating web apps
+AJAX means Asynchronous JavaScript + XML. Asynchronous means that the page is not
+reloaded, the request made is separate from the regular page request. Javascript
+is used to evaluate the response and the XML part is a bit misleading as XML is
+not required, you respond to the HTTP request with JSON or regular HTML as well.
 
 h4. The DOM
 
-basics of the DOM, how is it built, properties, features, why is it central to AJAX
+The DOM (Document Object Model) is a convention to represent HTML (or XML)
+documents, as a set of nodes that act as objects and contain other nodes. You can
+have a +div+ element that contains other +div+ elements as well as +p+ elements
+that contain text.
 
 h4. Standard HTML communication vs AJAX
 
-How do 'standard' and AJAX requests differ, why does this matter for understanding AJAX on Rails (tie in for *_remote helpers, the next section)
+In regular HTML comunications, when you click on a link, the browser makes an HTTP
++GET+ request, the server responds with a new HTML document that the browsers renders
+and then replaces the previous one. The same thing happens when you click a button to
+submit a form, except that you make and HTTP +POST+ request, but you also get a new
+HTML document that the browser renders and replaces the current one. In AJAX
+communications, the request is separate, and the response is evaluated in JavaScript
+instead of rendered by the browser. That way you can have more control over the content
+that gets returned, and the page is not reloaded.
 
 h3. Built-in Rails Helpers
 
-Rails 3.1 ships with "jQuery":http://jquery.com as the default JavaScript library. The Gemfile contains <tt>gem 'jquery-rails'</tt> which makes the jQuery files available to the application automatically. This can be accessed as:
+Rails 4.0 ships with "jQuery":http://jquery.com as the default JavaScript library.
+The Gemfile contains +gem 'jquery-rails'+ which provides the +jquery.js+ and
++jquery_ujs.js+ files via the asset pipeline.
+
+You will have to use the +require+ directive to tell Sprockets to load +jquery.js+
+and +jquery.js+. For example, a new Rails application includes a default
++app/assets/javascripts/application.js+ file which contains the following lines:
+
+<plain>
+// ...
+//= require jquery
+//= require jquery_ujs
+// ...
+</plain>
+
+The +application.js+ file acts like a manifest and is used to tell Sprockets the
+files that you wish to require. In this case, you are requiring the files +jquery.js+
+and +jquery_ujs.js+ provided by the +jquery-rails+ gem.
+
+If the application is not using the asset pipeline, this can be accessed as:
 
 <ruby>
 javascript_include_tag :defaults
 </ruby>
 
+By default, +:defaults+ loads jQuery.
+
+You can also choose to use Prototype instead of jQuery and specify the option
+using +-j+ switch while generating the application.
+
+<shell>
+rails new app_name -j prototype
+</shell>
+
+This will add the +prototype-rails+ gem to the Gemfile and modify the
++app/assets/javascripts/application.js+ file:
+
+<plain>
+// ...
+//= require prototype
+//= require prototype_ujs
+// ...
+</plain>
+
+You are ready to add some AJAX love to your Rails app!
+
 h4. Examples
 
-All the remote_method helpers has been removed. To make them working with AJAX, simply pass the <tt>:remote => true</tt> option to the original non-remote method.
+To make them working with AJAX, simply pass the <tt>remote: true</tt> option to
+the original non-remote method.
 
 <ruby>
-button_to "New", :action => "new", :form_class => "new-thing"
+button_to 'New', action: 'new', form_class: 'new-thing'
 </ruby>
 
 will produce
@@ -49,7 +116,7 @@ will produce
 </html>
 
 <ruby>
-button_to "Create", :action => "create", :remote => true, :form => { "data-type" => "json" }
+button_to 'Create', action: 'create', remote: true, form: { 'data-type' => 'json' }
 </ruby>
 
 will produce
@@ -61,8 +128,8 @@ will produce
 </html>
 
 <ruby>
-button_to "Delete Image", { :action => "delete", :id => @image.id },
-             :confirm => "Are you sure?", :method => :delete
+button_to 'Delete Image', { action: 'delete', id: @image.id },
+             method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' }
 </ruby>
 
 will produce
@@ -77,8 +144,8 @@ will produce
 </html>
 
 <ruby>
-button_to('Destroy', 'http://www.example.com', :confirm => 'Are you sure?',
-          :method => "delete", :remote => true, :disable_with => 'loading...')
+button_to 'Destroy', 'http://www.example.com',
+             method: 'delete', remote: true, data: { disable_with: 'loading...', confirm: 'Are you sure?' }
 </ruby>
 
 will produce
@@ -87,19 +154,11 @@ will produce
 <form class='button_to' method='post' action='http://www.example.com' data-remote='true'>
   <div>
     <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
-    <input value='Destroy' type='submit' disable_with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
+    <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
   </div>
 </form>
 </html>
 
-You can also choose to use Prototype instead of jQuery and specify the option using +-j+ switch while generating the application.
-
-<shell>
-rails new app_name -j prototype
-</shell>
-
-You are ready to add some AJAX love to your Rails app!
-
 h4. The Quintessential AJAX Rails Helper: link_to_remote
 
 Let's start with what is probably the most often used helper: +link_to_remote+. It has an interesting feature from the documentation point of view: the options supplied to +link_to_remote+ are shared by all other AJAX helpers, so learning the mechanics and options of +link_to_remote+ is a great help when using other helpers.
@@ -134,7 +193,7 @@ If the server returns 200, the output of the above example is equivalent to our
 ** *position* By default (i.e. when not specifying this option, like in the examples before) the response is injected into the element with the specified DOM id, replacing the original content of the element (if there was any). You might want to alter this behavior by keeping the original content - the only question is where to place the new content? This can specified by the +position+ parameter, with four possibilities:
 *** +:before+ Inserts the response text just before the target element. More precisely, it creates a text node from the response and inserts it as the left sibling of the target element.
 *** +:after+ Similar behavior to +:before+, but in this case the response is inserted after the target element.
-*** +:top+ Inserts the text into the target element, before it's original content. If the target element was empty, this is equivalent with not specifying +:position+ at all.
+*** +:top+ Inserts the text into the target element, before its original content. If the target element was empty, this is equivalent with not specifying +:position+ at all.
 *** +:bottom+ The counterpart of +:top+: the response is inserted after the target element's original content.
 
 A typical example of using +:bottom+ is inserting a new &lt;li&gt; element into an existing list:
@@ -158,7 +217,6 @@ link_to_remote "Delete the item",
 Note that if we wouldn't override the default behavior (POST), the above snippet would route to the create action rather than destroy.
 
 ** *JavaScript filters* You can customize the remote call further by wrapping it with some JavaScript code. Let's say in the previous example, when deleting a link, you'd like to ask for a confirmation by showing a simple modal text box to the user. This is a typical example what you can accomplish with these options - let's see them one by one:
-*** +:confirm+ =&gt; +msg+ Pops up a JavaScript confirmation dialog, displaying +msg+. If the user chooses 'OK', the request is launched, otherwise canceled.
 *** +:condition+ =&gt; +code+ Evaluates +code+ (which should evaluate to a boolean) and proceeds if it's true, cancels the request otherwise.
 *** +:before+ =&gt; +code+ Evaluates the +code+ just before launching the request. The output of the code has no influence on the execution. Typically used show a progress indicator (see this in action in the next example).
 *** +:after+ =&gt; +code+ Evaluates the +code+ after launching the request. Note that this is different from the +:success+ or +:complete+ callback (covered in the next section) since those are triggered after the request is completed, while the code snippet passed to +:after+ is evaluated after the remote call is made. A common example is to disable elements on the page or otherwise prevent further action while the request is completed.
@@ -174,7 +232,7 @@ link_to_remote "Update record",
 
 This generates a remote link which adds 2 parameters to the standard URL generated by Rails, taken from the page (contained in the elements matched by the 'status' and 'completed' DOM id).
 
-** *Callbacks* Since an AJAX call is typically asynchronous, as it's name suggests (this is not a rule, and you can fire a synchronous request - see the last option, +:type+) your only way of communicating with a request once it is fired is via specifying callbacks. There are six options at your disposal (in fact 508, counting all possible response types, but these six are the most frequent and therefore specified by a constant):
+** *Callbacks* Since an AJAX call is typically asynchronous, as its name suggests (this is not a rule, and you can fire a synchronous request - see the last option, +:type+) your only way of communicating with a request once it is fired is via specifying callbacks. There are six options at your disposal (in fact 508, counting all possible response types, but these six are the most frequent and therefore specified by a constant):
 *** +:loading:+ =&gt; +code+ The request is in the process of receiving the data, but the transfer is not completed yet.
 *** +:loaded:+ =&gt; +code+ The transfer is completed, but the data is not processed and returned yet
 *** +:interactive:+ =&gt; +code+ One step after +:loaded+: The data is fully received and being processed
@@ -203,7 +261,7 @@ link_to_remote "Add new item",
 ** *:type* If you want to fire a synchronous request for some obscure reason (blocking the browser while the request is processed and doesn't return a status code), you can use the +:type+ option with the value of +:synchronous+.
 * Finally, using the +html_options+ parameter you can add HTML attributes to the generated tag. It works like the same parameter of the +link_to+ helper. There are interesting side effects for the +href+ and +onclick+ parameters though:
 ** If you specify the +href+ parameter, the AJAX link will degrade gracefully, i.e. the link will point to the URL even if JavaScript is disabled in the client browser
-** +link_to_remote+ gains it's AJAX behavior by specifying the remote call in the onclick handler of the link. If you supply +html_options[:onclick]+ you override the default behavior, so use this with care!
+** +link_to_remote+ gains its AJAX behavior by specifying the remote call in the onclick handler of the link. If you supply +html_options[:onclick]+ you override the default behavior, so use this with care!
 
 We are finished with +link_to_remote+. I know this is quite a lot to digest for one helper function, but remember, these options are common for all the rest of the Rails view helpers, so we will take a look at the differences / additional parameters in the next sections.
 
@@ -211,8 +269,8 @@ h4. AJAX Forms
 
 There are three different ways of adding AJAX forms to your view using Rails Prototype helpers. They are slightly different, but striving for the same goal: instead of submitting the form using the standard HTTP request/response cycle, it is submitted asynchronously, thus not reloading the page. These methods are the following:
 
-* +remote_form_for+ (and it's alias +form_remote_for+) is tied to Rails most tightly of the three since it takes a resource, model or array of resources (in case of a nested resource) as a parameter.
-* +form_remote_tag+ AJAXifies the form by serializing and sending it's data in the background
+* +remote_form_for+ (and its alias +form_remote_for+) is tied to Rails most tightly of the three since it takes a resource, model or array of resources (in case of a nested resource) as a parameter.
+* +form_remote_tag+ AJAXifies the form by serializing and sending its data in the background
 * +submit_to_remote+ and +button_to_remote+ is more rarely used than the previous two. Rather than creating an AJAX form, you add a button/input
 
 Let's see them in action one by one!
@@ -223,23 +281,6 @@ h5. +form_remote_tag+
 
 h5. +submit_to_remote+
 
-h4. Observing Elements
-
-h5. +observe_field+
-
-h5. +observe_form+
-
-h4. Calling a Function Periodically
-
-h5. +periodically_call_remote+
-
-
-h4. Miscellaneous Functionality
-
-h5. +remote_function+
-
-h5. +update_page+
-
 h4. Serving JavaScript
 
 First we'll check out how to send JavaScript to the server manually. You are practically never going to need this, but it's interesting to understand what's going on under the hood.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.textile b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.textile
index 93120c15a7..c6aa1f0a2b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.textile
+++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.textile
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ endprologue.
 
 h3. RDoc
 
-The Rails API documentation is generated with RDoc 2.5. Please consult the documentation for help with the "markup":http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Markup.html, and take into account also these "additional directives":http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html.
+The Rails API documentation is generated with RDoc. Please consult the documentation for help with the "markup":http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Markup.html, and also take into account these "additional directives":http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html.
 
 h3. Wording
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Write simple, declarative sentences. Brevity is a plus: get to the point.
 
 Write in present tense: "Returns a hash that...", rather than "Returned a hash that..." or "Will return a hash that...".
 
-Start comments in upper case, follow regular punctuation rules:
+Start comments in upper case. Follow regular punctuation rules:
 
 <ruby>
 # Declares an attribute reader backed by an internally-named instance variable.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def attr_internal_reader(*attrs)
 end
 </ruby>
 
-Communicate to the reader the current way of doing things, both explicitly and implicitly. Use the recommended idioms in edge, reorder sections to emphasize favored approaches if needed, etc. The documentation should be a model for best practices and canonical, modern Rails usage.
+Communicate to the reader the current way of doing things, both explicitly and implicitly. Use the idioms recommended in edge. Reorder sections to emphasize favored approaches if needed, etc. The documentation should be a model for best practices and canonical, modern Rails usage.
 
 Documentation has to be concise but comprehensive. Explore and document edge cases. What happens if a module is anonymous? What if a collection is empty? What if an argument is nil?
 
@@ -41,10 +41,9 @@ h3. Example Code
 
 Choose meaningful examples that depict and cover the basics as well as interesting points or gotchas.
 
-Use two spaces to indent chunks of code--that is two spaces with respect to the left margin; the examples
-themselves should use "Rails coding conventions":contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#follow-the-coding-conventions.
+Use two spaces to indent chunks of code--that is, for markup purposes, two spaces with respect to the left margin. The examples themselves should use "Rails coding conventions":contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#follow-the-coding-conventions.
 
-Short docs do not need an explicit "Examples" label to introduce snippets, they just follow paragraphs:
+Short docs do not need an explicit "Examples" label to introduce snippets; they just follow paragraphs:
 
 <ruby>
 # Converts a collection of elements into a formatted string by calling
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ On the other hand, big chunks of structured documentation may have a separate "E
 #   Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
 </ruby>
 
-The result of expressions follow them and are introduced by "# => ", vertically aligned:
+The results of expressions follow them and are introduced by "# => ", vertically aligned:
 
 <ruby>
 # For checking if a fixnum is even or odd.
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ On the other hand, regular comments do not use an arrow:
 
 h3. Filenames
 
-As a rule of thumb use filenames relative to the application root:
+As a rule of thumb, use filenames relative to the application root:
 
 <plain>
 config/routes.rb            # YES
@@ -111,12 +110,12 @@ h3. Fonts
 h4. Fixed-width Font
 
 Use fixed-width fonts for:
-* constants, in particular class and module names
-* method names
-* literals like +nil+, +false+, +true+, +self+
-* symbols
-* method parameters
-* file names
+* Constants, in particular class and module names.
+* Method names.
+* Literals like +nil+, +false+, +true+, +self+.
+* Symbols.
+* Method parameters.
+* File names.
 
 <ruby>
 class Array
@@ -134,6 +133,20 @@ h4. Regular Font
 
 When "true" and "false" are English words rather than Ruby keywords use a regular font:
 
+<ruby>
+# Runs all the validations within the specified context. Returns true if no errors are found,
+# false otherwise.
+#
+# If the argument is false (default is +nil+), the context is set to <tt>:create</tt> if
+# <tt>new_record?</tt> is true, and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
+#
+# Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no matter the context. Validations with
+# some <tt>:on</tt> option will only run in the specified context.
+def valid?(context = nil)
+  ...
+end
+</ruby>
+
 h3. Description Lists
 
 In lists of options, parameters, etc. use a hyphen between the item and its description (reads better than a colon because normally options are symbols):
@@ -146,7 +159,7 @@ The description starts in upper case and ends with a full stop—it's standard E
 
 h3. Dynamically Generated Methods
 
-Methods created with +(module|class)_eval(STRING)+ have a comment by their side with an instance of the generated code. That comment is 2 spaces apart from the template:
+Methods created with +(module|class)_eval(STRING)+ have a comment by their side with an instance of the generated code. That comment is 2 spaces away from the template:
 
 <ruby>
 for severity in Severity.constants
@@ -162,7 +175,7 @@ for severity in Severity.constants
 end
 </ruby>
 
-If the resulting lines are too wide, say 200 columns or more, we put the comment above the call:
+If the resulting lines are too wide, say 200 columns or more, put the comment above the call:
 
 <ruby>
 # def self.find_by_login_and_activated(*args)
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/asset_pipeline.textile b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.textile
index a061c1fc16..d0952fcf29 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/asset_pipeline.textile
+++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.textile
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ For example, these files:
 <plain>
 app/assets/javascripts/home.js
 lib/assets/javascripts/moovinator.js
-vendor/assets/javascript/slider.js
+vendor/assets/javascripts/slider.js
 </plain>
 
 would be referenced in a manifest like this:
@@ -204,6 +204,8 @@ Images can also be organized into subdirectories if required, and they can be ac
 <%= image_tag "icons/rails.png" %>
 </erb>
 
+WARNING: If you're precompiling your assets (see "In Production":#in-production below), linking to an asset that does not exist will raise an exception in the calling page. This includes linking to a blank string. As such, be careful using <tt>image_tag</tt> and the other helpers with user-supplied data.
+
 h5. CSS and ERB
 
 The asset pipeline automatically evaluates ERB. This means that if you add an +erb+ extension to a CSS asset (for example, +application.css.erb+), then helpers like +asset_path+ are available in your CSS rules:
@@ -328,9 +330,9 @@ This manifest +app/assets/javascripts/application.js+:
 would generate this HTML:
 
 <html>
-<script src="/assets/core.js?body=1" type="text/javascript"></script>
-<script src="/assets/projects.js?body=1" type="text/javascript"></script>
-<script src="/assets/tickets.js?body=1" type="text/javascript"></script>
+<script src="/assets/core.js?body=1"></script>
+<script src="/assets/projects.js?body=1"></script>
+<script src="/assets/tickets.js?body=1"></script>
 </html>
 
 The +body+ param is required by Sprockets.
@@ -346,7 +348,7 @@ config.assets.debug = false
 When debug mode is off, Sprockets concatenates and runs the necessary preprocessors on all files. With debug mode turned off the manifest above would generate instead:
 
 <html>
-<script src="/assets/application.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
+<script src="/assets/application.js"></script>
 </html>
 
 Assets are compiled and cached on the first request after the server is started. Sprockets sets a +must-revalidate+ Cache-Control HTTP header to reduce request overhead on subsequent requests -- on these the browser gets a 304 (Not Modified) response.
@@ -380,8 +382,8 @@ For example this:
 generates something like this:
 
 <html>
-<script src="/assets/application-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
-<link href="/assets/application-4dd5b109ee3439da54f5bdfd78a80473.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<script src="/assets/application-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.js"></script>
+<link href="/assets/application-4dd5b109ee3439da54f5bdfd78a80473.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
 </html>
 
 The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the setting of +config.assets.digest+ setting in Rails (which defaults to +true+ for production and +false+ for everything else).
@@ -394,7 +396,7 @@ Rails comes bundled with a rake task to compile the asset manifests and other fi
 
 Compiled assets are written to the location specified in +config.assets.prefix+. By default, this is the +public/assets+ directory.
 
-You can call this task on the server during deployment to create compiled versions of your assets directly on the server. If you do not have write access to your production file system, you can call this task locally and then deploy the compiled assets.
+You can call this task on the server during deployment to create compiled versions of your assets directly on the server. See the next section for information on compiling locally.
 
 The rake task is:
 
@@ -409,7 +411,9 @@ cannot see application objects or methods. *Heroku requires this to be false.*
 WARNING: If you set +config.assets.initialize_on_precompile+ to false, be sure to
 test +rake assets:precompile+ locally before deploying. It may expose bugs where
 your assets reference application objects or methods, since those are still
-in scope in development mode regardless of the value of this flag.
+in scope in development mode regardless of the value of this flag. Changing this flag also affects
+engines. Engines can define assets for precompilation as well. Since the complete environment is not loaded,
+engines (or other gems) will not be loaded, which can cause missing assets.
 
 Capistrano (v2.8.0 and above) includes a recipe to handle this in deployment. Add the following line to +Capfile+:
 
@@ -512,6 +516,41 @@ If you're compiling nginx with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
 
 A robust configuration for Apache is possible but tricky; please Google around. (Or help update this Guide if you have a good example configuration for Apache.)
 
+h4. Local Precompilation
+
+There are several reasons why you might want to precompile your assets locally. Among them are:
+
+* You may not have write access to your production file system.
+* You may be deploying to more than one server, and want to avoid the duplication of work.
+* You may be doing frequent deploys that do not include asset changes.
+
+Local compilation allows you to commit the compiled files into source control, and deploy as normal.
+
+There are two caveats:
+
+* You must not run the Capistrano deployment task that precompiles assets.
+* You must change the following two application configuration settings.
+
+In <tt>config/environments/development.rb</tt>, place the following line:
+
+<erb>
+config.assets.prefix = "/dev-assets"
+</erb>
+
+You will also need this in application.rb:
+
+<erb>
+config.assets.initialize_on_precompile = false
+</erb>
+
+The +prefix+ change makes Rails use a different URL for serving assets in development mode, and pass all requests to Sprockets. The prefix is still set to +/assets+ in the production environment. Without this change, the application would serve the precompiled assets from +public/assets+ in development, and you would not see any local changes until you compile assets again.
+
+The +initialize_on_precompile+ change tells the precompile task to run without invoking Rails. This is because the precompile task runs in production mode by default, and will attempt to connect to your specified production database. Please note that you cannot have code in pipeline files that relies on Rails resources (such as the database) when compiling locally with this option.
+
+You will also need to ensure that any compressors or minifiers are available on your development system.
+
+In practice, this will allow you to precompile locally, have those files in your working tree, and commit those files to source control when needed. Development mode will work as expected.
+
 h4. Live Compilation
 
 In some circumstances you may wish to use live compilation. In this mode all requests for assets in the pipeline are handled by Sprockets directly.
@@ -610,11 +649,19 @@ Apache and nginx support this option, which can be enabled in <tt>config/environ
 
 WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this option, take care to paste this configuration option only into +production.rb+ and any other environments you define with production behavior (not +application.rb+).
 
-h3. How Caching Works
+h3. Assets Cache Store
 
-Sprockets uses the default Rails cache store to cache assets in development and production.
+Sprockets uses the default Rails cache store will be used to cache assets in development and production. This can be changed by setting +config.assets.cache_store+.
 
-TODO: Add more about changing the default store.
+<ruby>
+config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store
+</ruby>
+
+The options accepted by the assets cache store are the same as the application's cache store.
+
+<ruby>
+config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store, { :size => 32.megabytes }
+</ruby>
 
 h3. Adding Assets to Your Gems
 
@@ -628,9 +675,11 @@ TODO: Registering gems on "Tilt":https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt enabling Sproc
 
 h3. Upgrading from Old Versions of Rails
 
-There are two issues when upgrading. The first is moving the files from +public/+ to the new locations. See "Asset Organization":#asset-organization above for guidance on the correct locations for different file types.
+There are a few issues when upgrading. The first is moving the files from +public/+ to the new locations. See "Asset Organization":#asset-organization above for guidance on the correct locations for different file types.
+
+Next will be avoiding duplicate JavaScript files. Since jQuery is the default JavaScript library from Rails 3.1 onwards, you don't need to copy +jquery.js+ into +app/assets+ and it will be included automatically.
 
-The second is updating the various environment files with the correct default options. The following changes reflect the defaults in version 3.1.0.
+The third is updating the various environment files with the correct default options. The following changes reflect the defaults in version 3.1.0.
 
 In +application.rb+:
 
@@ -671,7 +720,7 @@ config.assets.compile = false
 # Generate digests for assets URLs.
 config.assets.digest = true
 
-# Defaults to Rails.root.join("public/assets")
+# Defaults to nil and saved in location specified by config.assets.prefix
 # config.assets.manifest = YOUR_PATH
 
 # Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS are already added)
@@ -686,8 +735,8 @@ The following should also be added to +Gemfile+:
 # Gems used only for assets and not required
 # in production environments by default.
 group :assets do
-  gem 'sass-rails',   "~> 3.1.0"
-  gem 'coffee-rails', "~> 3.1.0"
+  gem 'sass-rails',   "~> 3.2.3"
+  gem 'coffee-rails', "~> 3.2.1"
   gem 'uglifier'
 end
 </plain>
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/association_basics.textile b/guides/source/association_basics.textile
index ba92aedbd0..4dca7a508c 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/association_basics.textile
+++ b/guides/source/association_basics.textile
@@ -342,9 +342,9 @@ In designing a data model, you will sometimes find a model that should have a re
 
 <ruby>
 class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :subordinates, :class_name => "Employee"
-  belongs_to :manager, :class_name => "Employee",
+  has_many :subordinates, :class_name => "Employee",
     :foreign_key => "manager_id"
+  belongs_to :manager, :class_name => "Employee"
 end
 </ruby>
 
@@ -1257,10 +1257,8 @@ The +has_many+ association supports these options:
 * +:autosave+
 * +:class_name+
 * +:conditions+
-* +:counter_sql+
 * +:dependent+
 * +:extend+
-* +:finder_sql+
 * +:foreign_key+
 * +:group+
 * +:include+
@@ -1322,16 +1320,10 @@ If you need to evaluate conditions dynamically at runtime, use a proc:
 <ruby>
 class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :latest_orders, :class_name => "Order",
-    :conditions => proc { ["orders.created_at > ?, 10.hours.ago] }
+    :conditions => proc { ["orders.created_at > ?", 10.hours.ago] }
 end
 </ruby>
 
-h6(#has_many-counter_sql). +:counter_sql+
-
-Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to count the association members. With the +:counter_sql+ option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to count them yourself.
-
-NOTE: If you specify +:finder_sql+ but not +:counter_sql+, then the counter SQL will be generated by substituting the +SELECT ... FROM+ clause of your +:finder_sql+ statement by +SELECT COUNT(*) FROM+.
-
 h6(#has_many-dependent). +:dependent+
 
 If you set the +:dependent+ option to +:destroy+, then deleting this object will call the +destroy+ method on the associated objects to delete those objects. If you set the +:dependent+ option to +:delete_all+, then deleting this object will delete the associated objects _without_ calling their +destroy+ method. If you set the +:dependent+ option to +:nullify+, then deleting this object will set the foreign key in the associated objects to +NULL+.
@@ -1345,10 +1337,6 @@ h6(#has_many-extend). +:extend+
 
 The +:extend+ option specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
 
-h6(#has_many-finder_sql). +:finder_sql+
-
-Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to fetch the association members. With the +:finder_sql+ option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to fetch them yourself. If fetching objects requires complex multi-table SQL, this may be necessary.
-
 h6(#has_many-foreign_key). +:foreign_key+
 
 By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix +_id+ added. The +:foreign_key+ option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
@@ -1700,14 +1688,10 @@ The +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association supports these options:
 * +:autosave+
 * +:class_name+
 * +:conditions+
-* +:counter_sql+
-* +:delete_sql+
 * +:extend+
-* +:finder_sql+
 * +:foreign_key+
 * +:group+
 * +:include+
-* +:insert_sql+
 * +:join_table+
 * +:limit+
 * +:offset+
@@ -1767,24 +1751,10 @@ end
 
 If you use a hash-style +:conditions+ option, then record creation via this association will be automatically scoped using the hash. In this case, using +@parts.assemblies.create+ or +@parts.assemblies.build+ will create orders where the +factory+ column has the value "Seattle".
 
-h6(#has_and_belongs_to_many-counter_sql). +:counter_sql+
-
-Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to count the association members. With the +:counter_sql+ option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to count them yourself.
-
-NOTE: If you specify +:finder_sql+ but not +:counter_sql+, then the counter SQL will be generated by substituting the +SELECT ... FROM+ clause of your +:finder_sql+ statement by +SELECT COUNT(*) FROM+.
-
-h6(#has_and_belongs_to_many-delete_sql). +:delete_sql+
-
-Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to remove links between the associated classes. With the +:delete_sql+ option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to delete them yourself.
-
 h6(#has_and_belongs_to_many-extend). +:extend+
 
 The +:extend+ option specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
 
-h6(#has_and_belongs_to_many-finder_sql). +:finder_sql+
-
-Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to fetch the association members. With the +:finder_sql+ option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to fetch them yourself. If fetching objects requires complex multi-table SQL, this may be necessary.
-
 h6(#has_and_belongs_to_many-foreign_key). +:foreign_key+
 
 By convention, Rails assumes that the column in the join table used to hold the foreign key pointing to this model is the name of this model with the suffix +_id+ added. The +:foreign_key+ option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
@@ -1811,10 +1781,6 @@ h6(#has_and_belongs_to_many-include). +:include+
 
 You can use the +:include+ option to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used.
 
-h6(#has_and_belongs_to_many-insert_sql). +:insert_sql+
-
-Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to create links between the associated classes. With the +:insert_sql+ option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to insert them yourself.
-
 h6(#has_and_belongs_to_many-join_table). +:join_table+
 
 If the default name of the join table, based on lexical ordering, is not what you want, you can use the +:join_table+ option to override the default.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/caching_with_rails.textile b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.textile
index e2c6c7a2a4..3ee36ae971 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/caching_with_rails.textile
+++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.textile
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ INFO: Page caching runs in an after filter. Thus, invalid requests won't generat
 
 h4. Action Caching
 
-One of the issues with Page Caching is that you cannot use it for pages that require to restrict access somehow. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except for the fact that the incoming web request does go from the webserver to the Rails stack and Action Pack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restriction to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.
+Page Caching cannot be used for actions that have before filters - for example, pages that require authentication. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except the incoming web request hits the Rails stack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restrictions to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.
 
 Clearing the cache works in a similar way to Page Caching, except you use +expire_action+ instead of +expire_page+.
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ and you can expire it using the +expire_fragment+ method, like so:
 expire_fragment(:controller => 'products', :action => 'recent', :action_suffix => 'all_products')
 </ruby>
 
-If you don't want the cache block to bind to the action that called it, You can also use globally keyed fragments by calling the +cache+ method with a key, like so:
+If you don't want the cache block to bind to the action that called it, you can also use globally keyed fragments by calling the +cache+ method with a key:
 
 <ruby>
 <% cache('all_available_products') do %>
@@ -229,6 +229,42 @@ class ProductsController < ActionController
 end
 </ruby>
 
+Sometimes it is necessary to disambiguate the controller when you call +expire_action+, such as when there are two identically named controllers in separate namespaces:
+
+<ruby>
+class ProductsController < ActionController
+  caches_action :index
+
+  def index
+    @products = Product.all
+  end
+end
+
+module Admin
+  class ProductsController < ActionController
+    cache_sweeper :product_sweeper
+
+    def new
+      @product = Product.new
+    end
+
+    def create
+      @product = Product.create(params[:product])
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class ProductSweeper < ActionController::Caching::Sweeper
+  observe Product
+
+  def after_create(product)
+    expire_action(:controller => '/products', :action => 'index')
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Note the use of '/products' here rather than 'products'. If you wanted to expire an action cache for the +Admin::ProductsController+, you would use 'admin/products' instead.
+
 h4. SQL Caching
 
 Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database again.
@@ -257,7 +293,9 @@ However, it's important to note that query caches are created at the start of an
 
 h3. Cache Stores
 
-Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by action and fragment caches. Page caches are always stored on disk.
+Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by <b>action</b> and <b>fragment</b> caches.
+
+TIP: Page caches are always stored on disk.
 
 h4. Configuration
 
@@ -267,7 +305,7 @@ You can set up your application's default cache store by calling +config.cache_s
 config.cache_store = :memory_store
 </ruby>
 
-Alternatively, you can call +ActionController::Base.cache_store+ outside of a configuration block.
+NOTE: Alternatively, you can call +ActionController::Base.cache_store+ outside of a configuration block.
 
 You can access the cache by calling +Rails.cache+.
 
@@ -294,7 +332,7 @@ h4. ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore
 This cache store keeps entries in memory in the same Ruby process. The cache store has a bounded size specified by the +:size+ options to the initializer (default is 32Mb). When the cache exceeds the allotted size, a cleanup will occur and the least recently used entries will be removed.
 
 <ruby>
-ActionController::Base.cache_store = :memory_store, :size => 64.megabytes
+config.cache_store = :memory_store, { :size => 64.megabytes }
 </ruby>
 
 If you're running multiple Ruby on Rails server processes (which is the case if you're using mongrel_cluster or Phusion Passenger), then your Rails server process instances won't be able to share cache data with each other. This cache store is not appropriate for large application deployments, but can work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes or for development and test environments.
@@ -306,7 +344,7 @@ h4. ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore
 This cache store uses the file system to store entries. The path to the directory where the store files will be stored must be specified when initializing the cache.
 
 <ruby>
-ActionController::Base.cache_store = :file_store, "/path/to/cache/directory"
+config.cache_store = :file_store, "/path/to/cache/directory"
 </ruby>
 
 With this cache store, multiple server processes on the same host can share a cache. Servers processes running on different hosts could share a cache by using a shared file system, but that set up would not be ideal and is not recommended. The cache store is appropriate for low to medium traffic sites that are served off one or two hosts.
@@ -322,7 +360,7 @@ When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all memcached
 The +write+ and +fetch+ methods on this cache accept two additional options that take advantage of features specific to memcached. You can specify +:raw+ to send a value directly to the server with no serialization. The value must be a string or number. You can use memcached direct operation like +increment+ and +decrement+ only on raw values. You can also specify +:unless_exist+ if you don't want memcached to overwrite an existing entry.
 
 <ruby>
-ActionController::Base.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache-1.example.com", "cache-2.example.com"
+config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache-1.example.com", "cache-2.example.com"
 </ruby>
 
 h4. ActiveSupport::Cache::EhcacheStore
@@ -330,7 +368,7 @@ h4. ActiveSupport::Cache::EhcacheStore
 If you are using JRuby you can use Terracotta's Ehcache as the cache store for your application. Ehcache is an open source Java cache that also offers an enterprise version with increased scalability, management, and commercial support. You must first install the jruby-ehcache-rails3 gem (version 1.1.0 or later) to use this cache store.
 
 <ruby>
-ActionController::Base.cache_store = :ehcache_store
+config.cache_store = :ehcache_store
 </ruby>
 
 When initializing the cache, you may use the +:ehcache_config+ option to specify the Ehcache config file to use (where the default is "ehcache.xml" in your Rails config directory), and the :cache_name option to provide a custom name for your cache (the default is rails_cache).
@@ -359,7 +397,7 @@ h4. ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore
 This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with +Rails.cache+, but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all +fetch+ and +read+ operations will result in a miss.
 
 <ruby>
-ActionController::Base.cache_store = :null_store
+config.cache_store = :null_store
 </ruby>
 
 h4. Custom Cache Stores
@@ -369,7 +407,7 @@ You can create your own custom cache store by simply extending +ActiveSupport::C
 To use a custom cache store, simple set the cache store to a new instance of the class.
 
 <ruby>
-ActionController::Base.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new
+config.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new
 </ruby>
 
 h4. Cache Keys
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/command_line.textile b/guides/source/command_line.textile
index fe4a84dae9..19e42cea93 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/command_line.textile
+++ b/guides/source/command_line.textile
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ endprologue.
 
 NOTE: This tutorial assumes you have basic Rails knowledge from reading the "Getting Started with Rails Guide":getting_started.html.
 
-WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.0. Some of the code shown here will not work in earlier versions of Rails.
+WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.2. Some of the code shown here will not work in earlier versions of Rails.
 
 h3. Command Line Basics
 
@@ -31,20 +31,21 @@ h4. +rails new+
 
 The first thing we'll want to do is create a new Rails application by running the +rails new+ command after installing Rails.
 
-WARNING: You can install the rails gem by typing +gem install rails+, if you don't have it already. Follow the instructions in the "Rails 3 Release Notes":/3_0_release_notes.html
+INFO: You can install the rails gem by typing +gem install rails+, if you don't have it already.
 
 <shell>
 $ rails new commandsapp
      create
      create  README.rdoc
-     create  .gitignore
      create  Rakefile
      create  config.ru
+     create  .gitignore
      create  Gemfile
      create  app
      ...
      create  tmp/cache
-     create  tmp/pids
+     ...
+        run  bundle install
 </shell>
 
 Rails will set you up with what seems like a huge amount of stuff for such a tiny command! You've got the entire Rails directory structure now with all the code you need to run our simple application right out of the box.
@@ -61,17 +62,17 @@ With no further work, +rails server+ will run our new shiny Rails app:
 $ cd commandsapp
 $ rails server
 => Booting WEBrick
-=> Rails 3.1.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
+=> Rails 3.2.3 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
 => Call with -d to detach
 => Ctrl-C to shutdown server
-[2010-04-18 03:20:33] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
-[2010-04-18 03:20:33] INFO  ruby 1.8.7 (2010-01-10) [x86_64-linux]
-[2010-04-18 03:20:33] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=26086 port=3000
+[2012-05-28 00:39:41] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
+[2012-05-28 00:39:41] INFO  ruby 1.9.2 (2011-02-18) [x86_64-darwin11.2.0]
+[2012-05-28 00:39:41] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69680 port=3000
 </shell>
 
 With just three commands we whipped up a Rails server listening on port 3000. Go to your browser and open "http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000, you will see a basic Rails app running.
 
-You can also use the alias "s" to start the server: <tt>rails s</tt>.
+INFO: You can also use the alias "s" to start the server: <tt>rails s</tt>.
 
 The server can be run on a different port using the +-p+ option. The default development environment can be changed using +-e+.
 
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ h4. +rails generate+
 
 The +rails generate+ command uses templates to create a whole lot of things. Running +rails generate+ by itself gives a list of available generators:
 
-You can also use the alias "g" to invoke the generator command: <tt>rails g</tt>.
+INFO: You can also use the alias "g" to invoke the generator command: <tt>rails g</tt>.
 
 <shell>
 $ rails generate
@@ -97,6 +98,7 @@ Usage: rails generate GENERATOR [args] [options]
 Please choose a generator below.
 
 Rails:
+  assets
   controller
   generator
   ...
@@ -118,23 +120,22 @@ Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
 ...
 ...
 
+Description:
+    ...
+
+    To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a
+    path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
+
+    ...
+
 Example:
-    rails generate controller CreditCard open debit credit close
+    `rails generate controller CreditCard open debit credit close`
 
     Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_card/debit.
-        Controller: app/controllers/credit_card_controller.rb
-        Views:      app/views/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
-        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
-        Test:       test/functional/credit_card_controller_test.rb
-
-Modules Example:
-    rails generate controller 'admin/credit_card' suspend late_fee
-
-    Credit card admin controller with URLs like /admin/credit_card/suspend.
-        Controller: app/controllers/admin/credit_card_controller.rb
-        Views:      app/views/admin/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
-        Helper:     app/helpers/admin/credit_card_helper.rb
-        Test:       test/functional/admin/credit_card_controller_test.rb
+        Controller:      app/controllers/credit_card_controller.rb
+        Functional Test: test/functional/credit_card_controller_test.rb
+        Views:           app/views/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
+        Helper:          app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
 </shell>
 
 The controller generator is expecting parameters in the form of +generate controller ControllerName action1 action2+. Let's make a +Greetings+ controller with an action of *hello*, which will say something nice to us.
@@ -153,10 +154,10 @@ $ rails generate controller Greetings hello
      invoke    test_unit
      create      test/unit/helpers/greetings_helper_test.rb
      invoke  assets
-     create    app/assets/javascripts/greetings.js
-     invoke    css
-     create      app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.css
-
+     invoke    coffee
+     create      app/assets/javascripts/greetings.js.coffee
+     invoke    scss
+     create      app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.css.scss
 </shell>
 
 What all did this generate? It made sure a bunch of directories were in our application, and created a controller file, a view file, a functional test file, a helper for the view, a javascript file and a stylesheet file.
@@ -185,8 +186,6 @@ $ rails server
 => Booting WEBrick...
 </shell>
 
-WARNING: Make sure that you do not have any "tilde backup" files in +app/views/(controller)+, or else WEBrick will _not_ show the expected output. This seems to be a *bug* in Rails 2.3.0.
-
 The URL will be "http://localhost:3000/greetings/hello":http://localhost:3000/greetings/hello.
 
 INFO: With a normal, plain-old Rails application, your URLs will generally follow the pattern of http://(host)/(controller)/(action), and a URL like http://(host)/(controller) will hit the *index* action of that controller.
@@ -195,21 +194,19 @@ Rails comes with a generator for data models too.
 
 <shell>
 $ rails generate model
-Usage: rails generate model NAME [field:type field:type] [options]
+Usage:
+  rails generate model NAME [field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]] [options]
 
 ...
 
-Examples:
-    rails generate model account
-
-            Model:      app/models/account.rb
-            Test:       test/unit/account_test.rb
-            Fixtures:   test/fixtures/accounts.yml
-            Migration:  db/migrate/XXX_add_accounts.rb
+ActiveRecord options:
+      [--migration]            # Indicates when to generate migration
+                               # Default: true
 
-    rails generate model post title:string body:text published:boolean
+...
 
-        Creates a Post model with a string title, text body, and published flag.
+Description:
+    Create rails files for model generator.
 </shell>
 
 NOTE: For a list of available field types, refer to the "API documentation":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html#method-i-column for the column method for the +TableDefinition+ class.
@@ -220,46 +217,47 @@ We will set up a simple resource called "HighScore" that will keep track of our
 
 <shell>
 $ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
-    exists  app/models/
-    exists  app/controllers/
-    exists  app/helpers/
-    create  app/views/high_scores
-    create  app/views/layouts/
-    exists  test/functional/
-    create  test/unit/
-    create  app/assets/stylesheets/
-    create  app/views/high_scores/index.html.erb
-    create  app/views/high_scores/show.html.erb
-    create  app/views/high_scores/new.html.erb
-    create  app/views/high_scores/edit.html.erb
-    create  app/views/layouts/high_scores.html.erb
-    create  app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css.scss
-    create  app/controllers/high_scores_controller.rb
-    create  test/functional/high_scores_controller_test.rb
-    create  app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
-     route  resources :high_scores
-dependency  model
-    exists    app/models/
-    exists    test/unit/
-    create    test/fixtures/
+    invoke  active_record
+    create    db/migrate/20120528060026_create_high_scores.rb
     create    app/models/high_score.rb
-    create    test/unit/high_score_test.rb
-    create    test/fixtures/high_scores.yml
-    exists    db/migrate
-    create    db/migrate/20100209025147_create_high_scores.rb
+    invoke    test_unit
+    create      test/unit/high_score_test.rb
+    create      test/fixtures/high_scores.yml
+     route  resources :high_scores
+    invoke  scaffold_controller
+    create    app/controllers/high_scores_controller.rb
+    invoke    erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores
+    create      app/views/high_scores/index.html.erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/edit.html.erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/show.html.erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/new.html.erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/_form.html.erb
+    invoke    test_unit
+    create      test/functional/high_scores_controller_test.rb
+    invoke    helper
+    create      app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
+    invoke      test_unit
+    create        test/unit/helpers/high_scores_helper_test.rb
+    invoke  assets
+    invoke    coffee
+    create      app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.js.coffee
+    invoke    scss
+    create      app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.css.scss
+    invoke  scss
+    create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
 </shell>
 
 The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the +high_scores+ table and fields), takes care of the route for the *resource*, and new tests for everything.
 
-The migration requires that we *migrate*, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that +20100209025147_create_high_scores.rb+) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The sqlite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the +rake db:migrate+ command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
+The migration requires that we *migrate*, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that +20120528060026_create_high_scores.rb+) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The sqlite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the +rake db:migrate+ command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
 
 <shell>
 $ rake db:migrate
-(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 ==  CreateHighScores: migrating ===============================================
 -- create_table(:high_scores)
-   -> 0.0026s
-==  CreateHighScores: migrated (0.0028s) ======================================
+   -> 0.0017s
+==  CreateHighScores: migrated (0.0019s) ======================================
 </shell>
 
 INFO: Let's talk about unit tests. Unit tests are code that tests and makes assertions about code. In unit testing, we take a little part of code, say a method of a model, and test its inputs and outputs. Unit tests are your friend. The sooner you make peace with the fact that your quality of life will drastically increase when you unit test your code, the better. Seriously. We'll make one in a moment.
@@ -276,13 +274,19 @@ h4. +rails console+
 
 The +console+ command lets you interact with your Rails application from the command line. On the underside, +rails console+ uses IRB, so if you've ever used it, you'll be right at home. This is useful for testing out quick ideas with code and changing data server-side without touching the website.
 
-You can also use the alias "c" to invoke the console: <tt>rails c</tt>.
+INFO: You can also use the alias "c" to invoke the console: <tt>rails c</tt>.
+
+You can specify the environment in which the +console+ command should operate.
+
+<shell>
+$ rails console staging
+</shell>
 
 If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by invoking +rails console --sandbox+.
 
 <shell>
 $ rails console --sandbox
-Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 3.1.0)
+Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 3.2.3)
 Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
 irb(main):001:0>
 </shell>
@@ -291,7 +295,7 @@ h4. +rails dbconsole+
 
 +rails dbconsole+ figures out which database you're using and drops you into whichever command line interface you would use with it (and figures out the command line parameters to give to it, too!). It supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite and SQLite3.
 
-You can also use the alias "db" to invoke the dbconsole: <tt>rails db</tt>.
+INFO: You can also use the alias "db" to invoke the dbconsole: <tt>rails db</tt>.
 
 h4. +rails runner+
 
@@ -301,7 +305,7 @@ h4. +rails runner+
 $ rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
 </shell>
 
-You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: <tt>rails r</tt>.
+INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: <tt>rails r</tt>.
 
 You can specify the environment in which the +runner+ command should operate using the +-e+ switch.
 
@@ -313,31 +317,25 @@ h4. +rails destroy+
 
 Think of +destroy+ as the opposite of +generate+. It'll figure out what generate did, and undo it.
 
-You can also use the alias "d" to invoke the destroy command: <tt>rails d</tt>.
+INFO: You can also use the alias "d" to invoke the destroy command: <tt>rails d</tt>.
 
 <shell>
 $ rails generate model Oops
-      exists  app/models/
-      exists  test/unit/
-      exists  test/fixtures/
-      create  app/models/oops.rb
-      create  test/unit/oops_test.rb
-      create  test/fixtures/oops.yml
-      exists  db/migrate
-      create  db/migrate/20081221040817_create_oops.rb
+      invoke  active_record
+      create    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
+      create    app/models/oops.rb
+      invoke    test_unit
+      create      test/unit/oops_test.rb
+      create      test/fixtures/oops.yml
+</shell>
+<shell>
 $ rails destroy model Oops
-    notempty  db/migrate
-    notempty  db
-          rm  db/migrate/20081221040817_create_oops.rb
-          rm  test/fixtures/oops.yml
-          rm  test/unit/oops_test.rb
-          rm  app/models/oops.rb
-    notempty  test/fixtures
-    notempty  test
-    notempty  test/unit
-    notempty  test
-    notempty  app/models
-    notempty  app
+      invoke  active_record
+      remove    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
+      remove    app/models/oops.rb
+      invoke    test_unit
+      remove      test/unit/oops_test.rb
+      remove      test/fixtures/oops.yml
 </shell>
 
 h3. Rake
@@ -348,16 +346,16 @@ You can get a list of Rake tasks available to you, which will often depend on yo
 
 <shell>
 $ rake --tasks
-(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
-rake db:abort_if_pending_migrations       # Raises an error if there are pending migrations
-rake db:charset                           # Retrieves the charset for the current environment's database
-rake db:collation                         # Retrieves the collation for the current environment's database
-rake db:create                            # Create the database defined in config/database.yml for the current Rails.env
+rake about              # List versions of all Rails frameworks and the environment
+rake assets:clean       # Remove compiled assets
+rake assets:precompile  # Compile all the assets named in config.assets.precompile
+rake db:create          # Create the database from config/database.yml for the current Rails.env
 ...
+rake log:clear          # Truncates all *.log files in log/ to zero bytes
+rake middleware         # Prints out your Rack middleware stack
 ...
-rake tmp:pids:clear                       # Clears all files in tmp/pids
-rake tmp:sessions:clear                   # Clears all files in tmp/sessions
-rake tmp:sockets:clear                    # Clears all files in tmp/sockets
+rake tmp:clear          # Clear session, cache, and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:sessions:clear, tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)
+rake tmp:create         # Creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids
 </shell>
 
 h4. +about+
@@ -374,7 +372,6 @@ Rails version             4.0.0.beta
 JavaScript Runtime        Node.js (V8)
 Active Record version     4.0.0.beta
 Action Pack version       4.0.0.beta
-Active Resource version   4.0.0.beta
 Action Mailer version     4.0.0.beta
 Active Support version    4.0.0.beta
 Middleware                ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, ActionDispatch::ParamsParser, ActionDispatch::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag, ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport
@@ -441,6 +438,18 @@ app/model/post.rb:
 
 NOTE. When using specific annotations and custom annotations, the annotation name (FIXME, BUG etc) is not displayed in the output lines.
 
+By default, +rake notes+ will look in the +app+, +config+, +lib+, +script+ and +test+ directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable +SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES+.
+
+<shell>
+$ export SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='rspec,vendor'
+$ rake notes
+(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
+app/model/user.rb:
+  * [ 35] [FIXME] User should have a subscription at this point
+rspec/model/user_spec.rb:
+  * [122] [TODO] Verify the user that has a subscription works
+</shell>
+
 h4. +routes+
 
 +rake routes+ will list all of your defined routes, which is useful for tracking down routing problems in your app, or giving you a good overview of the URLs in an app you're trying to get familiar with.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/configuring.textile b/guides/source/configuring.textile
index 2f465b37ed..cd9aab4892 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/configuring.textile
+++ b/guides/source/configuring.textile
@@ -70,12 +70,23 @@ NOTE. The +config.asset_path+ configuration is ignored if the asset pipeline is
 
 * +config.action_view.cache_template_loading+ controls whether or not templates should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to whatever is set for +config.cache_classes+.
 
-* +config.cache_store+ configures which cache store to use for Rails caching. Options include one of the symbols +:memory_store+, +:file_store+, +:mem_cache_store+, or an object that implements the cache API. Defaults to +:file_store+ if the directory +tmp/cache+ exists, and to +:memory_store+ otherwise.
+* +config.cache_store+ configures which cache store to use for Rails caching. Options include one of the symbols +:memory_store+, +:file_store+, +:mem_cache_store+, +:null_store+, or an object that implements the cache API. Defaults to +:file_store+ if the directory +tmp/cache+ exists, and to +:memory_store+ otherwise.
 
 * +config.colorize_logging+ specifies whether or not to use ANSI color codes when logging information. Defaults to true.
 
 * +config.consider_all_requests_local+ is a flag. If true then any error will cause detailed debugging information to be dumped in the HTTP response, and the +Rails::Info+ controller will show the application runtime context in +/rails/info/properties+. True by default in development and test environments, and false in production mode. For finer-grained control, set this to false and implement +local_request?+ in controllers to specify which requests should provide debugging information on errors.
 
+* +config.console+ allows you to set class that will be used as console you run +rails console+. It's best to run it in +console+ block:
+
+<ruby>
+console do
+  # this block is called only when running console,
+  # so we can safely require pry here
+  require "pry"
+  config.console = Pry
+end
+</ruby>
+
 * +config.dependency_loading+ is a flag that allows you to disable constant autoloading setting it to false. It only has effect if +config.cache_classes+ is true, which it is by default in production mode. This flag is set to false by +config.threadsafe!+.
 
 * +config.eager_load_paths+ accepts an array of paths from which Rails will eager load on boot if cache classes is enabled. Defaults to every folder in the +app+ directory of the application.
@@ -88,7 +99,7 @@ NOTE. The +config.asset_path+ configuration is ignored if the asset pipeline is
 
 * +config.filter_parameters+ used for filtering out the parameters that you don't want shown in the logs, such as passwords or credit card numbers.
 
-* +config.force_ssl+ forces all requests to be under HTTPS protocol by using +Rack::SSL+ middleware.
+* +config.force_ssl+ forces all requests to be under HTTPS protocol by using +ActionDispatch::SSL+ middleware.
 
 * +config.log_level+ defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to +:debug+ for all modes except production, where it defaults to +:info+.
 
@@ -100,6 +111,10 @@ NOTE. The +config.asset_path+ configuration is ignored if the asset pipeline is
 
 * +config.preload_frameworks+ enables or disables preloading all frameworks at startup. Enabled by +config.threadsafe!+. Defaults to +nil+, so is disabled.
 
+* +config.queue+ configures a different queue implementation for the application. Defaults to +Rails::Queueing::Queue+. Note that, if the default queue is changed, the default +queue_consumer+ is not going to be initialized, it is up to the new queue implementation to handle starting and shutting down its own consumer(s).
+
+* +config.queue_consumer+ configures a different consumer implementation for the default queue. Defaults to +Rails::Queueing::ThreadedConsumer+.
+
 * +config.reload_classes_only_on_change+ enables or disables reloading of classes only when tracked files change. By default tracks everything on autoload paths and is set to true. If +config.cache_classes+ is true, this option is ignored.
 
 * +config.secret_token+ used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get +config.secret_token+ initialized to a random key in +config/initializers/secret_token.rb+.
@@ -122,17 +137,6 @@ WARNING: Threadsafe operation is incompatible with the normal workings of develo
 
 * +config.whiny_nils+ enables or disables warnings when a certain set of methods are invoked on +nil+ and it does not respond to them. Defaults to true in development and test environments.
 
-* +config.console+ allows you to set class that will be used as console you run +rails console+. It's best to run it in +console+ block:
-
-<ruby>
-console do
-  # this block is called only when running console,
-  # so we can safely require pry here
-  require "pry"
-  config.console = Pry
-end
-</ruby>
-
 h4. Configuring Assets
 
 Rails 3.1, by default, is set up to use the +sprockets+ gem to manage assets within an application. This gem concatenates and compresses assets in order to make serving them much less painful.
@@ -182,13 +186,13 @@ The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows:
 * +force_plural+ allows pluralized model names. Defaults to +false+.
 * +helper+ defines whether or not to generate helpers. Defaults to +true+.
 * +integration_tool+ defines which integration tool to use. Defaults to +nil+.
-* +javascripts+ turns on the hook for javascripts in generators. Used in Rails for when the +scaffold+ generator is ran. Defaults to +true+.
+* +javascripts+ turns on the hook for javascripts in generators. Used in Rails for when the +scaffold+ generator is run. Defaults to +true+.
 * +javascript_engine+ configures the engine to be used (for eg. coffee) when generating assets. Defaults to +nil+.
 * +orm+ defines which orm to use. Defaults to +false+ and will use Active Record by default.
 * +performance_tool+ defines which performance tool to use. Defaults to +nil+.
 * +resource_controller+ defines which generator to use for generating a controller when using +rails generate resource+. Defaults to +:controller+.
 * +scaffold_controller+ different from +resource_controller+, defines which generator to use for generating a _scaffolded_ controller when using +rails generate scaffold+. Defaults to +:scaffold_controller+.
-* +stylesheets+ turns on the hook for stylesheets in generators. Used in Rails for when the +scaffold+ generator is ran, but this hook can be used in other generates as well. Defaults to +true+.
+* +stylesheets+ turns on the hook for stylesheets in generators. Used in Rails for when the +scaffold+ generator is run, but this hook can be used in other generates as well. Defaults to +true+.
 * +stylesheet_engine+ configures the stylesheet engine (for eg. sass) to be used when generating assets. Defaults to +:css+.
 * +test_framework+ defines which test framework to use. Defaults to +false+ and will use Test::Unit by default.
 * +template_engine+ defines which template engine to use, such as ERB or Haml. Defaults to +:erb+.
@@ -197,7 +201,7 @@ h4. Configuring Middleware
 
 Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in this order in the development environment:
 
-* +Rack::SSL+ forces every request to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if +config.force_ssl+ is set to +true+.  Options passed to this can be configured by using +config.ssl_options+.
+* +ActionDispatch::SSL+ forces every request to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if +config.force_ssl+ is set to +true+. Options passed to this can be configured by using +config.ssl_options+.
 * +ActionDispatch::Static+ is used to serve static assets. Disabled if +config.serve_static_assets+ is +true+.
 * +Rack::Lock+ wraps the app in mutex so it can only be called by a single thread at a time. Only enabled if +config.action_controller.allow_concurrency+ is set to +false+, which it is by default.
 * +ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache+ serves as a basic memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only for serving as a temporary memory cache for a single thread.
@@ -280,12 +284,12 @@ h4. Configuring Active Record
 
 * +config.active_record.whitelist_attributes+ will create an empty whitelist of attributes available for mass-assignment security for all models in your app.
 
-* +config.active_record.identity_map+ controls whether the identity map is enabled, and is false by default.
-
 * +config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds+ configures the threshold for automatic EXPLAINs (+nil+ disables this feature). Queries exceeding the threshold get their query plan logged. Default is 0.5 in development mode.
 
 * +config.active_record.dependent_restrict_raises+ will control the behavior when an object with a <tt>:dependent => :restrict</tt> association is deleted. Setting this to false will prevent +DeleteRestrictionError+ from being raised and instead will add an error on the model object. Defaults to false in the development mode.
 
+* +config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer+ will determine the strictness of the mass assignment sanitization within Rails. Defaults to +:strict+. In this mode, mass assigning any non-+attr_accessible+ attribute in a +create+ or +update_attributes+ call will raise an exception. Setting this option to +:logger+ will only print to the log file when an attribute is being assigned and will not raise an exception.
+
 The MySQL adapter adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * +ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans+ controls whether Active Record will consider all +tinyint(1)+ columns in a MySQL database to be booleans and is true by default.
@@ -346,8 +350,7 @@ h4. Configuring Action Dispatch
 
 h4. Configuring Action View
 
-There are only a few configuration options for Action View, starting with six on +ActionView::Base+:
-
+<tt>config.action_view</tt> includes a small number of configuration settings:
 
 * +config.action_view.field_error_proc+ provides an HTML generator for displaying errors that come from Active Record. The default is
 
@@ -355,7 +358,7 @@ There are only a few configuration options for Action View, starting with six on
 Proc.new { |html_tag, instance| %Q(<div class="field_with_errors">#{html_tag}</div>).html_safe }
 </ruby>
 
-* +config.action_view.default_form_builder+ tells Rails which form builder to use by default. The default is +ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder+.
+* +config.action_view.default_form_builder+ tells Rails which form builder to use by default. The default is +ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder+. If you want your form builder class to be loaded after initialization (so it's reloaded on each request in development), you can pass it as a +String+
 
 * +config.action_view.logger+ accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action View. Set to +nil+ to disable logging.
 
@@ -387,6 +390,16 @@ And can reference in the view with the following code:
 
 * +config.action_view.cache_asset_ids+ With the cache enabled, the asset tag helper methods will make fewer expensive file system calls (the default implementation checks the file system timestamp). However this prevents you from modifying any asset files while the server is running.
 
+* +config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms+ allows you to set the default behavior for +authenticity_token+ in forms with +:remote => true+. By default it's set to false, which means that remote forms will not include +authenticity_token+, which is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the +meta+ tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript. In such case you can either pass +:authenticity_token => true+ as a form option or set this config setting to +true+
+
+* +config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace+ determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named +Admin::PostsController+ which renders this template:
+
+<erb>
+<%= render @post %>
+<erb>
+
+The default setting is +true+, which uses the partial at +/admin/posts/_post.erb+. Setting the value to +false+ would render +/posts/_post.erb+, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as +PostsController+.
+
 h4. Configuring Action Mailer
 
 There are a number of settings available on +config.action_mailer+:
@@ -411,7 +424,7 @@ There are a number of settings available on +config.action_mailer+:
 
 * +config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries+ specifies whether mail will actually be delivered and is true by default. It can be convenient to set it to false for testing.
 
-* +config.action_mailer.default+ configures Action Mailer defaults. These default to:
+* +config.action_mailer.default_options+ configures Action Mailer defaults. Use to set options like `from` or `reply_to` for every mailer. These default to:
 <ruby>
 :mime_version => "1.0",
 :charset      => "UTF-8",
@@ -429,21 +442,15 @@ config.action_mailer.observers = ["MailObserver"]
 config.action_mailer.interceptors = ["MailInterceptor"]
 </ruby>
 
-h4. Configuring Active Resource
-
-There is a single configuration setting available on +config.active_resource+:
-
-* +config.active_resource.logger+ accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Active Resource. Set to +nil+ to disable logging.
-
 h4. Configuring Active Support
 
 There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * +config.active_support.bare+ enables or disables the loading of +active_support/all+ when booting Rails. Defaults to +nil+, which means +active_support/all+ is loaded.
 
-* +config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json+ enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to +true+.
+* +config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json+ enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to +false+.
 
-* +config.active_support.use_standard_json_time_format+ enables or disables serializing dates to ISO 8601 format. Defaults to +false+.
+* +config.active_support.use_standard_json_time_format+ enables or disables serializing dates to ISO 8601 format. Defaults to +true+.
 
 * +ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger.silencer+ is set to +false+ to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is +true+.
 
@@ -457,6 +464,107 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * +ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer+ is set to +false+ to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is +true+.
 
+h4. Configuring a Database
+
+Just about every Rails application will interact with a database. The database to use is specified in a configuration file called +config/database.yml+.  If you open this file in a new Rails application, you'll see a default database configured to use SQLite3. The file contains sections for three different environments in which Rails can run by default:
+
+* The +development+ environment is used on your development/local computer as you interact manually with the application.
+* The +test+ environment is used when running automated tests.
+* The +production+ environment is used when you deploy your application for the world to use.
+
+TIP: You don't have to update the database configurations manually. If you look at the options of the application generator, you will see that one of the options is named <tt>--database</tt>. This option allows you to choose an adapter from a list of the most used relational databases. You can even run the generator repeatedly: <tt>cd .. && rails new blog --database=mysql</tt>. When you confirm the overwriting of the +config/database.yml+ file, your application will be configured for MySQL instead of SQLite.  Detailed examples of the common database connections are below.
+
+h5. Configuring an SQLite3 Database
+
+Rails comes with built-in support for "SQLite3":http://www.sqlite.org, which is a lightweight serverless database application. While a busy production environment may overload SQLite, it works well for development and testing. Rails defaults to using an SQLite database when creating a new project, but you can always change it later.
+
+Here's the section of the default configuration file (<tt>config/database.yml</tt>) with connection information for the development environment:
+
+<yaml>
+development:
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+  pool: 5
+  timeout: 5000
+</yaml>
+
+NOTE: Rails uses an SQLite3 database for data storage by default because it is a zero configuration database that just works. Rails also supports MySQL and PostgreSQL "out of the box", and has plugins for many database systems. If you are using a database in a production environment Rails most likely has an adapter for it.
+
+h5. Configuring a MySQL Database
+
+If you choose to use MySQL instead of the shipped SQLite3 database, your +config/database.yml+ will look a little different. Here's the development section:
+
+<yaml>
+development:
+  adapter: mysql2
+  encoding: utf8
+  database: blog_development
+  pool: 5
+  username: root
+  password:
+  socket: /tmp/mysql.sock
+</yaml>
+
+If your development computer's MySQL installation includes a root user with an empty password, this configuration should work for you. Otherwise, change the username and password in the +development+ section as appropriate.
+
+h5. Configuring a PostgreSQL Database
+
+If you choose to use PostgreSQL, your +config/database.yml+ will be customized to use PostgreSQL databases:
+
+<yaml>
+development:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  encoding: unicode
+  database: blog_development
+  pool: 5
+  username: blog
+  password:
+</yaml>
+
+Prepared Statements can be disabled thus:
+
+<yaml>
+production:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  prepared_statements: false
+</yaml>
+
+h5. Configuring an SQLite3 Database for JRuby Platform
+
+If you choose to use SQLite3 and are using JRuby, your +config/database.yml+ will look a little different. Here's the development section:
+
+<yaml>
+development:
+  adapter: jdbcsqlite3
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+</yaml>
+
+h5. Configuring a MySQL Database for JRuby Platform
+
+If you choose to use MySQL and are using JRuby, your +config/database.yml+ will look a little different. Here's the development section:
+
+<yaml>
+development:
+  adapter: jdbcmysql
+  database: blog_development
+  username: root
+  password:
+</yaml>
+
+h5. Configuring a PostgreSQL Database for JRuby Platform
+
+If you choose to use PostgreSQL and are using JRuby, your +config/database.yml+ will look a little different. Here's the development section:
+
+<yaml>
+development:
+  adapter: jdbcpostgresql
+  encoding: unicode
+  database: blog_development
+  username: blog
+  password:
+</yaml>
+
+Change the username and password in the +development+ section as appropriate.
 
 h3. Rails Environment Settings
 
@@ -477,23 +585,23 @@ After loading the framework and any gems in your application, Rails turns to loa
 
 NOTE: You can use subfolders to organize your initializers if you like, because Rails will look into the whole file hierarchy from the initializers folder on down.
 
-TIP: If you have any ordering dependency in your initializers, you can control the load order by naming. For example, +01_critical.rb+ will be loaded before +02_normal.rb+.
+TIP: If you have any ordering dependency in your initializers, you can control the load order through naming. Initializer files are loaded in alphabetical order by their path. For example, +01_critical.rb+ will be loaded before +02_normal.rb+.
 
 h3. Initialization events
 
-Rails has 5 initialization events which can be hooked into (listed in the order that they are ran):
+Rails has 5 initialization events which can be hooked into (listed in the order that they are run):
 
 * +before_configuration+: This is run as soon as the application constant inherits from +Rails::Application+. The +config+ calls are evaluated before this happens.
 
 * +before_initialize+: This is run directly before the initialization process of the application occurs with the +:bootstrap_hook+ initializer near the beginning of the Rails initialization process.
 
-* +to_prepare+: Run after the initializers are ran for all Railties (including the application itself), but before eager loading and the middleware stack is built. More importantly, will run upon every request in +development+, but only once (during boot-up) in +production+ and +test+.
+* +to_prepare+: Run after the initializers are run for all Railties (including the application itself), but before eager loading and the middleware stack is built. More importantly, will run upon every request in +development+, but only once (during boot-up) in +production+ and +test+.
 
-* +before_eager_load+: This is run directly before eager loading occurs, which is the default behaviour for the _production_ environment and not for the +development+ environment.
+* +before_eager_load+: This is run directly before eager loading occurs, which is the default behaviour for the +production+ environment and not for the +development+ environment.
 
 * +after_initialize+: Run directly after the initialization of the application, but before the application initializers are run.
 
-To define an event for these hooks, use the block syntax within a +Rails::Aplication+, +Rails::Railtie+ or +Rails::Engine+ subclass:
+To define an event for these hooks, use the block syntax within a +Rails::Application+, +Rails::Railtie+ or +Rails::Engine+ subclass:
 
 <ruby>
 module YourApp
@@ -610,8 +718,6 @@ The error occurred while evaluating nil.each
 
 *+action_mailer.compile_config_methods+* Initializes methods for the config settings specified so that they are quicker to access.
 
-*+active_resource.set_configs+* Sets up Active Resource by using the settings in +config.active_resource+ by +send+'ing the method names as setters to +ActiveResource::Base+ and passing the values through.
-
 *+set_load_path+* This initializer runs before +bootstrap_hook+. Adds the +vendor+, +lib+, all directories of +app+ and any paths specified by +config.load_paths+ to +$LOAD_PATH+.
 
 *+set_autoload_paths+* This initializer runs before +bootstrap_hook+. Adds all sub-directories of +app+ and paths specified by +config.autoload_paths+ to +ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths+.
@@ -630,7 +736,7 @@ The error occurred while evaluating nil.each
 
 *+load_config_initializers+* Loads all Ruby files from +config/initializers+ in the application, railties and engines. The files in this directory can be used to hold configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks are loaded.
 
-*+engines_blank_point+* Provides a point-in-initialization to hook into if you wish to do anything before engines are loaded. After this point, all railtie and engine initializers are ran.
+*+engines_blank_point+* Provides a point-in-initialization to hook into if you wish to do anything before engines are loaded. After this point, all railtie and engine initializers are run.
 
 *+add_generator_templates+* Finds templates for generators at +lib/templates+ for the application, railities and engines and adds these to the +config.generators.templates+ setting, which will make the templates available for all generators to reference.
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.textile b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.textile
index aac5e13978..a8a097d156 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.textile
+++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.textile
@@ -8,41 +8,43 @@ This guide covers ways in which _you_ can become a part of the ongoing developme
 * Contributing to the Ruby on Rails documentation
 * Contributing to the Ruby on Rails code
 
-Ruby on Rails is not "someone else's framework." Over the years, hundreds of people have contributed to Ruby on Rails ranging from a single character to massive architectural changes or significant documentation. All with the goal of making Ruby on Rails better for everyone. Even if you don't feel up to writing code or documentation yet, there are a variety of other ways that you can contribute, from reporting issues to testing patches.
+Ruby on Rails is not "someone else's framework." Over the years, hundreds of people have contributed to Ruby on Rails ranging from a single character to massive architectural changes or significant documentation -- all with the goal of making Ruby on Rails better for everyone. Even if you don't feel up to writing code or documentation yet, there are a variety of other ways that you can contribute, from reporting issues to testing patches.
 
 endprologue.
 
 h3. Reporting an Issue
 
-Ruby on Rails uses "GitHub Issue Tracking":https://github.com/rails/rails/issues to track issues (primarily bugs and contributions of new code). If you've found a bug in Ruby on Rails, this is the place to start. You'll need to create a (free) GitHub account in order to either submit an issue, comment on them or create pull requests.
+Ruby on Rails uses "GitHub Issue Tracking":https://github.com/rails/rails/issues to track issues (primarily bugs and contributions of new code). If you've found a bug in Ruby on Rails, this is the place to start. You'll need to create a (free) GitHub account in order to submit an issue, to comment on them or to create pull requests.
 
 NOTE: Bugs in the most recent released version of Ruby on Rails are likely to get the most attention. Also, the Rails core team is always interested in feedback from those who can take the time to test _edge Rails_ (the code for the version of Rails that is currently under development). Later in this guide you'll find out how to get edge Rails for testing.
 
 h4. Creating a Bug Report
 
-If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk do a search in GitHub Issues in case it was already reported. If you find no issue addressing it you can "add a new one":https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new. (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
+If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search in GitHub under "Issues":https://github.com/rails/rails/issues in case it was already reported. If you find no issue addressing it you can "add a new one":https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new. (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
 
-At the minimum, your issue report needs a title and descriptive text. But that's only a minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible. You need to at least post the code sample that has the issue. Even better is to include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to replicate the bug and figure out a fix.
+At the minimum, your issue report needs a title and descriptive text. But that's only a minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible. You need at least to post the code sample that has the issue. Even better is to include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself -- and others -- to replicate the bug and figure out a fix.
 
-Then don't get your hopes up. Unless you have a "Code Red, Mission Critical, The World is Coming to an End" kind of bug, you're creating this issue report in the hope that others with the same problem will be able to collaborate with you on solving it. Do not expect that the issue report will automatically see any activity or that others will jump to fix it. Creating an issue like this is mostly to help yourself start on the path of fixing the problem and for others to confirm it with a "I'm having this problem too" comment.
+Then, don't get your hopes up! Unless you have a "Code Red, Mission Critical, the World is Coming to an End" kind of bug, you're creating this issue report in the hope that others with the same problem will be able to collaborate with you on solving it. Do not expect that the issue report will automatically see any activity or that others will jump to fix it. Creating an issue like this is mostly to help yourself start on the path of fixing the problem and for others to confirm it with an "I'm having this problem too" comment.
 
 h4. Special Treatment for Security Issues
 
 WARNING: Please do not report security vulnerabilities with public GitHub issue reports. The "Rails security policy page":http://rubyonrails.org/security details the procedure to follow for security issues.
 
-h4. What About Feature Requests?
+h4. What about Feature Requests?
 
 Please don't put "feature request" items into GitHub Issues. If there's a new feature that you want to see added to Ruby on Rails, you'll need to write the code yourself - or convince someone else to partner with you to write the code. Later in this guide you'll find detailed instructions for proposing a patch to Ruby on Rails. If you enter a wishlist item in GitHub Issues with no code, you can expect it to be marked "invalid" as soon as it's reviewed.
 
+If you'd like feedback on an idea for a feature before doing the work for make a patch, please send an email to the "rails-core mailing list":https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core. You might get no response, which means that everyone is indifferent. You might find someone who's also interested in building that feature. You might get a "This won't be accepted." But it's the proper place to discuss new ideas. GitHub Issues are not a particularly good venue for the sometimes long and involved discussions new features require.
+
 h3. Running the Test Suite
 
 To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributing your own code to Ruby on Rails, you _must_ be able to run its test suite. In this section of the guide you'll learn how to set up the tests on your own computer.
 
-h4. Install git
+h4. Install Git
 
 Ruby on Rails uses git for source code control. The "git homepage":http://git-scm.com/ has installation instructions. There are a variety of resources on the net that will help you get familiar with git:
 
-* "Everyday Git":http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/everyday.html will teach you just enough about git to get by.
+* "Everyday Git":http://schacon.github.com/git/everyday.html will teach you just enough about git to get by.
 * The "PeepCode screencast":https://peepcode.com/products/git on git ($9) is easier to follow.
 * "GitHub":http://help.github.com offers links to a variety of git resources.
 * "Pro Git":http://progit.org/book/ is an entire book about git with a Creative Commons license.
@@ -66,16 +68,31 @@ Install first libxml2 and libxslt together with their development files for Noko
 $ sudo apt-get install libxml2 libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev
 </shell>
 
-Also, SQLite3 and its development files for the +sqlite3-ruby+ gem, in Ubuntu you're done with
+If you are on Fedora or CentOS, you can run
+
+<shell>
+$ sudo yum install libxml2 libxml2-devel libxslt libxslt-devel
+</shell>
+
+If you have any problems with these libraries, you should install them manually compiling the source code. Just follow the instructions "here":http://nokogiri.org/tutorials/installing_nokogiri.html#red_hat__centos .
+
+Also, SQLite3 and its development files for the +sqlite3-ruby+ gem -- in Ubuntu you're done with just
 
 <shell>
 $ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev
 </shell>
 
+And if you are on Fedora or CentOS, you're done with
+
+<shell>
+$ sudo yum install sqlite3 sqlite3-devel
+</shell>
+
 Get a recent version of "Bundler":http://gembundler.com/:
 
 <shell>
 $ gem install bundler
+$ gem update bundler
 </shell>
 
 and run:
@@ -84,31 +101,38 @@ and run:
 $ bundle install --without db
 </shell>
 
-This command will install all dependencies except the MySQL and PostgreSQL Ruby drivers. We will come back at these soon. With dependencies installed, you can run the test suite with:
+This command will install all dependencies except the MySQL and PostgreSQL Ruby drivers. We will come back to these soon. With dependencies installed, you can run the test suite with:
 
 <shell>
 $ bundle exec rake test
 </shell>
 
-You can also run tests for a specific framework, like Action Pack, by going into its directory and executing the same command:
+You can also run tests for a specific component, like Action Pack, by going into its directory and executing the same command:
 
 <shell>
 $ cd actionpack
 $ bundle exec rake test
 </shell>
 
-If you want to run tests from the specific directory use the +TEST_DIR+ environment variable. For example, this will run tests inside +railties/test/generators+ directory only:
+If you want to run the tests located in a specific directory use the +TEST_DIR+ environment variable. For example, this will run the tests of the +railties/test/generators+ directory only:
 
 <shell>
 $ cd railties
 $ TEST_DIR=generators bundle exec rake test
 </shell>
 
+You can run any single test separately too:
+
+<shell>
+$ cd actionpack
+$ bundle exec ruby -Itest test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+</shell>
+
 h4. Warnings
 
-The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally Ruby on Rails should issue no warning, but there may be a few, and also some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
+The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally, Ruby on Rails should issue no warnings, but there may be a few, as well as some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them, if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
 
-As of this writing they are specially noisy with Ruby 1.9. If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
+As of this writing (December, 2010) they are specially noisy with Ruby 1.9. If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
 
 <shell>
 $ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
@@ -116,17 +140,17 @@ $ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
 
 h4. Testing Active Record
 
-The test suite of Active Record attempts to run four times, once for SQLite3, once for each of the two MySQL gems (+mysql+ and +mysql2+), and once for PostgreSQL. We are going to see now how to setup the environment for them.
+The test suite of Active Record attempts to run four times: once for SQLite3, once for each of the two MySQL gems (+mysql+ and +mysql2+), and once for PostgreSQL. We are going to see now how to set up the environment for them.
 
 WARNING: If you're working with Active Record code, you _must_ ensure that the tests pass for at least MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite3. Subtle differences between the various adapters have been behind the rejection of many patches that looked OK when tested only against MySQL.
 
-h5. Set up Database Configuration
+h5. Database Configuration
 
 The Active Record test suite requires a custom config file: +activerecord/test/config.yml+. An example is provided in +activerecord/test/config.example.yml+ which can be copied and used as needed for your environment.
 
 h5. SQLite3
 
-The gem +sqlite3-ruby+ does not belong to the "db" group indeed, if you followed the instructions above you're ready. This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
+The gem +sqlite3-ruby+ does not belong to the "db" group. Indeed, if you followed the instructions above you're ready. This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
 
 <shell>
 $ cd activerecord
@@ -142,6 +166,13 @@ $ sudo apt-get install mysql-server libmysqlclient15-dev
 $ sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-client postgresql-contrib libpq-dev
 </shell>
 
+On Fedora or CentOS, just run:
+
+<shell>
+$ sudo yum install mysql-server mysql-devel
+$ sudo yum install postgresql-server postgresql-devel
+</shell>
+
 After that run:
 
 <shell>
@@ -164,27 +195,29 @@ and create the test databases:
 
 <shell>
 $ cd activerecord
-$ rake mysql:build_databases
+$ bundle exec rake mysql:build_databases
 </shell>
 
-PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. A simple way to setup the development environment for example is to run with your development account
+PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. A simple way to set up the development environment for example is to run with your development account
 
 <shell>
 $ sudo -u postgres createuser --superuser $USER
 </shell>
 
-and after that create the test databases with
+and then create the test databases with
 
 <shell>
 $ cd activerecord
-$ rake postgresql:build_databases
+$ bundle exec rake postgresql:build_databases
 </shell>
 
 NOTE: Using the rake task to create the test databases ensures they have the correct character set and collation.
 
-If you’re using another database, check the files under +activerecord/test/connections+ for default connection information. You can edit these files if you _must_ on your machine to provide different credentials, but obviously you should not push any such changes back to Rails.
+NOTE: You'll see the following warning (or localized warning) during activating HStore extension in PostgreSQL 9.1.x or earlier: "WARNING: => is deprecated as an operator".
 
-You can now run tests as you did for +sqlite3+, the tasks are
+If you’re using another database, check the files under +activerecord/test/connections+ for default connection information. You can edit these files to provide different credentials on your machine if you must, but obviously you should not push any such changes back to Rails.
+
+You can now run the tests as you did for +sqlite3+. The tasks are respectively
 
 <shell>
 test_mysql
@@ -192,7 +225,7 @@ test_mysql2
 test_postgresql
 </shell>
 
-respectively. As we mentioned before
+As we mentioned before
 
 <shell>
 $ bundle exec rake test
@@ -200,9 +233,15 @@ $ bundle exec rake test
 
 will now run the four of them in turn.
 
-You can also invoke +test_jdbcmysql+, +test_jdbcsqlite3+ or +test_jdbcpostgresql+. Check out the file +activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS+ for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file +ci/travis.rb+ to see the test suite that the continuous integration server runs.
+You can also run any single test separately:
+
+<shell>
+$ ARCONN=sqlite3 ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+</shell>
+
+You can invoke +test_jdbcmysql+, +test_jdbcsqlite3+ or +test_jdbcpostgresql+ also. See the file +activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS+ for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file +ci/travis.rb+ for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
 
-h4. Older versions of Ruby on Rails
+h4. Older Versions of Ruby on Rails
 
 If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 3-0-stable branch:
 
@@ -219,9 +258,9 @@ As a next step beyond reporting issues, you can help the core team resolve exist
 
 h4. Verifying Bug Reports
 
-For starters, it helps to just verify bug reports. Can you reproduce the reported issue on your own computer? If so, you can add a comment to the issue saying that you're seeing the same thing.
+For starters, it helps just to verify bug reports. Can you reproduce the reported issue on your own computer? If so, you can add a comment to the issue saying that you're seeing the same thing.
 
-If something is very vague, can you help squish it down into something specific? Maybe you can provide additional information to help reproduce a bug, or eliminate needless steps that aren't required to help demonstrate the problem.
+If something is very vague, can you help squash it down into something specific? Maybe you can provide additional information to help reproduce a bug, or help by eliminating needless steps that aren't required to demonstrate the problem.
 
 If you find a bug report without a test, it's very useful to contribute a failing test. This is also a great way to get started exploring the source code: looking at the existing test files will teach you how to write more tests. New tests are best contributed in the form of a patch, as explained later on in the "Contributing to the Rails Code" section.
 
@@ -229,51 +268,51 @@ Anything you can do to make bug reports more succinct or easier to reproduce is
 
 h4. Testing Patches
 
-You can also help out by examining pull requests that have been submitted to Ruby on Rails via GitHub. To apply someone's changes you need to first create a dedicated branch:
+You can also help out by examining pull requests that have been submitted to Ruby on Rails via GitHub. To apply someone's changes you need first to create a dedicated branch:
 
 <shell>
 $ git checkout -b testing_branch
 </shell>
 
-Then you can use their remote branch to update your codebase. For example, let's say the GitHub user JohnSmith has forked and pushed to the topic branch located at https://github.com/JohnSmith/rails.
+Then you can use their remote branch to update your codebase. For example, let's say the GitHub user JohnSmith has forked and pushed to a topic branch "orange" located at https://github.com/JohnSmith/rails.
 
 <shell>
 $ git remote add JohnSmith git://github.com/JohnSmith/rails.git
-$ git pull JohnSmith topic
+$ git pull JohnSmith orange
 </shell>
 
 After applying their branch, test it out! Here are some things to think about:
 
 * Does the change actually work?
 * Are you happy with the tests? Can you follow what they're testing? Are there any tests missing?
-* Does it have proper documentation coverage? Should documentation elsewhere be updated?
+* Does it have the proper documentation coverage? Should documentation elsewhere be updated?
 * Do you like the implementation? Can you think of a nicer or faster way to implement a part of their change?
 
 Once you're happy that the pull request contains a good change, comment on the GitHub issue indicating your approval. Your comment should indicate that you like the change and what you like about it. Something like:
 
 <blockquote>
-I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql, much nicer. The tests look good too.
+I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql -- much nicer. The tests look good too.
 </blockquote>
 
 If your comment simply says "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request.
 
 h3. Contributing to the Rails Documentation
 
-Ruby on Rails has two main sets of documentation: The guides help you to learn Ruby on Rails, and the API is a reference.
+Ruby on Rails has two main sets of documentation: the guides help you in learning about Ruby on Rails, and the API is a reference.
 
-You can help improve the Rails guides by making them more coherent, adding missing information, correcting factual errors, fixing typos, bringing it up to date with the latest edge Rails. To get involved in the translation of Rails guides, please see "Translating Rails Guides":https://wiki.github.com/lifo/docrails/translating-rails-guides.
+You can help improve the Rails guides by making them more coherent, consistent or readable, adding missing information, correcting factual errors, fixing typos, or bringing it up to date with the latest edge Rails. To get involved in the translation of Rails guides, please see "Translating Rails Guides":https://wiki.github.com/lifo/docrails/translating-rails-guides.
 
-If you're confident about your changes, you can push them yourself directly via "docrails":https://github.com/lifo/docrails. docrails is a branch with an *open commit policy* and public write access. Commits to docrails are still reviewed, but that happens after they are pushed. docrails is merged with master regularly, so you are effectively editing the Ruby on Rails documentation.
+If you're confident about your changes, you can push them directly yourself via "docrails":https://github.com/lifo/docrails. Docrails is a branch with an *open commit policy* and public write access. Commits to docrails are still reviewed, but this happens after they are pushed. Docrails is merged with master regularly, so you are effectively editing the Ruby on Rails documentation.
 
 If you are unsure of the documentation changes, you can create an issue in the "Rails":https://github.com/rails/rails/issues issues tracker on GitHub.
 
 When working with documentation, please take into account the "API Documentation Guidelines":api_documentation_guidelines.html and the "Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines":ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html.
 
-NOTE: As explained earlier, ordinary code patches should have proper documentation coverage. docrails is only used for isolated documentation improvements.
+NOTE: As explained earlier, ordinary code patches should have proper documentation coverage. Docrails is only used for isolated documentation improvements.
 
-NOTE: To help our CI servers you can add [ci skip] tag to your documentation commit message to skip build on that commit. Please remember to use it for commits containing only documentation changes.
+NOTE: To help our CI servers you can add [ci skip] to your documentation commit message to skip build on that commit. Please remember to use it for commits containing only documentation changes.
 
-WARNING: docrails has a very strict policy: no code can be touched whatsoever, no matter how trivial or small the change. Only RDoc and guides can be edited via docrails. Also, CHANGELOGs should never be edited in docrails.
+WARNING: Docrails has a very strict policy: no code can be touched whatsoever, no matter how trivial or small the change. Only RDoc and guides can be edited via docrails. Also, CHANGELOGs should never be edited in docrails.
 
 h3. Contributing to the Rails Code
 
@@ -292,47 +331,81 @@ $ cd rails
 $ git checkout -b my_new_branch
 </shell>
 
-It doesn’t really matter what name you use, because this branch will only exist on your local computer and your personal repository on Github. It won't be part of the Rails git repository.
+It doesn’t matter much what name you use, because this branch will only exist on your local computer and your personal repository on Github. It won't be part of the Rails git repository.
 
 h4. Write Your Code
 
 Now get busy and add or edit code. You’re on your branch now, so you can write whatever you want (you can check to make sure you’re on the right branch with +git branch -a+). But if you’re planning to submit your change back for inclusion in Rails, keep a few things in mind:
 
-* Get the code right
-* Use Rails idioms and helpers
-* Include tests that fail without your code, and pass with it
-* Update the documentation, the surrounding one, examples elsewhere, guides, whatever is affected by your contribution
+* Get the code right.
+* Use Rails idioms and helpers.
+* Include tests that fail without your code, and pass with it.
+* Update the (surrounding) documentation, examples elsewhere, and the guides: whatever is affected by your contribution.
+
+TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted.
 
 h4. Follow the Coding Conventions
 
 Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions.
 
-* Two spaces, no tabs.
-* No trailing whitespace. Blank lines should not have any space.
-* Outdent private/protected from method definitions. Same indentation as the class/module.
+* Two spaces, no tabs (for indentation).
+* No trailing whitespace. Blank lines should not have any spaces.
+* Indent after private/protected.
 * Prefer +&amp;&amp;+/+||+ over +and+/+or+.
-* Prefer class << self block over self.method for class methods.
-* +MyClass.my_method(my_arg)+ not +my_method( my_arg )+ or +my_method my_arg+.
-* a = b and not a=b.
-* Follow the conventions you see used in the source already.
+* Prefer class << self over self.method for class methods.
+* Use +MyClass.my_method(my_arg)+ not +my_method( my_arg )+ or +my_method my_arg+.
+* Use a = b and not a=b.
+* Follow the conventions in the source you see used already.
 
-These are some guidelines and please use your best judgment in using them.
+The above are guidelines -- please use your best judgment in using them.
 
 h4. Sanity Check
 
 You should not be the only person who looks at the code before you submit it. You know at least one other Rails developer, right? Show them what you’re doing and ask for feedback. Doing this in private before you push a patch out publicly is the “smoke test” for a patch: if you can’t convince one other developer of the beauty of your code, you’re unlikely to convince the core team either.
 
-You might also want to check out the "RailsBridge BugMash":http://wiki.railsbridge.org/projects/railsbridge/wiki/BugMash as a way to get involved in a group effort to improve Rails. This can help you get started and help check your code when you're writing your first patches.
+You might want also to check out the "RailsBridge BugMash":http://wiki.railsbridge.org/projects/railsbridge/wiki/BugMash as a way to get involved in a group effort to improve Rails. This can help you get started and help you check your code when you're writing your first patches.
 
 h4. Commit Your Changes
 
 When you're happy with the code on your computer, you need to commit the changes to git:
 
 <shell>
-$ git commit -a -m "Here is a commit message on what I changed in this commit"
+$ git commit -a
 </shell>
 
-h4. Update master
+At this point, your editor should be fired up and you can write a message for this commit. Well formatted and descriptive commit messages are extremely helpful for the others, especially when figuring out why given change was made, so please take the time to write it.
+
+Good commit message should be formatted according to the following example:
+
+<plain>
+Short summary (ideally 50 characters or less)
+
+More detailed description, if necessary. It should be wrapped to 72
+characters. Try to be as descriptive as you can, even if you think that
+the commit content is obvious, it may not be obvious to others. You
+should add such description also if it's already present in bug tracker,
+it should not be necessary to visit a webpage to check the history.
+
+Description can have multiple paragraps and you can use code examples
+inside, just indent it with 4 spaces:
+
+    class PostsController
+      def index
+        respond_with Post.limit(10)
+      end
+    end
+
+You can also add bullet points:
+
+- you can use dashes or asterisks
+
+- also, try to indent next line of a point for readability, if it's too
+  long to fit in 72 characters
+</plain>
+
+TIP. Please squash your commits into a single commit when appropriate. This simplifies future cherry picks, and also keeps the git log clean.
+
+h4. Update Master
 
 It’s pretty likely that other changes to master have happened while you were working. Go get them:
 
@@ -366,17 +439,53 @@ Push to your remote:
 $ git push mine my_new_branch
 </shell>
 
+You might have cloned your forked repository into your machine and might want to add the original Rails repository as a remote instead, if that's the case here's what you have to do.
+
+In the directory you cloned your fork:
+
+<shell>
+$ git remote add rails git://github.com/rails/rails.git
+</shell>
+
+Download new commits and branches from the official repository:
+
+<shell>
+$ git fetch rails
+</shell>
+
+Merge the new content:
+
+<shell>
+$ git checkout master
+$ git rebase rails/master
+</shell>
+
+Update your fork:
+
+<shell>
+$ git push origin master
+</shell>
+
+If you want to update another branches:
+
+<shell>
+$ git checkout branch_name
+$ git rebase rails/branch_name
+$ git push origin branch_name
+</shell>
+
+
 h4. Issue a Pull Request
 
 Navigate to the Rails repository you just pushed to (e.g. https://github.com/your-user-name/rails) and press "Pull Request" in the upper right hand corner.
 
-Write your branch name in branch field (is filled with master by default) and press "Update Commit Range"
+Write your branch name in the branch field (this is filled with "master" by default) and press "Update Commit Range".
 
-Ensure the changesets you introduced are included in the "Commits" tab and that the "Files Changed" incorporate all of your changes.
+Ensure the changesets you introduced are included in the "Commits" tab. Ensure that the "Files Changed" incorporate all of your changes.
 
-Fill in some details about your potential patch including a meaningful title. When finished, press "Send pull request." Rails Core will be notified about your submission.
+Fill in some details about your potential patch including a meaningful title. When finished, press "Send pull request". The Rails core team will be notified about your submission.
 
-h4. Get Some Feedback
+h4. Get some Feedback
 
 Now you need to get other people to look at your patch, just as you've looked at other people's patches. You can use the "rubyonrails-core mailing list":http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-core/ or the #rails-contrib channel on IRC freenode for this. You might also try just talking to Rails developers that you know.
 
@@ -384,6 +493,35 @@ h4. Iterate as Necessary
 
 It’s entirely possible that the feedback you get will suggest changes. Don’t get discouraged: the whole point of contributing to an active open source project is to tap into community knowledge. If people are encouraging you to tweak your code, then it’s worth making the tweaks and resubmitting. If the feedback is that your code doesn’t belong in the core, you might still think about releasing it as a gem.
 
+h4. Backporting
+
+Changes that are merged into master are intended for the next major release of Rails. Sometimes, it might be beneficial for your changes to propagate back to the maintenance releases for older stable branches. Generally, security fixes and bug fixes are good candidates for a backport, while new features and patches that introduce a change in behavior will not be accepted. When in doubt, it is best to consult a rails team member before backporting your changes to avoid wasted effort.
+
+For simple fixes, the easiest way to backport your changes is to "extract a diff from your changes in master and apply them to the target branch":http://ariejan.net/2009/10/26/how-to-create-and-apply-a-patch-with-git.
+
+First make sure your changes are the only difference between your current branch and master:
+
+<shell>
+$ git log master..HEAD
+</shell>
+
+Then extract the diff:
+
+<shell>
+$ git format-patch master --stdout > ~/my_changes.patch
+</shell>
+
+Switch over to the target branch and apply your changes:
+
+<shell>
+$ git checkout -b my_backport_branch 3-2-stable
+$ git apply ~/my_changes.patch
+</shell>
+
+This works well for simple changes. However, if your changes are complicated or if the code in master has deviated significantly from your target branch, it might require more work on your part. The difficulty of a backport varies greatly from case to case, and sometimes it is simply not worth the effort.
+
+Once you have resolved all conflicts and made sure all the tests are passing, push your changes and open a separate pull request for your backport. It is also worth noting that older branches might have a different set of build targets than master. When possible, it is best to first test your backport locally against the ruby versions listed in +.travis.yml+ before submitting your pull request.
+
 And then ... think about your next contribution!
 
 h3. Rails Contributors
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/credits.html.erb b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
index da6bd6acdf..04deec6a11 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/credits.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides: Credits
 Ryan Bigg works as a consultant at <a href="http://rubyx.com">RubyX</a> and has been working with Rails since 2006. He's co-authoring a book called <a href="http://manning.com/katz">Rails 3 in Action</a> and he's written many gems which can be seen on <a href="http://github.com/radar">his GitHub page</a> and he also tweets prolifically as <a href="http://twitter.com/ryanbigg">@ryanbigg</a>.
 <% end %>
 
+<%= author('Oscar Del Ben', 'oscardelben', 'oscardelben.jpg') do %>
+Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wildfire</a>. He's a regular open source contributor (<a href="https://github.com/oscardelben">Github account</a>) and tweets regularly at <a href="https://twitter.com/oscardelben">@oscardelben</a>.
+  <% end %>
+
 <%= author('Frederick Cheung', 'fcheung') do %>
   Frederick Cheung is Chief Wizard at Texperts where he has been using Rails since 2006. He is based in Cambridge (UK) and when not consuming fine ales he blogs at <a href="http://www.spacevatican.org">spacevatican.org</a>.
 <% end %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.textile b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.textile
index 57c7786636..667f2d2140 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.textile
+++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.textile
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ It can also be useful to save information to log files at runtime. Rails maintai
 
 h4. What is the Logger?
 
-Rails makes use of Ruby's standard +logger+ to write log information. You can also substitute another logger such as +Log4r+ if you wish.
+Rails makes use of the +ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger+ class to write log information. You can also substitute another logger such as +Log4r+ if you wish.
 
 You can specify an alternative logger in your +environment.rb+ or any environment file:
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ h4. Log Levels
 
 When something is logged it's printed into the corresponding log if the log level of the message is equal or higher than the configured log level. If you want to know the current log level you can call the +Rails.logger.level+ method.
 
-The available log levels are: +:debug+, +:info+, +:warn+, +:error+, and +:fatal+, corresponding to the log level numbers from 0 up to 4 respectively. To change the default log level, use
+The available log levels are: +:debug+, +:info+, +:warn+, +:error+, +:fatal+, and +:unknown+, corresponding to the log level numbers from 0 up to 5 respectively. To change the default log level, use
 
 <ruby>
 config.log_level = :warn # In any environment initializer, or
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localh
 
 Adding extra logging like this makes it easy to search for unexpected or unusual behavior in your logs. If you add extra logging, be sure to make sensible use of log levels, to avoid filling your production logs with useless trivia.
 
-h3. Debugging with +ruby-debug+
+h3. Debugging with the +debugger+ gem
 
 When your code is behaving in unexpected ways, you can try printing to logs or the console to diagnose the problem. Unfortunately, there are times when this sort of error tracking is not effective in finding the root cause of a problem. When you actually need to journey into your running source code, the debugger is your best companion.
 
@@ -199,17 +199,13 @@ The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code
 
 h4. Setup
 
-The debugger used by Rails, +ruby-debug+, comes as a gem. To install it, just run:
+Rails uses the +debugger+ gem to set breakpoints and step through live code. To install it, just run:
 
 <shell>
-$ sudo gem install ruby-debug
+$ gem install debugger
 </shell>
 
-TIP: If you are using Ruby 1.9, you can install a compatible version of +ruby-debug+ by running +sudo gem install ruby-debug19+
-
-In case you want to download a particular version or get the source code, refer to the "project's page on rubyforge":http://rubyforge.org/projects/ruby-debug/.
-
-Rails has had built-in support for ruby-debug since Rails 2.0. Inside any Rails application you can invoke the debugger by calling the +debugger+ method.
+Rails has had built-in support for debugging since Rails 2.0. Inside any Rails application you can invoke the debugger by calling the +debugger+ method.
 
 Here's an example:
 
@@ -238,11 +234,11 @@ $ rails server --debugger
 ...
 </shell>
 
-TIP: In development mode, you can dynamically +require \'ruby-debug\'+ instead of restarting the server, if it was started without +--debugger+.
+TIP: In development mode, you can dynamically +require \'debugger\'+ instead of restarting the server, if it was started without +--debugger+.
 
 h4. The Shell
 
-As soon as your application calls the +debugger+ method, the debugger will be started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your application server, and you will be placed at ruby-debug's prompt +(rdb:n)+. The _n_ is the thread number. The prompt will also show you the next line of code that is waiting to run.
+As soon as your application calls the +debugger+ method, the debugger will be started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt +(rdb:n)+. The _n_ is the thread number. The prompt will also show you the next line of code that is waiting to run.
 
 If you got there by a browser request, the browser tab containing the request will be hung until the debugger has finished and the trace has finished processing the entire request.
 
@@ -270,7 +266,7 @@ continue   edit     frame   method  putl  set      tmate   where
 
 TIP: To view the help menu for any command use +help &lt;command-name&gt;+ in active debug mode. For example: _+help var+_
 
-The next command to learn is one of the most useful: +list+. You can also abbreviate ruby-debug commands by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other commands, so you can also use +l+ for the +list+ command.
+The next command to learn is one of the most useful: +list+. You can abbreviate any debugging command by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other commands, so you can also use +l+ for the +list+ command.
 
 This command shows you where you are in the code by printing 10 lines centered around the current line; the current line in this particular case is line 6 and is marked by +=>+.
 
@@ -347,7 +343,7 @@ h4. The Context
 
 When you start debugging your application, you will be placed in different contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack.
 
-ruby-debug creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The context has information about the suspended program which enables a debugger to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged program is stopped.
+The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The context has information about the suspended program which enables a debugger to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged program is stopped.
 
 At any time you can call the +backtrace+ command (or its alias +where+) to print the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got where you are. If you ever wondered about how you got somewhere in your code, then +backtrace+ will supply the answer.
 
@@ -463,7 +459,7 @@ h4. Step by Step
 
 Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the available variables. But lets continue and move on with the application execution.
 
-Use +step+ (abbreviated +s+) to continue running your program until the next logical stopping point and return control to ruby-debug.
+Use +step+ (abbreviated +s+) to continue running your program until the next logical stopping point and return control to the debugger.
 
 TIP: You can also use <tt>step<plus> n</tt> and <tt>step- n</tt> to move forward or backward +n+ steps respectively.
 
@@ -485,12 +481,12 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 </ruby>
 
-TIP: You can use ruby-debug while using +rails console+. Just remember to +require "ruby-debug"+ before calling the +debugger+ method.
+TIP: You can use the debugger while using +rails console+. Just remember to +require "debugger"+ before calling the +debugger+ method.
 
 <shell>
 $ rails console
 Loading development environment (Rails 3.1.0)
->> require "ruby-debug"
+>> require "debugger"
 => []
 >> author = Author.first
 => #<Author id: 1, first_name: "Bob", last_name: "Smith", created_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10", updated_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10">
@@ -603,7 +599,7 @@ A simple quit tries to terminate all threads in effect. Therefore your server wi
 
 h4. Settings
 
-There are some settings that can be configured in ruby-debug to make it easier to debug your code. Here are a few of the available options:
+The +debugger+ gem can automatically show the code you're stepping through and reload it when you change it in an editor. Here are a few of the available options:
 
 * +set reload+: Reload source code when changed.
 * +set autolist+: Execute +list+ command on every breakpoint.
@@ -612,7 +608,7 @@ There are some settings that can be configured in ruby-debug to make it easier t
 
 You can see the full list by using +help set+. Use +help set _subcommand_+ to learn about a particular +set+ command.
 
-TIP: You can include any number of these configuration lines inside a +.rdebugrc+ file in your HOME directory. ruby-debug will read this file every time it is loaded and configure itself accordingly.
+TIP: You can save these settings in an +.rdebugrc+ file in your home directory. The debugger reads these global settings when it starts.
 
 Here's a good start for an +.rdebugrc+:
 
@@ -630,14 +626,14 @@ In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tools su
 
 h4. BleakHouse
 
-"BleakHouse":https://github.com/fauna/bleak_house/tree/master is a library for finding memory leaks.
+"BleakHouse":https://github.com/evan/bleak_house/ is a library for finding memory leaks.
 
 If a Ruby object does not go out of scope, the Ruby Garbage Collector won't sweep it since it is referenced somewhere. Leaks like this can grow slowly and your application will consume more and more memory, gradually affecting the overall system performance. This tool will help you find leaks on the Ruby heap.
 
 To install it run:
 
 <shell>
-$ sudo gem install bleak_house
+$ gem install bleak_house
 </shell>
 
 Then setup your application for profiling. Then add the following at the bottom of config/environment.rb:
@@ -679,7 +675,7 @@ To analyze it, just run the listed command. The top 20 leakiest lines will be li
 
 This way you can find where your application is leaking memory and fix it.
 
-If "BleakHouse":https://github.com/fauna/bleak_house/tree/master doesn't report any heap growth but you still have memory growth, you might have a broken C extension, or real leak in the interpreter. In that case, try using Valgrind to investigate further.
+If "BleakHouse":https://github.com/evan/bleak_house/ doesn't report any heap growth but you still have memory growth, you might have a broken C extension, or real leak in the interpreter. In that case, try using Valgrind to investigate further.
 
 h4. Valgrind
 
@@ -702,13 +698,14 @@ There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your applicati
 
 h3. References
 
-* "ruby-debug Homepage":http://www.datanoise.com/ruby-debug
+* "ruby-debug Homepage":http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug/home-page.html
+* "debugger Homepage":http://github.com/cldwalker/debugger
 * "Article: Debugging a Rails application with ruby-debug":http://www.sitepoint.com/article/debug-rails-app-ruby-debug/
 * "ruby-debug Basics screencast":http://brian.maybeyoureinsane.net/blog/2007/05/07/ruby-debug-basics-screencast/
-* "Ryan Bate's ruby-debug screencast":http://railscasts.com/episodes/54-debugging-with-ruby-debug
-* "Ryan Bate's stack trace screencast":http://railscasts.com/episodes/24-the-stack-trace
-* "Ryan Bate's logger screencast":http://railscasts.com/episodes/56-the-logger
+* "Ryan Bates' debugging ruby (revised) screencast":http://railscasts.com/episodes/54-debugging-ruby-revised
+* "Ryan Bates' stack trace screencast":http://railscasts.com/episodes/24-the-stack-trace
+* "Ryan Bates' logger screencast":http://railscasts.com/episodes/56-the-logger
 * "Debugging with ruby-debug":http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug.html
 * "ruby-debug cheat sheet":http://cheat.errtheblog.com/s/rdebug/
 * "Ruby on Rails Wiki: How to Configure Logging":http://wiki.rubyonrails.org/rails/pages/HowtoConfigureLogging
-* "Bleak House Documentation":http://blog.evanweaver.com/files/doc/fauna/bleak_house/files/README.html
+* "Bleak House Documentation":http://blog.evanweaver.com/files/doc/fauna/bleak_house/
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml
index 08aafda288..2acdcca39c 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/documents.yaml
+++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml
@@ -97,6 +97,11 @@
       url: asset_pipeline.html
       description: This guide documents the asset pipeline.
     - 
+      name: Getting Started with Engines
+      url: engines.html
+      description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine.
+      work_in_progress: true
+    - 
       name: The Rails Initialization Process
       work_in_progress: true
       url: initialization.html
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/engines.textile b/guides/source/engines.textile
index 5f7eb5290c..53c2845731 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/engines.textile
+++ b/guides/source/engines.textile
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Engines can be considered miniature applications that provide functionality to t
 
 Therefore, engines and applications can be thought of almost the same thing, just with very minor differences, as you'll see throughout this guide. Engines and applications also share a common structure.
 
-Engines are also closely related to plugins where the two share a common +lib+ directory structure and are both generated using the +rails plugin new+ generator. The difference being that an engine is considered a "full plugin" by Rails -- as indicated by the +--full+ option that's passed to the generator command -- but this guide will refer to them simply as "engines" throughout. An engine *can* be a plugin, and a plugin *can* be an engine.
+Engines are also closely related to plugins where the two share a common +lib+ directory structure and are both generated using the +rails plugin new+ generator. The difference being that an engine is considered a "full plugin" by Rails as indicated by the +--full+ option that's passed to the generator command, but this guide will refer to them simply as "engines" throughout. An engine *can* be a plugin, and a plugin *can* be an engine.
 
 The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". The engine will provide blogging functionality to its host applications, allowing for new posts and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you will be working solely within the engine itself, but in later sections you'll see how to hook it into an application.
 
@@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ To generate an engine with Rails 3.1, you will need to run the plugin generator
 $ rails plugin new blorgh --full --mountable
 </shell>
 
+The full list of options for the plugin generator may be seen by typing:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails plugin --help
+</shell>
+
 The +--full+ option tells the plugin generator that you want to create an engine (which is a mountable plugin, hence the option name), creating the basic directory structure of an engine by providing things such as the foundations of an +app+ folder, as well a +config/routes.rb+ file. This generator also provides a file at +lib/blorgh/engine.rb+ which is identical in function to an application's +config/application.rb+ file.
 
 The +--mountable+ option tells the generator to mount the engine inside the dummy testing application located at +test/dummy+ inside the engine. It does this by placing this line in to the dummy application's +config/routes.rb+ file, located at +test/dummy/config/routes.rb+ inside the engine:
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ h5. Critical files
 At the root of this brand new engine's directory, lives a +blorgh.gemspec+ file. When you include the engine into the application later on, you will do so with this line in a Rails application's +Gemfile+:
 
 <ruby>
-  gem 'blorgh', :path => "vendor/engines/blorgh"
+gem 'blorgh', :path => "vendor/engines/blorgh"
 </ruby>
 
 By specifying it as a gem within the +Gemfile+, Bundler will load it as such, parsing this +blorgh.gemspec+ file and requiring a file within the +lib+ directory called +lib/blorgh.rb+. This file requires the +blorgh/engine.rb+ file (located at +lib/blorgh/engine.rb+) and defines a base module called +Blorgh+.
@@ -77,7 +83,7 @@ end
 
 By inheriting from the +Rails::Engine+ class, this gem notifies Rails that there's an engine at the specified path, and will correctly mount the engine inside the application, performing tasks such as adding the +app+ directory of the engine to the load path for models, mailers, controllers and views.
 
-The +isolate_namespace+ method here deserves special notice. This call is responsible for isolating the controllers, models, routes and other things into their own namespace, away from similar components inside hte application. Without this, there is a possibility that the engine's components could "leak" into the application, causing unwanted disruption, or that important engine components could be overriden by similarly named things within the application. One of the examples of such conflicts are helpers. Without calling +isolate_namespace+, engine's helpers would be included in application's controllers.
+The +isolate_namespace+ method here deserves special notice. This call is responsible for isolating the controllers, models, routes and other things into their own namespace, away from similar components inside the application. Without this, there is a possibility that the engine's components could "leak" into the application, causing unwanted disruption, or that important engine components could be overridden by similarly named things within the application. One of the examples of such conflicts are helpers. Without calling +isolate_namespace+, engine's helpers would be included in application's controllers.
 
 NOTE: It is *highly* recommended that the +isolate_namespace+ line be left within the +Engine+ class definition. Without it, classes generated in an engine *may* conflict with an application.
 
@@ -115,7 +121,6 @@ The +test+ directory is where tests for the engine will go. To test the engine,
 
 <ruby>
 Rails.application.routes.draw do
-
   mount Blorgh::Engine => "/blorgh"
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -126,7 +131,7 @@ Also in the test directory is the +test/integration+ directory, where integratio
 
 h3. Providing engine functionality
 
-The engine that this guide covers will provide posting and commenting functionality and follows a similar thread to the "Getting Started Guide":getting-started.html, with some new twists.
+The engine that this guide covers will provide posting and commenting functionality and follows a similar thread to the "Getting Started Guide":getting_started.html, with some new twists.
 
 h4. Generating a post resource
 
@@ -179,7 +184,6 @@ After that, a line for the resource is inserted into the +config/routes.rb+ file
 <ruby>
 Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
   resources :posts
-
 end
 </ruby>
 
@@ -219,17 +223,13 @@ By default, the scaffold styling is not applied to the engine as the engine's la
 <%= stylesheet_link_tag "scaffold" %>
 </erb>
 
-You can see what the engine has so far by running +rake db:migrate+ at the root of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then running +rails server+. When you open +http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts+ you will see the default scaffold that has been generated.
-
-!images/engines_scaffold.png(Blank engine scaffold)!
-
-Click around! You've just generated your first engine's first functions.
+You can see what the engine has so far by running +rake db:migrate+ at the root of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then running +rails server+ in +test/dummy+. When you open +http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts+ you will see the default scaffold that has been generated. Click around! You've just generated your first engine's first functions.
 
 If you'd rather play around in the console, +rails console+ will also work just like a Rails application. Remember: the +Post+ model is namespaced, so to reference it you must call it as +Blorgh::Post+.
 
 <ruby>
-  >> Blorgh::Post.find(1)
-  => #<Blorgh::Post id: 1 ...>
+>> Blorgh::Post.find(1)
+=> #<Blorgh::Post id: 1 ...>
 </ruby>
 
 One final thing is that the +posts+ resource for this engine should be the root of the engine. Whenever someone goes to the root path where the engine is mounted, they should be shown a list of posts. This can be made to happen if this line is inserted into the +config/routes.rb+ file inside the engine:
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ create      test/fixtures/blorgh/comments.yml
 
 This generator call will generate just the necessary model files it needs, namespacing the files under a +blorgh+ directory and creating a model class called +Blorgh::Comment+.
 
-To show the comments on a post, edit +app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ and add this line before the "Edit" link:
+To show the comments on a post, edit +app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb+ and add this line before the "Edit" link:
 
 <erb>
 <h3>Comments</h3>
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ resources :posts do
 end
 </ruby>
 
-This creates a nested route for the comments, which is what the form requires. 
+This creates a nested route for the comments, which is what the form requires.
 
 The route now exists, but the controller that this route goes to does not. To create it, run this command:
 
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ The form will be making a +POST+ request to +/posts/:post_id/comments+, which wi
 <ruby>
 def create
   @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-  @comment = @post.comments.build(params[:comment])
+  @comment = @post.comments.create(params[:comment])
   flash[:notice] = "Comment has been created!"
   redirect_to post_path
 end
@@ -355,13 +355,13 @@ end
 
 This is the final part required to get the new comment form working. Displaying the comments however, is not quite right yet. If you were to create a comment right now you would see this error:
 
-<text>
-  Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder], :formats=>[:html], :locale=>[:en, :en]}. Searched in:
-    * "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/test/dummy/app/views"
-    * "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views"
-</text>
+<plain>
+Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder], :formats=>[:html], :locale=>[:en, :en]}. Searched in:
+  * "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/test/dummy/app/views"
+  * "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views"
+</plain>
 
-The engine is unable to find the partial required for rendering the comments. Rails has looked firstly in the application's (+test/dummy+) +app/views+ directory and then in the engine's +app/views+ directory. When it can't find it, it will throw this error. The engine knows to look for +blorgh/comments/comment+ because the model object it is receiving is from the +Blorgh::Comment+ class. 
+The engine is unable to find the partial required for rendering the comments. Rails has looked firstly in the application's (+test/dummy+) +app/views+ directory and then in the engine's +app/views+ directory. When it can't find it, it will throw this error. The engine knows to look for +blorgh/comments/comment+ because the model object it is receiving is from the +Blorgh::Comment+ class.
 
 This partial will be responsible for rendering just the comment text, for now. Create a new file at +app/views/blorgh/comments/_comment.html.erb+ and put this line inside it:
 
@@ -440,8 +440,22 @@ The first timestamp (+\[timestamp_1\]+) will be the current time and the second
 
 To run these migrations within the context of the application, simply run +rake db:migrate+. When accessing the engine through +http://localhost:3000/blog+, the posts will be empty. This is because the table created inside the application is different from the one created within the engine. Go ahead, play around with the newly mounted engine. You'll find that it's the same as when it was only an engine.
 
+If you would like to run migrations only from one engine, you can do it by specifying +SCOPE+:
+
+<shell>
+rake db:migrate SCOPE=blorgh
+</shell>
+
+This may be useful if you want to revert engine's migrations before removing it. In order to revert all migrations from blorgh engine you can run such code:
+
+<shell>
+rake db:migrate SCOPE=blorgh VERSION=0
+</shell>
+
 h4. Using a class provided by the application
 
+h5. Using a model provided by the application
+
 When an engine is created, it may want to use specific classes from an application to provide links between the pieces of the engine and the pieces of the application. In the case of the +blorgh+ engine, making posts and comments have authors would make a lot of sense.
 
 Usually, an application would have a +User+ class that would provide the objects that would represent the posts' and comments' authors, but there could be a case where the application calls this class something different, such as +Person+. It's because of this reason that the engine should not hardcode the associations to be exactly for a +User+ class, but should allow for some flexibility around what the class is called.
@@ -481,12 +495,12 @@ private
   end
 </ruby>
 
-By defining that the +author+ association's object is represented by the +User+ class a link is established between the engine and the application. There needs to be a way of associating the records in the +blorgh_posts+ table with the records in the +users+ table. Because the association is called +author+, there should be an +author_id+ column added to the +blorgh_posts+ table. 
+By defining that the +author+ association's object is represented by the +User+ class a link is established between the engine and the application. There needs to be a way of associating the records in the +blorgh_posts+ table with the records in the +users+ table. Because the association is called +author+, there should be an +author_id+ column added to the +blorgh_posts+ table.
 
 To generate this new column, run this command within the engine:
 
 <shell>
-$ rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts author_id:integer 
+$ rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts author_id:integer
 </shell>
 
 NOTE: Due to the migration's name and the column specification after it, Rails will automatically know that you want to add a column to a specific table and write that into the migration for you. You don't need to tell it any more than this.
@@ -499,11 +513,11 @@ $ rake blorgh:install:migrations
 
 Notice here that only _one_ migration was copied over here. This is because the first two migrations were copied over the first time this command was run.
 
-<shell>
-  NOTE: Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists.
-  NOTE: Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists.
-  Copied migration [timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh
-</shell>
+<plain>
+NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists.
+NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists.
+Copied migration [timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh
+</plain>
 
 Run this migration using this command:
 
@@ -524,9 +538,9 @@ Finally, the author's name should be displayed on the post's page. Add this code
 
 By outputting +@post.author+ using the +<%=+ tag the +to_s+ method will be called on the object. By default, this will look quite ugly:
 
-<text>
+<plain>
 #<User:0x00000100ccb3b0>
-</text>
+</plain>
 
 This is undesirable and it would be much better to have the user's name there. To do this, add a +to_s+ method to the +User+ class within the application:
 
@@ -538,6 +552,19 @@ end
 
 Now instead of the ugly Ruby object output the author's name will be displayed.
 
+h5. Using a controller provided by the application
+
+Because Rails controllers generally share code for things like authentication and accessing session variables, by default they inherit from <tt>ApplicationController</tt>. Rails engines, however are scoped to run independently from the main application, so each engine gets a scoped +ApplicationController+. This namespace prevents code collisions, but often engine controllers should access methods in the main application's +ApplicationController+. An easy way to provide this access is to change the engine's scoped +ApplicationController+ to inherit from the main application's +ApplicationController+. For our Blorgh engine this would be done by changing +app/controllers/blorgh/application_controller.rb+ to look like:
+
+<ruby>
+class Blorgh::ApplicationController < ApplicationController
+end
+</ruby>
+
+By default, the engine's controllers inherit from <tt>Blorgh::ApplicationController</tt>. So, after making this change they will have access to the main applications +ApplicationController+ as though they were part of the main application.
+
+This change does require that the engine is run from a Rails application that has an +ApplicationController+.
+
 h4. Configuring an engine
 
 This section covers firstly how you can make the +user_class+ setting of the Blorgh engine configurable, followed by general configuration tips for the engine.
@@ -569,9 +596,9 @@ self.author = Blorgh.user_class.constantize.find_or_create_by_name(author_name)
 To save having to call +constantize+ on the +user_class+ result all the time, you could instead just override the +user_class+ getter method inside the +Blorgh+ module in the +lib/blorgh.rb+ file to always call +constantize+ on the saved value before returning the result:
 
 <ruby>
-  def self.user_class
-    @@user_class.constantize
-  end
+def self.user_class
+  @@user_class.constantize
+end
 </ruby>
 
 This would then turn the above code for +self.author=+ into this:
@@ -651,10 +678,6 @@ Try this now by creating a new file at +app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb+ a
 <% end %>
 </erb>
 
-Rather than looking like the default scaffold, the page will now look like this:
-
-!images/engines_post_override.png(Engine scaffold overriden)!
-
 h4. Routes
 
 Routes inside an engine are, by default, isolated from the application. This is done by the +isolate_namespace+ call inside the +Engine+ class. This essentially means that the application and its engines can have identically named routes, and that they will not clash.
@@ -662,9 +685,9 @@ Routes inside an engine are, by default, isolated from the application. This is
 Routes inside an engine are drawn on the +Engine+ class within +config/routes.rb+, like this:
 
 <ruby>
-  Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
-    resources :posts
-  end
+Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
+  resources :posts
+end
 </ruby>
 
 By having isolated routes such as this, if you wish to link to an area of an engine from within an application, you will need to use the engine's routing proxy method. Calls to normal routing methods such as +posts_path+ may end up going to undesired locations if both the application and the engine both have such a helper defined.
@@ -693,7 +716,7 @@ If a template is rendered from within an engine and it's attempting to use one o
 
 h4. Assets
 
-Assets within an engine work in an identical way to a full application. Because the engine class inherits from +Rails::Engine+, the application will know to look up in the engine's +app/assets+ directory for potential assets.
+Assets within an engine work in an identical way to a full application. Because the engine class inherits from +Rails::Engine+, the application will know to look up in the engine's +app/assets+ and +lib/assets+ directories for potential assets.
 
 Much like all the other components of an engine, the assets should also be namespaced. This means if you have an asset called +style.css+, it should be placed at +app/assets/stylesheets/[engine name]/style.css+, rather than +app/assets/stylesheets/style.css+. If this asset wasn't namespaced, then there is a possibility that the host application could have an asset named identically, in which case the application's asset would take precedence and the engine's one would be all but ignored.
 
@@ -705,28 +728,67 @@ Imagine that you did have an asset located at +app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/sty
 
 You can also specify these assets as dependencies of other assets using the Asset Pipeline require statements in processed files:
 
-<css>
+<plain>
 /*
  *= require blorgh/style
 */
-</css>
+</plain>
+
+INFO. Remember that in order to use languages like Sass or CoffeeScript, you should add the relevant library to your engine's +.gemspec+.
+
+h4. Separate Assets & Precompiling
+
+There are some situations where your engine's assets not required by the host application. For example, say that you've created
+an admin functionality that only exists for your engine. In this case, the host application doesn't need to require +admin.css+
+or +admin.js+. Only the gem's admin layout needs these assets. It doesn't make sense for the host app to include +"blorg/admin.css"+ in it's stylesheets. In this situation, you should explicitly define these assets for precompilation.
+This tells sprockets to add you engine assets when +rake assets:precompile+ is ran.
+
+You can define assets for precompilation in +engine.rb+
+
+<ruby>
+initializer "blorgh.assets.precompile" do |app|
+  app.config.assets.precompile += %w(admin.css admin.js)
+end
+</ruby>
 
 For more information, read the "Asset Pipeline guide":http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html
 
 h4. Other gem dependencies
 
-Gem dependencies inside an engine should be specified inside the +.gemspec+ file that's at the root of the engine. The reason for this is because the engine may be installed as a gem. If dependencies were to be specified inside the +Gemfile+, these would not be recognised by a traditional gem install and so they would not be installed, causing the engine to malfunction.
+Gem dependencies inside an engine should be specified inside the +.gemspec+ file
+that's at the root of the engine. The reason for this is because the engine may
+be installed as a gem. If dependencies were to be specified inside the +Gemfile+,
+these would not be recognised by a traditional gem install and so they would not
+be installed, causing the engine to malfunction.
 
-To specify a dependency that should be installed with the engine during a traditional +gem install+, specify it inside the +Gem::Specification+ block inside the +.gemspec+ file in the engine:
+To specify a dependency that should be installed with the engine during a
+traditional +gem install+, specify it inside the +Gem::Specification+ block
+inside the +.gemspec+ file in the engine:
 
 <ruby>
 s.add_dependency "moo"
 </ruby>
 
-To specify a dependency that should only be installed as a development dependency of the application, specify it like this:
+To specify a dependency that should only be installed as a development
+dependency of the application, specify it like this:
 
 <ruby>
 s.add_development_dependency "moo"
 </ruby>
 
-Both kinds of dependencies will be installed when +bundle install+ is run inside the application. The development dependencies for the gem will only be used when the tests for the engine are running.
+Both kinds of dependencies will be installed when +bundle install+ is run inside
+the application. The development dependencies for the gem will only be used when
+the tests for the engine are running.
+
+Note that if you want to immediately require dependencies when the engine is
+required, you should require them before engine's initialization. For example:
+
+<ruby>
+require 'other_engine/engine'
+require 'yet_another_engine/engine'
+
+module MyEngine
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/form_helpers.textile b/guides/source/form_helpers.textile
index a696e4f8ae..58338ce54b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/form_helpers.textile
+++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.textile
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ In this guide you will:
 * Understand the date and time helpers Rails provides
 * Learn what makes a file upload form different
 * Learn some cases of building forms to external resources
-* Find out where to look for complex forms
+* Find out how to build complex forms
 
 endprologue.
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ When called without arguments like this, it creates a +&lt;form&gt;+ tag which,
 </form>
 </html>
 
-Now, you'll notice that the HTML contains something extra: a +div+ element with two hidden input elements inside. This div is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The first input element with name +utf8+ enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their actions are "GET" or "POST". The second input element with name +authenticity_token+ is a security feature of Rails called *cross-site request forgery protection*, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the "Security Guide":./security.html#_cross_site_reference_forgery_csrf.
+Now, you'll notice that the HTML contains something extra: a +div+ element with two hidden input elements inside. This div is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The first input element with name +utf8+ enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their actions are "GET" or "POST". The second input element with name +authenticity_token+ is a security feature of Rails called *cross-site request forgery protection*, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the "Security Guide":./security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf.
 
 NOTE: Throughout this guide, the +div+ with the hidden input elements will be excluded from code samples for brevity.
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ form_tag(:controller => "people", :action => "search", :method => "get", :class
 # => '<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/search?method=get&class=nifty_form" method="post">'
 </ruby>
 
-Here, +method+ and +class+ are appended to the query string of the generated URL because you even though you mean to write two hashes, you really only specified one. So you need to tell Ruby which is which by delimiting the first hash (or both) with curly brackets. This will generate the HTML you expect:
+Here, +method+ and +class+ are appended to the query string of the generated URL because even though you mean to write two hashes, you really only specified one. So you need to tell Ruby which is which by delimiting the first hash (or both) with curly brackets. This will generate the HTML you expect:
 
 <ruby>
 form_tag({:controller => "people", :action => "search"}, :method => "get", :class => "nifty_form")
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ NOTE: Always use labels for checkbox and radio buttons. They associate text with
 
 h4. Other Helpers of Interest
 
-Other form controls worth mentioning are textareas, password fields, hidden fields, search fields, telephone fields, date fields, URL fields and email fields:
+Other form controls worth mentioning are textareas, password fields, hidden fields, search fields, telephone fields, date fields, time fields, color fields, datetime fields, datetime-local fields, month fields, week fields, URL fields and email fields:
 
 <erb>
 <%= text_area_tag(:message, "Hi, nice site", :size => "24x6") %>
@@ -159,8 +159,14 @@ Other form controls worth mentioning are textareas, password fields, hidden fiel
 <%= search_field(:user, :name) %>
 <%= telephone_field(:user, :phone) %>
 <%= date_field(:user, :born_on) %>
+<%= datetime_field(:user, :meeting_time) %>
+<%= datetime_local_field(:user, :graduation_day) %>
+<%= month_field(:user, :birthday_month) %>
+<%= week_field(:user, :birthday_week) %>
 <%= url_field(:user, :homepage) %>
 <%= email_field(:user, :address) %>
+<%= color_field(:user, :favorite_color) %>
+<%= time_field(:task, :started_at) %>
 </erb>
 
 Output:
@@ -169,16 +175,22 @@ Output:
 <textarea id="message" name="message" cols="24" rows="6">Hi, nice site</textarea>
 <input id="password" name="password" type="password" />
 <input id="parent_id" name="parent_id" type="hidden" value="5" />
-<input id="user_name" name="user[name]" size="30" type="search" />
-<input id="user_phone" name="user[phone]" size="30" type="tel" />
+<input id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
+<input id="user_phone" name="user[phone]" type="tel" />
 <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" />
-<input id="user_homepage" size="30" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />
-<input id="user_address" size="30" name="user[address]" type="email" />
+<input id="user_meeting_time" name="user[meeting_time]" type="datetime" />
+<input id="user_graduation_day" name="user[graduation_day]" type="datetime-local" />
+<input id="user_birthday_month" name="user[birthday_month]" type="month" />
+<input id="user_birthday_week" name="user[birthday_week]" type="week" />
+<input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />
+<input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />
+<input id="user_favorite_color" name="user[favorite_color]" type="color" value="#000000" />
+<input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
 </html>
 
 Hidden inputs are not shown to the user but instead hold data like any textual input. Values inside them can be changed with JavaScript.
 
-IMPORTANT: The search, telephone, date, URL, and email inputs are HTML5 controls. If you require your app to have a consistent experience in older browsers, you will need an HTML5 polyfill (provided by CSS and/or JavaScript). There is definitely "no shortage of solutions for this":https://github.com/Modernizr/Modernizr/wiki/HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills, although a couple of popular tools at the moment are "Modernizr":http://www.modernizr.com/ and "yepnope":http://yepnopejs.com/, which provide a simple way to add functionality based on the presence of detected HTML5 features.
+IMPORTANT: The search, telephone, date, time, color, datetime, datetime-local, month, week, URL, and email inputs are HTML5 controls. If you require your app to have a consistent experience in older browsers, you will need an HTML5 polyfill (provided by CSS and/or JavaScript). There is definitely "no shortage of solutions for this":https://github.com/Modernizr/Modernizr/wiki/HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills, although a couple of popular tools at the moment are "Modernizr":http://www.modernizr.com/ and "yepnope":http://yepnopejs.com/, which provide a simple way to add functionality based on the presence of detected HTML5 features.
 
 TIP: If you're using password input fields (for any purpose), you might want to configure your application to prevent those parameters from being logged. You can learn about this in the "Security Guide":security.html#logging.
 
@@ -239,7 +251,7 @@ The resulting HTML is:
 
 <html>
 <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles/create" method="post" class="nifty_form">
-  <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" type="text" />
   <textarea id="article_body" name="article[body]" cols="60" rows="12"></textarea>
   <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" />
 </form>
@@ -264,8 +276,8 @@ which produces the following output:
 
 <html>
 <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/create" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
-  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" size="30" type="text" />
-  <input id="contact_detail_phone_number" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
+  <input id="contact_detail_phone_number" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" type="text" />
 </form>
 </html>
 
@@ -405,6 +417,20 @@ Whenever Rails sees that the internal value of an option being generated matches
 
 TIP: The second argument to +options_for_select+ must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer 2 you cannot pass "2" to +options_for_select+ -- you must pass 2. Be aware of values extracted from the +params+ hash as they are all strings.
 
+WARNING: when +:inlude_blank+ or +:prompt:+ are not present, +:include_blank+ is forced true if the select attribute +required+ is true, display +size+ is one and +multiple+ is not true.
+
+You can add arbitrary attributes to the options using hashes:
+
+<erb>
+<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1, :'data-size' => '2.8 million'], ['Madrid', 2, :'data-size' => '3.2 million']], 2) %>
+
+output:
+
+<option value="1" data-size="2.8 million">Lisbon</option>
+<option value="2" selected="selected" data-size="3.2 million">Madrid</option>
+...
+</erb>
+
 h4. Select Boxes for Dealing with Models
 
 In most cases form controls will be tied to a specific database model and as you might expect Rails provides helpers tailored for that purpose. Consistent with other form helpers, when dealing with models you drop the +_tag+ suffix from +select_tag+:
@@ -428,7 +454,7 @@ As with other helpers, if you were to use the +select+ helper on a form builder
 <%= f.select(:city_id, ...) %>
 </erb>
 
-WARNING: If you are using +select+ (or similar helpers such as +collection_select+, +select_tag+) to set a +belongs_to+ association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above +city_id+), not the name of association itself. If you specify +city+ instead of +city_id+ Active Record will raise an error along the lines of <tt> ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750) </tt> when you pass the +params+ hash to +Person.new+ or +update_attributes+. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly. You may wish to consider the use of +attr_protected+ and +attr_accessible+. For further details on this, see the "Ruby On Rails Security Guide":security.html#_mass_assignment.
+WARNING: If you are using +select+ (or similar helpers such as +collection_select+, +select_tag+) to set a +belongs_to+ association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above +city_id+), not the name of association itself. If you specify +city+ instead of +city_id+ Active Record will raise an error along the lines of <tt> ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750) </tt> when you pass the +params+ hash to +Person.new+ or +update_attributes+. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly. You may wish to consider the use of +attr_protected+ and +attr_accessible+. For further details on this, see the "Ruby On Rails Security Guide":security.html#mass-assignment.
 
 h4. Option Tags from a Collection of Arbitrary Objects
 
@@ -469,7 +495,7 @@ Rails _used_ to have a +country_select+ helper for choosing countries, but this
 
 h3. Using Date and Time Form Helpers
 
-You can choose not to use the form helpers generating HTML5 date input fields and use the alternative date and time helpers. These date and time helpers differ from all the other form helpers in two important respects:
+You can choose not to use the form helpers generating HTML5 date and time input fields and use the alternative date and time helpers. These date and time helpers differ from all the other form helpers in two important respects:
 
 # Dates and times are not representable by a single input element. Instead you have several, one for each component (year, month, day etc.) and so there is no single value in your +params+ hash with your date or time.
 # Other helpers use the +_tag+ suffix to indicate whether a helper is a barebones helper or one that operates on model objects. With dates and times, +select_date+, +select_time+ and +select_datetime+ are the barebones helpers, +date_select+, +time_select+ and +datetime_select+ are the equivalent model object helpers.
@@ -714,9 +740,9 @@ Assuming the person had two addresses, with ids 23 and 45 this would create outp
 
 <html>
 <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/1" class="edit_person" id="edit_person_1" method="post">
-  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" size="30" type="text" />
-  <input id="person_address_23_city" name="person[address][23][city]" size="30" type="text" />
-  <input id="person_address_45_city" name="person[address][45][city]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_address_23_city" name="person[address][23][city]" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_address_45_city" name="person[address][45][city]" type="text" />
 </form>
 </html>
 
@@ -739,7 +765,7 @@ To create more intricate nestings, you can specify the first part of the input n
 will create inputs like
 
 <html>
-<input id="person_address_primary_1_city" name="person[address][primary][1][city]" size="30" type="text" value="bologna" />
+<input id="person_address_primary_1_city" name="person[address][primary][1][city]" type="text" value="bologna" />
 </html>
 
 As a general rule the final input name is the concatenation of the name given to +fields_for+/+form_for+, the index value and the name of the attribute. You can also pass an +:index+ option directly to helpers such as +text_field+, but it is usually less repetitive to specify this at the form builder level rather than on individual input controls.
@@ -790,11 +816,130 @@ Or if you don't want to render an +authenticity_token+ field:
 
 h3. Building Complex Forms
 
-Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example when creating a Person you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary. While this guide has shown you all the pieces necessary to handle this, Rails does not yet have a standard end-to-end way of accomplishing this, but many have come up with viable approaches. These include:
+Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example when creating a Person you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary. 
+
+h4. Configuring the Model
+
+Active Record provides model level support  via the +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ method:
+
+<ruby>
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :addresses
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses
+
+  attr_accessible :name, :addresses_attributes
+end
+
+class Address < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :person
+  attr_accessible :kind, :street
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This creates an +addresses_attributes=+ method on +Person+ that allows you to create, update and (optionally) destroy addresses. When using +attr_accessible+ or +attr_protected+ you must mark +addresses_attributes+ as accessible as well as the other attributes of +Person+ and +Address+ that should be mass assigned.
+
+h4. Building the Form
+
+The following form allows a user to create a +Person+ and its associated addresses.
+
+<erb>
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  Addresses:
+  <ul>
+    <%= f.fields_for :addresses do |addresses_form| %>
+      <li>
+        <%= addresses_form.label :kind %>
+        <%= addresses_form.text_field :kind %>
+
+        <%= addresses_form.label :street %>
+        <%= addresses_form.text_field :street %>
+        ...
+      </li>
+    <% end %>
+  </ul>
+<% end %>
+</erb>
+
+
+When an association accepts nested attributes +fields_for+ renders its block once for every element of the association. In particular, if a person has no addresses it renders nothing. A common pattern is for the controller to build one or more empty children so that at least one set of fields is shown to the user. The example below would result in 3 sets of address fields being rendered on the new person form.
+
+<ruby>
+def new
+  @person = Person.new
+  3.times { @person.addresses.build}
+end
+</ruby>
+
++fields_for+ yields a form builder that names parameters in the format expected the accessor generated by +accepts_nested_attributes_for+. For example when creating a user with 2 addresses, the submitted parameters would look like
+
+<ruby>
+{
+    :person => {
+        :name => 'John Doe',
+        :addresses_attributes => {
+            '0' => {
+                :kind  => 'Home',
+                :street => '221b Baker Street',
+            },
+            '1' => {
+                :kind => 'Office',
+                :street => '31 Spooner Street'
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+</ruby>
+
+The keys of the +:addresses_attributes+ hash are unimportant, they need merely be different for each address. 
+
+If the associated object is already saved, +fields_for+ autogenerates a hidden input with the +id+ of the saved record. You can disable this by passing +:include_id => false+ to +fields_for+. You may wish to do this if the autogenerated input is placed in a location where an input tag is not valid HTML or when using an ORM where children do not have an id.
+
+h4. The Controller
+
+You do not need to write any specific controller code to use nested attributes. Create and update records as you would with a simple form.
+
+h4. Removing Objects
+
+You can allow users to delete associated objects by passing +allow_destroy => true+ to +accepts_nested_attributes_for+
+
+<ruby>
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :addresses
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses, :allow_destroy => true
+end
+</ruby>
+
+If the hash of attributes for an object contains the key +_destroy+ with a value of '1' or 'true' then the object will be destroyed. This form allows users to remove addresses:
+
+<erb>
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  Addresses:
+  <ul>
+    <%= f.fields_for :addresses do |addresses_form| %>
+      <li>
+        <%= check_box :_destroy%>
+        <%= addresses_form.label :kind %>
+        <%= addresses_form.text_field :kind %>
+        ...
+      </li>
+    <% end %>
+  </ul>
+<% end %>
+</erb>
+
+h4. Preventing Empty Records
+
+It is often useful to ignore sets of fields that the user has not filled in. You can control this by passing a +:reject_if+ proc to +accepts_nested_attributes_for+. This proc will be called with each hash of attributes submitted by the form. If the proc returns +false+ then Active Record will not build an associated object for that hash. The example below only tries to build an address if the +kind+ attribute is set.
+
+<ruby>
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :addresses
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses, :reject_if => lambda {|attributes| attributes['kind'].blank?}
+end
+</ruby>
+
+As a convenience you can instead pass the symbol +:all_blank+ which will create a proc that will reject records where all the attributes are blank excluding any value for +_destroy+.
+
+h4. Adding Fields on the Fly
 
-* As of Rails 2.3, Rails includes "Nested Attributes":./2_3_release_notes.html#nested-attributes and "Nested Object Forms":./2_3_release_notes.html#nested-object-forms
-* Ryan Bates' series of Railscasts on "complex forms":http://railscasts.com/episodes/75
-* Handle Multiple Models in One Form from "Advanced Rails Recipes":http://media.pragprog.com/titles/fr_arr/multiple_models_one_form.pdf
-* Eloy Duran's "complex-forms-examples":https://github.com/alloy/complex-form-examples/ application
-* Lance Ivy's "nested_assignment":https://github.com/cainlevy/nested_assignment/tree/master plugin and "sample application":https://github.com/cainlevy/complex-form-examples/tree/cainlevy
-* James Golick's "attribute_fu":https://github.com/jamesgolick/attribute_fu plugin
+Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new child' button. Rails does not provide any builtin support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the the key of the associated array is unique - the current javascript date (milliseconds after the epoch) is a common choice.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/generators.textile b/guides/source/generators.textile
index 920ff997ae..2e9ab0526d 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/generators.textile
+++ b/guides/source/generators.textile
@@ -451,6 +451,27 @@ Adds a specified source to +Gemfile+:
 add_source "http://gems.github.com"
 </ruby>
 
+h4. +inject_into_file+
+
+Injects a block of code into a defined position in your file.
+
+<ruby>
+inject_into_file 'name_of_file.rb', :after => "#The code goes below this line. Don't forget the Line break at the end\n" do <<-'RUBY'
+  puts "Hello World"
+RUBY
+end
+</ruby>
+
+h4. +gsub_file+
+
+Replaces text inside a file.
+
+<ruby>
+gsub_file 'name_of_file.rb', 'method.to_be_replaced', 'method.the_replacing_code'
+</ruby>
+
+Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use append_file and prepend_file in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.
+
 h4. +application+
 
 Adds a line to +config/application.rb+ directly after the application class definition.
diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.textile b/guides/source/getting_started.textile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d7c0d4bea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/getting_started.textile
@@ -0,0 +1,1767 @@
+h2. Getting Started with Rails
+
+This guide covers getting up and running with Ruby on Rails. After reading it,
+you should be familiar with:
+
+* Installing Rails, creating a new Rails application, and connecting your application to a database
+* The general layout of a Rails application
+* The basic principles of MVC (Model, View Controller) and RESTful design
+* How to quickly generate the starting pieces of a Rails application
+
+endprologue.
+
+WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.2. Some of the code shown here will not
+work in earlier versions of Rails.
+
+h3. Guide Assumptions
+
+This guide is designed for beginners who want to get started with a Rails
+application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience
+with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some
+prerequisites installed:
+
+* The "Ruby":http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads language version 1.9.3 or higher
+
+* The "RubyGems":http://rubyforge.org/frs/?group_id=126 packaging system
+  ** If you want to learn more about RubyGems, please read the "RubyGems User Guide":http://docs.rubygems.org/read/book/1
+* A working installation of the "SQLite3 Database":http://www.sqlite.org
+
+Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language.
+If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning
+curve diving straight into Rails. There are some good free resources on the
+internet for learning Ruby, including:
+
+* "Mr. Neighborly's Humble Little Ruby Book":http://www.humblelittlerubybook.com
+* "Programming Ruby":http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/
+* "Why's (Poignant) Guide to Ruby":http://mislav.uniqpath.com/poignant-guide/
+
+h3. What is Rails?
+
+Rails is a web application development framework written in the Ruby language.
+It is designed to make programming web applications easier by making assumptions
+about what every developer needs to get started. It allows you to write less
+code while accomplishing more than many other languages and frameworks.
+Experienced Rails developers also report that it makes web application
+development more fun.
+
+Rails is opinionated software. It makes the assumption that there is a "best"
+way to do things, and it's designed to encourage that way - and in some cases to
+discourage alternatives. If you learn "The Rails Way" you'll probably discover a
+tremendous increase in productivity. If you persist in bringing old habits from
+other languages to your Rails development, and trying to use patterns you
+learned elsewhere, you may have a less happy experience.
+
+The Rails philosophy includes two major guiding principles:
+
+* DRY - "Don't Repeat Yourself" - suggests that writing the same code over and over again is a bad thing.
+* Convention Over Configuration - means that Rails makes assumptions about what you want to do and how you're going to
+do it, rather than requiring you to specify every little thing through endless configuration files.
+
+h3. Creating a New Rails Project
+
+The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or
+step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can
+literally follow along step by step. You can get the complete code
+"here":https://github.com/lifo/docrails/tree/master/guides/code/getting_started.
+
+By following along with this guide, you'll create a Rails project called
++blog+, a
+(very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application, you need to
+make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
+
+TIP: The examples below use # and $ to denote superuser and regular user terminal prompts respectively in a UNIX-like OS. If you are using Windows, your prompt will look something like c:\source_code>
+
+h4. Installing Rails
+
+To install Rails, use the +gem install+ command provided by RubyGems:
+
+<shell>
+# gem install rails
+</shell>
+
+TIP. A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
+on Rails on your system. Windows users can use "Rails
+Installer":http://railsinstaller.org, while Mac OS X users can use
+"Rails One Click":http://railsoneclick.com.
+
+To verify that you have everything installed correctly, you should be able to run the following:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails --version
+</shell>
+
+If it says something like "Rails 3.2.3" you are ready to continue.
+
+h4. Creating the Blog Application
+
+Rails comes with a number of generators that are designed to make your development life easier. One of these is the new application generator, which will provide you with the foundation of a Rails application so that you don't have to write it yourself.
+
+To use this generator, open a terminal, navigate to a directory where you have rights to create files, and type:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails new blog
+</shell>
+
+This will create a Rails application called Blog in a directory called blog and install the gem dependencies that are already mentioned in +Gemfile+ using +bundle install+.
+
+TIP: You can see all of the command line options that the Rails
+application builder accepts by running +rails new -h+.
+
+After you create the blog application, switch to its folder to continue work directly in that application:
+
+<shell>
+$ cd blog
+</shell>
+
+The +rails new blog+ command we ran above created a folder in your
+working directory called +blog+. The +blog+ directory has a number of
+auto-generated files and folders that make up the structure of a Rails
+application. Most of the work in this tutorial will happen in the +app/+ folder, but here's a basic rundown on the function of each of the files and folders that Rails created by default:
+
+|_.File/Folder|_.Purpose|
+|app/|Contains the controllers, models, views, helpers, mailers and assets for your application. You'll focus on this folder for the remainder of this guide.|
+|config/|Configure your application's runtime rules, routes, database, and more.  This is covered in more detail in "Configuring Rails Applications":configuring.html|
+|config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.|
+|db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.|
+|doc/|In-depth documentation for your application.|
+|Gemfile<BR />Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see "the Bundler website":http://gembundler.com |
+|lib/|Extended modules for your application.|
+|log/|Application log files.|
+|public/|The only folder seen to the world as-is. Contains the static files and compiled assets.|
+|Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the lib/tasks directory of your application.|
+|README.rdoc|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.|
+|script/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to deploy or run your application.|
+|test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in "Testing Rails Applications":testing.html|
+|tmp/|Temporary files (like cache, pid and session files)|
+|vendor/|A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application, this includes Ruby Gems and the Rails source code (if you optionally install it into your project).|
+
+h3. Hello, Rails!
+
+To begin with, let's get some text up on screen quickly. To do this, you need to get your Rails application server running.
+
+h4. Starting up the Web Server
+
+You actually have a functional Rails application already. To see it, you need to start a web server on your development machine. You can do this by running:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails server
+</shell>
+
+TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript to JavaScript requires a JavaScript runtime and the absence of a runtime will give you an +execjs+ error. Usually Mac OS X and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed. Rails adds the +therubyracer+ gem to Gemfile in a commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it. +therubyrhino+ is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by default to Gemfile in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate about all the supported runtimes at "ExecJS":https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme.
+
+This will fire up WEBrick, a webserver built into Ruby by default. To see your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to "http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000. You should see the Rails default information page:
+
+!images/rails_welcome.png(Welcome Aboard screenshot)!
+
+TIP: To stop the web server, hit Ctrl+C in the terminal window where it's running. In development mode, Rails does not generally require you to restart the server; changes you make in files will be automatically picked up by the server.
+
+The "Welcome Aboard" page is the _smoke test_ for a new Rails application: it makes sure that you have your software configured correctly enough to serve a page. You can also click on the _About your application’s environment_ link to see a summary of your application's environment.
+
+h4. Say "Hello", Rails
+
+To get Rails saying "Hello", you need to create at minimum a _controller_ and a _view_.
+
+A controller's purpose is to receive specific requests for the application. _Routing_ decides which controller receives which requests. Often, there is more than one route to each controller, and different routes can be served by different _actions_. Each action's purpose is to collect information to provide it to a view.
+
+A view's purpose is to display this information in a human readable format. An important distinction to make is that it is the _controller_, not the view, where information is collected. The view should just display that information. By default, view templates are written in a language called ERB (Embedded Ruby) which is converted by the request cycle in Rails before being sent to the user.
+
+To create a new controller, you will need to run the "controller" generator and tell it you want a controller called "welcome" with an action called "index", just like this:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails generate controller welcome index
+</shell>
+
+Rails will create several files and a route for you.
+
+<shell>
+create  app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
+ route  get "welcome/index"
+invoke  erb
+create    app/views/welcome
+create    app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
+invoke  test_unit
+create    test/functional/welcome_controller_test.rb
+invoke  helper
+create    app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
+invoke    test_unit
+create      test/unit/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
+invoke  assets
+invoke    coffee
+create      app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
+invoke    scss
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
+</shell>
+
+Most important of these are of course the controller, located at +app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb+ and the view, located at +app/views/welcome/index.html.erb+.
+
+Open the +app/views/welcome/index.html.erb+ file in your text editor and edit it to contain a single line of code:
+
+<html>
+<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
+</html>
+
+h4. Setting the Application Home Page
+
+Now that we have made the controller and view, we need to tell Rails when we want "Hello Rails!" to show up. In our case, we want it to show up when we navigate to the root URL of our site, "http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000. At the moment, however, the "Welcome Aboard" smoke test is occupying that spot.
+
+To fix this, delete the +index.html+ file located inside the +public+ directory of the application.
+
+You need to do this because Rails will serve any static file in the +public+ directory that matches a route in preference to any dynamic content you generate from the controllers. The +index.html+ file is special: it will be served if a request comes in at the root route, e.g. http://localhost:3000. If another request such as http://localhost:3000/welcome happened, a static file at <tt>public/welcome.html</tt> would be served first, but only if it existed.
+
+Next, you have to tell Rails where your actual home page is located.
+
+Open the file +config/routes.rb+ in your editor.
+
+<ruby>
+Blog::Application.routes.draw do
+  get "welcome/index"
+
+  # The priority is based upon order of creation:
+  # first created -> highest priority.
+  # ...
+  # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
+  # just remember to delete public/index.html.
+  # root :to => "welcome#index"
+</ruby>
+
+This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special DSL (domain-specific language) that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to controllers and actions. This file contains many sample routes on commented lines, and one of them actually shows you how to connect the root of your site to a specific controller and action. Find the line beginning with +root :to+ and uncomment it. It should look something like the following:
+
+<ruby>
+root :to => "welcome#index"
+</ruby>
+
+The +root :to => "welcome#index"+ tells Rails to map requests to the root of the application to the welcome controller's index action and +get "welcome/index"+ tells Rails to map requests to "http://localhost:3000/welcome/index":http://localhost:3000/welcome/index to the welcome controller's index action. This was created earlier when you ran the controller generator (+rails generate controller welcome index+).
+
+If you navigate to "http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000 in your browser, you'll see the +Hello, Rails!+ message you put into +app/views/welcome/index.html.erb+, indicating that this new route is indeed going to +WelcomeController+'s +index+ action and is rendering the view correctly.
+
+NOTE. For more information about routing, refer to "Rails Routing from the Outside In":routing.html.
+
+h3. Getting Up and Running
+
+Now that you've seen how to create a controller, an action and a view, let's create something with a bit more substance.
+
+In the Blog application, you will now create a new _resource_. A resource is the term used for a collection of similar objects, such as posts, people or animals. You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these operations are referred to as _CRUD_ operations.
+
+In the next section, you will add the ability to create new posts in your application and be able to view them. This is the "C" and the "R" from CRUD: creation and reading. The form for doing this will look like this:
+
+!images/getting_started/new_post.png(The new post form)!
+
+It will look a little basic for now, but that's ok. We'll look at improving the styling for it afterwards.
+
+h4. Laying down the ground work
+
+The first thing that you are going to need to create a new post within the application is a place to do that. A great place for that would be at +/posts/new+. If you attempt to navigate to that now -- by visiting "http://localhost:3000/posts/new":http://localhost:3000/posts/new -- Rails will give you a routing error:
+
+!images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png(A routing error, no route matches /posts/new)!
+
+This is because there is nowhere inside the routes for the application -- defined inside +config/routes.rb+ -- that defines this route. By default, Rails has no routes configured at all, besides the root route you defined earlier, and so you must define your routes as you need them.
+
+ To do this, you're going to need to create a route inside +config/routes.rb+ file, on a new line between the +do+ and the +end+ for the +draw+ method:
+
+<ruby>
+get "posts/new"
+</ruby>
+
+This route is a super-simple route: it defines a new route that only responds to +GET+ requests, and that the route is at +posts/new+. But how does it know where to go without the use of the +:to+ option? Well, Rails uses a sensible default here: Rails will assume that you want this route to go to the new action inside the posts controller.
+
+With the route defined, requests can now be made to +/posts/new+ in the application. Navigate to "http://localhost:3000/posts/new":http://localhost:3000/posts/new and you'll see another routing error:
+
+!images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png(Another routing error, uninitialized constant PostsController)!
+
+This error is happening because this route need a controller to be defined. The route is attempting to find that controller so it can serve the request, but with the controller undefined, it just can't do that. The solution to this particular problem is simple: you need to create a controller called +PostsController+. You can do this by running this command:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails g controller posts
+</shell>
+
+If you open up the newly generated +app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+ you'll see a fairly empty controller:
+
+<ruby>
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+end
+</ruby>
+
+A controller is simply a class that is defined to inherit from +ApplicationController+. It's inside this class that you'll define methods that will become the actions for this controller. These actions will perform CRUD operations on the posts within our system.
+
+If you refresh "http://localhost:3000/posts/new":http://localhost:3000/posts/new now, you'll get a new error:
+
+!images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_posts.png(Unknown action new for PostsController!)!
+
+This error indicates that Rails cannot find the +new+ action inside the +PostsController+ that you just generated. This is because when controllers are generated in Rails they are empty by default, unless you tell it you wanted actions during the generation process.
+
+To manually define an action inside a controller, all you need to do is to define a new method inside the controller. Open +app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+ and inside the +PostsController+ class, define a +new+ method like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def new
+end
+</ruby>
+
+With the +new+ method defined in +PostsController+, if you refresh "http://localhost:3000/posts/new":http://localhost:3000/posts/new you'll see another error:
+
+!images/getting_started/template_is_missing_posts_new.png(Template is missing for posts/new)!
+
+You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view available, Rails errors out.
+
+In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full thing looks like:
+
+<blockquote>
+Missing template posts/new, application/new with {:locale=>[:en], :formats=>[:html], :handlers=>[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
+</blockquote>
+
+That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each part of it does.
+
+The first part identifies what template is missing. In this case, it's the +posts/new+ template. Rails will first look for this template. If not found, then it will attempt to load a template called +application/new+. It looks for one here because the +PostsController+ inherits from +ApplicationController+.
+
+The next part of the message contains a hash. The +:locale+ key in this hash simply indicates what spoken language template should be retrieved. By default, this is the English -- or "en" -- template. The next key, +:formats+ specifies the format of template to be served in response . The default format is +:html+, and so Rails is looking for an HTML template. The final key, +:handlers+, is telling us what _template handlers_ could be used to render our template. +:erb+ is most commonly used for HTML templates, +:builder+ is used for XML templates, and +:coffee+ uses CoffeeScript to build JavaScript templates.
+
+The final part of this message tells us where Rails has looked for the templates. Templates within a basic Rails application like this are kept in a single location, but in more complex applications it could be many different paths.
+
+The simplest template that would work in this case would be one located at +app/views/posts/new.html.erb+. The extension of this file name is key: the first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension is the _handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template called +posts/new+ within +app/views+ for the application. The format for this template can only be +html+ and the handler must be one of +erb+, +builder+ or +coffee+. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be using the +ERB+ language. Therefore the file should be called +posts/new.html.erb+ and needs to be located inside the +app/views+ directory of the application.
+
+Go ahead now and create a new file at +app/views/posts/new.html.erb+ and write this content in it:
+
+<erb>
+<h1>New Post</h1>
+</erb>
+
+When you refresh "http://localhost:3000/posts/new":http://localhost:3000/posts/new you'll now see that the page has a title. The route, controller, action and view are now working harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new post.
+
+h4. The first form
+
+To create a form within this template, you will use a <em>form
+builder</em>. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
+method called +form_for+. To use this method, add this code into +app/views/posts/new.html.erb+:
+
+<erb>
+<%= form_for :post do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+</erb>
+
+If you refresh the page now, you'll see the exact same form as in the example. Building forms in Rails is really just that easy!
+
+When you call +form_for+, you pass it an identifying object for this
+form. In this case, it's the symbol +:post+. This tells the +form_for+
+helper what this form is for. Inside the block for this method, the
++FormBuilder+ object -- represented by +f+ -- is used to build two labels and two text fields, one each for the title and text of a post. Finally, a call to +submit+ on the +f+ object will create a submit button for the form.
+
+There's one problem with this form though. If you inspect the HTML that is generated, by viewing the source of the page, you will see that the +action+ attribute for the form is pointing at +/posts/new+. This is a problem because this route goes to the very page that you're on right at the moment, and that route should only be used to display the form for a new post.
+
+The form needs to use a different URL in order to go somewhere else.
+This can be done quite simply with the +:url+ option of +form_for+.
+Typically in Rails, the action that is used for new form submissions
+like this is called "create", and so the form should be pointed to that action.
+
+Edit the +form_for+ line inside +app/views/posts/new.html.erb+ to look like this:
+
+<erb>
+<%= form_for :post, :url => { :action => :create } do |f| %>
+</erb>
+
+In this example, a +Hash+ object is passed to the +:url+ option. What Rails will do with this is that it will point the form to the +create+ action of the current controller, the +PostsController+, and will send a +POST+ request to that route. For this to work, you will need to add a route to +config/routes.rb+, right underneath the one for "posts/new":
+
+<ruby>
+post "posts/create"
+</ruby>
+
+By using the +post+ method rather than the +get+ method, Rails will define a route that will only respond to POST methods. The POST method is the typical method used by forms all over the web.
+
+With the form and its associated route defined, you will be able to fill in the form and then click the submit button to begin the process of creating a new post, so go ahead and do that. When you submit the form, you should see a familiar error:
+
+!images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_posts.png(Unknown action create for PostsController)!
+
+You now need to create the +create+ action within the +PostsController+ for this to work.
+
+h4. Creating posts
+
+To make the "Unknown action" go away, you can define a +create+ action within the +PostsController+ class in +app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+, underneath the +new+ action:
+
+<ruby>
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+  end
+
+  def create
+  end
+
+end
+</ruby>
+
+If you re-submit the form now, you'll see another familiar error: a template is missing. That's ok, we can ignore that for now. What the +create+ action should be doing is saving our new post to a database.
+
+When a form is submitted, the fields of the form are sent to Rails as _parameters_. These parameters can then be referenced inside the controller actions, typically to perform a particular task. To see what these parameters look like, change the +create+ action to this:
+
+<ruby>
+def create
+  render :text => params[:post].inspect
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The +render+ method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of +text+ and value of +params[:post].inspect+. The +params+ method is the object which represents the parameters (or fields) coming in from the form. The +params+ method returns a +HashWithIndifferentAccess+ object, which allows you to access the keys of the hash using either strings or symbols. In this situation, the only parameters that matter are the ones from the form.
+
+If you re-submit the form one more time you'll now no longer get the missing template error. Instead, you'll see something that looks like the following:
+
+<ruby>
+{"title"=>"First post!", "text"=>"This is my first post."}
+</ruby>
+
+This action is now displaying the parameters for the post that are coming in from the form. However, this isn't really all that helpful. Yes, you can see the parameters but nothing in particular is being done with them.
+
+h4. Creating the Post model
+
+Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables use
+a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which
+most Rails developers tend to use when creating new models.
+To create the new model, run this command in your terminal:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails generate model Post title:string text:text
+</shell>
+
+With that command we told Rails that we want a +Post+ model, together
+with a _title_ attribute of type string, and a _text_ attribute
+of type text. Those attributes are automatically added to the +posts+
+table in the database and mapped to the +Post+ model.
+
+Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For
+now, we're only interested in +app/models/post.rb+ and
++db/migrate/20120419084633_create_posts.rb+ (your name could be a bit
+different). The latter is responsible
+for creating the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
+
+TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to
+model attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes
+inside Rails models, as that will be done automatically by Active
+Record.
+
+h4. Running a Migration
+
+As we've just seen, +rails generate model+ created a _database
+migration_ file inside the +db/migrate+ directory.
+Migrations are Ruby classes that are designed to make it simple to
+create and modify database tables. Rails uses rake commands to run migrations,
+and it's possible to undo a migration after it's been applied to your database.
+Migration filenames include a timestamp to ensure that they're processed in the
+order that they were created.
+
+If you look in the +db/migrate/20120419084633_create_posts.rb+ file (remember,
+yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
+
+<ruby>
+class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :posts do |t|
+      t.string :title
+      t.text :text
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The above migration creates a method named +change+ which will be called when you
+run this migration. The action defined in this method is also reversible, which
+means Rails knows how to reverse the change made by this migration, in case you
+want to reverse it later. When you run this migration it will create a
++posts+ table with one string column and a text column. It also creates two
+timestamp fields to allow Rails to track post creation and update times. More
+information about Rails migrations can be found in the "Rails Database
+Migrations":migrations.html guide.
+
+At this point, you can use a rake command to run the migration:
+
+<shell>
+$ rake db:migrate
+</shell>
+
+Rails will execute this migration command and tell you it created the Posts
+table.
+
+<shell>
+==  CreatePosts: migrating ====================================================
+-- create_table(:posts)
+   -> 0.0019s
+==  CreatePosts: migrated (0.0020s) ===========================================
+</shell>
+
+NOTE. Because you're working in the development environment by default, this
+command will apply to the database defined in the +development+ section of your
++config/database.yml+ file. If you would like to execute migrations in another
+environment, for instance in production, you must explicitly pass it when
+invoking the command: +rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production+.
+
+h4. Saving data in the controller
+
+Back in +posts_controller+, we need to change the +create+ action
+to use the new +Post+ model to save the data in the database. Open that file
+and change the +create+ action to look like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def create
+  @post = Post.new(params[:post])
+
+  @post.save
+  redirect_to :action => :show, :id => @post.id
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Here's what's going on: every Rails model can be initialized with its
+respective attributes, which are automatically mapped to the respective
+database columns. In the first line we do just that (remember that
++params[:post]+ contains the attributes we're interested in). Then,
++@post.save+ is responsible for saving the model in the database.
+Finally, we redirect the user to the +show+ action,
+which we'll define later.
+
+TIP: As we'll see later, +@post.save+ returns a boolean indicating
+wherever the model was saved or not.
+
+h4. Showing Posts
+
+If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding
+the +show+ action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the
++show+ action before proceeding. Open +config/routes.rb+ and add the following route:
+
+<ruby>
+get "posts/:id" => "posts#show"
+</ruby>
+
+The special syntax +:id+ tells rails that this route expects an +:id+
+parameter, which in our case will be the id of the post. Note that this
+time we had to specify the actual mapping, +posts#show+ because
+otherwise Rails would not know which action to render.
+
+As we did before, we need to add the +show+ action in the
++posts_controller+ and its respective view.
+
+<ruby>
+def show
+  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+end
+</ruby>
+
+A couple of things to note. We use +Post.find+ to find the post we're
+interested in. We also use an instance variable (prefixed by +@+) to
+hold a reference to the post object. We do this because Rails will pass all instance
+variables to the view.
+
+Now, create a new file +app/view/posts/show.html.erb+ with the following
+content:
+
+<erb>
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @post.text %>
+</p>
+</erb>
+
+Finally, if you now go to
+"http://localhost:3000/posts/new":http://localhost:3000/posts/new you'll
+be able to create a post. Try it!
+
+!images/getting_started/show_action_for_posts.png(Show action for posts)!
+
+h4. Listing all posts
+
+We still need a way to list all our posts, so let's do that. As usual,
+we'll need a route placed into +config/routes.rb+:
+
+<ruby>
+get "posts" => "posts#index"
+</ruby>
+
+And an action for that route inside the +PostsController+ in the +app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+ file:
+
+<ruby>
+def index
+  @posts = Post.all
+end
+</ruby>
+
+And then finally a view for this action, located at +app/views/posts/index.html.erb+:
+
+<erb>
+<h1>Listing posts</h1>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Text</th>
+  </tr>
+
+  <% @posts.each do |post| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= post.title %></td>
+      <td><%= post.text %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
+</table>
+</erb>
+
+Now if you go to +http://localhost:3000/posts+ you will see a list of all the posts that you have created.
+
+h4. Adding links
+
+You can now create, show, and list posts. Now let's add some links to
+navigate through pages.
+
+Open +app/views/welcome/index.html.erb+ and modify it as follows:
+
+<ruby>
+<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
+<%= link_to "My Blog", :controller => "posts" %>
+</ruby>
+
+The +link_to+ method is one of Rails' built-in view helpers. It creates a
+hyperlink based on text to display and where to go - in this case, to the path
+for posts.
+
+Let's add links to the other views as well, starting with adding this "New Post" link to +app/views/posts/index.html.erb+, placing it above the +&lt;table&gt;+ tag:
+
+<erb>
+<%= link_to 'New post', :action => :new %>
+</erb>
+
+This link will allow you to bring up the form that lets you create a new post. You should also add a link to this template -- +app/views/posts/new.html.erb+ -- to go back to the +index+ action. Do this by adding this underneath the form in this template:
+
+<erb>
+<%= form_for :post do |f| %>
+  ...
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
+</erb>
+
+Finally, add another link to the +app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ template to go back to the +index+ action as well, so that people who are viewing a single post can go back and view the whole list again:
+
+<erb>
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @post.text %>
+</p>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
+</erb>
+
+TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't
+need to specify the +:controller+ option, as Rails will use the current
+controller by default.
+
+TIP: In development mode (which is what you're working in by default), Rails
+reloads your application with every browser request, so there's no need to stop
+and restart the web server when a change is made.
+
+h4. Allowing the update of fields
+
+The model file, +app/models/post.rb+ is about as simple as it can get:
+
+<ruby>
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+</ruby>
+
+There isn't much to this file - but note that the +Post+ class inherits from
++ActiveRecord::Base+. Active Record supplies a great deal of functionality to
+your Rails models for free, including basic database CRUD (Create, Read, Update,
+Destroy) operations, data validation, as well as sophisticated search support
+and the ability to relate multiple models to one another.
+
+Rails includes methods to help you secure some of your model fields.
+Open the +app/models/post.rb+ file and edit it:
+
+<ruby>
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  attr_accessible :text, :title
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This change will ensure that all changes made through HTML forms can edit the content of the text and title fields.
+It will not be possible to define any other field value through forms. You can still define them by calling the `field=` method of course.
+Accessible attributes and the mass assignment problem is covered in details in the "Security guide":security.html#mass-assignment
+
+h4. Adding Some Validation
+
+Rails includes methods to help you validate the data that you send to models.
+Open the +app/models/post.rb+ file and edit it:
+
+<ruby>
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  attr_accessible :text, :title
+
+  validates :title, :presence => true,
+                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
+end
+</ruby>
+
+These changes will ensure that all posts have a title that is at least five characters long.
+Rails can validate a variety of conditions in a model, including the presence or uniqueness of columns, their
+format, and the existence of associated objects. Validations are covered in detail
+in "Active Record Validations and
+Callbacks":active_record_validations_callbacks.html#validations-overview
+
+With the validation now in place, when you call +@post.save+ on an invalid
+post, it will return +false+. If you open +app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+
+again, you'll notice that we don't check the result of calling +@post.save+
+inside the +create+ action. If +@post.save+ fails in this situation, we need to
+show the form back to the user. To do this, change the +new+ and +create+
+actions inside +app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+ to these:
+
+<ruby>
+def new
+  @post = Post.new
+end
+
+def create
+  @post = Post.new(params[:post])
+
+  if @post.save
+    redirect_to :action => :show, :id => @post.id
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The +new+ action is now creating a new instance variable called +@post+, and
+you'll see why that is in just a few moments.
+
+Notice that inside the +create+ action we use +render+ instead of +redirect_to+ when +save+
+returns +false+. The +render+ method is used so that the +@post+ object is passed back to the +new+ template when it is rendered. This rendering is done within the same request as the form submission, whereas the +redirect_to+ will tell the browser to issue another request.
+
+If you reload
+"http://localhost:3000/posts/new":http://localhost:3000/posts/new and
+try to save a post without a title, Rails will send you back to the
+form, but that's not very useful. You need to tell the user that
+something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
++app/views/posts/new.html.erb+ to check for error messages:
+
+<erb>
+<%= form_for :post, :url => { :action => :create } do |f| %>
+  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
+  <div id="errorExplanation">
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+	    this post from being saved:</h2>
+    <ul>
+    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+      <li><%= msg %></li>
+    <% end %>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
+</erb>
+
+A few things are going on. We check if there are any errors with
++@post.errors.any?+, and in that case we show a list of all
+errors with +@post.errors.full_messages+.
+
++pluralize+ is a rails helper that takes a number and a string as its
+arguments. If the number is greater than one, the string will be automatically pluralized.
+
+The reason why we added +@post = Post.new+ in +posts_controller+ is that
+otherwise +@post+ would be +nil+ in our view, and calling
++@post.errors.any?+ would throw an error.
+
+TIP: Rails automatically wraps fields that contain an error with a div
+with class +field_with_errors+. You can define a css rule to make them
+standout.
+
+Now you'll get a nice error message when saving a post without title when you
+attempt to do just that on the "new post form(http://localhost:3000/posts/new)":http://localhost:3000/posts/new.
+
+!images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png(Form With Errors)!
+
+h4. Updating Posts
+
+We've covered the "CR" part of CRUD. Now let's focus on the "U" part,
+updating posts.
+
+The first step we'll take is adding a +edit+ action to
++posts_controller+.
+
+Start by adding a route to +config/routes.rb+:
+
+<ruby>
+get "posts/:id/edit" => "posts#edit"
+</ruby>
+
+And then add the controller action:
+
+<ruby>
+def edit
+  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The view will contain a form similar to the one we used when creating
+new posts. Create a file called +app/views/posts/edit.html.erb+ and make
+it look as follows:
+
+<erb>
+<h1>Editing post</h1>
+
+<%= form_for :post, :url => { :action => :update, :id => @post.id },
+:method => :put do |f| %>
+  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
+  <div id="errorExplanation">
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+	    this post from being saved:</h2>
+    <ul>
+    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+      <li><%= msg %></li>
+    <% end %>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
+</erb>
+
+This time we point the form to the +update+ action, which is not defined yet
+but will be very soon.
+
+The +:method => :put+ option tells Rails that we want this form to be
+submitted via the +PUT+, HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to
+*update* resources according to the REST protocol.
+
+TIP: By default forms built with the +form_for_ helper are sent via +POST+.
+
+Next, we need to add the +update+ action. The file
++config/routes.rb+ will need just one more line:
+
+<ruby>
+put "posts/:id" => "posts#update"
+</ruby>
+
+And then create the +update+ action in +app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+:
+
+<ruby>
+def update
+  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+
+  if @post.update_attributes(params[:post])
+    redirect_to :action => :show, :id => @post.id
+  else
+    render 'edit'
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The new method, +update_attributes+, is used when you want to update a record
+that already exists, and it accepts a hash containing the attributes
+that you want to update. As before, if there was an error updating the
+post we want to show the form back to the user.
+
+TIP: you don't need to pass all attributes to +update_attributes+. For
+example, if you'd call +@post.update_attributes(:title => 'A new title')+
+Rails would only update the +title+ attribute, leaving all other
+attributes untouched.
+
+Finally, we want to show a link to the +edit+ action in the list of all the
+posts, so let's add that now to +app/views/posts/index.html.erb+ to make it
+appear next to the "Show" link:
+
+<erb>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Text</th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+  </tr>
+
+<% @posts.each do |post| %>
+  <tr>
+    <td><%= post.title %></td>
+    <td><%= post.text %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Show', :action => :show, :id => post.id %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', :action => :edit, :id => post.id %></td>
+  </tr>
+<% end %>
+</table>
+</erb>
+
+And we'll also add one to the +app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ template as well,
+so that there's also an "Edit" link on a post's page. Add this at the bottom of
+the template:
+
+<erb>
+...
+
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
+| <%= link_to 'Edit', :action => :edit, :id => @post.id %>
+</erb>
+
+And here's how our app looks so far:
+
+!images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png(Index action
+with edit link)!
+
+h4. Using partials to clean up duplication in views
+
++partials+ are what Rails uses to remove duplication in views. Here's a
+simple example:
+
+<erb>
+# app/views/user/show.html.erb
+
+<h1><%= @user.name %></h1>
+
+<%= render 'user_details' %>
+
+# app/views/user/_user_details.html.erb
+
+<%= @user.location %>
+
+<%= @user.about_me %>
+</erb>
+
+The +users/show+ template will automatically include the content of the
++users/_user_details+ template. Note that partials are prefixed by an underscore,
+as to not be confused with regular views. However, you don't include the
+underscore when including them with the +helper+ method.
+
+TIP: You can read more about partials in the "Layouts and Rendering in
+Rails":layouts_and_rendering.html guide.
+
+Our +edit+ action looks very similar to the +new+ action, in fact they
+both share the same code for displaying the form. Lets clean them up by
+using a partial.
+
+Create a new file +app/views/posts/_form.html.erb+ with the following
+content:
+
+<erb>
+<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
+  <div id="errorExplanation">
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+      this post from being saved:</h2>
+    <ul>
+    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+      <li><%= msg %></li>
+    <% end %>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+</erb>
+
+Everything except for the +form_for+ declaration remained the same.
+How +form_for+ can figure out the right +action+ and +method+ attributes
+when building the form will be explained in just a moment. For now, let's update the
++app/views/posts/new.html.erb+ view to use this new partial, rewriting it
+completely:
+
+<erb>
+<h1>New post</h1>
+
+<%= render 'form' %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
+</erb>
+
+Then do the same for the +app/views/posts/edit.html.erb+ view:
+
+<erb>
+<h1>Edit post</h1>
+
+<%= render 'form' %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', :action => :index %>
+</erb>
+
+Point your browser to "http://localhost:3000/posts/new":http://localhost:3000/posts/new and
+try creating a new post. Everything still works. Now try editing the
+post and you'll receive the following error:
+
+!images/getting_started/undefined_method_post_path.png(Undefined method
+post_path)!
+
+To understand this error, you need to understand how +form_for+ works.
+When you pass an object to +form_for+ and you don't specify a +:url+
+option, Rails will try to guess the +action+ and +method+ options by
+checking if the passed object is a new record or not. Rails follows the
+REST convention, so to create a new +Post+ object it will look for a
+route named +posts_path+, and to update a +Post+ object it will look for
+a route named +post_path+ and pass the current object. Similarly, rails
+knows that it should create new objects via POST and update them via
+PUT.
+
+If you run +rake routes+ from the console you'll see that we already
+have a +posts_path+ route, which was created automatically by Rails when we
+defined the route for the index action.
+However, we don't have a +post_path+ yet, which is the reason why we
+received an error before.
+
+<shell>
+# rake routes
+
+       posts GET  /posts(.:format)            posts#index
+   posts_new GET  /posts/new(.:format)        posts#new
+posts_create POST /posts/create(.:format)     posts#create
+             GET  /posts/:id(.:format)        posts#show
+             GET  /posts/:id/edit(.:format)   posts#edit
+             PUT  /posts/:id(.:format)        posts#update
+        root      /                           welcome#index
+</shell>
+
+To fix this, open +config/routes.rb+ and modify the +get "posts/:id"+
+line like this:
+
+<ruby>
+get "posts/:id" => "posts#show", :as => :post
+</ruby>
+
+The +:as+ option tells the +get+ method that we want to make routing helpers
+called +post_url+ and +post_path+ available to our application. These are
+precisely the methods that the +form_for+ needs when editing a post, and so now
+you'll be able to update posts again.
+
+NOTE: The +:as+ option is available on the +post+, +put+, +delete+ and +match+
+routing methods also.
+
+h4. Deleting Posts
+
+We're now ready to cover the "D" part of CRUD, deleting posts from the
+database. Following the REST convention, we're going to add a route for
+deleting posts to +config/routes.rb+:
+
+<ruby>
+delete "posts/:id" => "posts#destroy"
+</ruby>
+
+The +delete+ routing method should be used for routes that destroy
+resources. If this was left as a typical +get+ route, it could be possible for
+people to craft malicious URLs like this:
+
+<html>
+<a href='http://yoursite.com/posts/1/destroy'>look at this cat!</a>
+</html>
+
+We use the +delete+ method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped to
+the +destroy+ action inside +app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+, which doesn't exist yet, but is
+provided below:
+
+<ruby>
+def destroy
+  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+  @post.destroy
+
+  redirect_to :action => :index
+end
+</ruby>
+
+You can call +destroy+ on Active Record objects when you want to delete
+them from the database. Note that we don't need to add a view for this
+action since we're redirecting to the +index+ action.
+
+Finally, add a 'destroy' link to your +index+ action template
+(+app/views/posts/index.html.erb) to wrap everything
+together.
+
+<erb>
+<h1>Listing Posts</h1>
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Text</th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+  </tr>
+
+<% @posts.each do |post| %>
+  <tr>
+    <td><%= post.title %></td>
+    <td><%= post.text %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Show', :action => :show, :id => post.id %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', :action => :edit, :id => post.id %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', { :action => :destroy, :id => post.id }, :method => :delete, :data => { :confirm => 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
+  </tr>
+<% end %>
+</table>
+</erb>
+
+Here we're using +link_to+ in a different way. We wrap the
++:action+ and +:id+ attributes in a hash so that we can pass those two keys in
+first as one argument, and then the final two keys as another argument. The +:method+ and +:'data-confirm'+
+options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is clicked,
+Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the link with method +delete+.
+This is done via the JavaScript file +jquery_ujs+ which is automatically included
+into your application's layout (+app/views/layouts/application.html.erb+) when you
+generated the application. Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear.
+
+!images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png(Confirm Dialog)!
+
+Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy
+posts. In the next section will see how Rails can aid us when creating
+REST applications, and how we can refactor our Blog app to take
+advantage of it.
+
+h4. Going Deeper into REST
+
+We've now covered all the CRUD actions of a REST app. We did so by
+declaring separate routes with the appropriate verbs into
++config/routes.rb+. Here's how that file looks so far:
+
+<ruby>
+get "posts" => "posts#index"
+get "posts/new"
+post "posts/create"
+get "posts/:id" => "posts#show", :as => :post
+get "posts/:id/edit" => "posts#edit"
+put "posts/:id" => "posts#update"
+delete "posts/:id" => "posts#destroy"
+</ruby>
+
+That's a lot to type for covering a single *resource*. Fortunately,
+Rails provides a +resources+ method which can be used to declare a
+standard REST resource. Here's how +config/routes.rb+ looks after the
+cleanup:
+
+<ruby>
+Blog::Application.routes.draw do
+
+  resources :posts
+
+  root :to => "welcome#index"
+end
+</ruby>
+
+If you run +rake routes+, you'll see that all the routes that we
+declared before are still available:
+
+<shell>
+# rake routes
+    posts GET    /posts(.:format)          posts#index
+          POST   /posts(.:format)          posts#create
+ new_post GET    /posts/new(.:format)      posts#new
+edit_post GET    /posts/:id/edit(.:format) posts#edit
+     post GET    /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#show
+          PUT    /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#update
+          DELETE /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#destroy
+     root        /                         welcome#index
+</shell>
+
+Also, if you go through the motions of creating, updating and deleting
+posts the app still works as before.
+
+TIP: In general, Rails encourages the use of resources objects in place
+of declaring routes manually. It was only done in this guide as a learning
+exercise. For more information about routing, see
+"Rails Routing from the Outside In":routing.html.
+
+h3. Adding a Second Model
+
+It's time to add a second model to the application. The second model will handle comments on
+posts.
+
+h4. Generating a Model
+
+We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating
+the +Post+ model. This time we'll create a +Comment+ model to hold
+reference of post comments. Run this command in your terminal:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text post:references
+</shell>
+
+This command will generate four files:
+
+|_.File                                       |_.Purpose|
+|db/migrate/20100207235629_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) |
+| app/models/comment.rb                       | The Comment model |
+| test/unit/comment_test.rb                   | Unit testing harness for the comments model |
+| test/fixtures/comments.yml                  | Sample comments for use in testing |
+
+First, take a look at +comment.rb+:
+
+<ruby>
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :post
+  attr_accessible :body, :commenter
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This is very similar to the +post.rb+ model that you saw earlier. The difference
+is the line +belongs_to :post+, which sets up an Active Record _association_.
+You'll learn a little about associations in the next section of this guide.
+
+In addition to the model, Rails has also made a migration to create the
+corresponding database table:
+
+<ruby>
+class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :comments do |t|
+      t.string :commenter
+      t.text :body
+      t.references :post
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    add_index :comments, :post_id
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The +t.references+ line sets up a foreign key column for the association between
+the two models. And the +add_index+ line sets up an index for this association
+column. Go ahead and run the migration:
+
+<shell>
+$ rake db:migrate
+</shell>
+
+Rails is smart enough to only execute the migrations that have not already been
+run against the current database, so in this case you will just see:
+
+<shell>
+==  CreateComments: migrating =================================================
+-- create_table(:comments)
+   -> 0.0008s
+-- add_index(:comments, :post_id)
+   -> 0.0003s
+==  CreateComments: migrated (0.0012s) ========================================
+</shell>
+
+h4. Associating Models
+
+Active Record associations let you easily declare the relationship between two
+models. In the case of comments and posts, you could write out the relationships
+this way:
+
+* Each comment belongs to one post.
+* One post can have many comments.
+
+In fact, this is very close to the syntax that Rails uses to declare this
+association. You've already seen the line of code inside the Comment model that
+makes each comment belong to a Post:
+
+<ruby>
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :post
+end
+</ruby>
+
+You'll need to edit the +post.rb+ file to add the other side of the association:
+
+<ruby>
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :title, :presence => true,
+                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
+
+  has_many :comments
+end
+</ruby>
+
+These two declarations enable a good bit of automatic behavior. For example, if
+you have an instance variable +@post+ containing a post, you can retrieve all
+the comments belonging to that post as an array using +@post.comments+.
+
+TIP: For more information on Active Record associations, see the "Active Record
+Associations":association_basics.html guide.
+
+h4. Adding a Route for Comments
+
+As with the +welcome+ controller, we will need to add a route so that Rails knows
+where we would like to navigate to see +comments+. Open up the
++config/routes.rb+ file again, and edit it as follows:
+
+<ruby>
+resources :posts do
+  resources :comments
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This creates +comments+ as a _nested resource_ within +posts+. This is another
+part of capturing the hierarchical relationship that exists between posts and
+comments.
+
+TIP: For more information on routing, see the "Rails Routing from the Outside
+In":routing.html guide.
+
+h4. Generating a Controller
+
+With the model in hand, you can turn your attention to creating a matching
+controller. Again, we'll use the same generator we used before:
+
+<shell>
+$ rails generate controller Comments
+</shell>
+
+This creates six files and one empty directory:
+
+|_.File/Directory                             |_.Purpose                                 |
+| app/controllers/comments_controller.rb      | The Comments controller                  |
+| app/views/comments/                         | Views of the controller are stored here  |
+| test/functional/comments_controller_test.rb | The functional tests for the controller  |
+| app/helpers/comments_helper.rb              | A view helper file                       |
+| test/unit/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb   | The unit tests for the helper            |
+| app/assets/javascripts/comment.js.coffee    | CoffeeScript for the controller          |
+| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.css.scss     | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
+
+Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after
+reading the post, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back to
+the post show page to see their comment now listed. Due to this, our
++CommentsController+ is there to provide a method to create comments and delete
+spam comments when they arrive.
+
+So first, we'll wire up the Post show template
+(+/app/views/posts/show.html.erb+) to let us make a new comment:
+
+<erb>
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @post.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br />
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
+</erb>
+
+This adds a form on the +Post+ show page that creates a new comment by
+calling the +CommentsController+ +create+ action. The +form_for+ call here uses
+an array, which will build a nested route, such as +/posts/1/comments+.
+
+Let's wire up the +create+:
+
+<ruby>
+class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+  def create
+    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
+    @comment = @post.comments.create(params[:comment])
+    redirect_to post_path(@post)
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+You'll see a bit more complexity here than you did in the controller for posts.
+That's a side-effect of the nesting that you've set up. Each request for a
+comment has to keep track of the post to which the comment is attached, thus the
+initial call to the +find+ method of the +Post+ model to get the post in question.
+
+In addition, the code takes advantage of some of the methods available for an
+association. We use the +create+ method on +@post.comments+ to create and save
+the comment. This will automatically link the comment so that it belongs to that
+particular post.
+
+Once we have made the new comment, we send the user back to the original post
+using the +post_path(@post)+ helper. As we have already seen, this calls the
++show+ action of the +PostsController+ which in turn renders the +show.html.erb+
+template. This is where we want the comment to show, so let's add that to the
++app/views/posts/show.html.erb+.
+
+<erb>
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @post.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Comments</h2>
+<% @post.comments.each do |comment| %>
+  <p>
+    <strong>Commenter:</strong>
+    <%= comment.commenter %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <strong>Comment:</strong>
+    <%= comment.body %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br />
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
+</erb>
+
+Now you can add posts and comments to your blog and have them show up in the
+right places.
+
+!images/getting_started/post_with_comments.png(Post with Comments)!
+
+h3. Refactoring
+
+Now that we have posts and comments working, take a look at the
++app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ template. It is getting long and awkward. We can
+use partials to clean it up.
+
+h4. Rendering Partial Collections
+
+First, we will make a comment partial to extract showing all the comments for the
+post. Create the file +app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ and put the
+following into it:
+
+<erb>
+<p>
+  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
+  <%= comment.commenter %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Comment:</strong>
+  <%= comment.body %>
+</p>
+</erb>
+
+Then you can change +app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ to look like the
+following:
+
+<erb>
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @post.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Comments</h2>
+<%= render @post.comments %>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br />
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
+</erb>
+
+This will now render the partial in +app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ once
+for each comment that is in the +@post.comments+ collection. As the +render+
+method iterates over the <tt>@post.comments</tt> collection, it assigns each
+comment to a local variable named the same as the partial, in this case
++comment+ which is then available in the partial for us to show.
+
+h4. Rendering a Partial Form
+
+Let us also move that new comment section out to its own partial. Again, you
+create a file +app/views/comments/_form.html.erb+ containing:
+
+<erb>
+<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br />
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+</erb>
+
+Then you make the +app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ look like the following:
+
+<erb>
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @post.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= render "comments/form" %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
+</erb>
+
+The second render just defines the partial template we want to render,
+<tt>comments/form</tt>. Rails is smart enough to spot the forward slash in that
+string and realize that you want to render the <tt>_form.html.erb</tt> file in
+the <tt>app/views/comments</tt> directory.
+
+The +@post+ object is available to any partials rendered in the view because we
+defined it as an instance variable.
+
+h3. Deleting Comments
+
+Another important feature of a blog is being able to delete spam comments. To do
+this, we need to implement a link of some sort in the view and a +DELETE+ action
+in the +CommentsController+.
+
+So first, let's add the delete link in the
++app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ partial:
+
+<erb>
+<p>
+  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
+  <%= comment.commenter %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Comment:</strong>
+  <%= comment.body %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
+               :method => :delete,
+               :data => { :confirm => 'Are you sure?' } %>
+</p>
+</erb>
+
+Clicking this new "Destroy Comment" link will fire off a <tt>DELETE
+/posts/:id/comments/:id</tt> to our +CommentsController+, which can then use
+this to find the comment we want to delete, so let's add a destroy action to our
+controller:
+
+<ruby>
+class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+
+  def create
+    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
+    @comment = @post.comments.create(params[:comment])
+    redirect_to post_path(@post)
+  end
+
+  def destroy
+    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
+    @comment = @post.comments.find(params[:id])
+    @comment.destroy
+    redirect_to post_path(@post)
+  end
+
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The +destroy+ action will find the post we are looking at, locate the comment
+within the <tt>@post.comments</tt> collection, and then remove it from the
+database and send us back to the show action for the post.
+
+
+h4. Deleting Associated Objects
+
+If you delete a post then its associated comments will also need to be deleted.
+Otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows you to
+use the +dependent+ option of an association to achieve this. Modify the Post
+model, +app/models/post.rb+, as follows:
+
+<ruby>
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :title, :presence => true,
+                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
+  has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
+end
+</ruby>
+
+h3. Security
+
+If you were to publish your blog online, anybody would be able to add, edit and
+delete posts or delete comments.
+
+Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in
+this situation.
+
+In the +PostsController+ we need to have a way to block access to the various
+actions if the person is not authenticated, here we can use the Rails
+<tt>http_basic_authenticate_with</tt> method, allowing access to the requested
+action if that method allows it.
+
+To use the authentication system, we specify it at the top of our
++PostsController+, in this case, we want the user to be authenticated on every
+action, except for +index+ and +show+, so we write that:
+
+<ruby>
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+
+  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :except => [:index, :show]
+
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+# snipped for brevity
+</ruby>
+
+We also only want to allow authenticated users to delete comments, so in the
++CommentsController+ we write:
+
+<ruby>
+class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+
+  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :only => :destroy
+
+  def create
+    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
+# snipped for brevity
+</ruby>
+
+Now if you try to create a new post, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP
+Authentication challenge
+
+!images/challenge.png(Basic HTTP Authentication Challenge)!
+
+h3. What's Next?
+
+Now that you've seen your first Rails application, you should feel free to
+update it and experiment on your own. But you don't have to do everything
+without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel
+free to consult these support resources:
+
+* The "Ruby on Rails guides":index.html
+* The "Ruby on Rails Tutorial":http://railstutorial.org/book
+* The "Ruby on Rails mailing list":http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk
+* The "#rubyonrails":irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails channel on irc.freenode.net
+
+Rails also comes with built-in help that you can generate using the rake command-line utility:
+
+* Running +rake doc:guides+ will put a full copy of the Rails Guides in the +doc/guides+ folder of your application. Open +doc/guides/index.html+ in your web browser to explore the Guides.
+* Running +rake doc:rails+ will put a full copy of the API documentation for Rails in the +doc/api+ folder of your application. Open +doc/api/index.html+ in your web browser to explore the API documentation.
+
+h3. Configuration Gotchas
+
+The easiest way to work with Rails is to store all external data as UTF-8. If
+you don't, Ruby libraries and Rails will often be able to convert your native
+data into UTF-8, but this doesn't always work reliably, so you're better off
+ensuring that all external data is UTF-8.
+
+If you have made a mistake in this area, the most common symptom is a black
+diamond with a question mark inside appearing in the browser. Another common
+symptom is characters like "ü" appearing instead of "ü". Rails takes a number
+of internal steps to mitigate common causes of these problems that can be
+automatically detected and corrected. However, if you have external data that is
+not stored as UTF-8, it can occasionally result in these kinds of issues that
+cannot be automatically detected by Rails and corrected.
+
+Two very common sources of data that are not UTF-8:
+* Your text editor: Most text editors (such as Textmate), default to saving files as
+  UTF-8. If your text editor does not, this can result in special characters that you
+  enter in your templates (such as é) to appear as a diamond with a question mark inside
+  in the browser. This also applies to your I18N translation files.
+  Most editors that do not already default to UTF-8 (such as some versions of
+  Dreamweaver) offer a way to change the default to UTF-8. Do so.
+* Your database. Rails defaults to converting data from your database into UTF-8 at
+  the boundary. However, if your database is not using UTF-8 internally, it may not
+  be able to store all characters that your users enter. For instance, if your database
+  is using Latin-1 internally, and your user enters a Russian, Hebrew, or Japanese
+  character, the data will be lost forever once it enters the database. If possible,
+  use UTF-8 as the internal storage of your database.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/i18n.textile b/guides/source/i18n.textile
index 320f1e9d20..8ad6ee4b73 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/i18n.textile
+++ b/guides/source/i18n.textile
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ If you want to translate your Rails application to a *single language other than
 
 However, you would probably like to *provide support for more locales* in your application. In such case, you need to set and pass the locale between requests.
 
-WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a <em>cookie</em>. *Do not do so*. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you don't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL of some page to a friend, she should see the same page, same content. A fancy word for this would be that you're being "<em>RESTful</em>":http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer. Read more about the RESTful approach in "Stefan Tilkov's articles":http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction. There may be some exceptions to this rule, which are discussed below.
+WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a <em>cookie</em>, however *do not do this*. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being "<em>RESTful</em>":http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer. Read more about the RESTful approach in "Stefan Tilkov's articles":http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction. Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below.
 
 The _setting part_ is easy. You can set the locale in a +before_filter+ in the +ApplicationController+ like this:
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ Every helper method dependent on +url_for+ (e.g. helpers for named routes like +
 
 You may be satisfied with this. It does impact the readability of URLs, though, when the locale "hangs" at the end of every URL in your application. Moreover, from the architectural standpoint, locale is usually hierarchically above the other parts of the application domain: and URLs should reflect this.
 
-You probably want URLs to look like this: +www.example.com/en/books+ (which loads the English locale) and +www.example.com/nl/books+ (which loads the Netherlands locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding +default_url_options+" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with "+path_prefix+":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Resources.html#M000354 option in this way:
+You probably want URLs to look like this: +www.example.com/en/books+ (which loads the English locale) and +www.example.com/nl/books+ (which loads the Dutch locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding +default_url_options+" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with "+scoping+":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Scoping.html option in this way:
 
 <ruby>
 # config/routes.rb
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ scope "/:locale" do
 end
 </ruby>
 
-Now, when you call the +books_path+ method you should get +"/en/books"+ (for the default locale). An URL like +http://localhost:3001/nl/books+ should load the Netherlands locale, then, and following calls to +books_path+ should return +"/nl/books"+ (because the locale changed).
+Now, when you call the +books_path+ method you should get +"/en/books"+ (for the default locale). An URL like +http://localhost:3001/nl/books+ should load the Dutch locale, then, and following calls to +books_path+ should return +"/nl/books"+ (because the locale changed).
 
 If you don't want to force the use of a locale in your routes you can use an optional path scope (denoted by the parentheses) like so:
 
@@ -866,19 +866,35 @@ The I18n API will catch all of these exceptions when they are thrown in the back
 
 The reason for this is that during development you'd usually want your views to still render even though a translation is missing.
 
-In other contexts you might want to change this behaviour, though. E.g. the default exception handling does not allow to catch missing translations during automated tests easily. For this purpose a different exception handler can be specified. The specified exception handler must be a method on the I18n module:
+In other contexts you might want to change this behaviour, though. E.g. the default exception handling does not allow to catch missing translations during automated tests easily. For this purpose a different exception handler can be specified. The specified exception handler must be a method on the I18n module or a class with +#call+ method:
 
 <ruby>
 module I18n
-  def self.just_raise_that_exception(*args)
-    raise args.first
+  class JustRaiseExceptionHandler < ExceptionHandler
+    def call(exception, locale, key, options)
+      if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation)
+        raise exception.to_exception
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
 
-I18n.exception_handler = :just_raise_that_exception
+I18n.exception_handler = I18n::JustRaiseExceptionHandler.new
 </ruby>
 
-This would re-raise all caught exceptions including +MissingTranslationData+.
+This would re-raise only the +MissingTranslationData+ exception, passing all other input to the default exception handler.
+
+However, if you are using +I18n::Backend::Pluralization+ this handler will also raise +I18n::MissingTranslationData: translation missing: en.i18n.plural.rule+ exception that should normally be ignored to fall back to the default pluralization rule for English locale. To avoid this you may use additional check for translation key:
+
+<ruby>
+if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation) && key.to_s != 'i18n.plural.rule'
+  raise exception.to_exception
+else
+  super
+end
+</ruby>
 
 Another example where the default behaviour is less desirable is the Rails TranslationHelper which provides the method +#t+ (as well as +#translate+). When a +MissingTranslationData+ exception occurs in this context, the helper wraps the message into a span with the CSS class +translation_missing+.
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/index.html.erb b/guides/source/index.html.erb
index 5439459b42..74805b2754 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/index.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/index.html.erb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides
 and <%= link_to 'Free Kindle Reading Apps', 'http://www.amazon.com/gp/kindle/kcp' %> for the iPad,
 iPhone, Mac, Android, etc. Download them from <%= link_to 'here', @mobi %>.
     </dd>
-    <dd class="work-in-progress">Guides marked with this icon are currently being worked on. While they might still be useful to you, they may contain incomplete information and even errors. You can help by reviewing them and posting your comments and corrections to the author.</dd>
+    <dd class="work-in-progress">Guides marked with this icon are currently being worked on and will not be available in the Guides Index menu. While still useful, they may contain incomplete information and even errors. You can help by reviewing them and posting your comments and corrections.</dd>
   </dl>
 </div>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.textile b/guides/source/initialization.textile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43d89eac4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/initialization.textile
@@ -0,0 +1,666 @@
+h2. The Rails Initialization Process
+
+This guide explains the internals of the initialization process in Rails
+as of Rails 4. It is an extremely in-depth guide and recommended for advanced Rails developers.
+
+* Using +rails server+
+
+endprologue.
+
+This guide goes through every method call that is
+required to boot up the Ruby on Rails stack for a default Rails 4
+application, explaining each part in detail along the way. For this
+guide, we will be focusing on what happens when you execute +rails
+server+ to boot your app.
+
+NOTE: Paths in this guide are relative to Rails or a Rails application unless otherwise specified.
+
+TIP: If you want to follow along while browsing the Rails "source
+code":https://github.com/rails/rails, we recommend that you use the +t+
+key binding to open the file finder inside github and find files
+quickly.
+
+h3. Launch!
+
+A Rails application is usually started with the command +rails server+.
+
+h4. +bin/rails+
+
+The actual +rails+ command is kept in _bin/rails_:
+
+<ruby>
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+if File.exists?(File.join(File.expand_path('../../..', __FILE__), '.git'))
+  railties_path = File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
+  $:.unshift(railties_path)
+end
+require "rails/cli"
+</ruby>
+
+This file will first attempt to push the +railties/lib+ directory if
+present, and then requires +rails/cli+.
+
+h4. +railties/lib/rails/cli.rb+
+
+This file looks like this:
+
+<ruby>
+require 'rbconfig'
+require 'rails/script_rails_loader'
+
+# If we are inside a Rails application this method performs an exec and thus
+# the rest of this script is not run.
+Rails::ScriptRailsLoader.exec_script_rails!
+
+require 'rails/ruby_version_check'
+Signal.trap("INT") { puts; exit(1) }
+
+if ARGV.first == 'plugin'
+  ARGV.shift
+  require 'rails/commands/plugin_new'
+else
+  require 'rails/commands/application'
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The +rbconfig+ file from the Ruby standard library provides us with the +RbConfig+ class which contains detailed information about the Ruby environment, including how Ruby was compiled. We can see this in use in +railties/lib/rails/script_rails_loader+.
+
+<ruby>
+require 'pathname'
+
+module Rails
+  module ScriptRailsLoader
+    RUBY = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at("bindir", "ruby_install_name")) + RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]
+    SCRIPT_RAILS = File.join('script', 'rails')
+    ...
+
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The +rails/script_rails_loader+ file uses +RbConfig::Config+ to obtain the +bin_dir+ and +ruby_install_name+ values for the configuration which together form the path to the Ruby interpreter. The +RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]+ will suffix this path with ".exe" if the script is running on Windows. This constant is used later on in +exec_script_rails!+. As for the +SCRIPT_RAILS+ constant, we'll see that when we get to the +in_rails_application?+ method.
+
+Back in +rails/cli+, the next line is this:
+
+<ruby>
+Rails::ScriptRailsLoader.exec_script_rails!
+</ruby>
+
+This method is defined in +rails/script_rails_loader+:
+
+<ruby>
+def self.exec_script_rails!
+  cwd = Dir.pwd
+  return unless in_rails_application? || in_rails_application_subdirectory?
+  exec RUBY, SCRIPT_RAILS, *ARGV if in_rails_application?
+  Dir.chdir("..") do
+    # Recurse in a chdir block: if the search fails we want to be sure
+    # the application is generated in the original working directory.
+    exec_script_rails! unless cwd == Dir.pwd
+  end
+rescue SystemCallError
+  # could not chdir, no problem just return
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This method will first check if the current working directory (+cwd+) is a Rails application or a subdirectory of one. This is determined by the +in_rails_application?+ method:
+
+<ruby>
+def self.in_rails_application?
+  File.exists?(SCRIPT_RAILS)
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The +SCRIPT_RAILS+ constant defined earlier is used here, with +File.exists?+ checking for its presence in the current directory. If this method returns +false+ then +in_rails_application_subdirectory?+ will be used:
+
+<ruby>
+def self.in_rails_application_subdirectory?(path = Pathname.new(Dir.pwd))
+  File.exists?(File.join(path, SCRIPT_RAILS)) || !path.root? && in_rails_application_subdirectory?(path.parent)
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This climbs the directory tree until it reaches a path which contains a +script/rails+ file. If a directory containing this file is reached then this line will run:
+
+<ruby>
+exec RUBY, SCRIPT_RAILS, *ARGV if in_rails_application?
+</ruby>
+
+This is effectively the same as running +ruby script/rails [arguments]+, where +[arguments]+ at this point in time is simply "server".
+
+h3. Rails Initialization
+
+Only now we finally start the real initialization process, beginning
+with +script/rails+.
+
+TIP: If you execute +script/rails+ directly from your Rails app you will
+skip executing all the code that we've just described.
+
+h4. +script/rails+
+
+This file is as follows:
+
+<ruby>
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path('../../config/boot',  __FILE__)
+require 'rails/commands'
+</ruby>
+
+The +APP_PATH+ constant will be used later in +rails/commands+. The +config/boot+ file referenced here is the +config/boot.rb+ file in our application which is responsible for loading Bundler and setting it up.
+
+h4. +config/boot.rb+
+
++config/boot.rb+ contains:
+
+<ruby>
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exists?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+</ruby>
+
+In a standard Rails application, there's a +Gemfile+ which declares all
+dependencies of the application. +config/boot.rb+ sets
++ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']+ to the location of this file. If the Gemfile
+exists, +bundler/setup+ is then required.
+
+The gems that a Rails 4 application depends on are as follows:
+
+TODO: change these when the Rails 4 release is near.
+
+* abstract (1.0.0)
+* actionmailer (4.0.0.beta)
+* actionpack (4.0.0.beta)
+* activemodel (4.0.0.beta)
+* activerecord (4.0.0.beta)
+* activesupport (4.0.0.beta)
+* arel (2.0.7)
+* builder (3.0.0)
+* bundler (1.0.6)
+* erubis (2.6.6)
+* i18n (0.5.0)
+* mail (2.2.12)
+* mime-types (1.16)
+* polyglot (0.3.1)
+* rack (1.2.1)
+* rack-cache (0.5.3)
+* rack-mount (0.6.13)
+* rack-test (0.5.6)
+* rails (4.0.0.beta)
+* railties (4.0.0.beta)
+* rake (0.8.7)
+* sqlite3-ruby (1.3.2)
+* thor (0.14.6)
+* treetop (1.4.9)
+* tzinfo (0.3.23)
+
+h4. +rails/commands.rb+
+
+Once +config/boot.rb+ has finished, the next file that is required is +rails/commands+ which will execute a command based on the arguments passed in. In this case, the +ARGV+ array simply contains +server+ which is extracted into the +command+ variable using these lines:
+
+<ruby>
+ARGV << '--help' if ARGV.empty?
+
+aliases = {
+  "g"  => "generate",
+  "d"  => "destroy",
+  "c"  => "console",
+  "s"  => "server",
+  "db" => "dbconsole",
+  "r"  => "runner"
+}
+
+command = ARGV.shift
+command = aliases[command] || command
+</ruby>
+
+TIP: As you can see, an empty ARGV list will make Rails show the help
+snippet.
+
+If we used <tt>s</tt> rather than +server+, Rails will use the +aliases+ defined in the file and match them to their respective commands. With the +server+ command, Rails will run this code:
+
+<ruby>
+when 'server'
+  # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current dir.
+  # This allows us to run script/rails server from other directories, but still get
+  # the main config.ru and properly set the tmp directory.
+  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exists?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+
+  require 'rails/commands/server'
+  Rails::Server.new.tap { |server|
+    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
+    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
+    require APP_PATH
+    Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
+    server.start
+  }
+</ruby>
+
+This file will change into the root of the directory (a path two directories back from +APP_PATH+ which points at +config/application.rb+), but only if the +config.ru+ file isn't found. This then requires +rails/commands/server+ which sets up the +Rails::Server+ class.
+
+<ruby>
+require 'fileutils'
+require 'optparse'
+require 'action_dispatch'
+
+module Rails
+  class Server < ::Rack::Server
+</ruby>
+
++fileutils+ and +optparse+ are standard Ruby libraries which provide helper functions for working with files and parsing options.
+
+h4. +actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb+
+
+Action Dispatch is the routing component of the Rails framework.
+It adds functionalities like routing, session, and common middlewares.
+
+h4. +rails/commands/server.rb+
+
+The +Rails::Server+ class is defined in this file as inheriting from +Rack::Server+. When +Rails::Server.new+ is called, this calls the +initialize+ method in +rails/commands/server.rb+:
+
+<ruby>
+def initialize(*)
+  super
+  set_environment
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Firstly, +super+ is called which calls the +initialize+ method on +Rack::Server+.
+
+h4. Rack: +lib/rack/server.rb+
+
++Rack::Server+ is responsible for providing a common server interface for all Rack-based applications, which Rails is now a part of.
+
+The +initialize+ method in +Rack::Server+ simply sets a couple of variables:
+
+<ruby>
+def initialize(options = nil)
+  @options = options
+  @app = options[:app] if options && options[:app]
+end
+</ruby>
+
+In this case, +options+ will be +nil+ so nothing happens in this method.
+
+After +super+ has finished in +Rack::Server+, we jump back to +rails/commands/server.rb+. At this point, +set_environment+ is called within the context of the +Rails::Server+ object and this method doesn't appear to do much at first glance:
+
+<ruby>
+def set_environment
+  ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= options[:environment]
+end
+</ruby>
+
+In fact, the +options+ method here does quite a lot. This method is defined in +Rack::Server+ like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def options
+  @options ||= parse_options(ARGV)
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Then +parse_options+ is defined like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def parse_options(args)
+  options = default_options
+
+  # Don't evaluate CGI ISINDEX parameters.
+  # http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/cl.html
+  args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
+
+  options.merge! opt_parser.parse! args
+  options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
+  ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
+  options
+end
+</ruby>
+
+With the +default_options+ set to this:
+
+<ruby>
+def default_options
+  {
+    :environment => ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development",
+    :pid         => nil,
+    :Port        => 9292,
+    :Host        => "0.0.0.0",
+    :AccessLog   => [],
+    :config      => "config.ru"
+  }
+end
+</ruby>
+
+There is no +REQUEST_METHOD+ key in +ENV+ so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from +opt_parser+ which is defined plainly in +Rack::Server+
+
+<ruby>
+def opt_parser
+  Options.new
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The class *is* defined in +Rack::Server+, but is overwritten in +Rails::Server+ to take different arguments. Its +parse!+ method begins like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def parse!(args)
+  args, options = args.dup, {}
+
+  opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
+    opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
+    opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
+            "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
+  ...
+</ruby>
+
+This method will set up keys for the +options+ which Rails will then be
+able to use to determine how its server should run. After +initialize+
+has finished, we jump back into +rails/server+ where +APP_PATH+ (which was
+set earlier) is required.
+
+h4. +config/application+
+
+When +require APP_PATH+ is executed, +config/application.rb+ is loaded.
+This is a file exists in your app and it's free for you to change based
+on your needs.
+
+h4. +Rails::Server#start+
+
+After +congif/application+ is loaded, +server.start+ is called. This method is defined like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def start
+  url = "#{options[:SSLEnable] ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
+  puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
+  puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on #{url}"
+  puts "=> Call with -d to detach" unless options[:daemonize]
+  trap(:INT) { exit }
+  puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
+
+  #Create required tmp directories if not found
+  %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(Rails.root.join('tmp', dir_to_make))
+  end
+
+  unless options[:daemonize]
+    wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
+
+    console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
+    console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
+
+    Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
+  end
+
+  super
+ensure
+  # The '-h' option calls exit before @options is set.
+  # If we call 'options' with it unset, we get double help banners.
+  puts 'Exiting' unless @options && options[:daemonize]
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This
+method creates a trap for +INT+ signals, so if you +CTRL-C+ the server,
+it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will
+create the +tmp/cache+, +tmp/pids+, +tmp/sessions+ and +tmp/sockets+
+directories. It then calls +wrapped_app+ which is responsible for
+creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an
+instance of +ActiveSupport::Logger+.
+
+The +super+ method will call +Rack::Server.start+ which begins its definition like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def start &blk
+  if options[:warn]
+    $-w = true
+  end
+
+  if includes = options[:include]
+    $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*includes)
+  end
+
+  if library = options[:require]
+    require library
+  end
+
+  if options[:debug]
+    $DEBUG = true
+    require 'pp'
+    p options[:server]
+    pp wrapped_app
+    pp app
+  end
+
+  check_pid! if options[:pid]
+
+  # Touch the wrapped app, so that the config.ru is loaded before
+  # daemonization (i.e. before chdir, etc).
+  wrapped_app
+
+  daemonize_app if options[:daemonize]
+
+  write_pid if options[:pid]
+
+  trap(:INT) do
+    if server.respond_to?(:shutdown)
+      server.shutdown
+    else
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The interesting part for a Rails app is the last line, +server.run+. Here we encounter the +wrapped_app+ method again, which this time
+we're going to explore more (even though it was executed before, and
+thus memoized by now).
+
+<ruby>
+@wrapped_app ||= build_app app
+</ruby>
+
+The +app+ method here is defined like so:
+
+<ruby>
+def app
+  @app ||= begin
+    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
+      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
+    end
+
+    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
+    self.options.merge! options
+    app
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The +options[:config]+ value defaults to +config.ru+ which contains this:
+
+<ruby>
+# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
+
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
+run <%= app_const %>
+</ruby>
+
+
+The +Rack::Builder.parse_file+ method here takes the content from this +config.ru+ file and parses it using this code:
+
+<ruby>
+app = eval "Rack::Builder.new {( " <plus> cfgfile <plus> "\n )}.to_app",
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, config
+</ruby>
+
+The +initialize+ method of +Rack::Builder+ will take the block here and execute it within an instance of +Rack::Builder+. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The +require+ line for +config/environment.rb+ in +config.ru+ is the first to run:
+
+<ruby>
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
+</ruby>
+
+h4. +config/environment.rb+
+
+This file is the common file required by +config.ru+ (+rails server+) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.
+
+This file begins with requiring +config/application.rb+.
+
+h4. +config/application.rb+
+
+This file requires +config/boot.rb+, but only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in +rails server+ but *wouldn't* be the case with Passenger.
+
+Then the fun begins!
+
+h3. Loading Rails
+
+The next line in +config/application.rb+ is:
+
+<ruby>
+require 'rails/all'
+</ruby>
+
+h4. +railties/lib/rails/all.rb+
+
+This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:
+
+<ruby>
+require "rails"
+
+%w(
+    active_record
+    action_controller
+    action_mailer
+    rails/test_unit
+    sprockets/rails
+).each do |framework|
+  begin
+    require "#{framework}/railtie"
+  rescue LoadError
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This is where all the Rails frameworks are loaded and thus made
+available to the application. We wont go into detail of what happens
+inside each of those frameworks, but you're encouraged to try and
+explore them on your own.
+
+For now, just keep in mind that common functionality like Rails engines,
+I18n and Rails configuration is all bein defined here.
+
+h4. Back to +config/environment.rb+
+
+When +config/application.rb+ has finished loading Rails, and defined
+your application namespace, you go back to +config/environment.rb+,
+where your application is initialized. For example, if you application was called
++Blog+, here you would find +Blog::Application.initialize!+, which is
+defined in +rails/application.rb+
+
+h4. +railties/lib/rails/application.rb+
+
+The +initialize!+ method looks like this:
+
+<ruby>
+def initialize!(group=:default) #:nodoc:
+  raise "Application has been already initialized." if @initialized
+  run_initializers(group, self)
+  @initialized = true
+  self
+end
+</ruby>
+
+As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. This is also where the initializers are run.
+
+TODO: review this
+
+The initializers code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is it
+traverses all the class ancestors looking for an +initializers+ method,
+sorting them and running them. For example, the +Engine+ class will make
+all the engines available by providing the +initializers+ method.
+
+After this is done we go back to +Rack::Server+
+
+h4. Rack: lib/rack/server.rb
+
+Last time we left when the +app+ method was being defined:
+
+<ruby>
+def app
+  @app ||= begin
+    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
+      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
+    end
+
+    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
+    self.options.merge! options
+    app
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+At this point +app+ is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
+happens next is Rack will call all the provided middlewares:
+
+<ruby>
+def build_app(app)
+  middleware[options[:environment]].reverse_each do |middleware|
+    middleware = middleware.call(self) if middleware.respond_to?(:call)
+    next unless middleware
+    klass = middleware.shift
+    app = klass.new(app, *middleware)
+  end
+  app
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Remember, +build_app+ was called (by wrapped_app) in the last line of +Server#start+.
+Here's how it looked like when we left:
+
+<ruby>
+server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
+</ruby>
+
+At this point, the implementation of +server.run+ will depend on the
+server you're using. For example, if you were using Mongrel, here's what
+the +run+ method would look like:
+
+<ruby>
+def self.run(app, options={})
+  server = ::Mongrel::HttpServer.new(
+    options[:Host]           || '0.0.0.0',
+    options[:Port]           || 8080,
+    options[:num_processors] || 950,
+    options[:throttle]       || 0,
+    options[:timeout]        || 60)
+  # Acts like Rack::URLMap, utilizing Mongrel's own path finding methods.
+  # Use is similar to #run, replacing the app argument with a hash of
+  # { path=>app, ... } or an instance of Rack::URLMap.
+  if options[:map]
+    if app.is_a? Hash
+      app.each do |path, appl|
+        path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
+        server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
+      end
+    elsif app.is_a? URLMap
+      app.instance_variable_get(:@mapping).each do |(host, path, appl)|
+       next if !host.nil? && !options[:Host].nil? && options[:Host] != host
+       path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
+       server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
+      end
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "first argument should be a Hash or URLMap"
+    end
+  else
+    server.register('/', Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(app))
+  end
+  yield server  if block_given?
+  server.run.join
+end
+</ruby>
+
+We wont dig into the server configuration itself, but this is
+the last piece of our journey in the Rails initialization process.
+
+This high level overview will help you understand when you code is
+executed and how, and overall become a better Rails developer. If you
+still want to know more, the Rails source code itself is probably the
+best place to go next.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/kindle/KINDLE.md b/guides/source/kindle/KINDLE.md
index a7d9a4e4cf..a7d9a4e4cf 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/kindle/KINDLE.md
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/KINDLE.md
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/kindle/copyright.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/copyright.html.erb
index bd51d87383..bd51d87383 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/kindle/copyright.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/copyright.html.erb
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb
index f0a286210b..f0a286210b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb b/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb
index 4e07664fd0..4e07664fd0 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb
index e013797dee..e013797dee 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb b/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb
index 2c6d8e3bdf..2c6d8e3bdf 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb
index e30704c4e6..e30704c4e6 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
index 35b6fc7014..0a8daf7ae5 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/layout.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css" />
 
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/fixes.css" />
+
+<link href="images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
 </head>
 <body class="guide">
   <% if @edge %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile
index 4b4f9f3745..32ceecea18 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile
+++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ From the controller's point of view, there are three ways to create an HTTP resp
 * Call +redirect_to+ to send an HTTP redirect status code to the browser
 * Call +head+ to create a response consisting solely of HTTP headers to send back to the browser
 
-I'll cover each of these methods in turn. But first, a few words about the very easiest thing that the controller can do to create a response: nothing at all.
-
 h4. Rendering by Default: Convention Over Configuration in Action
 
 You've heard that Rails promotes "convention over configuration". Default rendering is an excellent example of this. By default, controllers in Rails automatically render views with names that correspond to valid routes. For example, if you have this code in your +BooksController+ class:
@@ -78,16 +76,16 @@ If we want to display the properties of all the books in our view, we can do so
   <tr>
     <td><%= book.title %></td>
     <td><%= book.content %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', book %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_book_path(book) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Remove', book, :confirm => 'Are you sure?', :method => :delete %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to "Show", book %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to "Edit", edit_book_path(book) %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to "Remove", book, :method => :delete, :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" } %></td>
   </tr>
 <% end %>
 </table>
 
 <br />
 
-<%= link_to 'New book', new_book_path %>
+<%= link_to "New book", new_book_path %>
 </ruby>
 
 NOTE: The actual rendering is done by subclasses of +ActionView::TemplateHandlers+. This guide does not dig into that process, but it's important to know that the file extension on your view controls the choice of template handler. Beginning with Rails 2, the standard extensions are +.erb+ for ERB (HTML with embedded Ruby), and +.builder+ for Builder (XML generator).
@@ -177,13 +175,13 @@ h5. Rendering an Action's Template from Another Controller
 What if you want to render a template from an entirely different controller from the one that contains the action code? You can also do that with +render+, which accepts the full path (relative to +app/views+) of the template to render. For example, if you're running code in an +AdminProductsController+ that lives in +app/controllers/admin+, you can render the results of an action to a template in +app/views/products+ this way:
 
 <ruby>
-render 'products/show'
+render "products/show"
 </ruby>
 
 Rails knows that this view belongs to a different controller because of the embedded slash character in the string. If you want to be explicit, you can use the +:template+ option (which was required on Rails 2.2 and earlier):
 
 <ruby>
-render :template => 'products/show'
+render :template => "products/show"
 </ruby>
 
 h5. Rendering an Arbitrary File
@@ -216,18 +214,18 @@ In fact, in the BooksController class, inside of the update action where we want
 <ruby>
 render :edit
 render :action => :edit
-render 'edit'
-render 'edit.html.erb'
-render :action => 'edit'
-render :action => 'edit.html.erb'
-render 'books/edit'
-render 'books/edit.html.erb'
-render :template => 'books/edit'
-render :template => 'books/edit.html.erb'
-render '/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit'
-render '/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit.html.erb'
-render :file => '/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit'
-render :file => '/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit.html.erb'
+render "edit"
+render "edit.html.erb"
+render :action => "edit"
+render :action => "edit.html.erb"
+render "books/edit"
+render "books/edit.html.erb"
+render :template => "books/edit"
+render :template => "books/edit.html.erb"
+render "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit"
+render "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit.html.erb"
+render :file => "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit"
+render :file => "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit.html.erb"
 </ruby>
 
 Which one you use is really a matter of style and convention, but the rule of thumb is to use the simplest one that makes sense for the code you are writing.
@@ -306,7 +304,7 @@ h6. The +:content_type+ Option
 By default, Rails will serve the results of a rendering operation with the MIME content-type of +text/html+ (or +application/json+ if you use the +:json+ option, or +application/xml+ for the +:xml+ option.). There are times when you might like to change this, and you can do so by setting the +:content_type+ option:
 
 <ruby>
-render :file => filename, :content_type => 'application/rss'
+render :file => filename, :content_type => "application/rss"
 </ruby>
 
 h6. The +:layout+ Option
@@ -316,7 +314,7 @@ With most of the options to +render+, the rendered content is displayed as part
 You can use the +:layout+ option to tell Rails to use a specific file as the layout for the current action:
 
 <ruby>
-render :layout => 'special_layout'
+render :layout => "special_layout"
 </ruby>
 
 You can also tell Rails to render with no layout at all:
@@ -378,7 +376,7 @@ You can use a symbol to defer the choice of layout until a request is processed:
 
 <ruby>
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
-  layout :products_layout
+  layout "products_layout"
 
   def show
     @product = Product.find(params[:id])
@@ -398,7 +396,7 @@ You can even use an inline method, such as a Proc, to determine the layout. For
 
 <ruby>
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
-  layout Proc.new { |controller| controller.request.xhr? ? 'popup' : 'application' }
+  layout Proc.new { |controller| controller.request.xhr? ? "popup" : "application" }
 end
 </ruby>
 
@@ -445,7 +443,7 @@ end
 
 <ruby>
 class OldPostsController < SpecialPostsController
-  layout nil
+  layout false
 
   def show
     @post = Post.find(params[:id])
@@ -583,7 +581,7 @@ def show
   @book = Book.find_by_id(params[:id])
   if @book.nil?
     @books = Book.all
-    render "index", :alert => 'Your book was not found!'
+    render "index", :alert => "Your book was not found!"
   end
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -686,7 +684,7 @@ You can specify a full path relative to the document root, or a URL, if you pref
 Rails will then output a +script+ tag such as this:
 
 <html>
-<script src='/assets/main.js' type="text/javascript"></script>
+<script src='/assets/main.js'></script>
 </html>
 
 The request to this asset is then served by the Sprockets gem.
@@ -718,8 +716,8 @@ If the application does not use the asset pipeline, the +:defaults+ option loads
 Outputting +script+ tags such as this:
 
 <html>
-<script src="/javascripts/jquery.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
-<script src="/javascripts/jquery_ujs.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
+<script src="/javascripts/jquery.js"></script>
+<script src="/javascripts/jquery_ujs.js"></script>
 </html>
 
 These two files for jQuery, +jquery.js+ and +jquery_ujs.js+ must be placed inside +public/javascripts+ if the application doesn't use the asset pipeline. These files can be downloaded from the "jquery-rails repository on GitHub":https://github.com/indirect/jquery-rails/tree/master/vendor/assets/javascripts
@@ -770,7 +768,7 @@ By default, the combined file will be delivered as +javascripts/all.js+. You can
 
 <erb>
 <%= javascript_include_tag "main", "columns",
-  :cache => 'cache/main/display' %>
+  :cache => "cache/main/display" %>
 </erb>
 
 You can even use dynamic paths such as +cache/#{current_site}/main/display+.
@@ -805,7 +803,7 @@ To include +http://example.com/main.css+:
 <%= stylesheet_link_tag "http://example.com/main.css" %>
 </erb>
 
-By default, the +stylesheet_link_tag+ creates links with +media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"+. You can override any of these defaults by specifying an appropriate option (+:media+, +:rel+, or +:type+):
+By default, the +stylesheet_link_tag+ creates links with +media="screen" rel="stylesheet"+. You can override any of these defaults by specifying an appropriate option (+:media+, +:rel+):
 
 <erb>
 <%= stylesheet_link_tag "main_print", :media => "print" %>
@@ -833,7 +831,7 @@ By default, the combined file will be delivered as +stylesheets/all.css+. You ca
 
 <erb>
 <%= stylesheet_link_tag "main", "columns",
-  :cache => 'cache/main/display' %>
+  :cache => "cache/main/display" %>
 </erb>
 
 You can even use dynamic paths such as +cache/#{current_site}/main/display+.
@@ -860,12 +858,6 @@ You can supply a hash of additional HTML options:
 <%= image_tag "icons/delete.gif", {:height => 45} %>
 </erb>
 
-You can also supply an alternate image to show on mouseover:
-
-<erb>
-<%= image_tag "home.gif", :onmouseover => "menu/home_highlight.gif" %>
-</erb>
-
 You can supply alternate text for the image which will be used if the user has images turned off in their browser. If you do not specify an alt text explicitly, it defaults to the file name of the file, capitalized and with no extension. For example, these two image tags would return the same code:
 
 <erb>
@@ -884,7 +876,7 @@ In addition to the above special tags, you can supply a final hash of standard H
 <erb>
 <%= image_tag "home.gif", :alt => "Go Home",
                           :id => "HomeImage",
-                          :class => 'nav_bar' %>
+                          :class => "nav_bar" %>
 </erb>
 
 h5. Linking to Videos with the +video_tag+
@@ -905,7 +897,7 @@ Like an +image_tag+ you can supply a path, either absolute, or relative to the +
 
 The video tag also supports all of the +&lt;video&gt;+ HTML options through the HTML options hash, including:
 
-* +:poster => 'image_name.png'+, provides an image to put in place of the video before it starts playing.
+* +:poster => "image_name.png"+, provides an image to put in place of the video before it starts playing.
 * +:autoplay => true+, starts playing the video on page load.
 * +:loop => true+, loops the video once it gets to the end.
 * +:controls => true+, provides browser supplied controls for the user to interact with the video.
@@ -1134,13 +1126,6 @@ In Rails 3.0, there is also a shorthand for this. Assuming +@products+ is a coll
 
 Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection. In fact, you can even create a heterogeneous collection and render it this way, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection:
 
-In the event that the collection is empty, +render+ will return nil, so it should be fairly simple to provide alternative content.
-
-<erb>
-<h1>Products</h1>
-<%= render(@products) || 'There are no products available.' %>
-</erb>
-
 * +index.html.erb+
 
 <erb>
@@ -1162,6 +1147,13 @@ In the event that the collection is empty, +render+ will return nil, so it shoul
 
 In this case, Rails will use the customer or employee partials as appropriate for each member of the collection.
 
+In the event that the collection is empty, +render+ will return nil, so it should be fairly simple to provide alternative content.
+
+<erb>
+<h1>Products</h1>
+<%= render(@products) || "There are no products available." %>
+</erb>
+
 h5. Local Variables
 
 To use a custom local variable name within the partial, specify the +:as+ option in the call to the partial:
@@ -1175,7 +1167,7 @@ With this change, you can access an instance of the +@products+ collection as th
 You can also pass in arbitrary local variables to any partial you are rendering with the +:locals => {}+ option:
 
 <erb>
-<%= render :partial => 'products', :collection => @products,
+<%= render :partial => "products", :collection => @products,
            :as => :item, :locals => {:title => "Products Page"} %>
 </erb>
 
@@ -1193,6 +1185,16 @@ h5. Spacer Templates
 
 Rails will render the +_product_ruler+ partial (with no data passed in to it) between each pair of +_product+ partials.
 
+h5. Partial Layouts
+
+When rendering collections it is also possible to use the +:layout+ option:
+
+<erb>
+<%= render :partial => "product", :collection => @products, :layout => "special_layout" %>
+</erb>
+
+The layout will be rendered together with the partial for each item in the collection. The current object and object_counter variables will be available in the layout as well, the same way they do within the partial.
+
 h4. Using Nested Layouts
 
 You may find that your application requires a layout that differs slightly from your regular application layout to support one particular controller. Rather than repeating the main layout and editing it, you can accomplish this by using nested layouts (sometimes called sub-templates). Here's an example:
@@ -1204,9 +1206,9 @@ Suppose you have the following +ApplicationController+ layout:
 <erb>
 <html>
 <head>
-  <title><%= @page_title or 'Page Title' %></title>
-  <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'layout' %>
-  <style type="text/css"><%= yield :stylesheets %></style>
+  <title><%= @page_title or "Page Title" %></title>
+  <%= stylesheet_link_tag "layout" %>
+  <style><%= yield :stylesheets %></style>
 </head>
 <body>
   <div id="top_menu">Top menu items here</div>
@@ -1229,7 +1231,7 @@ On pages generated by +NewsController+, you want to hide the top menu and add a
   <div id="right_menu">Right menu items here</div>
   <%= content_for?(:news_content) ? yield(:news_content) : yield %>
 <% end %>
-<%= render :template => 'layouts/application' %>
+<%= render :template => "layouts/application" %>
 </erb>
 
 That's it. The News views will use the new layout, hiding the top menu and adding a new right menu inside the "content" div.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/migrations.textile b/guides/source/migrations.textile
index c11f8e221b..06e85e5914 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/migrations.textile
+++ b/guides/source/migrations.textile
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ production machines next time you deploy.
 
 Active Record tracks which migrations have already been run so all you have to
 do is update your source and run +rake db:migrate+. Active Record will work out
-which migrations should be run. It will also update your +db/schema.rb+ file to
-match the structure of your database.
+which migrations should be run. Active Record will also update your +db/schema.rb+ file to match the up-to-date structure of your database.
 
 Migrations also allow you to describe these transformations using Ruby. The
 great thing about this is that (like most of Active Record's functionality) it
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ end
 
 This migration adds a table called +products+ with a string column called +name+
 and a text column called +description+. A primary key column called +id+ will
-also be added, however since this is the default we do not need to ask for this.
+also be added, however since this is the default we do not need to explicitly specify it.
 The timestamp columns +created_at+ and +updated_at+ which Active Record
 populates automatically will also be added. Reversing this migration is as
 simple as dropping the table.
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class AddReceiveNewsletterToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
     change_table :users do |t|
       t.boolean :receive_newsletter, :default => false
     end
-    User.update_all ["receive_newsletter = ?", true]
+    User.update_all :receive_newsletter => true
   end
 
   def down
@@ -82,6 +81,8 @@ it to default to +false+ for new users, but existing users are considered to
 have already opted in, so we use the User model to set the flag to +true+ for
 existing users.
 
+h4. Using the change method
+
 Rails 3.1 makes migrations smarter by providing a new <tt>change</tt> method.
 This method is preferred for writing constructive migrations (adding columns or
 tables). The migration knows how to migrate your database and reverse it when
@@ -110,6 +111,7 @@ Active Record provides methods that perform common data definition tasks in a
 database independent way (you'll read about them in detail later):
 
 * +add_column+
+* +add_reference+
 * +add_index+
 * +change_column+
 * +change_table+
@@ -119,6 +121,7 @@ database independent way (you'll read about them in detail later):
 * +remove_column+
 * +remove_index+
 * +rename_column+
+* +remove_reference+
 
 If you need to perform tasks specific to your database (for example create a
 "foreign key":#active-record-and-referential-integrity constraint) then the
@@ -331,6 +334,51 @@ NOTE: The generated migration file for destructive migrations will still be
 old-style using the +up+ and +down+ methods. This is because Rails needs to know
 the original data types defined when you made the original changes.
 
+Also the generator accepts column type as +references+(also available as +belongs_to+), for instance
+
+<shell>
+$ rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
+</shell>
+
+generates
+
+<ruby>
+class AddUserRefToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_reference :products, :user, :index => true
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+This migration will create a user_id column and appropriate index.
+
+h4. Supported type modifiers
+
+You can also specify some options just after the field type between curly braces. You can use the
+following modifiers:
+
+* +limit+        Sets the maximum size of the +string/text/binary/integer+ fields
+* +precision+    Defines the precision for the +decimal+ fields
+* +scale+        Defines the scale for the +decimal+ fields
+* +polymorphic+  Adds a +type+ column for +belongs_to+ associations
+
+For instance running
+
+<shell>
+$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts price:decimal{5,2} supplier:references{polymorphic}
+</shell>
+
+will produce a migration that looks like this
+
+<ruby>
+class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+		add_column :products, :price, :precision => 5, :scale => 2
+    add_reference :products, :user, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
 h3. Writing a Migration
 
 Once you have created your migration using one of the generators it's time to
@@ -475,7 +523,16 @@ end
 </ruby>
 
 will add an +attachment_id+ column and a string +attachment_type+ column with
-a default value of 'Photo'.
+a default value of 'Photo'. +references+ also allows you to define an
+index directly, instead of using +add_index+ after the +create_table+ call:
+
+<ruby>
+create_table :products do |t|
+  t.references :category, :index => true
+end
+</ruby>
+
+will create an index identical to calling `add_index :products, :category_id`.
 
 NOTE: The +references+ helper does not actually create foreign key constraints
 for you. You will need to use +execute+ or a plugin that adds "foreign key
@@ -497,7 +554,7 @@ and
 h4. Using the +change+ Method
 
 The +change+ method removes the need to write both +up+ and +down+ methods in
-those cases that Rails know how to revert the changes automatically. Currently,
+those cases that Rails knows how to revert the changes automatically. Currently,
 the +change+ method supports only these migration definitions:
 
 * +add_column+
@@ -635,10 +692,9 @@ example,
 $ rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
 </shell>
 
-will run the +up+ method from the 20080906120000 migration. These tasks still
-check whether the migration has already run, so for example +db:migrate:up
-VERSION=20080906120000+ will do nothing if Active Record believes that
-20080906120000 has already been run.
+will run the +up+ method from the 20080906120000 migration. This task will first
+check whether the migration is already performed and will do nothing if Active Record believes
+that it has already been run.
 
 h4. Changing the output of running migrations
 
@@ -727,9 +783,7 @@ column.
 class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
-    Product.all.each do |product|
-      product.update_attributes!(:flag => 'false')
-    end
+    Product.update_all :flag => false
   end
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -752,9 +806,7 @@ column.
 class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
-    Product.all.each do |product|
-      product.update_attributes! :fuzz => 'fuzzy'
-    end
+    Product.update_all :fuzz => 'fuzzy'
   end
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -771,7 +823,7 @@ Both migrations work for Alice.
 
 Bob comes back from vacation and:
 
-# Updates the source - which contains both migrations and the latests version of
+# Updates the source - which contains both migrations and the latest version of
 the Product model.
 # Runs outstanding migrations with +rake db:migrate+, which
 includes the one that updates the +Product+ model.
@@ -804,11 +856,9 @@ class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
   end
 
   def change
-    add_column :products, :flag, :integer
+    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
     Product.reset_column_information
-    Product.all.each do |product|
-      product.update_attributes!(:flag => false)
-    end
+    Product.update_all :flag => false
   end
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -823,9 +873,7 @@ class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
     Product.reset_column_information
-    Product.all.each do |product|
-      product.update_attributes!(:fuzz => 'fuzzy')
-    end
+    Product.update_all :fuzz => 'fuzzy'
   end
 end
 </ruby>
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/nested_model_forms.textile b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.textile
index 4b1fd2e0ac..82c9ab9d36 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/nested_model_forms.textile
+++ b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.textile
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ This will generate the following html:
 
 <html>
 <form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
-  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
 </form>
 </html>
 
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ This generates:
 
 <html>
 <form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
-  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
 
-  <input id="person_address_attributes_street" name="person[address_attributes][street]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_address_attributes_street" name="person[address_attributes][street]" type="text" />
 </form>
 </html>
 
@@ -194,10 +194,10 @@ Which generates:
 
 <html>
 <form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
-  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
 
-  <input id="person_projects_attributes_0_name" name="person[projects_attributes][0][name]" size="30" type="text" />
-  <input id="person_projects_attributes_1_name" name="person[projects_attributes][1][name]" size="30" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_projects_attributes_0_name" name="person[projects_attributes][0][name]" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_projects_attributes_1_name" name="person[projects_attributes][1][name]" type="text" />
 </form>
 </html>
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/performance_testing.textile b/guides/source/performance_testing.textile
index 958b13cd9e..982fd1b070 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/performance_testing.textile
+++ b/guides/source/performance_testing.textile
@@ -524,11 +524,11 @@ Please refer to the "API docs":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/B
 
 h4. Controller
 
-Similarly, you could use this helper method inside "controllers":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Benchmarking/ClassMethods.html#M000715
+Similarly, you could use this helper method inside "controllers":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Benchmarkable.html
 
 <ruby>
 def process_projects
-  self.class.benchmark("Processing projects") do
+  benchmark("Processing projects") do
     Project.process(params[:project_ids])
     Project.update_cached_projects
   end
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ NOTE: +benchmark+ is a class method inside controllers
 
 h4. View
 
-And in "views":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Benchmarking/ClassMethods.html#M000715:
+And in "views":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Benchmarkable.html:
 
 <erb>
 <% benchmark("Showing projects partial") do %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/plugins.textile b/guides/source/plugins.textile
index 07fd95c825..9001857a5f 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/plugins.textile
+++ b/guides/source/plugins.textile
@@ -25,16 +25,14 @@ endprologue.
 
 h3. Setup
 
-Before you continue, take a moment to decide if your new plugin will be potentially shared across different Rails applications.
+_"vendored plugins"_ were available in previous versions of Rails, but they are deprecated in
+Rails 3.2, and will not be available in the future. 
 
-* If your plugin is specific to your application, your new plugin will be a _vendored plugin_.
-* If you think your plugin may be used across applications, build it as a _gemified plugin_.
+Currently, Rails plugins are built as gems, _gemified plugins_. They can be shared accross 
+different rails applications using RubyGems and Bundler if desired. 
 
 h4. Generate a gemified plugin.
 
-Writing your Rails plugin as a gem, rather than as a vendored plugin,
- lets you share your plugin across different rails applications using
- RubyGems and Bundler.
 
 Rails 3.1 ships with a +rails plugin new+ command which creates a
  skeleton for developing any kind of Rails extension with the ability
@@ -176,11 +174,11 @@ require 'test_helper'
 class ActsAsYaffleTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
   def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
-    assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
+    assert_equal :last_squawk, Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
   end
 
   def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
-    assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
+    assert_equal :last_tweet, Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
   end
 
 end
@@ -362,13 +360,16 @@ module Yaffle
       def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
         cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field
         self.yaffle_text_field = (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s
+
+        include Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle::LocalInstanceMethods
       end
     end
 
-    def squawk(string)
-      write_attribute(self.class.yaffle_text_field, string.to_squawk)
+    module LocalInstanceMethods
+      def squawk(string)
+        write_attribute(self.class.yaffle_text_field, string.to_squawk)
+      end
     end
-
   end
 end
 
@@ -426,4 +427,4 @@ h4. References
 * "Developing a RubyGem using Bundler":https://github.com/radar/guides/blob/master/gem-development.md
 * "Using Gemspecs As Intended":http://yehudakatz.com/2010/04/02/using-gemspecs-as-intended/
 * "Gemspec Reference":http://docs.rubygems.org/read/chapter/20
-* "GemPlugins":http://www.mbleigh.com/2008/06/11/gemplugins-a-brief-introduction-to-the-future-of-rails-plugins
+* "GemPlugins":http://www.intridea.com/blog/2008/6/11/gemplugins-a-brief-introduction-to-the-future-of-rails-plugins
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/rails_application_templates.textile b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.textile
index f50ced3307..f50ced3307 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/rails_application_templates.textile
+++ b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.textile
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.textile b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.textile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63712b22ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.textile
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+h2. Rails on Rack
+
+This guide covers Rails integration with Rack and interfacing with other Rack components. By referring to this guide, you will be able to:
+
+* Create Rails Metal applications
+* Use Rack Middlewares in your Rails applications
+* Understand Action Pack's internal Middleware stack
+* Define a custom Middleware stack
+
+endprologue.
+
+WARNING: This guide assumes a working knowledge of Rack protocol and Rack concepts such as middlewares, url maps and +Rack::Builder+.
+
+h3. Introduction to Rack
+
+bq. Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
+
+- "Rack API Documentation":http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/
+
+Explaining Rack is not really in the scope of this guide. In case you are not familiar with Rack's basics, you should check out the "Resources":#resources section below.
+
+h3. Rails on Rack
+
+h4. Rails Application's Rack Object
+
+<tt>ApplicationName::Application</tt> is the primary Rack application object of a Rails application. Any Rack compliant web server should be using +ApplicationName::Application+ object to serve a Rails application.
+
+h4. +rails server+
+
+<tt>rails server</tt> does the basic job of creating a +Rack::Server+ object and starting the webserver.
+
+Here's how +rails server+ creates an instance of +Rack::Server+
+
+<ruby>
+Rails::Server.new.tap { |server|
+  require APP_PATH
+  Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
+  server.start
+}
+</ruby>
+
+The +Rails::Server+ inherits from +Rack::Server+ and calls the +Rack::Server#start+ method this way:
+
+<ruby>
+class Server < ::Rack::Server
+  def start
+    ...
+    super
+  end
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Here's how it loads the middlewares:
+
+<ruby>
+def middleware
+  middlewares = []
+  middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger]  if options[:debugger]
+  middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength]
+  Hash.new(middlewares)
+end
+</ruby>
+
++Rails::Rack::Debugger+ is primarily useful only in the development environment. The following table explains the usage of the loaded middlewares:
+
+|_.Middleware|_.Purpose|
+|+Rails::Rack::Debugger+|Starts Debugger|
+|+Rack::ContentLength+|Counts the number of bytes in the response and set the HTTP Content-Length header|
+
+h4. +rackup+
+
+To use +rackup+ instead of Rails' +rails server+, you can put the following inside +config.ru+ of your Rails application's root directory:
+
+<ruby>
+# Rails.root/config.ru
+require "config/environment"
+
+use Rack::Debugger
+use Rack::ContentLength
+run ApplicationName::Application
+</ruby>
+
+And start the server:
+
+<shell>
+$ rackup config.ru
+</shell>
+
+To find out more about different +rackup+ options:
+
+<shell>
+$ rackup --help
+</shell>
+
+h3. Action Dispatcher Middleware Stack
+
+Many of Action Dispatchers's internal components are implemented as Rack middlewares. +Rails::Application+ uses +ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack+ to combine various internal and external middlewares to form a complete Rails Rack application.
+
+NOTE: +ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack+ is Rails' equivalent of +Rack::Builder+, but built for better flexibility and more features to meet Rails' requirements.
+
+h4. Inspecting Middleware Stack
+
+Rails has a handy rake task for inspecting the middleware stack in use:
+
+<shell>
+$ rake middleware
+</shell>
+
+For a freshly generated Rails application, this might produce something like:
+
+<ruby>
+use ActionDispatch::Static
+use Rack::Lock
+use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x000000029a0838>
+use Rack::Runtime
+use Rack::MethodOverride
+use ActionDispatch::RequestId
+use Rails::Rack::Logger
+use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
+use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
+use ActionDispatch::RemoteIp
+use ActionDispatch::Reloader
+use ActionDispatch::Callbacks
+use ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement
+use ActiveRecord::QueryCache
+use ActionDispatch::Cookies
+use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
+use ActionDispatch::Flash
+use ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
+use ActionDispatch::Head
+use Rack::ConditionalGet
+use Rack::ETag
+use ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport
+run ApplicationName::Application.routes
+</ruby>
+
+Purpose of each of this middlewares is explained in the "Internal Middlewares":#internal-middleware-stack section.
+
+h4. Configuring Middleware Stack
+
+Rails provides a simple configuration interface +config.middleware+ for adding, removing and modifying the middlewares in the middleware stack via +application.rb+ or the environment specific configuration file <tt>environments/&lt;environment&gt;.rb</tt>.
+
+h5. Adding a Middleware
+
+You can add a new middleware to the middleware stack using any of the following methods:
+
+* <tt>config.middleware.use(new_middleware, args)</tt> - Adds the new middleware at the bottom of the middleware stack.
+
+* <tt>config.middleware.insert_before(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args)</tt> - Adds the new middleware before the specified existing middleware in the middleware stack.
+
+* <tt>config.middleware.insert_after(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args)</tt> - Adds the new middleware after the specified existing middleware in the middleware stack.
+
+<ruby>
+# config/application.rb
+
+# Push Rack::BounceFavicon at the bottom
+config.middleware.use Rack::BounceFavicon
+
+# Add Lifo::Cache after ActiveRecord::QueryCache.
+# Pass { :page_cache => false } argument to Lifo::Cache.
+config.middleware.insert_after ActiveRecord::QueryCache, Lifo::Cache, :page_cache => false
+</ruby>
+
+h5. Swapping a Middleware
+
+You can swap an existing middleware in the middleware stack using +config.middleware.swap+.
+
+<ruby>
+# config/application.rb
+
+# Replace ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions with Lifo::ShowExceptions
+config.middleware.swap ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, Lifo::ShowExceptions
+</ruby>
+
+h5. Middleware Stack is an Enumerable
+
+The middleware stack behaves just like a normal +Enumerable+. You can use any +Enumerable+ methods to manipulate or interrogate the stack. The middleware stack also implements some +Array+ methods including <tt>[]</tt>, +unshift+ and +delete+. Methods described in the section above are just convenience methods.
+
+Append following lines to your application configuration:
+
+<ruby>
+# config/application.rb
+config.middleware.delete "Rack::Lock"
+</ruby>
+
+And now if you inspect the middleware stack, you'll find that +Rack::Lock+ will not be part of it.
+
+<shell>
+$ rake middleware
+(in /Users/lifo/Rails/blog)
+use ActionDispatch::Static
+use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x00000001c304c8>
+use Rack::Runtime
+...
+run Blog::Application.routes
+</shell>
+
+If you want to remove session related middleware, do the following:
+
+<ruby>
+# config/application.rb
+config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Cookies"
+config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore"
+config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Flash"
+</ruby>
+
+And to remove browser related middleware,
+
+<ruby>
+# config/application.rb
+config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport"
+config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
+</ruby>
+
+h4. Internal Middleware Stack
+
+Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The following list explains the purpose of each of them:
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::Static+*
+* Used to serve static assets. Disabled if <tt>config.serve_static_assets</tt> is true.
+
+ *+Rack::Lock+*
+* Sets <tt>env["rack.multithread"]</tt> flag to +true+ and wraps the application within a Mutex.
+
+ *+ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware+*
+* Used for memory caching. This cache is not thread safe.
+
+ *+Rack::Runtime+*
+* Sets an X-Runtime header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request.
+
+ *+Rack::MethodOverride+*
+* Allows the method to be overridden if <tt>params[:_method]</tt> is set. This is the middleware which supports the PUT and DELETE HTTP method types.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::RequestId+*
+* Makes a unique +X-Request-Id+ header available to the response and enables the <tt>ActionDispatch::Request#uuid</tt> method.
+
+ *+Rails::Rack::Logger+*
+* Notifies the logs that the request has began. After request is complete, flushes all the logs.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions+*
+* Rescues any exception returned by the application and calls an exceptions app that will wrap it in a format for the end user.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions+*
+* Responsible for logging exceptions and showing a debugging page in case the request is local.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::RemoteIp+*
+* Checks for IP spoofing attacks.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::Reloader+*
+* Provides prepare and cleanup callbacks, intended to assist with code reloading during development.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::Callbacks+*
+* Runs the prepare callbacks before serving the request.
+
+ *+ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement+*
+* Cleans active connections after each request, unless the <tt>rack.test</tt> key in the request environment is set to +true+.
+
+ *+ActiveRecord::QueryCache+*
+* Enables the Active Record query cache.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::Cookies+*
+* Sets cookies for the request.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore+*
+* Responsible for storing the session in cookies.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::Flash+*
+* Sets up the flash keys. Only available if <tt>config.action_controller.session_store</tt> is set to a value.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::ParamsParser+*
+* Parses out parameters from the request into <tt>params</tt>.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::Head+*
+* Converts HEAD requests to +GET+ requests and serves them as so.
+
+ *+Rack::ConditionalGet+*
+* Adds support for "Conditional +GET+" so that server responds with nothing if page wasn't changed.
+
+ *+Rack::ETag+*
+* Adds ETag header on all String bodies. ETags are used to validate cache.
+
+ *+ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport+*
+* Enables “best standards support” so that IE8 renders some elements correctly.
+
+TIP: It's possible to use any of the above middlewares in your custom Rack stack.
+
+h4. Using Rack Builder
+
+The following shows how to replace use +Rack::Builder+ instead of the Rails supplied +MiddlewareStack+.
+
+<strong>Clear the existing Rails middleware stack</strong>
+
+<ruby>
+# config/application.rb
+config.middleware.clear
+</ruby>
+
+<br />
+<strong>Add a +config.ru+ file to +Rails.root+</strong>
+
+<ruby>
+# config.ru
+use MyOwnStackFromScratch
+run ApplicationName::Application
+</ruby>
+
+h3. Resources
+
+h4. Learning Rack
+
+* "Official Rack Website":http://rack.github.com
+* "Introducing Rack":http://chneukirchen.org/blog/archive/2007/02/introducing-rack.html
+* "Ruby on Rack #1 - Hello Rack!":http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-1-hello-rack
+* "Ruby on Rack #2 - The Builder":http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-2-the-builder
+
+h4. Understanding Middlewares
+
+* "Railscast on Rack Middlewares":http://railscasts.com/episodes/151-rack-middleware
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/routing.textile b/guides/source/routing.textile
index c5567b3350..cffbf9bec4 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/routing.textile
+++ b/guides/source/routing.textile
@@ -25,14 +25,20 @@ GET /patients/17
 it asks the router to match it to a controller action. If the first matching route is
 
 <ruby>
-match "/patients/:id" => "patients#show"
+get "/patients/:id" => "patients#show"
 </ruby>
 
 the request is dispatched to the +patients+ controller's +show+ action with <tt>{ :id => "17" }</tt> in +params+.
 
 h4. Generating Paths and URLs from Code
 
-You can also generate paths and URLs. If your application contains this code:
+You can also generate paths and URLs.  If the route above is modified to be
+
+<ruby>
+get "/patients/:id" => "patients#show", :as => "patient"
+</ruby>
+
+If your application contains this code:
 
 <ruby>
 @patient = Patient.find(17)
@@ -121,7 +127,7 @@ h4. Singular Resources
 Sometimes, you have a resource that clients always look up without referencing an ID. For example, you would like +/profile+ to always show the profile of the currently logged in user. In this case, you can use a singular resource to map +/profile+ (rather than +/profile/:id+) to the +show+ action.
 
 <ruby>
-match "profile" => "users#show"
+get "profile" => "users#show"
 </ruby>
 
 This resourceful route
@@ -234,14 +240,14 @@ end
 
 In addition to the routes for magazines, this declaration will also route ads to an +AdsController+. The ad URLs require a magazine:
 
-|_.HTTP Verb |_.Path                      |_.action |_.used for                                                                 |
-|GET         |/magazines/:id/ads          |index    |display a list of all ads for a specific magazine                          |
-|GET         |/magazines/:id/ads/new      |new      |return an HTML form for creating a new ad belonging to a specific magazine |
-|POST        |/magazines/:id/ads          |create   |create a new ad belonging to a specific magazine                           |
-|GET         |/magazines/:id/ads/:id      |show     |display a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                     |
-|GET         |/magazines/:id/ads/:id/edit |edit     |return an HTML form for editing an ad belonging to a specific magazine     |
-|PATCH/PUT   |/magazines/:id/ads/:id      |update   |update a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
-|DELETE      |/magazines/:id/ads/:id      |destroy  |delete a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
+|_.HTTP Verb |_.Path                               |_.action |_.used for                                                                 |
+|GET         |/magazines/:magazine_id/ads          |index    |display a list of all ads for a specific magazine                          |
+|GET         |/magazines/:magazine_id/ads/new      |new      |return an HTML form for creating a new ad belonging to a specific magazine |
+|POST        |/magazines/:magazine_id/ads          |create   |create a new ad belonging to a specific magazine                           |
+|GET         |/magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      |show     |display a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                     |
+|GET         |/magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id/edit |edit     |return an HTML form for editing an ad belonging to a specific magazine     |
+|PATCH/PUT   |/magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      |update   |update a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
+|DELETE      |/magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      |destroy  |delete a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
 
 This will also create routing helpers such as +magazine_ads_url+ and +edit_magazine_ad_path+. These helpers take an instance of Magazine as the first parameter (+magazine_ads_url(@magazine)+).
 
@@ -374,7 +380,7 @@ h4. Bound Parameters
 When you set up a regular route, you supply a series of symbols that Rails maps to parts of an incoming HTTP request. Two of these symbols are special: +:controller+ maps to the name of a controller in your application, and +:action+ maps to the name of an action within that controller. For example, consider one of the default Rails routes:
 
 <ruby>
-match ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
 </ruby>
 
 If an incoming request of +/photos/show/1+ is processed by this route (because it hasn't matched any previous route in the file), then the result will be to invoke the +show+ action of the +PhotosController+, and to make the final parameter +"1"+ available as +params[:id]+. This route will also route the incoming request of +/photos+ to +PhotosController#index+, since +:action+ and +:id+ are optional parameters, denoted by parentheses.
@@ -384,25 +390,25 @@ h4. Dynamic Segments
 You can set up as many dynamic segments within a regular route as you like. Anything other than +:controller+ or +:action+ will be available to the action as part of +params+. If you set up this route:
 
 <ruby>
-match ':controller/:action/:id/:user_id'
+get ':controller/:action/:id/:user_id'
 </ruby>
 
 An incoming path of +/photos/show/1/2+ will be dispatched to the +show+ action of the +PhotosController+. +params[:id]+ will be +"1"+, and +params[:user_id]+ will be +"2"+.
 
-NOTE: You can't use +namespace+ or +:module+ with a +:controller+ path segment. If you need to do this then use a constraint on :controller that matches the namespace you require. e.g:
+NOTE: You can't use +:namespace+ or +:module+ with a +:controller+ path segment. If you need to do this then use a constraint on :controller that matches the namespace you require. e.g:
 
 <ruby>
-match ':controller(/:action(/:id))', :controller => /admin\/[^\/]+/
+get ':controller(/:action(/:id))', :controller => /admin\/[^\/]+/
 </ruby>
 
-TIP: By default dynamic segments don't accept dots - this is because the dot is used as a separator for formatted routes. If you need to use a dot within a dynamic segment add a constraint which overrides this - for example +:id+ => /[^\/]+/ allows anything except a slash.
+TIP: By default dynamic segments don't accept dots - this is because the dot is used as a separator for formatted routes. If you need to use a dot within a dynamic segment, add a constraint that overrides this – for example, +:id+ => /[^\/]+/ allows anything except a slash.
 
 h4. Static Segments
 
 You can specify static segments when creating a route:
 
 <ruby>
-match ':controller/:action/:id/with_user/:user_id'
+get ':controller/:action/:id/with_user/:user_id'
 </ruby>
 
 This route would respond to paths such as +/photos/show/1/with_user/2+. In this case, +params+ would be <tt>{ :controller => "photos", :action => "show", :id => "1", :user_id => "2" }</tt>.
@@ -412,7 +418,7 @@ h4. The Query String
 The +params+ will also include any parameters from the query string. For example, with this route:
 
 <ruby>
-match ':controller/:action/:id'
+get ':controller/:action/:id'
 </ruby>
 
 An incoming path of +/photos/show/1?user_id=2+ will be dispatched to the +show+ action of the +Photos+ controller. +params+ will be <tt>{ :controller => "photos", :action => "show", :id => "1", :user_id => "2" }</tt>.
@@ -422,7 +428,7 @@ h4. Defining Defaults
 You do not need to explicitly use the +:controller+ and +:action+ symbols within a route. You can supply them as defaults:
 
 <ruby>
-match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show'
+get 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show'
 </ruby>
 
 With this route, Rails will match an incoming path of +/photos/12+ to the +show+ action of +PhotosController+.
@@ -430,7 +436,7 @@ With this route, Rails will match an incoming path of +/photos/12+ to the +show+
 You can also define other defaults in a route by supplying a hash for the +:defaults+ option. This even applies to parameters that you do not specify as dynamic segments. For example:
 
 <ruby>
-match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :defaults => { :format => 'jpg' }
+get 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :defaults => { :format => 'jpg' }
 </ruby>
 
 Rails would match +photos/12+ to the +show+ action of +PhotosController+, and set +params[:format]+ to +"jpg"+.
@@ -440,49 +446,53 @@ h4. Naming Routes
 You can specify a name for any route using the +:as+ option.
 
 <ruby>
-match 'exit' => 'sessions#destroy', :as => :logout
+get 'exit' => 'sessions#destroy', :as => :logout
 </ruby>
 
 This will create +logout_path+ and +logout_url+ as named helpers in your application. Calling +logout_path+ will return +/exit+
 
-h4. HTTP Verb Constraints
-
-You can use the +:via+ option to constrain the request to one or more HTTP methods:
+You can also use this to override routing methods defined by resources, like this:
 
 <ruby>
-match 'photos/show' => 'photos#show', :via => :get
+get ':username', :to => "users#show", :as => :user
 </ruby>
 
-There is a shorthand version of this as well:
+This will define a +user_path+ method that will be available in controllers, helpers and views that will go to a route such as +/bob+. Inside the +show+ action of +UsersController+, +params[:username]+ will contain the username for the user. Change +:username+ in the route definition if you do not want your parameter name to be +:username+.
+
+h4. HTTP Verb Constraints
+
+In general, you should use the +get+, +post+, +put+ and +delete+ methods to constrain a route to a particular verb. You can use the +match+ method with the +:via+ option to match multiple verbs at once:
 
 <ruby>
-get 'photos/show'
+match 'photos' => 'photos#show', :via => [:get, :post]
 </ruby>
 
-You can also permit more than one verb to a single route:
+You can match all verbs to a particular route using +:via => :all+:
 
 <ruby>
-match 'photos/show' => 'photos#show', :via => [:get, :post]
+match 'photos' => 'photos#show', :via => :all
 </ruby>
 
+You should avoid routing all verbs to an action unless you have a good reason to, as routing both +GET+ requests and +POST+ requests to a single action has security implications.
+
 h4. Segment Constraints
 
 You can use the +:constraints+ option to enforce a format for a dynamic segment:
 
 <ruby>
-match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :constraints => { :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }
+get 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :constraints => { :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }
 </ruby>
 
 This route would match paths such as +/photos/A12345+. You can more succinctly express the same route this way:
 
 <ruby>
-match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
+get 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
 </ruby>
 
 +:constraints+ takes regular expressions with the restriction that regexp anchors can't be used. For example, the following route will not work:
 
 <ruby>
-match '/:id' => 'posts#show', :constraints => {:id => /^\d/}
+get '/:id' => 'posts#show', :constraints => {:id => /^\d/}
 </ruby>
 
 However, note that you don't need to use anchors because all routes are anchored at the start.
@@ -490,8 +500,8 @@ However, note that you don't need to use anchors because all routes are anchored
 For example, the following routes would allow for +posts+ with +to_param+ values like +1-hello-world+ that always begin with a number and +users+ with +to_param+ values like +david+ that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:
 
 <ruby>
-match '/:id' => 'posts#show', :constraints => { :id => /\d.+/ }
-match '/:username' => 'users#show'
+get '/:id' => 'posts#show', :constraints => { :id => /\d.+/ }
+get '/:username' => 'users#show'
 </ruby>
 
 h4. Request-Based Constraints
@@ -501,7 +511,7 @@ You can also constrain a route based on any method on the <a href="action_contro
 You specify a request-based constraint the same way that you specify a segment constraint:
 
 <ruby>
-match "photos", :constraints => {:subdomain => "admin"}
+get "photos", :constraints => {:subdomain => "admin"}
 </ruby>
 
 You can also specify constraints in a block form:
@@ -530,17 +540,28 @@ class BlacklistConstraint
 end
 
 TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
-  match "*path" => "blacklist#index",
+  get "*path" => "blacklist#index",
     :constraints => BlacklistConstraint.new
 end
 </ruby>
 
+You can also specify constraints as a lambda:
+
+<ruby>
+TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+  get "*path" => "blacklist#index",
+    :constraints => lambda { |request| Blacklist.retrieve_ips.include?(request.remote_ip) }
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Both the +matches?+ method and the lambda gets the +request+ object as an argument.
+
 h4. Route Globbing
 
 Route globbing is a way to specify that a particular parameter should be matched to all the remaining parts of a route. For example
 
 <ruby>
-match 'photos/*other' => 'photos#unknown'
+get 'photos/*other' => 'photos#unknown'
 </ruby>
 
 This route would match +photos/12+ or +/photos/long/path/to/12+, setting +params[:other]+ to +"12"+ or +"long/path/to/12"+.
@@ -548,7 +569,7 @@ This route would match +photos/12+ or +/photos/long/path/to/12+, setting +params
 Wildcard segments can occur anywhere in a route. For example,
 
 <ruby>
-match 'books/*section/:title' => 'books#show'
+get 'books/*section/:title' => 'books#show'
 </ruby>
 
 would match +books/some/section/last-words-a-memoir+ with +params[:section]+ equals +"some/section"+, and +params[:title]+ equals +"last-words-a-memoir"+.
@@ -556,7 +577,7 @@ would match +books/some/section/last-words-a-memoir+ with +params[:section]+ equ
 Technically a route can have even more than one wildcard segment. The matcher assigns segments to parameters in an intuitive way. For example,
 
 <ruby>
-match '*a/foo/*b' => 'test#index'
+get '*a/foo/*b' => 'test#index'
 </ruby>
 
 would match +zoo/woo/foo/bar/baz+ with +params[:a]+ equals +"zoo/woo"+, and +params[:b]+ equals +"bar/baz"+.
@@ -564,19 +585,19 @@ would match +zoo/woo/foo/bar/baz+ with +params[:a]+ equals +"zoo/woo"+, and +par
 NOTE: Starting from Rails 3.1, wildcard routes will always match the optional format segment by default. For example if you have this route:
 
 <ruby>
-match '*pages' => 'pages#show'
+get '*pages' => 'pages#show'
 </ruby>
 
 NOTE: By requesting +"/foo/bar.json"+, your +params[:pages]+ will be equals to +"foo/bar"+ with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply +:format => false+ like this:
 
 <ruby>
-match '*pages' => 'pages#show', :format => false
+get '*pages' => 'pages#show', :format => false
 </ruby>
 
 NOTE: If you want to make the format segment mandatory, so it cannot be omitted, you can supply +:format => true+ like this:
 
 <ruby>
-match '*pages' => 'pages#show', :format => true
+get '*pages' => 'pages#show', :format => true
 </ruby>
 
 h4. Redirection
@@ -584,20 +605,20 @@ h4. Redirection
 You can redirect any path to another path using the +redirect+ helper in your router:
 
 <ruby>
-match "/stories" => redirect("/posts")
+get "/stories" => redirect("/posts")
 </ruby>
 
 You can also reuse dynamic segments from the match in the path to redirect to:
 
 <ruby>
-match "/stories/:name" => redirect("/posts/%{name}")
+get "/stories/:name" => redirect("/posts/%{name}")
 </ruby>
 
 You can also provide a block to redirect, which receives the params and (optionally) the request object:
 
 <ruby>
-match "/stories/:name" => redirect {|params| "/posts/#{params[:name].pluralize}" }
-match "/stories" => redirect {|p, req| "/posts/#{req.subdomain}" }
+get "/stories/:name" => redirect {|params| "/posts/#{params[:name].pluralize}" }
+get "/stories" => redirect {|p, req| "/posts/#{req.subdomain}" }
 </ruby>
 
 Please note that this redirection is a 301 "Moved Permanently" redirect. Keep in mind that some web browsers or proxy servers will cache this type of redirect, making the old page inaccessible.
@@ -609,10 +630,10 @@ h4. Routing to Rack Applications
 Instead of a String, like +"posts#index"+, which corresponds to the +index+ action in the +PostsController+, you can specify any <a href="rails_on_rack.html">Rack application</a> as the endpoint for a matcher.
 
 <ruby>
-match "/application.js" => Sprockets
+match "/application.js" => Sprockets, :via => :all
 </ruby>
 
-As long as +Sprockets+ responds to +call+ and returns a <tt>[status, headers, body]</tt>, the router won't know the difference between the Rack application and an action.
+As long as +Sprockets+ responds to +call+ and returns a <tt>[status, headers, body]</tt>, the router won't know the difference between the Rack application and an action. This is an appropriate use of +:via => :all+, as you will want to allow your Rack application to handle all verbs as it considers appropriate.
 
 NOTE: For the curious, +"posts#index"+ actually expands out to +PostsController.action(:index)+, which returns a valid Rack application.
 
@@ -627,6 +648,16 @@ root 'pages#main' # shortcut for the above
 
 You should put the +root+ route at the top of the file, because it is the most popular route and should be matched first. You also need to delete the +public/index.html+ file for the root route to take effect.
 
+NOTE: The +root+ route only routes +GET+ requests to the action.
+
+h4. Unicode character routes
+
+You can specify unicode character routes directly. For example
+
+<ruby>
+match 'こんにちは' => 'welcome#index'
+</ruby>
+
 h3. Customizing Resourceful Routes
 
 While the default routes and helpers generated by +resources :posts+ will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.
@@ -824,9 +855,11 @@ h3. Inspecting and Testing Routes
 
 Rails offers facilities for inspecting and testing your routes.
 
-h4. Seeing Existing Routes with +rake+
+h4. Seeing Existing Routes
+
+To get a complete list of the available routes in your application, visit +http://localhost:3000/rails/info/routes+ in your browser while your server is running in the *development* environment. You can also execute the +rake routes+ command in your terminal to produce the same output.
 
-If you want a complete list of all of the available routes in your application, run +rake routes+ command. This will print all of your routes, in the same order that they appear in +routes.rb+. For each route, you'll see:
+Both methods will list all of your routes, in the same order that they appear in +routes.rb+. For each route, you'll see:
 
 * The route name (if any)
 * The HTTP verb used (if the route doesn't respond to all verbs)
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.textile b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.textile
index f3c8fa654d..dd209b61d6 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.textile
+++ b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.textile
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 h2. Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines
 
-This guide documents guidelines for writing guides. This guide follows itself in a gracile loop.
+This guide documents guidelines for writing Ruby on Rails Guides. This guide follows itself in a graceful loop, serving itself as an example.
 
 endprologue.
 
 h3. Textile
 
-Guides are written in "Textile":http://www.textism.com/tools/textile/. There's comprehensive documentation "here":http://redcloth.org/hobix.com/textile/ and a cheatsheet for markup "here":http://redcloth.org/hobix.com/textile/quick.html.
+Guides are written in "Textile":http://www.textism.com/tools/textile/. There is comprehensive "documentation":http://redcloth.org/hobix.com/textile/ and a "cheatsheet":http://redcloth.org/hobix.com/textile/quick.html for markup.
 
 h3. Prologue
 
-Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area.) The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. See for example the "Routing Guide":routing.html.
+Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. See for example the "Routing Guide":routing.html.
 
 h3. Titles
 
-The title of every guide uses +h2+, guide sections use +h3+, subsections +h4+, etc.
+The title of every guide uses +h2+; guide sections use +h3+; subsections +h4+; etc.
 
 Capitalize all words except for internal articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and forms of the verb to be:
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ h6. The <tt>:content_type</tt> Option
 
 h3. API Documentation Guidelines
 
-The guides and the API should be coherent where appropriate. Please have a look at these particular sections of the "API Documentation Guidelines":api_documentation_guidelines.html:
+The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. Please have a look at these particular sections of the "API Documentation Guidelines":api_documentation_guidelines.html:
 
 * "Wording":api_documentation_guidelines.html#wording
 * "Example Code":api_documentation_guidelines.html#example-code
@@ -44,10 +44,16 @@ h3. HTML Guides
 
 h4. Generation
 
-To generate all the guides, just +cd+ into the +railties+ directory and execute:
+To generate all the guides, just +cd+ into the *+guides+* directory and execute:
 
 <plain>
-bundle exec rake generate_guides
+bundle exec rake guides:generate
+</plain>
+
+or
+
+<plain>
+bundle exec rake guides:generate:html
 </plain>
 
 (You may need to run +bundle install+ first to install the required gems.)
@@ -55,19 +61,26 @@ bundle exec rake generate_guides
 To process +my_guide.textile+ and nothing else use the +ONLY+ environment variable:
 
 <plain>
-bundle exec rake generate_guides ONLY=my_guide
+touch my_guide.textile
+bundle exec rake guides:generate ONLY=my_guide
 </plain>
 
 By default, guides that have not been modified are not processed, so +ONLY+ is rarely needed in practice.
 
-To force process of all the guides, pass +ALL=1+.
+To force processing all the guides, pass +ALL=1+.
 
 It is also recommended that you work with +WARNINGS=1+. This detects duplicate IDs and warns about broken internal links.
 
-If you want to generate guides in languages other than English, you can keep them in a separate directory under +source+ (eg. <tt>source/es</tt>) and use the +GUIDES_LANGUAGE+ environment variable:
+If you want to generate guides in a language other than English, you can keep them in a separate directory under +source+ (eg. <tt>source/es</tt>) and use the +GUIDES_LANGUAGE+ environment variable:
 
 <plain>
-bundle exec rake generate_guides GUIDES_LANGUAGE=es
+bundle exec rake guides:generate GUIDES_LANGUAGE=es
+</plain>
+
+If you want to see all the environment variables you can use to configure the generation script just run:
+
+<plain>
+rake
 </plain>
 
 h4. Validation
@@ -75,17 +88,17 @@ h4. Validation
 Please validate the generated HTML with:
 
 <plain>
-bundle exec rake validate_guides
+bundle exec rake guides:validate
 </plain>
 
-Particularly, titles get an ID generated from their content and this often leads to duplicates. Please set +WARNINGS=1+ when generating guides to detect them. The warning messages suggest a way to fix them.
+Particularly, titles get an ID generated from their content and this often leads to duplicates. Please set +WARNINGS=1+ when generating guides to detect them. The warning messages suggest a solution.
 
 h3. Kindle Guides
 
-h4. Generation
+h4(#generation-kindle). Generation
 
-To generate guides for the Kindle, you need to provide +KINDLE=1+ as an environment variable:
+To generate guides for the Kindle, use the following rake task:
 
 <plain>
-KINDLE=1 bundle exec rake generate_guides
+bundle exec rake guides:generate:kindle
 </plain>
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/security.textile b/guides/source/security.textile
index b1a09c0c05..8879122b66 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/security.textile
+++ b/guides/source/security.textile
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 h2. Ruby On Rails Security Guide
 
-This manual describes common security problems in web applications and how to avoid them with Rails. If you have any questions or suggestions, please
-mail me, Heiko Webers, at 42 {_et_} rorsecurity.info. After reading it, you should be familiar with:
+This manual describes common security problems in web applications and how to avoid them with Rails. After reading it, you should be familiar with:
 
 * All countermeasures _(highlight)that are highlighted_
 * The concept of sessions in Rails, what to put in there and popular attack methods
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ A good place to start looking at security is with sessions, which can be vulnera
 
 h4. What are Sessions?
 
--- _HTTP is a stateless protocol. Sessions make it stateful._
+NOTE: _HTTP is a stateless protocol. Sessions make it stateful._
 
 Most applications need to keep track of certain state of a particular user. This could be the contents of a shopping basket or the user id of the currently logged in user. Without the idea of sessions, the user would have to identify, and probably authenticate, on every request.
 Rails will create a new session automatically if a new user accesses the application. It will load an existing session if the user has already used the application.
@@ -45,13 +44,13 @@ User.find(session[:user_id])
 
 h4. Session id
 
--- _The session id is a 32 byte long MD5 hash value._
+NOTE: _The session id is a 32 byte long MD5 hash value._
 
 A session id consists of the hash value of a random string. The random string is the current time, a random number between 0 and 1, the process id number of the Ruby interpreter (also basically a random number) and a constant string. Currently it is not feasible to brute-force Rails' session ids. To date MD5 is uncompromised, but there have been collisions, so it is theoretically possible to create another input text with the same hash value. But this has had no security impact to date.
 
 h4. Session Hijacking
 
--- _Stealing a user's session id lets an attacker use the web application in the victim's name._
+WARNING: _Stealing a user's session id lets an attacker use the web application in the victim's name._
 
 Many web applications have an authentication system: a user provides a user name and password, the web application checks them and stores the corresponding user id in the session hash. From now on, the session is valid. On every request the application will load the user, identified by the user id in the session, without the need for new authentication. The session id in the cookie identifies the session.
 
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ The main objective of most attackers is to make money. The underground prices fo
 
 h4. Session Guidelines
 
--- _Here are some general guidelines on sessions._
+Here are some general guidelines on sessions.
 
 * _(highlight)Do not store large objects in a session_. Instead you should store them in the database and save their id in the session. This will eliminate synchronization headaches and it won't fill up your session storage space (depending on what session storage you chose, see below).
 This will also be a good idea, if you modify the structure of an object and old versions of it are still in some user's cookies. With server-side session storages you can clear out the sessions, but with client-side storages, this is hard to mitigate.
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ This will also be a good idea, if you modify the structure of an object and old
 
 h4. Session Storage
 
--- _Rails provides several storage mechanisms for the session hashes. The most important are ActiveRecord::SessionStore and ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore._
+NOTE: _Rails provides several storage mechanisms for the session hashes. The most important are +ActiveRecord::SessionStore+ and +ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore+._
 
 There are a number of session storages, i.e. where Rails saves the session hash and session id. Most real-live applications choose ActiveRecord::SessionStore (or one of its derivatives) over file storage due to performance and maintenance reasons. ActiveRecord::SessionStore keeps the session id and hash in a database table and saves and retrieves the hash on every request.
 
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ There are, however, derivatives of CookieStore which encrypt the session hash, s
 
 h4. Replay Attacks for CookieStore Sessions
 
--- _Another sort of attack you have to be aware of when using CookieStore is the replay attack._
+TIP: _Another sort of attack you have to be aware of when using +CookieStore+ is the replay attack._
 
 It works like this:
 
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ The best _(highlight)solution against it is not to store this kind of data in a
 
 h4. Session Fixation
 
--- _Apart from stealing a user's session id, the attacker may fix a session id known to him. This is called session fixation._
+NOTE: _Apart from stealing a user's session id, the attacker may fix a session id known to him. This is called session fixation._
 
 !images/session_fixation.png(Session fixation)!
 
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ This attack focuses on fixing a user's session id known to the attacker, and for
 
 h4. Session Fixation – Countermeasures
 
--- _One line of code will protect you from session fixation._
+TIP: _One line of code will protect you from session fixation._
 
 The most effective countermeasure is to _(highlight)issue a new session identifier_ and declare the old one invalid after a successful login. That way, an attacker cannot use the fixed session identifier. This is a good countermeasure against session hijacking, as well. Here is how to create a new session in Rails:
 
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ Another countermeasure is to _(highlight)save user-specific properties in the se
 
 h4. Session Expiry
 
--- _Sessions that never expire extend the time-frame for attacks such as cross-site reference forgery (CSRF), session hijacking and session fixation._
+NOTE: _Sessions that never expire extend the time-frame for attacks such as cross-site reference forgery (CSRF), session hijacking and session fixation._
 
 One possibility is to set the expiry time-stamp of the cookie with the session id. However the client can edit cookies that are stored in the web browser so expiring sessions on the server is safer. Here is an example of how to _(highlight)expire sessions in a database table_. Call +Session.sweep("20 minutes")+ to expire sessions that were used longer than 20 minutes ago.
 
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ delete_all "updated_at < '#{time.ago.to_s(:db)}' OR
 
 h3. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
 
--- _This attack method works by including malicious code or a link in a page that accesses a web application that the user is believed to have authenticated. If the session for that web application has not timed out, an attacker may execute unauthorized commands._
+This attack method works by including malicious code or a link in a page that accesses a web application that the user is believed to have authenticated. If the session for that web application has not timed out, an attacker may execute unauthorized commands.
 
 !images/csrf.png!
 
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ CSRF appears very rarely in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) -- less t
 
 h4. CSRF Countermeasures
 
--- _First, as is required by the W3C, use GET and POST appropriately. Secondly, a security token in non-GET requests will protect your application from CSRF._
+NOTE: _First, as is required by the W3C, use GET and POST appropriately. Secondly, a security token in non-GET requests will protect your application from CSRF._
 
 The HTTP protocol basically provides two main types of requests - GET and POST (and more, but they are not supported by most browsers). The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) provides a checklist for choosing HTTP GET or POST:
 
@@ -237,6 +236,17 @@ protect_from_forgery :secret => "123456789012345678901234567890..."
 
 This will automatically include a security token, calculated from the current session and the server-side secret, in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. You won't need the secret, if you use CookieStorage as session storage. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, the session will be reset. *Note:* In Rails versions prior to 3.0.4, this raised an <tt>ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken</tt> error.
 
+It is common to use persistent cookies to store user information, with +cookies.permanent+ for example. In this case, the cookies will not be cleared and the out of the box CSRF protection will not be effective. If you are using a different cookie store than the session for this information, you must handle what to do with it yourself:
+
+<ruby>
+def handle_unverified_request
+  super
+  sign_out_user # Example method that will destroy the user cookies.
+end
+</ruby>
+
+The above method can be placed in the +ApplicationController+ and will be called when a CSRF token is not present on a non-GET request.
+
 Note that _(highlight)cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so he can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
 
 h3. Redirection and Files
@@ -245,7 +255,7 @@ Another class of security vulnerabilities surrounds the use of redirection and f
 
 h4. Redirection
 
--- _Redirection in a web application is an underestimated cracker tool: Not only can the attacker forward the user to a trap web site, he may also create a self-contained attack._
+WARNING: _Redirection in a web application is an underestimated cracker tool: Not only can the attacker forward the user to a trap web site, he may also create a self-contained attack._
 
 Whenever the user is allowed to pass (parts of) the URL for redirection, it is possibly vulnerable. The most obvious attack would be to redirect users to a fake web application which looks and feels exactly as the original one. This so-called phishing attack works by sending an unsuspicious link in an email to the users, injecting the link by XSS in the web application or putting the link into an external site. It is unsuspicious, because the link starts with the URL to the web application and the URL to the malicious site is hidden in the redirection parameter: http://www.example.com/site/redirect?to= www.attacker.com. Here is an example of a legacy action:
 
@@ -273,7 +283,7 @@ This example is a Base64 encoded JavaScript which displays a simple message box.
 
 h4. File Uploads
 
--- _Make sure file uploads don't overwrite important files, and process media files asynchronously._
+NOTE: _Make sure file uploads don't overwrite important files, and process media files asynchronously._
 
 Many web applications allow users to upload files. _(highlight)File names, which the user may choose (partly), should always be filtered_ as an attacker could use a malicious file name to overwrite any file on the server. If you store file uploads at /var/www/uploads, and the user enters a file name like “../../../etc/passwd”, it may overwrite an important file. Of course, the Ruby interpreter would need the appropriate permissions to do so – one more reason to run web servers, database servers and other programs as a less privileged Unix user.
 
@@ -298,7 +308,7 @@ The solution to this is best to _(highlight)process media files asynchronously_:
 
 h4. Executable Code in File Uploads
 
--- _Source code in uploaded files may be executed when placed in specific directories. Do not place file uploads in Rails' /public directory if it is Apache's home directory._
+WARNING: _Source code in uploaded files may be executed when placed in specific directories. Do not place file uploads in Rails' /public directory if it is Apache's home directory._
 
 The popular Apache web server has an option called DocumentRoot. This is the home directory of the web site, everything in this directory tree will be served by the web server. If there are files with a certain file name extension, the code in it will be executed when requested (might require some options to be set). Examples for this are PHP and CGI files. Now think of a situation where an attacker uploads a file “file.cgi” with code in it, which will be executed when someone downloads the file.
 
@@ -306,7 +316,7 @@ _(highlight)If your Apache DocumentRoot points to Rails' /public directory, do n
 
 h4. File Downloads
 
--- _Make sure users cannot download arbitrary files._
+NOTE: _Make sure users cannot download arbitrary files._
 
 Just as you have to filter file names for uploads, you have to do so for downloads. The send_file() method sends files from the server to the client. If you use a file name, that the user entered, without filtering, any file can be downloaded:
 
@@ -328,7 +338,7 @@ Another (additional) approach is to store the file names in the database and nam
 
 h3. Intranet and Admin Security
 
--- _Intranet and administration interfaces are popular attack targets, because they allow privileged access. Although this would require several extra-security measures, the opposite is the case in the real world._
+Intranet and administration interfaces are popular attack targets, because they allow privileged access. Although this would require several extra-security measures, the opposite is the case in the real world.
 
 In 2007 there was the first tailor-made trojan which stole information from an Intranet, namely the "Monster for employers" web site of Monster.com, an online recruitment web application. Tailor-made Trojans are very rare, so far, and the risk is quite low, but it is certainly a possibility and an example of how the security of the client host is important, too. However, the highest threat to Intranet and Admin applications are XSS and CSRF.

 
@@ -360,7 +370,7 @@ The common admin interface works like this: it's located at www.example.com/admi
 
 h3. Mass Assignment
 
--- _Without any precautions Model.new(params[:model]) allows attackers to set any database column's value._
+WARNING: _Without any precautions +Model.new(params[:model]+) allows attackers to set any database column's value._
 
 The mass-assignment feature may become a problem, as it allows an attacker to set any model's attributes by manipulating the hash passed to a model's +new()+ method:
 
@@ -374,7 +384,7 @@ end
 Mass-assignment saves you much work, because you don't have to set each value individually. Simply pass a hash to the +new+ method, or +assign_attributes=+ a hash value, to set the model's attributes to the values in the hash. The problem is that it is often used in conjunction with the parameters (params) hash available in the controller, which may be manipulated by an attacker. He may do so by changing the URL like this:
 
 <pre>
-"name":http://www.example.com/user/signup?user[name]=ow3ned&user[admin]=1
+http://www.example.com/user/signup?user[name]=ow3ned&user[admin]=1
 </pre>
 
 This will set the following parameters in the controller:
@@ -385,7 +395,7 @@ params[:user] # => {:name => “ow3ned”, :admin => true}
 
 So if you create a new user using mass-assignment, it may be too easy to become an administrator.
 
-Note that this vulnerability is not restricted to database columns. Any setter method, unless explicitly protected, is accessible via the <tt>attributes=</tt> method. In fact, this vulnerability is extended even further with the introduction of nested mass assignment (and nested object forms) in Rails 2.3<plus>. The +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ declaration provides us the ability to extend mass assignment to model associations (+has_many+, +has_one+, +has_and_belongs_to_many+). For example:
+Note that this vulnerability is not restricted to database columns. Any setter method, unless explicitly protected, is accessible via the <tt>attributes=</tt> method. In fact, this vulnerability is extended even further with the introduction of nested mass assignment (and nested object forms) in Rails 2.3. The +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ declaration provides us the ability to extend mass assignment to model associations (+has_many+, +has_one+, +has_and_belongs_to_many+). For example:
 
 <ruby>
   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -472,7 +482,7 @@ This will create an empty whitelist of attributes available for mass-assignment
 
 h3. User Management
 
--- _Almost every web application has to deal with authorization and authentication. Instead of rolling your own, it is advisable to use common plug-ins. But keep them up-to-date, too. A few additional precautions can make your application even more secure._
+NOTE: _Almost every web application has to deal with authorization and authentication. Instead of rolling your own, it is advisable to use common plug-ins. But keep them up-to-date, too. A few additional precautions can make your application even more secure._
 
 There are a number of authentication plug-ins for Rails available. Good ones, such as the popular "devise":https://github.com/plataformatec/devise and "authlogic":https://github.com/binarylogic/authlogic, store only encrypted passwords, not plain-text passwords. In Rails 3.1 you can use the built-in +has_secure_password+ method which has similar features.
 
@@ -499,7 +509,7 @@ And thus it found the first user in the database, returned it and logged him in.
 
 h4. Brute-Forcing Accounts
 
--- _Brute-force attacks on accounts are trial and error attacks on the login credentials. Fend them off with more generic error messages and possibly require to enter a CAPTCHA._
+NOTE: _Brute-force attacks on accounts are trial and error attacks on the login credentials. Fend them off with more generic error messages and possibly require to enter a CAPTCHA._
 
 A list of user names for your web application may be misused to brute-force the corresponding passwords, because most people don't use sophisticated passwords. Most passwords are a combination of dictionary words and possibly numbers. So armed with a list of user names and a dictionary, an automatic program may find the correct password in a matter of minutes.
 
@@ -511,7 +521,7 @@ In order to mitigate such attacks, _(highlight)display a generic error message o
 
 h4. Account Hijacking
 
--- _Many web applications make it easy to hijack user accounts. Why not be different and make it more difficult?_
+Many web applications make it easy to hijack user accounts. Why not be different and make it more difficult?.
 
 h5. Passwords
 
@@ -527,7 +537,7 @@ Depending on your web application, there may be more ways to hijack the user's a
 
 h4. CAPTCHAs
 
--- _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that he is human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._
+INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that he is human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._
 
 But not only spam robots (bots) are a problem, but also automatic login bots. A popular CAPTCHA API is "reCAPTCHA":http://recaptcha.net/ which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. "ReCAPTCHA":http://ambethia.com/recaptcha/ is also a Rails plug-in with the same name as the API.
 
@@ -554,7 +564,7 @@ Note that this protects you only from automatic bots, targeted tailor-made bots
 
 h4. Logging
 
--- _Tell Rails not to put passwords in the log files._
+WARNING: _Tell Rails not to put passwords in the log files._
 
 By default, Rails logs all requests being made to the web application. But log files can be a huge security issue, as they may contain login credentials, credit card numbers et cetera. When designing a web application security concept, you should also think about what will happen if an attacker got (full) access to the web server. Encrypting secrets and passwords in the database will be quite useless, if the log files list them in clear text. You can _(highlight)filter certain request parameters from your log files_ by appending them to <tt>config.filter_parameters</tt> in the application configuration. These parameters will be marked [FILTERED] in the log.
 
@@ -564,7 +574,7 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password
 
 h4. Good Passwords
 
--- _Do you find it hard to remember all your passwords? Don't write them down, but use the initial letters of each word in an easy to remember sentence._
+INFO: _Do you find it hard to remember all your passwords? Don't write them down, but use the initial letters of each word in an easy to remember sentence._
 
 Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, "has analyzed":http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned <a href="#examples-from-the-underground">below</a>. It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are:
 
@@ -576,31 +586,48 @@ A good password is a long alphanumeric combination of mixed cases. As this is qu
 
 h4. Regular Expressions
 
--- _A common pitfall in Ruby's regular expressions is to match the string's beginning and end by ^ and $, instead of \A and \z._
+INFO: _A common pitfall in Ruby's regular expressions is to match the string's beginning and end by ^ and $, instead of \A and \z._
 
-Ruby uses a slightly different approach than many other languages to match the end and the beginning of a string. That is why even many Ruby and Rails books make this wrong. So how is this a security threat? Imagine you have a File model and you validate the file name by a regular expression like this:
+Ruby uses a slightly different approach than many other languages to match the end and the beginning of a string. That is why even many Ruby and Rails books make this wrong. So how is this a security threat? Say you wanted to loosely validate a URL field and you used a simple regular expression like this:
 
 <ruby>
-class File < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :name, :format => /^[\w\.\-\<plus>]<plus>$/
-end
+  /^https?:\/\/[^\n]+$/i
 </ruby>
 
-This means, upon saving, the model will validate the file name to consist only of alphanumeric characters, dots, + and -. And the programmer added ^ and $ so that file name will contain these characters from the beginning to the end of the string. However, _(highlight)in Ruby ^ and $ matches the *line* beginning and line end_. And thus a file name like this passes the filter without problems:
+This may work fine in some languages. However, _(highlight)in Ruby ^ and $ match the *line* beginning and line end_. And thus a URL like this passes the filter without problems:
 
 <plain>
-file.txt%0A<script>alert('hello')</script>
+javascript:exploit_code();/*
+http://hi.com
+*/
 </plain>
 
-Whereas %0A is a line feed in URL encoding, so Rails automatically converts it to "file.txt\n&lt;script&gt;alert('hello')&lt;/script&gt;". This file name passes the filter because the regular expression matches – up to the line end, the rest does not matter. The correct expression should read:
+This URL passes the filter because the regular expression matches – the second line, the rest does not matter. Now imagine we had a view that showed the URL like this:
 
 <ruby>
-/\A[\w\.\-\<plus>]<plus>\z/
+  link_to "Homepage", @user.homepage
 </ruby>
 
+The link looks innocent to visitors, but when it's clicked, it will execute the javascript function "exploit_code" or any other javascript the attacker provides.
+
+To fix the regular expression, \A and \z should be used instead of ^ and $, like so:
+
+<ruby>
+  /\Ahttps?:\/\/[^\n]+\z/i
+</ruby>
+
+Since this is a frequent mistake, the format validator (validates_format_of) now raises an exception if the provided regular expression starts with ^ or ends with $. If you do need to use ^ and $ instead of \A and \z (which is rare), you can set the :multiline option to true, like so:
+
+<ruby>
+  # content should include a line "Meanwhile" anywhere in the string
+  validates :content, :format => { :with => /^Meanwhile$/, :multiline => true }
+</ruby>
+
+Note that this only protects you against the most common mistake when using the format validator - you always need to keep in mind that ^ and $ match the *line* beginning and line end in Ruby, and not the beginning and end of a string.
+
 h4. Privilege Escalation
 
--- _Changing a single parameter may give the user unauthorized access. Remember that every parameter may be changed, no matter how much you hide or obfuscate it._
+WARNING: _Changing a single parameter may give the user unauthorized access. Remember that every parameter may be changed, no matter how much you hide or obfuscate it._
 
 The most common parameter that a user might tamper with, is the id parameter, as in +http://www.domain.com/project/1+, whereas 1 is the id. It will be available in params in the controller. There, you will most likely do something like this:
 
@@ -620,15 +647,15 @@ Don't be fooled by security by obfuscation and JavaScript security. The Web Deve
 
 h3. Injection
 
--- _Injection is a class of attacks that introduce malicious code or parameters into a web application in order to run it within its security context. Prominent examples of injection are cross-site scripting (XSS) and SQL injection._
+INFO: _Injection is a class of attacks that introduce malicious code or parameters into a web application in order to run it within its security context. Prominent examples of injection are cross-site scripting (XSS) and SQL injection._
 
 Injection is very tricky, because the same code or parameter can be malicious in one context, but totally harmless in another. A context can be a scripting, query or programming language, the shell or a Ruby/Rails method. The following sections will cover all important contexts where injection attacks may happen. The first section, however, covers an architectural decision in connection with Injection.
 
 h4. Whitelists versus Blacklists
 
--- _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, whitelists over blacklists._
+NOTE: _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, whitelists over blacklists._
 
-A blacklist can be a list of bad e-mail addresses, non-public actions or bad HTML tags. This is opposed to a whitelist which lists the good e-mail addresses, public actions, good HTML tags and so on. Although, sometimes it is not possible to create a whitelist (in a SPAM filter, for example), _(highlight)prefer to use whitelist approaches_:
+A blacklist can be a list of bad e-mail addresses, non-public actions or bad HTML tags. This is opposed to a whitelist which lists the good e-mail addresses, public actions, good HTML tags and so on. Although sometimes it is not possible to create a whitelist (in a SPAM filter, for example), _(highlight)prefer to use whitelist approaches_:
 
 * Use before_filter :only => [...] instead of :except => [...]. This way you don't forget to turn it off for newly added actions.
 * Use attr_accessible instead of attr_protected. See the mass-assignment section for details
@@ -641,7 +668,7 @@ Whitelists are also a good approach against the human factor of forgetting somet
 
 h4. SQL Injection
 
--- _Thanks to clever methods, this is hardly a problem in most Rails applications. However, this is a very devastating and common attack in web applications, so it is important to understand the problem._
+INFO: _Thanks to clever methods, this is hardly a problem in most Rails applications. However, this is a very devastating and common attack in web applications, so it is important to understand the problem._
 
 h5(#sql-injection-introduction). Introduction
 
@@ -720,7 +747,7 @@ The array or hash form is only available in model instances. You can try +saniti
 
 h4. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
 
--- _The most widespread, and one of the most devastating security vulnerabilities in web applications is XSS. This malicious attack injects client-side executable code. Rails provides helper methods to fend these attacks off._
+INFO: _The most widespread, and one of the most devastating security vulnerabilities in web applications is XSS. This malicious attack injects client-side executable code. Rails provides helper methods to fend these attacks off._
 
 h5. Entry Points
 
@@ -824,7 +851,7 @@ Network traffic is mostly based on the limited Western alphabet, so new characte
   &amp;#108;&amp;#101;&amp;#114;&amp;#116;&amp;#40;&amp;#39;&amp;#88;&amp;#83;&amp;#83;&amp;#39;&amp;#41;>
 </html>
 
-This example pops up a message box. It will be recognized by the above sanitize() filter, though. A great tool to obfuscate and encode strings, and thus “get to know your enemy”, is the "Hackvertor":http://www.businessinfo.co.uk/labs/hackvertor/hackvertor.php. Rails' sanitize() method does a good job to fend off encoding attacks.
+This example pops up a message box. It will be recognized by the above sanitize() filter, though. A great tool to obfuscate and encode strings, and thus “get to know your enemy”, is the "Hackvertor":https://hackvertor.co.uk/public. Rails' sanitize() method does a good job to fend off encoding attacks.
 
 h5. Examples from the Underground
 
@@ -848,7 +875,7 @@ The MySpace Samy worm will be discussed in the CSS Injection section.
 
 h4. CSS Injection
 
--- _CSS Injection is actually JavaScript injection, because some browsers (IE, some versions of Safari and others) allow JavaScript in CSS. Think twice about allowing custom CSS in your web application._
+INFO: _CSS Injection is actually JavaScript injection, because some browsers (IE, some versions of Safari and others) allow JavaScript in CSS. Think twice about allowing custom CSS in your web application._
 
 CSS Injection is explained best by a well-known worm, the "MySpace Samy worm":http://namb.la/popular/tech.html. This worm automatically sent a friend request to Samy (the attacker) simply by visiting his profile. Within several hours he had over 1 million friend requests, but it creates too much traffic on MySpace, so that the site goes offline. The following is a technical explanation of the worm.
 
@@ -888,7 +915,7 @@ This example, again, showed that a blacklist filter is never complete. However,
 
 h4. Textile Injection
 
--- _If you want to provide text formatting other than HTML (due to security), use a mark-up language which is converted to HTML on the server-side. "RedCloth":http://redcloth.org/ is such a language for Ruby, but without precautions, it is also vulnerable to XSS._
+If you want to provide text formatting other than HTML (due to security), use a mark-up language which is converted to HTML on the server-side. "RedCloth":http://redcloth.org/ is such a language for Ruby, but without precautions, it is also vulnerable to XSS.
 
 For example, RedCloth translates +_test_+ to &lt;em&gt;test&lt;em&gt;, which makes the text italic. However, up to the current version 3.0.4, it is still vulnerable to XSS. Get the "all-new version 4":http://www.redcloth.org that removed serious bugs. However, even that version has "some security bugs":http://www.rorsecurity.info/journal/2008/10/13/new-redcloth-security.html, so the countermeasures still apply. Here is an example for version 3.0.4:
 
@@ -917,13 +944,13 @@ It is recommended to _(highlight)use RedCloth in combination with a whitelist in
 
 h4. Ajax Injection
 
--- _The same security precautions have to be taken for Ajax actions as for “normal” ones. There is at least one exception, however: The output has to be escaped in the controller already, if the action doesn't render a view._
+NOTE: _The same security precautions have to be taken for Ajax actions as for “normal” ones. There is at least one exception, however: The output has to be escaped in the controller already, if the action doesn't render a view._
 
 If you use the "in_place_editor plugin":http://dev.rubyonrails.org/browser/plugins/in_place_editing, or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _(highlight)you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method.
 
 h4. Command Line Injection
 
--- _Use user-supplied command line parameters with caution._
+NOTE: _Use user-supplied command line parameters with caution._
 
 If your application has to execute commands in the underlying operating system, there are several methods in Ruby: exec(command), syscall(command), system(command) and `command`. You will have to be especially careful with these functions if the user may enter the whole command, or a part of it. This is because in most shells, you can execute another command at the end of the first one, concatenating them with a semicolon (;) or a vertical bar (|).
 
@@ -937,7 +964,7 @@ system("/bin/echo","hello; rm *")
 
 h4. Header Injection
 
--- _HTTP headers are dynamically generated and under certain circumstances user input may be injected. This can lead to false redirection, XSS or HTTP response splitting._
+WARNING: _HTTP headers are dynamically generated and under certain circumstances user input may be injected. This can lead to false redirection, XSS or HTTP response splitting._
 
 HTTP request headers have a Referer, User-Agent (client software), and Cookie field, among others. Response headers for example have a status code, Cookie and Location (redirection target URL) field. All of them are user-supplied and may be manipulated with more or less effort. _(highlight)Remember to escape these header fields, too._ For example when you display the user agent in an administration area.
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/testing.textile b/guides/source/testing.textile
index c367f532ae..4faf59fad8 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/testing.textile
+++ b/guides/source/testing.textile
@@ -1,62 +1,57 @@
 h2. A Guide to Testing Rails Applications
 
-This guide covers built-in mechanisms offered by Rails to test your application. By referring to this guide, you will be able to:
+This guide covers built-in mechanisms offered by Rails to test your
+application. By referring to this guide, you will be able to:
 
 * Understand Rails testing terminology
-* Write unit, functional and integration tests for your application
+* Write unit, functional, and integration tests for your application
 * Identify other popular testing approaches and plugins
 
-This guide won't teach you to write a Rails application; it assumes basic familiarity with the Rails way of doing things.
-
 endprologue.
 
 h3. Why Write Tests for your Rails Applications?
 
-* Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code in the background while you are creating your models and controllers.
-* By simply running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring.
-* Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser.
-
-h3. Introduction to Testing
-
-Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany. Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database - and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.
+Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code while you are creating your models and controllers.
 
-h4. The Three Environments
+By simply running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring.
 
-Every Rails application you build has 3 sides: a side for production, a side for development, and a side for testing.
+Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser.
 
-One place you'll find this distinction is in the +config/database.yml+ file. This YAML configuration file has 3 different sections defining 3 unique database setups:
+h3. Introduction to Testing
 
-* production
-* development
-* test
+Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany. Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.
 
-This allows you to set up and interact with test data without any danger of your tests altering data from your production environment.
+h4. The Test Environment
 
-For example, suppose you need to test your new +delete_this_user_and_every_everything_associated_with_it+ function. Wouldn't you want to run this in an environment where it makes no difference if you destroy data or not?
+By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in +config/database.yml+.
 
-When you do end up destroying your testing database (and it will happen, trust me), you can rebuild it from scratch according to the specs defined in the development database. You can do this by running +rake db:test:prepare+.
+A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. Tests can mangle test data with confidence, that won't touch the data in the development or production databases.
 
 h4. Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go
 
 Rails creates a +test+ folder for you as soon as you create a Rails project using +rails new+ _application_name_. If you list the contents of this folder then you shall see:
 
 <shell>
-$ ls -F test/
+$ ls -F test
 
-fixtures/       functional/     integration/    test_helper.rb  unit/
+fixtures/  functional/  integration/  performance/  test_helper.rb  unit/
 </shell>
 
-The +unit+ folder is meant to hold tests for your models, the +functional+ folder is meant to hold tests for your controllers, and the +integration+ folder is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting. Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the +fixtures+ folder. The +test_helper.rb+ file holds the default configuration for your tests.
+The +unit+ directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the +functional+ directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers, the +integration+ directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting, and the +performance+ directory is meant for performance tests.
+
+Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the +fixtures+ folder.
+
+The +test_helper.rb+ file holds the default configuration for your tests.
 
 h4. The Low-Down on Fixtures
 
 For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
 
-h5. What are Fixtures?
+h5. What Are Fixtures?
 
-_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and assume a single format: *YAML*.
+_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model.
 
-You'll find fixtures under your +test/fixtures+ directory. When you run +rails generate model+ to create a new model, fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory.
+You'll find fixtures under your +test/fixtures+ directory. When you run +rails generate model+ to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory.
 
 h5. YAML
 
@@ -77,35 +72,20 @@ steve:
  profession: guy with keyboard
 </yaml>
 
-Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column.
+Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column.
 
 h5. ERB'in It Up
 
-ERB allows you to embed ruby code within templates. YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when you load fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data.
-
-<erb>
-<% earth_size = 20 %>
-mercury:
-  size: <%= earth_size / 50 %>
-  brightest_on: <%= 113.days.ago.to_s(:db) %>
-
-venus:
-  size: <%= earth_size / 2 %>
-  brightest_on: <%= 67.days.ago.to_s(:db) %>
-
-mars:
-  size: <%= earth_size - 69 %>
-  brightest_on: <%= 13.days.from_now.to_s(:db) %>
-</erb>
-
-Anything encased within the
+ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:
 
 <erb>
-<% %>
+<% 1000.times do |n| %>
+user_<%= n %>:
+  username: <%= "user%03d" % n %>
+  email: <%= "user%03d@example.com" % n %>
+<% end %>
 </erb>
 
-tag is considered Ruby code. When this fixture is loaded, the +size+ attribute of the three records will be set to 20/50, 20/2, and 20-69 respectively. The +brightest_on+ attribute will also be evaluated and formatted by Rails to be compatible with the database.
-
 h5. Fixtures in Action
 
 Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the +test/fixtures+ folder for your unit and functional test. Loading involves three steps:
@@ -377,12 +357,12 @@ There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use. Here's the compl
 
 |_.Assertion                                                       |_.Purpose|
 |+assert( boolean, [msg] )+                                        |Ensures that the object/expression is true.|
-|+assert_equal( obj1, obj2, [msg] )+                               |Ensures that +obj1 == obj2+ is true.|
-|+assert_not_equal( obj1, obj2, [msg] )+                           |Ensures that +obj1 == obj2+ is false.|
-|+assert_same( obj1, obj2, [msg] )+                                |Ensures that +obj1.equal?(obj2)+ is true.|
-|+assert_not_same( obj1, obj2, [msg] )+                            |Ensures that +obj1.equal?(obj2)+ is false.|
+|+assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )+                         |Ensures that +expected == actual+ is true.|
+|+assert_not_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )+                     |Ensures that +expected != actual+ is true.|
+|+assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] )+                          |Ensures that +expected.equal?(actual)+ is true.|
+|+assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )+                      |Ensures that +!expected.equal?(actual)+ is true.|
 |+assert_nil( obj, [msg] )+                                        |Ensures that +obj.nil?+ is true.|
-|+assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )+                                    |Ensures that +obj.nil?+ is false.|
+|+assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )+                                    |Ensures that +!obj.nil?+ is true.|
 |+assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )+                           |Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.|
 |+assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )+                        |Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.|
 |+assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, delta, [msg] )+              |Ensures that the numbers +expecting+ and +actual+ are within +delta+ of each other.|
@@ -412,7 +392,7 @@ NOTE: +assert_valid(record)+ has been deprecated. Please use +assert(record.vali
 |+assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &amp;block)+                     |Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.|
 |+assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)+                |Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.|
 |+assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)+  |Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.|
-|+assert_response(type, message = nil)+                                             |Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify +:success+ to indicate 200,  +:redirect+ to indicate 300-399, +:missing+ to indicate 404, or +:error+ to match the 500-599 range|
+|+assert_response(type, message = nil)+                                             |Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify +:success+ to indicate 200-299,  +:redirect+ to indicate 300-399, +:missing+ to indicate 404, or +:error+ to match the 500-599 range|
 |+assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)+                                  |Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that +assert_redirected_to(:controller => "weblog")+ will also match the redirection of +redirect_to(:controller => "weblog", :action => "show")+ and so on.|
 |+assert_template(expected = nil, message=nil)+                                     |Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file.|
 
@@ -524,6 +504,44 @@ You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests:
 * +@request+ - The request
 * +@response+ - The response
 
+h4. Testing Templates and Layouts
+
+If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the +assert_template+
+method:
+
+<ruby>
+test "index should render correct template and layout" do
+  get :index
+  assert_template :index
+  assert_template :layout => "layouts/application"
+end
+</ruby>
+
+Note that you cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with one call to +assert_template+ method.
+Also, for the +layout+ test, you can give a regular expression instead of a string, but using the string, makes
+things clearer. On the other hand, you have to include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout
+file in this standard layout directory. Hence,
+
+<ruby>
+assert_template :layout => "application"
+</ruby>
+
+will not work.
+
+If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you have to assert for the partial at the same time.
+Otherwise, assertion will fail.
+
+Hence:
+
+<ruby>
+test "new should render correct layout" do
+  get :new
+  assert_template :layout => "layouts/application", :partial => "_form"
+end
+</ruby>
+
+is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with name +_form+. Omitting the +:partial+ key in your +assert_template+ call will complain.
+
 h4. A Fuller Functional Test Example
 
 Here's another example that uses +flash+, +assert_redirected_to+, and +assert_difference+:
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.textile b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.textile
index 6e84b7fe40..4bf4751127 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.textile
+++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.textile
@@ -34,18 +34,40 @@ h4(#plugins4_0). vendor/plugins
 
 Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from <tt>vendor/plugins</tt>. You must replace any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, <tt>lib/my_plugin/*</tt> and add an appropriate initializer in <tt>config/initializers/my_plugin.rb</tt>.
 
+h4(#identity_map4_0). Identity Map
+
+Rails 4.0 has removed the identity map from Active Record, due to "some inconsistencies with associations":https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/302c912bf6bcd0fa200d964ec2dc4a44abe328a6. If you have manually enabled it in your application, you will have to remove the following config that has no effect anymore: <tt>config.active_record.identity_map</tt>.
+
+h4(#active_record4_0). Active Record
+
+The <tt>delete</tt> method in collection associations can now receive <tt>Fixnum</tt> or <tt>String</tt> arguments as record ids, besides records, pretty much like the <tt>destroy</tt> method does. Previously it raised <tt>ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch</tt> for such arguments. From Rails 4.0 on <tt>delete</tt> automatically tries to find the records matching the given ids before deleting them.
+
+h4(#active_model4_0). Active Model
+
+Rails 4.0 has changed how errors attach with the <tt>ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator</tt>. Now when confirmation validations fail the error will be attached to <tt>:#{attribute}_confirmation</tt> instead of <tt>attribute</tt>.
+
+h4(#action_pack4_0). Action Pack
+
+Rails 4.0 changed how <tt>assert_generates</tt>, <tt>assert_recognizes</tt>, and <tt>assert_routing</tt> work. Now all these assertions raise <tt>Assertion</tt> instead of <tt>ActionController::RoutingError</tt>.
+
+Rails 4.0 also changed the way unicode character routes are drawn. Now you can draw unicode character routes directly. If you already draw such routes, you must change them, e.g. <tt>get Rack::Utils.escape('こんにちは'), :controller => 'welcome', :action => 'index'</tt> to <tt>get 'こんにちは', :controller => 'welcome', :action => 'index'</tt>.
+
+h4(#helpers_order). Helpers Loading Order
+
+The loading order of helpers from more than one directory has changed in Rails 4.0. Previously, helpers from all directories were gathered and then sorted alphabetically. After upgrade to Rails 4.0 helpers will preserve the order of loaded directories and will be sorted alphabetically only within each directory. Unless you explicitly use <tt>helpers_path</tt> parameter, this change will only impact the way of loading helpers from engines. If you rely on the fact that particular helper from engine loads before or after another helper from application or another engine, you should check if correct methods are available after upgrade. If you would like to change order in which engines are loaded, you can use <tt>config.railties_order=</tt> method.
+
 h3. Upgrading from Rails 3.1 to Rails 3.2
 
 If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.
 
-The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.2.1, the latest 3.2.x version of Rails.
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.2.2, the latest 3.2.x version of Rails.
 
 h4(#gemfile3_2). Gemfile
 
 Make the following changes to your +Gemfile+.
 
 <ruby>
-gem 'rails', '= 3.2.1'
+gem 'rails', '= 3.2.2'
 
 group :assets do
   gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.2.3'
diff --git a/railties/guides/w3c_validator.rb b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
index f1fe1e0f33..5e340499c4 100644
--- a/railties/guides/w3c_validator.rb
+++ b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-require 'rubygems'
 require 'w3c_validators'
 include W3CValidators
 
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ module RailsGuides
           error_summary += "\n  #{name}"
           error_detail += "\n\n  #{name} has #{errors.size} validation error(s):\n"
           errors.each do |error|
-            error_detail += "\n    "+error.to_s.gsub("\n", "")
+            error_detail += "\n    "+error.to_s.delete("\n")
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/install.rb b/install.rb
index abc02249c2..b87b008c2e 100644
--- a/install.rb
+++ b/install.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 version = ARGV.pop
 
-%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord activeresource actionpack actionmailer railties ).each do |framework|
+%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionmailer railties ).each do |framework|
   puts "Installing #{framework}..."
   `cd #{framework} && gem build #{framework}.gemspec && gem install #{framework}-#{version}.gem --no-ri --no-rdoc && rm #{framework}-#{version}.gem`
 end
diff --git a/load_paths.rb b/load_paths.rb
index 6b224d4ad5..0ad8fcfeda 100644
--- a/load_paths.rb
+++ b/load_paths.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 # bust gem prelude
-require 'rubygems' unless defined? Gem
 require 'bundler'
 Bundler.setup
diff --git a/rails.gemspec b/rails.gemspec
index cd7c5d1ee9..52f92f46c6 100644
--- a/rails.gemspec
+++ b/rails.gemspec
@@ -9,19 +9,21 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.required_ruby_version     = '>= 1.9.3'
   s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 1.8.11"
+  s.license     = 'MIT'
 
-  s.author            = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
-  s.email             = 'david@loudthinking.com'
-  s.homepage          = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
+  s.author   = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
+  s.email    = 'david@loudthinking.com'
+  s.homepage = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
 
-  s.bindir             = 'bin'
-  s.executables        = []
+  s.bindir      = 'bin'
+  s.executables = []
+  s.files       = Dir['guides/**/*']
 
-  s.add_dependency('activesupport',  version)
-  s.add_dependency('actionpack',     version)
-  s.add_dependency('activerecord',   version)
-  s.add_dependency('activeresource', version)
-  s.add_dependency('actionmailer',   version)
-  s.add_dependency('railties',       version)
-  s.add_dependency('bundler',        '~> 1.0')
+  s.add_dependency('activesupport',   version)
+  s.add_dependency('actionpack',      version)
+  s.add_dependency('activerecord',    version)
+  s.add_dependency('actionmailer',    version)
+  s.add_dependency('railties',        version)
+  s.add_dependency('bundler',         '~> 1.1')
+  s.add_dependency('sprockets-rails', '~> 1.0')
 end
diff --git a/railties/CHANGELOG.md b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
index 960b1ed8ca..5165d9401f 100644
--- a/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,46 @@
 ## Rails 4.0.0 (unreleased) ##
 
+*   The migration generator will now produce AddXXXToYYY/RemoveXXXFromYYY migrations with references statements, for instance
+
+        rails g migration AddReferencesToProducts user:references supplier:references{polymorphic}
+
+    will generate the migration with:
+
+        add_reference :products, :user, index: true
+        add_reference :products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true
+
+    *Aleksey Magusev*
+
+*   Allow scaffold/model/migration generators to accept a `polymorphic` modifier
+    for `references`/`belongs_to`, for instance
+
+        rails g model Product supplier:references{polymorphic}
+
+    will generate the model with `belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true`
+    association and appropriate migration.
+
+    *Aleksey Magusev*
+
+*   Set `config.active_record.migration_error` to `:page_load` for development *Richard Schneeman*
+
+*   Add runner to Rails::Railtie as a hook called just after runner starts. *José Valim & kennyj*
+
+*   Add `/rails/info/routes` path, displays same information as `rake routes` *Richard Schneeman & Andrew White*
+
+*   Improved `rake routes` output for redirects *Łukasz Strzałkowski & Andrew White*
+
+*   Load all environments available in `config.paths["config/environments"]`. *Piotr Sarnacki*
+
+*   The application generator generates `public/humans.txt` with some basic data. *Paul Campbell*
+
+*   Add `config.queue_consumer` to allow the default consumer to be configurable. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+
+*   Add Rails.queue as an interface with a default implementation that consumes jobs in a separate thread. *Yehuda Katz*
+
+*   Remove Rack::SSL in favour of ActionDispatch::SSL. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove Active Resource from Rails framework. *Prem Sichangrist*
+
 *   Allow to set class that will be used to run as a console, other than IRB, with `Rails.application.config.console=`. It's best to add it to `console` block. *Piotr Sarnacki*
 
     Example:
@@ -19,6 +60,14 @@
 
 *   Rails::Plugin has gone. Instead of adding plugins to vendor/plugins use gems or bundler with path or git dependencies. *Santiago Pastorino*
 
+*   Set config.action_mailer.async = true to turn on asynchronous
+    message delivery *Brian Cardarella*
+
+
+## Rails 3.2.2 (March 1, 2012) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
 
 ## Rails 3.2.1 (January 26, 2012) ##
 
diff --git a/railties/Rakefile b/railties/Rakefile
index 25e515e016..993ba840ff 100755..100644
--- a/railties/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/Rakefile
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rake
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
@@ -21,7 +20,8 @@ namespace :test do
         'test',
         'lib',
         "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../activesupport/lib",
-        "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../actionpack/lib"
+        "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../actionpack/lib",
+        "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../activemodel/lib"
       ]
       ruby "-I#{dash_i.join ':'}", file
     end
@@ -44,18 +44,6 @@ task :update_readme do
   cp "./README.rdoc", readme
 end
 
-desc 'Generate guides (for authors), use ONLY=foo to process just "foo.textile"'
-task :generate_guides do
-  ENV["WARN_BROKEN_LINKS"] = "1" # authors can't disable this
-  ruby "guides/rails_guides.rb"
-end
-
-# Validate guides -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-desc 'Validate guides, use ONLY=foo to process just "foo.html"'
-task :validate_guides do
-  ruby "guides/w3c_validator.rb"
-end
-
 # Generate GEM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 spec = eval(File.read('railties.gemspec'))
@@ -72,12 +60,3 @@ task :release => :package do
   Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
   Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
 end
-
-desc "Publish the guides"
-task :pguides => :generate_guides do
-  require 'rake/contrib/sshpublisher'
-  mkdir_p 'pkg'
-  `tar -czf pkg/guides.gz guides/output`
-  Rake::SshFilePublisher.new("web.rubyonrails.org", "/u/sites/guides.rubyonrails.org/public", "pkg", "guides.gz").upload
-  `ssh web.rubyonrails.org 'cd /u/sites/guides.rubyonrails.org/public/ && tar -xvzf guides.gz && mv guides/output/* . && rm -rf guides*'`
-end
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 44243edbca..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/book_icon.gif b/railties/guides/assets/images/book_icon.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index c81d5db520..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/book_icon.gif
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/challenge.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/challenge.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d163748640..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/challenge.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif b/railties/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index 06fb415f4a..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/check_bullet.gif b/railties/guides/assets/images/check_bullet.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fcfeba250..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/check_bullet.gif
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif b/railties/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index f6f654fc65..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/csrf.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/csrf.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ab73baafe8..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/csrf.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/customized_error_messages.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/customized_error_messages.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fa676991e3..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/customized_error_messages.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/edge_badge.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/edge_badge.png
deleted file mode 100644
index cddd46c4b8..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/edge_badge.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/error_messages.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/error_messages.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 428892194a..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/error_messages.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/grey_bullet.gif b/railties/guides/assets/images/grey_bullet.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index e75e8e93a1..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/grey_bullet.gif
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/habtm.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/habtm.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fea78b0b5c..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/habtm.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/has_many.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/has_many.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cff58460d..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/has_many.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 85d7599925..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/has_one.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/has_one.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a70ddaaa86..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/has_one.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 89a7617a30..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ff2982175e..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f881f60dac..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_localized_pirate.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_localized_pirate.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9134709573..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_localized_pirate.png
+++ /dev/null
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deleted file mode 100644
index ecdd878d38..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_en.png
+++ /dev/null
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deleted file mode 100644
index 41c580923a..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_pirate.png
+++ /dev/null
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deleted file mode 100644
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+++ /dev/null
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deleted file mode 100644
index 3603f43463..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png
+++ /dev/null
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deleted file mode 100644
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+++ /dev/null
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deleted file mode 100644
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+++ /dev/null
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--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/tab_red.gif
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.gif b/railties/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index dc961c99dd..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.gif
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png
deleted file mode 100644
index cceea6581f..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/assets/images/validation_error_messages.png b/railties/guides/assets/images/validation_error_messages.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 622d35da5d..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/assets/images/validation_error_messages.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 761567942f..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/home.js.coffee b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/home.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 761567942f..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/home.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 761567942f..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index e730912783..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the Comments controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/home.css.scss b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/home.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index f0ddc6846a..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/home.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the home controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index ed4dfd10f2..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the Posts controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index 05188f08ed..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-body {
-  background-color: #fff;
-  color: #333;
-  font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
-  font-size: 13px;
-  line-height: 18px; }
-
-p, ol, ul, td {
-  font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
-  font-size: 13px;
-  line-height: 18px; }
-
-pre {
-  background-color: #eee;
-  padding: 10px;
-  font-size: 11px; }
-
-a {
-  color: #000;
-  &:visited {
-    color: #666; }
-  &:hover {
-    color: #fff;
-    background-color: #000; } }
-
-div {
-  &.field, &.actions {
-    margin-bottom: 10px; } }
-
-#notice {
-  color: green; }
-
-.field_with_errors {
-  padding: 2px;
-  background-color: red;
-  display: table; }
-
-#error_explanation {
-  width: 450px;
-  border: 2px solid red;
-  padding: 7px;
-  padding-bottom: 0;
-  margin-bottom: 20px;
-  background-color: #f0f0f0;
-  h2 {
-    text-align: left;
-    font-weight: bold;
-    padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
-    font-size: 12px;
-    margin: -7px;
-    margin-bottom: 0px;
-    background-color: #c00;
-    color: #fff; }
-  ul li {
-    font-size: 12px;
-    list-style: square; } }
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/home_controller.rb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/home_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cc31c1ca3..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/home_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-class HomeController < ApplicationController
-  def index
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1581d4eb16..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
-  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :except => :index
-  # GET /posts
-  # GET /posts.json
-  def index
-    @posts = Post.all
-
-    respond_to do |format|
-      format.html # index.html.erb
-      format.json { render json: @posts }
-    end
-  end
-
-  # GET /posts/1
-  # GET /posts/1.json
-  def show
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-    respond_to do |format|
-      format.html # show.html.erb
-      format.json { render json: @post }
-    end
-  end
-
-  # GET /posts/new
-  # GET /posts/new.json
-  def new
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    respond_to do |format|
-      format.html # new.html.erb
-      format.json { render json: @post }
-    end
-  end
-
-  # GET /posts/1/edit
-  def edit
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  end
-
-  # POST /posts
-  # POST /posts.json
-  def create
-    @post = Post.new(params[:post])
-
-    respond_to do |format|
-      if @post.save
-        format.html { redirect_to @post, notice: 'Post was successfully created.' }
-        format.json { render json: @post, status: :created, location: @post }
-      else
-        format.html { render action: "new" }
-        format.json { render json: @post.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # PUT /posts/1
-  # PUT /posts/1.json
-  def update
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-    respond_to do |format|
-      if @post.update_attributes(params[:post])
-        format.html { redirect_to @post, notice: 'Post was successfully updated.' }
-        format.json { head :no_content }
-      else
-        format.html { render action: "edit" }
-        format.json { render json: @post.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # DELETE /posts/1
-  # DELETE /posts/1.json
-  def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-    @post.destroy
-
-    respond_to do |format|
-      format.html { redirect_to posts_url }
-      format.json { head :no_content }
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/home_helper.rb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/home_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 23de56ac60..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/home_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module HomeHelper
-end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b6e8e67894..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-module PostsHelper
-  def join_tags(post)
-    post.tags.map { |t| t.name }.join(", ")
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 61c2b5ae44..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :name,  :presence => true
-  validates :title, :presence => true,
-                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
- 
-  has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :tags
- 
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :tags, :allow_destroy => :true,
-    :reject_if => proc { |attrs| attrs.all? { |k, v| v.blank? } }
-end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/tag.rb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/tag.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 30992e8ba9..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/tag.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
-end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c3fbf26cd..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-<p>
-  <b>Commenter:</b>
-  <%= comment.commenter %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <b>Comment:</b>
-  <%= comment.body %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
-               :confirm => 'Are you sure?',
-               :method => :delete %>
-</p>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/home/index.html.erb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/home/index.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index bb4f3dcd1f..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/home/index.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
-<%= link_to "My Blog", posts_path %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e27da7f413..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-<% @post.tags.build %>
-<%= form_for(@post) do |post_form| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="errorExplanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <% end %>
- 
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= post_form.label :name %><br />
-    <%= post_form.text_field :name %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= post_form.label :title %><br />
-    <%= post_form.text_field :title %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= post_form.label :content %><br />
-    <%= post_form.text_area :content %>
-  </div>
-  <h2>Tags</h2>
-  <%= render :partial => 'tags/form',
-             :locals => {:form => post_form} %>
-  <div class="actions">
-    <%= post_form.submit %>
-  </div>
-<% end %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 720580236b..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Editing post</h1>
-
-<%= render 'form' %>
-
-<%= link_to 'Show', @post %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 45dee1b25f..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Listing posts</h1>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Name</th>
-    <th>Title</th>
-    <th>Content</th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
-
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= post.name %></td>
-    <td><%= post.title %></td>
-    <td><%= post.content %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', post %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_post_path(post) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', post, confirm: 'Are you sure?', method: :delete %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
-</table>
-
-<br />
-
-<%= link_to 'New Post', new_post_path %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index da78a9527b..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-<p class="notice"><%= notice %></p>
- 
-<p>
-  <b>Name:</b>
-  <%= @post.name %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <b>Content:</b>
-  <%= @post.content %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <b>Tags:</b>
-  <%= join_tags(@post) %>
-</p>
- 
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
- 
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
- 
- 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %> |
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/tags/_form.html.erb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/tags/_form.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e424b0e20..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/tags/_form.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<%= form.fields_for :tags do |tag_form| %>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= tag_form.label :name, 'Tag:' %>
-    <%= tag_form.text_field :name %>
-  </div>
-  <% unless tag_form.object.nil? || tag_form.object.new_record? %>
-    <div class="field">
-      <%= tag_form.label :_destroy, 'Remove:' %>
-      <%= tag_form.check_box :_destroy %>
-    </div>
-  <% end %>
-<% end %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901013701_create_tags.rb b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901013701_create_tags.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cf95b1c3d0..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20110901013701_create_tags.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class CreateTags < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :tags do |t|
-      t.string :name
-      t.references :post
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-    add_index :tags, :post_id
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/tags.yml b/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/tags.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 8485668908..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/tags.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Fixtures.html
-
-one:
-  name: MyString
-  post: 
-
-two:
-  name: MyString
-  post: 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_resource_basics.textile b/railties/guides/source/active_resource_basics.textile
deleted file mode 100644
index 37abb8a640..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_resource_basics.textile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-h2. Active Resource Basics
-
-This guide should provide you with all you need to get started managing the connection between business objects and RESTful web services. It implements a way to map web-based resources to local objects with CRUD semantics.
-
-endprologue.
-
-WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.0. Some of the code shown here will not work in earlier versions of Rails.
-
-h3. Introduction
-
-Active Resource allows you to connect with RESTful web services. So, in Rails, Resource classes inherited from +ActiveResource::Base+ and live in  +app/models+.
-
-h3. Configuration and Usage
-
-Putting Active Resource to use is very similar to Active Record.  It's as simple as creating a model class
-that inherits from ActiveResource::Base and providing a <tt>site</tt> class variable to it:
-
-<ruby>
-class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-  self.site = "http://api.people.com:3000/"
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Now the Person class is REST enabled and can invoke REST services very similarly to how Active Record invokes
-life cycle methods that operate against a persistent store.
-
-h3. Reading and Writing Data
-
-Active Resource make request over HTTP using a standard JSON format. It mirrors the RESTful routing built into Action Controller but will also work with any other REST service that properly implements the protocol.
-
-h4. Read
-
-Read requests use the GET method and expect the JSON form of whatever resource/resources is/are being requested.
-
-<ruby>
-# Find a person with id = 1
-person = Person.find(1)
-# Check if a person exists with id = 1
-Person.exists?(1)  # => true
-# Get all resources of Person class
-Person.all
-</ruby>
-
-h4. Create
-
-Creating a new resource submits the JSON form of the resource as the body of the request with HTTP POST method and parse the response into Active Resource object.
-
-<ruby>
-person = Person.create(:name => 'Vishnu')
-person.id  # => 1
-</ruby>
-
-h4. Update
-
-To update an existing resource, 'save' method is used. This method make a HTTP PUT request in JSON format.
-
-<ruby>
-person = Person.find(1)
-person.name = 'Atrai'
-person.save
-</ruby>
-
-h4. Delete
-
-'destroy' method makes a HTTP DELETE request for an existing resource in JSON format to delete that resource.
-
-<ruby>
-person = Person.find(1)
-person.destroy
-</ruby>
-
-h3. Validations
-
-Module to support validation and errors with Active Resource objects. The module overrides Base#save to rescue ActiveResource::ResourceInvalid exceptions and parse the errors returned in the web service response. The module also adds an errors collection that mimics the interface of the errors provided by ActiveModel::Errors.
-
-h4. Validating client side resources by overriding validation methods in base class
-
-<ruby>
-class Person < ActiveResource::Base
-   self.site = "http://api.people.com:3000/"
-
-   protected
-
-   def validate
-     errors.add("last", "has invalid characters") unless last =~ /[a-zA-Z]*/
-   end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-h4. Validating client side resources
-
-Consider a Person resource on the server requiring both a first_name and a last_name with a validates_presence_of :first_name, :last_name declaration in the model:
-
-<ruby>
-person = Person.new(:first_name => "Jim", :last_name => "")
-person.save                   # => false (server returns an HTTP 422 status code and errors)
-person.valid?                 # => false
-person.errors.empty?          # => false
-person.errors.count           # => 1
-person.errors.full_messages   # => ["Last name can't be empty"]
-person.errors[:last_name]  # => ["can't be empty"]
-person.last_name = "Halpert"
-person.save                   # => true (and person is now saved to the remote service)
-</ruby>
-
-h4. Public instance methods
-
-ActiveResource::Validations have three public instance methods
-
-h5. errors()
-
-This will return errors object that holds all information about attribute error messages
-
-h5. save_with_validation(options=nil)
-
-This validates the resource with any local validations written in base class and then it will try to POST if there are no errors.
-
-h5. valid?
-
-Runs all the local validations and will return true if no errors.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/api_app.textile b/railties/guides/source/api_app.textile
deleted file mode 100644
index f2d00c5768..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/source/api_app.textile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,276 +0,0 @@
-h2. Using Rails for API-only Apps
-
-In this guide you will learn:
-
-* What Rails provides for API-only applications
-* How to configure Rails to start without any browser features
-* How to decide which middlewares you will want to include
-* How to decide which modules to use in your controller
-
-NOTE: This guide reflects features that have not yet been fully implemented. Docs first :)
-
-endprologue.
-
-h3. What is an API app?
-
-Traditionally, when people said that they used Rails as an "API", they meant
-providing a programmatically accessible API alongside their web application.
-For example, GitHub provides "an API":http://developer.github.com that you can use from your own custom clients.
-
-With the advent of client-side frameworks, more developers are using Rails to build a backend that is shared between their web application and other native applications.
-
-For example, Twitter uses its "public API":https://dev.twitter.com in its web application, which is built as a static site that consumes JSON resources.
-
-Instead of using Rails to generate dynamic HTML that will communicate with the server through forms and links, many developers are treating their web application as just another client, delivered as static HTML, CSS and JavaScript, and consuming a simple JSON API 
-
-This guide covers building a Rails application that serves JSON resources to an API client *or* client-side framework.
-
-h3. Why use Rails for JSON APIs?
-
-The first question a lot of people have when thinking about building a JSON API using Rails is: "isn't using Rails to spit out some JSON overkill? Shouldn't I just use something like Sinatra?"
-
-For very simple APIs, this may be true. However, even in very HTML-heavy applications, most of an application's logic is actually outside of the view layer.
-
-The reason most people use Rails is that it provides a set of defaults that allows us to get up and running quickly without having to make a lot of trivial decisions.
-
-Let's take a look at some of the things that Rails provides out of the box that are still applicable to API applications.
-
-Handled at the middleware layer:
-
-* Reloading: Rails applications support transparent reloading. This works even if your application gets big and restarting the server for every request becomes non-viable.
-* Development Mode: Rails application come with smart defaults for development, making development pleasant without compromising production-time performance.
-* Test Mode: Ditto test mode.
-* Logging: Rails applications log every request, with a level of verbosity appropriate for the current mode. Rails logs in development include information about the request environment, database queries, and basic performance information.
-* Security: Rails detects and thwarts "IP spoofing attacks":http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_spoofing and handles cryptographic signatures in a "timing attack":http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_attack aware way. Don't know what an IP spoofing attack or a timing attack is? Exactly.
-* Parameter Parsing: Want to specify your parameters as JSON instead of as a URL-encoded String? No problem. Rails will decode the JSON for you and make it available in +params+. Want to use nested URL-encoded params? That works too.
-* Conditional GETs: Rails handles conditional +GET+, (+ETag+ and +Last-Modified+), processing request headers and returning the correct response headers and status code. All you need to do is use the "stale?":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ConditionalGet.html#method-i-stale-3F check in your controller, and Rails will handle all of the HTTP details for you.
-* Caching: If you use +dirty?+ with public cache control, Rails will automatically cache your responses. You can easily configure the cache store.
-* HEAD requests: Rails will transparently convert +HEAD+ requests into +GET+ requests, and return just the headers on the way out. This makes +HEAD+ work reliably in all Rails APIs.
-
-While you could obviously build these up in terms of existing Rack middlewares, I think this list demonstrates that the default Rails middleware stack provides a lot of value, even if you're "just generating JSON".
-
-Handled at the ActionPack layer:
-
-* Resourceful Routing: If you're building a RESTful JSON API, you want to be using the Rails router. Clean and conventional mapping from HTTP to controllers means not having to spend time thinking about how to model your API in terms of HTTP.
-* URL Generation: The flip side of routing is URL generation. A good API based on HTTP includes URLs (see "the GitHub gist API":http://developer.github.com/v3/gists/ for an example).
-* Header and Redirection Responses: +head :no_content+ and +redirect_to user_url(current_user)+ come in handy. Sure, you could manually add the response headers, but why?
-* Content Negotiation: The Rails +respond_to+ and +respond_with+ features automatically figure out which MIME type to serve, based on the request's +Accept+ header and available types. If you ever need to add support for types other than JSON (XML, CSV, or some proprietary format), this will come in handy.
-* Caching: Rails provides page, action and fragment caching. Fragment caching is especially helpful when building up a nested JSON object.
-* Basic, Digest and Token Authentication: Rails comes with out-of-the-box support for three kinds of HTTP authentication.
-* Instrumentation: Rails 3.0 added an instrumentation API that will trigger registered handlers for a variety of events, such as action processing, sending a file or data, redirection, and database queries. The payload of each event comes with relevant information (for the action processing event, the payload includes the controller, action, params, request format, request method and the request's full path).
-* Generators: This may be passé for advanced Rails users, but it can be nice to generate a resource and get your model, controller, test stubs, and routes created for you in a single command.
-* Plugins: Many third-party libraries come with support for Rails that reduces or eliminates the cost of setting up and gluing together the library and the web framework. This includes things like overriding default generators, adding rake tasks, and honoring Rails choices (like the logger and cache backend).
-
-Of course, the Rails boot process also glues together all registered components. For example, the Rails boot process is what uses your +config/database.yml+ file when configuring ActiveRecord.
-
-**The short version is**: you may not have thought about which parts of Rails are still applicable even if you remove the view layer, but the answer turns out to be "most of it".
-
-h3. The Basic Configuration
-
-If you're building a Rails application that will be an API server first and foremost, you can start with a more limited subset of Rails and add in features as needed.
-
-You can generate a new bare Rails app:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails new my_api --api
-</shell>
-
-This will do three main things for you:
-
-* Configure your application to start with a more limited set of middleware than normal. Specifically, it will not include any middleware primarily useful for browser applications (like cookie support) by default.
-* Make +ApplicationController+ inherit from +ActionController::API+ instead of +ActionController::Base+. As with middleware, this will leave out any +ActionController+ modules that provide functionality primarily used by browser applications.
-* Configure the generators to skip generating views, helpers and assets when you generate a new resource.
-
-If you want to take an existing app and make it an API app, follow the following steps.
-
-In +config/application.rb+ add the following lines at the top of the +Application+ class:
-
-<ruby>
-config.middleware.api_only!
-config.generators.api_only!
-</ruby>
-
-Change +app/controllers/application_controller.rb+:
-
-<ruby>
-# instead of
-class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-end
-
-# do
-class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
-end
-</ruby>
-
-h3. Choosing Middlewares
-
-An API application comes with the following middlewares by default.
-
-* +Rack::Cache+: Caches responses with public +Cache-Control+ headers using HTTP caching semantics. See below for more information.
-* +Rack::Sendfile+: Uses a front-end server's file serving support from your Rails application.
-* +Rack::Lock+: If your application is not marked as threadsafe (+config.threadsafe!+), this middleware will add a mutex around your requests.
-* +ActionDispatch::RequestId+:
-* +Rails::Rack::Logger+:
-* +ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions+: Rescue exceptions and re-dispatch them to an exception handling application
-* +ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions+: Log exceptions
-* +ActionDispatch::RemoteIp+: Protect against IP spoofing attacks
-* +ActionDispatch::Reloader+: In development mode, support code reloading.
-* +ActionDispatch::ParamsParser+: Parse XML, YAML and JSON parameters when the request's +Content-Type+ is one of those.
-* +ActionDispatch::Head+: Dispatch +HEAD+ requests as +GET+ requests, and return only the status code and headers.
-* +Rack::ConditionalGet+: Supports the +stale?+ feature in Rails controllers.
-* +Rack::ETag+: Automatically set an +ETag+ on all string responses. This means that if the same response is returned from a controller for the same URL, the server will return a +304 Not Modified+, even if no additional caching steps are taken. This is primarily a client-side optimization; it reduces bandwidth costs but not server processing time.
-
-Other plugins, including +ActiveRecord+, may add additional middlewares. In general, these middlewares are agnostic to the type of app you are building, and make sense in an API-only Rails application.
-
-You can get a list of all middlewares in your application via:
-
-<shell>
-$ rake middleware
-</shell>
-
-h4. Using Rack::Cache
-
-When used with Rails, +Rack::Cache+ uses the Rails cache store for its entity and meta stores. This means that if you use memcache, for your Rails app, for instance, the built-in HTTP cache will use memcache.
-
-To make use of +Rack::Cache+, you will want to use +stale?+ in your controller. Here's an example of +stale?+ in use.
-
-<ruby>
-def show
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-  if stale?(:last_modified => @post.updated_at)
-    render json: @post
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The call to +stale?+ will compare the +If-Modified-Since+ header in the request with +@post.updated_at+. If the header is newer than the last modified, this action will return a +304 Not Modified+ response. Otherwise, it will render the response and include a +Last-Modified+ header with the response.
-
-Normally, this mechanism is used on a per-client basis. +Rack::Cache+ allows us to share this caching mechanism across clients. We can enable cross-client caching in the call to +stale?+
-
-<ruby>
-def show
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-  if stale?(:last_modified => @post.updated_at, :public => true)
-    render json: @post
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This means that +Rack::Cache+ will store off +Last-Modified+ value for a URL in the Rails cache, and add an +If-Modified-Since+ header to any subsequent inbound requests for the same URL.
-
-Think of it as page caching using HTTP semantics.
-
-NOTE: The +Rack::Cache+ middleware is always outside of the +Rack::Lock+ mutex, even in single-threaded apps.
-
-h4. Using Rack::Sendfile
-
-When you use the +send_file+ method in a Rails controller, it sets the +X-Sendfile+ header. +Rack::Sendfile+ is responsible for actually sending the file.
-
-If your front-end server supports accelerated file sending, +Rack::Sendfile+ will offload the actual file sending work to the front-end server.
-
-You can configure the name of the header that your front-end server uses for this purposes using +config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header+ in the appropriate environment config file.
-
-You can learn more about how to use +Rack::Sendfile+ with popular front-ends in "the Rack::Sendfile documentation":http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Sendfile
-
-The values for popular servers once they are configured to support accelerated file sending:
-
-<ruby>
-# Apache and lighttpd
-config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile"
-
-# nginx
-config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Accel-Redirect"
-</ruby>
-
-Make sure to configure your server to support these options following the instructions in the +Rack::Sendfile+ documentation.
-
-NOTE: The +Rack::Sendfile+ middleware is always outside of the +Rack::Lock+ mutex, even in single-threaded apps.
-
-h4. Using ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
-
-+ActionDispatch::ParamsParser+ will take parameters from the client in JSON and make them available in your controller as +params+.
-
-To use this, your client will need to make a request with JSON-encoded parameters and specify the +Content-Type+ as +application/json+.
-
-Here's an example in jQuery:
-
-<plain>
-jQuery.ajax({
-  type: 'POST',
-  url: '/people'
-  dataType: 'json',
-  contentType: 'application/json',
-  data: JSON.stringify({ person: { firstName: "Yehuda", lastName: "Katz" } }),
-
-  success: function(json) { }
-});
-</plain>
-
-+ActionDispatch::ParamsParser+ will see the +Content-Type+ and your params will be +{ :person => { :firstName => "Yehuda", :lastName => "Katz" } }+.
-
-h4. Other Middlewares
-
-Rails ships with a number of other middlewares that you might want to use in an API app, especially if one of your API clients is the browser:
-
-* +Rack::SSL+: Redirects any HTTP request to HTTPS.
-* +Rack::Runtime+: Adds a header to the response listing the total runtime of the request.
-* +Rack::MethodOverride+: Allows the use of the +_method+ hack to route POST requests to other verbs.
-* +ActionDispatch::Cookies+: Supports the +cookie+ method in +ActionController+, including support for signed and encrypted cookies.
-* +ActionDispatch::Flash+: Supports the +flash+ mechanism in +ActionController+.
-* +ActionDispatch::BestStandards+: Tells Internet Explorer to use the most standards-compliant available renderer. In production mode, if ChromeFrame is available, use ChromeFrame.
-* Session Management: If a +config.session_store+ is supplied, this middleware makes the session available as the +session+ method in +ActionController+.
-
-Any of these middlewares can be adding via:
-
-<ruby>
-config.middleware.use Rack::MethodOverride
-</ruby>
-
-h4. Removing Middlewares
-
-If you don't want to use a middleware that is included by default in the API-only middleware set, you can remove it using +config.middleware.delete+:
-
-<ruby>
-config.middleware.delete ::Rack::Sendfile
-</ruby>
-
-Keep in mind that removing these features may remove support for certain features in +ActionController+.
-
-h3. Choosing Controller Modules
-
-An API application (using +ActionController::API+) comes with the following controller modules by default:
-
-* +AbstractController::Translation+: Support for the +l+ and +t+ localization and translation methods. These delegate to +I18n.translate+ and +I18n.localize+.
-* +ActionController::UrlFor+: Makes +url_for+ and friends available.
-* +ActionController::Redirecting+: Support for +redirect_to+
-* +ActionController::Renderers::JSON+: Support for +render :json+
-* +ActionController::ConditionalGet+: Support for +stale?+
-* +ActionController::RackDelegation+: Support for the +request+ and +response+ methods returning +ActionDispatch::Request+ and +ActionDispatch::Response+ objects.
-* +ActionController::MimeResponds+: Support for content negotiation (+respond_to+, +respond_with+)
-* +ActionController::DataStreaming+: Support for +send_file+ and +send_data+
-* +AbstractController::Callbacks+: Support for +before_filter+ and friends
-* +ActionController::Instrumentation+: Support for the instrumentation hooks defined by +ActionController+ (see "the source":https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb for more).
-
-Other plugins may add additional modules. You can get a list of all modules included into +ActionController::API+ in the rails console:
-
-<shell>
-$ irb
->> ActionController::API.ancestors - ActionController::Metal.ancestors
-</shell>
-
-h4. Adding Other Modules
-
-All ActionController modules know about their dependent modules, so you can feel free to include any modules into your controllers, and all dependencies will be included and set up as well.
-
-Some common modules you might want to add:
-
-* +ActionController::HTTPAuthentication::Basic+ (or +Digest+ or +Token): Support for basic, digest or token HTTP authentication.
-* +ActionController::Rendering+: Support for templating and +ActionView+.
-* +AbstractController::Layouts+: Support for layouts when rendering.
-* +ActionController::Renderers::XML+: Support for +render :xml+.
-* +ActionController::Cookies+: Support for +cookies+, which includes support for signed and encrypted cookies. This requires the cookie middleware.
-* +ActionController::Rescue+: Support for +rescue_from+.
-
-The best place to add a module is in your +ApplicationController+. You can also add modules to individual controllers.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile b/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile
deleted file mode 100644
index bed14ef6a8..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1911 +0,0 @@
-h2. Getting Started with Rails
-
-This guide covers getting up and running with Ruby on Rails. After reading it,
-you should be familiar with:
-
-* Installing Rails, creating a new Rails application, and connecting your application to a database
-* The general layout of a Rails application
-* The basic principles of MVC (Model, View Controller) and RESTful design
-* How to quickly generate the starting pieces of a Rails application
-
-endprologue.
-
-WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.1. Some of the code shown here will not
-work in earlier versions of Rails.
-
-h3. Guide Assumptions
-
-This guide is designed for beginners who want to get started with a Rails
-application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience
-with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some
-prerequisites installed:
-
-* The "Ruby":http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads language version 1.8.7 or higher
-
-TIP: Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails
-3.0. Ruby Enterprise Edition have these fixed since release 1.8.7-2010.02
-though. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults
-on Rails 3.0, so if you want to use Rails 3 with 1.9.x jump on 1.9.2 for smooth
-sailing.
-
-* The "RubyGems":http://rubyforge.org/frs/?group_id=126 packaging system
-  ** If you want to learn more about RubyGems, please read the "RubyGems User Guide":http://docs.rubygems.org/read/book/1
-* A working installation of the "SQLite3 Database":http://www.sqlite.org
-
-Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language.
-If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning
-curve diving straight into Rails. There are some good free resources on the
-internet for learning Ruby, including:
-
-* "Mr. Neighborly's Humble Little Ruby Book":http://www.humblelittlerubybook.com
-* "Programming Ruby":http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/
-* "Why's (Poignant) Guide to Ruby":http://mislav.uniqpath.com/poignant-guide/
-
-h3. What is Rails?
-
-TIP: This section goes into the background and philosophy of the Rails framework
-in detail. You can safely skip this section and come back to it at a later time.
-Section 3 starts you on the path to creating your first Rails application.
-
-Rails is a web application development framework written in the Ruby language.
-It is designed to make programming web applications easier by making assumptions
-about what every developer needs to get started. It allows you to write less
-code while accomplishing more than many other languages and frameworks.
-Experienced Rails developers also report that it makes web application
-development more fun.
-
-Rails is opinionated software. It makes the assumption that there is a "best"
-way to do things, and it's designed to encourage that way - and in some cases to
-discourage alternatives. If you learn "The Rails Way" you'll probably discover a
-tremendous increase in productivity. If you persist in bringing old habits from
-other languages to your Rails development, and trying to use patterns you
-learned elsewhere, you may have a less happy experience.
-
-The Rails philosophy includes several guiding principles:
-
-* DRY - "Don't Repeat Yourself" - suggests that writing the same code over and over again is a bad thing.
-* Convention Over Configuration - means that Rails makes assumptions about what you want to do and how you're going to
-do it, rather than requiring you to specify every little thing through endless configuration files.
-* REST is the best pattern for web applications - organizing your application around resources and standard HTTP verbs
-is the fastest way to go.
-
-h4. The MVC Architecture
-
-At the core of Rails is the Model, View, Controller architecture, usually just
-called MVC. MVC benefits include:
-
-* Isolation of business logic from the user interface
-* Ease of keeping code DRY
-* Making it clear where different types of code belong for easier maintenance
-
-h5. Models
-
-A model represents the information (data) of the application and the rules to
-manipulate that data. In the case of Rails, models are primarily used for
-managing the rules of interaction with a corresponding database table. In most
-cases, each table in your database will correspond to one model in your
-application. The bulk of your application's business logic will be concentrated
-in the models.
-
-h5. Views
-
-Views represent the user interface of your application. In Rails, views are
-often HTML files with embedded Ruby code that perform tasks related solely to
-the presentation of the data. Views handle the job of providing data to the web
-browser or other tool that is used to make requests from your application.
-
-h5. Controllers
-
-Controllers provide the "glue" between models and views. In Rails, controllers
-are responsible for processing the incoming requests from the web browser,
-interrogating the models for data, and passing that data on to the views for
-presentation.
-
-h4. The Components of Rails
-
-Rails ships as many individual components.  Each of these components are briefly
-explained below.  If you are new to Rails, as you read this section, don't get
-hung up on the details of each component, as they will be explained in further
-detail later.  For instance, we will bring up Rack applications, but you don't
-need to know anything about them to continue with this guide.
-
-* Action Pack
-  ** Action Controller
-  ** Action Dispatch
-  ** Action View
-* Action Mailer
-* Active Model
-* Active Record
-* Active Resource
-* Active Support
-* Railties
-
-h5. Action Pack
-
-Action Pack is a single gem that contains Action Controller, Action View and
-Action Dispatch. The "VC" part of "MVC".
-
-h6. Action Controller
-
-Action Controller is the component that manages the controllers in a Rails
-application. The Action Controller framework processes incoming requests to a
-Rails application, extracts parameters, and dispatches them to the intended
-action.  Services provided by Action Controller include session management,
-template rendering, and redirect management.
-
-h6. Action View
-
-Action View manages the views of your Rails application. It can create both HTML
-and XML output by default. Action View manages rendering templates, including
-nested and partial templates, and includes built-in AJAX support.  View
-templates are covered in more detail in another guide called "Layouts and
-Rendering":layouts_and_rendering.html.
-
-h6. Action Dispatch
-
-Action Dispatch handles routing of web requests and dispatches them as you want,
-either to your application or any other Rack application.  Rack applications are
-a more advanced topic and are covered in a separate guide called "Rails on
-Rack":rails_on_rack.html.
-
-h5. Action Mailer
-
-Action Mailer is a framework for building e-mail services. You can use Action
-Mailer to receive and process incoming email and send simple plain text or
-complex multipart emails based on flexible templates.
-
-h5. Active Model
-
-Active Model provides a defined interface between the Action Pack gem services
-and Object Relationship Mapping gems such as Active Record. Active Model allows
-Rails to utilize other ORM frameworks in place of Active Record if your
-application needs this.
-
-h5. Active Record
-
-Active Record is the base for the models in a Rails application. It provides
-database independence, basic CRUD functionality, advanced finding capabilities,
-and the ability to relate models to one another, among other services.
-
-h5. Active Resource
-
-Active Resource provides a framework for managing the connection between
-business objects and RESTful web services. It implements a way to map web-based
-resources to local objects with CRUD semantics.
-
-h5. Active Support
-
-Active Support is an extensive collection of utility classes and standard Ruby
-library extensions that are used in Rails, both by the core code and by your
-applications.
-
-h5. Railties
-
-Railties is the core Rails code that builds new Rails applications and glues the
-various frameworks and plugins together in any Rails application.
-
-h4. REST
-
-Rest stands for Representational State Transfer and is the foundation of the
-RESTful architecture. This is generally considered to be Roy Fielding's doctoral
-thesis, "Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software
-Architectures":http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm. While
-you can read through the thesis, REST in terms of Rails boils down to two main
-principles:
-
-* Using resource identifiers such as URLs to represent resources.
-* Transferring representations of the state of that resource between system components.
-
-For example, the following HTTP request:
-
-<tt>DELETE /photos/17</tt>
-
-would be understood to refer to a photo resource with the ID of 17, and to
-indicate a desired action - deleting that resource. REST is a natural style for
-the architecture of web applications, and Rails hooks into this shielding you
-from many of the RESTful complexities and browser quirks.
-
-If you'd like more details on REST as an architectural style, these resources
-are more approachable than Fielding's thesis:
-
-* "A Brief Introduction to REST":http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction by Stefan Tilkov
-* "An Introduction to REST":http://bitworking.org/news/373/An-Introduction-to-REST (video tutorial) by Joe Gregorio
-* "Representational State Transfer":http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer article in Wikipedia
-* "How to GET a Cup of Coffee":http://www.infoq.com/articles/webber-rest-workflow by Jim Webber, Savas Parastatidis &
-Ian Robinson
-
-h3. Creating a New Rails Project
-
-The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or
-step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can
-literally follow along step by step. You can get the complete code "here":https://github.com/lifo/docrails/tree/master/railties/guides/code/getting_started.
-
-By following along with this guide, you'll create a Rails project called <tt>blog</tt>, a
-(very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application, you need to
-make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
-
-TIP: The examples below use # and $ to denote terminal prompts. If you are using Windows, your prompt will look something like c:\source_code>
-
-h4. Installing Rails
-
-In most cases, the easiest way to install Rails is to take advantage of RubyGems:
-
-<shell>
-Usually run this as the root user:
-# gem install rails
-</shell>
-
-TIP. If you're working on Windows, you can quickly install Ruby and Rails with
-"Rails Installer":http://railsinstaller.org.
-
-To verify that you have everything installed correctly, you should be able to run
-the following:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails --version
-</shell>
-
-If it says something like "Rails 3.1.3" you are ready to continue.
-
-h4. Creating the Blog Application
-
-To begin, open a terminal, navigate to a folder where you have rights to create
-files, and type:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails new blog
-</shell>
-
-This will create a Rails application called Blog in a directory called blog.
-
-TIP: You can see all of the switches that the Rails application builder accepts
-by running
-<tt>rails new -h</tt>.
-
-After you create the blog application, switch to its folder to continue work
-directly in that application:
-
-<shell>
-$ cd blog
-</shell>
-
-The 'rails new blog' command we ran above created a folder in your working directory
-called <tt>blog</tt>. The <tt>blog</tt> folder has a number of auto-generated folders
-that make up the structure of a Rails application. Most of the work in
-this tutorial will happen in the <tt>app/</tt> folder, but here's a basic
-rundown on the function of each of the files and folders that Rails created by default:
-
-|_.File/Folder|_.Purpose|
-|app/|Contains the controllers, models, views and assets for your application. You'll focus on this folder for the remainder of this guide.|
-|config/|Configure your application's runtime rules, routes, database, and more.  This is covered in more detail in "Configuring Rails Applications":configuring.html|
-|config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.|
-|db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.|
-|doc/|In-depth documentation for your application.|
-|Gemfile<BR />Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application.|
-|lib/|Extended modules for your application.|
-|log/|Application log files.|
-|public/|The only folder seen to the world as-is. Contains the static files and compiled assets.|
-|Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the lib/tasks directory of your application.|
-|README.rdoc|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.|
-|script/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to deploy or run your application.|
-|test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in "Testing Rails Applications":testing.html|
-|tmp/|Temporary files|
-|vendor/|A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application, this includes Ruby Gems and the Rails source code (if you optionally install it into your project).|
-
-h4. Configuring a Database
-
-Just about every Rails application will interact with a database. The database
-to use is specified in a configuration file, +config/database.yml+.  If you open
-this file in a new Rails application, you'll see a default database
-configured to use SQLite3. The file contains sections for three different
-environments in which Rails can run by default:
-
-* The +development+ environment is used on your development/local computer as you interact
-manually with the application.
-* The +test+ environment is used when running automated tests.
-* The +production+ environment is used when you deploy your application for the world to use.
-
-TIP: You don't have to update the database configurations manually. If you look at the
-options of the application generator, you will see that one of the options
-is named <tt>--database</tt>. This option allows you to choose an adapter from a
-list of the most used relational databases. You can even run the generator
-repeatedly: <tt>cd .. && rails new blog --database=mysql</tt>. When you confirm the overwriting
- of the +config/database.yml+ file, your application will be configured for MySQL
-instead of SQLite.  Detailed examples of the common database connections are below.
-
-h5. Configuring an SQLite3 Database
-
-Rails comes with built-in support for "SQLite3":http://www.sqlite.org, which is
-a lightweight serverless database application. While a busy production
-environment may overload SQLite, it works well for development and testing.
-Rails defaults to using an SQLite database when creating a new project, but you
-can always change it later.
-
-Here's the section of the default configuration file
-(<tt>config/database.yml</tt>) with connection information for the development
-environment:
-
-<yaml>
-development:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/development.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
-</yaml>
-
-NOTE: In this guide we are using an SQLite3 database for data storage, because
-it is a zero configuration database that just works. Rails also supports MySQL
-and PostgreSQL "out of the box", and has plugins for many database systems. If
-you are using a database in a production environment Rails most likely has an
-adapter for it.
-
-h5. Configuring a MySQL Database
-
-If you choose to use MySQL instead of the shipped SQLite3 database, your
-+config/database.yml+ will look a little different. Here's the development
-section:
-
-<yaml>
-development:
-  adapter: mysql2
-  encoding: utf8
-  database: blog_development
-  pool: 5
-  username: root
-  password:
-  socket: /tmp/mysql.sock
-</yaml>
-
-If your development computer's MySQL installation includes a root user with an
-empty password, this configuration should work for you. Otherwise, change the
-username and password in the +development+ section as appropriate.
-
-h5. Configuring a PostgreSQL Database
-
-If you choose to use PostgreSQL, your +config/database.yml+ will be customized
-to use PostgreSQL databases:
-
-<yaml>
-development:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
-  database: blog_development
-  pool: 5
-  username: blog
-  password:
-</yaml>
-
-h5. Configuring an SQLite3 Database for JRuby Platform
-
-If you choose to use SQLite3 and are using JRuby, your +config/database.yml+ will
-look a little different. Here's the development section:
-
-<yaml>
-development:
-  adapter: jdbcsqlite3
-  database: db/development.sqlite3
-</yaml>
-
-h5. Configuring a MySQL Database for JRuby Platform
-
-If you choose to use MySQL and are using JRuby, your +config/database.yml+ will look
-a little different. Here's the development section:
-
-<yaml>
-development:
-  adapter: jdbcmysql
-  database: blog_development
-  username: root
-  password:
-</yaml>
-
-h5. Configuring a PostgreSQL Database for JRuby Platform
-
-Finally if you choose to use PostgreSQL and are using JRuby, your
-+config/database.yml+ will look a little different. Here's the development
-section:
-
-<yaml>
-development:
-  adapter: jdbcpostgresql
-  encoding: unicode
-  database: blog_development
-  username: blog
-  password:
-</yaml>
-
-Change the username and password in the +development+ section as appropriate.
-
-h4. Creating the Database
-
-Now that you have your database configured, it's time to have Rails create an
-empty database for you. You can do this by running a rake command:
-
-<shell>
-$ rake db:create
-</shell>
-
-This will create your development and test SQLite3 databases inside the
-<tt>db/</tt> folder.
-
-TIP: Rake is a general-purpose command-runner that Rails uses for many things.
-You can see the list of available rake commands in your application by running
-+rake -T+.
-
-h3. Hello, Rails!
-
-One of the traditional places to start with a new language is by getting some
-text up on screen quickly. To do this, you need to get your Rails application
-server running.
-
-h4. Starting up the Web Server
-
-You actually have a functional Rails application already. To see it, you need to
-start a web server on your development machine. You can do this by running:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails server
-</shell>
-
-TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript to JavaScript requires a JavaScript runtime and
-the absence of a runtime will give you an +execjs+ error. Usually Mac OS X
-and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed. Rails adds the +therubyracer+ gem
-to Gemfile in a commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it.
-+therubyrhino+ is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by default
-to Gemfile in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate about all the
-supported runtimes at "ExecJS":https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme.
-
-This will fire up an instance of the WEBrick web server by default (Rails can
-also use several other web servers). To see your application in action, open a
-browser window and navigate to "http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000.
-You should see Rails' default information page:
-
-!images/rails_welcome.png(Welcome Aboard screenshot)!
-
-TIP: To stop the web server, hit Ctrl+C in the terminal window where it's
-running. In development mode, Rails does not generally require you to stop the
-server; changes you make in files will be automatically picked up by the server.
-
-The "Welcome Aboard" page is the _smoke test_ for a new Rails application: it
-makes sure that you have your software configured correctly enough to serve a
-page. You can also click on the _About your application’s environment_ link to
-see a summary of your application's environment.
-
-h4. Say "Hello", Rails
-
-To get Rails saying "Hello", you need to create at minimum a controller and a
-view. Fortunately, you can do that in a single command. Enter this command in
-your terminal:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails generate controller home index
-</shell>
-
-TIP: If you get a command not found error when running this command, you
-need to explicitly pass Rails +rails+ commands to Ruby: <tt>ruby
-\path\to\your\application\script\rails generate controller home index</tt>.
-
-Rails will create several files for you, including
-+app/views/home/index.html.erb+. This is the template that will be used to
-display the results of the +index+ action (method) in the +home+ controller.
-Open this file in your text editor and edit it to contain a single line of code:
-
-<code class="html">
-<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
-</code>
-
-h4. Setting the Application Home Page
-
-Now that we have made the controller and view, we need to tell Rails when we
-want "Hello Rails!" to show up. In our case, we want it to show up when we
-navigate to the root URL of our site,
-"http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000, instead of the "Welcome Aboard"
-smoke test.
-
-The first step to doing this is to delete the default page from your
-application:
-
-<shell>
-$ rm public/index.html
-</shell>
-
-We need to do this as Rails will deliver any static file in the +public+
-directory in preference to any dynamic content we generate from the controllers.
-
-Now, you have to tell Rails where your actual home page is located. Open the
-file +config/routes.rb+ in your editor. This is your application's _routing
-file_ which holds entries in a special DSL (domain-specific language) that tells
-Rails how to connect incoming requests to controllers and actions. This file
-contains many sample routes on commented lines, and one of them actually shows
-you how to connect the root of your site to a specific controller and action.
-Find the line beginning with +root :to+ and uncomment it. It should look something like the following:
-
-<ruby>
-Blog::Application.routes.draw do
-
-  #...
-  # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
-  # just remember to delete public/index.html.
-  root :to => "home#index"
-</ruby>
-
-The +root :to => "home#index"+ tells Rails to map the root action to the home
-controller's index action.
-
-Now if you navigate to "http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000 in your
-browser, you'll see +Hello, Rails!+.
-
-NOTE. For more information about routing, refer to "Rails Routing from the
-Outside In":routing.html.
-
-h3. Getting Up and Running Quickly with Scaffolding
-
-Rails _scaffolding_ is a quick way to generate some of the major pieces of an
-application. If you want to create the models, views, and controllers for a new
-resource in a single operation, scaffolding is the tool for the job.
-
-h3. Creating a Resource
-
-In the case of the blog application, you can start by generating a scaffold for the
-Post resource: this will represent a single blog posting. To do this, enter this
-command in your terminal:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails generate scaffold Post name:string title:string content:text
-</shell>
-
-The scaffold generator will build several files in your application, along with some
-folders, and edit <tt>config/routes.rb</tt>. Here's a quick overview of what it creates:
-
-|_.File                                       |_.Purpose|
-|db/migrate/20100207214725_create_posts.rb    |Migration to create the posts table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp)|
-|app/models/post.rb                           |The Post model|
-|test/unit/post_test.rb                       |Unit testing harness for the posts model|
-|test/fixtures/posts.yml                      |Sample posts for use in testing|
-|config/routes.rb                             |Edited to include routing information for posts|
-|app/controllers/posts_controller.rb          |The Posts controller|
-|app/views/posts/index.html.erb               |A view to display an index of all posts |
-|app/views/posts/edit.html.erb                |A view to edit an existing post|
-|app/views/posts/show.html.erb                |A view to display a single post|
-|app/views/posts/new.html.erb                 |A view to create a new post|
-|app/views/posts/_form.html.erb               |A partial to control the overall look and feel of the form used in edit and new views|
-|test/functional/posts_controller_test.rb     |Functional testing harness for the posts controller|
-|app/helpers/posts_helper.rb                  |Helper functions to be used from the post views|
-|test/unit/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb       |Unit testing harness for the posts helper|
-|app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee       |CoffeeScript for the posts controller|
-|app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss        |Cascading style sheet for the posts controller|
-|app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss    |Cascading style sheet to make the scaffolded views look better|
-
-NOTE. While scaffolding will get you up and running quickly, the code it
-generates is unlikely to be a perfect fit for your application. You'll most
-probably want to customize the generated code. Many experienced Rails developers
-avoid scaffolding entirely, preferring to write all or most of their source code
-from scratch. Rails, however, makes it really simple to customize templates for
-generated models, controllers, views and other source files. You'll find more
-information in the "Creating and Customizing Rails Generators &
-Templates":generators.html guide.
-
-h4. Running a Migration
-
-One of the products of the +rails generate scaffold+ command is a _database
-migration_. Migrations are Ruby classes that are designed to make it simple to
-create and modify database tables. Rails uses rake commands to run migrations,
-and it's possible to undo a migration after it's been applied to your database.
-Migration filenames include a timestamp to ensure that they're processed in the
-order that they were created.
-
-If you look in the +db/migrate/20100207214725_create_posts.rb+ file (remember,
-yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
-
-<ruby>
-class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :posts do |t|
-      t.string :name
-      t.string :title
-      t.text :content
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The above migration creates a method named +change+ which will be called when you
-run this migration. The action defined in this method is also reversible, which
-means Rails knows how to reverse the change made by this migration, in case you
-want to reverse it later. When you run this migration it will create a
-+posts+ table with two string columns and a text column. It also creates two
-timestamp fields to allow Rails to track post creation and update times. More
-information about Rails migrations can be found in the "Rails Database
-Migrations":migrations.html guide.
-
-At this point, you can use a rake command to run the migration:
-
-<shell>
-$ rake db:migrate
-</shell>
-
-Rails will execute this migration command and tell you it created the Posts
-table.
-
-<shell>
-==  CreatePosts: migrating ====================================================
--- create_table(:posts)
-   -> 0.0019s
-==  CreatePosts: migrated (0.0020s) ===========================================
-</shell>
-
-NOTE. Because you're working in the development environment by default, this
-command will apply to the database defined in the +development+ section of your
-+config/database.yml+ file. If you would like to execute migrations in another
-environment, for instance in production, you must explicitly pass it when
-invoking the command: <tt>rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production</tt>.
-
-h4. Adding a Link
-
-To hook the posts up to the home page you've already created, you can add a link
-to the home page. Open +app/views/home/index.html.erb+ and modify it as follows:
-
-<ruby>
-<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
-<%= link_to "My Blog", posts_path %>
-</ruby>
-
-The +link_to+ method is one of Rails' built-in view helpers. It creates a
-hyperlink based on text to display and where to go - in this case, to the path
-for posts.
-
-h4. Working with Posts in the Browser
-
-Now you're ready to start working with posts. To do that, navigate to
-"http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000/ and then click the "My Blog"
-link:
-
-!images/posts_index.png(Posts Index screenshot)!
-
-This is the result of Rails rendering the +index+ view of your posts. There
-aren't currently any posts in the database, but if you click the +New Post+ link
-you can create one. After that, you'll find that you can edit posts, look at
-their details, or destroy them. All of the logic and HTML to handle this was
-built by the single +rails generate scaffold+ command.
-
-TIP: In development mode (which is what you're working in by default), Rails
-reloads your application with every browser request, so there's no need to stop
-and restart the web server.
-
-Congratulations, you're riding the rails! Now it's time to see how it all works.
-
-h4. The Model
-
-The model file, +app/models/post.rb+ is about as simple as it can get:
-
-<ruby>
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-</ruby>
-
-There isn't much to this file - but note that the +Post+ class inherits from
-+ActiveRecord::Base+. Active Record supplies a great deal of functionality to
-your Rails models for free, including basic database CRUD (Create, Read, Update,
-Destroy) operations, data validation, as well as sophisticated search support
-and the ability to relate multiple models to one another.
-
-h4. Adding Some Validation
-
-Rails includes methods to help you validate the data that you send to models.
-Open the +app/models/post.rb+ file and edit it:
-
-<ruby>
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :name,  :presence => true
-  validates :title, :presence => true,
-                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
-end
-</ruby>
-
-These changes will ensure that all posts have a name and a title, and that the
-title is at least five characters long. Rails can validate a variety of
-conditions in a model, including the presence or uniqueness of columns, their
-format, and the existence of associated objects. Validations are covered in detail
-in "Active Record Validations and Callbacks":active_record_validations_callbacks.html#validations-overview
-
-h4. Using the Console
-
-To see your validations in action, you can use the console. The console is a
-command-line tool that lets you execute Ruby code in the context of your
-application:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails console
-</shell>
-
-TIP: The default console will make changes to your database. You can instead
-open a console that will roll back any changes you make by using <tt>rails console
---sandbox</tt>.
-
-After the console loads, you can use it to work with your application's models:
-
-<shell>
->> p = Post.new(:content => "A new post")
-=> #<Post id: nil, name: nil, title: nil,
-     content: "A new post", created_at: nil,
-     updated_at: nil>
->> p.save
-=> false
->> p.errors.full_messages
-=> ["Name can't be blank", "Title can't be blank", "Title is too short (minimum is 5 characters)"]
-</shell>
-
-This code shows creating a new +Post+ instance, attempting to save it and
-getting +false+ for a return value (indicating that the save failed), and
-inspecting the +errors+ of the post.
-
-When you're finished, type +exit+ and hit +return+ to exit the console.
-
-TIP: Unlike the development web server, the console does not automatically load
-your code afresh for each line. If you make changes to your models (in your editor)
-while the console is open, type +reload!+ at the console prompt to load them.
-
-h4. Listing All Posts
-
-Let's dive into the Rails code a little deeper to see how the application is
-showing us the list of Posts. Open the file
-+app/controllers/posts_controller.rb+ and look at the
-+index+ action:
-
-<ruby>
-def index
-  @posts = Post.all
-
-  respond_to do |format|
-    format.html  # index.html.erb
-    format.json  { render :json => @posts }
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-+Post.all+ returns all of the posts currently in the database as an array
-of +Post+ records that we store in an instance variable called +@posts+.
-
-TIP: For more information on finding records with Active Record, see "Active
-Record Query Interface":active_record_querying.html.
-
-The +respond_to+ block handles both HTML and JSON calls to this action. If you
-browse to "http://localhost:3000/posts.json":http://localhost:3000/posts.json,
-you'll see a JSON containing all of the posts. The HTML format looks for a view
-in +app/views/posts/+ with a name that corresponds to the action name. Rails
-makes all of the instance variables from the action available to the view.
-Here's +app/views/posts/index.html.erb+:
-
-<erb>
-<h1>Listing posts</h1>
-
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Name</th>
-    <th>Title</th>
-    <th>Content</th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
-
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= post.name %></td>
-    <td><%= post.title %></td>
-    <td><%= post.content %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', post %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_post_path(post) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', post, :confirm => 'Are you sure?',
-                                     :method => :delete %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
-</table>
-
-<br />
-
-<%= link_to 'New post', new_post_path %>
-</erb>
-
-This view iterates over the contents of the +@posts+ array to display content
-and links. A few things to note in the view:
-
-* +link_to+ builds a hyperlink to a particular destination
-* +edit_post_path+ and +new_post_path+ are helpers that Rails provides as part of RESTful routing. You'll see a variety of these helpers for the different actions that the controller includes.
-
-NOTE. In previous versions of Rails, you had to use +&lt;%=h post.name %&gt;+ so
-that any HTML would be escaped before being inserted into the page. In Rails
-3 and above, this is now the default. To get unescaped HTML, you now use <tt>&lt;%= raw post.name %&gt;</tt>.
-
-TIP: For more details on the rendering process, see "Layouts and Rendering in
-Rails":layouts_and_rendering.html.
-
-h4. Customizing the Layout
-
-The view is only part of the story of how HTML is displayed in your web browser.
-Rails also has the concept of +layouts+, which are containers for views. When
-Rails renders a view to the browser, it does so by putting the view's HTML into
-a layout's HTML. In previous versions of Rails, the +rails generate scaffold+
-command would automatically create a controller specific layout, like
-+app/views/layouts/posts.html.erb+, for the posts controller. However this has
-been changed in Rails 3. An application specific +layout+ is used for all the
-controllers and can be found in +app/views/layouts/application.html.erb+. Open
-this layout in your editor and modify the +body+ tag to include the style directive
-below:
-
-<erb>
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Blog</title>
-  <%= stylesheet_link_tag "application" %>
-  <%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
-  <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
-</head>
-<body style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">
-
-<%= yield %>
-
-</body>
-</html>
-</erb>
-
-Now when you refresh the +/posts+ page, you'll see a gray background to the
-page. This same gray background will be used throughout all the views.
-
-h4. Creating New Posts
-
-Creating a new post involves two actions. The first is the +new+ action, which
-instantiates an empty +Post+ object:
-
-<ruby>
-def new
-  @post = Post.new
-
-  respond_to do |format|
-    format.html  # new.html.erb
-    format.json  { render :json => @post }
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +new.html.erb+ view displays this empty Post to the user:
-
-<erb>
-<h1>New post</h1>
-
-<%= render 'form' %>
-
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
-</erb>
-
-The +&lt;%= render 'form' %&gt;+ line is our first introduction to _partials_ in
-Rails. A partial is a snippet of HTML and Ruby code that can be reused in
-multiple locations. In this case, the form used to make a new post is basically
-identical to the form used to edit a post, both having text fields for the name and
-title, a text area for the content, and a button to create the new post or to update
-the existing one.
-
-If you take a look at +views/posts/_form.html.erb+ file, you will see the
-following:
-
-<erb>
-<%= form_for(@post) do |f| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="errorExplanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-	    this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <% end %>
-
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :name %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :name %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :title %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :title %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :content %><br />
-    <%= f.text_area :content %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="actions">
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </div>
-<% end %>
-</erb>
-
-This partial receives all the instance variables defined in the calling view
-file. In this case, the controller assigned the new +Post+ object to +@post+,
-which will thus be available in both the view and the partial as +@post+.
-
-For more information on partials, refer to the "Layouts and Rendering in
-Rails":layouts_and_rendering.html#using-partials guide.
-
-The +form_for+ block is used to create an HTML form. Within this block, you have
-access to methods to build various controls on the form. For example,
-+f.text_field :name+ tells Rails to create a text input on the form and to hook
-it up to the +name+ attribute of the instance being displayed. You can only use
-these methods with attributes of the model that the form is based on (in this
-case +name+, +title+, and +content+). Rails uses +form_for+ in preference to
-having you write raw HTML because the code is more succinct, and because it
-explicitly ties the form to a particular model instance.
-
-The +form_for+ block is also smart enough to work out if you are doing a _New
-Post_ or an _Edit Post_ action, and will set the form +action+ tags and submit
-button names appropriately in the HTML output.
-
-TIP: If you need to create an HTML form that displays arbitrary fields, not tied
-to a model, you should use the +form_tag+ method, which provides shortcuts for
-building forms that are not necessarily tied to a model instance.
-
-When the user clicks the +Create Post+ button on this form, the browser will
-send information back to the +create+ action of the controller (Rails knows to
-call the +create+ action because the form is sent with an HTTP POST request;
-that's one of the conventions that were mentioned earlier):
-
-<ruby>
-def create
-  @post = Post.new(params[:post])
-
-  respond_to do |format|
-    if @post.save
-      format.html  { redirect_to(@post,
-                    :notice => 'Post was successfully created.') }
-      format.json  { render :json => @post,
-                    :status => :created, :location => @post }
-    else
-      format.html  { render :action => "new" }
-      format.json  { render :json => @post.errors,
-                    :status => :unprocessable_entity }
-    end
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +create+ action instantiates a new Post object from the data supplied by the
-user on the form, which Rails makes available in the +params+ hash. After
-successfully saving the new post, +create+ returns the appropriate format that
-the user has requested (HTML in our case). It then redirects the user to the
-resulting post +show+ action and sets a notice to the user that the Post was
-successfully created.
-
-If the post was not successfully saved, due to a validation error, then the
-controller returns the user back to the +new+ action with any error messages so
-that the user has the chance to fix the error and try again.
-
-The "Post was successfully created." message is stored in the Rails
-+flash+ hash (usually just called _the flash_), so that messages can be carried
-over to another action, providing the user with useful information on the status
-of their request. In the case of +create+, the user never actually sees any page
-rendered during the post creation process, because it immediately redirects to
-the new +Post+ as soon as Rails saves the record. The Flash carries over a message to
-the next action, so that when the user is redirected back to the +show+ action,
-they are presented with a message saying "Post was successfully created."
-
-h4. Showing an Individual Post
-
-When you click the +show+ link for a post on the index page, it will bring you
-to a URL like +http://localhost:3000/posts/1+. Rails interprets this as a call
-to the +show+ action for the resource, and passes in +1+ as the +:id+ parameter.
-Here's the +show+ action:
-
-<ruby>
-def show
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-  respond_to do |format|
-    format.html  # show.html.erb
-    format.json  { render :json => @post }
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +show+ action uses +Post.find+ to search for a single record in the database
-by its id value. After finding the record, Rails displays it by using
-+app/views/posts/show.html.erb+:
-
-<erb>
-<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Name:</b>
-  <%= @post.name %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Content:</b>
-  <%= @post.content %>
-</p>
-
-
-<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
-</erb>
-
-h4. Editing Posts
-
-Like creating a new post, editing a post is a two-part process. The first step
-is a request to +edit_post_path(@post)+ with a particular post. This calls the
-+edit+ action in the controller:
-
-<ruby>
-def edit
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-end
-</ruby>
-
-After finding the requested post, Rails uses the +edit.html.erb+ view to display
-it:
-
-<erb>
-<h1>Editing post</h1>
-
-<%= render 'form' %>
-
-<%= link_to 'Show', @post %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
-</erb>
-
-Again, as with the +new+ action, the +edit+ action is using the +form+ partial.
-This time, however, the form will do a PUT action to the +PostsController+ and the
-submit button will display "Update Post".
-
-Submitting the form created by this view will invoke the +update+ action within
-the controller:
-
-<ruby>
-def update
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-  respond_to do |format|
-    if @post.update_attributes(params[:post])
-      format.html  { redirect_to(@post,
-                    :notice => 'Post was successfully updated.') }
-      format.json  { head :no_content }
-    else
-      format.html  { render :action => "edit" }
-      format.json  { render :json => @post.errors,
-                    :status => :unprocessable_entity }
-    end
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-In the +update+ action, Rails first uses the +:id+ parameter passed back from
-the edit view to locate the database record that's being edited. The
-+update_attributes+ call then takes the +post+ parameter (a hash) from the request
-and applies it to this record. If all goes well, the user is redirected to the
-post's +show+ action. If there are any problems, it redirects back to the +edit+ action to
-correct them.
-
-h4. Destroying a Post
-
-Finally, clicking one of the +destroy+ links sends the associated id to the
-+destroy+ action:
-
-<ruby>
-def destroy
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  @post.destroy
-
-  respond_to do |format|
-    format.html { redirect_to posts_url }
-    format.json { head :no_content }
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +destroy+ method of an Active Record model instance removes the
-corresponding record from the database. After that's done, there isn't any
-record to display, so Rails redirects the user's browser to the index action of
-the controller.
-
-h3. Adding a Second Model
-
-Now that you've seen what a model built with scaffolding looks like, it's time to
-add a second model to the application. The second model will handle comments on
-blog posts.
-
-h4. Generating a Model
-
-Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables use
-a plural name. For the model to hold comments, the convention is to use the name
-+Comment+. Even if you don't want to use the entire apparatus set up by
-scaffolding, most Rails developers still use generators to make things like
-models and controllers. To create the new model, run this command in your
-terminal:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text post:references
-</shell>
-
-This command will generate four files:
-
-|_.File                                       |_.Purpose|
-|db/migrate/20100207235629_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) |
-| app/models/comment.rb                       | The Comment model |
-| test/unit/comment_test.rb                   | Unit testing harness for the comments model |
-| test/fixtures/comments.yml                  | Sample comments for use in testing |
-
-First, take a look at +comment.rb+:
-
-<ruby>
-class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This is very similar to the +post.rb+ model that you saw earlier. The difference
-is the line +belongs_to :post+, which sets up an Active Record _association_.
-You'll learn a little about associations in the next section of this guide.
-
-In addition to the model, Rails has also made a migration to create the
-corresponding database table:
-
-<ruby>
-class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :comments do |t|
-      t.string :commenter
-      t.text :body
-      t.references :post
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-
-    add_index :comments, :post_id
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +t.references+ line sets up a foreign key column for the association between
-the two models. And the +add_index+ line sets up an index for this association
-column. Go ahead and run the migration:
-
-<shell>
-$ rake db:migrate
-</shell>
-
-Rails is smart enough to only execute the migrations that have not already been
-run against the current database, so in this case you will just see:
-
-<shell>
-==  CreateComments: migrating =================================================
--- create_table(:comments)
-   -> 0.0008s
--- add_index(:comments, :post_id)
-   -> 0.0003s
-==  CreateComments: migrated (0.0012s) ========================================
-</shell>
-
-h4. Associating Models
-
-Active Record associations let you easily declare the relationship between two
-models. In the case of comments and posts, you could write out the relationships
-this way:
-
-* Each comment belongs to one post.
-* One post can have many comments.
-
-In fact, this is very close to the syntax that Rails uses to declare this
-association. You've already seen the line of code inside the Comment model that
-makes each comment belong to a Post:
-
-<ruby>
-class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
-end
-</ruby>
-
-You'll need to edit the +post.rb+ file to add the other side of the association:
-
-<ruby>
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :name,  :presence => true
-  validates :title, :presence => true,
-                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
-
-  has_many :comments
-end
-</ruby>
-
-These two declarations enable a good bit of automatic behavior. For example, if
-you have an instance variable +@post+ containing a post, you can retrieve all
-the comments belonging to that post as an array using +@post.comments+.
-
-TIP: For more information on Active Record associations, see the "Active Record
-Associations":association_basics.html guide.
-
-h4. Adding a Route for Comments
-
-As with the +home+ controller, we will need to add a route so that Rails knows
-where we would like to navigate to see +comments+. Open up the
-+config/routes.rb+ file again. Near the top, you will see the entry for +posts+
-that was added automatically by the scaffold generator: <tt>resources
-:posts</tt>. Edit it as follows:
-
-<ruby>
-resources :posts do
-  resources :comments
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This creates +comments+ as a _nested resource_ within +posts+. This is another
-part of capturing the hierarchical relationship that exists between posts and
-comments.
-
-TIP: For more information on routing, see the "Rails Routing from the Outside
-In":routing.html guide.
-
-h4. Generating a Controller
-
-With the model in hand, you can turn your attention to creating a matching
-controller. Again, there's a generator for this:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails generate controller Comments
-</shell>
-
-This creates six files and one empty directory:
-
-|_.File/Directory                             |_.Purpose                                 |
-| app/controllers/comments_controller.rb      | The Comments controller                  |
-| app/views/comments/                         | Views of the controller are stored here  |
-| test/functional/comments_controller_test.rb | The functional tests for the controller  |
-| app/helpers/comments_helper.rb              | A view helper file                       |
-| test/unit/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb   | The unit tests for the helper            |
-| app/assets/javascripts/comment.js.coffee    | CoffeeScript for the controller          |
-| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.css.scss     | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
-
-Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after
-reading the post, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back to
-the post show page to see their comment now listed. Due to this, our
-+CommentsController+ is there to provide a method to create comments and delete
-spam comments when they arrive.
-
-So first, we'll wire up the Post show template
-(+/app/views/posts/show.html.erb+) to let us make a new comment:
-
-<erb>
-<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Name:</b>
-  <%= @post.name %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Content:</b>
-  <%= @post.content %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :body %><br />
-    <%= f.text_area :body %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="actions">
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </div>
-<% end %>
-
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %> |
-</erb>
-
-This adds a form on the +Post+ show page that creates a new comment by
-calling the +CommentsController+ +create+ action. Let's wire that up:
-
-<ruby>
-class CommentsController < ApplicationController
-  def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.create(params[:comment])
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-You'll see a bit more complexity here than you did in the controller for posts.
-That's a side-effect of the nesting that you've set up. Each request for a
-comment has to keep track of the post to which the comment is attached, thus the
-initial call to the +find+ method of the +Post+ model to get the post in question.
-
-In addition, the code takes advantage of some of the methods available for an
-association. We use the +create+ method on +@post.comments+ to create and save
-the comment. This will automatically link the comment so that it belongs to that
-particular post.
-
-Once we have made the new comment, we send the user back to the original post
-using the +post_path(@post)+ helper. As we have already seen, this calls the
-+show+ action of the +PostsController+ which in turn renders the +show.html.erb+
-template. This is where we want the comment to show, so let's add that to the
-+app/views/posts/show.html.erb+.
-
-<erb>
-<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Name:</b>
-  <%= @post.name %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Content:</b>
-  <%= @post.content %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<% @post.comments.each do |comment| %>
-  <p>
-    <b>Commenter:</b>
-    <%= comment.commenter %>
-  </p>
-
-  <p>
-    <b>Comment:</b>
-    <%= comment.body %>
-  </p>
-<% end %>
-
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :body %><br />
-    <%= f.text_area :body %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="actions">
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </div>
-<% end %>
-
-<br />
-
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %> |
-</erb>
-
-Now you can add posts and comments to your blog and have them show up in the
-right places.
-
-h3. Refactoring
-
-Now that we have posts and comments working, take a look at the
-+app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ template. It is getting long and awkward. We can
-use partials to clean it up.
-
-h4. Rendering Partial Collections
-
-First we will make a comment partial to extract showing all the comments for the
-post. Create the file +app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ and put the
-following into it:
-
-<erb>
-<p>
-  <b>Commenter:</b>
-  <%= comment.commenter %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Comment:</b>
-  <%= comment.body %>
-</p>
-</erb>
-
-Then you can change +app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ to look like the
-following:
-
-<erb>
-<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Name:</b>
-  <%= @post.name %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Content:</b>
-  <%= @post.content %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
-
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :body %><br />
-    <%= f.text_area :body %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="actions">
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </div>
-<% end %>
-
-<br />
-
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %> |
-</erb>
-
-This will now render the partial in +app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ once
-for each comment that is in the +@post.comments+ collection. As the +render+
-method iterates over the <tt>@post.comments</tt> collection, it assigns each
-comment to a local variable named the same as the partial, in this case
-+comment+ which is then available in the partial for us to show.
-
-h4. Rendering a Partial Form
-
-Let us also move that new comment section out to its own partial. Again, you
-create a file +app/views/comments/_form.html.erb+ containing:
-
-<erb>
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= f.label :body %><br />
-    <%= f.text_area :body %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="actions">
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </div>
-<% end %>
-</erb>
-
-Then you make the +app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ look like the following:
-
-<erb>
-<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Name:</b>
-  <%= @post.name %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Content:</b>
-  <%= @post.content %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
-
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
-
-<br />
-
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %> |
-</erb>
-
-The second render just defines the partial template we want to render,
-<tt>comments/form</tt>. Rails is smart enough to spot the forward slash in that
-string and realize that you want to render the <tt>_form.html.erb</tt> file in
-the <tt>app/views/comments</tt> directory.
-
-The +@post+ object is available to any partials rendered in the view because we
-defined it as an instance variable.
-
-h3. Deleting Comments
-
-Another important feature of a blog is being able to delete spam comments. To do
-this, we need to implement a link of some sort in the view and a +DELETE+ action
-in the +CommentsController+.
-
-So first, let's add the delete link in the
-+app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ partial:
-
-<erb>
-<p>
-  <b>Commenter:</b>
-  <%= comment.commenter %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Comment:</b>
-  <%= comment.body %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
-               :confirm => 'Are you sure?',
-               :method => :delete %>
-</p>
-</erb>
-
-Clicking this new "Destroy Comment" link will fire off a <tt>DELETE
-/posts/:id/comments/:id</tt> to our +CommentsController+, which can then use
-this to find the comment we want to delete, so let's add a destroy action to our
-controller:
-
-<ruby>
-class CommentsController < ApplicationController
-
-  def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.create(params[:comment])
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-
-  def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.find(params[:id])
-    @comment.destroy
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +destroy+ action will find the post we are looking at, locate the comment
-within the <tt>@post.comments</tt> collection, and then remove it from the
-database and send us back to the show action for the post.
-
-
-h4. Deleting Associated Objects
-
-If you delete a post then its associated comments will also need to be deleted.
-Otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows you to
-use the +dependent+ option of an association to achieve this. Modify the Post
-model, +app/models/post.rb+, as follows:
-
-<ruby>
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :name,  :presence => true
-  validates :title, :presence => true,
-                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
-  has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
-end
-</ruby>
-
-h3. Security
-
-If you were to publish your blog online, anybody would be able to add, edit and
-delete posts or delete comments.
-
-Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in
-this situation.
-
-In the +PostsController+ we need to have a way to block access to the various
-actions if the person is not authenticated, here we can use the Rails
-<tt>http_basic_authenticate_with</tt> method, allowing access to the requested
-action if that method allows it.
-
-To use the authentication system, we specify it at the top of our
-+PostsController+, in this case, we want the user to be authenticated on every
-action, except for +index+ and +show+, so we write that:
-
-<ruby>
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
-
-  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :except => [:index, :show]
-
-  # GET /posts
-  # GET /posts.json
-  def index
-    @posts = Post.all
-    respond_to do |format|
-# snipped for brevity
-</ruby>
-
-We also only want to allow authenticated users to delete comments, so in the
-+CommentsController+ we write:
-
-<ruby>
-class CommentsController < ApplicationController
-
-  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :only => :destroy
-
-  def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-# snipped for brevity
-</ruby>
-
-Now if you try to create a new post, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP
-Authentication challenge
-
-!images/challenge.png(Basic HTTP Authentication Challenge)!
-
-h3. Building a Multi-Model Form
-
-Another feature of your average blog is the ability to tag posts. To implement
-this feature your application needs to interact with more than one model on a
-single form. Rails offers support for nested forms.
-
-To demonstrate this, we will add support for giving each post multiple tags,
-right in the form where you create the post. First, create a new model to hold
-the tags:
-
-<shell>
-$ rails generate model Tag name:string post:references
-</shell>
-
-Again, run the migration to create the database table:
-
-<shell>
-$ rake db:migrate
-</shell>
-
-Next, edit the +post.rb+ file to create the other side of the association, and
-to tell Rails (via the +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ macro) that you intend to
-edit tags via posts:
-
-<ruby>
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :name,  :presence => true
-  validates :title, :presence => true,
-                    :length => { :minimum => 5 }
-
-  has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :tags
-
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :tags, :allow_destroy => :true,
-    :reject_if => proc { |attrs| attrs.all? { |k, v| v.blank? } }
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +:allow_destroy+ option tells Rails to enable destroying tags through the
-nested attributes (you'll handle that by displaying a "remove" checkbox on the
-view that you'll build shortly). The +:reject_if+ option prevents saving new
-tags that do not have any attributes filled in.
-
-We will modify +views/posts/_form.html.erb+ to render a partial to make a tag:
-
-<erb>
-<% @post.tags.build %>
-<%= form_for(@post) do |post_form| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="errorExplanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <% end %>
-
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= post_form.label :name %><br />
-    <%= post_form.text_field :name %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= post_form.label :title %><br />
-    <%= post_form.text_field :title %>
-  </div>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= post_form.label :content %><br />
-    <%= post_form.text_area :content %>
-  </div>
-  <h2>Tags</h2>
-  <%= render :partial => 'tags/form',
-             :locals => {:form => post_form} %>
-  <div class="actions">
-    <%= post_form.submit %>
-  </div>
-<% end %>
-</erb>
-
-Note that we have changed the +f+ in +form_for(@post) do |f|+ to +post_form+ to
-make it easier to understand what is going on.
-
-This example shows another option of the render helper, being able to pass in
-local variables, in this case, we want the local variable +form+ in the partial
-to refer to the +post_form+ object.
-
-We also add a <tt>@post.tags.build</tt> at the top of this form. This is to make
-sure there is a new tag ready to have its name filled in by the user. If you do
-not build the new tag, then the form will not appear as there is no new Tag
-object ready to create.
-
-Now create the folder <tt>app/views/tags</tt> and make a file in there called
-<tt>_form.html.erb</tt> which contains the form for the tag:
-
-<erb>
-<%= form.fields_for :tags do |tag_form| %>
-  <div class="field">
-    <%= tag_form.label :name, 'Tag:' %>
-    <%= tag_form.text_field :name %>
-  </div>
-  <% unless tag_form.object.nil? || tag_form.object.new_record? %>
-    <div class="field">
-      <%= tag_form.label :_destroy, 'Remove:' %>
-      <%= tag_form.check_box :_destroy %>
-    </div>
-  <% end %>
-<% end %>
-</erb>
-
-Finally, we will edit the <tt>app/views/posts/show.html.erb</tt> template to
-show our tags.
-
-<erb>
-<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Name:</b>
-  <%= @post.name %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Content:</b>
-  <%= @post.content %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Tags:</b>
-  <%= @post.tags.map { |t| t.name }.join(", ") %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
-
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
-
-
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %> |
-</erb>
-
-With these changes in place, you'll find that you can edit a post and its tags
-directly on the same view.
-
-However, that method call <tt>@post.tags.map { |t| t.name }.join(", ")</tt> is
-awkward, we could handle this by making a helper method.
-
-h3. View Helpers
-
-View Helpers live in <tt>app/helpers</tt> and provide small snippets of reusable
-code for views. In our case, we want a method that strings a bunch of objects
-together using their name attribute and joining them with a comma. As this is
-for the Post show template, we put it in the PostsHelper.
-
-Open up <tt>app/helpers/posts_helper.rb</tt> and add the following:
-
-<erb>
-module PostsHelper
-  def join_tags(post)
-    post.tags.map { |t| t.name }.join(", ")
-  end
-end
-</erb>
-
-Now you can edit the view in <tt>app/views/posts/show.html.erb</tt> to look like
-this:
-
-<erb>
-<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Name:</b>
-  <%= @post.name %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Content:</b>
-  <%= @post.content %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <b>Tags:</b>
-  <%= join_tags(@post) %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
-
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
-
-
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %> |
-</erb>
-
-h3. What's Next?
-
-Now that you've seen your first Rails application, you should feel free to
-update it and experiment on your own. But you don't have to do everything
-without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel
-free to consult these support resources:
-
-* The "Ruby on Rails guides":index.html
-* The "Ruby on Rails Tutorial":http://railstutorial.org/book
-* The "Ruby on Rails mailing list":http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk
-* The "#rubyonrails":irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails channel on irc.freenode.net
-
-Rails also comes with built-in help that you can generate using the rake command-line utility:
-
-* Running +rake doc:guides+ will put a full copy of the Rails Guides in the +doc/guides+ folder of your application. Open +doc/guides/index.html+ in your web browser to explore the Guides.
-* Running +rake doc:rails+ will put a full copy of the API documentation for Rails in the +doc/api+ folder of your application. Open +doc/api/index.html+ in your web browser to explore the API documentation.
-
-h3. Configuration Gotchas
-
-The easiest way to work with Rails is to store all external data as UTF-8. If
-you don't, Ruby libraries and Rails will often be able to convert your native
-data into UTF-8, but this doesn't always work reliably, so you're better off
-ensuring that all external data is UTF-8.
-
-If you have made a mistake in this area, the most common symptom is a black
-diamond with a question mark inside appearing in the browser. Another common
-symptom is characters like "ü" appearing instead of "ü". Rails takes a number
-of internal steps to mitigate common causes of these problems that can be
-automatically detected and corrected. However, if you have external data that is
-not stored as UTF-8, it can occasionally result in these kinds of issues that
-cannot be automatically detected by Rails and corrected.
-
-Two very common sources of data that are not UTF-8:
-* Your text editor: Most text editors (such as Textmate), default to saving files as
-  UTF-8. If your text editor does not, this can result in special characters that you
-  enter in your templates (such as é) to appear as a diamond with a question mark inside
-  in the browser. This also applies to your I18N translation files.
-  Most editors that do not already default to UTF-8 (such as some versions of
-  Dreamweaver) offer a way to change the default to UTF-8. Do so.
-* Your database. Rails defaults to converting data from your database into UTF-8 at
-  the boundary. However, if your database is not using UTF-8 internally, it may not
-  be able to store all characters that your users enter. For instance, if your database
-  is using Latin-1 internally, and your user enters a Russian, Hebrew, or Japanese
-  character, the data will be lost forever once it enters the database. If possible,
-  use UTF-8 as the internal storage of your database.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile b/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ae9cf0f2b..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1116 +0,0 @@
-h2. The Rails Initialization Process
-
-This guide explains the internals of the initialization process in Rails as of Rails 3.1. It is an extremely in-depth guide and recommended for advanced Rails developers.
-
-* Using +rails server+
-* Using Passenger
-
-endprologue.
-
-This guide goes through every single file, class and method call that is required to boot up the Ruby on Rails stack for a default Rails 3.1 application, explaining each part in detail along the way. For this guide, we will be focusing on how the two most common methods (+rails server+ and Passenger) boot a Rails application.
-
-NOTE: Paths in this guide are relative to Rails or a Rails application unless otherwise specified.
-
-h3. Launch!
-
-As of Rails 3, +script/server+ has become +rails server+. This was done to centralize all rails related commands to one common file.
-
-h4. +bin/rails+
-
-The actual +rails+ command is kept in _bin/rails_:
-
-<ruby>
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-
-begin
-  require "rails/cli"
-rescue LoadError
-  railties_path = File.expand_path('../../railties/lib', __FILE__)
-  $:.unshift(railties_path)
-  require "rails/cli"
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This file will attempt to load +rails/cli+. If it cannot find it then +railties/lib+ is added to the load path (+$:+) before retrying.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/cli.rb+
-
-This file looks like this:
-
-<ruby>
-require 'rbconfig'
-require 'rails/script_rails_loader'
-
-# If we are inside a Rails application this method performs an exec and thus
-# the rest of this script is not run.
-Rails::ScriptRailsLoader.exec_script_rails!
-
-require 'rails/ruby_version_check'
-Signal.trap("INT") { puts; exit }
-
-if ARGV.first == 'plugin'
-  ARGV.shift
-  require 'rails/commands/plugin_new'
-else
-  require 'rails/commands/application'
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +rbconfig+ file from the Ruby standard library provides us with the +RbConfig+ class which contains detailed information about the Ruby environment, including how Ruby was compiled. We can see this in use in +railties/lib/rails/script_rails_loader+.
-
-<ruby>
-require 'pathname'
-
-module Rails
-  module ScriptRailsLoader
-    RUBY = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at("bindir", "ruby_install_name")) + RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]
-    SCRIPT_RAILS = File.join('script', 'rails')
-    ...
-
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +rails/script_rails_loader+ file uses +RbConfig::Config+ to obtain the +bin_dir+ and +ruby_install_name+ values for the configuration which together form the path to the Ruby interpreter. The +RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]+ will suffix this path with ".exe" if the script is running on Windows. This constant is used later on in +exec_script_rails!+. As for the +SCRIPT_RAILS+ constant, we'll see that when we get to the +in_rails_application?+ method.
-
-Back in +rails/cli+, the next line is this:
-
-<ruby>
-Rails::ScriptRailsLoader.exec_script_rails!
-</ruby>
-
-This method is defined in +rails/script_rails_loader+:
-
-<ruby>
-def self.exec_script_rails!
-  cwd = Dir.pwd
-  return unless in_rails_application? || in_rails_application_subdirectory?
-  exec RUBY, SCRIPT_RAILS, *ARGV if in_rails_application?
-  Dir.chdir("..") do
-    # Recurse in a chdir block: if the search fails we want to be sure
-    # the application is generated in the original working directory.
-    exec_script_rails! unless cwd == Dir.pwd
-  end
-rescue SystemCallError
-  # could not chdir, no problem just return
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This method will first check if the current working directory (+cwd+) is a Rails application or a subdirectory of one. This is determined by the +in_rails_application?+ method:
-
-<ruby>
-def self.in_rails_application?
-  File.exists?(SCRIPT_RAILS)
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +SCRIPT_RAILS+ constant defined earlier is used here, with +File.exists?+ checking for its presence in the current directory. If this method returns +false+ then +in_rails_application_subdirectory?+ will be used:
-
-<ruby>
-def self.in_rails_application_subdirectory?(path = Pathname.new(Dir.pwd))
-  File.exists?(File.join(path, SCRIPT_RAILS)) || !path.root? && in_rails_application_subdirectory?(path.parent)
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This climbs the directory tree until it reaches a path which contains a +script/rails+ file. If a directory containing this file is reached then this line will run:
-
-<ruby>
-exec RUBY, SCRIPT_RAILS, *ARGV if in_rails_application?
-</ruby>
-
-This is effectively the same as running +ruby script/rails [arguments]+, where +[arguments]+ at this point in time is simply "server".
-
-h4. +script/rails+
-
-This file is as follows:
-
-<ruby>
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
-require File.expand_path('../../config/boot',  __FILE__)
-require 'rails/commands'
-</ruby>
-
-The +APP_PATH+ constant will be used later in +rails/commands+. The +config/boot+ file referenced here is the +config/boot.rb+ file in our application which is responsible for loading Bundler and setting it up.
-
-h4. +config/boot.rb+
-
-+config/boot.rb+ contains this:
-
-<ruby>
-require 'rubygems'
-
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
-gemfile = File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-begin
-  ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] = gemfile
-  require 'bundler'
-  Bundler.setup
-rescue Bundler::GemNotFound => e
-  STDERR.puts e.message
-  STDERR.puts "Try running `bundle install`."
-  exit!
-end if File.exist?(gemfile)
-</ruby>
-
-In a standard Rails application, there's a +Gemfile+ which declares all dependencies of the application. +config/boot.rb+ sets +ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]+ to the location of this file, then requires Bundler and calls +Bundler.setup+ which adds the dependencies of the application (including all the Rails parts) to the load path, making them available for the application to load. The gems that a Rails 3.1 application depends on are as follows:
-
-* abstract (1.0.0)
-* actionmailer (3.1.0.beta)
-* actionpack (3.1.0.beta)
-* activemodel (3.1.0.beta)
-* activerecord (3.1.0.beta)
-* activeresource (3.1.0.beta)
-* activesupport (3.1.0.beta)
-* arel (2.0.7)
-* builder (3.0.0)
-* bundler (1.0.6)
-* erubis (2.6.6)
-* i18n (0.5.0)
-* mail (2.2.12)
-* mime-types (1.16)
-* polyglot (0.3.1)
-* rack (1.2.1)
-* rack-cache (0.5.3)
-* rack-mount (0.6.13)
-* rack-test (0.5.6)
-* rails (3.1.0.beta)
-* railties (3.1.0.beta)
-* rake (0.8.7)
-* sqlite3-ruby (1.3.2)
-* thor (0.14.6)
-* treetop (1.4.9)
-* tzinfo (0.3.23)
-
-h4. +rails/commands.rb+
-
-Once +config/boot.rb+ has finished, the next file that is required is +rails/commands+ which will execute a command based on the arguments passed in. In this case, the +ARGV+ array simply contains +server+ which is extracted into the +command+ variable using these lines:
-
-<ruby>
-aliases = {
-  "g"  => "generate",
-  "c"  => "console",
-  "s"  => "server",
-  "db" => "dbconsole",
-  "r"  => "runner"
-}
-
-command = ARGV.shift
-command = aliases[command] || command
-</ruby>
-
-If we used <tt>s</tt> rather than +server+, Rails will use the +aliases+ defined in the file and match them to their respective commands. With the +server+ command, Rails will run this code:
-
-<ruby>
-when 'server'
-  # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current dir.
-  # This allows us to run script/rails server from other directories, but still get
-  # the main config.ru and properly set the tmp directory.
-  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exists?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
-
-  require 'rails/commands/server'
-  Rails::Server.new.tap { |server|
-    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
-    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
-    require APP_PATH
-    Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
-    server.start
-  }
-</ruby>
-
-This file will change into the root of the directory (a path two directories back from +APP_PATH+ which points at +config/application.rb+), but only if the +config.ru+ file isn't found. This then requires +rails/commands/server+ which requires +action_dispatch+ and sets up the +Rails::Server+ class.
-
-h4. +actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb+
-
-Action Dispatch is the routing component of the Rails framework. It depends on Active Support, +actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb+ and +Rack+ being available. The first thing required here is +active_support+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support.rb+
-
-This file begins with requiring +active_support/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb+ which redefines Ruby's +autoload+ method to have a little more extra behaviour especially in regards to eager autoloading. Eager autoloading is the loading of all required classes and will happen when the +config.cache_classes+ setting is +true+. The required file also requires another file: +active_support/lazy_load_hooks+
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb+
-
-This file defines the +ActiveSupport.on_load+ hook which is used to execute code when specific parts are loaded. We'll see this in use a little later on.
-
-This file begins with requiring +active_support/inflector/methods+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb+
-
-The +methods.rb+ file is responsible for defining methods such as +camelize+, +underscore+ and +dasherize+ as well as a slew of others. The "+ActiveSupport::Inflector+ documentation":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Inflector.html covers them all pretty decently.
-
-In this file there are a lot of lines such as this inside the +ActiveSupport+ module:
-
-<ruby>
-autoload :Inflector
-</ruby>
-
-Due to the overriding of the +autoload+ method, Ruby will know how to look for this file at +activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector.rb+ when the +Inflector+ class is first referenced.
-
-The +active_support/lib/active_support/version.rb+ that is also required here simply defines an +ActiveSupport::VERSION+ constant which defines a couple of constants inside this module, the main constant of this is +ActiveSupport::VERSION::STRING+ which returns the current version of ActiveSupport.
-
-The +active_support/lib/active_support.rb+ file simply defines the +ActiveSupport+ module and some autoloads (eager and of the normal variety) for it.
-
-h4. +actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb+ cont'd.
-
-Now back to +action_pack/lib/action_dispatch.rb+. The next +require+ in this file is one for +action_pack+, which simply calls +action_pack/version.rb+ which defines +ActionPack::VERSION+ and the constants, much like +ActiveSpport+ does.
-
-After this line, there's a require to +active_model+ which simply defines autoloads for the +ActiveModel+ part of Rails and sets up the +ActiveModel+ module which is used later on.
-
-The last of the requires is to +rack+, which like the +active_model+ and +active_support+ requires before it, sets up the +Rack+ module as well as the autoloads for constants within it.
-
-Finally in +action_dispatch.rb+ the +ActionDispatch+ module and *its* autoloads are declared.
-
-h4. +rails/commands/server.rb+
-
-The +Rails::Server+ class is defined in this file as inheriting from +Rack::Server+. When +Rails::Server.new+ is called, this calls the +initialize+ method in +rails/commands/server.rb+:
-
-<ruby>
-def initialize(*)
-  super
-  set_environment
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Firstly, +super+ is called which calls the +initialize+ method on +Rack::Server+.
-
-h4. Rack: +lib/rack/server.rb+
-
-+Rack::Server+ is responsible for providing a common server interface for all Rack-based applications, which Rails is now a part of.
-
-The +initialize+ method in +Rack::Server+ simply sets a couple of variables:
-
-<ruby>
-def initialize(options = nil)
-  @options = options
-  @app = options[:app] if options && options[:app]
-end
-</ruby>
-
-In this case, +options+ will be +nil+ so nothing happens in this method.
-
-After +super+ has finished in +Rack::Server+, we jump back to +rails/commands/server.rb+. At this point, +set_environment+ is called within the context of the +Rails::Server+ object and this method doesn't appear to do much at first glance:
-
-<ruby>
-def set_environment
-  ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= options[:environment]
-end
-</ruby>
-
-In fact, the +options+ method here does quite a lot. This method is defined in +Rack::Server+ like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def options
-  @options ||= parse_options(ARGV)
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Then +parse_options+ is defined like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def parse_options(args)
-  options = default_options
-
-  # Don't evaluate CGI ISINDEX parameters.
-  # http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/cl.html
-  args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
-
-  options.merge! opt_parser.parse! args
-  options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
-  ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
-  options
-end
-</ruby>
-
-With the +default_options+ set to this:
-
-<ruby>
-def default_options
-  {
-    :environment => ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development",
-    :pid         => nil,
-    :Port        => 9292,
-    :Host        => "0.0.0.0",
-    :AccessLog   => [],
-    :config      => "config.ru"
-  }
-end
-</ruby>
-
-There is no +REQUEST_METHOD+ key in +ENV+ so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from +opt_parser+ which is defined plainly in +Rack::Server+
-
-<ruby>
-def opt_parser
-  Options.new
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The class *is* defined in +Rack::Server+, but is overwritten in +Rails::Server+ to take different arguments. Its +parse!+ method begins like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def parse!(args)
-  args, options = args.dup, {}
-
-  opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
-    opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
-    opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
-            "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
-  ...
-</ruby>
-
-This method will set up keys for the +options+ which Rails will then be able to use to determine how its server should run. After +initialize+ has finished, then the +start+ method will launch the server.
-
-h4. +Rails::Server#start+
-
-This method is defined like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def start
-  puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
-  puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on http://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
-  puts "=> Call with -d to detach" unless options[:daemonize]
-  trap(:INT) { exit }
-  puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
-
-  #Create required tmp directories if not found
-  %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p(Rails.root.join('tmp', dir_to_make))
-  end
-
-  super
-ensure
-  # The '-h' option calls exit before @options is set.
-  # If we call 'options' with it unset, we get double help banners.
-  puts 'Exiting' unless @options && options[:daemonize]
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This method creates a trap for +INT+ signals, so if you +CTRL+C+ the server, it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will create the +tmp/cache+, +tmp/pids+, +tmp/sessions+ and +tmp/sockets+ directories if they don't already exist prior to calling +super+. The +super+ method will call +Rack::Server.start+ which begins its definition like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def start
-  if options[:warn]
-    $-w = true
-  end
-
-  if includes = options[:include]
-    $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*includes)
-  end
-
-  if library = options[:require]
-    require library
-  end
-
-  if options[:debug]
-    $DEBUG = true
-    require 'pp'
-    p options[:server]
-    pp wrapped_app
-    pp app
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-In a Rails application, these options are not set at all and therefore aren't used at all. The first line of code that's executed in this method is a call to this method:
-
-<ruby>
-wrapped_app
-</ruby>
-
-This method calls another method:
-
-<ruby>
-@wrapped_app ||= build_app app
-</ruby>
-
-Then the +app+ method here is defined like so:
-
-<ruby>
-def app
-  @app ||= begin
-    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
-      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
-    end
-
-    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
-    self.options.merge! options
-    app
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +options[:config]+ value defaults to +config.ru+ which contains this:
-
-<ruby>
-# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
-
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
-run YourApp::Application
-</ruby>
-
-
-The +Rack::Builder.parse_file+ method here takes the content from this +config.ru+ file and parses it using this code:
-
-<ruby>
-app = eval "Rack::Builder.new {( " <plus> cfgfile <plus> "\n )}.to_app",
-    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, config
-</ruby>
-
-The +initialize+ method will take the block here and execute it within an instance of +Rack::Builder+. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The chain of events that this simple line sets off will be the focus of a large majority of this guide. The +require+ line for +config/environment.rb+ in +config.ru+ is the first to run:
-
-<ruby>
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
-</ruby>
-
-h4. +config/environment.rb+
-
-This file is the common file required by +config.ru+ (+rails server+) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.
-
-This file begins with requiring +config/application.rb+.
-
-h4. +config/application.rb+
-
-This file requires +config/boot.rb+, but only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in +rails server+ but *wouldn't* be the case with Passenger.
-
-Then the fun begins!
-
-h3. Loading Rails
-
-The next line in +config/application.rb+ is:
-
-<ruby>
-require 'rails/all'
-</ruby>
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/all.rb+
-
-This file is responsible for requiring all the individual parts of Rails like so:
-
-<ruby>
-require "rails"
-
-%w(
-    active_record
-    action_controller
-    action_mailer
-    active_resource
-    rails/test_unit
-).each do |framework|
-  begin
-    require "#{framework}/railtie"
-  rescue LoadError
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-First off the line is the +rails+ require itself.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails.rb+
-
-This file is responsible for the initial definition of the +Rails+ module and, rather than defining the autoloads like +ActiveSupport+, +ActionDispatch+ and so on, it actually defines other functionality. Such as the +root+, +env+ and +application+ methods which are extremely useful in Rails 3 applications.
-
-However, before all that takes place the +rails/ruby_version_check+ file is required first.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb+
-
-This file simply checks if the Ruby version is less than 1.8.7 or is 1.9.1 and raises an error if that is the case. Rails 3 simply will not run on earlier versions of Ruby than 1.8.7 or 1.9.1.
-
-NOTE: You should always endeavor to run the latest version of Ruby with your Rails applications. The benefits are many, including security fixes and the like, and very often there is a speed increase associated with it. The caveat is that you could have code that potentially breaks on the latest version, which should be fixed to work on the latest version rather than kept around as an excuse not to upgrade.
-
-h4. +active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb+
-
-This is the first of the many Active Support core extensions that come with Rails. This one in particular defines methods in the +Kernel+ module which is mixed in to the +Object+ class so the methods are available on +main+ and can therefore be called like this:
-
-<ruby>
-silence_warnings do
-  # some code
-end
-</ruby>
-
-These methods can be used to silence STDERR responses and the +silence_stream+ allows you to also silence other streams. Additionally, this mixin allows you to suppress exceptions and capture streams. For more information see the "Silencing Warnings, Streams, and Exceptions":active_support_core_extensions.html#silencing-warnings-streams-and-exceptions section from the Active Support Core Extensions Guide.
-
-h4. +active_support/core_ext/logger.rb+
-
-The next file that is required is another Active Support core extension, this time to the +Logger+ class. This begins by defining the +around_[level]+ helpers for the +Logger+ class as well as other methods such as a +datetime_format+ getter and setter for the +formatter+ object tied to a +Logger+ object.
-
-For more information see the "Extensions to Logger":active_support_core_extensions.html#extensions-to-logger section from the Active Support Core Extensions Guide.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/application.rb+
-
-The next file required by +railties/lib/rails.rb+ is +application.rb+. This file defines the +Rails::Application+ constant which the application's class defined in +config/application.rb+ in a standard Rails application depends on. Before the +Rails::Application+ class is defined however, there's some other files that get required first.
-
-The first of these is +active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge+ which can be "read about in the Active Support Core Extensions guide":active_support_core_extensions.html#merging under the "Merging" section.
-
-h4. +active_support/file_update_checker.rb+
-
-The +ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker+ class defined within this file is responsible for checking if a file has been updated since it was last checked. This is used for monitoring the routes file for changes during development environment runs.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/plugin.rb+
-
-This file defines +Rails::Plugin+ which inherits from +Rails::Engine+. Unlike +Rails::Engine+ and +Rails::Railtie+ however, this class is not designed to be inherited from. Instead, this is used simply for loading plugins from within an application and an engine.
-
-This file begins by requiring +rails/engine.rb+
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/engine.rb+
-
-The +rails/engine.rb+ file defines the +Rails::Engine+ class which inherits from +Rails::Railtie+. The +Rails::Engine+ class defines much of the functionality found within a standard application class such as the +routes+ and +config+ methods.
-
-The "API documentation":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Engine.html for +Rails::Engine+ explains the function of this class pretty well.
-
-This file's first line requires +rails/railtie.rb+.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb+
-
-The +rails/railtie.rb+ file is responsible for defining +Rails::Railtie+, the underlying class for all ties to Rails now. Gems that want to have their own initializers or rake tasks and hook into Rails should have a +GemName::Railtie+ class that inherits from +Rails::Railtie+.
-
-The "API documentation":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Railtie.html for +Rails::Railtie+, much like +Rails::Engine+, explains this class exceptionally well.
-
-The first require in this file is +rails/initializable.rb+.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb+
-
-Now we reach the end of this particular rabbit hole as +rails/initializable.rb+ doesn't require any more Rails files, only +tsort+ from the Ruby standard library.
-
-This file defines the +Rails::Initializable+ module which contains the +Initializer+ class, the basis for all initializers in Rails. This module also contains a +ClassMethods+ class which will be included into the +Rails::Railtie+ class when these requires have finished.
-
-Now that +rails/initializable.rb+ has finished being required from +rails/railtie.rb+, the next require is for +rails/configuration+.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb+
-
-This file defines the +Rails::Configuration+ module, containing the +MiddlewareStackProxy+ class as well as the +Generators+ class. The +MiddlewareStackProxy+ class is used for managing the middleware stack for an application, which we'll see later on. The +Generators+ class provides the functionality used for configuring what generators an application uses through the "+config.generators+ option":configuring.html#configuring-generators.
-
-The first file required in this file is +activesupport/deprecation+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb+
-
-This file, and the files it requires, define the basic deprecation warning features found in Rails. This file is responsible for setting defaults in the +ActiveSupport::Deprecation+ module for the +deprecation_horizon+, +silenced+ and +debug+ values. The files that are required before this happens are:
-
-* +active_support/deprecation/behaviors+
-* +active_support/deprecation/reporting+
-* +active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers+
-* +active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers+
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb+
-
-This file defines the behavior of the +ActiveSupport::Deprecation+ module, setting up the +DEFAULT_BEHAVIORS+ hash constant which contains the three defaults to outputting deprecation warnings: +:stderr+, +:log+ and +:notify+. This file begins by requiring +activesupport/notifications+ and +activesupport/core_ext/array/wrap+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb+
-
-This file defines the +ActiveSupport::Notifications+ module. Notifications provides an instrumentation API for Ruby, shipping with a queue implementation that consumes and publish events to log subscribers in a thread.
-
-The "API documentation":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Notifications.html for +ActiveSupport::Notifications+ explains the usage of this module, including the methods that it defines.
-
-The file required in +active_support/notifications.rb+ is +active_support/core_ext/module/delegation+ which is documented in the "Active Support Core Extensions Guide":active_support_core_extensions.html#method-delegation.
-
-h4. +activesupport/core_ext/array/wrap+
-
-As this file comprises of a core extension, it is covered exclusively in "the Active Support Core Extensions guide":active_support_core_extensions.html#wrapping
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb+
-
-This file is responsible for defining the +warn+ and +silence+ methods for +ActiveSupport::Deprecation+ as well as additional private methods for this module.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb+
-
-This file defines a +deprecate_methods+ which is primarily used by the +module/deprecation+ core extension required by the first line of this file. Other core extensions required by this file are the +module/aliasing+ and +array/extract_options+ files.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb+
-
-+proxy_wrappers.rb+ defines deprecation wrappers for methods, instance variables and constants. Previously, this was used for the +RAILS_ENV+ and +RAILS_ROOT+ constants for 3.0 but since then these constants have been removed. The deprecation message that would be raised from these would be something like:
-
-<plain>
-  BadConstant is deprecated! Use GoodConstant instead.
-</plain>
-
-h4. +active_support/ordered_options+
-
-This file is the next file required from +rails/configuration.rb+ is the file that defines +ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions+ which is used for configuration options such as +config.active_support+ and the like.
-
-The next file required is +active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_dup+ which is covered in "Active Support Core Extensions guide":active_support_core_extensions.html#deep_dup
-
-The file that is required next from is +rails/paths+
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/paths.rb+
-
-This file defines the +Rails::Paths+ module which allows paths to be configured for a Rails application or engine. Later on in this guide when we cover Rails configuration during the initialization process we'll see this used to set up some default paths for Rails and some of them will be configured to be eager loaded.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/rack.rb+
-
-The final file to be loaded by +railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb+ is +rails/rack+ which defines some simple autoloads:
-
-<ruby>
-module Rails
-  module Rack
-    autoload :Debugger,  "rails/rack/debugger"
-    autoload :Logger,    "rails/rack/logger"
-    autoload :LogTailer, "rails/rack/log_tailer"
-    autoload :Static,    "rails/rack/static"
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Once this file is finished loading, then the +Rails::Configuration+ class is initialized. This completes the loading of +railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb+ and now we jump back to the loading of +railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb+, where the next file loaded is +active_support/inflector+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector.rb+
-
-+active_support/inflector.rb+ requires a series of file which are responsible for setting up the basics for knowing how to pluralize and singularize words. These files are:
-
-<ruby>
-require 'active_support/inflector/inflections'
-require 'active_support/inflector/transliterate'
-require 'active_support/inflector/methods'
-
-require 'active_support/inflections'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
-</ruby>
-
-The +active_support/inflector/methods+ file has already been required by +active_support/autoload+ and so won't be loaded again here. The +activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb+ is required by +active_support/inflector/methods+.
-
-h4. +active_support/inflections+
-
-This file references the +ActiveSupport::Inflector+ constant which isn't loaded by this point. But there were autoloads set up in +activesupport/lib/active_support.rb+ which will load the file which loads this constant and so then it will be defined. Then this file defines pluralization and singularization rules for words in Rails. This is how Rails knows how to pluralize "tomato" to "tomatoes".
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb+
-
-In this file is where the "+transliterate+":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Inflector.html#method-i-transliterate and +parameterize+:http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Inflector.html#method-i-parameterize methods are defined. The documentation for both of these methods is very much worth reading.
-
-h4. Back to +railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb+
-
-Once the inflector files have been loaded, the +Rails::Railtie+ class is defined. This class includes a module called +Initializable+, which is actually +Rails::Initializable+. This module includes the +initializer+ method which is used later on for setting up initializers, amongst other methods.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb+
-
-When the module from this file (+Rails::Initializable+) is included, it extends the class it's included into with the +ClassMethods+ module inside of it. This module defines the +initializer+ method which is used to define initializers throughout all of the railties. This file completes the loading of +railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb+. Now we go back to +rails/engine.rb+.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/engine.rb+
-
-The next file required in +rails/engine.rb+ is +active_support/core_ext/module/delegation+ which is documented in the "Active Support Core Extensions Guide":active_support_core_extensions.html#method-delegation.
-
-The next two files after this are Ruby standard library files: +pathname+ and +rbconfig+. The file after these is +rails/engine/railties+.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/engine/railties.rb+
-
-This file defines the +Rails::Engine::Railties+ class which provides the +engines+ and +railties+ methods which are used later on for defining rake tasks and other functionality for engines and railties.
-
-h4. Back to +railties/lib/rails/engine.rb+
-
-Once +rails/engine/railties.rb+ has finished loading the +Rails::Engine+ class gets its basic functionality defined, such as the +inherited+ method which will be called when this class is inherited from.
-
-Once this file has finished loading we jump back to +railties/lib/rails/plugin.rb+
-
-h4. Back to +railties/lib/rails/plugin.rb+
-
-The next file required in this is a core extension from Active Support called +array/conversions+ which is covered in "this section":active_support_core_extensions.html#array-conversions of the Active Support Core Extensions Guide.
-
-Once that file has finished loading, the +Rails::Plugin+ class is defined.
-
-h4. Back to +railties/lib/rails/application.rb+
-
-Jumping back to +rails/application.rb+ now. This file defines the +Rails::Application+ class where the application's class inherits from. This class (and its superclasses) define the basic behaviour on the application's constant such as the +config+ method used for configuring the application.
-
-Once this file's done then we go back to the +railties/lib/rails.rb+ file, which next requires +rails/version+.
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/version.rb+
-
-Much like +active_support/version+, this file defines the +VERSION+ constant which has a +STRING+ constant on it which returns the current version of Rails.
-
-Once this file has finished loading we go back to +railties/lib/rails.rb+ which then requires +active_support/railtie.rb+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb+
-
-This file requires +active_support+ and +rails+ which have already been required so these two lines are effectively ignored. The third require in this file is to +active_support/i18n_railtie.rb+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb+
-
-This file is the first file that sets up configuration with these lines inside the class:
-
-<ruby>
-class Railtie < Rails::Railtie
-  config.i18n = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-  config.i18n.railties_load_path = []
-  config.i18n.load_path = []
-  config.i18n.fallbacks = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-</ruby>
-
-By inheriting from +Rails::Railtie+ the +Rails::Railtie#inherited+ method is called:
-
-<ruby>
-def inherited(base)
-  unless base.abstract_railtie?
-    base.send(:include, Railtie::Configurable)
-    subclasses << base
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This first checks if the Railtie that's inheriting it is a component of Rails itself:
-
-<ruby>
-ABSTRACT_RAILTIES = %w(Rails::Railtie Rails::Plugin Rails::Engine Rails::Application)
-
-...
-
-def abstract_railtie?
-  ABSTRACT_RAILTIES.include?(name)
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Because +I18n::Railtie+ isn't in this list, +abstract_railtie?+ returns +false+. Therefore the +Railtie::Configurable+ module is included into this class and the +subclasses+ method is called and +I18n::Railtie+ is added to this new array.
-
-<ruby>
-def subclasses
-  @subclasses ||= []
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +config+ method used at the top of +I18n::Railtie+ is defined on +Rails::Railtie+ and is defined like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def config
-  @config ||= Railtie::Configuration.new
-end
-</ruby>
-
-At this point, that +Railtie::Configuration+ constant is automatically loaded which causes the +rails/railties/configuration+ file to be loaded. The line for this is this particular line in +railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb+:
-
-<ruby>
-autoload :Configuration, "rails/railtie/configuration"
-</ruby>
-
-h4. +railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb+
-
-This file begins with a require out to +rails/configuration+ which has already been required earlier in the process and so isn't required again.
-
-This file defines the +Rails::Railtie::Configuration+ class which is responsible for providing a way to easily configure railties and it's the +initialize+ method here which is called by the +config+ method back in the +i18n_railtie.rb+ file. The methods on this object don't exist, and so are rescued by the +method_missing+ defined further down in +configuration.rb+:
-
-<ruby>
-def method_missing(name, *args, &blk)
-  if name.to_s =~ /=$/
-    @@options[$`.to_sym] = args.first
-  elsif @@options.key?(name)
-    @@options[name]
-  else
-    super
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-So therefore when an option is referred to it simply stores the value as the key if it's used in a setter context, or retrieves it if used in a getter context. Nothing fancy going on there.
-
-h4. Back to +activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb+
-
-After the configuration method the +reloader+ method is defined, and then the first of of Railties' initializers is defined: +i18n.callbacks+.
-
-<ruby>
-initializer "i18n.callbacks" do
-  ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare do
-    I18n::Railtie.reloader.execute_if_updated
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +initializer+ method (from the +Rails::Initializable+ module) here doesn't run the block, but rather stores it to be run later on:
-
-<ruby>
-def initializer(name, opts = {}, &blk)
-  raise ArgumentError, "A block must be passed when defining an initializer" unless blk
-  opts[:after] ||= initializers.last.name unless initializers.empty? || initializers.find { |i| i.name == opts[:before] }
-  initializers << Initializer.new(name, nil, opts, &blk)
-end
-</ruby>
-
-An initializer can be configured to run before or after another initializer, which we'll see a couple of times throughout this initialization process. Anything that inherits from +Rails::Railtie+ may also make use of the +initializer+ method, something which is covered in the "Configuration guide":configuring.html#rails-railtie-initializer.
-
-The +Initializer+ class here is defined within the +Rails::Initializable+ module and its +initialize+ method is defined to just set up a couple of variables:
-
-<ruby>
-def initialize(name, context, options, &block)
-  @name, @context, @options, @block = name, context, options, block
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Once this +initialize+ method is finished, the object is added to the object the +initializers+ method returns:
-
-<ruby>
-def initializers
-  @initializers ||= self.class.initializers_for(self)
-end
-</ruby>
-
-If +@initializers+ isn't set (which it won't be at this point), the +intializers_for+ method will be called for this class.
-
-<ruby>
-def initializers_for(binding)
-  Collection.new(initializers_chain.map { |i| i.bind(binding) })
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +Collection+ class in +railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb+ inherits from +Array+ and includes the +TSort+ module which is used to sort out the order of the initializers based on the order they are placed in.
-
-The +initializers_chain+ method referenced in the +initializers_for+ method is defined like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def initializers_chain
-  initializers = Collection.new
- ancestors.reverse_each do | klass |
-    next unless klass.respond_to?(:initializers)
-    initializers = initializers + klass.initializers
-  end
-  initializers
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This method collects the initializers from the ancestors of this class and adds them to a new +Collection+ object using the <tt>+</tt> method which is defined like this for the <tt>Collection</tt> class:
-
-<ruby>
-def +(other)
-  Collection.new(to_a + other.to_a)
-end
-</ruby>
-
-So this <tt>+</tt> method is overridden to return a new collection comprising of the existing collection as an array and then using the <tt>Array#+</tt> method combines these two collections, returning a "super" +Collection+ object. In this case, the only initializer that's going to be in this new +Collection+ object is the +i18n.callbacks+ initializer.
-
-The next method to be called after this +initializer+ method is the +after_initialize+ method on the +config+ object, which is defined like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def after_initialize(&block)
-  ActiveSupport.on_load(:after_initialize, :yield => true, &block)
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +on_load+ method here is provided by the +active_support/lazy_load_hooks+ file which was required earlier and is defined like this:
-
-<ruby>
-def self.on_load(name, options = {}, &block)
-  if base = @loaded[name]
-    execute_hook(base, options, block)
-  else
-    @load_hooks[name] << [block, options]
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-The +@loaded+ variable here is a hash containing elements representing the different components of Rails that have been loaded at this stage. Currently, this hash is empty. So the +else+ is executed here, using the +@load_hooks+ variable defined in +active_support/lazy_load_hooks+:
-
-<ruby>
-@load_hooks = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = [] }
-</ruby>
-
-This defines a new hash which has keys that default to empty arrays. This saves Rails from having to do something like this instead:
-
-<ruby>
-@load_hooks[name] = []
-@load_hooks[name] << [block, options]
-</ruby>
-
-The value added to this array here consists of the block and options passed to +after_initialize+.
-
-We'll see these +@load_hooks+ used later on in the initialization process.
-
-This rest of +i18n_railtie.rb+ defines the protected class methods +include_fallback_modules+, +init_fallbacks+ and +validate_fallbacks+.
-
-h4. Back to +activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb+
-
-This file defines the +ActiveSupport::Railtie+ constant which like the +I18n::Railtie+ constant just defined, inherits from +Rails::Railtie+ meaning the +inherited+ method would be called again here, including +Rails::Configurable+ into this class. This class makes use of +Rails::Railtie+'s +config+ method again, setting up the configuration options for Active Support.
-
-Then this Railtie sets up three more initializers:
-
-* +active_support.initialize_whiny_nils+
-* +active_support.deprecation_behavior+
-* +active_support.initialize_time_zone+
-
-We will cover what each of these initializers do when they run.
-
-Once the +active_support/railtie+ file has finished loading the next file required from +railties/lib/rails.rb+ is the +action_dispatch/railtie+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb+
-
-This file defines the +ActionDispatch::Railtie+ class, but not before requiring +action_dispatch+.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/action_dispatch.rb+
-
-This file attempts to locate the +active_support+ and +active_model+ libraries by looking a couple of directories back from the current file and then adds the +active_support+ and +active_model+ +lib+ directories to the load path, but only if they aren't already, which they are.
-
-<ruby>
-activesupport_path = File.expand_path('../../../activesupport/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activesupport_path) if File.directory?(activesupport_path) && !$:.include?(activesupport_path)
-
-activemodel_path = File.expand_path('../../../activemodel/lib', __FILE__)
-$:.unshift(activemodel_path) if File.directory?(activemodel_path) && !$:.include?(activemodel_path)
-</ruby>
-
-In effect, these lines only define the +activesupport_path+ and +activemodel_path+ variables and nothing more.
-
-The next two requires in this file are already done, so they are not run:
-
-<ruby>
-require 'active_support'
-require 'active_support/dependencies/autoload'
-</ruby>
-
-The following require is to +action_pack+ (+activesupport/lib/action_pack.rb+) which has a 22-line copyright notice at the top of it and ends in a simple require to +action_pack/version+. This file, like other +version.rb+ files before it, defines the +ActionPack::VERSION+ constant:
-
-<ruby>
-module ActionPack
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR = 3
-    MINOR = 1
-    TINY  = 0
-    PRE   = "beta"
-
-    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join('.')
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Once +action_pack+ is finished, then +active_model+ is required.
-
-h4. +activemodel/lib/active_model.rb+
-
-This file makes a require to +active_model/version+ which defines the version for Active Model:
-
-<ruby>
-module ActiveModel
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR = 3
-    MINOR = 1
-    TINY  = 0
-    PRE   = "beta"
-
-    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join('.')
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Once the +version.rb+ file is loaded, the +ActiveModel+ module has its autoloaded constants defined as well as a sub-module called +ActiveModel::Serializers+ which has autoloads of its own. When the +ActiveModel+ module is closed the +active_support/i18n+ file is required.
-
-h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb+
-
-This is where the +i18n+ gem is required and first configured:
-
-<ruby>
-begin
-  require 'i18n'
-  require 'active_support/lazy_load_hooks'
-rescue LoadError => e
-  $stderr.puts "You don't have i18n installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
-  raise e
-end
-
-I18n.load_path << "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/locale/en.yml"
-</ruby>
-
-In effect, the +I18n+ module first defined by +i18n_railtie+ is extended by the +i18n+ gem, rather than the other way around. This has no ill effect. They both work on the same way.
-
-This is another spot where +active_support/lazy_load_hooks+ is required, but it has already been required so it's not loaded again.
-
-If +i18n+ cannot be loaded, the user is presented with an error which says that it cannot be loaded and recommends that it's added to the +Gemfile+. However, in a normal Rails application this gem would be loaded.
-
-Once it has finished loading, the +I18n.load_path+ method is used to add the +activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml+ file to I18n's load path. When the translations are loaded in the initialization process, this is one of the files where they will be sourced from.
-
-The loading of this file finishes the loading of +active_model+ and so we go back to +action_dispatch+.
-
-h4. Back to +activesupport/lib/action_dispatch.rb+
-
-The remainder of this file requires the +rack+ file from the Rack gem which defines the +Rack+ module. After +rack+, there's autoloads defined for the +Rack+, +ActionDispatch+, +ActionDispatch::Http+, +ActionDispatch::Session+. A new method called +autoload_under+ is used here, and this simply prefixes the files where the modules are autoloaded from with the path specified. For example here:
-
-<ruby>
-autoload_under 'testing' do
-  autoload :Assertions
-...
-</ruby>
-
-The +Assertions+ module is in the +action_dispatch/testing+ folder rather than simply +action_dispatch+.
-
-Finally, this file defines a top-level autoload, the +Mime+ constant.
-
-h4. Back to +activesupport/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb+
-
-After +action_dispatch+ is required in this file, the +ActionDispatch::Railtie+ class is defined and is yet another class that inherits from +Rails::Railtie+. This class defines some initial configuration option defaults for +config.action_dispatch+ before setting up a single initializer called +action_dispatch.configure+.
-
-With +action_dispatch/railtie+ now complete, we go back to +railties/lib/rails.rb+.
-
-h4. Back to +railties/lib/rails.rb+
-
-With the Active Support and Action Dispatch railties now both loaded, the rest of this file deals with setting up UTF-8 to be the default encoding for Rails and then finally setting up the +Rails+ module. This module defines useful methods such as +Rails.logger+, +Rails.application+, +Rails.env+, and +Rails.root+.
-
-h4. Back to +railties/lib/rails/all.rb+
-
-Now that +rails.rb+ is required, the remaining railties are loaded next, beginning with +active_record/railtie+.
-
-h4. +activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb+
-
-Before this file gets into the swing of defining the +ActiveRecord::Railtie+ class, there are a couple of files that are required first. The first one of these is +active_record+.
-
-h4. +activerecord/lib/active_record.rb+
-
-This file begins by detecting if the +lib+ directories of +active_support+ and +active_model+ are not in the load path and if they aren't then adds them. As we saw back in +action_dispatch.rb+, these directories are already there.
-
-The first three requires have already been done by other files and so aren't loaded here, but the 4th require, the one to +arel+ will require the file provided by the Arel gem, which defines the +Arel+ module.
-
-<ruby>
-require 'active_support'
-require 'active_support/i18n'
-require 'active_model'
-require 'arel'
-</ruby>
-
-The 5th require in this file is one to +active_record/version+ which defines the +ActiveRecord::VERSION+ constant:
-
-<ruby>
-module ActiveRecord
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR = 3
-    MINOR = 1
-    TINY  = 0
-    PRE   = "beta"
-
-    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join('.')
-  end
-end
-</ruby>
-
-Once these requires are finished, the base for the +ActiveRecord+ module is defined along with its autoloads.
-
-Near the end of the file, we see this line:
-
-<ruby>
-ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-  Arel::Table.engine = self
-end
-</ruby>
-
-This will set the engine for +Arel::Table+ to be +ActiveRecord::Base+.
-
-The file then finishes with this line:
-
-<ruby>
-I18n.load_path << File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/active_record/locale/en.yml'
-</ruby>
-
-This will add the translations from +activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml+ to the load path for +I18n+, with this file being parsed when all the translations are loaded.
-
-h4. Back to +activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb+
-
-The next two <tt>require</tt>s in this file aren't run because their files are already required, with +rails+ being required by +rails/all+ and +active_model/railtie+ being required from +action_dispatch+.
-
-<ruby>
-require "rails"
-require "active_model/railtie"
-</ruby>
-
-The next +require+ in this file is to +action_controller/railtie+.
-
-h4. +actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb+
-
-This file begins with a couple more requires to files that have already been loaded:
-
-<ruby>
-require "rails"
-require "action_controller"
-require "action_dispatch/railtie"
-</ruby>
-
-However the require after these is to a file that hasn't yet been loaded, +action_view/railtie+, which begins by requiring +action_view+.
-
-h4. +actionpack/lib/action_view.rb+
-
-+action_view.rb+
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/rails_on_rack.textile b/railties/guides/source/rails_on_rack.textile
deleted file mode 100644
index 9526526bc7..0000000000
--- a/railties/guides/source/rails_on_rack.textile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-h2. Rails on Rack
-
-This guide covers Rails integration with Rack and interfacing with other Rack components. By referring to this guide, you will be able to:
-
-* Create Rails Metal applications
-* Use Rack Middlewares in your Rails applications
-* Understand Action Pack's internal Middleware stack
-* Define a custom Middleware stack
-
-endprologue.
-
-WARNING: This guide assumes a working knowledge of Rack protocol and Rack concepts such as middlewares, url maps and +Rack::Builder+.
-
-h3. Introduction to Rack
-
-bq. Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
-
-- "Rack API Documentation":http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/
-
-Explaining Rack is not really in the scope of this guide. In case you are not familiar with Rack's basics, you should check out the "Resources":#resources section below.
-
-h3. Rails on Rack
-
-h4. Rails Application's Rack Object
-
-<tt>ActionController::Dispatcher.new</tt> is the primary Rack application object of a Rails application. Any Rack compliant web server should be using +ActionController::Dispatcher.new+ object to serve a Rails application.
-
-h4. +rails server+
-
-<tt>rails server</tt> does the basic job of creating a +Rack::Builder+ object and starting the webserver. This is Rails' equivalent of Rack's +rackup+ script.
-
-Here's how +rails server+ creates an instance of +Rack::Builder+
-
-<ruby>
-app = Rack::Builder.new {
-  use Rails::Rack::LogTailer unless options[:detach]
-  use Rails::Rack::Debugger if options[:debugger]
-  use ActionDispatch::Static
-  run ActionController::Dispatcher.new
-}.to_app
-</ruby>
-
-Middlewares used in the code above are primarily useful only in the development environment. The following table explains their usage:
-
-|_.Middleware|_.Purpose|
-|+Rails::Rack::LogTailer+|Appends log file output to console|
-|+ActionDispatch::Static+|Serves static files inside +Rails.root/public+ directory|
-|+Rails::Rack::Debugger+|Starts Debugger|
-
-h4. +rackup+
-
-To use +rackup+ instead of Rails' +rails server+, you can put the following inside +config.ru+ of your Rails application's root directory:
-
-<ruby>
-# Rails.root/config.ru
-require "config/environment"
-
-use Rails::Rack::LogTailer
-use ActionDispatch::Static
-run ActionController::Dispatcher.new
-</ruby>
-
-And start the server:
-
-<shell>
-$ rackup config.ru
-</shell>
-
-To find out more about different +rackup+ options:
-
-<shell>
-$ rackup --help
-</shell>
-
-h3. Action Controller Middleware Stack
-
-Many of Action Controller's internal components are implemented as Rack middlewares. +ActionController::Dispatcher+ uses +ActionController::MiddlewareStack+ to combine various internal and external middlewares to form a complete Rails Rack application.
-
-NOTE: +ActionController::MiddlewareStack+ is Rails' equivalent of +Rack::Builder+, but built for better flexibility and more features to meet Rails' requirements.
-
-h4. Inspecting Middleware Stack
-
-Rails has a handy rake task for inspecting the middleware stack in use:
-
-<shell>
-$ rake middleware
-</shell>
-
-For a freshly generated Rails application, this might produce something like:
-
-<ruby>
-use ActionDispatch::Static
-use Rack::Lock
-use ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache
-use Rack::Runtime
-use Rails::Rack::Logger
-use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
-use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
-use ActionDispatch::RemoteIp
-use Rack::Sendfile
-use ActionDispatch::Callbacks
-use ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement
-use ActiveRecord::QueryCache
-use ActionDispatch::Cookies
-use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
-use ActionDispatch::Flash
-use ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
-use Rack::MethodOverride
-use ActionDispatch::Head
-use ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport
-run Blog::Application.routes
-</ruby>
-
-Purpose of each of this middlewares is explained in the "Internal Middlewares":#internal-middleware-stack section.
-
-h4. Configuring Middleware Stack
-
-Rails provides a simple configuration interface +config.middleware+ for adding, removing and modifying the middlewares in the middleware stack via +application.rb+ or the environment specific configuration file <tt>environments/&lt;environment&gt;.rb</tt>.
-
-h5. Adding a Middleware
-
-You can add a new middleware to the middleware stack using any of the following methods:
-
-* <tt>config.middleware.use(new_middleware, args)</tt> - Adds the new middleware at the bottom of the middleware stack.
-
-* <tt>config.middleware.insert_before(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args)</tt> - Adds the new middleware before the specified existing middleware in the middleware stack.
-
-* <tt>config.middleware.insert_after(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args)</tt> - Adds the new middleware after the specified existing middleware in the middleware stack.
-
-<ruby>
-# config/application.rb
-
-# Push Rack::BounceFavicon at the bottom
-config.middleware.use Rack::BounceFavicon
-
-# Add Lifo::Cache after ActiveRecord::QueryCache.
-# Pass { :page_cache => false } argument to Lifo::Cache.
-config.middleware.insert_after ActiveRecord::QueryCache, Lifo::Cache, :page_cache => false
-</ruby>
-
-h5. Swapping a Middleware
-
-You can swap an existing middleware in the middleware stack using +config.middleware.swap+.
-
-<ruby>
-# config/application.rb
-
-# Replace ActionController::Failsafe with Lifo::Failsafe
-config.middleware.swap ActionController::Failsafe, Lifo::Failsafe
-</ruby>
-
-h5. Middleware Stack is an Array
-
-The middleware stack behaves just like a normal +Array+. You can use any +Array+ methods to insert, reorder, or remove items from the stack. Methods described in the section above are just convenience methods.
-
-For example, the following removes the middleware matching the supplied class name:
-
-<ruby>
-config.middleware.delete(middleware)
-</ruby>
-
-h4. Internal Middleware Stack
-
-Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The following table explains the purpose of each of them:
-
-|_.Middleware|_.Purpose|
-|+Rack::Lock+|Sets <tt>env["rack.multithread"]</tt> flag to +true+ and wraps the application within a Mutex.|
-|+ActionController::Failsafe+|Returns HTTP Status +500+ to the client if an exception gets raised while dispatching.|
-|+ActiveRecord::QueryCache+|Enables the Active Record query cache.|
-|+ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore+|Uses the cookie based session store.|
-|+ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore+|Uses the Rails cache based session store.|
-|+ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore+|Uses the memcached based session store.|
-|+ActiveRecord::SessionStore+|Uses the database based session store.|
-|+Rack::MethodOverride+|Sets HTTP method based on +_method+ parameter or <tt>env["HTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE"]</tt>.|
-|+Rack::Head+|Discards the response body if the client sends a +HEAD+ request.|
-
-TIP: It's possible to use any of the above middlewares in your custom Rack stack.
-
-h4. Customizing Internal Middleware Stack
-
-It's possible to replace the entire middleware stack with a custom stack using <tt>ActionController::Dispatcher.middleware=</tt>.
-
-Put the following in an initializer:
-
-<ruby>
-# config/initializers/stack.rb
-ActionController::Dispatcher.middleware = ActionController::MiddlewareStack.new do |m|
-  m.use ActionController::Failsafe
-  m.use ActiveRecord::QueryCache
-  m.use Rack::Head
-end
-</ruby>
-
-And now inspecting the middleware stack:
-
-<shell>
-$ rake middleware
-(in /Users/lifo/Rails/blog)
-use ActionController::Failsafe
-use ActiveRecord::QueryCache
-use Rack::Head
-run ActionController::Dispatcher.new
-</shell>
-
-h4. Using Rack Builder
-
-The following shows how to replace use +Rack::Builder+ instead of the Rails supplied +MiddlewareStack+.
-
-<strong>Clear the existing Rails middleware stack</strong>
-
-<ruby>
-# config/application.rb
-config.middleware.clear
-</ruby>
-
-<br />
-<strong>Add a +config.ru+ file to +Rails.root+</strong>
-
-<ruby>
-# config.ru
-use MyOwnStackFromScratch
-run ActionController::Dispatcher.new
-</ruby>
-
-h3. Resources
-
-h4. Learning Rack
-
-* "Official Rack Website":http://rack.github.com
-* "Introducing Rack":http://chneukirchen.org/blog/archive/2007/02/introducing-rack.html
-* "Ruby on Rack #1 - Hello Rack!":http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-1-hello-rack
-* "Ruby on Rack #2 - The Builder":http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-2-the-builder
-
-h4. Understanding Middlewares
-
-* "Railscast on Rack Middlewares":http://railscasts.com/episodes/151-rack-middleware
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails.rb b/railties/lib/rails.rb
index 77a09507a8..670477f91a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails.rb
@@ -22,14 +22,15 @@ end
 module Rails
   autoload :Info, 'rails/info'
   autoload :InfoController, 'rails/info_controller'
+  autoload :Queueing, 'rails/queueing'
 
   class << self
     def application
-      @@application ||= nil
+      @application ||= nil
     end
 
     def application=(application)
-      @@application = application
+      @application = application
     end
 
     # The Configuration instance used to configure the Rails environment
@@ -37,28 +38,43 @@ module Rails
       application.config
     end
 
+    # Rails.queue is the application's queue. You can push a job onto
+    # the queue by:
+    #
+    #   Rails.queue.push job
+    #
+    # A job is an object that responds to +run+. Queue consumers will
+    # pop jobs off of the queue and invoke the queue's +run+ method.
+    #
+    # Note that depending on your queue implementation, jobs may not
+    # be executed in the same process as they were created in, and
+    # are never executed in the same thread as they were created in.
+    #
+    # If necessary, a queue implementation may need to serialize your
+    # job for distribution to another process. The documentation of
+    # your queue will specify the requirements for that serialization.
+    def queue
+      application.queue
+    end
+
     def initialize!
       application.initialize!
     end
 
     def initialized?
-      @@initialized || false
-    end
-
-    def initialized=(initialized)
-      @@initialized ||= initialized
+      application.initialized?
     end
 
     def logger
-      @@logger ||= nil
+      @logger ||= nil
     end
 
     def logger=(logger)
-      @@logger = logger
+      @logger = logger
     end
 
     def backtrace_cleaner
-      @@backtrace_cleaner ||= begin
+      @backtrace_cleaner ||= begin
         # Relies on Active Support, so we have to lazy load to postpone definition until AS has been loaded
         require 'rails/backtrace_cleaner'
         Rails::BacktraceCleaner.new
@@ -78,11 +94,11 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def cache
-      @@cache ||= nil
+      @cache ||= nil
     end
 
     def cache=(cache)
-      @@cache = cache
+      @cache = cache
     end
 
     # Returns all rails groups for loading based on:
@@ -91,14 +107,11 @@ module Rails
     # * The environment variable RAILS_GROUPS;
     # * The optional envs given as argument and the hash with group dependencies;
     #
-    # == Examples
-    #
     #   groups :assets => [:development, :test]
     #
     #   # Returns
     #   # => [:default, :development, :assets] for Rails.env == "development"
     #   # => [:default, :production]           for Rails.env == "production"
-    #
     def groups(*groups)
       hash = groups.extract_options!
       env = Rails.env
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
index 01ceb80972..eabe566829 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ require "rails"
   active_record
   action_controller
   action_mailer
-  active_resource
   rails/test_unit
-  sprockets
+  sprockets/rails
 ).each do |framework|
   begin
     require "#{framework}/railtie"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
index 10fa63c303..048219002d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'rails/engine'
 
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ module Rails
     autoload :Bootstrap,      'rails/application/bootstrap'
     autoload :Configuration,  'rails/application/configuration'
     autoload :Finisher,       'rails/application/finisher'
-    autoload :Railties,       'rails/application/railties'
     autoload :RoutesReloader, 'rails/application/routes_reloader'
 
     class << self
@@ -67,18 +65,56 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    attr_accessor :assets, :sandbox
+    attr_accessor :assets, :sandbox, :queue_consumer
     alias_method :sandbox?, :sandbox
     attr_reader :reloaders
+    attr_writer :queue
 
     delegate :default_url_options, :default_url_options=, :to => :routes
 
     def initialize
       super
-      @initialized = false
-      @reloaders   = []
+      @initialized      = false
+      @reloaders        = []
+      @routes_reloader  = nil
+      @env_config       = nil
+      @ordered_railties = nil
+      @railties         = nil
+      @queue            = nil
     end
 
+    # Returns true if the application is initialized.
+    def initialized?
+      @initialized
+    end
+
+    # Implements call according to the Rack API. It simples
+    # dispatch the request to the underlying middleware stack.
+    def call(env)
+      env["ORIGINAL_FULLPATH"] = build_original_fullpath(env)
+      super(env)
+    end
+
+    # Reload application routes regardless if they changed or not.
+    def reload_routes!
+      routes_reloader.reload!
+    end
+
+    # Stores some of the Rails initial environment parameters which
+    # will be used by middlewares and engines to configure themselves.
+    def env_config
+      @env_config ||= super.merge({
+        "action_dispatch.parameter_filter" => config.filter_parameters,
+        "action_dispatch.secret_token" => config.secret_token,
+        "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions,
+        "action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions" => config.consider_all_requests_local,
+        "action_dispatch.logger" => Rails.logger,
+        "action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner" => Rails.backtrace_cleaner
+      })
+    end
+
+    ## Rails internal API
+
     # This method is called just after an application inherits from Rails::Application,
     # allowing the developer to load classes in lib and use them during application
     # configuration.
@@ -93,7 +129,7 @@ module Rails
     # Rails application, you will need to add lib to $LOAD_PATH on your own in case
     # you need to load files in lib/ during the application configuration as well.
     def add_lib_to_load_path! #:nodoc:
-      path = config.root.join('lib').to_s
+      path = File.join config.root, 'lib'
       $LOAD_PATH.unshift(path) if File.exists?(path)
     end
 
@@ -102,18 +138,14 @@ module Rails
       require environment if environment
     end
 
-    # Reload application routes regardless if they changed or not.
-    def reload_routes!
-      routes_reloader.reload!
-    end
-
     def routes_reloader #:nodoc:
       @routes_reloader ||= RoutesReloader.new
     end
 
-    # Returns an array of file paths appended with a hash of directories-extensions
-    # suitable for ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker API.
-    def watchable_args
+    # Returns an array of file paths appended with a hash of
+    # directories-extensions suitable for ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker
+    # API.
+    def watchable_args #:nodoc:
       files, dirs = config.watchable_files.dup, config.watchable_dirs.dup
 
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.each do |path|
@@ -134,33 +166,64 @@ module Rails
       self
     end
 
-    # Load the application and its railties tasks and invoke the registered hooks.
-    # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.rake_tasks</tt> for more info.
-    def load_tasks(app=self)
-      initialize_tasks
-      super
+    def initializers #:nodoc:
+      Bootstrap.initializers_for(self) +
+      railties_initializers(super) +
+      Finisher.initializers_for(self)
+    end
+
+    def config #:nodoc:
+      @config ||= Application::Configuration.new(find_root_with_flag("config.ru", Dir.pwd))
+    end
+
+    def queue #:nodoc:
+      @queue ||= Queueing::Container.new(build_queue)
+    end
+
+    def build_queue #:nodoc:
+      config.queue.new
+    end
+
+    def to_app #:nodoc:
       self
     end
 
-    # Load the application console and invoke the registered hooks.
-    # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.console</tt> for more info.
-    def load_console(app=self)
-      initialize_console
+    def helpers_paths #:nodoc:
+      config.helpers_paths
+    end
+
+    def railties #:nodoc:
+      @railties ||= Rails::Railtie.subclasses.map(&:instance) +
+        Rails::Engine.subclasses.map(&:instance)
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    alias :build_middleware_stack :app
+
+    def run_tasks_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
+      railties.each { |r| r.run_tasks_blocks(app) }
+      super
+      require "rails/tasks"
+      task :environment do
+        $rails_rake_task = true
+        require_environment!
+      end
+    end
+
+    def run_generators_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
+      railties.each { |r| r.run_generators_blocks(app) }
       super
-      self
     end
 
-    # Stores some of the Rails initial environment parameters which
-    # will be used by middlewares and engines to configure themselves.
-    def env_config
-      @env_config ||= super.merge({
-        "action_dispatch.parameter_filter" => config.filter_parameters,
-        "action_dispatch.secret_token" => config.secret_token,
-        "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions,
-        "action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions" => config.consider_all_requests_local,
-        "action_dispatch.logger" => Rails.logger,
-        "action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner" => Rails.backtrace_cleaner
-      })
+    def run_runner_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
+      railties.each { |r| r.run_runner_blocks(app) }
+      super
+    end
+
+    def run_console_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
+      railties.each { |r| r.run_console_blocks(app) }
+      super
     end
 
     # Returns the ordered railties for this application considering railties_order.
@@ -176,8 +239,8 @@ module Rails
           end
         end
 
-        all = (railties.all - order)
-        all.push(self)   unless all.include?(self)
+        all = (railties - order)
+        all.push(self)   unless (all + order).include?(self)
         order.push(:all) unless order.include?(:all)
 
         index = order.index(:all)
@@ -186,47 +249,32 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    def initializers #:nodoc:
-      Bootstrap.initializers_for(self) +
-      super +
-      Finisher.initializers_for(self)
-    end
-
-    def config #:nodoc:
-      @config ||= Application::Configuration.new(find_root_with_flag("config.ru", Dir.pwd))
-    end
-
-    def to_app
-      self
-    end
-
-    def helpers_paths #:nodoc:
-      config.helpers_paths
-    end
-
-    def call(env)
-      env["ORIGINAL_FULLPATH"] = build_original_fullpath(env)
-      super(env)
+    def railties_initializers(current) #:nodoc:
+      initializers = []
+      ordered_railties.each do |r|
+        if r == self
+          initializers += current
+        else
+          initializers += r.initializers
+        end
+      end
+      initializers
     end
 
-  protected
-
-    alias :build_middleware_stack :app
-
-    def reload_dependencies?
+    def reload_dependencies? #:nodoc:
       config.reload_classes_only_on_change != true || reloaders.map(&:updated?).any?
     end
 
-    def default_middleware_stack
+    def default_middleware_stack #:nodoc:
       ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new.tap do |middleware|
+        app = self
         if rack_cache = config.action_controller.perform_caching && config.action_dispatch.rack_cache
           require "action_dispatch/http/rack_cache"
           middleware.use ::Rack::Cache, rack_cache
         end
 
         if config.force_ssl
-          require "rack/ssl"
-          middleware.use ::Rack::SSL, config.ssl_options
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::SSL, config.ssl_options
         end
 
         if config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header.present?
@@ -239,22 +287,21 @@ module Rails
 
         middleware.use ::Rack::Lock unless config.allow_concurrency
         middleware.use ::Rack::Runtime
-        middleware.use ::Rack::MethodOverride unless config.middleware.api_only?
+        middleware.use ::Rack::MethodOverride
         middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::RequestId
         middleware.use ::Rails::Rack::Logger, config.log_tags # must come after Rack::MethodOverride to properly log overridden methods
         middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, config.exceptions_app || ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new(Rails.public_path)
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
+        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, app
         middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, config.action_dispatch.ip_spoofing_check, config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies
 
         unless config.cache_classes
-          app = self
           middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Reloader, lambda { app.reload_dependencies? }
         end
 
         middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Callbacks
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Cookies unless config.middleware.api_only?
+        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Cookies
 
-        if !config.middleware.api_only? && config.session_store
+        if config.session_store
           if config.force_ssl && !config.session_options.key?(:secure)
             config.session_options[:secure] = true
           end
@@ -263,33 +310,17 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Head
+        middleware.use ::Rack::Head
         middleware.use ::Rack::ConditionalGet
         middleware.use ::Rack::ETag, "no-cache"
 
-        if !config.middleware.api_only? && config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support
+        if config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support
           middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport, config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support
         end
       end
     end
 
-    def initialize_tasks #:nodoc:
-      self.class.rake_tasks do
-        require "rails/tasks"
-        task :environment do
-          $rails_rake_task = true
-          require_environment!
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize_console #:nodoc:
-      require "pp"
-      require "rails/console/app"
-      require "rails/console/helpers"
-    end
-
-    def build_original_fullpath(env)
+    def build_original_fullpath(env) #:nodoc:
       path_info    = env["PATH_INFO"]
       query_string = env["QUERY_STRING"]
       script_name  = env["SCRIPT_NAME"]
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
index 93a0fba10b..e567df7162 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ module Rails
           f.binmode
           f.sync = config.autoflush_log # if true make sure every write flushes
 
-          logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(
-            ActiveSupport::Logger.new(f)
-          )
+          logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new f
+          logger.formatter = config.log_formatter
+          logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(logger)
           logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger.const_get(config.log_level.to_s.upcase)
           logger
         rescue StandardError
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
index 0f5fc2b7bc..a2e5dece16 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ module Rails
       attr_accessor :allow_concurrency, :asset_host, :asset_path, :assets, :autoflush_log,
                     :cache_classes, :cache_store, :consider_all_requests_local, :console,
                     :dependency_loading, :exceptions_app, :file_watcher, :filter_parameters,
-                    :force_ssl, :helpers_paths, :logger, :log_tags, :preload_frameworks,
-                    :railties_order, :relative_url_root, :secret_token,
+                    :force_ssl, :helpers_paths, :logger, :log_formatter, :log_tags,
+                    :preload_frameworks, :railties_order, :relative_url_root, :secret_token,
                     :serve_static_assets, :ssl_options, :static_cache_control, :session_options,
-                    :time_zone, :reload_classes_only_on_change, :use_schema_cache_dump
+                    :time_zone, :reload_classes_only_on_change, :use_schema_cache_dump,
+                    :queue, :queue_consumer
 
       attr_writer :log_level
       attr_reader :encoding
@@ -41,7 +42,10 @@ module Rails
         @file_watcher                  = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker
         @exceptions_app                = nil
         @autoflush_log                 = true
+        @log_formatter                 = ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter.new
         @use_schema_cache_dump         = true
+        @queue                         = Rails::Queueing::Queue
+        @queue_consumer                = Rails::Queueing::ThreadedConsumer
 
         @assets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
         @assets.enabled                  = false
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ module Rails
       # YAML::load.
       def database_configuration
         require 'erb'
-        YAML::load(ERB.new(IO.read(paths["config/database"].first)).result)
+        YAML.load ERB.new(IO.read(paths["config/database"].first)).result
       end
 
       def log_level
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
index 7da495211d..60aa40b92f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ module Rails
       initializer :add_builtin_route do |app|
         if Rails.env.development?
           app.routes.append do
-            match '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
+            get '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
+            get '/rails/info/routes'     => "rails/info#routes"
+            get '/rails/info'            => "rails/info#index"
           end
         end
       end
@@ -93,6 +95,13 @@ module Rails
           ActiveSupport::Dependencies.unhook!
         end
       end
+
+      initializer :activate_queue_consumer do |app|
+        if config.queue == Rails::Queueing::Queue
+          app.queue_consumer = config.queue_consumer.start(app.queue)
+          at_exit { app.queue_consumer.shutdown }
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/railties.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/railties.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f20a9689de..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/railties.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-require 'rails/engine/railties'
-
-module Rails
-  class Application < Engine
-    class Railties < Rails::Engine::Railties
-      def all(&block)
-        @all ||= railties + engines
-        @all.each(&block) if block
-        @all
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index cc26db849d..8cc8eb1103 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ module Rails
 
     private
       def add_gem_filters
-        return unless defined?(Gem)
-
-        gems_paths = (Gem.path + [Gem.default_dir]).uniq.map!{ |p| Regexp.escape(p) }
+        gems_paths = (Gem.path | [Gem.default_dir]).map { |p| Regexp.escape(p) }
         return if gems_paths.empty?
 
         gems_regexp = %r{(#{gems_paths.join('|')})/gems/([^/]+)-([\w.]+)/(.*)}
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
index 03538b2422..1aed2796c1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
       Hash[@pairs.map{|pair| [pair.first, calculate_directory_statistics(pair.last)]}]
     end
 
-    def calculate_directory_statistics(directory, pattern = /.*\.rb$/)
+    def calculate_directory_statistics(directory, pattern = /.*\.(rb|js|coffee)$/)
       stats = { "lines" => 0, "codelines" => 0, "classes" => 0, "methods" => 0 }
 
       Dir.foreach(directory) do |file_name|
@@ -39,6 +39,13 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
 
         comment_started = false
         
+        case file_name
+        when /.*\.js$/
+          comment_pattern = /^\s*\/\//
+        else
+          comment_pattern = /^\s*#/
+        end
+
         File.open(directory + "/" + file_name) do |f|
           while line = f.gets
             stats["lines"]     += 1
@@ -55,7 +62,7 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
             end
             stats["classes"]   += 1 if line =~ /^\s*class\s+[_A-Z]/
             stats["methods"]   += 1 if line =~ /^\s*def\s+[_a-z]/
-            stats["codelines"] += 1 unless line =~ /^\s*$/ || line =~ /^\s*#/
+            stats["codelines"] += 1 unless line =~ /^\s*$/ || line =~ comment_pattern
           end
         end
       end
@@ -95,13 +102,7 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
       m_over_c   = (statistics["methods"] / statistics["classes"])   rescue m_over_c = 0
       loc_over_m = (statistics["codelines"] / statistics["methods"]) - 2 rescue loc_over_m = 0
 
-      start = if TEST_TYPES.include? name
-        "| #{name.ljust(20)} "
-      else
-        "| #{name.ljust(20)} "
-      end
-
-      puts start +
+      puts "| #{name.ljust(20)} " +
            "| #{statistics["lines"].to_s.rjust(5)} " +
            "| #{statistics["codelines"].to_s.rjust(5)} " +
            "| #{statistics["classes"].to_s.rjust(7)} " +
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
index 71fe604e69..8816387d34 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
@@ -36,9 +36,17 @@ when 'benchmarker', 'profiler'
 
 when 'console'
   require 'rails/commands/console'
+  options = Rails::Console.parse_arguments(ARGV)
+
+  # RAILS_ENV needs to be set before config/application is required
+  ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = options[:environment] if options[:environment]
+
+  # shift ARGV so IRB doesn't freak
+  ARGV.shift if ARGV.first && ARGV.first[0] != '-'
+
   require APP_PATH
   Rails.application.require_environment!
-  Rails::Console.start(Rails.application)
+  Rails::Console.start(Rails.application, options)
 
 when 'server'
   # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current dir.
@@ -57,16 +65,19 @@ when 'server'
 
 when 'dbconsole'
   require 'rails/commands/dbconsole'
-  require APP_PATH
-  Rails::DBConsole.start(Rails.application)
+  Rails::DBConsole.start
 
 when 'application', 'runner'
   require "rails/commands/#{command}"
 
 when 'new'
-  puts "Can't initialize a new Rails application within the directory of another, please change to a non-Rails directory first.\n"
-  puts "Type 'rails' for help."
-  exit(1)
+  if ARGV.first.in?(['-h', '--help'])
+    require 'rails/commands/application'
+  else
+    puts "Can't initialize a new Rails application within the directory of another, please change to a non-Rails directory first.\n"
+    puts "Type 'rails' for help."
+    exit(1)
+  end
 
 when '--version', '-v'
   ARGV.unshift '--version'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
index 60d1aed73a..2cb6d5ca2e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ else
   end
 end
 
-require 'rubygems' if ARGV.include?("--dev")
 require 'rails/generators'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
index 86376ac7e6..92cee6b638 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
@@ -4,46 +4,66 @@ require 'irb/completion'
 
 module Rails
   class Console
-    attr_reader :options, :app, :console, :arguments
-
-    def self.start(*args)
-      new(*args).start
-    end
-
-    def initialize(app, arguments = ARGV)
-      @app       = app
-      @arguments = arguments
-      app.load_console
-      @console   = app.config.console || IRB
-    end
+    class << self
+      def start(*args)
+        new(*args).start
+      end
 
-    def options
-      @options ||= begin
+      def parse_arguments(arguments)
         options = {}
 
         OptionParser.new do |opt|
-          opt.banner = "Usage: console [environment] [options]"
+          opt.banner = "Usage: rails console [environment] [options]"
           opt.on('-s', '--sandbox', 'Rollback database modifications on exit.') { |v| options[:sandbox] = v }
-          opt.on("--debugger", 'Enable ruby-debugging for the console.') { |v| options[:debugger] = v }
+          opt.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
+                  "Specifies the environment to run this console under (test/development/production).",
+                  "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v.strip }
+          opt.on("--debugger", 'Enable the debugger.') { |v| options[:debugger] = v }
           opt.parse!(arguments)
         end
 
+        if arguments.first && arguments.first[0] != '-'
+          env = arguments.first
+          options[:environment] = %w(production development test).detect {|e| e =~ /^#{env}/} || env
+        end
+
         options
       end
     end
 
+    attr_reader :options, :app, :console
+
+    def initialize(app, options={})
+      @app     = app
+      @options = options
+      app.load_console
+      @console = app.config.console || IRB
+    end
+
     def sandbox?
       options[:sandbox]
     end
 
+    def environment
+      options[:environment] ||= ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || 'development'
+    end
+
+    def environment?
+      environment
+    end
+
+    def set_environment!
+      Rails.env = environment
+    end
+
     def debugger?
       options[:debugger]
     end
 
     def start
       app.sandbox = sandbox?
-
       require_debugger if debugger?
+      set_environment! if environment?
 
       if sandbox?
         puts "Loading #{Rails.env} environment in sandbox (Rails #{Rails.version})"
@@ -60,17 +80,12 @@ module Rails
 
     def require_debugger
       begin
-        require 'ruby-debug'
+        require 'debugger'
         puts "=> Debugger enabled"
       rescue Exception
-        puts "You need to install ruby-debug19 to run the console in debugging mode. With gems, use 'gem install ruby-debug19'"
+        puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle, and try again."
         exit
       end
     end
   end
 end
-
-# Has to set the RAILS_ENV before config/application is required
-if ARGV.first && !ARGV.first.index("-") && env = ARGV.shift # has to shift the env ARGV so IRB doesn't freak
-  ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = %w(production development test).detect {|e| e =~ /^#{env}/} || env
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
index 6fc127efae..cc0552184a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
@@ -5,54 +5,19 @@ require 'rbconfig'
 
 module Rails
   class DBConsole
-    def self.start(app)
-      new(app).start
+    attr_reader :config, :arguments
+    
+    def self.start
+      new.start
     end
 
-    def initialize(app)
-      @app = app
+    def initialize(arguments = ARGV)
+      @arguments = arguments
     end
 
     def start
-      include_password = false
-      options = {}
-      OptionParser.new do |opt|
-        opt.banner = "Usage: dbconsole [environment] [options]"
-        opt.on("-p", "--include-password", "Automatically provide the password from database.yml") do |v|
-          include_password = true
-        end
-
-        opt.on("--mode [MODE]", ['html', 'list', 'line', 'column'],
-          "Automatically put the sqlite3 database in the specified mode (html, list, line, column).") do |mode|
-            options['mode'] = mode
-        end
-
-        opt.on("--header") do |h|
-          options['header'] = h
-        end
-
-        opt.parse!(ARGV)
-        abort opt.to_s unless (0..1).include?(ARGV.size)
-      end
-
-      unless config = @app.config.database_configuration[Rails.env]
-        abort "No database is configured for the environment '#{Rails.env}'"
-      end
-
-
-      def find_cmd(*commands)
-        dirs_on_path = ENV['PATH'].to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
-        commands += commands.map{|cmd| "#{cmd}.exe"} if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
-
-        full_path_command = nil
-        found = commands.detect do |cmd|
-          dir = dirs_on_path.detect do |path|
-            full_path_command = File.join(path, cmd)
-            File.executable? full_path_command
-          end
-        end
-        found ? full_path_command : abort("Couldn't find database client: #{commands.join(', ')}. Check your $PATH and try again.")
-      end
+      options = parse_arguments(arguments)
+      ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = options[:environment] || environment
 
       case config["adapter"]
       when /^mysql/
@@ -64,7 +29,7 @@ module Rails
           'encoding'  => '--default-character-set'
         }.map { |opt, arg| "#{arg}=#{config[opt]}" if config[opt] }.compact
 
-        if config['password'] && include_password
+        if config['password'] && options['include_password']
           args << "--password=#{config['password']}"
         elsif config['password'] && !config['password'].to_s.empty?
           args << "-p"
@@ -72,46 +37,129 @@ module Rails
 
         args << config['database']
 
-        exec(find_cmd('mysql', 'mysql5'), *args)
+        find_cmd_and_exec(['mysql', 'mysql5'], *args)
 
       when "postgresql", "postgres"
         ENV['PGUSER']     = config["username"] if config["username"]
         ENV['PGHOST']     = config["host"] if config["host"]
         ENV['PGPORT']     = config["port"].to_s if config["port"]
-        ENV['PGPASSWORD'] = config["password"].to_s if config["password"] && include_password
-        exec(find_cmd('psql'), config["database"])
+        ENV['PGPASSWORD'] = config["password"].to_s if config["password"] && options['include_password']
+        find_cmd_and_exec('psql', config["database"])
 
       when "sqlite"
-        exec(find_cmd('sqlite'), config["database"])
+        find_cmd_and_exec('sqlite', config["database"])
 
       when "sqlite3"
         args = []
 
         args << "-#{options['mode']}" if options['mode']
         args << "-header" if options['header']
-        args << config['database']
+        args << File.expand_path(config['database'], Rails.root)
 
-        exec(find_cmd('sqlite3'), *args)
+        find_cmd_and_exec('sqlite3', *args)
 
       when "oracle", "oracle_enhanced"
         logon = ""
 
         if config['username']
           logon = config['username']
-          logon << "/#{config['password']}" if config['password'] && include_password
+          logon << "/#{config['password']}" if config['password'] && options['include_password']
           logon << "@#{config['database']}" if config['database']
         end
 
-        exec(find_cmd('sqlplus'), logon)
+        find_cmd_and_exec('sqlplus', logon)
 
       else
         abort "Unknown command-line client for #{config['database']}. Submit a Rails patch to add support!"
       end
     end
-  end
-end
 
-# Has to set the RAILS_ENV before config/application is required
-if ARGV.first && !ARGV.first.index("-") && env = ARGV.first
-  ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = %w(production development test).detect {|e| e =~ /^#{env}/} || env
+    def config
+      @config ||= begin
+        cfg = begin
+          cfg = YAML.load(ERB.new(IO.read("config/database.yml")).result)
+        rescue SyntaxError, StandardError
+          require APP_PATH
+          Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+        end
+
+        unless cfg[environment]
+          abort "No database is configured for the environment '#{environment}'"
+        end
+
+        cfg[environment]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def environment
+      if Rails.respond_to?(:env)
+        Rails.env
+      else
+        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "development"
+      end
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    def parse_arguments(arguments)
+      options = {}
+      
+      OptionParser.new do |opt|
+        opt.banner = "Usage: rails dbconsole [environment] [options]"
+        opt.on("-p", "--include-password", "Automatically provide the password from database.yml") do |v|
+          options['include_password'] = true
+        end
+
+        opt.on("--mode [MODE]", ['html', 'list', 'line', 'column'],
+          "Automatically put the sqlite3 database in the specified mode (html, list, line, column).") do |mode|
+            options['mode'] = mode
+        end
+
+        opt.on("--header") do |h|
+          options['header'] = h
+        end
+        
+        opt.on("-h", "--help", "Show this help message.") do
+          puts opt
+          exit
+        end
+
+        opt.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
+          "Specifies the environment to run this console under (test/development/production).",
+          "Default: development"
+        ) { |v| options[:environment] = v.strip }
+
+        opt.parse!(arguments)
+        abort opt.to_s unless (0..1).include?(arguments.size)
+      end
+
+      if arguments.first && arguments.first[0] != '-'
+        env = arguments.first
+        options[:environment] = %w(production development test).detect {|e| e =~ /^#{env}/} || env
+      end
+      
+      options
+    end
+
+    def find_cmd_and_exec(commands, *args)
+      commands = Array(commands)
+
+      dirs_on_path = ENV['PATH'].to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+      commands += commands.map{|cmd| "#{cmd}.exe"} if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
+
+      full_path_command = nil
+      found = commands.detect do |cmd|
+        dir = dirs_on_path.detect do |path|
+          full_path_command = File.join(path, cmd)
+          File.executable? full_path_command
+        end
+      end
+
+      if found
+        exec full_path_command, *args
+      else
+        abort("Couldn't find database client: #{commands.join(', ')}. Check your $PATH and try again.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin_new.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin_new.rb
index 0287ba0638..4d7bf3c9f3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin_new.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin_new.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'rubygems' if ARGV.include?("--dev")
-
 if ARGV.first != "new"
   ARGV[0] = "--help"
 else
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
index e8cc5d9e3b..a672258aa6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ if ARGV.first.nil?
 end
 
 ARGV.clone.options do |opts|
-  script_name = File.basename($0)
-  opts.banner = "Usage: runner [options] ('Some.ruby(code)' or a filename)"
+  opts.banner = "Usage: rails runner [options] ('Some.ruby(code)' or a filename)"
 
   opts.separator ""
 
@@ -42,6 +41,7 @@ ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = options[:environment]
 
 require APP_PATH
 Rails.application.require_environment!
+ Rails.application.load_runner
 
 if code_or_file.nil?
   $stderr.puts "Run '#{$0} -h' for help."
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
index 0b757cbe28..9ef64da3ef 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module Rails
           opts.on("-c", "--config=file", String,
                   "Use custom rackup configuration file") { |v| options[:config] = v }
           opts.on("-d", "--daemon", "Make server run as a Daemon.") { options[:daemonize] = true }
-          opts.on("-u", "--debugger", "Enable ruby-debugging for the server.") { options[:debugger] = true }
+          opts.on("-u", "--debugger", "Enable the debugger") { options[:debugger] = true }
           opts.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
                   "Specifies the environment to run this server under (test/development/production).",
                   "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v }
@@ -64,13 +64,15 @@ module Rails
 
       #Create required tmp directories if not found
       %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p(Rails.root.join('tmp', dir_to_make))
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
       end
 
       unless options[:daemonize]
         wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
 
         console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
+        console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
+
         Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
index 0efa21d82c..5fa7f043c6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
@@ -1,47 +1,66 @@
 require 'active_support/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/ordered_options'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_dup'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
 require 'rails/paths'
 require 'rails/rack'
 
 module Rails
   module Configuration
-    class MiddlewareStackProxy #:nodoc:
+    # MiddlewareStackProxy is a proxy for the Rails middleware stack that allows
+    # you to configure middlewares in your application. It works basically as a
+    # command recorder, saving each command to be applied after initialization
+    # over the default middleware stack, so you can add, swap, or remove any
+    # middleware in Rails.
+    #
+    # You can add your own middlewares by using the +config.middleware.use+ method:
+    #
+    #     config.middleware.use Magical::Unicorns
+    #
+    # This will put the <tt>Magical::Unicorns</tt> middleware on the end of the stack.
+    # You can use +insert_before+ if you wish to add a middleware before another:
+    #
+    #     config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+    #
+    # There's also +insert_after+ which will insert a middleware after another:
+    #
+    #     config.middleware.insert_after ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+    #
+    # Middlewares can also be completely swapped out and replaced with others:
+    #
+    #     config.middleware.swap ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport, Magical::Unicorns
+    #
+    # And finally they can also be removed from the stack completely:
+    #
+    #     config.middleware.delete ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport
+    #
+    class MiddlewareStackProxy
       def initialize
         @operations = []
-        @api_only   = false
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :api_only
-      alias       :api_only? :api_only
-
-      def api_only!
-        @api_only = true
       end
 
       def insert_before(*args, &block)
-        @operations << [:insert_before, args, block]
+        @operations << [__method__, args, block]
       end
 
       alias :insert :insert_before
 
       def insert_after(*args, &block)
-        @operations << [:insert_after, args, block]
+        @operations << [__method__, args, block]
       end
 
       def swap(*args, &block)
-        @operations << [:swap, args, block]
+        @operations << [__method__, args, block]
       end
 
       def use(*args, &block)
-        @operations << [:use, args, block]
+        @operations << [__method__, args, block]
       end
 
       def delete(*args, &block)
-        @operations << [:delete, args, block]
+        @operations << [__method__, args, block]
       end
 
-      def merge_into(other)
+      def merge_into(other) #:nodoc:
         @operations.each do |operation, args, block|
           other.send(operation, *args, &block)
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
index af2bde5a6e..f469c334a7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ require 'rails/railtie'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'pathname'
 require 'rbconfig'
-require 'rails/engine/railties'
 
 module Rails
   # <tt>Rails::Engine</tt> allows you to wrap a specific Rails application or subset of
@@ -39,8 +38,6 @@ module Rails
   # and <tt>autoload_once_paths</tt>, which, differently from a <tt>Railtie</tt>, are scoped to
   # the current engine.
   #
-  # Example:
-  #
   #   class MyEngine < Rails::Engine
   #     # Add a load path for this specific Engine
   #     config.autoload_paths << File.expand_path("../lib/some/path", __FILE__)
@@ -148,7 +145,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   #   # ENGINE/config/routes.rb
   #   MyEngine::Engine.routes.draw do
-  #     match "/" => "posts#index"
+  #     get "/" => "posts#index"
   #   end
   #
   # == Mount priority
@@ -158,7 +155,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   #   MyRailsApp::Application.routes.draw do
   #     mount MyEngine::Engine => "/blog"
-  #     match "/blog/omg" => "main#omg"
+  #     get "/blog/omg" => "main#omg"
   #   end
   #
   # +MyEngine+ is mounted at <tt>/blog</tt>, and <tt>/blog/omg</tt> points to application's
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ module Rails
   # It's much better to swap that:
   #
   #   MyRailsApp::Application.routes.draw do
-  #     match "/blog/omg" => "main#omg"
+  #     get "/blog/omg" => "main#omg"
   #     mount MyEngine::Engine => "/blog"
   #   end
   #
@@ -179,8 +176,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # * routes: when you mount an Engine with <tt>mount(MyEngine::Engine => '/my_engine')</tt>,
   #   it's used as default :as option
-  # * some of the rake tasks are based on engine name, e.g. <tt>my_engine:install:migrations</tt>,
-  #   <tt>my_engine:install:assets</tt>
+  # * rake task for installing migrations <tt>my_engine:install:migrations</tt>
   #
   # Engine name is set by default based on class name. For <tt>MyEngine::Engine</tt> it will be
   # <tt>my_engine_engine</tt>. You can change it manually using the <tt>engine_name</tt> method:
@@ -245,7 +241,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # Additionally, an isolated engine will set its name according to namespace, so
   # MyEngine::Engine.engine_name will be "my_engine". It will also set MyEngine.table_name_prefix
-  # to "my_engine_", changing the MyEngine::Article model to use the my_engine_article table.
+  # to "my_engine_", changing the MyEngine::Article model to use the my_engine_articles table.
   #
   # == Using Engine's routes outside Engine
   #
@@ -256,7 +252,7 @@ module Rails
   #   # config/routes.rb
   #   MyApplication::Application.routes.draw do
   #     mount MyEngine::Engine => "/my_engine", :as => "my_engine"
-  #     match "/foo" => "foo#index"
+  #     get "/foo" => "foo#index"
   #   end
   #
   # Now, you can use the <tt>my_engine</tt> helper inside your application:
@@ -332,26 +328,14 @@ module Rails
   #
   # == Loading priority
   #
-  # In order to change engine's priority you can use config.railties_order in main application.
+  # In order to change engine's priority you can use +config.railties_order+ in main application.
   # It will affect the priority of loading views, helpers, assets and all the other files
   # related to engine or application.
   #
-  # Example:
-  #
   #   # load Blog::Engine with highest priority, followed by application and other railties
   #   config.railties_order = [Blog::Engine, :main_app, :all]
-  #
   class Engine < Railtie
     autoload :Configuration, "rails/engine/configuration"
-    autoload :Railties,      "rails/engine/railties"
-
-    def load_generators(app=self)
-      initialize_generators
-      railties.all { |r| r.load_generators(app) }
-      Rails::Generators.configure!(app.config.generators)
-      super
-      self
-    end
 
     class << self
       attr_accessor :called_from, :isolated
@@ -401,7 +385,7 @@ module Rails
             end
 
             unless mod.respond_to?(:railtie_routes_url_helpers)
-              define_method(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) { railtie.routes_url_helpers }
+              define_method(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) { railtie.routes.url_helpers }
             end
           end
         end
@@ -409,30 +393,66 @@ module Rails
 
       # Finds engine with given path
       def find(path)
-        expanded_path = File.expand_path path.to_s
-        Rails::Engine::Railties.engines.find { |engine|
-          File.expand_path(engine.root.to_s) == expanded_path
-        }
+        expanded_path = File.expand_path path
+        Rails::Engine.subclasses.each do |klass|
+          engine = klass.instance
+          return engine if File.expand_path(engine.root) == expanded_path
+        end
+        nil
       end
     end
 
     delegate :middleware, :root, :paths, :to => :config
     delegate :engine_name, :isolated?, :to => "self.class"
 
-    def load_tasks(app=self)
-      railties.all { |r| r.load_tasks(app) }
+    def initialize
+      @_all_autoload_paths = nil
+      @_all_load_paths     = nil
+      @app                 = nil
+      @config              = nil
+      @env_config          = nil
+      @helpers             = nil
+      @routes              = nil
       super
-      paths["lib/tasks"].existent.sort.each { |ext| load(ext) }
     end
 
+    # Load console and invoke the registered hooks.
+    # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.console</tt> for more info.
     def load_console(app=self)
-      railties.all { |r| r.load_console(app) }
-      super
+      require "pp"
+      require "rails/console/app"
+      require "rails/console/helpers"
+      run_console_blocks(app)
+      self
     end
 
-    def eager_load!
-      railties.all(&:eager_load!)
+    # Load Rails runner and invoke the registered hooks.
+    # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.runner</tt> for more info.
+    def load_runner(app=self)
+      run_runner_blocks(app)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Load Rake, railties tasks and invoke the registered hooks.
+    # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.rake_tasks</tt> for more info.
+    def load_tasks(app=self)
+      require "rake"
+      run_tasks_blocks(app)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Load rails generators and invoke the registered hooks.
+    # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.generators</tt> for more info.
+    def load_generators(app=self)
+      require "rails/generators"
+      run_generators_blocks(app)
+      Rails::Generators.configure!(app.config.generators)
+      self
+    end
 
+    # Eager load the application by loading all ruby
+    # files inside eager_load paths.
+    def eager_load!
       config.eager_load_paths.each do |load_path|
         matcher = /\A#{Regexp.escape(load_path)}\/(.*)\.rb\Z/
         Dir.glob("#{load_path}/**/*.rb").sort.each do |file|
@@ -441,10 +461,7 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    def railties
-      @railties ||= self.class::Railties.new(config)
-    end
-
+    # Returns a module with all the helpers defined for the engine.
     def helpers
       @helpers ||= begin
         helpers = Module.new
@@ -456,14 +473,12 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns all registered helpers paths.
     def helpers_paths
       paths["app/helpers"].existent
     end
 
-    def routes_url_helpers
-      routes.url_helpers
-    end
-
+    # Returns the underlying rack application for this engine.
     def app
       @app ||= begin
         config.middleware = config.middleware.merge_into(default_middleware_stack)
@@ -471,42 +486,33 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns the endpoint for this engine. If none is registered,
+    # defaults to an ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.
     def endpoint
       self.class.endpoint || routes
     end
 
+    # Define the Rack API for this engine.
     def call(env)
       app.call(env.merge!(env_config))
     end
 
+    # Defines additional Rack env configuration that is added on each call.
     def env_config
       @env_config ||= {
         'action_dispatch.routes' => routes
       }
     end
 
+    # Defines the routes for this engine. If a block is given to
+    # routes, it is appended to the engine.
     def routes
       @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
       @routes.append(&Proc.new) if block_given?
       @routes
     end
 
-    def ordered_railties
-      railties.all + [self]
-    end
-
-    def initializers
-      initializers = []
-      ordered_railties.each do |r|
-        if r == self
-          initializers += super
-        else
-          initializers += r.initializers
-        end
-      end
-      initializers
-    end
-
+    # Define the configuration object for the engine.
     def config
       @config ||= Engine::Configuration.new(find_root_with_flag("lib"))
     end
@@ -516,7 +522,7 @@ module Rails
     #
     # Blog::Engine.load_seed
     def load_seed
-      seed_file = paths["db/seeds"].existent.first
+      seed_file = paths["db/seeds.rb"].existent.first
       load(seed_file) if seed_file
     end
 
@@ -544,7 +550,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     initializer :add_routing_paths do |app|
-      paths = self.paths["config/routes"].existent
+      paths = self.paths["config/routes.rb"].existent
 
       if routes? || paths.any?
         app.routes_reloader.paths.unshift(*paths)
@@ -561,14 +567,15 @@ module Rails
     initializer :add_view_paths do
       views = paths["app/views"].existent
       unless views.empty?
-        ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller){ prepend_view_path(views) }
+        ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller){ prepend_view_path(views) if respond_to?(:prepend_view_path) }
         ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_mailer){ prepend_view_path(views) }
       end
     end
 
     initializer :load_environment_config, :before => :load_environment_hook, :group => :all do
-      environment = paths["config/environments"].existent.first
-      require environment if environment
+      paths["config/environments"].existent.each do |environment|
+        require environment
+      end
     end
 
     initializer :append_assets_path, :group => :all do |app|
@@ -603,27 +610,32 @@ module Rails
           desc "Copy migrations from #{railtie_name} to application"
           task :migrations do
             ENV["FROM"] = railtie_name
-            Rake::Task["railties:install:migrations"].invoke
+            if Rake::Task.task_defined?("railties:install:migrations")
+              Rake::Task["railties:install:migrations"].invoke
+            else
+              Rake::Task["app:railties:install:migrations"].invoke
+            end
           end
         end
       end
     end
 
-  protected
+    protected
 
-    def initialize_generators
-      require "rails/generators"
+    def run_tasks_blocks(*) #:nodoc:
+      super
+      paths["lib/tasks"].existent.sort.each { |ext| load(ext) }
     end
 
-    def routes?
-      defined?(@routes)
+    def routes? #:nodoc:
+      @routes
     end
 
-    def has_migrations?
+    def has_migrations? #:nodoc:
       paths["db/migrate"].existent.any?
     end
 
-    def find_root_with_flag(flag, default=nil)
+    def find_root_with_flag(flag, default=nil) #:nodoc:
       root_path = self.class.called_from
 
       while root_path && File.directory?(root_path) && !File.exist?("#{root_path}/#{flag}")
@@ -634,23 +646,22 @@ module Rails
       root = File.exist?("#{root_path}/#{flag}") ? root_path : default
       raise "Could not find root path for #{self}" unless root
 
-      RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/ ?
-        Pathname.new(root).expand_path : Pathname.new(root).realpath
+      Pathname.new File.realpath root
     end
 
-    def default_middleware_stack
+    def default_middleware_stack #:nodoc:
       ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new
     end
 
-    def _all_autoload_once_paths
+    def _all_autoload_once_paths #:nodoc:
       config.autoload_once_paths
     end
 
-    def _all_autoload_paths
+    def _all_autoload_paths #:nodoc:
       @_all_autoload_paths ||= (config.autoload_paths + config.eager_load_paths + config.autoload_once_paths).uniq
     end
 
-    def _all_load_paths
+    def _all_load_paths #:nodoc:
       @_all_load_paths ||= (config.paths.load_paths + _all_autoload_paths).uniq
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
index b71119af77..ffbc0b4bd6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ The common rails commands available for engines are:
  destroy     Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")
 
 All commands can be run with -h for more information.
+
+If you want to run any commands that need to be run in context
+of the application, like `rails server` or `rails console`,
+you should do it from application's directory (typically test/dummy).
   EOT
   exit(1)
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
index d7405cb519..6b18b1e249 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module Rails
       # Holds generators configuration:
       #
       #   config.generators do |g|
-      #     g.orm             :datamapper, :migration => true
+      #     g.orm             :data_mapper, :migration => true
       #     g.template_engine :haml
       #     g.test_framework  :rspec
       #   end
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ module Rails
           paths.add "config/environments", :glob => "#{Rails.env}.rb"
           paths.add "config/initializers", :glob => "**/*.rb"
           paths.add "config/locales",      :glob => "*.{rb,yml}"
-          paths.add "config/routes",       :with => "config/routes.rb"
+          paths.add "config/routes.rb"
           paths.add "db"
           paths.add "db/migrate"
-          paths.add "db/seeds",            :with => "db/seeds.rb"
+          paths.add "db/seeds.rb"
           paths.add "vendor",              :load_path => true
           paths.add "vendor/assets",       :glob => "*"
           paths
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine/railties.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine/railties.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 033d9c4180..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine/railties.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-module Rails
-  class Engine < Railtie
-    class Railties
-      # TODO Write tests for this behavior extracted from Application
-      def initialize(config)
-        @config = config
-      end
-
-      def all(&block)
-        @all ||= []
-        @all.each(&block) if block
-        @all
-      end
-
-      def self.railties
-        @railties ||= ::Rails::Railtie.subclasses.map(&:instance)
-      end
-
-      def self.engines
-        @engines ||= ::Rails::Engine.subclasses.map(&:instance)
-      end
-
-      delegate :railties, :engines, :to => "self.class"
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
index cd277c5097..4fa990171d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ module Rails
         :orm => false,
         :performance_tool => nil,
         :resource_controller => :controller,
+        :resource_route => true,
         :scaffold_controller => :scaffold_controller,
         :stylesheets => true,
         :stylesheet_engine => :css,
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ module Rails
       hide_namespaces(*config.hidden_namespaces)
     end
 
-    def self.templates_path
+    def self.templates_path #:nodoc:
       @templates_path ||= []
     end
 
@@ -94,7 +95,6 @@ module Rails
     # some of them are not available by adding a fallback:
     #
     #   Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
-    #
     def self.fallbacks
       @fallbacks ||= {}
     end
@@ -114,8 +114,6 @@ module Rails
     # Generators names must end with "_generator.rb". This is required because Rails
     # looks in load paths and loads the generator just before it's going to be used.
     #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #
     #   find_by_namespace :webrat, :rails, :integration
     #
     # Will search for the following generators:
@@ -124,7 +122,6 @@ module Rails
     #
     # Notice that "rails:generators:webrat" could be loaded as well, what
     # Rails looks for is the first and last parts of the namespace.
-    #
     def self.find_by_namespace(name, base=nil, context=nil) #:nodoc:
       lookups = []
       lookups << "#{base}:#{name}"    if base
@@ -172,6 +169,7 @@ module Rails
 
         [
           "rails",
+          "resource_route",
           "#{orm}:migration",
           "#{orm}:model",
           "#{orm}:observer",
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ module Rails
       rails.delete("plugin_new")
       print_list("rails", rails)
 
-      hidden_namespaces.each {|n| groups.delete(n.to_s) }
+      hidden_namespaces.each { |n| groups.delete(n.to_s) }
 
       groups.sort.each { |b, n| print_list(b, n) }
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
index 32793b1a70..c41acc7841 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
@@ -5,15 +5,11 @@ module Rails
   module Generators
     module Actions
 
-      # Adds an entry into Gemfile for the supplied gem. If env
-      # is specified, add the gem to the given environment.
-      #
-      # ==== Example
+      # Adds an entry into Gemfile for the supplied gem.
       #
       #   gem "rspec", :group => :test
       #   gem "technoweenie-restful-authentication", :lib => "restful-authentication", :source => "http://gems.github.com/"
       #   gem "rails", "3.0", :git => "git://github.com/rails/rails"
-      #
       def gem(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         name, version = args
@@ -30,7 +26,7 @@ module Rails
         log :gemfile, message
 
         options.each do |option, value|
-          parts << ":#{option} => #{value.inspect}"
+          parts << "#{option}: #{value.inspect}"
         end
 
         in_root do
@@ -43,12 +39,9 @@ module Rails
 
       # Wraps gem entries inside a group.
       #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
       #   gem_group :development, :test do
       #     gem "rspec-rails"
       #   end
-      #
       def gem_group(*names, &block)
         name = names.map(&:inspect).join(", ")
         log :gemfile, "group #{name}"
@@ -66,8 +59,6 @@ module Rails
 
       # Add the given source to Gemfile
       #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
       #   add_source "http://gems.github.com/"
       def add_source(source, options={})
         log :source, source
@@ -82,6 +73,13 @@ module Rails
       # If options :env is specified, the line is appended to the corresponding
       # file in config/environments.
       #
+      #   environment do
+      #     "config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)"
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   environment(nil, :env => "development") do
+      #     "config.active_record.observers = :cacher"
+      #   end
       def environment(data=nil, options={}, &block)
         sentinel = /class [a-z_:]+ < Rails::Application/i
         env_file_sentinel = /::Application\.configure do/
@@ -101,12 +99,9 @@ module Rails
 
       # Run a command in git.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   git :init
       #   git :add => "this.file that.rb"
       #   git :add => "onefile.rb", :rm => "badfile.cxx"
-      #
       def git(commands={})
         if commands.is_a?(Symbol)
           run "git #{commands}"
@@ -120,15 +115,12 @@ module Rails
       # Create a new file in the vendor/ directory. Code can be specified
       # in a block or a data string can be given.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   vendor("sekrit.rb") do
       #     sekrit_salt = "#{Time.now}--#{3.years.ago}--#{rand}--"
       #     "salt = '#{sekrit_salt}'"
       #   end
       #
       #   vendor("foreign.rb", "# Foreign code is fun")
-      #
       def vendor(filename, data=nil, &block)
         log :vendor, filename
         create_file("vendor/#{filename}", data, :verbose => false, &block)
@@ -137,14 +129,11 @@ module Rails
       # Create a new file in the lib/ directory. Code can be specified
       # in a block or a data string can be given.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   lib("crypto.rb") do
       #     "crypted_special_value = '#{rand}--#{Time.now}--#{rand(1337)}--'"
       #   end
       #
       #   lib("foreign.rb", "# Foreign code is fun")
-      #
       def lib(filename, data=nil, &block)
         log :lib, filename
         create_file("lib/#{filename}", data, :verbose => false, &block)
@@ -152,22 +141,19 @@ module Rails
 
       # Create a new Rakefile with the provided code (either in a block or a string).
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   rakefile("bootstrap.rake") do
       #     project = ask("What is the UNIX name of your project?")
       #
       #     <<-TASK
       #       namespace :#{project} do
       #         task :bootstrap do
-      #           puts "i like boots!"
+      #           puts "I like boots!"
       #         end
       #       end
       #     TASK
       #   end
       #
-      #   rakefile("seed.rake", "puts 'im plantin ur seedz'")
-      #
+      #   rakefile('seed.rake', 'puts "Planting seeds"')
       def rakefile(filename, data=nil, &block)
         log :rakefile, filename
         create_file("lib/tasks/#{filename}", data, :verbose => false, &block)
@@ -175,8 +161,6 @@ module Rails
 
       # Create a new initializer with the provided code (either in a block or a string).
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   initializer("globals.rb") do
       #     data = ""
       #
@@ -188,7 +172,6 @@ module Rails
       #   end
       #
       #   initializer("api.rb", "API_KEY = '123456'")
-      #
       def initializer(filename, data=nil, &block)
         log :initializer, filename
         create_file("config/initializers/#{filename}", data, :verbose => false, &block)
@@ -198,10 +181,7 @@ module Rails
       # The second parameter is the argument string that is passed to
       # the generator or an Array that is joined.
       #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
       #   generate(:authenticated, "user session")
-      #
       def generate(what, *args)
         log :generate, what
         argument = args.map {|arg| arg.to_s }.flatten.join(" ")
@@ -211,12 +191,9 @@ module Rails
 
       # Runs the supplied rake task
       #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
       #   rake("db:migrate")
       #   rake("db:migrate", :env => "production")
       #   rake("gems:install", :sudo => true)
-      #
       def rake(command, options={})
         log :rake, command
         env  = options[:env] || ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || 'development'
@@ -226,10 +203,7 @@ module Rails
 
       # Just run the capify command in root
       #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
       #   capify!
-      #
       def capify!
         log :capify, ""
         in_root { run("#{extify(:capify)} .", :verbose => false) }
@@ -237,10 +211,7 @@ module Rails
 
       # Make an entry in Rails routing file config/routes.rb
       #
-      # === Example
-      #
-      #   route "root :to => 'welcome'"
-      #
+      #   route "root :to => 'welcome#index'"
       def route(routing_code)
         log :route, routing_code
         sentinel = /\.routes\.draw do\s*$/
@@ -252,10 +223,7 @@ module Rails
 
       # Reads the given file at the source root and prints it in the console.
       #
-      # === Example
-      #
       #   readme "README"
-      #
       def readme(path)
         log File.read(find_in_source_paths(path))
       end
@@ -265,7 +233,6 @@ module Rails
         # Define log for backwards compatibility. If just one argument is sent,
         # invoke say, otherwise invoke say_status. Differently from say and
         # similarly to say_status, this method respects the quiet? option given.
-        #
         def log(*args)
           if args.size == 1
             say args.first.to_s unless options.quiet?
@@ -276,7 +243,6 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         # Add an extension to the given name based on the platform.
-        #
         def extify(name)
           if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
             "#{name}.bat"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/active_model.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/active_model.rb
index 454327f765..0e51b9c568 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/active_model.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/active_model.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Rails
     #   ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel.find(Foo, "params[:id]")
     #   # => "Foo.find(params[:id])"
     #
-    #   Datamapper::Generators::ActiveModel.find(Foo, "params[:id]")
+    #   DataMapper::Generators::ActiveModel.find(Foo, "params[:id]")
     #   # => "Foo.get(params[:id])"
     #
     # On initialization, the ActiveModel accepts the instance name that will
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
index 7c449657b5..5838c9fc38 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ module Rails
         class_option :skip_javascript,    :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-J", :default => false,
                                           :desc => "Skip JavaScript files"
 
+        class_option :skip_index_html,    :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-I", :default => false,
+                                          :desc => "Skip public/index.html and app/assets/images/rails.png files"
+
         class_option :dev,                :type => :boolean, :default => false,
                                           :desc => "Setup the #{name} with Gemfile pointing to your Rails checkout"
 
@@ -120,7 +123,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def database_gemfile_entry
-        options[:skip_active_record] ? "" : "gem '#{gem_for_database}'\n"
+        options[:skip_active_record] ? "" : "gem '#{gem_for_database}'"
       end
 
       def include_all_railties?
@@ -134,22 +137,24 @@ module Rails
       def rails_gemfile_entry
         if options.dev?
           <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            gem 'rails',     :path => '#{Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH}'
-            gem 'journey',   :git => 'https://github.com/rails/journey.git'
-            gem 'arel',      :git => 'https://github.com/rails/arel.git'
+            gem 'rails',     path: '#{Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH}'
+            gem 'journey',   github: 'rails/journey'
+            gem 'arel',      github: 'rails/arel'
+            gem 'active_record_deprecated_finders', github: 'rails/active_record_deprecated_finders'
           GEMFILE
         elsif options.edge?
           <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            gem 'rails',     :git => 'https://github.com/rails/rails.git'
-            gem 'journey',   :git => 'https://github.com/rails/journey.git'
-            gem 'arel',      :git => 'https://github.com/rails/arel.git'
+            gem 'rails',     github: 'rails/rails'
+            gem 'journey',   github: 'rails/journey'
+            gem 'arel',      github: 'rails/arel'
+            gem 'active_record_deprecated_finders', github: 'rails/active_record_deprecated_finders'
           GEMFILE
         else
           <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
             gem 'rails', '#{Rails::VERSION::STRING}'
 
             # Bundle edge Rails instead:
-            # gem 'rails', :git => 'https://github.com/rails/rails.git'
+            # gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
           GEMFILE
         end
       end
@@ -189,8 +194,9 @@ module Rails
             # Gems used only for assets and not required
             # in production environments by default.
             group :assets do
-              gem 'sass-rails',   :git => 'https://github.com/rails/sass-rails.git'
-              gem 'coffee-rails', :git => 'https://github.com/rails/coffee-rails.git'
+              gem 'sprockets-rails', github: 'rails/sprockets-rails'
+              gem 'sass-rails',   github: 'rails/sass-rails'
+              gem 'coffee-rails', github: 'rails/coffee-rails'
 
               # See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
               #{javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry}
@@ -202,6 +208,7 @@ module Rails
             # Gems used only for assets and not required
             # in production environments by default.
             group :assets do
+              gem 'sprockets-rails', github: 'rails/sprockets-rails'
               gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 4.0.0.beta'
               gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0.beta'
 
@@ -223,7 +230,7 @@ module Rails
         if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
           "gem 'therubyrhino'\n"
         else
-          "# gem 'therubyracer'\n"
+          "# gem 'therubyracer', platforms: :ruby\n"
         end
       end
 
@@ -240,7 +247,7 @@ module Rails
         # end-user gets the bundler commands called anyway, so no big deal.
         #
         # Thanks to James Tucker for the Gem tricks involved in this call.
-        print `"#{Gem.ruby}" -rubygems "#{Gem.bin_path('bundler', 'bundle')}" #{command}`
+        print `"#{Gem.ruby}" "#{Gem.bin_path('bundler', 'bundle')}" #{command}`
       end
 
       def run_bundle
@@ -255,11 +262,6 @@ module Rails
       def git_keep(destination)
         create_file("#{destination}/.gitkeep") unless options[:skip_git]
       end
-
-      # Returns Ruby 1.9 style key-value pair.
-      def key_value(key, value)
-        "#{key}: #{value}"
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
index 60e94486bb..a49a1724c5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ module Rails
       include Rails::Generators::Actions
 
       add_runtime_options!
+      strict_args_position!
 
       # Returns the source root for this generator using default_source_root as default.
       def self.source_root(path=nil)
@@ -31,10 +32,9 @@ module Rails
       # root otherwise uses a default description.
       def self.desc(description=nil)
         return super if description
-        usage = source_root && File.expand_path("../USAGE", source_root)
 
-        @desc ||= if usage && File.exist?(usage)
-          ERB.new(File.read(usage)).result(binding)
+        @desc ||= if usage_path
+          ERB.new(File.read(usage_path)).result(binding)
         else
           "Description:\n    Create #{base_name.humanize.downcase} files for #{generator_name} generator."
         end
@@ -188,10 +188,7 @@ module Rails
 
       # Remove a previously added hook.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   remove_hook_for :orm
-      #
       def self.remove_hook_for(*names)
         remove_invocation(*names)
 
@@ -213,7 +210,8 @@ module Rails
       # root, you should use source_root.
       def self.default_source_root
         return unless base_name && generator_name
-        path = File.expand_path(File.join(base_name, generator_name, 'templates'), base_root)
+        return unless default_generator_root
+        path = File.join(default_generator_root, 'templates')
         path if File.exists?(path)
       end
 
@@ -248,7 +246,6 @@ module Rails
 
         # Check whether the given class names are already taken by user
         # application or Ruby on Rails.
-        #
         def class_collisions(*class_names) #:nodoc:
           return unless behavior == :invoke
 
@@ -275,13 +272,11 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         # Use Rails default banner.
-        #
         def self.banner
           "rails generate #{namespace.sub(/^rails:/,'')} #{self.arguments.map{ |a| a.usage }.join(' ')} [options]".gsub(/\s+/, ' ')
         end
 
         # Sets the base_name taking into account the current class namespace.
-        #
         def self.base_name
           @base_name ||= begin
             if base = name.to_s.split('::').first
@@ -292,7 +287,6 @@ module Rails
 
         # Removes the namespaces and get the generator name. For example,
         # Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator will return "model" as generator name.
-        #
         def self.generator_name
           @generator_name ||= begin
             if generator = name.to_s.split('::').last
@@ -304,20 +298,17 @@ module Rails
 
         # Return the default value for the option name given doing a lookup in
         # Rails::Generators.options.
-        #
         def self.default_value_for_option(name, options)
           default_for_option(Rails::Generators.options, name, options, options[:default])
         end
 
         # Return default aliases for the option name given doing a lookup in
         # Rails::Generators.aliases.
-        #
         def self.default_aliases_for_option(name, options)
           default_for_option(Rails::Generators.aliases, name, options, options[:aliases])
         end
 
         # Return default for the option name given doing a lookup in config.
-        #
         def self.default_for_option(config, name, options, default)
           if generator_name and c = config[generator_name.to_sym] and c.key?(name)
             c[name]
@@ -331,14 +322,12 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         # Keep hooks configuration that are used on prepare_for_invocation.
-        #
         def self.hooks #:nodoc:
           @hooks ||= from_superclass(:hooks, {})
         end
 
         # Prepare class invocation to search on Rails namespace if a previous
         # added hook is being used.
-        #
         def self.prepare_for_invocation(name, value) #:nodoc:
           return super unless value.is_a?(String) || value.is_a?(Symbol)
 
@@ -354,7 +343,6 @@ module Rails
 
         # Small macro to add ruby as an option to the generator with proper
         # default value plus an instance helper method called shebang.
-        #
         def self.add_shebang_option!
           class_option :ruby, :type => :string, :aliases => "-r", :default => Thor::Util.ruby_command,
                               :desc => "Path to the Ruby binary of your choice", :banner => "PATH"
@@ -373,6 +361,19 @@ module Rails
           }
         end
 
+        def self.usage_path
+          paths = [
+            source_root && File.expand_path("../USAGE", source_root),
+            default_generator_root && File.join(default_generator_root, "USAGE")
+          ]
+          paths.compact.detect { |path| File.exists? path }
+        end
+
+        def self.default_generator_root
+          path = File.expand_path(File.join(base_name, generator_name), base_root)
+          path if File.exists?(path)
+        end
+
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
index 85296ca37b..f5182bcc50 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
@@ -1,23 +1,27 @@
 <h1>Listing <%= plural_table_name %></h1>
 
 <table>
-  <tr>
-<% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
-    <th><%= attribute.human_name %></th>
-<% end -%>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
+  <thead>
+    <tr>
+  <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
+      <th><%= attribute.human_name %></th>
+  <% end -%>
+      <th></th>
+      <th></th>
+      <th></th>
+    </tr>
+  </thead>
 
-  <%%= content_tag_for(:tr, @<%= plural_table_name %>) do |<%= singular_table_name %>| %>
-<% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
-    <td><%%= <%= singular_table_name %>.<%= attribute.name %> %></td>
-<% end -%>
-    <td><%%= link_to 'Show', <%= singular_table_name %> %></td>
-    <td><%%= link_to 'Edit', edit_<%= singular_table_name %>_path(<%= singular_table_name %>) %></td>
-    <td><%%= link_to 'Destroy', <%= singular_table_name %>, <%= key_value :confirm, "'Are you sure?'" %>, <%= key_value :method, ":delete" %> %></td>
-  <%% end %>
+  <tbody>
+    <%%= content_tag_for(:tr, @<%= plural_table_name %>) do |<%= singular_table_name %>| %>
+  <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
+      <td><%%= <%= singular_table_name %>.<%= attribute.name %> %></td>
+  <% end -%>
+      <td><%%= link_to 'Show', <%= singular_table_name %> %></td>
+      <td><%%= link_to 'Edit', edit_<%= singular_table_name %>_path(<%= singular_table_name %>) %></td>
+      <td><%%= link_to 'Destroy', <%= singular_table_name %>, method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
+    <%% end %>
+  </tbody>
 </table>
 
 <br />
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/show.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/show.html.erb
index 67f263efbb..e15c963971 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/show.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/show.html.erb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
 <p>
-  <b><%= attribute.human_name %>:</b>
+  <strong><%= attribute.human_name %>:</strong>
   <%%= @<%= singular_table_name %>.<%= attribute.name %> %>
 </p>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
index 7dfc1aa599..d2c2abf40c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -10,6 +8,7 @@ module Rails
 
       attr_accessor :name, :type
       attr_reader   :attr_options
+      attr_writer   :index_name
 
       class << self
         def parse(column_definition)
@@ -21,12 +20,23 @@ module Rails
           has_index, type = type, nil if INDEX_OPTIONS.include?(type)
 
           type, attr_options = *parse_type_and_options(type)
+          type = type.to_sym if type
+
+          if type && reference?(type)
+            references_index = UNIQ_INDEX_OPTIONS.include?(has_index) ? { :unique => true } : true
+            attr_options[:index] = references_index
+          end
+
           new(name, type, has_index, attr_options)
         end
 
+        def reference?(type)
+          [:references, :belongs_to].include? type
+        end
+
         private
 
-        # parse possible attribute options like :limit for string/text/binary/integer or :precision/:scale for decimals
+        # parse possible attribute options like :limit for string/text/binary/integer, :precision/:scale for decimals or :polymorphic for references/belongs_to
         # when declaring options curly brackets should be used
         def parse_type_and_options(type)
           case type
@@ -34,6 +44,8 @@ module Rails
             return $1, :limit => $2.to_i
           when /decimal\{(\d+)[,.-](\d+)\}/
             return :decimal, :precision => $1.to_i, :scale => $2.to_i
+          when /(references|belongs_to)\{polymorphic\}/
+            return $1, :polymorphic => true
           else
             return type, {}
           end
@@ -42,7 +54,7 @@ module Rails
 
       def initialize(name, type=nil, index_type=false, attr_options={})
         @name           = name
-        @type           = (type.presence || :string).to_sym
+        @type           = type || :string
         @has_index      = INDEX_OPTIONS.include?(index_type)
         @has_uniq_index = UNIQ_INDEX_OPTIONS.include?(index_type)
         @attr_options   = attr_options
@@ -78,16 +90,32 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def plural_name
+        name.sub(/_id$/, '').pluralize
+      end
+
       def human_name
-        name.to_s.humanize
+        name.humanize
       end
 
       def index_name
-        reference? ? "#{name}_id" : name
+        @index_name ||= if reference?
+          polymorphic? ? %w(id type).map { |t| "#{name}_#{t}" } : "#{name}_id"
+        else
+          name
+        end
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key?
+        !!(name =~ /_id$/)
       end
 
       def reference?
-        self.type.in?(:references, :belongs_to)
+        self.class.reference?(type)
+      end
+
+      def polymorphic?
+        self.attr_options.has_key?(:polymorphic)
       end
 
       def has_index?
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
index 0c5c4f6e09..5bf98bb6e0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ module Rails
     # Holds common methods for migrations. It assumes that migrations has the
     # [0-9]*_name format and can be used by another frameworks (like Sequel)
     # just by implementing the next migration version method.
-    #
     module Migration
       attr_reader :migration_number, :migration_file_name, :migration_class_name
 
@@ -38,10 +37,7 @@ module Rails
       # The migration version, migration file name, migration class name are
       # available as instance variables in the template to be rendered.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
       #   migration_template "migration.rb", "db/migrate/add_foo_to_bar.rb"
-      #
       def migration_template(source, destination=nil, config={})
         destination = File.expand_path(destination || source, self.destination_root)
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
index 9cef55e0a6..b61a5fc69d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ module Rails
 
         def indent(content, multiplier = 2)
           spaces = " " * multiplier
-          content = content.each_line.map {|line| "#{spaces}#{line}" }.join
+          content = content.each_line.map {|line| line.blank? ? line : "#{spaces}#{line}" }.join
         end
 
         def wrap_with_namespace(content)
@@ -79,11 +79,16 @@ module Rails
           @class_path
         end
 
+        def namespaced_file_path
+          @namespaced_file_path ||= namespaced_class_path.join("/")
+        end
+
         def namespaced_class_path
-          @namespaced_class_path ||= begin
-            namespace_path = namespace.name.split("::").map {|m| m.underscore }
-            namespace_path + @class_path
-          end
+          @namespaced_class_path ||= [namespaced_path] + @class_path
+        end
+
+        def namespaced_path
+          @namespaced_path ||= namespace.name.split("::").map {|m| m.underscore }[0]
         end
 
         def class_name
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def i18n_scope
-          @i18n_scope ||= file_path.gsub('/', '.')
+          @i18n_scope ||= file_path.tr('/', '.')
         end
 
         def table_name
@@ -130,7 +135,7 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def route_url
-          @route_url ||= class_path.collect{|dname| "/" + dname  }.join('') + "/" + plural_file_name
+          @route_url ||= class_path.collect {|dname| "/" + dname }.join + "/" + plural_file_name
         end
 
         # Tries to retrieve the application name or simple return application.
@@ -180,11 +185,6 @@ module Rails
             class_collisions "#{options[:prefix]}#{name}#{options[:suffix]}"
           end
         end
-
-        # Returns Ruby 1.9 style key-value pair.
-        def key_value(key, value)
-          "#{key}: #{value}"
-        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
index f0745df667..c06b0f8994 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
@@ -97,6 +97,11 @@ module Rails
 
     def public_directory
       directory "public", "public", :recursive => false
+      if options[:skip_index_html]
+        remove_file "public/index.html"
+        remove_file 'app/assets/images/rails.png'
+        git_keep 'app/assets/images'
+      end
     end
 
     def script
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
index 5fdfe8f04e..55a6b3f4f2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 # To use Jbuilder templates for JSON
 # gem 'jbuilder'
 
-# Use unicorn as the web server
+# Use unicorn as the app server
 # gem 'unicorn'
 
 # Deploy with Capistrano
-# gem 'capistrano', :group => :development
+# gem 'capistrano', group: :development
 
 # To use debugger
-# gem 'ruby-debug19', :require => 'ruby-debug'
+# gem 'debugger'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README
index d2014bd35f..b5d7b6436b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ programming in general.
 Debugger support is available through the debugger command when you start your
 Mongrel or WEBrick server with --debugger. This means that you can break out of
 execution at any point in the code, investigate and change the model, and then,
-resume execution! You need to install ruby-debug19 to run the server in debugging
-mode. With gems, use <tt>sudo gem install ruby-debug19</tt>. Example:
+resume execution! You need to install the 'debugger' gem to run the server in debugging
+mode. Add gem 'debugger' to your Gemfile and run <tt>bundle</tt> to install it. Example:
 
   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
     def index
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Rakefile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Rakefile
index 4dc1023f1f..6eb23f68a3 100755..100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Rakefile
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rake
 # Add your own tasks in files placed in lib/tasks ending in .rake,
 # for example lib/tasks/capistrano.rake, and they will automatically be available to Rake.
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
index 3b5cc6648e..3192ec897b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@
  *
  *= require_self
  *= require_tree .
-*/
+ */
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e8065d9505..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  protect_from_forgery
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c0ef31725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  # Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.
+  # For APIs, you may want to use :reset_session instead.
+  protect_from_forgery with: :exception
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
index bba96a7431..e0539aa8bb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title><%= camelized %></title>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "application", :media => "all" %>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "application", media: "all" %>
   <%%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
   <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
 </head>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
index e47784994a..5915d20010 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
@@ -7,14 +7,13 @@ require 'rails/all'
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
 require "action_mailer/railtie"
-require "active_resource/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/rails/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
 <% end -%>
 
 if defined?(Bundler)
   # If you precompile assets before deploying to production, use this line.
-  Bundler.require(*Rails.groups(:assets => %w(development test)))
+  Bundler.require(*Rails.groups(assets: %w(development test)))
   # If you want your assets lazily compiled in production, use this line.
   # Bundler.require(:default, :assets, Rails.env)
 end
@@ -56,17 +55,20 @@ module <%= app_const_base %>
     # parameters by using an attr_accessible or attr_protected declaration.
     <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>config.active_record.whitelist_attributes = true
 
-    # Specifies wether or not has_many or has_one association option :dependent => :restrict raises
+    # Specifies whether or not has_many or has_one association option :dependent => :restrict raises
     # an exception. If set to true, then an ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError exception would be
     # raised. If set to false, then an error will be added on the model instead.
     <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>config.active_record.dependent_restrict_raises = false
-
 <% unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
+
     # Enable the asset pipeline.
     config.assets.enabled = true
 
     # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
     config.assets.version = '1.0'
 <% end -%>
+
+    # Enable app-wide asynchronous ActionMailer
+    # config.action_mailer.async = true
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
index 4489e58688..3596736667 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'rubygems'
-
 # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
index fe9466b366..e1a00d076f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ development:
   # Minimum log levels, in increasing order:
   #   debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1,
   #   log, notice, warning, error, fatal, and panic
-  # The server defaults to notice.
-  #min_messages: warning
+  # Defaults to warning.
+  #min_messages: notice
 
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
index f08f86aac3..07223a71c9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ development:
   # domain socket that doesn't need configuration. Windows does not have
   # domain sockets, so uncomment these lines.
   #host: localhost
+  
+  # The TCP port the server listens on. Defaults to 5432.
+  # If your server runs on a different port number, change accordingly.
   #port: 5432
 
   # Schema search path. The server defaults to $user,public
@@ -32,8 +35,8 @@ development:
   # Minimum log levels, in increasing order:
   #   debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1,
   #   log, notice, warning, error, fatal, and panic
-  # The server defaults to notice.
-  #min_messages: warning
+  # Defaults to warning.
+  #min_messages: notice
 
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
index eb4dfa7c89..fee9eb9456 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
@@ -26,13 +26,19 @@
   # Log the query plan for queries taking more than this (works
   # with SQLite, MySQL, and PostgreSQL).
   config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds = 0.5
+
+  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations
+  config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
   <%- end -%>
 
   <%- unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
   # Do not compress assets.
   config.assets.compress = false
 
-  # Expands the lines which load the assets.
+  # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
   config.assets.debug = true
   <%- end -%>
+
+  # In development, use an in-memory queue for queueing
+  config.queue = Rails::Queueing::Queue
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
index 7041550fd0..072aa8355d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
   # Generate digests for assets URLs.
   config.assets.digest = true
 
-  # Defaults to Rails.root.join("public/assets").
+  # Defaults to nil and saved in location specified by config.assets.prefix
   # config.assets.manifest = YOUR_PATH
   <%- end -%>
 
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@
   # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
   # config.force_ssl = true
 
-  # See everything in the log (default is :info).
-  # config.log_level = :debug
+  # Set to :debug to see everything in the log.
+  config.log_level = :info
 
   # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
   # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :uuid ]
@@ -73,4 +73,11 @@
 
   # Disable automatic flushing of the log to improve performance.
   # config.autoflush_log = false
+
+  # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed
+  config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
+
+  # Default the production mode queue to an in-memory queue. You will probably
+  # want to replace this with an out-of-process queueing solution
+  config.queue = Rails::Queueing::Queue
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
index b725dd19f6..b27b88a3c6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
@@ -33,4 +33,7 @@
 
   # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
+
+  # Use the testing queue
+  config.queue = Rails::Queueing::TestQueue
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt
index a3143f1346..e02397aaf9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt
@@ -4,4 +4,6 @@
 # If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
 # Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
 # no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
+# Make sure your secret_token is kept private
+# if you're sharing your code publicly.
 <%= app_const %>.config.secret_token = '<%= app_secret %>'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
index ddfe4ba1e1..ade0c4f78c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
-<%= app_const %>.config.session_store :cookie_store, <%= key_value :key, "'_#{app_name}_session'" %>
+<%= app_const %>.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: <%= "'_#{app_name}_session'" %>
 
 # Use the database for sessions instead of the cookie-based default,
 # which shouldn't be used to store highly confidential information
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
index d640f578da..280f777cc0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 
 # Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
 ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
-  wrap_parameters <%= key_value :format, "[:json]" %>
+  wrap_parameters format: [:json] if respond_to?(:wrap_parameters)
 end
 
 <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
-# Disable root element in JSON by default.
-ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-  self.include_root_in_json = false
-end
+# To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
+# ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+#  self.include_root_in_json = true
+# end
 <%- end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
index ea81748464..85acac6725 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
@@ -2,13 +2,17 @@
   # The priority is based upon order of creation:
   # first created -> highest priority.
 
+  # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
+  # just remember to delete public/index.html.
+  # root to: 'welcome#index'
+
   # Sample of regular route:
-  #   match 'products/:id' => 'catalog#view'
+  #   get 'products/:id' => 'catalog#view'
   # Keep in mind you can assign values other than :controller and :action
 
   # Sample of named route:
-  #   match 'products/:id/purchase' => 'catalog#purchase', :as => :purchase
-  # This route can be invoked with purchase_url(:id => product.id)
+  #   get 'products/:id/purchase' => 'catalog#purchase', as: :purchase
+  # This route can be invoked with purchase_url(id: product.id)
 
   # Sample resource route (maps HTTP verbs to controller actions automatically):
   #   resources :products
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@
   #   resources :products do
   #     resources :comments
   #     resources :sales do
-  #       get 'recent', :on => :collection
+  #       get 'recent', on: :collection
   #     end
   #   end
 
@@ -46,13 +50,6 @@
   #     resources :products
   #   end
 
-  # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
-  # just remember to delete public/index.html.
-  # root :to => 'welcome#index'
 
   # See how all your routes lay out with "rake routes"
-
-  # This is a legacy wild controller route that's not recommended for RESTful applications.
-  # Note: This route will make all actions in every controller accessible via GET requests.
-  # match ':controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)'
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb.tt
index f75c5dd941..4edb1e857e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb.tt
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 #
 # Examples:
 #
-#   cities = City.create([{ <%= key_value :name, "'Chicago'" %> }, { <%= key_value :name, "'Copenhagen'" %> }])
-#   Mayor.create(<%= key_value :name, "'Emanuel'" %>, <%= key_value :city, "cities.first" %>)
+#   cities = City.create([{ name: 'Chicago' }, { name: 'Copenhagen' }])
+#   Mayor.create(name: 'Emanuel', city: cities.first)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
index 9a48320a5f..3d875c342e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
-  <style type="text/css">
+  <style>
     body { background-color: #fff; color: #666; text-align: center; font-family: arial, sans-serif; }
     div.dialog {
       width: 25em;
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@
     <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
     <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
   </div>
+  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
index 83660ab187..3f1bfb3417 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
-  <style type="text/css">
+  <style>
     body { background-color: #fff; color: #666; text-align: center; font-family: arial, sans-serif; }
     div.dialog {
       width: 25em;
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
index f3648a0dbc..012977d3d2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
-  <style type="text/css">
+  <style>
     body { background-color: #fff; color: #666; text-align: center; font-family: arial, sans-serif; }
     div.dialog {
       width: 25em;
@@ -21,5 +21,6 @@
   <div class="dialog">
     <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
   </div>
+  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/humans.txt.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/humans.txt.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f081e08b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/humans.txt.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# See more about this file at: http://humanstxt.org/
+# For format suggestions, see: http://humanstxt.org/Standard.html
+/* TEAM */
+
+/* APP */
+  Name: <%= app_const_base %>
+  Software: Ruby on Rails
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/index.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/index.html
index a1d50995c5..dd09a96de9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/index.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/index.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Ruby on Rails: Welcome aboard</title>
-    <style type="text/css" media="screen">
+    <style media="screen">
       body {
         margin: 0;
         margin-bottom: 25px;
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
         font-style: italic;
       }
     </style>
-    <script type="text/javascript">
+    <script>
       function about() {
         info = document.getElementById('about-content');
         if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
index 085187fa58..1a3a5e4dd2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # See http://www.robotstxt.org/wc/norobots.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
 #
 # To ban all spiders from the entire site uncomment the next two lines:
-# User-Agent: *
+# User-agent: *
 # Disallow: /
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/performance/browsing_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/performance/browsing_test.rb
index 3fea27b916..d09ce5ad34 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/performance/browsing_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/performance/browsing_test.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ require 'rails/performance_test_help'
 
 class BrowsingTest < ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest
   # Refer to the documentation for all available options
-  # self.profile_options = { :runs => 5, :metrics => [:wall_time, :memory]
-  #                          :output => 'tmp/performance', :formats => [:flat] }
+  # self.profile_options = { runs: 5, metrics: [:wall_time, :memory],
+  #                          output: 'tmp/performance', formats: [:flat] }
 
-  def test_homepage
+  test "homepage" do
     get '/'
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
index a8f7aeac7d..9afda2d0df 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ require 'rails/test_help'
 
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
 <% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
-  # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.(yml|csv) for all tests in alphabetical order.
+  ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
+
+  # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
   #
   # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
   # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/templates/controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/templates/controller.rb
index 52243f4a2f..633e0b3177 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/templates/controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/templates/controller.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+<% if namespaced? -%>
+require_dependency "<%= namespaced_path %>/application_controller"
+
+<% end -%>
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
 <% actions.each do |action| -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
index 67f76aad01..c46c86076e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
@@ -19,6 +19,55 @@ Description:
     then the generator will create a module with a table_name_prefix method
     to prefix the model's table name with the module name (e.g. admin_account)
 
+Available field types:
+
+    Just after the field name you can specify a type like text or boolean. 
+    It will generate the column with the associated SQL type. For instance:
+
+        `rails generate model post title:string body:text`
+
+    will generate a title column with a varchar type and a body column with a text 
+    type. You can use the following types:
+
+        integer
+        primary_key
+        decimal
+        float
+        boolean
+        binary
+        string
+        text
+        date
+        time
+        datetime
+        timestamp
+
+    You can also consider `references` as a kind of type. For instance, if you run:
+
+        `rails generate model photo title:string album:references`
+
+    It will generate an album_id column. You should generate this kind of fields when
+    you will use a `belongs_to` association for instance. `references` also support
+    the polymorphism, you could enable the polymorphism like this:
+
+        `rails generate model product supplier:references{polymorphic}`
+
+    You can also specify some options just after the field type. You can use the
+    following options:
+
+        limit        Set the maximum size of the field giving a number between curly braces
+        default      Set a default value for the field
+        precision    Defines the precision for the decimal fields 
+        scale        Defines the scale for the decimal fields
+        uniq         Defines the field values as unique 
+        index        Will add an index on the field
+
+    Examples:
+
+        `rails generate model user pseudo:string{30}`
+        `rails generate model user pseudo:string:uniq`
+        
+
 Examples:
     `rails generate model account`
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator.rb
index f4263d1b98..ab0e440bc4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator.rb
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ task :default => :test
 
       gemfile_in_app_path = File.join(rails_app_path, "Gemfile")
       if File.exist? gemfile_in_app_path
-        entry = "gem '#{name}', :path => '#{relative_path}'"
+        entry = "gem '#{name}', path: '#{relative_path}'"
         append_file gemfile_in_app_path, entry
       end
     end
@@ -232,6 +232,18 @@ task :default => :test
 
       public_task :apply_rails_template, :run_bundle
 
+      def name
+        @name ||= begin
+          # same as ActiveSupport::Inflector#underscore except not replacing '-'
+          underscored = original_name.dup
+          underscored.gsub!(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
+          underscored.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
+          underscored.downcase!
+
+          underscored
+        end
+      end
+
     protected
 
       def app_templates_dir
@@ -268,18 +280,6 @@ task :default => :test
         @original_name ||= File.basename(destination_root)
       end
 
-      def name
-        @name ||= begin
-          # same as ActiveSupport::Inflector#underscore except not replacing '-'
-          underscored = original_name.dup
-          underscored.gsub!(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
-          underscored.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
-          underscored.downcase!
-
-          underscored
-        end
-      end
-
       def camelized
         @camelized ||= name.gsub(/\W/, '_').squeeze('_').camelize
       end
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ task :default => :test
           dummy_application_path = File.expand_path("#{dummy_path}/config/application.rb", destination_root)
           unless options[:pretend] || !File.exists?(dummy_application_path)
             contents = File.read(dummy_application_path)
-            contents[(contents.index("module Dummy"))..-1]
+            contents[(contents.index(/module ([\w]+)\n(.*)class Application/m))..-1]
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/%name%.gemspec b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/%name%.gemspec
index 8588e88077..568ed653b7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/%name%.gemspec
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/%name%.gemspec
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "TODO: Summary of <%= camelized %>."
   s.description = "TODO: Description of <%= camelized %>."
 
-  s.files = Dir["{app,config,db,lib}/**/*"] + ["MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README.rdoc"]
+  s.files = Dir["{app,config,db,lib}/**/*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README.rdoc"]
 <% unless options.skip_test_unit? -%>
   s.test_files = Dir["test/**/*"]
 <% end -%>
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 <% if full? && !options[:skip_javascript] -%>
   # s.add_dependency "<%= "#{options[:javascript]}-rails" %>"
 <% end -%>
+<% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
 
   s.add_development_dependency "<%= gem_for_database %>"
+<% end -%>
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Gemfile
index d316b00c43..7448b386c5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Gemfile
@@ -1,17 +1,32 @@
 source "http://rubygems.org"
 
+<% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
+<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
+<% if full? && !options[:skip_javascript] -%>
+# gem "<%= "#{options[:javascript]}-rails" %>"
+<% end -%>
+<% else -%>
 # Declare your gem's dependencies in <%= name %>.gemspec.
 # Bundler will treat runtime dependencies like base dependencies, and
 # development dependencies will be added by default to the :development group.
 gemspec
+<% end -%>
 
+<% unless options[:javascript] == 'jquery' -%>
 # jquery-rails is used by the dummy application
 gem "jquery-rails"
 
+<% end -%>
+<% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
+group :development do
+  gem "<%= gem_for_database %>"
+end
+<% else -%>
 # Declare any dependencies that are still in development here instead of in
 # your gemspec. These might include edge Rails or gems from your path or
 # Git. Remember to move these dependencies to your gemspec before releasing
 # your gem to rubygems.org.
+<% end -%>
 
 <% if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>
 # Your gem is dependent on dev or edge Rails. Once you can lock this
@@ -20,4 +35,4 @@ gem "jquery-rails"
 
 <% end -%>
 # To use debugger
-# gem 'ruby-debug19', :require => 'ruby-debug'
+# gem 'debugger'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Rakefile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Rakefile
index b7bc69d2e5..1369140537 100755..100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Rakefile
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rake
 begin
   require 'bundler/setup'
 rescue LoadError
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ RDoc::Task.new(:rdoc) do |rdoc|
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('lib/**/*.rb')
 end
 
-<% if full? && !options[:skip_active_record] -%>
+<% if full? && !options[:skip_active_record] && !options[:skip_test_unit] -%>
 APP_RAKEFILE = File.expand_path("../<%= dummy_path -%>/Rakefile", __FILE__)
 load 'rails/tasks/engine.rake'
 <% end %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/gitignore b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/gitignore
index 458b2c662e..086d87818a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/gitignore
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/gitignore
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 .bundle/
 log/*.log
 pkg/
+<% unless options[:skip_test_unit] && options[:dummy_path] == 'test/dummy' -%>
 <%= dummy_path %>/db/*.sqlite3
 <%= dummy_path %>/db/*.sqlite3-journal
 <%= dummy_path %>/log/*.log
 <%= dummy_path %>/tmp/
 <%= dummy_path %>/.sass-cache
+<% end -%>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/application.rb
index 996ea79e67..2f9b7fc962 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/application.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ require 'rails/all'
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
 require "action_mailer/railtie"
-require "active_resource/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/rails/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
 <% end -%>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/boot.rb
index eba0681370..c78bfb7f63 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/boot.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/boot.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'rubygems'
 gemfile = File.expand_path('../../../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
 if File.exist?(gemfile)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/test_helper.rb
index dcd3b276e3..1e26a313cd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -8,3 +8,8 @@ Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
 
 # Load support files
 Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/support/**/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
+
+# Load fixtures from the engine
+if ActiveSupport::TestCase.method_defined?(:fixture_path=)
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path = File.expand_path("../fixtures", __FILE__)
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator.rb
index c7345f3cfb..3a0586ee43 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator.rb
@@ -14,13 +14,7 @@ module Rails
       class_option :actions, :type => :array, :banner => "ACTION ACTION", :default => [],
                              :desc => "Actions for the resource controller"
 
-      def add_resource_route
-        return if options[:actions].present?
-        route_config =  regular_class_path.collect{|namespace| "namespace :#{namespace} do " }.join(" ")
-        route_config << "resources :#{file_name.pluralize}"
-        route_config << " end" * regular_class_path.size
-        route route_config
-      end
+      hook_for :resource_route, :required => true
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a5d62803c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    class ResourceRouteGenerator < NamedBase
+      def add_resource_route
+        return if options[:actions].present?
+        route_config =  regular_class_path.collect{ |namespace| "namespace :#{namespace} do " }.join(" ")
+        route_config << "resources :#{file_name.pluralize}"
+        route_config << " end" * regular_class_path.size
+        route route_config
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
index 2271c6f9c1..0618b16984 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Rails
                          :desc => "ORM to generate the controller for"
 
       def create_controller_files
-        template 'controller.rb', File.join('app/controllers', class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller.rb")
+        template "controller.rb", File.join('app/controllers', class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller.rb")
       end
 
       hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework, :as => :scaffold
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
index ee49534a04..b3e74f9b02 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+<% if namespaced? -%>
+require_dependency "<%= namespaced_file_path %>/application_controller"
+
+<% end -%>
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
   # GET <%= route_url %>
@@ -7,7 +11,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
 
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html # index.html.erb
-      format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{plural_table_name}" %> }
+      format.json { render json: <%= "@#{plural_table_name}" %> }
     end
   end
 
@@ -18,7 +22,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
 
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html # show.html.erb
-      format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
+      format.json { render json: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     end
   end
 
@@ -29,7 +33,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
 
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html # new.html.erb
-      format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
+      format.json { render json: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     end
   end
 
@@ -45,11 +49,11 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
 
     respond_to do |format|
       if @<%= orm_instance.save %>
-        format.html { redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, <%= key_value :notice, "'#{human_name} was successfully created.'" %> }
-        format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= key_value :status, ':created' %>, <%= key_value :location, "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
+        format.html { redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully created.'" %> }
+        format.json { render json: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, status: :created, location: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
       else
-        format.html { render <%= key_value :action, '"new"' %> }
-        format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{orm_instance.errors}" %>, <%= key_value :status, ':unprocessable_entity' %> }
+        format.html { render action: "new" }
+        format.json { render json: <%= "@#{orm_instance.errors}" %>, status: :unprocessable_entity }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -61,11 +65,11 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
 
     respond_to do |format|
       if @<%= orm_instance.update_attributes("params[:#{singular_table_name}]") %>
-        format.html { redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, <%= key_value :notice, "'#{human_name} was successfully updated.'" %> }
+        format.html { redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully updated.'" %> }
         format.json { head :no_content }
       else
-        format.html { render <%= key_value :action, '"edit"' %> }
-        format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{orm_instance.errors}" %>, <%= key_value :status, ':unprocessable_entity' %> }
+        format.html { render action: "edit" }
+        format.json { render json: <%= "@#{orm_instance.errors}" %>, status: :unprocessable_entity }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
index 3c5b39fa16..48833869e5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def controller_i18n_scope
-          @controller_i18n_scope ||= controller_file_path.gsub('/', '.')
+          @controller_i18n_scope ||= controller_file_path.tr('/', '.')
         end
 
         # Loads the ORM::Generators::ActiveModel class. This class is responsible
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_case.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_case.rb
index d81c4c3e1d..2ff340755a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_case.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_case.rb
@@ -31,15 +31,22 @@ module Rails
       include FileUtils
 
       class_attribute :destination_root, :current_path, :generator_class, :default_arguments
-      delegate :destination_root, :current_path, :generator_class, :default_arguments, :to => :'self.class'
 
       # Generators frequently change the current path using +FileUtils.cd+.
       # So we need to store the path at file load and revert back to it after each test.
       self.current_path = File.expand_path(Dir.pwd)
       self.default_arguments = []
 
-      setup :destination_root_is_set?, :ensure_current_path
-      teardown :ensure_current_path
+      def setup
+        destination_root_is_set?
+        ensure_current_path
+        super
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        ensure_current_path
+        super
+      end
 
       # Sets which generator should be tested:
       #
@@ -79,8 +86,8 @@ module Rails
       #
       # Finally, when a block is given, it yields the file content:
       #
-      #   assert_file "app/controller/products_controller.rb" do |controller|
-      #     assert_instance_method :index, content do |index|
+      #   assert_file "app/controllers/products_controller.rb" do |controller|
+      #     assert_instance_method :index, controller do |index|
       #       assert_match(/Product\.all/, index)
       #     end
       #   end
@@ -135,7 +142,7 @@ module Rails
       # Asserts a given migration does not exist. You need to supply an absolute path or a
       # path relative to the configured destination:
       #
-      #   assert_no_file "config/random.rb"
+      #   assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_products.rb"
       #
       def assert_no_migration(relative)
         file_name = migration_file_name(relative)
@@ -159,8 +166,8 @@ module Rails
       # Asserts the given method exists in the given content. When a block is given,
       # it yields the content of the method.
       #
-      #   assert_file "app/controller/products_controller.rb" do |controller|
-      #     assert_instance_method :index, content do |index|
+      #   assert_file "app/controllers/products_controller.rb" do |controller|
+      #     assert_instance_method :index, controller do |index|
       #       assert_match(/Product\.all/, index)
       #     end
       #   end
@@ -182,7 +189,7 @@ module Rails
 
       # Asserts the given attribute type gets a proper default value:
       #
-      #   assert_field_type :string, "MyString"
+      #   assert_field_default_value :string, "MyString"
       #
       def assert_field_default_value(attribute_type, value)
         assert_equal(value, create_generated_attribute(attribute_type).default)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/performance/templates/performance_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/performance/templates/performance_test.rb
index d296b26b16..2f25dcf832 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/performance/templates/performance_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/performance/templates/performance_test.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ require 'rails/performance_test_help'
 
 class <%= class_name %>Test < ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest
   # Refer to the documentation for all available options
-  # self.profile_options = { :runs => 5, :metrics => [:wall_time, :memory]
+  # self.profile_options = { :runs => 5, :metrics => [:wall_time, :memory],
   #                          :output => 'tmp/performance', :formats => [:flat] }
 
-  def test_homepage
+  test "homepage" do
     get '/'
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/plugin/templates/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/plugin/templates/test_helper.rb
index e82e321914..c9af2ca832 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/plugin/templates/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/plugin/templates/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-require 'rubygems'
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'active_support'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index f7e907a017..ca7fee3b6e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -8,10 +8,27 @@ module TestUnit
 
       check_class_collision :suffix => "ControllerTest"
 
+      argument :attributes, :type => :array, :default => [], :banner => "field:type field:type"
+
       def create_test_files
-        template 'functional_test.rb',
-                 File.join('test/functional', controller_class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller_test.rb")
+        template "functional_test.rb",
+                 File.join("test/functional", controller_class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller_test.rb")
       end
+
+      private
+
+        def attributes_hash
+          return if accessible_attributes.empty?
+
+          accessible_attributes.map do |a|
+            name = a.name
+            "#{name}: @#{singular_table_name}.#{name}"
+          end.sort.join(', ')
+        end
+
+        def accessible_attributes
+          attributes.reject(&:reference?)
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
index 9ec2e34545..30e1650555 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
@@ -19,30 +19,30 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   test "should create <%= singular_table_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count') do
-      post :create, <%= key_value singular_table_name, "@#{singular_table_name}.attributes" %>
+      post :create, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %>
     end
 
     assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= singular_table_name %>))
   end
 
   test "should show <%= singular_table_name %>" do
-    get :show, <%= key_value :id, "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+    get :show, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
     assert_response :success
   end
 
   test "should get edit" do
-    get :edit, <%= key_value :id, "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+    get :edit, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
     assert_response :success
   end
 
   test "should update <%= singular_table_name %>" do
-    put :update, <%= key_value :id, "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= key_value singular_table_name, "@#{singular_table_name}.attributes" %>
+    put :update, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %>
     assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= singular_table_name %>))
   end
 
   test "should destroy <%= singular_table_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, <%= key_value :id, "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+      delete :destroy, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
     end
 
     assert_redirected_to <%= index_helper %>_path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
index a1e15092b2..aacc1be2fc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def frameworks
-        %w( active_record action_pack active_resource action_mailer active_support )
+        %w( active_record action_pack action_mailer active_support )
       end
 
       def framework_version(framework)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     # Versions of each Rails framework (Active Record, Action Pack,
-    # Active Resource, Action Mailer, and Active Support).
+    # Action Mailer, and Active Support).
     frameworks.each do |framework|
       property "#{framework.titlecase} version" do
         framework_version(framework)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
index 6b4bdb2921..512803aeac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,33 @@
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
+
 class Rails::InfoController < ActionController::Base
+  self.view_paths = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'templates')
+  layout 'application'
+
+  before_filter :require_local!
+
+  def index
+    redirect_to '/rails/info/routes'
+  end
+
   def properties
-    if consider_all_requests_local? || request.local?
-      render :inline => Rails::Info.to_html
-    else
-      render :text => '<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>', :status => :forbidden
-    end
+    @info = Rails::Info.to_html
+  end
+
+  def routes
+    inspector = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new
+    @info     = inspector.format(_routes.routes).join("\n")
   end
 
   protected
 
-  def consider_all_requests_local?
-    Rails.application.config.consider_all_requests_local
+  def require_local!
+    unless local_request?
+      render :text => '<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>', :status => :forbidden
+    end
+  end
+
+  def local_request?
+    Rails.application.config.consider_all_requests_local || request.local?
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb b/railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb
index 04d5b55c69..1a0b6d1e1a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'tsort'
 
 module Rails
   module Initializable
-    def self.included(base)
+    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
       base.extend ClassMethods
     end
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module Rails
 
     def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
       return if instance_variable_defined?(:@ran)
-      initializers.tsort.each do |initializer|
+      initializers.tsort_each do |initializer|
         initializer.run(*args) if initializer.belongs_to?(group)
       end
       @ran = true
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
index b37421c09c..3c2210aaf9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'set'
-
 module Rails
   module Paths
     # This object is an extended hash that behaves as root of the <tt>Rails::Paths</tt> system.
@@ -10,19 +8,19 @@ module Rails
     #   root.add "app/controllers", :eager_load => true
     #
     # The command above creates a new root object and add "app/controllers" as a path.
-    # This means we can get a +Rails::Paths::Path+ object back like below:
+    # This means we can get a <tt>Rails::Paths::Path</tt> object back like below:
     #
     #   path = root["app/controllers"]
     #   path.eager_load?               # => true
     #   path.is_a?(Rails::Paths::Path) # => true
     #
-    # The +Path+ object is simply an array and allows you to easily add extra paths:
+    # The +Path+ object is simply an enumerable and allows you to easily add extra paths:
     #
-    #   path.is_a?(Array) # => true
-    #   path.inspect      # => ["app/controllers"]
+    #   path.is_a?(Enumerable) # => true
+    #   path.to_ary.inspect    # => ["app/controllers"]
     #
     #   path << "lib/controllers"
-    #   path.inspect      # => ["app/controllers", "lib/controllers"]
+    #   path.to_ary.inspect    # => ["app/controllers", "lib/controllers"]
     #
     # Notice that when you add a path using +add+, the path object created already
     # contains the path with the same path value given to +add+. In some situations,
@@ -43,25 +41,39 @@ module Rails
     #   root["app/controllers"].existent # => ["/rails/app/controllers"]
     #
     # Check the <tt>Rails::Paths::Path</tt> documentation for more information.
-    class Root < ::Hash
+    class Root
       attr_accessor :path
 
       def initialize(path)
-        raise "Argument should be a String of the physical root path" if path.is_a?(Array)
         @current = nil
         @path = path
-        @root = self
-        super()
+        @root = {}
       end
 
       def []=(path, value)
-        value = Path.new(self, path, value) unless value.is_a?(Path)
-        super(path, value)
+        glob = self[path] ? self[path].glob : nil
+        add(path, :with => value, :glob => glob)
       end
 
       def add(path, options={})
         with = options[:with] || path
-        self[path] = Path.new(self, path, with, options)
+        @root[path] = Path.new(self, path, [with].flatten, options)
+      end
+
+      def [](path)
+        @root[path]
+      end
+
+      def values
+        @root.values
+      end
+
+      def keys
+        @root.keys
+      end
+
+      def values_at(*list)
+        @root.values_at(*list)
       end
 
       def all_paths
@@ -100,14 +112,14 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    class Path < Array
+    class Path
+      include Enumerable
+
       attr_reader :path
       attr_accessor :glob
 
-      def initialize(root, current, *paths)
-        options = paths.last.is_a?(::Hash) ? paths.pop : {}
-        super(paths.flatten)
-
+      def initialize(root, current, paths, options = {})
+        @paths    = paths
         @current  = current
         @root     = root
         @glob     = options[:glob]
@@ -148,6 +160,27 @@ module Rails
         RUBY
       end
 
+      def each(&block)
+        @paths.each(&block)
+      end
+
+      def <<(path)
+        @paths << path
+      end
+      alias :push :<<
+
+      def concat(paths)
+        @paths.concat paths
+      end
+
+      def unshift(path)
+        @paths.unshift path
+      end
+
+      def to_ary
+        @paths
+      end
+
       # Expands all paths against the root and return all unique values.
       def expanded
         raise "You need to set a path root" unless @root.path
@@ -156,8 +189,10 @@ module Rails
         each do |p|
           path = File.expand_path(p, @root.path)
 
-          if @glob
-            result.concat Dir[File.join(path, @glob)].sort
+          if @glob && File.directory?(path)
+            result.concat Dir.chdir(path) {
+              Dir.glob(@glob).map { |file| File.join path, file }.sort
+            }
           else
             result << path
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/queueing.rb b/railties/lib/rails/queueing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..baf6811d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/queueing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+require "thread"
+require 'delegate'
+
+module Rails
+  module Queueing
+    # A container for multiple queues. This class delegates to a default Queue
+    # so that <tt>Rails.queue.push</tt> and friends will Just Work. To use this class
+    # with multiple queues:
+    #
+    #   # In your configuration:
+    #   Rails.queue[:image_queue] = SomeQueue.new
+    #   Rails.queue[:mail_queue]  = SomeQueue.new
+    #
+    #   # In your app code:
+    #   Rails.queue[:mail_queue].push SomeJob.new
+    #
+    class Container < DelegateClass(::Queue)
+      def initialize(default_queue)
+        @queues = { :default => default_queue }
+        super(default_queue)
+      end
+
+      def [](queue_name)
+        @queues[queue_name]
+      end
+
+      def []=(queue_name, queue)
+        @queues[queue_name] = queue
+      end
+    end
+
+    # A Queue that simply inherits from STDLIB's Queue. Everytime this
+    # queue is used, Rails automatically sets up a ThreadedConsumer
+    # to consume it.
+    class Queue < ::Queue
+    end
+
+    # In test mode, the Rails queue is backed by an Array so that assertions
+    # can be made about its contents. The test queue provides a +jobs+
+    # method to make assertions about the queue's contents and a +drain+
+    # method to drain the queue and run the jobs.
+    #
+    # Jobs are run in a separate thread to catch mistakes where code
+    # assumes that the job is run in the same thread.
+    class TestQueue < ::Queue
+      # Get a list of the jobs off this queue. This method may not be
+      # available on production queues.
+      def jobs
+        @que.dup
+      end
+
+      # Marshal and unmarshal job before pushing it onto the queue.  This will
+      # raise an exception on any attempts in tests to push jobs that can't (or
+      # shouldn't) be marshalled.
+      def push(job)
+        super Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(job))
+      end
+
+      # Drain the queue, running all jobs in a different thread. This method
+      # may not be available on production queues.
+      def drain
+        # run the jobs in a separate thread so assumptions of synchronous
+        # jobs are caught in test mode.
+        Thread.new { pop.run until empty? }.join
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The threaded consumer will run jobs in a background thread in
+    # development mode or in a VM where running jobs on a thread in
+    # production mode makes sense.
+    #
+    # When the process exits, the consumer pushes a nil onto the
+    # queue and joins the thread, which will ensure that all jobs
+    # are executed before the process finally dies.
+    class ThreadedConsumer
+      def self.start(queue)
+        new(queue).start
+      end
+
+      def initialize(queue)
+        @queue = queue
+      end
+
+      def start
+        @thread = Thread.new do
+          while job = @queue.pop
+            begin
+              job.run
+            rescue Exception => e
+              handle_exception e
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      def shutdown
+        @queue.push nil
+        @thread.join
+      end
+
+      def handle_exception(e)
+        Rails.logger.error "Job Error: #{e.message}\n#{e.backtrace.join("\n")}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
index 5a78da1731..902361ce77 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ module Rails
 
         ARGV.clear # clear ARGV so that rails server options aren't passed to IRB
 
-        require 'ruby-debug'
+        require 'debugger'
 
         ::Debugger.start
         ::Debugger.settings[:autoeval] = true if ::Debugger.respond_to?(:settings)
         puts "=> Debugger enabled"
       rescue LoadError
-        puts "You need to install ruby-debug19 to run the server in debugging mode. With gems, use 'gem install ruby-debug19'"
+        puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle, and try again."
         exit
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
index 7fed7c8631..1cb99463cc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Rails
   # Rails and/or modify the initialization process.
   #
   # Every major component of Rails (Action Mailer, Action Controller,
-  # Action View, Active Record and Active Resource) is a Railtie. Each of
+  # Action View and Active Record) is a Railtie. Each of
   # them is responsible for their own initialization. This makes Rails itself
   # absent of any component hooks, allowing other components to be used in
   # place of any of the Rails defaults.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # * creating initializers
   # * configuring a Rails framework for the application, like setting a generator
-  # * adding config.* keys to the environment
+  # * +adding config.*+ keys to the environment
   # * setting up a subscriber with ActiveSupport::Notifications
   # * adding rake tasks
   #
@@ -145,6 +145,12 @@ module Rails
         @load_console
       end
 
+      def runner(&blk)
+        @load_runner ||= []
+        @load_runner << blk if blk
+        @load_runner
+      end
+
       def generators(&blk)
         @generators ||= []
         @generators << blk if blk
@@ -162,7 +168,7 @@ module Rails
 
       protected
         def generate_railtie_name(class_or_module)
-          ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_or_module).gsub("/", "_")
+          ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_or_module).tr("/", "_")
         end
     end
 
@@ -175,28 +181,35 @@ module Rails
     def eager_load!
     end
 
-    def load_console(app=self)
-      self.class.console.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+    def railtie_namespace
+      @railtie_namespace ||= self.class.parents.detect { |n| n.respond_to?(:railtie_namespace) }
     end
 
-    def load_tasks(app=self)
-      extend Rake::DSL if defined? Rake::DSL
-      self.class.rake_tasks.each { |block| self.instance_exec(app, &block) }
+    protected
 
-      # load also tasks from all superclasses
-      klass = self.class.superclass
-      while klass.respond_to?(:rake_tasks)
-        klass.rake_tasks.each { |t| self.instance_exec(app, &t) }
-        klass = klass.superclass
-      end
+    def run_console_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
+      self.class.console.each { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
-    def load_generators(app=self)
+    def run_generators_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
       self.class.generators.each { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
-    def railtie_namespace
-      @railtie_namespace ||= self.class.parents.detect { |n| n.respond_to?(:railtie_namespace) }
+    def run_runner_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
+      self.class.runner.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+    end
+
+    def run_tasks_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
+      extend Rake::DSL
+      self.class.rake_tasks.each { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+
+      # Load also tasks from all superclasses
+      klass = self.class.superclass
+
+      while klass.respond_to?(:rake_tasks)
+        klass.rake_tasks.each { |t| instance_exec(app, &t) }
+        klass = klass.superclass
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
index cf9e4ad500..1c6b3769a5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module Rails
         ActiveSupport.on_load(:before_configuration, :yield => true, &block)
       end
 
-      # Third configurable block to run. Does not run if config.cache_classes
+      # Third configurable block to run. Does not run if +config.cache_classes+
       # set to false.
       def before_eager_load(&block)
         ActiveSupport.on_load(:before_eager_load, :yield => true, &block)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
index 9bfc2b16ab..31e34023c0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
 # of the line (or closing ERB comment tag) is considered to be their text.
 class SourceAnnotationExtractor
   class Annotation < Struct.new(:line, :tag, :text)
+    def self.directories
+      @@directories ||= %w(app config lib script test) + (ENV['SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES'] || '').split(',')
+    end
 
     # Returns a representation of the annotation that looks like this:
     #
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
     # If +options+ has a flag <tt>:tag</tt> the tag is shown as in the example above.
     # Otherwise the string contains just line and text.
     def to_s(options={})
-      s = "[#{line.to_s.rjust(options[:indent])}]"
+      s = "[#{line.to_s.rjust(options[:indent])}] "
       s << "[#{tag}] " if options[:tag]
       s << text
     end
@@ -30,8 +33,9 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
 
   # Prints all annotations with tag +tag+ under the root directories +app+, +config+, +lib+,
   # +script+, and +test+ (recursively). Only filenames with extension 
-  # +.builder+, +.rb+, and +.erb+ are taken into account. The +options+
-  # hash is passed to each annotation's +to_s+.
+  # +.builder+, +.rb+, +.erb+, +.haml+, +.slim+, +.css+, +.scss+, +.js+, and
+  # +.coffee+ are taken into account. The +options+ hash is passed to each
+  # annotation's +to_s+.
   #
   # This class method is the single entry point for the rake tasks.
   def self.enumerate(tag, options={})
@@ -47,13 +51,14 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
 
   # Returns a hash that maps filenames under +dirs+ (recursively) to arrays
   # with their annotations.
-  def find(dirs=%w(app config lib script test))
+  def find(dirs = Annotation.directories)
     dirs.inject({}) { |h, dir| h.update(find_in(dir)) }
   end
 
   # Returns a hash that maps filenames under +dir+ (recursively) to arrays
   # with their annotations. Only files with annotations are included, and only
-  # those with extension +.builder+, +.rb+, +.erb+, +.haml+, +.slim+ and +.coffee+
+  # those with extension +.builder+, +.rb+, +.erb+, +.haml+, +.slim+, +.css+,
+  # +.scss+, +.js+, and +.coffee+
   # are taken into account.
   def find_in(dir)
     results = {}
@@ -65,6 +70,8 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
         results.update(find_in(item))
       elsif item =~ /\.(builder|rb|coffee)$/
         results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/))
+      elsif item =~ /\.(css|scss|js)$/
+        results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/))
       elsif item =~ /\.erb$/
         results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, /<%\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*?)\s*%>/))
       elsif item =~ /\.haml$/
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
index cec346d86b..2851ca4189 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
@@ -83,12 +83,6 @@ namespace :doc do
       end
     end
 
-    gem_path('activeresource') do |activeresource|
-      %w(README.rdoc CHANGELOG.md lib/active_resource.rb lib/active_resource/*).each do |file|
-        rdoc.rdoc_files.include("#{activeresource}/#{file}")
-      end
-    end
-
     gem_path('activesupport') do |activesupport|
       %w(README.rdoc CHANGELOG.md lib/active_support/**/*.rb).each do |file|
         rdoc.rdoc_files.include("#{activesupport}/#{file}")
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
index eea8abe7d2..70370be3f5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ namespace :db do
 end
 
 def find_engine_path(path)
-  return if path == "/"
+  return File.expand_path(Dir.pwd) if path == "/"
 
   if Rails::Engine.find(path)
     path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
index 206ce39773..f9cff5b627 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace :rails do
       project_templates = "#{Rails.root}/lib/templates"
 
       default_templates = { "erb"   => %w{controller mailer scaffold},
-                            "rails" => %w{controller helper scaffold_controller stylesheets} }
+                            "rails" => %w{controller helper scaffold_controller assets} }
 
       default_templates.each do |type, names|
         local_template_type_dir = File.join(project_templates, type)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/routes.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/routes.rake
index 7dc54144da..95f47566ef 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/routes.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/routes.rake
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 desc 'Print out all defined routes in match order, with names. Target specific controller with CONTROLLER=x.'
 task :routes => :environment do
-  Rails.application.reload_routes!
   all_routes = Rails.application.routes.routes
-
-  require 'rails/application/route_inspector'
-  inspector = Rails::Application::RouteInspector.new
+  require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
+  inspector = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new
   puts inspector.format(all_routes, ENV['CONTROLLER']).join "\n"
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
index f684e71267..67a6d2d2ac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ STATS_DIRECTORIES = [
   %w(Helpers            app/helpers),
   %w(Models             app/models),
   %w(Mailers            app/mailers),
+  %w(Javascripts        app/assets/javascripts),
   %w(Libraries          lib/),
   %w(APIs               app/apis),
   %w(Integration\ tests test/integration),
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53276d3e7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Routes</title>
+  <style>
+    body { background-color: #fff; color: #333; }
+
+    body, p, ol, ul, td {
+      font-family: helvetica, verdana, arial, sans-serif;
+      font-size:   13px;
+      line-height: 18px;
+    }
+
+    pre {
+      background-color: #eee;
+      padding: 10px;
+      font-size: 11px;
+      white-space: pre-wrap;
+    }
+
+    a { color: #000; }
+    a:visited { color: #666; }
+    a:hover { color: #fff; background-color:#000; }
+  </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h2>Your App: <%= link_to 'properties', '/rails/info/properties' %> | <%= link_to 'routes', '/rails/info/routes' %></h2>
+<%= yield %>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/info/properties.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/info/properties.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d47cbab202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/info/properties.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= @info.html_safe %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/info/routes.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/info/routes.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..890f6f5b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/info/routes.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<h2>
+  Routes
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+  Routes match in priority from top to bottom
+</p>
+
+<p><pre><%= @info %></pre></p>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
index 11e4353c87..581ceaf9ce 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ require 'action_dispatch/testing/integration'
 # Enable turn if it is available
 begin
   require 'turn'
-  MiniTest::Unit.use_natural_language_case_names = true
+
+  Turn.config do |c|
+    c.natural = true
+  end
 rescue LoadError
 end
 
@@ -18,10 +21,6 @@ if defined?(ActiveRecord::Base)
   class ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include ActiveRecord::TestFixtures
     self.fixture_path = "#{Rails.root}/test/fixtures/"
-
-    setup do
-      ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.clear
-    end
   end
 
   ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
index 55bebb549b..0de4afe905 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ namespace :test do
       if File.directory?(".svn")
         changed_since_checkin = silence_stderr { `svn status` }.split.map { |path| path.chomp[7 .. -1] }
       elsif File.directory?(".git")
-        changed_since_checkin = silence_stderr { `git ls-files --modified --others` }.split.map { |path| path.chomp }
+        changed_since_checkin = silence_stderr { `git ls-files --modified --others --exclude-standard` }.split.map { |path| path.chomp }
       else
         abort "Not a Subversion or Git checkout."
       end
diff --git a/railties/railties.gemspec b/railties/railties.gemspec
index 82655ad394..6d28947e83 100644
--- a/railties/railties.gemspec
+++ b/railties/railties.gemspec
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Tools for creating, working with, and running Rails applications.'
   s.description = 'Rails internals: application bootup, plugins, generators, and rake tasks.'
   s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.license     = 'MIT'
 
   s.author            = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
   s.email             = 'david@loudthinking.com'
   s.homepage          = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
 
-  s.files              = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'README.rdoc', 'bin/**/*', 'guides/**/*', 'lib/**/{*,.[a-z]*}']
+  s.files              = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'README.rdoc', 'bin/**/*', 'lib/**/{*,.[a-z]*}']
   s.require_path       = 'lib'
 
   s.bindir             = 'bin'
@@ -21,8 +22,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.rdoc_options << '--exclude' << '.'
 
   s.add_dependency('rake',          '>= 0.8.7')
-  s.add_dependency('thor',          '~> 0.14.6')
-  s.add_dependency('rack-ssl',      '~> 1.3.2')
+  s.add_dependency('thor',          '>= 0.15.4', '< 2.0')
   s.add_dependency('rdoc',          '~> 3.4')
   s.add_dependency('activesupport', version)
   s.add_dependency('actionpack',    version)
diff --git a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 29ebdc6511..dfcf5aa27d 100644
--- a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= "test"
+
 require File.expand_path("../../../load_paths", __FILE__)
 
 require 'stringio'
diff --git a/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb b/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
index a2a7f184b8..ecacb34cb2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
+          get '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       # the debug_assets params isn't used if compile is off
       get '/posts?debug_assets=true'
-      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js" type="text\/javascript"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
-      assert_no_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js" type="text\/javascript"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_no_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
     end
 
     test "assets aren't concatened when compile is true is on and debug_assets params is true" do
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base ; end
 
       get '/posts?debug_assets=true'
-      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1" type="text\/javascript"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
-      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1" type="text\/javascript"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
index 1469c9af4d..4243a79b58 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
@@ -17,9 +17,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
       teardown_app
     end
 
-    def precompile!
+    def precompile!(env = nil)
       quietly do
-        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bundle exec rake assets:precompile` }
+        precompile_task = 'bundle exec rake assets:precompile'
+        precompile_task += ' ' + env if env
+        out = Dir.chdir(app_path){  %x[ #{precompile_task} ] }
+        assert $?.exitstatus == 0,
+               "#{precompile_task} has failed: #{out}.\
+                Probably you didn't install JavaScript runtime."
+        return out
+      end
+    end
+
+    def clean_assets!
+      quietly do
+        assert Dir.chdir(app_path){ system('bundle exec rake assets:clean') }
       end
     end
 
@@ -28,7 +40,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match '*path', :to => lambda { |env| [200, { "Content-Type" => "text/html" }, "Not an asset"] }
+          get '*path', :to => lambda { |env| [200, { "Content-Type" => "text/html" }, "Not an asset"] }
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -204,7 +216,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
+          get '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -230,7 +242,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
+          get '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -253,9 +265,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
       add_to_env_config "test", "config.assets.digest = true"
 
-      quietly do
-        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bundle exec rake assets:precompile RAILS_ENV=test` }
-      end
+      precompile!('RAILS_ENV=test')
+
       file = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application.css"].first
       assert_match(/\/assets\/rails\.png/, File.read(file))
       file = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.css"].first
@@ -285,9 +296,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
 
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = nil
-      quietly do
-        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bundle exec rake assets:precompile RAILS_GROUPS=assets` }
-      end
+
+      precompile!('RAILS_GROUPS=assets')
+
       file = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.css"].first
       assert_match(/\/assets\/rails-([0-z]+)\.png/, File.read(file))
     end
@@ -310,9 +321,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "public/assets/application.css", "a { color: green; }"
       app_file "public/assets/subdir/broken.png", "not really an image file"
 
-      quietly do
-        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bundle exec rake assets:clean` }
-      end
+      clean_assets!
 
       files = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/**/*", "#{app_path}/tmp/cache/assets/*"]
       assert_equal 0, files.length, "Expected no assets, but found #{files.join(', ')}"
@@ -334,7 +343,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match '/omg', :to => "omg#index"
+          get '/omg', :to => "omg#index"
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -382,8 +391,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       # the debug_assets params isn't used if compile is off
       get '/posts?debug_assets=true'
-      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js" type="text\/javascript"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
-      assert_no_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js" type="text\/javascript"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_no_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
     end
 
     test "assets aren't concatened when compile is true is on and debug_assets params is true" do
@@ -397,8 +406,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base ; end
 
       get '/posts?debug_assets=true'
-      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1" type="text\/javascript"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
-      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1" type="text\/javascript"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
     end
 
     test "assets can access model information when precompiling" do
@@ -440,9 +449,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
       add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
 
-      quietly do
-        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bundle exec rake assets:clean assets:precompile` }
-      end
+      clean_assets!
+      precompile!
 
       files = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"]
       assert_equal 1, files.length, "Expected digested application.js asset to be generated, but none found"
@@ -453,9 +461,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_env_config "production", "config.assets.prefix = 'production_assets'"
 
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = nil
-      quietly do
-        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bundle exec rake assets:clean` }
-      end
+
+      clean_assets!
 
       files = Dir["#{app_path}/public/production_assets/application.js"]
       assert_equal 0, files.length, "Expected application.js asset to be removed, but still exists"
@@ -513,7 +520,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
+          get '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
         end
       RUBY
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
index c9310aff87..c813defe93 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
@@ -41,16 +41,39 @@ module ApplicationTests
       FileUtils.rm_rf(new_app) if File.directory?(new_app)
     end
 
+    test "a renders exception on pending migration" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.active_record.migration_error    = :page_load
+        config.consider_all_requests_local      = true
+        config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions  = true
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.stubs(:needs_migration?).returns(true)
+
+      get "/foo"
+      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
+      assert_match "ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "multiple queue construction is possible" do
+      require 'rails'
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      mail_queue             = Rails.application.build_queue
+      image_processing_queue = Rails.application.build_queue
+      assert_not_equal mail_queue, image_processing_queue
+    end
+
     test "Rails.groups returns available groups" do
       require "rails"
 
       Rails.env = "development"
       assert_equal [:default, "development"], Rails.groups
-      assert_equal [:default, "development", :assets], Rails.groups(:assets => [:development])
-      assert_equal [:default, "development", :another, :assets], Rails.groups(:another, :assets => %w(development))
+      assert_equal [:default, "development", :assets], Rails.groups(assets: [:development])
+      assert_equal [:default, "development", :another, :assets], Rails.groups(:another, assets: %w(development))
 
       Rails.env = "test"
-      assert_equal [:default, "test"], Rails.groups(:assets => [:development])
+      assert_equal [:default, "test"], Rails.groups(assets: [:development])
 
       ENV["RAILS_GROUPS"] = "javascripts,stylesheets"
       assert_equal [:default, "test", "javascripts", "stylesheets"], Rails.groups
@@ -125,6 +148,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert AppTemplate::Application.config.allow_concurrency
     end
 
+    test "initialize a threadsafe app" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.threadsafe!
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/application"
+      assert AppTemplate::Application.initialize!
+    end
+
     test "asset_path defaults to nil for application" do
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       assert_equal nil, AppTemplate::Application.config.asset_path
@@ -156,7 +188,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      assert !ActionController.autoload?(:Caching)
+      assert !ActionView.autoload?(:AssetPaths)
     end
 
     test "filter_parameters should be able to set via config.filter_parameters" do
@@ -275,19 +307,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
+      token = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
+      PostsController.any_instance.stubs(:form_authenticity_token).returns(token)
+      params = {:authenticity_token => token}
+
       get "/posts/1"
-      assert_match /patch/, last_response.body
+      assert_match(/patch/, last_response.body)
 
-      patch "/posts/1"
-      assert_match /update/, last_response.body
+      patch "/posts/1", params
+      assert_match(/update/, last_response.body)
 
-      patch "/posts/1"
+      patch "/posts/1", params
       assert_equal 200, last_response.status
 
-      put "/posts/1"
-      assert_match /update/, last_response.body
+      put "/posts/1", params
+      assert_match(/update/, last_response.body)
 
-      put "/posts/1"
+      put "/posts/1", params
       assert_equal 200, last_response.status
     end
 
@@ -347,9 +383,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      assert_equal ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::WhiteList,
-                   ActiveRecord::Base.active_authorizers[:default].class
-      assert_equal [""], ActiveRecord::Base.active_authorizers[:default].to_a
+      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+
+      assert_equal ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::WhiteList, klass.active_authorizers[:default].class
+      assert_equal [], klass.active_authorizers[:default].to_a
     end
 
     test "registers interceptors with ActionMailer" do
@@ -528,6 +565,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
       RUBY
 
+      app_file 'app/controllers/application_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+        protect_from_forgery with: :reset_session # as we are testing API here
+      end
+      RUBY
+
       app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
       class PostsController < ApplicationController
         def create
@@ -584,5 +627,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
       make_basic_app
       assert app.config.colorize_logging
     end
+
+    test "config.active_record.observers" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.active_record.observers = :foo_observer
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'app/models/foo.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'app/models/foo_observer.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class FooObserver < ActiveRecord::Observer
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base
+      assert defined?(FooObserver)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
index bf58bb3f74..b80244f1d2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "generators set rails options" do
       with_bare_config do |c|
-        c.generators.orm            = :datamapper
+        c.generators.orm            = :data_mapper
         c.generators.test_framework = :rspec
         c.generators.helper         = false
-        expected = { :rails => { :orm => :datamapper, :test_framework => :rspec, :helper => false } }
+        expected = { :rails => { :orm => :data_mapper, :test_framework => :rspec, :helper => false } }
         assert_equal(expected, c.generators.options)
       end
     end
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "generators aliases, options, templates and fallbacks on initialization" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.generators.rails :aliases => { :test_framework => "-w" }
-        config.generators.orm :datamapper
+        config.generators.orm :data_mapper
         config.generators.test_framework :rspec
         config.generators.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
         config.generators.templates << "some/where"
@@ -95,15 +95,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "generators with hashes for options and aliases" do
       with_bare_config do |c|
         c.generators do |g|
-          g.orm    :datamapper, :migration => false
+          g.orm    :data_mapper, :migration => false
           g.plugin :aliases => { :generator => "-g" },
                    :generator => true
         end
 
         expected = {
-          :rails => { :orm => :datamapper },
+          :rails => { :orm => :data_mapper },
           :plugin => { :generator => true },
-          :datamapper => { :migration => false }
+          :data_mapper => { :migration => false }
         }
 
         assert_equal expected, c.generators.options
@@ -114,12 +114,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "generators with string and hash for options should generate symbol keys" do
       with_bare_config do |c|
         c.generators do |g|
-          g.orm    'datamapper', :migration => false
+          g.orm    'data_mapper', :migration => false
         end
 
         expected = {
-          :rails => { :orm => :datamapper },
-          :datamapper => { :migration => false }
+          :rails => { :orm => :data_mapper },
+          :data_mapper => { :migration => false }
         }
 
         assert_equal expected, c.generators.options
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
index a0e88cd0f0..c2d4a0f2c8 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require 'set'
 
 module ApplicationTests
   class FrameworksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       assert Foo.method_defined?(:foo_path)
       assert Foo.method_defined?(:main_app)
-      assert_equal ["notify"], Foo.action_methods
+      assert_equal Set.new(["notify"]), Foo.action_methods
     end
 
     test "allows to not load all helpers for controllers" do
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match "/:controller(/:action)"
+          get "/:controller(/:action)"
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -196,9 +197,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "use schema cache dump" do
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate model post title:string`
-        `bundle exec rake db:migrate`
-        `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump`
+        `rails generate model post title:string;
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump`
       end
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table("posts") # force drop posts table for test.
@@ -207,17 +207,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "expire schema cache dump" do
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate model post title:string`
-        `bundle exec rake db:migrate`
-        `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump`
-
-        `bundle exec rake db:rollback`
+        `rails generate model post title:string;
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump db:rollback`
       end
       silence_warnings {
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.tables["posts"]
       }
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
index abb277dc1d..02d20bc150 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ en:
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match '/i18n',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, [Foo.instance_variable_get('@foo')]] }
+          get '/i18n',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, [Foo.instance_variable_get('@foo')]] }
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ en:
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match '/i18n',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, [I18n.t(:foo)]] }
+          get '/i18n',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, [I18n.t(:foo)]] }
         end
       RUBY
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
index 0354c08067..e0286502f3 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
       AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-        match '/load',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, Post.all] }
-        match '/unload', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }
+        get '/load',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, Post.all] }
+        get '/unload', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }
       end
     RUBY
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal [ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration], ActiveRecord::Base.descendants
   end
 
-  test "initialize_cant_be_called_twice" do
+  test "initialize cant be called twice" do
     require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { ::AppTemplate::Application.initialize! }
   end
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
       AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-        match '/c', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [User.counter.to_s]] }
+        get '/c', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [User.counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
       AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-        match '/c', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [User.counter.to_s]] }
+        get '/c', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [User.counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
       $counter = 0
       AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-        match '/c', :to => lambda { |env| User; [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [$counter.to_s]] }
+        get '/c', :to => lambda { |env| User; [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [$counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
 
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
       AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-        match '/title', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [Post.new.title]] }
-        match '/body',  :to => lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [Post.new.body]] }
+        get '/title', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [Post.new.title]] }
+        get '/body',  :to => lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [Post.new.body]] }
       end
     RUBY
 
@@ -256,6 +256,45 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "BODY", last_response.body
   end
 
+  test "AC load hooks can be used with metal" do
+    app_file "app/controllers/omg_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+      begin
+        class OmgController < ActionController::Metal
+          ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_controller, self)
+          def show
+            self.response_body = ["OK"]
+          end
+        end
+      rescue => e
+        puts "Error loading metal: \#{e.class} \#{e.message}"
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+      AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        get "/:controller(/:action)"
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
+
+    require 'rack/test'
+    extend Rack::Test::Methods
+
+    get '/omg/show'
+    assert_equal 'OK', last_response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize_can_be_called_at_any_time
+    require "#{app_path}/config/application"
+
+    assert !Rails.initialized?
+    assert !AppTemplate::Application.initialized?
+    Rails.initialize!
+    assert Rails.initialized?
+    assert AppTemplate::Application.initialized?
+  end
+
   protected
 
   def setup_ar!
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
index 561b020707..54b18542c2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match ':controller(/:action)'
+          get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
index a80898092d..d1a614e181 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
@@ -17,31 +17,32 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "show exceptions middleware filter backtrace before logging" do
-      my_middleware = Struct.new(:app) do
-        def call(env)
-          raise "Failure"
+      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
+        class FooController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+            raise 'oops'
+          end
         end
-      end
-
-      app.config.middleware.use my_middleware
+      RUBY
 
-      stringio = StringIO.new
-      Rails.logger = Logger.new(stringio)
+      get "/foo"
+      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
 
-      get "/"
-      assert_no_match(/action_dispatch/, stringio.string)
+      log = File.read(Rails.application.config.paths["log"].first)
+      assert_no_match(/action_dispatch/, log, log)
+      assert_match(/oops/, log, log)
     end
 
     test "renders active record exceptions as 404" do
-      my_middleware = Struct.new(:app) do
-        def call(env)
-          raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
+        class FooController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+            raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+          end
         end
-      end
-
-      app.config.middleware.use my_middleware
+      RUBY
 
-      get "/"
+      get "/foo"
       assert_equal 404, last_response.status
     end
 
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match ':controller(/:action)'
+          post ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
index f4e77ee244..07134cc935 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
@@ -26,5 +26,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       assert app.config.session_options[:secure], "Expected session to be marked as secure"
     end
+
+    test "session is not loaded if it's not used" do
+      make_basic_app
+
+      class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
+        def index
+          if params[:flash]
+            flash[:notice] = "notice"
+          end
+
+          render :nothing => true
+        end
+      end
+
+      get "/?flash=true"
+      get "/"
+
+      assert last_request.env["HTTP_COOKIE"]
+      assert !last_response.headers["Set-Cookie"]
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
index a190a31fc7..9c9ed0cd6b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
@@ -45,43 +45,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
         "ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore",
         "ActionDispatch::Flash",
         "ActionDispatch::ParamsParser",
-        "ActionDispatch::Head",
+        "Rack::Head",
         "Rack::ConditionalGet",
         "Rack::ETag",
         "ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport"
       ], middleware
     end
 
-    test "api middleware stack" do
-      add_to_config "config.middleware.api_only!"
-      add_to_config "config.force_ssl = true"
-      add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Sendfile'"
-
-      boot!
-
-      assert_equal [
-        "Rack::SSL",
-        "Rack::Sendfile",
-        "ActionDispatch::Static",
-        "Rack::Lock",
-        "ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache",
-        "Rack::Runtime",
-        "ActionDispatch::RequestId",
-        "Rails::Rack::Logger",
-        "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions",
-        "ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions",
-        "ActionDispatch::RemoteIp",
-        "ActionDispatch::Reloader",
-        "ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
-        "ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement",
-        "ActiveRecord::QueryCache",
-        "ActionDispatch::ParamsParser",
-        "ActionDispatch::Head",
-        "Rack::ConditionalGet",
-        "Rack::ETag"
-      ], middleware
-    end
-
     test "Rack::Sendfile is not included by default" do
       boot!
 
@@ -96,13 +66,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "Rack::Cache", middleware.first
     end
 
-    test "Rack::SSL is present when force_ssl is set" do
+    test "ActionDispatch::SSL is present when force_ssl is set" do
       add_to_config "config.force_ssl = true"
       boot!
-      assert middleware.include?("Rack::SSL")
+      assert middleware.include?("ActionDispatch::SSL")
     end
 
-    test "Rack::SSL is configured with options when given" do
+    test "ActionDispatch::SSL is configured with options when given" do
       add_to_config "config.force_ssl = true"
       add_to_config "config.ssl_options = { :host => 'example.com' }"
       boot!
@@ -115,7 +85,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       boot!
       assert !middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement")
       assert !middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::QueryCache")
-      assert !middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::IdentityMap::Middleware")
     end
 
     test "removes lock if allow concurrency is set" do
@@ -173,18 +142,19 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "Rack::Runtime", middleware.fourth
     end
 
-    test "identity map is inserted" do
-      add_to_config "config.active_record.identity_map = true"
-      boot!
-      assert middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::IdentityMap::Middleware")
-    end
-
     test "insert middleware before" do
       add_to_config "config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Config"
       boot!
       assert_equal "Rack::Config", middleware.first
     end
 
+    test "can't change middleware after it's built" do
+      boot!
+      assert_raise RuntimeError do
+        app.config.middleware.use Rack::Config
+      end
+    end
+
     # ConditionalGet + Etag
     test "conditional get + etag middlewares handle http caching based on body" do
       make_basic_app
@@ -216,7 +186,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal etag, last_response.headers["Etag"]
 
       get "/?nothing=true"
-      puts last_response.body
       assert_equal 200, last_response.status
       assert_equal "", last_response.body
       assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-8", last_response.headers["Content-Type"]
diff --git a/railties/test/application/queue_test.rb b/railties/test/application/queue_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83ca981336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/queue_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+require 'rack/test'
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  class GeneratorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+    def setup
+      build_app
+      boot_rails
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      teardown_app
+    end
+
+    def app_const
+      @app_const ||= Class.new(Rails::Application)
+    end
+
+    test "the queue is a TestQueue in test mode" do
+      app("test")
+      assert_kind_of Rails::Queueing::TestQueue, Rails.application.queue[:default]
+      assert_kind_of Rails::Queueing::TestQueue, Rails.queue[:default]
+    end
+
+    test "the queue is a Queue in development mode" do
+      app("development")
+      assert_kind_of Rails::Queueing::Queue, Rails.application.queue[:default]
+      assert_kind_of Rails::Queueing::Queue, Rails.queue[:default]
+    end
+
+    class ThreadTrackingJob
+      def initialize
+        @origin = Thread.current.object_id
+      end
+
+      def run
+        @target = Thread.current.object_id
+      end
+
+      def ran_in_different_thread?
+        @origin != @target
+      end
+
+      def ran?
+        @target
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "in development mode, an enqueued job will be processed in a separate thread" do
+      app("development")
+
+      job = ThreadTrackingJob.new
+      Rails.queue.push job
+      sleep 0.1
+
+      assert job.ran?, "Expected job to be run"
+      assert job.ran_in_different_thread?, "Expected job to run in a different thread"
+    end
+
+    test "in test mode, explicitly draining the queue will process it in a separate thread" do
+      app("test")
+
+      Rails.queue.push ThreadTrackingJob.new
+      job = Rails.queue.jobs.last
+      Rails.queue.drain
+
+      assert job.ran?, "Expected job to be run"
+      assert job.ran_in_different_thread?, "Expected job to run in a different thread"
+    end
+
+    class IdentifiableJob
+      def initialize(id)
+        @id = id
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.same_id?(@id)
+      end
+
+      def same_id?(other_id)
+        other_id == @id
+      end
+
+      def run
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "in test mode, the queue can be observed" do
+      app("test")
+
+      jobs = (1..10).map do |id|
+        IdentifiableJob.new(id)
+      end
+
+      jobs.each do |job|
+        Rails.queue.push job
+      end
+
+      assert_equal jobs, Rails.queue.jobs
+    end
+
+    test "in test mode, adding an unmarshallable job will raise an exception" do
+      app("test")
+      anonymous_class_instance = Struct.new(:run).new
+      assert_raises TypeError do
+        Rails.queue.push anonymous_class_instance
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "attempting to marshal a queue will raise an exception" do
+      app("test")
+      assert_raises TypeError do
+        Marshal.dump Rails.queue
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "attempting to add a reference to itself to the queue will raise an exception" do
+      app("test")
+      job = {reference: Rails.queue}
+      assert_raises TypeError do
+        Rails.queue.push job
+      end
+    end
+
+    def setup_custom_queue
+      add_to_env_config "production", <<-RUBY
+        require "my_queue"
+        config.queue = MyQueue
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "lib/my_queue.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class MyQueue
+          def push(job)
+            job.run
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("production")
+    end
+
+    test "a custom queue implementation can be provided" do
+      setup_custom_queue
+
+      assert_kind_of MyQueue, Rails.queue[:default]
+
+      job = Struct.new(:id, :ran) do
+        def run
+          self.ran = true
+        end
+      end
+
+      job1 = job.new(1)
+      Rails.queue.push job1
+
+      assert_equal true, job1.ran
+    end
+
+    test "a custom consumer implementation can be provided" do
+      add_to_env_config "production", <<-RUBY
+        require "my_queue_consumer"
+        config.queue_consumer = MyQueueConsumer
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "lib/my_queue_consumer.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class MyQueueConsumer < Rails::Queueing::ThreadedConsumer
+          attr_reader :started
+
+          def start
+            @started = true
+            self
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("production")
+
+      assert_kind_of MyQueueConsumer, Rails.application.queue_consumer
+      assert Rails.application.queue_consumer.started
+    end
+
+    test "default consumer is not used with custom queue implementation" do
+      setup_custom_queue
+
+      assert_nil Rails.application.queue_consumer
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
index a77c6f472c..2f5bd3a764 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require "rack/test"
 module ApplicationTests
   module RackTests
     class LoggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
       include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
       include Rack::Test::Methods
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def teardown
+        super
         teardown_app
       end
 
@@ -24,12 +26,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
         @logs ||= @logger.logged(:info)
       end
 
-      test "logger logs proper HTTP verb and path" do
+      test "logger logs proper HTTP GET verb and path" do
         get "/blah"
         wait
         assert_match(/^Started GET "\/blah"/, logs[0])
       end
 
+      test "logger logs proper HTTP HEAD verb and path" do
+        head "/blah"
+        wait
+        assert_match(/^Started HEAD "\/blah"/, logs[0])
+      end
+
       test "logger logs HTTP verb override" do
         post "/", {:_method => 'put'}
         wait
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
index c94334f189..0a47fd014c 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
@@ -16,44 +16,45 @@ module ApplicationTests
       test 'running migrations with given scope' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           `rails generate model user username:string password:string`
-        end
-        app_file "db/migrate/01_a_migration.bukkits.rb", <<-MIGRATION
-          class AMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
-          end
-        MIGRATION
 
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate SCOPE=bukkits` }
-        assert_no_match(/create_table\(:users\)/, output)
-        assert_no_match(/CreateUsers/, output)
-        assert_no_match(/add_column\(:users, :email, :string\)/, output)
+          app_file "db/migrate/01_a_migration.bukkits.rb", <<-MIGRATION
+            class AMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+            end
+          MIGRATION
+
+          output = `rake db:migrate SCOPE=bukkits`
+          assert_no_match(/create_table\(:users\)/, output)
+          assert_no_match(/CreateUsers/, output)
+          assert_no_match(/add_column\(:users, :email, :string\)/, output)
 
-        assert_match(/AMigration: migrated/, output)
+          assert_match(/AMigration: migrated/, output)
 
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate SCOPE=bukkits VERSION=0` }
-        assert_no_match(/drop_table\(:users\)/, output)
-        assert_no_match(/CreateUsers/, output)
-        assert_no_match(/remove_column\(:users, :email\)/, output)
+          output = `rake db:migrate SCOPE=bukkits VERSION=0`
+          assert_no_match(/drop_table\(:users\)/, output)
+          assert_no_match(/CreateUsers/, output)
+          assert_no_match(/remove_column\(:users, :email\)/, output)
 
-        assert_match(/AMigration: reverted/, output)
+          assert_match(/AMigration: reverted/, output)
+        end
       end
 
       test 'model and migration generator with change syntax' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string`
-          `rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string`
+          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string`
+
+           output = `rake db:migrate`
+           assert_match(/create_table\(:users\)/, output)
+           assert_match(/CreateUsers: migrated/, output)
+           assert_match(/add_column\(:users, :email, :string\)/, output)
+           assert_match(/AddEmailToUsers: migrated/, output)
+
+           output = `rake db:rollback STEP=2`
+           assert_match(/drop_table\("users"\)/, output)
+           assert_match(/CreateUsers: reverted/, output)
+           assert_match(/remove_column\("users", :email\)/, output)
+           assert_match(/AddEmailToUsers: reverted/, output)
         end
-
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:migrate` }
-        assert_match(/create_table\(:users\)/, output)
-        assert_match(/CreateUsers: migrated/, output)
-        assert_match(/add_column\(:users, :email, :string\)/, output)
-        assert_match(/AddEmailToUsers: migrated/, output)
-
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:rollback STEP=2` }
-        assert_match(/drop_table\("users"\)/, output)
-        assert_match(/CreateUsers: reverted/, output)
-        assert_match(/remove_column\("users", :email\)/, output)
-        assert_match(/AddEmailToUsers: reverted/, output)
       end
 
       test 'migration status when schema migrations table is not present' do
@@ -63,94 +64,94 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'test migration status' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string`
-          `rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string`
-        end
+          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           rake db:migrate`
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:rollback STEP=1` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+          `rake db:rollback STEP=1`
+          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
+          assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+        end
       end
 
       test 'migration status without timestamps' do
         add_to_config('config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false')
 
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string`
-          `rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string`
-        end
+          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           rake db:migrate`
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:rollback STEP=1` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+          `rake db:rollback STEP=1`
+          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
+          assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+        end
       end
 
       test 'test migration status after rollback and redo' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string`
-          `rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string`
-        end
+          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           rake db:migrate`
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:rollback STEP=2` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+           `rake db:rollback STEP=2`
+           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+           assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
+           assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:redo` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+           `rake db:migrate:redo`
+           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+        end
       end
 
       test 'migration status after rollback and redo without timestamps' do
         add_to_config('config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false')
 
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string`
-          `rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string`
-        end
+          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           rake db:migrate`
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:rollback STEP=2` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+           `rake db:rollback STEP=2`
+           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+           assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
+           assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:redo` }
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:migrate:status` }
+           `rake db:migrate:redo`
+           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
 
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
-        assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
index 4ab20afc47..27de75b63b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
@@ -3,21 +3,27 @@ require "isolation/abstract_unit"
 module ApplicationTests
   module RakeTests
     class RakeNotesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      def setup 
+      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+      def setup
         build_app
         require "rails/all"
+        super
       end
 
       def teardown
+        super
         teardown_app
       end
 
-      test 'notes' do
-
+      test 'notes finds notes for certain file_types' do
         app_file "app/views/home/index.html.erb", "<% # TODO: note in erb %>"
         app_file "app/views/home/index.html.haml", "-# TODO: note in haml"
         app_file "app/views/home/index.html.slim", "/ TODO: note in slim"
         app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js.coffee", "# TODO: note in coffee"
+        app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "// TODO: note in js"
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", "// TODO: note in css"
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss", "// TODO: note in scss"
         app_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", 1000.times.map { "" }.join("\n") << "# TODO: note in ruby"
 
         boot_rails
@@ -29,13 +35,53 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           output = `bundle exec rake notes`
+          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\](\s)/)
+
+          assert_match(/note in erb/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in haml/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in slim/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in ruby/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in coffee/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in js/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in css/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in scss/, output)
+
+          assert_equal 8, lines.size
+
+          lines.each do |line|
+            assert_equal 4, line[0].size
+            assert_equal ' ', line[1]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'notes finds notes in default directories' do
+        app_file "app/controllers/some_controller.rb", "# TODO: note in app directory"
+        app_file "config/initializers/some_initializer.rb", "# TODO: note in config directory"
+        app_file "lib/some_file.rb", "# TODO: note in lib directory"
+        app_file "script/run_something.rb", "# TODO: note in script directory"
+        app_file "test/some_test.rb", 1000.times.map { "" }.join("\n") << "# TODO: note in test directory"
+
+        app_file "some_other_dir/blah.rb", "# TODO: note in some_other directory"
+
+        boot_rails
+
+        require 'rake'
+        require 'rdoc/task'
+        require 'rake/testtask'
+
+        Rails.application.load_tasks
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          output = `bundle exec rake notes`
           lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
 
-          assert_match /note in erb/, output
-          assert_match /note in haml/, output
-          assert_match /note in slim/, output
-          assert_match /note in ruby/, output
-          assert_match /note in coffee/, output
+          assert_match(/note in app directory/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in config directory/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in lib directory/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in script directory/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in test directory/, output)
+          assert_no_match(/note in some_other directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 5, lines.size
 
@@ -43,7 +89,43 @@ module ApplicationTests
             assert_equal 4, line_number.size
           end
         end
+      end
+
+      test 'notes finds notes in custom directories' do
+        app_file "app/controllers/some_controller.rb", "# TODO: note in app directory"
+        app_file "config/initializers/some_initializer.rb", "# TODO: note in config directory"
+        app_file "lib/some_file.rb", "# TODO: note in lib directory"
+        app_file "script/run_something.rb", "# TODO: note in script directory"
+        app_file "test/some_test.rb", 1000.times.map { "" }.join("\n") << "# TODO: note in test directory"
+
+        app_file "some_other_dir/blah.rb", "# TODO: note in some_other directory"
+
+        boot_rails
+
+        require 'rake'
+        require 'rdoc/task'
+        require 'rake/testtask'
+
+        Rails.application.load_tasks
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          output = `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='some_other_dir' bundle exec rake notes`
+          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
+
+          assert_match(/note in app directory/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in config directory/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in lib directory/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in script directory/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in test directory/, output)
+
+          assert_match(/note in some_other directory/, output)
 
+          assert_equal 6, lines.size
+
+          lines.each do |line_number|
+            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
index 9515e40b6e..a450f90dbf 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_loading_specific_fixtures
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate model user username:string password:string`
-        `rails generate model product name:string`
-        `rake db:migrate`
+        `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+         rails generate model product name:string;
+         rake db:migrate`
       end
 
       require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
@@ -122,40 +122,114 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 0, ::AppTemplate::Application::User.count
     end
 
+    def test_loading_only_yml_fixtures
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `rake db:migrate`
+      end
+
+      app_file "test/fixtures/products.csv", ""
+
+      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
+      errormsg = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:fixtures:load` }
+      assert $?.success?, errormsg
+    end
+
     def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default
-      content = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate scaffold user username:string password:string`
-        `bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone test`
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `rails generate scaffold user username:string password:string;
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone test`
       end
 
-      assert_match(/\d+ tests, \d+ assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, content)
+      assert_match(/7 tests, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
+      assert_no_match(/Errors running/, output)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_test_clone_when_using_sql_format
+      add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `rails generate scaffold user username:string;
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone 2>&1 --trace`
+      end
+      assert_match(/Execute db:test:clone_structure/, output)
+    end
+
+    def test_db_test_prepare_when_using_sql_format
+      add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `rails generate scaffold user username:string;
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:prepare 2>&1 --trace`
+      end
+      assert_match(/Execute db:test:load_structure/, output)
     end
 
     def test_rake_dump_structure_should_respect_db_structure_env_variable
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `bundle exec rake db:migrate` # ensure we have a schema_migrations table to dump
-        `bundle exec rake db:structure:dump DB_STRUCTURE=db/my_structure.sql`
+        # ensure we have a schema_migrations table to dump
+        `bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump DB_STRUCTURE=db/my_structure.sql`
       end
       assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'my_structure.sql'))
     end
 
+    def test_rake_dump_structure_should_be_called_twice_when_migrate_redo
+      add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
+
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `rails g model post title:string;
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate:redo 2>&1 --trace;`
+      end
+
+      # expect only Invoke db:structure:dump (first_time)
+      assert_no_match(/^\*\* Invoke db:structure:dump\s+$/, output)
+    end
+
     def test_rake_dump_schema_cache
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate model post title:string`
-        `rails generate model product name:string`
-        `bundle exec rake db:migrate`
-        `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump`
+        `rails generate model post title:string;
+         rails generate model product name:string;
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump`
       end
       assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
     end
 
     def test_rake_clear_schema_cache
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump`
-        `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:clear`
+        `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump db:schema:cache:clear`
       end
       assert !File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
     end
 
+    def test_load_activerecord_base_when_we_use_observers
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `bundle exec rails g model user;
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate;
+         bundle exec rails g observer user;`
+
+        add_to_config "config.active_record.observers = :user_observer"
+
+        assert_equal "0", `bundle exec rails r "puts User.count"`.strip
+
+        app_file "lib/tasks/count_user.rake", <<-RUBY
+          namespace :user do
+            task :count => :environment do
+              puts User.count
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+
+        assert_equal "0", `bundle exec rake user:count`.strip
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_copy_templates
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `bundle exec rake rails:templates:copy`
+        %w(controller mailer scaffold).each do |dir|
+          assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'erb', dir))
+        end
+        %w(controller helper scaffold_controller assets).each do |dir|
+          assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'rails', dir))
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/route_inspect_test.rb b/railties/test/application/route_inspect_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6393cfff4b..0000000000
--- a/railties/test/application/route_inspect_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-require 'minitest/autorun'
-require 'rails/application/route_inspector'
-require 'action_controller'
-require 'rails/engine'
-
-module ApplicationTests
-  class RouteInspectTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    def setup
-      @set = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-      @inspector = Rails::Application::RouteInspector.new
-      app = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-      app.config = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-      app.config.assets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-      app.config.assets.prefix = '/sprockets'
-      Rails.stubs(:application).returns(app)
-    end
-
-    def test_displaying_routes_for_engines
-      engine = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
-        def self.to_s
-          "Blog::Engine"
-        end
-      end
-      engine.routes.draw do
-        get '/cart', :to => 'cart#show'
-      end
-
-      @set.draw do
-        get '/custom/assets', :to => 'custom_assets#show'
-        mount engine => "/blog", :as => "blog"
-      end
-
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      expected = [
-        "custom_assets GET /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show",
-        "         blog     /blog                    Blog::Engine",
-        "\nRoutes for Blog::Engine:",
-        "cart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show"
-      ]
-      assert_equal expected, output
-    end
-
-    def test_cart_inspect
-      @set.draw do
-        get '/cart', :to => 'cart#show'
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["cart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show"], output
-    end
-
-    def test_inspect_shows_custom_assets
-      @set.draw do
-        get '/custom/assets', :to => 'custom_assets#show'
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["custom_assets GET /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show"], output
-    end
-
-    def test_inspect_routes_shows_resources_route
-      @set.draw do
-        resources :articles
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      expected = [
-        "    articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index",
-        "             POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create",
-        " new_article GET    /articles/new(.:format)      articles#new",
-        "edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit",
-        "     article GET    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#show",
-        "             PATCH  /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update",
-        "             PUT    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update",
-        "             DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy" ]
-      assert_equal expected, output
-    end
-
-    def test_inspect_routes_shows_root_route
-      @set.draw do
-        root :to => 'pages#main'
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["root  / pages#main"], output
-    end
-
-    def test_inspect_routes_shows_dynamic_action_route
-      @set.draw do
-        match 'api/:action' => 'api'
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["  /api/:action(.:format) api#:action"], output
-    end
-
-    def test_inspect_routes_shows_controller_and_action_only_route
-      @set.draw do
-        match ':controller/:action'
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["  /:controller/:action(.:format) :controller#:action"], output
-    end
-
-    def test_inspect_routes_shows_controller_and_action_route_with_constraints
-      @set.draw do
-        match ':controller(/:action(/:id))', :id => /\d+/
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["  /:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format) :controller#:action {:id=>/\\d+/}"], output
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_defaults
-      @set.draw do
-        match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :defaults => {:format => 'jpg'}
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal [%Q[  /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:format=>"jpg"}]], output
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_constraints
-      @set.draw do
-        match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["  /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"], output
-    end
-
-    class RackApp
-      def self.call(env)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_rack_app
-      @set.draw do
-        match 'foo/:id' => RackApp, :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["  /foo/:id(.:format) #{RackApp.name} {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"], output
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_rack_app_nested_with_dynamic_constraints
-      constraint = Class.new do
-        def to_s
-          "( my custom constraint )"
-        end
-      end
-
-      @set.draw do
-        scope :constraint => constraint.new do
-          mount RackApp => '/foo'
-        end
-      end
-
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_equal ["  /foo #{RackApp.name} {:constraint=>( my custom constraint )}"], output
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_routes_dont_show_app_mounted_in_assets_prefix
-      @set.draw do
-        match '/sprockets' => RackApp
-      end
-      output = @inspector.format @set.routes
-      assert_no_match(/RackApp/, output.first)
-      assert_no_match(/\/sprockets/, output.first)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb b/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
index 28ce3beea9..396b1849d8 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
@@ -15,12 +15,24 @@ module ApplicationTests
       teardown_app
     end
 
+    test "rails/info/routes in development" do
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/info/routes"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "rails/info/properties in development" do
       app("development")
       get "/rails/info/properties"
       assert_equal 200, last_response.status
     end
 
+    test "rails/info/routes in production" do
+      app("production")
+      get "/rails/info/routes"
+      assert_equal 404, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "rails/info/properties in production" do
       app("production")
       get "/rails/info/properties"
@@ -53,7 +65,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match ':controller(/:action)'
+          get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -94,7 +106,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match ':controller(/:action)'
+          get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -126,8 +138,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match 'admin/foo', :to => 'admin/foo#index'
-          match 'foo', :to => 'foo#index'
+          get 'admin/foo', :to => 'admin/foo#index'
+          get 'foo', :to => 'foo#index'
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -141,13 +153,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "routes appending blocks" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match ':controller/:action'
+          get ':controller/:action'
         end
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-R
         routes.append do
-          match '/win' => lambda { |e| [200, {'Content-Type'=>'text/plain'}, ['WIN']] }
+          get '/win' => lambda { |e| [200, {'Content-Type'=>'text/plain'}, ['WIN']] }
         end
       R
 
@@ -158,7 +170,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-R
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match 'lol' => 'hello#index'
+          get 'lol' => 'hello#index'
         end
       R
 
@@ -182,7 +194,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
           AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-            match 'foo', :to => 'foo#bar'
+            get 'foo', :to => 'foo#bar'
           end
         RUBY
 
@@ -193,7 +205,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
           AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-            match 'foo', :to => 'foo#baz'
+            get 'foo', :to => 'foo#baz'
           end
         RUBY
 
@@ -214,7 +226,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match 'foo', :to => ::InitializeRackApp
+          get 'foo', :to => ::InitializeRackApp
         end
       RUBY
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb b/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
index e1d283a7fd..81ed5873a5 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
@@ -57,5 +57,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       assert_match "script/program_name.rb", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "script/program_name.rb"` }
     end
+
+    def test_with_hook
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        runner do |app|
+          app.config.ran = true
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_match "true", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "puts Rails.application.config.ran"` }
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
index 85a8a15fcc..f7e60749a7 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       MyApp.routes.draw do
-        match "/" => "omg#index", :as => :omg
+        get "/" => "omg#index", :as => :omg
       end
 
       require 'rack/test'
diff --git a/railties/test/backtrace_cleaner_test.rb b/railties/test/backtrace_cleaner_test.rb
index cbe7d35f6d..2dd74f8fd1 100644
--- a/railties/test/backtrace_cleaner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/backtrace_cleaner_test.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,24 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/backtrace_cleaner'
 
-if defined? Gem
-  class BacktraceCleanerVendorGemTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    def setup
-      @cleaner = Rails::BacktraceCleaner.new
-    end
+class BacktraceCleanerVendorGemTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @cleaner = Rails::BacktraceCleaner.new
+  end
+
+  test "should format installed gems correctly" do
+    @backtrace = [ "#{Gem.path[0]}/gems/nosuchgem-1.2.3/lib/foo.rb" ]
+    @result = @cleaner.clean(@backtrace, :all)
+    assert_equal "nosuchgem (1.2.3) lib/foo.rb", @result[0]
+  end
 
-    test "should format installed gems correctly" do
-      @backtrace = [ "#{Gem.path[0]}/gems/nosuchgem-1.2.3/lib/foo.rb" ]
+  test "should format installed gems not in Gem.default_dir correctly" do
+    @target_dir = Gem.path.detect { |p| p != Gem.default_dir }
+    # skip this test if default_dir is the only directory on Gem.path
+    if @target_dir
+      @backtrace = [ "#{@target_dir}/gems/nosuchgem-1.2.3/lib/foo.rb" ]
       @result = @cleaner.clean(@backtrace, :all)
       assert_equal "nosuchgem (1.2.3) lib/foo.rb", @result[0]
     end
-
-    test "should format installed gems not in Gem.default_dir correctly" do
-      @target_dir = Gem.path.detect { |p| p != Gem.default_dir }
-      # skip this test if default_dir is the only directory on Gem.path
-      if @target_dir
-        @backtrace = [ "#{@target_dir}/gems/nosuchgem-1.2.3/lib/foo.rb" ]
-        @result = @cleaner.clean(@backtrace, :all)
-        assert_equal "nosuchgem (1.2.3) lib/foo.rb", @result[0]
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
index 01847ae58c..91ede1cb68 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
@@ -3,47 +3,44 @@ require 'rails/commands/console'
 
 class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class FakeConsole
+    def self.start; end
   end
 
   def setup
   end
 
   def test_sandbox_option
-    console = Rails::Console.new(app, ["--sandbox"])
+    console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--sandbox"]))
     assert console.sandbox?
   end
 
   def test_short_version_of_sandbox_option
-    console = Rails::Console.new(app, ["-s"])
+    console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["-s"]))
     assert console.sandbox?
   end
 
   def test_debugger_option
-    console = Rails::Console.new(app, ["--debugger"])
+    console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
     assert console.debugger?
   end
 
   def test_no_options
-    console = Rails::Console.new(app, [])
+    console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments([]))
     assert !console.debugger?
     assert !console.sandbox?
   end
 
   def test_start
-    app.expects(:sandbox=).with(nil)
     FakeConsole.expects(:start)
-
     start
-
-    assert_match /Loading \w+ environment \(Rails/, output
+    assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment \(Rails/, output)
   end
 
   def test_start_with_debugger
-    app.expects(:sandbox=).with(nil)
+    rails_console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
     rails_console.expects(:require_debugger).returns(nil)
-    FakeConsole.expects(:start)
 
-    start ["--debugger"]
+    silence_stream(STDOUT) { rails_console.start }
   end
 
   def test_start_with_sandbox
@@ -52,7 +49,12 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     start ["--sandbox"]
 
-    assert_match /Loading \w+ environment in sandbox \(Rails/, output
+    assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment in sandbox \(Rails/, output)
+  end
+
+  def test_console_with_environment
+    start ["-e production"]
+    assert_match(/\sproduction\s/, output)
   end
 
   def test_console_defaults_to_IRB
@@ -63,16 +65,51 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal IRB, Rails::Console.new(app).console
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_default_environment_with_no_rails_env
+    with_rails_env nil do
+      start
+      assert_match /\sdevelopment\s/, output
+    end
+  end
 
-  attr_reader :output
+  def test_default_environment_with_rails_env
+    with_rails_env 'special-production' do
+      start
+      assert_match /\sspecial-production\s/, output
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def test_e_option
+    start ['-e', 'special-production']
+    assert_match /\sspecial-production\s/, output
+  end
+
+  def test_environment_option
+    start ['--environment=special-production']
+    assert_match /\sspecial-production\s/, output
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_env_is_production_when_first_argument_is_p
+    start ['p']
+    assert_match /\sproduction\s/, output
+  end
 
-  def rails_console
-    @rails_console ||= Rails::Console.new(app)
+  def test_rails_env_is_test_when_first_argument_is_t
+    start ['t']
+    assert_match /\stest\s/, output
   end
 
+  def test_rails_env_is_development_when_argument_is_d
+    start ['d']
+    assert_match /\sdevelopment\s/, output
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  attr_reader :output
+
   def start(argv = [])
-    rails_console.stubs(:arguments => argv)
+    rails_console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(argv))
     @output = output = capture(:stdout) { rails_console.start }
   end
 
@@ -80,8 +117,21 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @app ||= begin
       config = mock("config", :console => FakeConsole)
       app = mock("app", :config => config)
+      app.stubs(:sandbox=).returns(nil)
       app.expects(:load_console)
       app
     end
   end
+
+  def parse_arguments(args)
+    Rails::Console.parse_arguments(args)
+  end
+
+  def with_rails_env(env)
+    original_rails_env = ENV['RAILS_ENV']
+    ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = env
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = original_rails_env
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d45bdaabf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/commands/dbconsole'
+
+class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def teardown
+    %w[PGUSER PGHOST PGPORT PGPASSWORD].each{|key| ENV.delete(key)}
+  end
+
+  def test_config
+    Rails::DBConsole.const_set(:APP_PATH, "erb")
+
+    app_config({})
+    capture_abort { Rails::DBConsole.new.config }
+    assert aborted
+    assert_match(/No database is configured for the environment '\w+'/, output)
+
+    app_config(test: "with_init")
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
+
+    app_db_file("test:\n  without_init")
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "without_init"
+
+    app_db_file("test:\n  <%= Rails.something_app_specific %>")
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
+
+    app_db_file("test:\n\ninvalid")
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
+  end
+
+  def test_env
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "test"
+
+    ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = nil
+    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = nil
+
+    Rails.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:env).returns(false)
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "development"
+
+    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "rack_env"
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "rack_env"
+
+    ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "rails_env"
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "rails_env"
+  ensure
+    ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "test"
+  end
+
+  def test_mysql
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], 'db')
+    start(adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db')
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_mysql_full
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], '--host=locahost', '--port=1234', '--socket=socket', '--user=user', '--default-character-set=UTF-8', '-p', 'db')
+    start(adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db', host: 'locahost', port: 1234, socket: 'socket', username: 'user', password: 'qwerty', encoding: 'UTF-8')
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_mysql_include_password
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], '--user=user', '--password=qwerty', 'db')
+    start({adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'qwerty'}, ['-p'])
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_postgresql
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
+    start(adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db')
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_postgresql_full
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
+    start(adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'q1w2e3', host: 'host', port: 5432)
+    assert !aborted
+    assert_equal 'user', ENV['PGUSER']
+    assert_equal 'host', ENV['PGHOST']
+    assert_equal '5432', ENV['PGPORT']
+    assert_not_equal 'q1w2e3', ENV['PGPASSWORD']
+  end
+
+  def test_postgresql_include_password
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
+    start({adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'q1w2e3'}, ['-p'])
+    assert !aborted
+    assert_equal 'user', ENV['PGUSER']
+    assert_equal 'q1w2e3', ENV['PGPASSWORD']
+  end
+
+  def test_sqlite
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite', 'db')
+    start(adapter: 'sqlite', database: 'db')
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_sqlite3
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
+    start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3')
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_sqlite3_mode
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '-html', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
+    start({adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3'}, ['--mode', 'html'])
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_sqlite3_header
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '-header', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
+    start({adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3'}, ['--header'])
+  end
+
+  def test_sqlite3_db_absolute_path
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '/tmp/db.sqlite3')
+    start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: '/tmp/db.sqlite3')
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_oracle
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlplus', 'user@db')
+    start(adapter: 'oracle', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'secret')
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_oracle_include_password
+    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlplus', 'user/secret@db')
+    start({adapter: 'oracle', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'secret'}, ['-p'])
+    assert !aborted
+  end
+
+  def test_unknown_command_line_client
+    start(adapter: 'unknown', database: 'db')
+    assert aborted
+    assert_match(/Unknown command-line client for db/, output)
+  end
+
+  def test_print_help_short
+    stdout = capture(:stdout) do
+      start({}, ['-h'])
+    end
+    assert aborted
+    assert_equal '', output
+    assert_match(/Usage:.*dbconsole/, stdout)
+  end
+
+  def test_print_help_long
+    stdout = capture(:stdout) do
+      start({}, ['--help'])
+    end
+    assert aborted
+    assert_equal '', output
+    assert_match(/Usage:.*dbconsole/, stdout)
+  end
+
+  private
+  attr_reader :aborted, :output
+
+  def dbconsole
+    @dbconsole ||= Rails::DBConsole.new(nil)
+  end
+
+  def start(config = {}, argv = [])
+    dbconsole.stubs(config: config.stringify_keys, arguments: argv)
+    capture_abort { dbconsole.start }
+  end
+
+  def capture_abort
+    @aborted = false
+    @output = capture(:stderr) do
+      begin
+        yield
+      rescue SystemExit
+        @aborted = true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def app_db_file(result)
+    IO.stubs(:read).with("config/database.yml").returns(result)
+  end
+
+  def app_config(result)
+    Rails.application.config.stubs(:database_configuration).returns(result.stringify_keys)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a3ea82e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/commands/server'
+
+class Rails::ServerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+  def test_environment_with_server_option
+    args    = ["thin", "-e", "production"]
+    options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+    assert_equal 'production', options[:environment]
+    assert_equal 'thin', options[:server]
+  end
+
+  def test_environment_without_server_option
+    args    = ["-e", "production"]
+    options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+    assert_equal 'production', options[:environment]
+    assert_nil options[:server]
+  end
+
+  def test_server_option_without_environment
+    args    = ["thin"]
+    options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+    assert_nil options[:environment]
+    assert_equal 'thin', options[:server]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5984c0b425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+require 'rails/configuration'
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+
+module Rails
+  module Configuration
+    class MiddlewareStackProxyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @stack = MiddlewareStackProxy.new
+      end
+
+      def test_playback_insert_before
+        @stack.insert_before :foo
+        assert_playback :insert_before, :foo
+      end
+
+      def test_playback_insert_after
+        @stack.insert_after :foo
+        assert_playback :insert_after, :foo
+      end
+
+      def test_playback_swap
+        @stack.swap :foo
+        assert_playback :swap, :foo
+      end
+
+      def test_playback_use
+        @stack.use :foo
+        assert_playback :use, :foo
+      end
+
+      def test_playback_delete
+        @stack.delete :foo
+        assert_playback :delete, :foo
+      end
+
+      def test_order
+        @stack.swap :foo
+        @stack.delete :foo
+
+        mock = MiniTest::Mock.new
+        mock.expect :send, nil, [:swap, :foo]
+        mock.expect :send, nil, [:delete, :foo]
+
+        @stack.merge_into mock
+        mock.verify
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def assert_playback(msg_name, args)
+        mock = MiniTest::Mock.new
+        mock.expect :send, nil, [msg_name, args]
+        @stack.merge_into(mock)
+        mock.verify
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/engine_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..addf49cdb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/engine_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class EngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  it "reports routes as available only if they're actually present" do
+    engine = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
+      def initialize(*args)
+        @routes = nil
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert !engine.routes?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
index a8c8fcd5b7..bc086c5986 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
@@ -67,6 +67,14 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem "rspec-rails"$/
   end
 
+  def test_gem_should_include_options
+    run_generator
+
+    action :gem, 'rspec', github: 'dchelimsky/rspec', tag: '1.2.9.rc1'
+
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "rspec", github: "dchelimsky\/rspec", tag: "1\.2\.9\.rc1"/
+  end
+
   def test_gem_group_should_wrap_gems_in_a_group
     run_generator
 
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
index cf6f9b90c9..5534476a6d 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
@@ -83,6 +83,16 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_equal false, $?.success?
   end
 
+  def test_application_new_show_help_message_inside_existing_rails_directory
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myfirstapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+    output = Dir.chdir(app_root) do
+      `rails new --help`
+    end
+    assert_match(/rails new APP_PATH \[options\]/, output)
+    assert_equal true, $?.success?
+  end
+
   def test_application_name_is_detected_if_it_exists_and_app_folder_renamed
     app_root       = File.join(destination_root, "myapp")
     app_moved_root = File.join(destination_root, "myapp_moved")
@@ -136,9 +146,9 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
     unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']sqlite3["']$/
+      assert_gem "sqlite3"
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter["']$/
+      assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
     end
   end
 
@@ -146,9 +156,9 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /mysql/
     unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']mysql2["']$/
+      assert_gem "mysql2"
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter["']$/
+      assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter"
     end
   end
 
@@ -156,45 +166,45 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "postgresql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /postgresql/
     unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']pg["']$/
+      assert_gem "pg"
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter["']$/
+      assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter"
     end
   end
 
   def test_config_jdbcmysql_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "jdbcmysql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /mysql/
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter["']$/
+    assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter"
     # TODO: When the JRuby guys merge jruby-openssl in
     # jruby this will be removed
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']jruby-openssl["']$/ if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    assert_gem "jruby-openssl" if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
   end
 
   def test_config_jdbcsqlite3_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "jdbcsqlite3"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter["']$/
+    assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
   end
 
   def test_config_jdbcpostgresql_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "jdbcpostgresql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /postgresql/
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter["']$/
+    assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter"
   end
 
   def test_config_jdbc_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "jdbc"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /jdbc/
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /mssql/
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']activerecord-jdbc-adapter["']$/
+    assert_gem "activerecord-jdbc-adapter"
   end
 
   def test_config_jdbc_database_when_no_option_given
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       run_generator([destination_root])
       assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter["']$/
+      assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
     end
   end
 
@@ -213,7 +223,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_generator_if_skip_sprockets_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-sprockets"]
     assert_file "config/application.rb" do |content|
-      assert_match(/#\s+require\s+["']sprockets\/railtie["']/, content)
+      assert_match(/#\s+require\s+["']sprockets\/rails\/railtie["']/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.enabled = true/, content)
     end
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
@@ -234,12 +244,19 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_inclusion_of_javascript_runtime
     run_generator([destination_root])
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /gem\s+["']therubyrhino["']$/
+      assert_gem "therubyrhino"
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem\s+["']therubyracer["']$/
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem\s+["']therubyracer["']+, platforms: :ruby$/
     end
   end
 
+  def test_generator_if_skip_index_html_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-index-html"]
+    assert_no_file "public/index.html"
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/images/rails.png"
+    assert_file "app/assets/images/.gitkeep"
+  end
+
   def test_creation_of_a_test_directory
     run_generator
     assert_file 'test'
@@ -261,9 +278,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_match %r{^//= require jquery}, contents
       assert_match %r{^//= require jquery_ujs}, contents
     end
-    assert_file 'Gemfile' do |contents|
-      assert_match(/^gem 'jquery-rails'/, contents)
-    end
+    assert_gem "jquery-rails"
   end
 
   def test_other_javascript_libraries
@@ -272,9 +287,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_match %r{^//= require prototype}, contents
       assert_match %r{^//= require prototype_ujs}, contents
     end
-    assert_file 'Gemfile' do |contents|
-      assert_match(/^gem 'prototype-rails'/, contents)
-    end
+    assert_gem "prototype-rails"
   end
 
   def test_javascript_is_skipped_if_required
@@ -284,11 +297,9 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_ruby_debug19
+  def test_inclusion_of_debugger
     run_generator
-    assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
-      assert_match(/gem 'ruby-debug19', :require => 'ruby-debug'/, contents)
-    end
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
   end
 
   def test_template_from_dir_pwd
@@ -302,7 +313,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_usage
-    File.expects(:exist?).returns(false)
+    Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.expects(:usage_path).returns(nil)
     assert_match(/Create rails files for app generator/, Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.desc)
   end
 
@@ -366,12 +377,20 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_match(/run  bundle install/, output)
   end
 
+  def test_humans_txt_file
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, 'things-43')]
+    assert_file "things-43/public/humans.txt", /Name: Things43/, /Software: Ruby on Rails/
+  end
+
 protected
 
   def action(*args, &block)
     silence(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
   end
 
+  def assert_gem(gem)
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']#{gem}["']$/
+  end
 end
 
 class CustomAppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/assets_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/assets_generator_test.rb
index d6338bd3da..a2b94f2e50 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/assets_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/assets_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/assets/assets_generator'
 
-# FIXME: Silence the 'Could not find task "using_coffee?"' message in tests due to the public stub
 class AssetsGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
   arguments %w(posts)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
index 6e3fc84781..6ab1cd58c7 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
@@ -102,22 +102,28 @@ class GeneratedAttributeTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_reference_is_true
     %w(references belongs_to).each do |attribute_type|
-      assert_equal(
-        true,
-        create_generated_attribute(attribute_type).reference?
-      )
+      assert create_generated_attribute(attribute_type).reference?
     end
   end
 
   def test_reference_is_false
     %w(foo bar baz).each do |attribute_type|
-      assert_equal(
-        false,
-        create_generated_attribute(attribute_type).reference?
-      )
+      assert !create_generated_attribute(attribute_type).reference?
     end
   end
 
+  def test_polymorphic_reference_is_true
+    %w(references belongs_to).each do |attribute_type|
+      assert create_generated_attribute("#{attribute_type}{polymorphic}").polymorphic?
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def test_polymorphic_reference_is_false
+    %w(foo bar baz).each do |attribute_type|
+      assert !create_generated_attribute("#{attribute_type}{polymorphic}").polymorphic?
+    end
+  end
+  
   def test_blank_type_defaults_to_string_raises_exception
     assert_equal :string, create_generated_attribute(nil, 'title').type
     assert_equal :string, create_generated_attribute("", 'title').type
@@ -126,5 +132,6 @@ class GeneratedAttributeTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_handles_index_names_for_references
     assert_equal "post", create_generated_attribute('string', 'post').index_name
     assert_equal "post_id", create_generated_attribute('references', 'post').index_name
+    assert_equal ["post_id", "post_type"], create_generated_attribute('references{polymorphic}', 'post').index_name
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
index 4e08e5dae1..774038c0e1 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,24 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_remove_migration_with_indexed_attribute
+    migration = "remove_title_body_from_posts"
+    run_generator [migration, "title:string:index", "body:text"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :up, content do |up|
+        assert_match(/remove_column :posts, :title/, up)
+        assert_match(/remove_column :posts, :body/, up)
+      end
+
+      assert_method :down, content do |down|
+        assert_match(/add_column :posts, :title, :string/, down)
+        assert_match(/add_column :posts, :body, :text/, down)
+        assert_match(/add_index :posts, :title/, down)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_remove_migration_with_attributes
     migration = "remove_title_body_from_posts"
     run_generator [migration, "title:string", "body:text"]
@@ -58,6 +76,23 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_remove_migration_with_references_options
+    migration = "remove_references_from_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :up, content do |up|
+        assert_match(/remove_reference :books, :author/, up)
+        assert_match(/remove_reference :books, :distributor, polymorphic: true/, up)
+      end
+
+      assert_method :down, content do |down|
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :author, index: true/, down)
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor, polymorphic: true, index: true/, down)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_add_migration_with_attributes_and_indices
     migration = "add_title_with_index_and_body_to_posts"
     run_generator [migration, "title:string:index", "body:text", "user_id:integer:uniq"]
@@ -120,6 +155,31 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_add_migration_with_references_options
+    migration = "add_references_to_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |up|
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :author, index: true/, up)
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor, polymorphic: true, index: true/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_join_table_migration
+    migration = "add_media_join_table"
+    run_generator [migration, "artist_id", "musics:uniq"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |up|
+        assert_match(/create_join_table :artists, :musics/, up)
+        assert_match(/# t.index \[:artist_id, :music_id\]/, up)
+        assert_match(/  t.index \[:music_id, :artist_id\], unique: true/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_should_create_empty_migrations_if_name_not_start_with_add_or_remove
     migration = "create_books"
     run_generator [migration, "title:string", "content:text"]
@@ -134,4 +194,8 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_properly_identifies_usage_file
+    assert generator_class.send(:usage_path)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
index e8d933935d..ec33bd7c6b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_add_migration_with_attributes_index_declaration_and_attribute_options
-    run_generator ["product", "title:string{40}:index", "content:string{255}", "price:decimal{5,2}:index", "discount:decimal{5,2}:uniq"]
+    run_generator ["product", "title:string{40}:index", "content:string{255}", "price:decimal{5,2}:index", "discount:decimal{5,2}:uniq", "supplier:references{polymorphic}"]
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_products.rb" do |content|
       assert_method :change, content do |up|
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
         assert_match(/t.string :title, limit: 40/, up)
         assert_match(/t.string :content, limit: 255/, up)
         assert_match(/t.decimal :price, precision: 5, scale: 2/, up)
+        assert_match(/t.references :supplier, polymorphic: true/, up)
       end
       assert_match(/add_index :products, :title/, content)
       assert_match(/add_index :products, :price/, content)
@@ -193,15 +194,25 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_model_with_references_attribute_generates_belongs_to_associations
-    run_generator ["product", "name:string", "supplier_id:references"]
+    run_generator ["product", "name:string", "supplier:references"]
     assert_file "app/models/product.rb", /belongs_to :supplier/
   end
 
   def test_model_with_belongs_to_attribute_generates_belongs_to_associations
-    run_generator ["product", "name:string", "supplier_id:belongs_to"]
+    run_generator ["product", "name:string", "supplier:belongs_to"]
     assert_file "app/models/product.rb", /belongs_to :supplier/
   end
 
+  def test_model_with_polymorphic_references_attribute_generates_belongs_to_associations
+    run_generator ["product", "name:string", "supplier:references{polymorphic}"]
+    assert_file "app/models/product.rb", /belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true/
+  end
+
+  def test_model_with_polymorphic_belongs_to_attribute_generates_belongs_to_associations
+    run_generator ["product", "name:string", "supplier:belongs_to{polymorphic}"]
+    assert_file "app/models/product.rb", /belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true/
+  end
+
   def test_migration_with_timestamps
     run_generator
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb", /t.timestamps/
@@ -283,7 +294,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
       assert_method :change, m do |up|
-        assert_match(/add_index/, up)
+        assert_match(/index: true/, up)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -293,7 +304,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
       assert_method :change, m do |up|
-        assert_match(/add_index/, up)
+        assert_match(/index: true/, up)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -303,7 +314,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
       assert_method :change, m do |up|
-        assert_no_match(/add_index/, up)
+        assert_no_match(/index: true/, up)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -313,7 +324,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
       assert_method :change, m do |up|
-        assert_no_match(/add_index/, up)
+        assert_no_match(/index: true/, up)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
index 5c63b13dce..db2b8af217 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
@@ -20,8 +20,14 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
   def test_namespaced_controller_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/account_controller.rb", /module TestApp/, /  class AccountController < ApplicationController/
-    assert_file "test/functional/test_app/account_controller_test.rb", /module TestApp/, /  class AccountControllerTest/
+    assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/account_controller.rb",
+                /require_dependency "test_app\/application_controller"/,
+                /module TestApp/,
+                /  class AccountController < ApplicationController/
+
+    assert_file "test/functional/test_app/account_controller_test.rb",
+                /module TestApp/,
+                /  class AccountControllerTest/
   end
 
   def test_skipping_namespace
@@ -32,7 +38,9 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
   def test_namespaced_controller_with_additional_namespace
     run_generator ["admin/account"]
-    assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/admin/account_controller.rb", /module TestApp/, /  class Admin::AccountController < ApplicationController/
+    assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/admin/account_controller.rb", /module TestApp/, /  class Admin::AccountController < ApplicationController/ do |contents|
+      assert_match %r(require_dependency "test_app/application_controller"), contents
+    end
   end
 
   def test_helpr_is_also_namespaced
@@ -56,11 +64,20 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
     run_generator
     assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get "account\/foo"/, /get "account\/bar"/
   end
-#
+
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
     run_generator ["account"]
     assert_file "app/views/test_app/account"
   end
+
+  def test_namespaced_controller_dont_indent_blank_lines
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/account_controller.rb" do |content|
+      content.split("\n").each do |line|
+        assert_no_match(/^\s+$/, line, "Don't indent blank lines")
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class NamespacedModelGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
@@ -82,7 +99,7 @@ class NamespacedModelGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
     run_generator ["admin/account"]
     assert_file "app/models/test_app/admin.rb", /module TestApp/, /module Admin/
     assert_file "app/models/test_app/admin.rb", /def self\.table_name_prefix/
-    assert_file "app/models/test_app/admin.rb", /'admin_'/
+    assert_file "app/models/test_app/admin.rb", /'test_app_admin_'/
     assert_file "app/models/test_app/admin/account.rb", /module TestApp/, /class Admin::Account < ActiveRecord::Base/
   end
 
@@ -218,9 +235,10 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
     end
 
     # Controller
-    assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/product_lines_controller.rb" do |content|
-      assert_match(/module TestApp\n  class ProductLinesController < ApplicationController/, content)
-    end
+    assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/product_lines_controller.rb",
+                /require_dependency "test_app\/application_controller"/,
+                /module TestApp/,
+                /class ProductLinesController < ApplicationController/
 
     assert_file "test/functional/test_app/product_lines_controller_test.rb",
                 /module TestApp\n  class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_new_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_new_generator_test.rb
index 4bb5f04a79..6c3e0178f2 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/plugin_new_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_new_generator_test.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things4.3")] }
     assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things4.3. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
- 
+
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "43things")] }
     assert_equal "Invalid plugin name 43things. Please give a name which does not start with numbers.\n", content
   end
@@ -58,6 +58,14 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/integration/navigation_test.rb", /ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest/
   end
 
+  def test_generating_test_files_in_full_mode_without_unit_test_files
+    run_generator [destination_root, "-T", "--full"]
+
+    assert_no_directory "test/integration/"
+    assert_no_file "test"
+    assert_no_match(/APP_RAKEFILE/, File.read(File.join(destination_root, "Rakefile")))
+  end
+
   def test_ensure_that_plugin_options_are_not_passed_to_app_generator
     FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
     assert_no_match(/It works from file!.*It works_from_file/, run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/template.rb"]))
@@ -82,6 +90,14 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /mysql/
   end
 
+  def test_dont_generate_development_dependency
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
+
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/s.add_development_dependency "sqlite3"/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_active_record_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_active_record_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
     assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
@@ -211,7 +227,7 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_creating_gemspec
     run_generator
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.name\s+= "bukkits"/
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.files = Dir\["\{app,config,db,lib\}\/\*\*\/\*"\]/
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.files = Dir\["\{app,config,db,lib\}\/\*\*\/\*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README\.rdoc"\]/
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.version\s+ = Bukkits::VERSION/
   end
@@ -236,16 +252,26 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "test/dummy"
   end
 
+  def test_creating_dummy_application_with_different_name
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/fake"]
+    assert_file "spec/fake"
+    assert_file "spec/fake/config/application.rb"
+    assert_no_file "test/dummy"
+  end
+
   def test_creating_dummy_without_tests_but_with_dummy_path
     run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"]
     assert_file "spec/dummy"
     assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
     assert_no_file "test"
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
+      assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_gitignore_can_be_generated_from_a_template_for_dummy_path
     FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    run_generator([destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy" "--skip-test-unit"])
+    run_generator([destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"])
     assert_file ".gitignore" do |contents|
       assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
     end
@@ -257,11 +283,40 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
       assert_no_match(/s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/, contents)
     end
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/test\dummy/, contents)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_skipping_gemspec
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemspec"]
     assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
+      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}"/, contents)
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
+      assert_no_match(/# gem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_gemspec_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemspec", "--full"]
+    assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
+      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}"/, contents)
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
+      assert_match(/# gem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
+      assert_no_match(/# jquery-rails is used by the dummy application\ngem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_gemspec_in_full_mode_with_javascript_option
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemspec", "--full", "--javascript=prototype"]
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
+      assert_match(/# gem "prototype-rails"/, contents)
+      assert_match(/# jquery-rails is used by the dummy application\ngem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_creating_plugin_in_app_directory_adds_gemfile_entry
@@ -272,7 +327,7 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     run_generator [destination_root]
 
-    assert_file gemfile_path, /gem 'bukkits', :path => 'tmp\/bukkits'/
+    assert_file gemfile_path, /gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/
   ensure
     Object.send(:remove_const, 'APP_PATH')
     FileUtils.rm gemfile_path
@@ -287,7 +342,7 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemfile-entry"]
 
     assert_file gemfile_path do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/gem 'bukkits', :path => 'tmp\/bukkits'/, contents)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/, contents)
     end
   ensure
     Object.send(:remove_const, 'APP_PATH')
@@ -296,12 +351,10 @@ class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
 
 protected
-
   def action(*args, &block)
     silence(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
   end
 
-protected
   def default_files
     ::DEFAULT_PLUGIN_FILES
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
index 1382133d7b..1eea50b0d9 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -75,6 +75,19 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/functional/users_controller_test.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/class UsersControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
       assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, user: \{ age: @user.age, name: @user.name \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/put :update, id: @user, user: \{ age: @user.age, name: @user.name \}/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_functional_tests_without_attributes
+    run_generator ["User"]
+
+    assert_file "test/functional/users_controller_test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/class UsersControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
+      assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, user: \{  \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/put :update, id: @user, user: \{  \}/, content)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
index 2db8090621..9b456c64ef 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
@@ -14,10 +14,8 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/models/product_line.rb", /class ProductLine < ActiveRecord::Base/
     assert_file "test/unit/product_line_test.rb", /class ProductLineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase/
     assert_file "test/fixtures/product_lines.yml"
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /belongs_to :product/
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /add_index :product_lines, :product_id/
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /references :user/
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /add_index :product_lines, :user_id/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /belongs_to :product, index: true/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /references :user, index: true/
 
     # Route
     assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |route|
@@ -62,8 +60,11 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert_file "test/functional/product_lines_controller_test.rb",
-                /class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/
+    assert_file "test/functional/product_lines_controller_test.rb" do |test|
+      assert_match(/class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, test)
+      assert_match(/post :create, product_line: \{ title: @product_line.title \}/, test)
+      assert_match(/put :update, id: @product_line, product_line: \{ title: @product_line.title \}/, test)
+    end
 
     # Views
     %w(
@@ -85,6 +86,17 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/product_lines.css"
   end
 
+  def test_functional_tests_without_attributes
+    run_generator ["product_line"]
+
+    assert_file "test/functional/product_lines_controller_test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
+      assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, product_line: \{  \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/put :update, id: @product_line, product_line: \{  \}/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_scaffold_on_revoke
     run_generator
     run_generator ["product_line"], :behavior => :revoke
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
index 14a20eddb8..e78e67725d 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
@@ -91,21 +91,6 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all })
   end
 
-  def test_template_raises_an_error_with_invalid_path
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existant/path"]) }
-    assert_match(/The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content)
-    assert_match(/non\/existant\/path/, content)
-  end
-
-  def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied
-    path = "http://gist.github.com/103208.txt"
-    template = %{ say "It works!" }
-    template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
-
-    generator([destination_root], :template => path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
-    assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all })
-  end
-
   def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied_an_https_path
     path = "https://gist.github.com/103208.txt"
     template = %{ say "It works!" }
@@ -119,13 +104,13 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     generator([destination_root], :dev => true).expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
     quietly { generator.invoke_all }
     rails_path = File.expand_path('../../..', Rails.root)
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+:path\s+=>\s+["']#{Regexp.escape(rails_path)}["']$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+path:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape(rails_path)}["']$/
   end
 
   def test_edge_option
     generator([destination_root], :edge => true).expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
     quietly { generator.invoke_all }
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', %r{^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+:git\s+=>\s+["']#{Regexp.escape("https://github.com/rails/rails.git")}["']$}
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', %r{^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+github:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape("rails/rails")}["']$}
   end
 
   def test_skip_gemfile
diff --git a/railties/test/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
index 60e7e57a91..027d8eb9b7 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator'
 require 'rails/generators/test_unit/model/model_generator'
-require 'mocha'
 
 class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_developer_options_are_overwriten_by_user_options
     Rails::Generators.options[:with_options] = { :generate => false }
 
-    self.class.class_eval <<-end_eval
+    self.class.class_eval(<<-end_eval, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
       class WithOptionsGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
         class_option :generate, :default => true
       end
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     mkdir_p(File.dirname(template))
     File.open(template, 'w'){ |f| f.write "empty" }
 
-    output = capture(:stdout) do
+    capture(:stdout) do
       Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["user"], :destination_root => destination_root
     end
 
@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_usage_with_embedded_ruby
     require File.expand_path("fixtures/lib/generators/usage_template/usage_template_generator", File.dirname(__FILE__))
     output = capture(:stdout) { Rails::Generators.invoke :usage_template, ['--help'] }
-    assert_match /:: 2 ::/, output
+    assert_match(/:: 2 ::/, output)
   end
 
   def test_hide_namespace
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
index b0be555c4c..6071cd3f39 100644
--- a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 # Rails booted up.
 require 'fileutils'
 
-require 'rubygems'
+require 'bundler/setup'
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
 
@@ -17,18 +17,19 @@ RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../../..")
 
 # These files do not require any others and are needed
 # to run the tests
-require "#{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation"
-require "#{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative"
-require "#{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting"
+require "active_support/testing/isolation"
+require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting"
+require 'tmpdir'
 
 module TestHelpers
   module Paths
-    module_function
-
-    TMP_PATH = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), *%w[.. .. tmp]))
+    def app_template_path
+      File.join Dir.tmpdir, 'app_template'
+    end
 
     def tmp_path(*args)
-      File.join(TMP_PATH, *args)
+      @tmp_path ||= File.realpath(Dir.mktmpdir)
+      File.join(@tmp_path, *args)
     end
 
     def app_path(*args)
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ module TestHelpers
       ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = 'development'
 
       FileUtils.rm_rf(app_path)
-      FileUtils.cp_r(tmp_path('app_template'), app_path)
+      FileUtils.cp_r(app_template_path, app_path)
 
       # Delete the initializers unless requested
       unless options[:initializers]
@@ -112,11 +113,16 @@ module TestHelpers
       routes = File.read("#{app_path}/config/routes.rb")
       if routes =~ /(\n\s*end\s*)\Z/
         File.open("#{app_path}/config/routes.rb", 'w') do |f|
-          f.puts $` + "\nmatch ':controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)'\n" + $1
+          f.puts $` + "\nmatch ':controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)', :via => :all\n" + $1
         end
       end
 
-      add_to_config 'config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"; config.session_store :cookie_store, :key => "_myapp_session"; config.active_support.deprecation = :log'
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        config.session_store :cookie_store, :key => "_myapp_session"
+        config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+        config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
+      RUBY
     end
 
     def teardown_app
@@ -138,7 +144,7 @@ module TestHelpers
       app.initialize!
 
       app.routes.draw do
-        match "/" => "omg#index"
+        get "/" => "omg#index"
       end
 
       require 'rack/test'
@@ -156,7 +162,7 @@ module TestHelpers
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match ':controller(/:action)'
+          get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
     end
@@ -244,9 +250,7 @@ module TestHelpers
 
     def use_frameworks(arr)
       to_remove =  [:actionmailer,
-                    :activemodel,
-                    :activerecord,
-                    :activeresource] - arr
+                    :activerecord] - arr
       if to_remove.include? :activerecord
         remove_from_config "config.active_record.whitelist_attributes = true"
         remove_from_config "config.active_record.dependent_restrict_raises = false"
@@ -264,30 +268,23 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include TestHelpers::Paths
   include TestHelpers::Rack
   include TestHelpers::Generation
-  extend  ActiveSupport::Testing::Declarative
 end
 
 # Create a scope and build a fixture rails app
 Module.new do
   extend TestHelpers::Paths
+
   # Build a rails app
-  if File.exist?(tmp_path)
-    FileUtils.rm_rf(tmp_path)
-  end
-  FileUtils.mkdir(tmp_path)
+  FileUtils.rm_rf(app_template_path)
+  FileUtils.mkdir(app_template_path)
 
   environment = File.expand_path('../../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
-  if File.exist?("#{environment}.rb")
-    require_environment = "-r #{environment}"
-  end
+  require_environment = "-r #{environment}"
 
-  `#{Gem.ruby} #{require_environment} #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/bin/rails new #{tmp_path('app_template')}`
-  File.open("#{tmp_path}/app_template/config/boot.rb", 'w') do |f|
-    if require_environment
-      f.puts "Dir.chdir('#{File.dirname(environment)}') do"
-      f.puts "  require '#{environment}'"
-      f.puts "end"
-    end
+  `#{Gem.ruby} #{require_environment} #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/bin/rails new #{app_template_path}`
+
+  File.open("#{app_template_path}/config/boot.rb", 'w') do |f|
+    f.puts "require '#{environment}'"
     f.puts "require 'rails/all'"
   end
 end unless defined?(RAILS_ISOLATED_ENGINE)
diff --git a/railties/test/paths_test.rb b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
index c0f3887263..76ff3ec3e4 100644
--- a/railties/test/paths_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     root = Rails::Paths::Root.new(nil)
     root.add "app"
     root.path = "/root"
-    assert_equal ["app"], root["app"]
+    assert_equal ["app"], root["app"].to_ary
     assert_equal ["/root/app"], root["app"].to_a
   end
 
@@ -91,10 +91,6 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["/foo/bar/app2", "/foo/bar/app"], @root["app"].to_a
   end
 
-  test "the root can only have one physical path" do
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Rails::Paths::Root.new(["/fiz", "/biz"]) }
-  end
-
   test "it is possible to add a path that should be autoloaded only once" do
     @root.add "app", :with => "/app"
     @root["app"].autoload_once!
@@ -202,6 +198,13 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "*.rb", @root["app"].glob
   end
 
+  test "it should be possible to replace a path and persist the original paths glob" do
+    @root.add "app", :glob => "*.rb"
+    @root["app"] = "app2"
+    assert_equal ["/foo/bar/app2"], @root["app"].to_a
+    assert_equal "*.rb", @root["app"].glob
+  end
+
   test "a path can be added to the load path" do
     @root["app"] = "app"
     @root["app"].load_path!
diff --git a/railties/test/queueing/container_test.rb b/railties/test/queueing/container_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69e59a3871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/queueing/container_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/queueing'
+
+module Rails
+  module Queueing
+    class ContainerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def test_delegates_to_default
+        q         = Queue.new
+        container = Container.new q
+        job       = Object.new
+
+        container.push job
+        assert_equal job, q.pop
+      end
+
+      def test_access_default
+        q         = Queue.new
+        container = Container.new q
+        assert_equal q, container[:default]
+      end
+
+      def test_assign_queue
+        container = Container.new Object.new
+        q         = Object.new
+        container[:foo] = q
+        assert_equal q, container[:foo]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/queueing/test_queue_test.rb b/railties/test/queueing/test_queue_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f0f507adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/queueing/test_queue_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/queueing'
+
+class TestQueueTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @queue = Rails::Queueing::TestQueue.new
+  end
+
+  class ExceptionRaisingJob
+    def run
+      raise
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_drain_raises
+    @queue.push ExceptionRaisingJob.new
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError) { @queue.drain }
+  end
+
+  def test_jobs
+    @queue.push 1
+    @queue.push 2
+    assert_equal [1,2], @queue.jobs
+  end
+
+  class EquivalentJob
+    def initialize
+      @initial_id = self.object_id
+    end
+
+    def run
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      other.same_initial_id?(@initial_id)
+    end
+
+    def same_initial_id?(other_id)
+      other_id == @initial_id
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_contents
+    assert @queue.empty?
+    job = EquivalentJob.new
+    @queue.push job
+    refute @queue.empty?
+    assert_equal job, @queue.pop
+  end
+
+  class ProcessingJob
+    def self.clear_processed
+      @processed = []
+    end
+
+    def self.processed
+      @processed
+    end
+
+    def initialize(object)
+      @object = object
+    end
+
+    def run
+      self.class.processed << @object
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_order
+    ProcessingJob.clear_processed
+    job1 = ProcessingJob.new(1)
+    job2 = ProcessingJob.new(2)
+
+    @queue.push job1
+    @queue.push job2
+    @queue.drain
+
+    assert_equal [1,2], ProcessingJob.processed
+  end
+
+  class ThreadTrackingJob
+    attr_reader :thread_id
+
+    def run
+      @thread_id = Thread.current.object_id
+    end
+
+    def ran?
+      @thread_id
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_drain
+    @queue.push ThreadTrackingJob.new
+    job = @queue.jobs.last
+    @queue.drain
+
+    assert @queue.empty?
+    assert job.ran?, "The job runs synchronously when the queue is drained"
+    assert_not_equal job.thread_id, Thread.current.object_id
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/queueing/threaded_consumer_test.rb b/railties/test/queueing/threaded_consumer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c34a966d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/queueing/threaded_consumer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/queueing'
+
+class TestThreadConsumer < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class Job
+    attr_reader :id
+    def initialize(id, &block)
+      @id = id
+      @block = block
+    end
+
+    def run
+      @block.call if @block
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @queue = Rails::Queueing::Queue.new
+    @consumer = Rails::Queueing::ThreadedConsumer.start(@queue)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @queue.push nil
+  end
+
+  test "the jobs are executed" do
+    ran = false
+
+    job = Job.new(1) do
+      ran = true
+    end
+
+    @queue.push job
+    sleep 0.1
+    assert_equal true, ran
+  end
+
+  test "the jobs are not executed synchronously" do
+    ran = false
+
+    job = Job.new(1) do
+      sleep 0.1
+      ran = true
+    end
+
+    @queue.push job
+    assert_equal false, ran
+  end
+
+  test "shutting down the queue synchronously drains the jobs" do
+    ran = false
+
+    job = Job.new(1) do
+      sleep 0.1
+      ran = true
+    end
+
+    @queue.push job
+    assert_equal false, ran
+
+    @consumer.shutdown
+
+    assert_equal true, ran
+  end
+
+  test "log job that raises an exception" do
+    require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
+    logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+    Rails.logger = logger
+
+    job = Job.new(1) do
+      raise "RuntimeError: Error!"
+    end
+
+    @queue.push job
+    sleep 0.1
+
+    assert_equal 1, logger.logged(:error).size
+    assert_match(/Job Error: RuntimeError: Error!/, logger.logged(:error).last)
+  end
+
+  test "test overriding exception handling" do
+    @consumer.shutdown
+    @consumer = Class.new(Rails::Queueing::ThreadedConsumer) do
+      attr_reader :last_error
+      def handle_exception(e)
+        @last_error = e.message
+      end
+    end.start(@queue)
+
+    job = Job.new(1) do
+      raise "RuntimeError: Error!"
+    end
+
+    @queue.push job
+    sleep 0.1
+
+    assert_equal "RuntimeError: Error!", @consumer.last_error
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
index 8a9363fb80..cfb32b7d35 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
@@ -11,30 +11,29 @@ class InfoControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def setup
     Rails.application.routes.draw do
-      match '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
+      get '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
+      get '/rails/info/routes'     => "rails/info#routes"
     end
-    @request.stubs(:local? => true)
-    @controller.stubs(:consider_all_requests_local? => false)
+    @controller.stubs(:local_request? => true)
     @routes = Rails.application.routes
 
     Rails::InfoController.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
   end
 
   test "info controller does not allow remote requests" do
-    @request.stubs(:local? => false)
+    @controller.stubs(:local_request? => false)
     get :properties
     assert_response :forbidden
   end
 
   test "info controller renders an error message when request was forbidden" do
-    @request.stubs(:local? => false)
+    @controller.stubs(:local_request? => false)
     get :properties
     assert_select 'p'
   end
 
   test "info controller allows requests when all requests are considered local" do
-    @request.stubs(:local? => false)
-    @controller.stubs(:consider_all_requests_local? => true)
+    @controller.stubs(:local_request? => true)
     get :properties
     assert_response :success
   end
@@ -48,4 +47,10 @@ class InfoControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :properties
     assert_select 'table'
   end
+
+  test "info controller renders with routes" do
+    get :routes
+    assert_select 'pre'
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
index 1da66062aa..b9fb071d23 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class InfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_frameworks_exist
     Rails::Info.frameworks.each do |framework|
-      dir = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../../" + framework.gsub('_', '')
+      dir = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../../" + framework.delete('_')
       assert File.directory?(dir), "#{framework.classify} does not exist"
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
index 5ed923a484..63814f7a04 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
-require "railties/shared_tests"
 require "stringio"
 require "rack/test"
 
@@ -7,7 +6,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
   class EngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
-    include SharedTests
     include Rack::Test::Methods
 
     def setup
@@ -29,6 +27,395 @@ module RailtiesTest
       teardown_app
     end
 
+    def boot_rails
+      super
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+    end
+
+    test "serving sprocket's assets" do
+      @plugin.write "app/assets/javascripts/engine.js.erb", "<%= :alert %>();"
+
+      boot_rails
+      require 'rack/test'
+      extend Rack::Test::Methods
+
+      get "/assets/engine.js"
+      assert_match "alert()", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "rake environment can be called in the engine" do
+      boot_rails
+
+      @plugin.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+        APP_RAKEFILE = '#{app_path}/Rakefile'
+        load 'rails/tasks/engine.rake'
+        task :foo => :environment do
+          puts "Task ran"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      Dir.chdir(@plugin.path) do
+        output = `bundle exec rake foo`
+        assert_match "Task ran", output
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "copying migrations" do
+      @plugin.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "db/migrate/2_add_last_name_to_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class AddLastNameToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "db/migrate/3_create_sessions.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "db/migrate/1_create_sessions.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration
+          def up
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config "ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations = false"
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        output = `bundle exec rake bukkits:install:migrations`
+
+        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/2_create_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert_match(/Copied migration 2_create_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
+        assert_match(/Copied migration 3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
+        assert_match(/NOTE: Migration 3_create_sessions.rb from bukkits has been skipped/, output)
+        assert_equal 3, Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
+
+        output = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
+
+        assert_no_match(/2_create_users/, output.join("\n"))
+
+        bukkits_migration_order = output.index(output.detect{|o| /NOTE: Migration 3_create_sessions.rb from bukkits has been skipped/ =~ o })
+        assert_not_nil bukkits_migration_order, "Expected migration to be skipped"
+
+        migrations_count = Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
+        output = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`
+
+        assert_equal migrations_count, Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "mountable engine should copy migrations within engine_path" do
+      @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
+        module Bukkits
+          class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+            isolate_namespace Bukkits
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "db/migrate/0_add_first_name_to_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class AddFirstNameToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
+        APP_RAKEFILE = '#{app_path}/Rakefile'
+        load 'rails/tasks/engine.rake'
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config "ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations = false"
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      Dir.chdir(@plugin.path) do
+        output = `bundle exec rake app:bukkits:install:migrations`
+        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/0_add_first_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert_match(/Copied migration 0_add_first_name_to_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
+        assert_equal 1, Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "no rake task without migrations" do
+      boot_rails
+      require 'rake'
+      require 'rdoc/task'
+      require 'rake/testtask'
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
+      assert !Rake::Task.task_defined?('bukkits:install:migrations')
+    end
+
+    test "puts its lib directory on load path" do
+      boot_rails
+      require "another"
+      assert_equal "Another", Another.name
+    end
+
+    test "puts its models directory on autoload path" do
+      @plugin.write "app/models/my_bukkit.rb", "class MyBukkit ; end"
+      boot_rails
+      assert_nothing_raised { MyBukkit }
+    end
+
+    test "puts its controllers directory on autoload path" do
+      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkit_controller.rb", "class BukkitController ; end"
+      boot_rails
+      assert_nothing_raised { BukkitController }
+    end
+
+    test "adds its views to view paths" do
+      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkit_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class BukkitController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "app/views/bukkit/index.html.erb", "Hello bukkits"
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      require "action_controller"
+      require "rack/mock"
+      response = BukkitController.action(:index).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
+      assert_equal "Hello bukkits\n", response[2].body
+    end
+
+    test "adds its views to view paths with lower proriority than app ones" do
+      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkit_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class BukkitController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "app/views/bukkit/index.html.erb", "Hello bukkits"
+      app_file "app/views/bukkit/index.html.erb", "Hi bukkits"
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      require "action_controller"
+      require "rack/mock"
+      response = BukkitController.action(:index).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
+      assert_equal "Hi bukkits\n", response[2].body
+    end
+
+    test "adds helpers to controller views" do
+      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkit_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class BukkitController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "app/helpers/bukkit_helper.rb", <<-RUBY
+        module BukkitHelper
+          def bukkits
+            "bukkits"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "app/views/bukkit/index.html.erb", "Hello <%= bukkits %>"
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      require "rack/mock"
+      response = BukkitController.action(:index).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
+      assert_equal "Hello bukkits\n", response[2].body
+    end
+
+    test "autoload any path under app" do
+      @plugin.write "app/anything/foo.rb", <<-RUBY
+        module Foo; end
+      RUBY
+      boot_rails
+      assert Foo
+    end
+
+    test "routes are added to router" do
+      @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class Sprokkit
+          def self.call(env)
+            [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ["I am a Sprokkit"]]
+          end
+        end
+
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get "/sprokkit", :to => Sprokkit
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+      require 'rack/test'
+      extend Rack::Test::Methods
+
+      get "/sprokkit"
+      assert_equal "I am a Sprokkit", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "routes in engines have lower priority than application ones" do
+      controller "foo", <<-RUBY
+        class FooController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+            render :text => "foo"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+          get 'foo', :to => 'foo#index'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bar_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class BarController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+            render :text => "bar"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get 'foo', :to => 'bar#index'
+          get 'bar', :to => 'bar#index'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+      require 'rack/test'
+      extend Rack::Test::Methods
+
+      get '/foo'
+      assert_equal 'foo', last_response.body
+
+      get '/bar'
+      assert_equal 'bar', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "rake tasks lib tasks are loaded" do
+      $executed = false
+      @plugin.write "lib/tasks/foo.rake", <<-RUBY
+        task :foo do
+          $executed = true
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+      require 'rake'
+      require 'rdoc/task'
+      require 'rake/testtask'
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
+      Rake::Task[:foo].invoke
+      assert $executed
+    end
+
+    test "i18n files have lower priority than application ones" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.i18n.load_path << "#{app_path}/app/locales/en.yml"
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'app/locales/en.yml', <<-YAML
+en:
+  bar: "1"
+YAML
+
+      app_file 'config/locales/en.yml', <<-YAML
+en:
+  foo: "2"
+  bar: "2"
+YAML
+
+      @plugin.write 'config/locales/en.yml', <<-YAML
+en:
+  foo: "3"
+YAML
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      expected_locales = %W(
+        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml
+        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
+        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
+        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
+        #{@plugin.path}/config/locales/en.yml
+        #{app_path}/config/locales/en.yml
+        #{app_path}/app/locales/en.yml
+      ).map { |path| File.expand_path(path) }
+
+      actual_locales = I18n.load_path.map { |path|
+        File.expand_path(path)
+      } & expected_locales # remove locales external to Rails
+
+      assert_equal expected_locales, actual_locales
+
+      assert_equal "2", I18n.t(:foo)
+      assert_equal "1", I18n.t(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "namespaced controllers with namespaced routes" do
+      @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          namespace :admin do
+            namespace :foo do
+              get "bar", :to => "bar#index"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "app/controllers/admin/foo/bar_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class Admin::Foo::BarController < ApplicationController
+          def index
+            render :text => "Rendered from namespace"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+      require 'rack/test'
+      extend Rack::Test::Methods
+
+      get "/admin/foo/bar"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_equal "Rendered from namespace", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "initializers" do
+      $plugin_initializer = false
+      @plugin.write "config/initializers/foo.rb", <<-RUBY
+        $plugin_initializer = true
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+      assert $plugin_initializer
+    end
+
+    test "midleware referenced in configuration" do
+      @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class Bukkits
+          def initialize(app)
+            @app = app
+          end
+
+          def call(env)
+            @app.call(env)
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config "config.middleware.use \"Bukkits\""
+      boot_rails
+    end
+
     test "Rails::Engine itself does not respond to config" do
       boot_rails
       assert !Rails::Engine.respond_to?(:config)
@@ -60,7 +447,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert index < initializers.index { |i| i.name == :build_middleware_stack }
     end
 
-
     class Upcaser
       def initialize(app)
         @app = app
@@ -135,7 +521,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Bukkits::Engine.routes.draw do
-          match "/foo" => lambda { |env| [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ['foo']] }
+          get "/foo" => lambda { |env| [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ['foo']] }
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -151,10 +537,11 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert_equal "foo", last_response.body
     end
 
-    test "it loads its environment file" do
+    test "it loads its environments file" do
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
           class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+            config.paths["config/environments"].push "config/environments/additional.rb"
           end
         end
       RUBY
@@ -165,9 +552,16 @@ module RailtiesTest
         end
       RUBY
 
+      @plugin.write "config/environments/additional.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Bukkits::Engine.configure do
+          config.additional_environment_loaded = true
+        end
+      RUBY
+
       boot_rails
 
       assert Bukkits::Engine.config.environment_loaded
+      assert Bukkits::Engine.config.additional_environment_loaded
     end
 
     test "it passes router in env" do
@@ -214,18 +608,18 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match "/bar" => "bar#index", :as => "bar"
+          get "/bar" => "bar#index", :as => "bar"
           mount Bukkits::Engine => "/bukkits", :as => "bukkits"
         end
       RUBY
 
       @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Bukkits::Engine.routes.draw do
-          match "/foo" => "foo#index", :as => "foo"
-          match "/foo/show" => "foo#show"
-          match "/from_app" => "foo#from_app"
-          match "/routes_helpers_in_view" => "foo#routes_helpers_in_view"
-          match "/polymorphic_path_without_namespace" => "foo#polymorphic_path_without_namespace"
+          get "/foo" => "foo#index", :as => "foo"
+          get "/foo/show" => "foo#show"
+          get "/from_app" => "foo#from_app"
+          get "/routes_helpers_in_view" => "foo#routes_helpers_in_view"
+          get "/polymorphic_path_without_namespace" => "foo#polymorphic_path_without_namespace"
           resources :posts
         end
       RUBY
@@ -382,7 +776,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Bukkits::Awesome::Engine.routes.draw do
-          match "/foo" => "foo#index"
+          get "/foo" => "foo#index"
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -476,8 +870,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       boot_rails
 
-      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
-
       get("/foo")
       assert_equal "foo", last_response.body
 
@@ -490,7 +882,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
         module Bukkits
           class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
             config.generators do |g|
-              g.orm             :datamapper
+              g.orm             :data_mapper
               g.template_engine :haml
               g.test_framework  :rspec
             end
@@ -511,7 +903,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
       RUBY
 
       boot_rails
-      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
 
       app_generators = Rails.application.config.generators.options[:rails]
       assert_equal :mongoid  , app_generators[:orm]
@@ -519,7 +910,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert_equal :test_unit, app_generators[:test_framework]
 
       generators = Bukkits::Engine.config.generators.options[:rails]
-      assert_equal :datamapper, generators[:orm]
+      assert_equal :data_mapper, generators[:orm]
       assert_equal :haml      , generators[:template_engine]
       assert_equal :rspec     , generators[:test_framework]
     end
@@ -534,7 +925,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
       RUBY
 
       boot_rails
-      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
 
       generators = Bukkits::Engine.config.generators.options[:rails]
       assert_equal :active_record, generators[:orm]
@@ -558,7 +948,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
       RUBY
 
       boot_rails
-      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
 
       assert_equal "foo", Bukkits.table_name_prefix
     end
@@ -572,7 +961,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
       RUBY
 
       boot_rails
-      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
 
       assert_equal Bukkits::Engine.instance, Rails::Engine.find(@plugin.path)
 
@@ -620,11 +1008,8 @@ module RailtiesTest
       add_to_config("config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false")
 
       boot_rails
-      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
 
-      methods = Bukkits::Engine.helpers.public_instance_methods.collect(&:to_s).sort
-      expected = ["bar", "baz"]
-      assert_equal expected, methods
+      assert_equal [:bar, :baz], Bukkits::Engine.helpers.public_instance_methods.sort
     end
 
     test "setting priority for engines with config.railties_order" do
@@ -659,8 +1044,8 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.routes.draw do
-          match "/foo" => "main#foo"
-          match "/bar" => "main#bar"
+          get "/foo" => "main#foo"
+          get "/bar" => "main#bar"
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -699,7 +1084,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
       add_to_config("config.railties_order = [:all, :main_app, Blog::Engine]")
 
       boot_rails
-      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
 
       get("/foo")
       assert_equal "Bukkit's foo partial", last_response.body.strip
@@ -712,6 +1096,10 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       get("/assets/bar.js")
       assert_equal "// App's bar js\n;", last_response.body.strip
+
+      # ensure that railties are not added twice
+      railties = Rails.application.send(:ordered_railties).map(&:class)
+      assert_equal railties, railties.uniq
     end
 
     test "railties_order adds :all with lowest priority if not given" do
@@ -732,7 +1120,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.routes.draw do
-          match "/foo" => "main#foo"
+          get "/foo" => "main#foo"
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -747,12 +1135,64 @@ module RailtiesTest
       add_to_config("config.railties_order = [Bukkits::Engine]")
 
       boot_rails
-      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
 
       get("/foo")
       assert_equal "Bukkit's foo partial", last_response.body.strip
     end
 
+    test "engine can be properly mounted at root" do
+      add_to_config("config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false")
+      add_to_config("config.serve_static_assets = false")
+
+      @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
+        module Bukkits
+          class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+            isolate_namespace ::Bukkits
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Bukkits::Engine.routes.draw do
+          root "foo#index"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkits/foo_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        module Bukkits
+          class FooController < ActionController::Base
+            def index
+              text = <<-TEXT
+                script_name: \#{request.script_name}
+                fullpath: \#{request.fullpath}
+                path: \#{request.path}
+              TEXT
+              render :text => text
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          mount Bukkits::Engine => "/"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      expected = <<-TEXT
+        script_name:
+        fullpath: /
+        path: /
+      TEXT
+
+      get("/")
+      assert_equal expected.split("\n").map(&:strip),
+                   last_response.body.split("\n").map(&:strip)
+    end
+
   private
     def app
       Rails.application
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/generators_test.rb
index 6ebbabc0ff..c90b795d59 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/generators_test.rb
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ module RailtiesTests
   class GeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
 
-    TMP_PATH = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), *%w[.. .. tmp]))
-    self.destination_root = File.join(TMP_PATH, "foo_bar")
+    def destination_root
+      tmp_path 'foo_bar'
+    end
 
     def tmp_path(*args)
-      File.join(TMP_PATH, *args)
+      @tmp_path ||= File.realpath(Dir.mktmpdir)
+      File.join(@tmp_path, *args)
     end
 
     def engine_path
@@ -73,6 +75,18 @@ module RailtiesTests
       end
     end
 
+    def test_table_name_prefix_is_correctly_namespaced_when_engine_is_mountable
+      build_mountable_engine
+      Dir.chdir(engine_path) do
+        bundled_rails("g model namespaced/topic")
+        assert_file "app/models/foo_bar/namespaced.rb", /module FooBar\n  module Namespaced/ do |content|
+          assert_class_method :table_name_prefix, content do |method_content|
+            assert_match(/'foo_bar_namespaced_'/, method_content)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_helpers_are_correctly_namespaced_when_engine_is_mountable
       build_mountable_engine
       Dir.chdir(engine_path) do
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
index 2bb9df6b64..4c0fdee556 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
         AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
           mount Weblog::Engine, :at => '/', :as => 'weblog'
           resources :posts
-          match "/engine_route" => "application_generating#engine_route"
-          match "/engine_route_in_view" => "application_generating#engine_route_in_view"
-          match "/weblog_engine_route" => "application_generating#weblog_engine_route"
-          match "/weblog_engine_route_in_view" => "application_generating#weblog_engine_route_in_view"
-          match "/url_for_engine_route" => "application_generating#url_for_engine_route"
-          match "/polymorphic_route" => "application_generating#polymorphic_route"
-          match "/application_polymorphic_path" => "application_generating#application_polymorphic_path"
+          get "/engine_route" => "application_generating#engine_route"
+          get "/engine_route_in_view" => "application_generating#engine_route_in_view"
+          get "/weblog_engine_route" => "application_generating#weblog_engine_route"
+          get "/weblog_engine_route_in_view" => "application_generating#weblog_engine_route_in_view"
+          get "/url_for_engine_route" => "application_generating#url_for_engine_route"
+          get "/polymorphic_route" => "application_generating#polymorphic_route"
+          get "/application_polymorphic_path" => "application_generating#application_polymorphic_path"
           scope "/:user", :user => "anonymous" do
             mount Blog::Engine => "/blog"
           end
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       @simple_plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Weblog::Engine.routes.draw do
-          match '/weblog' => "weblogs#index", :as => 'weblogs'
+          get '/weblog' => "weblogs#index", :as => 'weblogs'
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Blog::Engine.routes.draw do
           resources :posts
-          match '/generate_application_route', :to => 'posts#generate_application_route'
-          match '/application_route_in_view', :to => 'posts#application_route_in_view'
-          match '/engine_polymorphic_path', :to => 'posts#engine_polymorphic_path'
+          get '/generate_application_route', :to => 'posts#generate_application_route'
+          get '/application_route_in_view', :to => 'posts#application_route_in_view'
+          get '/engine_polymorphic_path', :to => 'posts#engine_polymorphic_path'
         end
       RUBY
 
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
index cd495320b5..c80b0f63af 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
@@ -163,6 +163,22 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert $ran_block
     end
 
+    test "runner block is executed when MyApp.load_runner is called" do
+      $ran_block = false
+
+      class MyTie < Rails::Railtie
+        runner do
+          $ran_block = true
+        end
+      end
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert !$ran_block
+      AppTemplate::Application.load_runner
+      assert $ran_block
+    end
+
     test "railtie can add initializers" do
       $ran_block = false
 
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/shared_tests.rb b/railties/test/railties/shared_tests.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3630a0937c..0000000000
--- a/railties/test/railties/shared_tests.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,367 +0,0 @@
-module RailtiesTest
-  # Holds tests shared between plugin and engines
-  module SharedTests
-    def boot_rails
-      super
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-    end
-
-    def app
-      @app ||= Rails.application
-    end
-
-    def test_serving_sprockets_assets
-      @plugin.write "app/assets/javascripts/engine.js.erb", "<%= :alert %>();"
-
-      boot_rails
-      require 'rack/test'
-      extend Rack::Test::Methods
-
-      get "/assets/engine.js"
-      assert_match "alert()", last_response.body
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_environment_can_be_called_in_the_engine_or_plugin
-      boot_rails
-
-      @plugin.write "Rakefile", <<-RUBY
-        APP_RAKEFILE = '#{app_path}/Rakefile'
-        load 'rails/tasks/engine.rake'
-        task :foo => :environment do
-          puts "Task ran"
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      Dir.chdir(@plugin.path) do
-        output = `bundle exec rake foo`
-        assert_match "Task ran", output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_copying_migrations
-      @plugin.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "db/migrate/2_add_last_name_to_users.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class AddLastNameToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "db/migrate/3_create_sessions.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class CreateSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      app_file "db/migrate/1_create_sessions.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class CreateSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration
-          def up
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      add_to_config "ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations = false"
-
-      boot_rails
-      railties = Rails.application.railties.all.map(&:railtie_name)
-
-      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        output = `bundle exec rake bukkits:install:migrations`
-
-        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/2_create_users.bukkits.rb")
-        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
-        assert_match(/Copied migration 2_create_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
-        assert_match(/Copied migration 3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
-        assert_match(/NOTE: Migration 3_create_sessions.rb from bukkits has been skipped/, output)
-        assert_equal 3, Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
-
-        output = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
-
-        assert_no_match(/2_create_users/, output.join("\n"))
-
-        bukkits_migration_order = output.index(output.detect{|o| /NOTE: Migration 3_create_sessions.rb from bukkits has been skipped/ =~ o })
-        assert_not_nil bukkits_migration_order, "Expected migration to be skipped"
-
-        migrations_count = Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
-        output = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`
-
-        assert_equal migrations_count, Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_no_rake_task_without_migrations
-      boot_rails
-      require 'rake'
-      require 'rdoc/task'
-      require 'rake/testtask'
-      Rails.application.load_tasks
-      assert !Rake::Task.task_defined?('bukkits:install:migrations')
-    end
-
-    def test_puts_its_lib_directory_on_load_path
-      boot_rails
-      require "another"
-      assert_equal "Another", Another.name
-    end
-
-    def test_puts_its_models_directory_on_autoload_path
-      @plugin.write "app/models/my_bukkit.rb", "class MyBukkit ; end"
-      boot_rails
-      assert_nothing_raised { MyBukkit }
-    end
-
-    def test_puts_its_controllers_directory_on_autoload_path
-      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkit_controller.rb", "class BukkitController ; end"
-      boot_rails
-      assert_nothing_raised { BukkitController }
-    end
-
-    def test_adds_its_views_to_view_paths
-      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkit_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class BukkitController < ActionController::Base
-          def index
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "app/views/bukkit/index.html.erb", "Hello bukkits"
-
-      boot_rails
-
-      require "action_controller"
-      require "rack/mock"
-      response = BukkitController.action(:index).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
-      assert_equal "Hello bukkits\n", response[2].body
-    end
-
-    def test_adds_its_views_to_view_paths_with_lower_proriority_than_app_ones
-      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkit_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class BukkitController < ActionController::Base
-          def index
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "app/views/bukkit/index.html.erb", "Hello bukkits"
-      app_file "app/views/bukkit/index.html.erb", "Hi bukkits"
-
-      boot_rails
-
-      require "action_controller"
-      require "rack/mock"
-      response = BukkitController.action(:index).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
-      assert_equal "Hi bukkits\n", response[2].body
-    end
-
-    def test_adds_helpers_to_controller_views
-      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkit_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class BukkitController < ActionController::Base
-          def index
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "app/helpers/bukkit_helper.rb", <<-RUBY
-        module BukkitHelper
-          def bukkits
-            "bukkits"
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "app/views/bukkit/index.html.erb", "Hello <%= bukkits %>"
-
-      boot_rails
-
-      require "rack/mock"
-      response = BukkitController.action(:index).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
-      assert_equal "Hello bukkits\n", response[2].body
-    end
-
-    def test_autoload_any_path_under_app
-      @plugin.write "app/anything/foo.rb", <<-RUBY
-        module Foo; end
-      RUBY
-      boot_rails
-      assert Foo
-    end
-
-    def test_routes_are_added_to_router
-      @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class Sprokkit
-          def self.call(env)
-            [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ["I am a Sprokkit"]]
-          end
-        end
-
-        Rails.application.routes.draw do
-          match "/sprokkit", :to => Sprokkit
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      boot_rails
-      require 'rack/test'
-      extend Rack::Test::Methods
-
-      get "/sprokkit"
-      assert_equal "I am a Sprokkit", last_response.body
-    end
-
-    def test_routes_in_plugins_have_lower_priority_than_application_ones
-      controller "foo", <<-RUBY
-        class FooController < ActionController::Base
-          def index
-            render :text => "foo"
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
-          match 'foo', :to => 'foo#index'
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bar_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class BarController < ActionController::Base
-          def index
-            render :text => "bar"
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.routes.draw do
-          match 'foo', :to => 'bar#index'
-          match 'bar', :to => 'bar#index'
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      boot_rails
-      require 'rack/test'
-      extend Rack::Test::Methods
-
-      get '/foo'
-      assert_equal 'foo', last_response.body
-
-      get '/bar'
-      assert_equal 'bar', last_response.body
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_tasks_lib_tasks_are_loaded
-      $executed = false
-      @plugin.write "lib/tasks/foo.rake", <<-RUBY
-        task :foo do
-          $executed = true
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      boot_rails
-      require 'rake'
-      require 'rdoc/task'
-      require 'rake/testtask'
-      Rails.application.load_tasks
-      Rake::Task[:foo].invoke
-      assert $executed
-    end
-
-    def test_i18n_files_have_lower_priority_than_application_ones
-      add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.i18n.load_path << "#{app_path}/app/locales/en.yml"
-      RUBY
-
-      app_file 'app/locales/en.yml', <<-YAML
-en:
-  bar: "1"
-YAML
-
-      app_file 'config/locales/en.yml', <<-YAML
-en:
-  foo: "2"
-  bar: "2"
-YAML
-
-      @plugin.write 'config/locales/en.yml', <<-YAML
-en:
-  foo: "3"
-YAML
-
-      boot_rails
-
-      expected_locales = %W(
-        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml
-        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
-        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
-        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
-        #{@plugin.path}/config/locales/en.yml
-        #{app_path}/config/locales/en.yml
-        #{app_path}/app/locales/en.yml
-      ).map { |path| File.expand_path(path) }
-
-      actual_locales = I18n.load_path.map { |path|
-        File.expand_path(path)
-      } & expected_locales # remove locales external to Rails
-
-      assert_equal expected_locales, actual_locales
-
-      assert_equal "2", I18n.t(:foo)
-      assert_equal "1", I18n.t(:bar)
-    end
-
-    def test_namespaced_controllers_with_namespaced_routes
-      @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.routes.draw do
-          namespace :admin do
-            namespace :foo do
-              match "bar", :to => "bar#index"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      @plugin.write "app/controllers/admin/foo/bar_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class Admin::Foo::BarController < ApplicationController
-          def index
-            render :text => "Rendered from namespace"
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      boot_rails
-      require 'rack/test'
-      extend Rack::Test::Methods
-
-      get "/admin/foo/bar"
-      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "Rendered from namespace", last_response.body
-    end
-
-    def test_initializers
-      $plugin_initializer = false
-      @plugin.write "config/initializers/foo.rb", <<-RUBY
-        $plugin_initializer = true
-      RUBY
-
-      boot_rails
-      assert $plugin_initializer
-    end
-
-    def test_midleware_referenced_in_configuration
-      @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class Bukkits
-          def initialize(app)
-            @app = app
-          end
-
-          def call(env)
-            @app.call(env)
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      add_to_config "config.middleware.use \"Bukkits\""
-      boot_rails
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/tasks/release.rb b/tasks/release.rb
index 191c014f9f..650b381e0f 100644
--- a/tasks/release.rb
+++ b/tasks/release.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord activeresource actionpack actionmailer railties )
+FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionmailer railties )
 
 root    = File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
 version = File.read("#{root}/RAILS_VERSION").strip
diff --git a/tools/profile b/tools/profile
index a6e3b41900..6cc935bce5 100755
--- a/tools/profile
+++ b/tools/profile
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 # Example:
 #   tools/profile_requires activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
-#   tools/profile_requires activeresource/examples/simple.rb
 abort 'Use REE so you can profile memory and object allocation' unless GC.respond_to?(:enable_stats)
 
 ENV['NO_RELOAD'] ||= '1'
 ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'development'
 
 GC.enable_stats
-require 'rubygems'
 Gem.source_index
 require 'benchmark'