1810 files changed, 63604 insertions, 25402 deletions

diff --git a/.codeclimate.yml b/.codeclimate.yml
index 139ee8013b..952b330d8c 100644
--- a/.codeclimate.yml
+++ b/.codeclimate.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+version: "2"
+
 checks:
   argument-count:
     enabled: false
@@ -20,17 +22,9 @@ checks:
   identical-code:
     enabled: false
 
-engines:
+plugins:
   rubocop:
     enabled: true
-    channel: rubocop-0-60
-
-ratings:
-  paths:
-  - "**.rb"
+    channel: rubocop-0-71
 
-exclude_paths:
-  - ci/
-  - guides/
-  - tasks/
-  - tools/
+exclude_patterns: []
diff --git a/.github/autolabeler.yml b/.github/autolabeler.yml
index d73b2e3362..6eb6f354e5 100644
--- a/.github/autolabeler.yml
+++ b/.github/autolabeler.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 actioncable:
   - "actioncable/**/*"
+actionmailbox:
+  - "actionmailbox/**/*"
 actionmailer:
   - "actionmailer/**/*"
 actionpack:
   - "actionpack/**/*"
+actiontext:
+  - "actiontext/**/*"
 actionview:
   - "actionview/**/*"
 activejob:
diff --git a/.github/issue_template.md b/.github/issue_template.md
index 87e666a7dd..0eb7cc22a2 100644
--- a/.github/issue_template.md
+++ b/.github/issue_template.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ### Steps to reproduce
 <!-- (Guidelines for creating a bug report are [available
-here](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#creating-a-bug-report)) -->
+here](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#creating-a-bug-report)) -->
 
 ### Expected behavior
 <!-- Tell us what should happen -->
diff --git a/.github/pull_request_template.md b/.github/pull_request_template.md
index 85c0e29ff0..7b0e9215f2 100644
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ CHANGELOG files by reviewers, please add the CHANGELOG entry at the top of the f
 
 Finally, if your pull request affects documentation or any non-code
 changes, guidelines for those changes are [available
-here](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation)
+here](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation)
 
 Thanks for contributing to Rails! -->
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 35440cb54f..71acd2c638 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ package-lock.json
 pkg/
 /tmp/
 /yarn-error.log
-/yarn.lock
+/test-reports/
diff --git a/.rubocop.yml b/.rubocop.yml
index 033f7adf49..e310351bf5 100644
--- a/.rubocop.yml
+++ b/.rubocop.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
+require:
+  - rubocop-performance
+  - rubocop-rails
+
 AllCops:
-  TargetRubyVersion: 2.4
+  TargetRubyVersion: 2.5
   # RuboCop has a bunch of cops enabled by default. This setting tells RuboCop
   # to ignore them, so only the ones explicitly set in this file are enabled.
   DisabledByDefault: true
@@ -8,15 +12,14 @@ AllCops:
     - '**/vendor/**/*'
     - 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb'
     - 'railties/test/fixtures/tmp/**/*'
-    - 'node_modules/**/*'
+    - 'actionmailbox/test/dummy/**/*'
+    - 'actiontext/test/dummy/**/*'
+    - '**/node_modules/**/*'
 
 Performance:
   Exclude:
     - '**/test/**/*'
 
-Rails:
-  Enabled: true
-
 # Prefer assert_not over assert !
 Rails/AssertNot:
   Include:
@@ -58,6 +61,10 @@ Layout/EndAlignment:
 Layout/EmptyLineAfterMagicComment:
   Enabled: true
 
+Layout/EmptyLinesAroundAccessModifier:
+  Enabled: true
+  EnforcedStyle: only_before
+
 Layout/EmptyLinesAroundBlockBody:
   Enabled: true
 
@@ -73,13 +80,13 @@ Layout/EmptyLinesAroundMethodBody:
 Layout/EmptyLinesAroundModuleBody:
   Enabled: true
 
-Layout/FirstParameterIndentation:
-  Enabled: true
-
 # Use Ruby >= 1.9 syntax for hashes. Prefer { a: :b } over { :a => :b }.
 Style/HashSyntax:
   Enabled: true
 
+Layout/IndentFirstArgument:
+  Enabled: true
+
 # Method definitions after `private` or `protected` isolated calls need one
 # extra level of indentation.
 Layout/IndentationConsistency:
@@ -99,6 +106,9 @@ Layout/SpaceAfterColon:
 Layout/SpaceAfterComma:
   Enabled: true
 
+Layout/SpaceAfterSemicolon:
+  Enabled: true
+
 Layout/SpaceAroundEqualsInParameterDefault:
   Enabled: true
 
@@ -109,10 +119,13 @@ Layout/SpaceAroundOperators:
   Enabled: true
 
 Layout/SpaceBeforeComma:
-    Enabled: true
+  Enabled: true
+
+Layout/SpaceBeforeComment:
+  Enabled: true
 
 Layout/SpaceBeforeFirstArg:
-    Enabled: true
+  Enabled: true
 
 Style/DefWithParentheses:
   Enabled: true
@@ -130,6 +143,9 @@ Style/FrozenStringLiteralComment:
     - 'actionpack/test/**/*.builder'
     - 'actionpack/test/**/*.ruby'
     - 'activestorage/db/migrate/**/*.rb'
+    - 'activestorage/db/update_migrate/**/*.rb'
+    - 'actionmailbox/db/migrate/**/*.rb'
+    - 'actiontext/db/migrate/**/*.rb'
 
 Style/RedundantFreeze:
   Enabled: true
@@ -171,19 +187,40 @@ Layout/TrailingWhitespace:
 Style/UnneededPercentQ:
   Enabled: true
 
+Lint/AmbiguousOperator:
+  Enabled: true
+
+Lint/AmbiguousRegexpLiteral:
+  Enabled: true
+
+Lint/ErbNewArguments:
+  Enabled: true
+
 # Use my_method(my_arg) not my_method( my_arg ) or my_method my_arg.
 Lint/RequireParentheses:
   Enabled: true
 
+Lint/ShadowingOuterLocalVariable:
+  Enabled: true
+
 Lint/StringConversionInInterpolation:
   Enabled: true
 
 Lint/UriEscapeUnescape:
   Enabled: true
 
+Lint/UselessAssignment:
+  Enabled: true
+
+Lint/DeprecatedClassMethods:
+  Enabled: true
+
 Style/ParenthesesAroundCondition:
   Enabled: true
 
+Style/RedundantBegin:
+  Enabled: true
+
 Style/RedundantReturn:
   Enabled: true
   AllowMultipleReturnValues: true
@@ -214,5 +251,8 @@ Performance/EndWith:
 Performance/RegexpMatch:
   Enabled: true
 
+Performance/ReverseEach:
+  Enabled: true
+
 Performance/UnfreezeString:
   Enabled: true
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 3db4e9cd94..ba1263ad2e 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+dist: xenial
 language: ruby
 sudo: false
 
@@ -12,24 +13,20 @@ cache:
 services:
   - memcached
   - redis-server
+  - mysql
 
 addons:
   postgresql: 10
   chrome: stable
   apt:
     sources:
-      - sourceline: "ppa:mc3man/trusty-media"
+      - sourceline: "ppa:jonathonf/ffmpeg-3"
       - sourceline: "ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/apps"
-      - mysql-5.7-trusty
     packages:
       - ffmpeg
       - mupdf
       - mupdf-tools
       - poppler-utils
-      - mysql-server
-      - mysql-client
-      - postgresql-10
-      - postgresql-client-10
 
 bundler_args: --jobs 3 --retry 3
 before_install:
@@ -37,17 +34,21 @@ before_install:
   - "travis_retry gem update --system"
   - "travis_retry gem install bundler"
   - "[[ -z $encrypted_0fb9444d0374_key && -z $encrypted_0fb9444d0374_iv ]] || openssl aes-256-cbc -K $encrypted_0fb9444d0374_key -iv $encrypted_0fb9444d0374_iv -in activestorage/test/service/configurations.yml.enc -out activestorage/test/service/configurations.yml -d"
-  - "[[ $GEM != 'av:ujs' ]] || nvm install node"
-  - "[[ $GEM != 'av:ujs' ]] || node --version"
-  - "[[ $GEM != 'av:ujs' ]] || (cd actionview && npm install)"
+  - "[[ $GEM != 'actioncable:integration' ]] || yarn install"
+  - "[[ $GEM != 'actionview:ujs' ]] || nvm install node"
+  - "[[ $GEM != 'actionview:ujs' ]] || node --version"
+  - "[[ $GEM != 'actionview:ujs' ]] || (cd actionview && npm install)"
   - "[[ $GEM != 'railties' ]] || (curl -o- -L https://yarnpkg.com/install.sh | bash)"
   - "[[ $GEM != 'railties' ]] || export PATH=$HOME/.yarn/bin:$PATH"
+  - "[[ $GEM != 'activerecord:postgresql' ]] || sudo mount -o remount,size=50% /var/ramfs"
 
 before_script:
   # Set Sauce Labs username and access key. Obfuscated, purposefully not encrypted.
   # Decodes to e.g. `export VARIABLE=VALUE`
   - $(base64 --decode <<< "ZXhwb3J0IFNBVUNFX0FDQ0VTU19LRVk9YTAzNTM0M2YtZTkyMi00MGIzLWFhM2MtMDZiM2VhNjM1YzQ4")
   - $(base64 --decode <<< "ZXhwb3J0IFNBVUNFX1VTRVJOQU1FPXJ1YnlvbnJhaWxz")
+  - "[[ $GEM != 'railties' ]] || (cd actionview && yarn build)"
+  - "[[ $GEM != 'railties' ]] || (cd railties/test/isolation/assets && yarn install)"
 
 script: 'ci/travis.rb'
 
@@ -55,152 +56,96 @@ env:
   global:
     - "JRUBY_OPTS='--dev -J-Xmx1024M'"
   matrix:
-    - "GEM=ap,ac"
-    - "GEM=am,amo,as,av,aj,ast"
-    - "GEM=as PRESERVE_TIMEZONES=1"
-    - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
+    - "GEM=railties"
+    - "GEM=actionpack,actioncable"
+    - "GEM=actionmailer,activemodel,activesupport,actionview,activejob,activestorage,actionmailbox,actiontext"
+    - "GEM=activesupport PRESERVE_TIMEZONES=1"
+    - "GEM=activerecord:sqlite3"
+    - "GEM=activerecord:postgresql"
+    - "GEM=activerecord:mysql2"
     - "GEM=guides"
-    - "GEM=ac:integration"
+    - "GEM=actioncable:integration"
 
 rvm:
-  - 2.4.4
-  - 2.5.1
+  - 2.5.3
+  - 2.6.0
   - ruby-head
 
 matrix:
   include:
-    - rvm: 2.4.4
-      env: "GEM=railties"
+    - rvm: 2.5.3
+      env: "GEM=actionview:ujs"
+    - rvm: 2.5.3
       sudo: required
-      before_install:
-        - "rm ${BUNDLE_GEMFILE}.lock"
-        - "travis_retry gem update --system"
-        - "travis_retry gem install bundler"
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-    - rvm: 2.5.1
-      env: "GEM=railties"
-      sudo: required
-      before_install:
-        - "rm ${BUNDLE_GEMFILE}.lock"
-        - "travis_retry gem update --system"
-        - "travis_retry gem install bundler"
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-    - rvm: ruby-head
-      env: "GEM=railties"
-      sudo: required
-      before_install:
-        - "rm ${BUNDLE_GEMFILE}.lock"
-        - "travis_retry gem update --system"
-        - "travis_retry gem install bundler"
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-    - rvm: 2.5.1
-      env: "GEM=av:ujs"
-    - rvm: 2.4.4
-      sudo: required
-      env: "GEM=aj:integration"
+      env: "GEM=activejob:integration"
+      addons:
+        postgresql: 10
+        apt:
+          packages:
+          - rabbitmq-server
       services:
         - memcached
         - redis-server
-        - rabbitmq
+        - rabbitmq-server
       before_install:
-        - sudo sed -i -e '/local.*peer/s/postgres/all/' -e 's/peer\|md5/trust/g' /etc/postgresql/*/main/pg_hba.conf
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-        - "[ -f /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10/Makefile ] || (curl -L https://github.com/kr/beanstalkd/archive/v1.10.tar.gz | tar xz -C /tmp)"
+        - "[ -f /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10/Makefile ] || (curl -L https://github.com/beanstalkd/beanstalkd/archive/v1.10.tar.gz | tar xz -C /tmp)"
         - "pushd /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10 && make && (./beanstalkd &); popd"
-    - rvm: 2.5.1
+    - rvm: 2.6.0
       sudo: required
-      env: "GEM=aj:integration"
+      env: "GEM=activejob:integration"
+      addons:
+        postgresql: 10
+        apt:
+          packages:
+          - rabbitmq-server
       services:
         - memcached
         - redis-server
-        - rabbitmq
+        - rabbitmq-server
       before_install:
-        - sudo sed -i -e '/local.*peer/s/postgres/all/' -e 's/peer\|md5/trust/g' /etc/postgresql/*/main/pg_hba.conf
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-        - "[ -f /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10/Makefile ] || (curl -L https://github.com/kr/beanstalkd/archive/v1.10.tar.gz | tar xz -C /tmp)"
+        - "[ -f /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10/Makefile ] || (curl -L https://github.com/beanstalkd/beanstalkd/archive/v1.10.tar.gz | tar xz -C /tmp)"
         - "pushd /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10 && make && (./beanstalkd &); popd"
     - rvm: ruby-head
       sudo: required
-      env: "GEM=aj:integration"
+      env: "GEM=activejob:integration"
+      addons:
+        postgresql: 10
+        apt:
+          packages:
+          - rabbitmq-server
       services:
         - memcached
         - redis-server
-        - rabbitmq
+        - rabbitmq-server
       before_install:
-        - sudo sed -i -e '/local.*peer/s/postgres/all/' -e 's/peer\|md5/trust/g' /etc/postgresql/*/main/pg_hba.conf
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-        - "[ -f /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10/Makefile ] || (curl -L https://github.com/kr/beanstalkd/archive/v1.10.tar.gz | tar xz -C /tmp)"
+        - "rm ${BUNDLE_GEMFILE}.lock"
+        - "travis_retry gem update --system"
+        - "travis_retry gem install bundler"
+        - "[ -f /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10/Makefile ] || (curl -L https://github.com/beanstalkd/beanstalkd/archive/v1.10.tar.gz | tar xz -C /tmp)"
         - "pushd /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10 && make && (./beanstalkd &); popd"
-    - rvm: 2.4.4
-      env: "GEM=ar:mysql2"
-      sudo: required
-      before_install:
-        - "sudo mysql -e \"use mysql; update user set authentication_string='' where User='root'; update user set plugin='mysql_native_password';FLUSH PRIVILEGES;\""
-        - "sudo mysql_upgrade"
-        - "sudo service mysql restart"
-    - rvm: 2.5.1
-      env: "GEM=ar:mysql2"
-      sudo: required
-      before_install:
-        - "sudo mysql -e \"use mysql; update user set authentication_string='' where User='root'; update user set plugin='mysql_native_password';FLUSH PRIVILEGES;\""
-        - "sudo mysql_upgrade"
-        - "sudo service mysql restart"
-    - rvm: ruby-head
-      env: "GEM=ar:mysql2"
-      sudo: required
+    - rvm: 2.5.3
+      env:
+        - "GEM=activerecord:mysql2 MYSQL=mariadb"
       before_install:
-        - "sudo mysql -e \"use mysql; update user set authentication_string='' where User='root'; update user set plugin='mysql_native_password';FLUSH PRIVILEGES;\""
         - "sudo mysql_upgrade"
         - "sudo service mysql restart"
-    - rvm: 2.5.1
-      env:
-        - "GEM=ar:mysql2 MYSQL=mariadb"
       addons:
         mariadb: 10.3
-    - rvm: 2.5.1
-      env:
-        - "GEM=ar:sqlite3_mem"
-    - rvm: 2.4.4
-      env: "GEM=ar:postgresql"
-      sudo: required
-      before_install:
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-    - rvm: 2.5.1
-      env: "GEM=ar:postgresql"
-      sudo: required
-      before_install:
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-    - rvm: ruby-head
-      env: "GEM=ar:postgresql"
-      sudo: required
-      before_install:
-        - "sudo sed -i 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf"
-        - "sudo service postgresql restart 10"
-    - rvm: 2.5.1
+    - rvm: 2.5.3
       env:
-        - "GEM=ar:postgresql POSTGRES=9.2"
-      addons:
-        postgresql: "9.2"
+        - "GEM=activerecord:sqlite3_mem"
     - rvm: jruby-head
-      jdk: oraclejdk8
+      jdk: oraclejdk11
       env:
-        - "GEM=ap"
+        - "GEM=actionpack"
     - rvm: jruby-head
-      jdk: oraclejdk8
+      jdk: oraclejdk11
       env:
-        - "GEM=am,amo,aj"
+        - "GEM=actionmailer,activemodel,activejob"
   allow_failures:
     - rvm: ruby-head
     - rvm: jruby-head
-    - env: "GEM=ac:integration"
+    - env: "GEM=actioncable:integration"
   fast_finish: true
 
 notifications:
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
index ecd56b87d6..2288e6a7d0 100644
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The Rails team is committed to fostering a welcoming community.
 
 **Our Code of Conduct can be found here**:
 
-http://rubyonrails.org/conduct/
+https://rubyonrails.org/conduct/
 
 For a history of updates, see the page history here:
 
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 097e2f2f49..f97c1bbd0b 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #### **Did you find a bug?**
 
 * **Do not open up a GitHub issue if the bug is a security vulnerability
-  in Rails**, and instead to refer to our [security policy](http://rubyonrails.org/security/).
+  in Rails**, and instead to refer to our [security policy](https://rubyonrails.org/security/).
 
 * **Ensure the bug was not already reported** by searching on GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues).
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
   * [**Action Pack** (controllers, routing) issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb)
   * [**Generic template** for other issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb)
 
-* For more detailed information on submitting a bug report and creating an issue, visit our [reporting guidelines](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#reporting-an-issue).
+* For more detailed information on submitting a bug report and creating an issue, visit our [reporting guidelines](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#reporting-an-issue).
 
 #### **Did you write a patch that fixes a bug?**
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 * Ensure the PR description clearly describes the problem and solution. Include the relevant issue number if applicable.
 
-* Before submitting, please read the [Contributing to Ruby on Rails](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html) guide to know more about coding conventions and benchmarks.
+* Before submitting, please read the [Contributing to Ruby on Rails](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html) guide to know more about coding conventions and benchmarks.
 
 #### **Did you fix whitespace, format code, or make a purely cosmetic patch?**
 
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the s
 
 #### **Do you want to contribute to the Rails documentation?**
 
-* Please read [Contributing to the Rails Documentation](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation).
+* Please read [Contributing to the Rails Documentation](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation).
 
-Ruby on Rails is a volunteer effort. We encourage you to pitch in and [join the team](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org)!
+Ruby on Rails is a volunteer effort. We encourage you to pitch in and [join the team](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org)!
 
 Thanks! :heart: :heart: :heart:
 
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 9df706f9c2..52914b6698 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ gemspec
 gem "rake", ">= 11.1"
 
 gem "capybara", ">= 2.15"
+gem "selenium-webdriver", ">= 3.141.592"
 
 gem "rack-cache", "~> 1.2"
 gem "sass-rails"
 gem "turbolinks", "~> 5"
-gem "webpacker", github: "rails/webpacker", require: ENV["SKIP_REQUIRE_WEBPACKER"] != "true"
+gem "webpacker", "~> 4.0", require: ENV["SKIP_REQUIRE_WEBPACKER"] != "true"
 # require: false so bcrypt is loaded only when has_secure_password is used.
 # This is to avoid Active Model (and by extension the entire framework)
 # being dependent on a binary library.
@@ -28,9 +29,8 @@ gem "uglifier", ">= 1.3.0", require: false
 gem "json", ">= 2.0.0"
 
 gem "rubocop", ">= 0.47", require: false
-
-# https://github.com/guard/rb-inotify/pull/79
-gem "rb-inotify", github: "matthewd/rb-inotify", branch: "close-handling", require: false
+gem "rubocop-performance", require: false
+gem "rubocop-rails", require: false
 
 group :doc do
   gem "sdoc", "~> 1.0"
@@ -39,23 +39,23 @@ group :doc do
   gem "kindlerb", "~> 1.2.0"
 end
 
-# Active Support.
+# Active Support
 gem "dalli"
 gem "listen", ">= 3.0.5", "< 3.2", require: false
 gem "libxml-ruby", platforms: :ruby
 gem "connection_pool", require: false
 
 # for railties app_generator_test
-gem "bootsnap", ">= 1.1.0", require: false
+gem "bootsnap", ">= 1.4.4", require: false
 
-# Active Job.
+# Active Job
 group :job do
   gem "resque", require: false
   gem "resque-scheduler", require: false
   gem "sidekiq", require: false
   gem "sucker_punch", require: false
   gem "delayed_job", require: false
-  gem "queue_classic", github: "rafaelfranca/queue_classic", branch: "update-pg", require: false, platforms: :ruby
+  gem "queue_classic", github: "QueueClassic/queue_classic", require: false, platforms: :ruby
   gem "sneakers", require: false
   gem "que", require: false
   gem "backburner", require: false
@@ -88,9 +88,13 @@ group :storage do
   gem "image_processing", "~> 1.2"
 end
 
+# Action Mailbox
+gem "aws-sdk-sns", require: false
+gem "webmock"
+
 group :ujs do
   gem "qunit-selenium"
-  gem "chromedriver-helper"
+  gem "webdrivers"
 end
 
 # Add your own local bundler stuff.
@@ -100,6 +104,7 @@ instance_eval File.read local_gemfile if File.exist? local_gemfile
 group :test do
   gem "minitest-bisect"
   gem "minitest-retry"
+  gem "minitest-reporters"
 
   platforms :mri do
     gem "stackprof"
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ platforms :ruby, :mswin, :mswin64, :mingw, :x64_mingw do
   gem "racc", ">=1.4.6", require: false
 
   # Active Record.
-  gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.3.6"
+  gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.4"
 
   group :db do
     gem "pg", ">= 0.18.0"
diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock
index f4f3e430ba..eb7dbf6877 100644
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 GIT
-  remote: https://github.com/matthewd/rb-inotify.git
-  revision: 856730aad4b285969e8dd621e44808a7c5af4242
-  branch: close-handling
+  remote: https://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic.git
+  revision: 4cdc9b8e804badf7dea7078dd81092972d292c14
   specs:
-    rb-inotify (0.9.9)
-      ffi (~> 1.0)
+    queue_classic (3.2.0.RC1)
+      pg (>= 0.17, < 2.0)
 
 GIT
   remote: https://github.com/matthewd/websocket-client-simple.git
@@ -15,85 +14,85 @@ GIT
       event_emitter
       websocket
 
-GIT
-  remote: https://github.com/rafaelfranca/queue_classic.git
-  revision: dee64b361355d56700ad7aa3b151bf653a617526
-  branch: update-pg
-  specs:
-    queue_classic (3.2.0.RC1)
-      pg (>= 0.17, < 2.0)
-
-GIT
-  remote: https://github.com/rails/webpacker.git
-  revision: bb132d591da35095e3246082cba3d693f847e0b5
-  specs:
-    webpacker (4.0.0.pre.3)
-      activesupport (>= 4.2)
-      rack-proxy (>= 0.6.1)
-      railties (>= 4.2)
-
 PATH
   remote: .
   specs:
-    actioncable (6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionpack (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+    actioncable (6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       nio4r (~> 2.0)
       websocket-driver (>= 0.6.1)
-    actionmailer (6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionpack (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionview (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activejob (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+    actionmailbox (6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activejob (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activerecord (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activestorage (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      mail (>= 2.7.1)
+    actionmailer (6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionview (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activejob (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       mail (~> 2.5, >= 2.5.4)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.0)
-    actionpack (6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionview (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activesupport (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+    actionpack (6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionview (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       rack (~> 2.0)
       rack-test (>= 0.6.3)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.0)
       rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
-    actionview (6.0.0.alpha)
-      activesupport (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+    actiontext (6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activerecord (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activestorage (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      nokogiri (>= 1.8.5)
+    actionview (6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       builder (~> 3.1)
       erubi (~> 1.4)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.0)
       rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.3)
-    activejob (6.0.0.alpha)
-      activesupport (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+    activejob (6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       globalid (>= 0.3.6)
-    activemodel (6.0.0.alpha)
-      activesupport (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-    activerecord (6.0.0.alpha)
-      activemodel (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activesupport (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-    activestorage (6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionpack (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activerecord (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+    activemodel (6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+    activerecord (6.1.0.alpha)
+      activemodel (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+    activestorage (6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activejob (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activerecord (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       marcel (~> 0.3.1)
-    activesupport (6.0.0.alpha)
+    activesupport (6.1.0.alpha)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
       i18n (>= 0.7, < 2)
       minitest (~> 5.1)
       tzinfo (~> 1.1)
-    rails (6.0.0.alpha)
-      actioncable (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionmailer (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionpack (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionview (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activejob (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activemodel (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activerecord (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activestorage (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activesupport (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+      zeitwerk (~> 2.1, >= 2.1.8)
+    rails (6.1.0.alpha)
+      actioncable (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionmailbox (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionmailer (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      actiontext (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionview (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activejob (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activemodel (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activerecord (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activestorage (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       bundler (>= 1.3.0)
-      railties (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+      railties (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       sprockets-rails (>= 2.0.0)
-    railties (6.0.0.alpha)
-      actionpack (= 6.0.0.alpha)
-      activesupport (= 6.0.0.alpha)
+    railties (6.1.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 6.1.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 6.1.0.alpha)
       method_source
       rake (>= 0.8.7)
-      thor (>= 0.19.0, < 2.0)
+      thor (>= 0.20.3, < 2.0)
 
 GEM
   remote: https://rubygems.org/
@@ -109,11 +108,10 @@ GEM
     activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter (52.1-java)
       activerecord-jdbc-adapter (= 52.1)
       jdbc-sqlite3 (~> 3.8, < 3.30)
-    addressable (2.5.2)
+    addressable (2.6.0)
       public_suffix (>= 2.0.2, < 4.0)
     amq-protocol (2.3.0)
-    archive-zip (0.11.0)
-      io-like (~> 0.3.0)
+    ansi (1.5.0)
     ast (2.4.0)
     aws-eventstream (1.0.1)
     aws-partitions (1.111.0)
@@ -129,6 +127,9 @@ GEM
       aws-sdk-core (~> 3, >= 3.26.0)
       aws-sdk-kms (~> 1)
       aws-sigv4 (~> 1.0)
+    aws-sdk-sns (1.8.1)
+      aws-sdk-core (~> 3, >= 3.37.0)
+      aws-sigv4 (~> 1.0)
     aws-sigv4 (1.0.3)
     azure-core (0.1.14)
       faraday (~> 0.9)
@@ -166,13 +167,13 @@ GEM
       childprocess
       faraday
       selenium-webdriver
-    bootsnap (1.3.2)
+    bootsnap (1.4.4)
       msgpack (~> 1.0)
-    bootsnap (1.3.2-java)
+    bootsnap (1.4.4-java)
       msgpack (~> 1.0)
     builder (3.2.3)
-    bunny (2.9.2)
-      amq-protocol (~> 2.3.0)
+    bunny (2.13.0)
+      amq-protocol (~> 2.3, >= 2.3.0)
     byebug (10.0.2)
     capybara (3.10.1)
       addressable
@@ -182,18 +183,17 @@ GEM
       rack-test (>= 0.6.3)
       regexp_parser (~> 1.2)
       xpath (~> 3.2)
-    childprocess (0.9.0)
-      ffi (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.11)
-    chromedriver-helper (2.1.0)
-      archive-zip (~> 0.10)
-      nokogiri (~> 1.8)
+    childprocess (1.0.1)
+      rake (< 13.0)
     coffee-script (2.4.1)
       coffee-script-source
       execjs
     coffee-script-source (1.12.2)
-    concurrent-ruby (1.1.3)
+    concurrent-ruby (1.1.4)
     connection_pool (2.2.2)
     cookiejar (0.3.3)
+    crack (0.4.3)
+      safe_yaml (~> 1.0.0)
     crass (1.0.4)
     curses (1.0.2)
     daemons (1.2.6)
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@ GEM
       http_parser.rb (>= 0.6.0)
     em-socksify (0.3.2)
       eventmachine (>= 1.0.0.beta.4)
-    erubi (1.7.1)
-    et-orbi (1.1.6)
+    erubi (1.8.0)
+    et-orbi (1.2.1)
       tzinfo
     event_emitter (0.2.6)
     eventmachine (1.2.7)
@@ -236,14 +236,14 @@ GEM
     faye-websocket (0.10.7)
       eventmachine (>= 0.12.0)
       websocket-driver (>= 0.5.1)
-    ffi (1.9.25)
-    ffi (1.9.25-java)
-    ffi (1.9.25-x64-mingw32)
-    ffi (1.9.25-x86-mingw32)
-    fugit (1.1.6)
-      et-orbi (~> 1.1, >= 1.1.6)
+    ffi (1.11.1)
+    ffi (1.11.1-java)
+    ffi (1.11.1-x64-mingw32)
+    ffi (1.11.1-x86-mingw32)
+    fugit (1.2.1)
+      et-orbi (~> 1.1, >= 1.1.8)
       raabro (~> 1.1)
-    globalid (0.4.1)
+    globalid (0.4.2)
       activesupport (>= 4.2.0)
     google-api-client (0.25.0)
       addressable (~> 2.5, >= 2.5.1)
@@ -269,18 +269,18 @@ GEM
       multi_json (~> 1.11)
       os (>= 0.9, < 2.0)
       signet (~> 0.7)
+    hashdiff (0.3.7)
     hiredis (0.6.3)
     hiredis (0.6.3-java)
     http_parser.rb (0.6.0)
     httpclient (2.8.3)
-    i18n (1.1.1)
+    i18n (1.6.0)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
     image_processing (1.7.1)
       mini_magick (~> 4.0)
       ruby-vips (>= 2.0.13, < 3)
-    io-like (0.3.0)
-    jaro_winkler (1.5.1)
-    jaro_winkler (1.5.1-java)
+    jaro_winkler (1.5.2)
+    jaro_winkler (1.5.2-java)
     jdbc-mysql (5.1.46)
     jdbc-postgres (42.1.4)
     jdbc-sqlite3 (3.20.1)
@@ -304,27 +304,32 @@ GEM
     marcel (0.3.3)
       mimemagic (~> 0.3.2)
     memoist (0.16.0)
-    method_source (0.9.1)
+    method_source (0.9.2)
     mime-types (3.2.2)
       mime-types-data (~> 3.2015)
     mime-types-data (3.2018.0812)
-    mimemagic (0.3.2)
+    mimemagic (0.3.3)
     mini_magick (4.9.2)
     mini_mime (1.0.1)
-    mini_portile2 (2.3.0)
+    mini_portile2 (2.4.0)
     minitest (5.11.3)
     minitest-bisect (1.4.0)
       minitest-server (~> 1.0)
       path_expander (~> 1.0)
+    minitest-reporters (1.3.6)
+      ansi
+      builder
+      minitest (>= 5.0)
+      ruby-progressbar
     minitest-retry (0.1.9)
       minitest (>= 5.0)
     minitest-server (1.0.5)
       minitest (~> 5.0)
     mono_logger (1.1.0)
-    msgpack (1.2.4)
-    msgpack (1.2.4-java)
-    msgpack (1.2.4-x64-mingw32)
-    msgpack (1.2.4-x86-mingw32)
+    msgpack (1.2.10)
+    msgpack (1.2.10-java)
+    msgpack (1.2.10-x64-mingw32)
+    msgpack (1.2.10-x86-mingw32)
     multi_json (1.13.1)
     multipart-post (2.0.0)
     mustache (1.1.0)
@@ -334,36 +339,35 @@ GEM
     mysql2 (0.5.2-x86-mingw32)
     nio4r (2.3.1)
     nio4r (2.3.1-java)
-    nokogiri (1.8.5)
-      mini_portile2 (~> 2.3.0)
-    nokogiri (1.8.5-java)
-    nokogiri (1.8.5-x64-mingw32)
-      mini_portile2 (~> 2.3.0)
-    nokogiri (1.8.5-x86-mingw32)
-      mini_portile2 (~> 2.3.0)
+    nokogiri (1.10.3)
+      mini_portile2 (~> 2.4.0)
+    nokogiri (1.10.3-java)
+    nokogiri (1.10.3-x64-mingw32)
+      mini_portile2 (~> 2.4.0)
+    nokogiri (1.10.3-x86-mingw32)
+      mini_portile2 (~> 2.4.0)
     os (1.0.0)
-    parallel (1.12.1)
-    parser (2.5.3.0)
+    parallel (1.17.0)
+    parser (2.6.3.0)
       ast (~> 2.4.0)
     path_expander (1.0.3)
     pg (1.1.3)
     pg (1.1.3-x64-mingw32)
     pg (1.1.3-x86-mingw32)
-    powerpack (0.1.2)
-    psych (3.0.3)
+    psych (3.1.0)
     public_suffix (3.0.3)
-    puma (3.12.0)
-    puma (3.12.0-java)
+    puma (3.12.1)
+    puma (3.12.1-java)
     que (0.14.3)
     qunit-selenium (0.0.4)
       selenium-webdriver
       thor
     raabro (1.1.6)
-    racc (1.4.14)
-    rack (2.0.6)
+    racc (1.4.15)
+    rack (2.0.7)
     rack-cache (1.8.0)
       rack (>= 0.4)
-    rack-protection (2.0.4)
+    rack-protection (2.0.5)
       rack
     rack-proxy (0.6.5)
       rack
@@ -375,45 +379,52 @@ GEM
     rails-html-sanitizer (1.0.4)
       loofah (~> 2.2, >= 2.2.2)
     rainbow (3.0.0)
-    rake (12.3.1)
+    rake (12.3.2)
     rb-fsevent (0.10.3)
+    rb-inotify (0.10.0)
+      ffi (~> 1.0)
     rdoc (6.0.4)
     redcarpet (3.2.3)
-    redis (4.0.3)
+    redis (4.1.1)
     redis-namespace (1.6.0)
       redis (>= 3.0.4)
-    regexp_parser (1.2.0)
+    regexp_parser (1.3.0)
     representable (3.0.4)
       declarative (< 0.1.0)
       declarative-option (< 0.2.0)
       uber (< 0.2.0)
-    resque (1.27.4)
+    resque (2.0.0)
       mono_logger (~> 1.0)
       multi_json (~> 1.0)
-      redis-namespace (~> 1.3)
+      redis-namespace (~> 1.6)
       sinatra (>= 0.9.2)
       vegas (~> 0.1.2)
-    resque-scheduler (4.3.1)
+    resque-scheduler (4.4.0)
       mono_logger (~> 1.0)
-      redis (>= 3.3, < 5)
-      resque (~> 1.26)
+      redis (>= 3.3)
+      resque (>= 1.26)
       rufus-scheduler (~> 3.2)
     retriable (3.1.2)
-    rubocop (0.60.0)
+    rubocop (0.71.0)
       jaro_winkler (~> 1.5.1)
       parallel (~> 1.10)
-      parser (>= 2.5, != 2.5.1.1)
-      powerpack (~> 0.1)
+      parser (>= 2.6)
       rainbow (>= 2.2.2, < 4.0)
       ruby-progressbar (~> 1.7)
-      unicode-display_width (~> 1.4.0)
-    ruby-progressbar (1.10.0)
+      unicode-display_width (>= 1.4.0, < 1.7)
+    rubocop-performance (1.1.0)
+      rubocop (>= 0.67.0)
+    rubocop-rails (2.0.0)
+      rack (>= 2.0)
+      rubocop (>= 0.70.0)
+    ruby-progressbar (1.10.1)
     ruby-vips (2.0.13)
       ffi (~> 1.9)
     ruby_dep (1.5.0)
-    rubyzip (1.2.2)
-    rufus-scheduler (3.5.2)
-      fugit (~> 1.1, >= 1.1.5)
+    rubyzip (1.2.3)
+    rufus-scheduler (3.6.0)
+      fugit (~> 1.1, >= 1.1.6)
+    safe_yaml (1.0.4)
     sass (3.7.2)
       sass-listen (~> 4.0.0)
     sass-listen (4.0.0)
@@ -427,8 +438,8 @@ GEM
       tilt (>= 1.1, < 3)
     sdoc (1.0.0)
       rdoc (>= 5.0)
-    selenium-webdriver (3.141.0)
-      childprocess (~> 0.5)
+    selenium-webdriver (3.142.3)
+      childprocess (>= 0.5, < 2.0)
       rubyzip (~> 1.2, >= 1.2.2)
     sequel (5.14.0)
     serverengine (2.0.7)
@@ -443,14 +454,15 @@ GEM
       faraday (~> 0.9)
       jwt (>= 1.5, < 3.0)
       multi_json (~> 1.10)
-    sinatra (2.0.4)
+    sinatra (2.0.5)
       mustermann (~> 1.0)
       rack (~> 2.0)
-      rack-protection (= 2.0.4)
+      rack-protection (= 2.0.5)
       tilt (~> 2.0)
-    sneakers (2.7.0)
-      bunny (~> 2.9.2)
+    sneakers (2.11.0)
+      bunny (~> 2.12)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+      rake
       serverengine (~> 2.0.5)
       thor
     sprockets (3.7.2)
@@ -461,9 +473,7 @@ GEM
       actionpack (>= 4.0)
       activesupport (>= 4.0)
       sprockets (>= 3.0.0)
-    sqlite3 (1.3.13)
-    sqlite3 (1.3.13-x64-mingw32)
-    sqlite3 (1.3.13-x86-mingw32)
+    sqlite3 (1.4.0)
     stackprof (0.2.12)
     sucker_punch (2.1.1)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
@@ -474,7 +484,7 @@ GEM
     thor (0.20.3)
     thread_safe (0.3.6)
     thread_safe (0.3.6-java)
-    tilt (2.0.8)
+    tilt (2.0.9)
     turbolinks (5.2.0)
       turbolinks-source (~> 5.2)
     turbolinks-source (5.2.0)
@@ -485,7 +495,7 @@ GEM
     uber (0.1.0)
     uglifier (4.1.19)
       execjs (>= 0.3.0, < 3)
-    unicode-display_width (1.4.0)
+    unicode-display_width (1.6.0)
     useragent (0.16.10)
     vegas (0.1.11)
       rack (>= 1.0.0)
@@ -493,6 +503,18 @@ GEM
       json (>= 1.8)
       nokogiri (~> 1.6)
     wdm (0.1.1)
+    webdrivers (4.0.0)
+      nokogiri (~> 1.6)
+      rubyzip (~> 1.0)
+      selenium-webdriver (~> 3.0)
+    webmock (3.4.2)
+      addressable (>= 2.3.6)
+      crack (>= 0.3.2)
+      hashdiff
+    webpacker (4.0.2)
+      activesupport (>= 4.2)
+      rack-proxy (>= 0.6.1)
+      railties (>= 4.2)
     websocket (1.2.8)
     websocket-driver (0.7.0)
       websocket-extensions (>= 0.1.0)
@@ -501,6 +523,7 @@ GEM
     websocket-extensions (0.1.3)
     xpath (3.2.0)
       nokogiri (~> 1.8)
+    zeitwerk (2.1.8)
 
 PLATFORMS
   java
@@ -513,16 +536,16 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter (>= 1.3.0)
   activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter (>= 1.3.0)
   aws-sdk-s3
+  aws-sdk-sns
   azure-storage
   backburner
   bcrypt (~> 3.1.11)
   benchmark-ips
   blade
   blade-sauce_labs_plugin
-  bootsnap (>= 1.1.0)
+  bootsnap (>= 1.4.4)
   byebug
   capybara (>= 2.15)
-  chromedriver-helper
   connection_pool
   dalli
   delayed_job
@@ -535,6 +558,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   libxml-ruby
   listen (>= 3.0.5, < 3.2)
   minitest-bisect
+  minitest-reporters
   minitest-retry
   mysql2 (>= 0.4.10)
   nokogiri (>= 1.8.1)
@@ -548,20 +572,22 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   rack-cache (~> 1.2)
   rails!
   rake (>= 11.1)
-  rb-inotify!
   redcarpet (~> 3.2.3)
   redis (~> 4.0)
   redis-namespace
   resque
   resque-scheduler
   rubocop (>= 0.47)
+  rubocop-performance
+  rubocop-rails
   sass-rails
   sdoc (~> 1.0)
+  selenium-webdriver (>= 3.141.592)
   sequel
   sidekiq
   sneakers
   sprockets-export
-  sqlite3 (~> 1.3.6)
+  sqlite3 (~> 1.4)
   stackprof
   sucker_punch
   turbolinks (~> 5)
@@ -569,8 +595,10 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   uglifier (>= 1.3.0)
   w3c_validators
   wdm (>= 0.1.0)
-  webpacker!
+  webdrivers
+  webmock
+  webpacker (~> 4.0)
   websocket-client-simple!
 
 BUNDLED WITH
-   1.17.1
+   1.17.3
diff --git a/MIT-LICENSE b/MIT-LICENSE
index 8f769c0767..315a4bc7c4 100644
--- a/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2005-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2005-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/RAILS_VERSION b/RAILS_VERSION
index 747766c587..6e7c238e32 100644
--- a/RAILS_VERSION
+++ b/RAILS_VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-6.0.0.alpha
+6.1.0.alpha
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 461e8cea78..98ade9b445 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Welcome to Rails
 
-## What's Rails
+## What's Rails?
 
 Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to
 create database-backed web applications according to the
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ or to generate the body of an email. In Rails, View generation is handled by [Ac
 
 [Active Record](activerecord/README.rdoc), [Active Model](activemodel/README.rdoc), [Action Pack](actionpack/README.rdoc), and [Action View](actionview/README.rdoc) can each be used independently outside Rails.
 In addition to that, Rails also comes with [Action Mailer](actionmailer/README.rdoc), a library
-to generate and send emails; [Active Job](activejob/README.md), a
-framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety of queuing
+to generate and send emails; [Action Mailbox](actionmailbox/README.md), a library to receive emails within a Rails application;
+[Active Job](activejob/README.md), a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety of queuing
 backends; [Action Cable](actioncable/README.md), a framework to
 integrate WebSockets with a Rails application; [Active Storage](activestorage/README.md), a library to attach cloud
-and local files to Rails applications;
+and local files to Rails applications; [Action Text](actiontext/README.md), a library to handle rich text content;
 and [Active Support](activesupport/README.rdoc), a collection
 of utility classes and standard library extensions that are useful for Rails,
 and may also be used independently outside Rails.
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Everyone interacting in Rails and its sub-projects' codebases, issue trackers, c
 
 ## Code Status
 
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
+[![Build Status](https://badge.buildkite.com/ab1152b6a1f6a61d3ea4ec5b3eece8d4c2b830998459c75352.svg?branch=master)](https://buildkite.com/rails/rails)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/RELEASING_RAILS.md b/RELEASING_RAILS.md
index 287dd4fa12..bc39e2313d 100644
--- a/RELEASING_RAILS.md
+++ b/RELEASING_RAILS.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Today is mostly coordination tasks. Here are the things you must do today:
 Do not release with a Red CI. You can find the CI status here:
 
 ```
-https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails
+https://buildkite.com/rails/rails
 ```
 
 ### Is Sam Ruby happy? If not, make him happy.
@@ -109,22 +109,23 @@ browser.
 This will stop you from looking silly when you push an RC to rubygems.org and
 then realize it is broken.
 
-### Release to RubyGems and NPM.
+### Release to RubyGems and npm.
 
-IMPORTANT: The Action Cable client and Action View's UJS adapter are released
-as NPM packages, so you must have Node.js installed, have an NPM account
-(npmjs.com), and be a package owner for `actioncable` and `rails-ujs` (you can
-check this via `npm owner ls actioncable` and `npm owner ls rails-ujs`) in
-order to do a full release. Do not release until you're set up with NPM!
+IMPORTANT: Several gems have JavaScript components that are released as npm
+packages, so you must have Node.js installed, have an npm account (npmjs.com),
+and be a package owner for `@rails/actioncable`, `@rails/actiontext`,
+`@rails/activestorage`, and `@rails/ujs`. You can check this by making sure your
+npm user (`npm whoami`) is listed as an owner (`npm owner ls <pkg>`) of each
+package. Do not release until you're set up with npm!
 
 The release task will sign the release tag. If you haven't got commit signing
-set up, use https://git-scm.com/book/tr/v2/Git-Tools-Signing-Your-Work as a
+set up, use https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Signing-Your-Work as a
 guide. You can generate keys with the GPG suite from here: https://gpgtools.org.
 
 Run `rake changelog:header` to put a header with the new version in every
 CHANGELOG. Don't commit this, the release task handles it.
 
-Run `rake release`. This will populate the gemspecs and NPM package.json with
+Run `rake release`. This will populate the gemspecs and npm package.json with
 the current RAILS_VERSION, commit the changes, tag it, and push the gems to
 rubygems.org.
 
diff --git a/actioncable/.gitignore b/actioncable/.gitignore
index 5d5c867f2d..7fa7c03e03 100644
--- a/actioncable/.gitignore
+++ b/actioncable/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 /app/javascript/action_cable/internal.js
-/lib/assets/compiled/
+/src
+/test/javascript/compiled/
 /tmp/
diff --git a/actioncable/CHANGELOG.md b/actioncable/CHANGELOG.md
index 17c7e9a3b7..6fc2f17d32 100644
--- a/actioncable/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actioncable/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,24 +1,3 @@
-*   Add `id` option to redis adapter so now you can distinguish
-    ActionCable's redis connections among others. Also, you can set
-    custom id in options.
 
-    Before:
-    ```
-    $ redis-cli client list
-    id=669 addr=127.0.0.1:46442 fd=8 name= age=18 ...
-    ```
 
-    After:
-    ```
-    $ redis-cli client list
-    id=673 addr=127.0.0.1:46516 fd=8 name=ActionCable-PID-19413 age=2 ...
-    ```
-
-    *Ilia Kasianenko*
-
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
-
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/actioncable/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/actioncable/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actioncable/MIT-LICENSE b/actioncable/MIT-LICENSE
index a42759f024..bdb42d988a 100644
--- a/actioncable/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actioncable/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2015-2018 Basecamp, LLC
+Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Basecamp, LLC
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actioncable/README.md b/actioncable/README.md
index a2783d6f45..38eb251f42 100644
--- a/actioncable/README.md
+++ b/actioncable/README.md
@@ -7,556 +7,13 @@ and scalable. It's a full-stack offering that provides both a client-side
 JavaScript framework and a server-side Ruby framework. You have access to your full
 domain model written with Active Record or your ORM of choice.
 
-## Terminology
-
-A single Action Cable server can handle multiple connection instances. It has one
-connection instance per WebSocket connection. A single user may have multiple
-WebSockets open to your application if they use multiple browser tabs or devices.
-The client of a WebSocket connection is called the consumer.
-
-Each consumer can in turn subscribe to multiple cable channels. Each channel encapsulates
-a logical unit of work, similar to what a controller does in a regular MVC setup. For example,
-you could have a `ChatChannel` and an `AppearancesChannel`, and a consumer could be subscribed to either
-or to both of these channels. At the very least, a consumer should be subscribed to one channel.
-
-When the consumer is subscribed to a channel, they act as a subscriber. The connection between
-the subscriber and the channel is, surprise-surprise, called a subscription. A consumer
-can act as a subscriber to a given channel any number of times. For example, a consumer
-could subscribe to multiple chat rooms at the same time. (And remember that a physical user may
-have multiple consumers, one per tab/device open to your connection).
-
-Each channel can then again be streaming zero or more broadcastings. A broadcasting is a
-pubsub link where anything transmitted by the broadcaster is sent directly to the channel
-subscribers who are streaming that named broadcasting.
-
-As you can see, this is a fairly deep architectural stack. There's a lot of new terminology
-to identify the new pieces, and on top of that, you're dealing with both client and server side
-reflections of each unit.
-
-## Examples
-
-### A full-stack example
-
-The first thing you must do is define your `ApplicationCable::Connection` class in Ruby. This
-is the place where you authorize the incoming connection, and proceed to establish it,
-if all is well. Here's the simplest example starting with the server-side connection class:
-
-```ruby
-# app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
-module ApplicationCable
-  class Connection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
-    identified_by :current_user
-
-    def connect
-      self.current_user = find_verified_user
-    end
-
-    private
-      def find_verified_user
-        if verified_user = User.find_by(id: cookies.encrypted[:user_id])
-          verified_user
-        else
-          reject_unauthorized_connection
-        end
-      end
-  end
-end
-```
-Here `identified_by` is a connection identifier that can be used to find the specific connection again or later.
-Note that anything marked as an identifier will automatically create a delegate by the same name on any channel instances created off the connection.
-
-This relies on the fact that you will already have handled authentication of the user, and
-that a successful authentication sets a signed cookie with the `user_id`. This cookie is then
-automatically sent to the connection instance when a new connection is attempted, and you
-use that to set the `current_user`. By identifying the connection by this same current_user,
-you're also ensuring that you can later retrieve all open connections by a given user (and
-potentially disconnect them all if the user is deleted or deauthorized).
-
-Next, you should define your `ApplicationCable::Channel` class in Ruby. This is the place where you put
-shared logic between your channels.
-
-```ruby
-# app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
-module ApplicationCable
-  class Channel < ActionCable::Channel::Base
-  end
-end
-```
-
-The client-side needs to setup a consumer instance of this connection. That's done like so:
-
-```js
-// app/assets/javascripts/cable.js
-//= require action_cable
-//= require_self
-//= require_tree ./channels
-
-(function() {
-  this.App || (this.App = {});
-
-  App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer("ws://cable.example.com");
-}).call(this);
-```
-
-The `ws://cable.example.com` address must point to your Action Cable server(s), and it
-must share a cookie namespace with the rest of the application (which may live under http://example.com).
-This ensures that the signed cookie will be correctly sent.
-
-That's all you need to establish the connection! But of course, this isn't very useful in
-itself. This just gives you the plumbing. To make stuff happen, you need content. That content
-is defined by declaring channels on the server and allowing the consumer to subscribe to them.
-
-
-### Channel example 1: User appearances
-
-Here's a simple example of a channel that tracks whether a user is online or not, and also what page they are currently on.
-(This is useful for creating presence features like showing a green dot next to a user's name if they're online).
-
-First you declare the server-side channel:
-
-```ruby
-# app/channels/appearance_channel.rb
-class AppearanceChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
-  def subscribed
-    current_user.appear
-  end
-
-  def unsubscribed
-    current_user.disappear
-  end
-
-  def appear(data)
-    current_user.appear on: data['appearing_on']
-  end
-
-  def away
-    current_user.away
-  end
-end
-```
-
-The `#subscribed` callback is invoked when, as we'll show below, a client-side subscription is initiated. In this case,
-we take that opportunity to say "the current user has indeed appeared". That appear/disappear API could be backed by
-Redis or a database or whatever else. Here's what the client-side of that looks like:
-
-```coffeescript
-# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/appearance.coffee
-App.cable.subscriptions.create "AppearanceChannel",
-  # Called when the subscription is ready for use on the server
-  connected: ->
-    @install()
-    @appear()
-
-  # Called when the WebSocket connection is closed
-  disconnected: ->
-    @uninstall()
-
-  # Called when the subscription is rejected by the server
-  rejected: ->
-    @uninstall()
-
-  appear: ->
-    # Calls `AppearanceChannel#appear(data)` on the server
-    @perform("appear", appearing_on: $("main").data("appearing-on"))
-
-  away: ->
-    # Calls `AppearanceChannel#away` on the server
-    @perform("away")
-
-
-  buttonSelector = "[data-behavior~=appear_away]"
-
-  install: ->
-    $(document).on "turbolinks:load.appearance", =>
-      @appear()
-
-    $(document).on "click.appearance", buttonSelector, =>
-      @away()
-      false
-
-    $(buttonSelector).show()
-
-  uninstall: ->
-    $(document).off(".appearance")
-    $(buttonSelector).hide()
-```
-
-Simply calling `App.cable.subscriptions.create` will setup the subscription, which will call `AppearanceChannel#subscribed`,
-which in turn is linked to the original `App.cable` -> `ApplicationCable::Connection` instances.
-
-Next, we link the client-side `appear` method to `AppearanceChannel#appear(data)`. This is possible because the server-side
-channel instance will automatically expose the public methods declared on the class (minus the callbacks), so that these
-can be reached as remote procedure calls via a subscription's `perform` method.
-
-### Channel example 2: Receiving new web notifications
-
-The appearance example was all about exposing server functionality to client-side invocation over the WebSocket connection.
-But the great thing about WebSockets is that it's a two-way street. So now let's show an example where the server invokes
-an action on the client.
-
-This is a web notification channel that allows you to trigger client-side web notifications when you broadcast to the right
-streams:
-
-```ruby
-# app/channels/web_notifications_channel.rb
-class WebNotificationsChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
-  def subscribed
-    stream_from "web_notifications_#{current_user.id}"
-  end
-end
-```
-
-```coffeescript
-# Client-side, which assumes you've already requested the right to send web notifications
-App.cable.subscriptions.create "WebNotificationsChannel",
-  received: (data) ->
-    new Notification data["title"], body: data["body"]
-```
-
-```ruby
-# Somewhere in your app this is called, perhaps from a NewCommentJob
-ActionCable.server.broadcast \
-  "web_notifications_#{current_user.id}", { title: 'New things!', body: 'All the news that is fit to print' }
-```
-
-The `ActionCable.server.broadcast` call places a message in the Action Cable pubsub queue under a separate broadcasting name for each user. For a user with an ID of 1, the broadcasting name would be `web_notifications_1`.
-The channel has been instructed to stream everything that arrives at `web_notifications_1` directly to the client by invoking the
-`#received(data)` callback. The data is the hash sent as the second parameter to the server-side broadcast call, JSON encoded for the trip
-across the wire, and unpacked for the data argument arriving to `#received`.
-
-
-### Passing Parameters to Channel
-
-You can pass parameters from the client side to the server side when creating a subscription. For example:
-
-```ruby
-# app/channels/chat_channel.rb
-class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
-  def subscribed
-    stream_from "chat_#{params[:room]}"
-  end
-end
-```
-
-If you pass an object as the first argument to `subscriptions.create`, that object will become the params hash in your cable channel. The keyword `channel` is required.
-
-```coffeescript
-# Client-side, which assumes you've already requested the right to send web notifications
-App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" },
-  received: (data) ->
-    @appendLine(data)
-
-  appendLine: (data) ->
-    html = @createLine(data)
-    $("[data-chat-room='Best Room']").append(html)
-
-  createLine: (data) ->
-    """
-    <article class="chat-line">
-      <span class="speaker">#{data["sent_by"]}</span>
-      <span class="body">#{data["body"]}</span>
-    </article>
-    """
-```
-
-```ruby
-# Somewhere in your app this is called, perhaps from a NewCommentJob
-ActionCable.server.broadcast \
-  "chat_#{room}", { sent_by: 'Paul', body: 'This is a cool chat app.' }
-```
-
-
-### Rebroadcasting message
-
-A common use case is to rebroadcast a message sent by one client to any other connected clients.
-
-```ruby
-# app/channels/chat_channel.rb
-class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
-  def subscribed
-    stream_from "chat_#{params[:room]}"
-  end
-
-  def receive(data)
-    ActionCable.server.broadcast "chat_#{params[:room]}", data
-  end
-end
-```
-
-```coffeescript
-# Client-side, which assumes you've already requested the right to send web notifications
-App.chatChannel = App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" },
-  received: (data) ->
-    # data => { sent_by: "Paul", body: "This is a cool chat app." }
-
-App.chatChannel.send({ sent_by: "Paul", body: "This is a cool chat app." })
-```
-
-The rebroadcast will be received by all connected clients, _including_ the client that sent the message. Note that params are the same as they were when you subscribed to the channel.
-
-
-### More complete examples
-
-See the [rails/actioncable-examples](https://github.com/rails/actioncable-examples) repository for a full example of how to setup Action Cable in a Rails app, and how to add channels.
-
-## Configuration
-
-Action Cable has three required configurations: a subscription adapter, allowed request origins, and the cable server URL (which can optionally be set on the client side).
-
-### Redis
-
-By default, `ActionCable::Server::Base` will look for a configuration file in `Rails.root.join('config/cable.yml')`.
-This file must specify an adapter and a URL for each Rails environment. It may use the following format:
-
-```yaml
-production: &production
-  adapter: redis
-  url: redis://10.10.3.153:6381
-development: &development
-  adapter: redis
-  url: redis://localhost:6379
-test: *development
-```
-
-You can also change the location of the Action Cable config file in a Rails initializer with something like:
-
-```ruby
-Rails.application.paths.add "config/cable", with: "somewhere/else/cable.yml"
-```
-
-### Allowed Request Origins
-
-Action Cable will only accept requests from specific origins.
-
-By default, only an origin matching the cable server itself will be permitted.
-Additional origins can be specified using strings or regular expressions, provided in an array.
-
-```ruby
-Rails.application.config.action_cable.allowed_request_origins = ['http://rubyonrails.com', /http:\/\/ruby.*/]
-```
-
-When running in the development environment, this defaults to "http://localhost:3000".
-
-To disable protection and allow requests from any origin:
-
-```ruby
-Rails.application.config.action_cable.disable_request_forgery_protection = true
-```
-
-To disable automatic access for same-origin requests, and strictly allow
-only the configured origins:
-
-```ruby
-Rails.application.config.action_cable.allow_same_origin_as_host = false
-```
-
-### Consumer Configuration
-
-Once you have decided how to run your cable server (see below), you must provide the server URL (or path) to your client-side setup.
-There are two ways you can do this.
-
-The first is to simply pass it in when creating your consumer. For a standalone server,
-this would be something like: `App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer("ws://example.com:28080")`, and for an in-app server,
-something like: `App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer("/cable")`.
-
-The second option is to pass the server URL through the `action_cable_meta_tag` in your layout.
-This uses a URL or path typically set via `config.action_cable.url` in the environment configuration files, or defaults to "/cable".
-
-This method is especially useful if your WebSocket URL might change between environments. If you host your production server via https, you will need to use the wss scheme
-for your Action Cable server, but development might remain http and use the ws scheme. You might use localhost in development and your
-domain in production.
-
-In any case, to vary the WebSocket URL between environments, add the following configuration to each environment:
-
-```ruby
-config.action_cable.url = "ws://example.com:28080"
-```
-
-Then add the following line to your layout before your JavaScript tag:
-
-```erb
-<%= action_cable_meta_tag %>
-```
-
-And finally, create your consumer like so:
-
-```coffeescript
-App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer()
-```
-
-### Other Configurations
-
-The other common option to configure is the log tags applied to the per-connection logger. Here's an example that uses the user account id if available, else "no-account" while tagging:
-
-```ruby
-config.action_cable.log_tags = [
-  -> request { request.env['user_account_id'] || "no-account" },
-  :action_cable,
-  -> request { request.uuid }
-]
-```
-
-For a full list of all configuration options, see the `ActionCable::Server::Configuration` class.
-
-Also note that your server must provide at least the same number of database connections as you have workers. The default worker pool is set to 4, so that means you have to make at least that available. You can change that in `config/database.yml` through the `pool` attribute.
-
-
-## Running the cable server
-
-### Standalone
-The cable server(s) is separated from your normal application server. It's still a Rack application, but it is its own Rack
-application. The recommended basic setup is as follows:
-
-```ruby
-# cable/config.ru
-require_relative '../config/environment'
-Rails.application.eager_load!
-
-run ActionCable.server
-```
-
-Then you start the server using a binstub in bin/cable ala:
-```sh
-#!/bin/bash
-bundle exec puma -p 28080 cable/config.ru
-```
-
-The above will start a cable server on port 28080.
-
-### In app
-
-If you are using a server that supports the [Rack socket hijacking API](https://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/file/SPEC#label-Hijacking), Action Cable can run alongside your Rails application. For example, to listen for WebSocket requests on `/websocket`, specify that path to `config.action_cable.mount_path`:
-
-```ruby
-# config/application.rb
-class Application < Rails::Application
-  config.action_cable.mount_path = '/websocket'
-end
-```
-
-For every instance of your server you create and for every worker your server spawns, you will also have a new instance of Action Cable, but the use of Redis keeps messages synced across connections.
-
-### Notes
-
-Beware that currently, the cable server will _not_ auto-reload any changes in the framework. As we've discussed, long-running cable connections mean long-running objects. We don't yet have a way of reloading the classes of those objects in a safe manner. So when you change your channels, or the model your channels use, you must restart the cable server.
-
-We'll get all this abstracted properly when the framework is integrated into Rails.
-
-The WebSocket server doesn't have access to the session, but it has access to the cookies. This can be used when you need to handle authentication. You can see one way of doing that with Devise in this [article](https://greg.molnar.io/blog/actioncable-devise-authentication/).
-
-## Dependencies
-
-Action Cable provides a subscription adapter interface to process its pubsub internals. By default, asynchronous, inline, PostgreSQL, and Redis adapters are included. The default adapter in new Rails applications is the asynchronous (`async`) adapter. To create your own adapter, you can look at `ActionCable::SubscriptionAdapter::Base` for all methods that must be implemented, and any of the adapters included within Action Cable as example implementations.
-
-The Ruby side of things is built on top of [websocket-driver](https://github.com/faye/websocket-driver-ruby), [nio4r](https://github.com/celluloid/nio4r), and [concurrent-ruby](https://github.com/ruby-concurrency/concurrent-ruby).
-
-
-## Deployment
-
-Action Cable is powered by a combination of WebSockets and threads. All of the
-connection management is handled internally by utilizing Ruby's native thread
-support, which means you can use all your regular Rails models with no problems
-as long as you haven't committed any thread-safety sins.
-
-The Action Cable server does _not_ need to be a multi-threaded application server.
-This is because Action Cable uses the [Rack socket hijacking API](https://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/file/SPEC#label-Hijacking)
-to take over control of connections from the application server. Action Cable
-then manages connections internally, in a multithreaded manner, regardless of
-whether the application server is multi-threaded or not. So Action Cable works
-with all the popular application servers -- Unicorn, Puma and Passenger.
-
-Action Cable does not work with WEBrick, because WEBrick does not support the
-Rack socket hijacking API.
-
-## Frontend assets
-
-Action Cable's frontend assets are distributed through two channels: the
-official gem and npm package, both titled `actioncable`.
-
-### Gem usage
-
-Through the `actioncable` gem, Action Cable's frontend assets are
-available through the Rails Asset Pipeline. Create a `cable.js` or
-`cable.coffee` file (this is automatically done for you with Rails
-generators), and then simply require the assets:
-
-In JavaScript...
-
-```javascript
-//= require action_cable
-```
-
-... and in CoffeeScript:
-
-```coffeescript
-#= require action_cable
-```
-
-### npm usage
-
-In addition to being available through the `actioncable` gem, Action Cable's
-frontend JS assets are also bundled in an officially supported npm module,
-intended for usage in standalone frontend applications that communicate with a
-Rails application. A common use case for this could be if you have a decoupled
-frontend application written in React, Ember.js, etc. and want to add real-time
-WebSocket functionality.
-
-### Installation
-
-```
-npm install actioncable --save
-```
-
-### Usage
-
-The `ActionCable` constant is available as a `require`-able module, so
-you only have to require the package to gain access to the API that is
-provided.
-
-In JavaScript...
-
-```javascript
-ActionCable = require('actioncable')
-
-var cable = ActionCable.createConsumer('wss://RAILS-API-PATH.com/cable')
-
-cable.subscriptions.create('AppearanceChannel', {
-  // normal channel code goes here...
-});
-```
-
-and in CoffeeScript...
-
-```coffeescript
-ActionCable = require('actioncable')
-
-cable = ActionCable.createConsumer('wss://RAILS-API-PATH.com/cable')
-
-cable.subscriptions.create 'AppearanceChannel',
-    # normal channel code goes here...
-```
-
-## Download and Installation
-
-The latest version of Action Cable can be installed with [RubyGems](#gem-usage),
-or with [npm](#npm-usage).
-
-Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
-
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/master/actioncable
-
-## License
-
-Action Cable is released under the MIT license:
-
-* https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-
+You can read more about Action Cable in the [Action Cable Overview](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/action_cable_overview.html) guide.
 
 ## Support
 
 API documentation is at:
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/actioncable/Rakefile b/actioncable/Rakefile
index 52c86eb5d7..121037844d 100644
--- a/actioncable/Rakefile
+++ b/actioncable/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "base64"
 require "rake/testtask"
 require "pathname"
 require "open3"
@@ -25,12 +26,8 @@ namespace :test do
   end
 
   task :integration do
-    require "blade"
-    if ENV["CI"]
-      Blade.start(interface: :ci)
-    else
-      Blade.start(interface: :runner)
-    end
+    system(Hash[*Base64.decode64(ENV.fetch("ENCODED", "")).split(/[ =]/)], "yarn", "test")
+    exit($?.exitstatus) unless $?.success?
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actioncable/actioncable.gemspec b/actioncable/actioncable.gemspec
index 31c6fb41f2..7aefb67c51 100644
--- a/actioncable/actioncable.gemspec
+++ b/actioncable/actioncable.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "WebSocket framework for Rails."
   s.description = "Structure many real-time application concerns into channels over a single WebSocket connection."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = ["Pratik Naik", "David Heinemeier Hansson"]
   s.email    = ["pratiknaik@gmail.com", "david@loudthinking.com"]
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.md", "lib/**/*", "app/assets/javascripts/action_cable.js"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
diff --git a/actioncable/app/assets/javascripts/action_cable.js b/actioncable/app/assets/javascripts/action_cable.js
index 07151b9d25..8349361405 100644
--- a/actioncable/app/assets/javascripts/action_cable.js
+++ b/actioncable/app/assets/javascripts/action_cable.js
@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
 (function(global, factory) {
-  typeof exports === "object" && typeof module !== "undefined" ? module.exports = factory() : typeof define === "function" && define.amd ? define(factory) : global.ActionCable = factory();
-})(this, function() {
+  typeof exports === "object" && typeof module !== "undefined" ? factory(exports) : typeof define === "function" && define.amd ? define([ "exports" ], factory) : factory(global.ActionCable = {});
+})(this, function(exports) {
   "use strict";
-  var INTERNAL = {
-    message_types: {
-      welcome: "welcome",
-      ping: "ping",
-      confirmation: "confirm_subscription",
-      rejection: "reject_subscription"
-    },
-    default_mount_path: "/cable",
-    protocols: [ "actioncable-v1-json", "actioncable-unsupported" ]
+  var adapters = {
+    logger: self.console,
+    WebSocket: self.WebSocket
+  };
+  var logger = {
+    log: function log() {
+      if (this.enabled) {
+        var _adapters$logger;
+        for (var _len = arguments.length, messages = Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) {
+          messages[_key] = arguments[_key];
+        }
+        messages.push(Date.now());
+        (_adapters$logger = adapters.logger).log.apply(_adapters$logger, [ "[ActionCable]" ].concat(messages));
+      }
+    }
   };
   var _typeof = typeof Symbol === "function" && typeof Symbol.iterator === "symbol" ? function(obj) {
     return typeof obj;
@@ -22,6 +28,143 @@
       throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function");
     }
   };
+  var createClass = function() {
+    function defineProperties(target, props) {
+      for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) {
+        var descriptor = props[i];
+        descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false;
+        descriptor.configurable = true;
+        if ("value" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true;
+        Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor);
+      }
+    }
+    return function(Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) {
+      if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps);
+      if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps);
+      return Constructor;
+    };
+  }();
+  var now = function now() {
+    return new Date().getTime();
+  };
+  var secondsSince = function secondsSince(time) {
+    return (now() - time) / 1e3;
+  };
+  var clamp = function clamp(number, min, max) {
+    return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, number));
+  };
+  var ConnectionMonitor = function() {
+    function ConnectionMonitor(connection) {
+      classCallCheck(this, ConnectionMonitor);
+      this.visibilityDidChange = this.visibilityDidChange.bind(this);
+      this.connection = connection;
+      this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
+    }
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.start = function start() {
+      if (!this.isRunning()) {
+        this.startedAt = now();
+        delete this.stoppedAt;
+        this.startPolling();
+        addEventListener("visibilitychange", this.visibilityDidChange);
+        logger.log("ConnectionMonitor started. pollInterval = " + this.getPollInterval() + " ms");
+      }
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.stop = function stop() {
+      if (this.isRunning()) {
+        this.stoppedAt = now();
+        this.stopPolling();
+        removeEventListener("visibilitychange", this.visibilityDidChange);
+        logger.log("ConnectionMonitor stopped");
+      }
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.isRunning = function isRunning() {
+      return this.startedAt && !this.stoppedAt;
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.recordPing = function recordPing() {
+      this.pingedAt = now();
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.recordConnect = function recordConnect() {
+      this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
+      this.recordPing();
+      delete this.disconnectedAt;
+      logger.log("ConnectionMonitor recorded connect");
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.recordDisconnect = function recordDisconnect() {
+      this.disconnectedAt = now();
+      logger.log("ConnectionMonitor recorded disconnect");
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.startPolling = function startPolling() {
+      this.stopPolling();
+      this.poll();
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.stopPolling = function stopPolling() {
+      clearTimeout(this.pollTimeout);
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.poll = function poll() {
+      var _this = this;
+      this.pollTimeout = setTimeout(function() {
+        _this.reconnectIfStale();
+        _this.poll();
+      }, this.getPollInterval());
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.getPollInterval = function getPollInterval() {
+      var _constructor$pollInte = this.constructor.pollInterval, min = _constructor$pollInte.min, max = _constructor$pollInte.max, multiplier = _constructor$pollInte.multiplier;
+      var interval = multiplier * Math.log(this.reconnectAttempts + 1);
+      return Math.round(clamp(interval, min, max) * 1e3);
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.reconnectIfStale = function reconnectIfStale() {
+      if (this.connectionIsStale()) {
+        logger.log("ConnectionMonitor detected stale connection. reconnectAttempts = " + this.reconnectAttempts + ", pollInterval = " + this.getPollInterval() + " ms, time disconnected = " + secondsSince(this.disconnectedAt) + " s, stale threshold = " + this.constructor.staleThreshold + " s");
+        this.reconnectAttempts++;
+        if (this.disconnectedRecently()) {
+          logger.log("ConnectionMonitor skipping reopening recent disconnect");
+        } else {
+          logger.log("ConnectionMonitor reopening");
+          this.connection.reopen();
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.connectionIsStale = function connectionIsStale() {
+      return secondsSince(this.pingedAt ? this.pingedAt : this.startedAt) > this.constructor.staleThreshold;
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.disconnectedRecently = function disconnectedRecently() {
+      return this.disconnectedAt && secondsSince(this.disconnectedAt) < this.constructor.staleThreshold;
+    };
+    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.visibilityDidChange = function visibilityDidChange() {
+      var _this2 = this;
+      if (document.visibilityState === "visible") {
+        setTimeout(function() {
+          if (_this2.connectionIsStale() || !_this2.connection.isOpen()) {
+            logger.log("ConnectionMonitor reopening stale connection on visibilitychange. visbilityState = " + document.visibilityState);
+            _this2.connection.reopen();
+          }
+        }, 200);
+      }
+    };
+    return ConnectionMonitor;
+  }();
+  ConnectionMonitor.pollInterval = {
+    min: 3,
+    max: 30,
+    multiplier: 5
+  };
+  ConnectionMonitor.staleThreshold = 6;
+  var INTERNAL = {
+    message_types: {
+      welcome: "welcome",
+      disconnect: "disconnect",
+      ping: "ping",
+      confirmation: "confirm_subscription",
+      rejection: "reject_subscription"
+    },
+    disconnect_reasons: {
+      unauthorized: "unauthorized",
+      invalid_request: "invalid_request",
+      server_restart: "server_restart"
+    },
+    default_mount_path: "/cable",
+    protocols: [ "actioncable-v1-json", "actioncable-unsupported" ]
+  };
   var message_types = INTERNAL.message_types, protocols = INTERNAL.protocols;
   var supportedProtocols = protocols.slice(0, protocols.length - 1);
   var indexOf = [].indexOf;
@@ -31,7 +174,7 @@
       this.open = this.open.bind(this);
       this.consumer = consumer;
       this.subscriptions = this.consumer.subscriptions;
-      this.monitor = new ActionCable.ConnectionMonitor(this);
+      this.monitor = new ConnectionMonitor(this);
       this.disconnected = true;
     }
     Connection.prototype.send = function send(data) {
@@ -44,14 +187,14 @@
     };
     Connection.prototype.open = function open() {
       if (this.isActive()) {
-        ActionCable.log("Attempted to open WebSocket, but existing socket is " + this.getState());
+        logger.log("Attempted to open WebSocket, but existing socket is " + this.getState());
         return false;
       } else {
-        ActionCable.log("Opening WebSocket, current state is " + this.getState() + ", subprotocols: " + protocols);
+        logger.log("Opening WebSocket, current state is " + this.getState() + ", subprotocols: " + protocols);
         if (this.webSocket) {
           this.uninstallEventHandlers();
         }
-        this.webSocket = new ActionCable.WebSocket(this.consumer.url, protocols);
+        this.webSocket = new adapters.WebSocket(this.consumer.url, protocols);
         this.installEventHandlers();
         this.monitor.start();
         return true;
@@ -65,18 +208,18 @@
         this.monitor.stop();
       }
       if (this.isActive()) {
-        return this.webSocket ? this.webSocket.close() : undefined;
+        return this.webSocket.close();
       }
     };
     Connection.prototype.reopen = function reopen() {
-      ActionCable.log("Reopening WebSocket, current state is " + this.getState());
+      logger.log("Reopening WebSocket, current state is " + this.getState());
       if (this.isActive()) {
         try {
           return this.close();
         } catch (error) {
-          ActionCable.log("Failed to reopen WebSocket", error);
+          logger.log("Failed to reopen WebSocket", error);
         } finally {
-          ActionCable.log("Reopening WebSocket in " + this.constructor.reopenDelay + "ms");
+          logger.log("Reopening WebSocket in " + this.constructor.reopenDelay + "ms");
           setTimeout(this.open, this.constructor.reopenDelay);
         }
       } else {
@@ -84,7 +227,9 @@
       }
     };
     Connection.prototype.getProtocol = function getProtocol() {
-      return this.webSocket ? this.webSocket.protocol : undefined;
+      if (this.webSocket) {
+        return this.webSocket.protocol;
+      }
     };
     Connection.prototype.isOpen = function isOpen() {
       return this.isState("open");
@@ -103,8 +248,8 @@
     };
     Connection.prototype.getState = function getState() {
       if (this.webSocket) {
-        for (var state in WebSocket) {
-          if (WebSocket[state] === this.webSocket.readyState) {
+        for (var state in adapters.WebSocket) {
+          if (adapters.WebSocket[state] === this.webSocket.readyState) {
             return state.toLowerCase();
           }
         }
@@ -130,12 +275,18 @@
       if (!this.isProtocolSupported()) {
         return;
       }
-      var _JSON$parse = JSON.parse(event.data), identifier = _JSON$parse.identifier, message = _JSON$parse.message, type = _JSON$parse.type;
+      var _JSON$parse = JSON.parse(event.data), identifier = _JSON$parse.identifier, message = _JSON$parse.message, reason = _JSON$parse.reason, reconnect = _JSON$parse.reconnect, type = _JSON$parse.type;
       switch (type) {
        case message_types.welcome:
         this.monitor.recordConnect();
         return this.subscriptions.reload();
 
+       case message_types.disconnect:
+        logger.log("Disconnecting. Reason: " + reason);
+        return this.close({
+          allowReconnect: reconnect
+        });
+
        case message_types.ping:
         return this.monitor.recordPing();
 
@@ -150,17 +301,17 @@
       }
     },
     open: function open() {
-      ActionCable.log("WebSocket onopen event, using '" + this.getProtocol() + "' subprotocol");
+      logger.log("WebSocket onopen event, using '" + this.getProtocol() + "' subprotocol");
       this.disconnected = false;
       if (!this.isProtocolSupported()) {
-        ActionCable.log("Protocol is unsupported. Stopping monitor and disconnecting.");
+        logger.log("Protocol is unsupported. Stopping monitor and disconnecting.");
         return this.close({
           allowReconnect: false
         });
       }
     },
     close: function close(event) {
-      ActionCable.log("WebSocket onclose event");
+      logger.log("WebSocket onclose event");
       if (this.disconnected) {
         return;
       }
@@ -171,139 +322,9 @@
       });
     },
     error: function error() {
-      ActionCable.log("WebSocket onerror event");
+      logger.log("WebSocket onerror event");
     }
   };
-  var now = function now() {
-    return new Date().getTime();
-  };
-  var secondsSince = function secondsSince(time) {
-    return (now() - time) / 1e3;
-  };
-  var clamp = function clamp(number, min, max) {
-    return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, number));
-  };
-  var ConnectionMonitor = function() {
-    function ConnectionMonitor(connection) {
-      classCallCheck(this, ConnectionMonitor);
-      this.visibilityDidChange = this.visibilityDidChange.bind(this);
-      this.connection = connection;
-      this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
-    }
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.start = function start() {
-      if (!this.isRunning()) {
-        this.startedAt = now();
-        delete this.stoppedAt;
-        this.startPolling();
-        document.addEventListener("visibilitychange", this.visibilityDidChange);
-        ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor started. pollInterval = " + this.getPollInterval() + " ms");
-      }
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.stop = function stop() {
-      if (this.isRunning()) {
-        this.stoppedAt = now();
-        this.stopPolling();
-        document.removeEventListener("visibilitychange", this.visibilityDidChange);
-        ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor stopped");
-      }
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.isRunning = function isRunning() {
-      return this.startedAt && !this.stoppedAt;
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.recordPing = function recordPing() {
-      this.pingedAt = now();
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.recordConnect = function recordConnect() {
-      this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
-      this.recordPing();
-      delete this.disconnectedAt;
-      ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor recorded connect");
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.recordDisconnect = function recordDisconnect() {
-      this.disconnectedAt = now();
-      ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor recorded disconnect");
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.startPolling = function startPolling() {
-      this.stopPolling();
-      this.poll();
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.stopPolling = function stopPolling() {
-      clearTimeout(this.pollTimeout);
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.poll = function poll() {
-      var _this = this;
-      this.pollTimeout = setTimeout(function() {
-        _this.reconnectIfStale();
-        _this.poll();
-      }, this.getPollInterval());
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.getPollInterval = function getPollInterval() {
-      var _constructor$pollInte = this.constructor.pollInterval, min = _constructor$pollInte.min, max = _constructor$pollInte.max, multiplier = _constructor$pollInte.multiplier;
-      var interval = multiplier * Math.log(this.reconnectAttempts + 1);
-      return Math.round(clamp(interval, min, max) * 1e3);
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.reconnectIfStale = function reconnectIfStale() {
-      if (this.connectionIsStale()) {
-        ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor detected stale connection. reconnectAttempts = " + this.reconnectAttempts + ", pollInterval = " + this.getPollInterval() + " ms, time disconnected = " + secondsSince(this.disconnectedAt) + " s, stale threshold = " + this.constructor.staleThreshold + " s");
-        this.reconnectAttempts++;
-        if (this.disconnectedRecently()) {
-          ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor skipping reopening recent disconnect");
-        } else {
-          ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor reopening");
-          this.connection.reopen();
-        }
-      }
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.connectionIsStale = function connectionIsStale() {
-      return secondsSince(this.pingedAt ? this.pingedAt : this.startedAt) > this.constructor.staleThreshold;
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.disconnectedRecently = function disconnectedRecently() {
-      return this.disconnectedAt && secondsSince(this.disconnectedAt) < this.constructor.staleThreshold;
-    };
-    ConnectionMonitor.prototype.visibilityDidChange = function visibilityDidChange() {
-      var _this2 = this;
-      if (document.visibilityState === "visible") {
-        setTimeout(function() {
-          if (_this2.connectionIsStale() || !_this2.connection.isOpen()) {
-            ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor reopening stale connection on visibilitychange. visbilityState = " + document.visibilityState);
-            _this2.connection.reopen();
-          }
-        }, 200);
-      }
-    };
-    return ConnectionMonitor;
-  }();
-  ConnectionMonitor.pollInterval = {
-    min: 3,
-    max: 30,
-    multiplier: 5
-  };
-  ConnectionMonitor.staleThreshold = 6;
-  var Consumer = function() {
-    function Consumer(url) {
-      classCallCheck(this, Consumer);
-      this.url = url;
-      this.subscriptions = new ActionCable.Subscriptions(this);
-      this.connection = new ActionCable.Connection(this);
-    }
-    Consumer.prototype.send = function send(data) {
-      return this.connection.send(data);
-    };
-    Consumer.prototype.connect = function connect() {
-      return this.connection.open();
-    };
-    Consumer.prototype.disconnect = function disconnect() {
-      return this.connection.close({
-        allowReconnect: false
-      });
-    };
-    Consumer.prototype.ensureActiveConnection = function ensureActiveConnection() {
-      if (!this.connection.isActive()) {
-        return this.connection.open();
-      }
-    };
-    return Consumer;
-  }();
   var extend = function extend(object, properties) {
     if (properties != null) {
       for (var key in properties) {
@@ -350,7 +371,7 @@
       var params = (typeof channel === "undefined" ? "undefined" : _typeof(channel)) === "object" ? channel : {
         channel: channel
       };
-      var subscription = new ActionCable.Subscription(this.consumer, params, mixin);
+      var subscription = new Subscription(this.consumer, params, mixin);
       return this.add(subscription);
     };
     Subscriptions.prototype.add = function add(subscription) {
@@ -424,53 +445,73 @@
     };
     return Subscriptions;
   }();
-  var ActionCable = {
-    Connection: Connection,
-    ConnectionMonitor: ConnectionMonitor,
-    Consumer: Consumer,
-    INTERNAL: INTERNAL,
-    Subscription: Subscription,
-    Subscriptions: Subscriptions,
-    WebSocket: window.WebSocket,
-    logger: window.console,
-    createConsumer: function createConsumer(url) {
-      if (url == null) {
-        var urlConfig = this.getConfig("url");
-        url = urlConfig ? urlConfig : this.INTERNAL.default_mount_path;
-      }
-      return new Consumer(this.createWebSocketURL(url));
-    },
-    getConfig: function getConfig(name) {
-      var element = document.head.querySelector("meta[name='action-cable-" + name + "']");
-      return element ? element.getAttribute("content") : undefined;
-    },
-    createWebSocketURL: function createWebSocketURL(url) {
-      if (url && !/^wss?:/i.test(url)) {
-        var a = document.createElement("a");
-        a.href = url;
-        a.href = a.href;
-        a.protocol = a.protocol.replace("http", "ws");
-        return a.href;
-      } else {
-        return url;
+  var Consumer = function() {
+    function Consumer(url) {
+      classCallCheck(this, Consumer);
+      this._url = url;
+      this.subscriptions = new Subscriptions(this);
+      this.connection = new Connection(this);
+    }
+    Consumer.prototype.send = function send(data) {
+      return this.connection.send(data);
+    };
+    Consumer.prototype.connect = function connect() {
+      return this.connection.open();
+    };
+    Consumer.prototype.disconnect = function disconnect() {
+      return this.connection.close({
+        allowReconnect: false
+      });
+    };
+    Consumer.prototype.ensureActiveConnection = function ensureActiveConnection() {
+      if (!this.connection.isActive()) {
+        return this.connection.open();
       }
-    },
-    startDebugging: function startDebugging() {
-      this.debugging = true;
-    },
-    stopDebugging: function stopDebugging() {
-      this.debugging = null;
-    },
-    log: function log() {
-      if (this.debugging) {
-        var _logger;
-        for (var _len = arguments.length, messages = Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) {
-          messages[_key] = arguments[_key];
-        }
-        messages.push(Date.now());
-        (_logger = this.logger).log.apply(_logger, [ "[ActionCable]" ].concat(messages));
+    };
+    createClass(Consumer, [ {
+      key: "url",
+      get: function get$$1() {
+        return createWebSocketURL(this._url);
       }
+    } ]);
+    return Consumer;
+  }();
+  function createWebSocketURL(url) {
+    if (typeof url === "function") {
+      url = url();
     }
-  };
-  return ActionCable;
+    if (url && !/^wss?:/i.test(url)) {
+      var a = document.createElement("a");
+      a.href = url;
+      a.href = a.href;
+      a.protocol = a.protocol.replace("http", "ws");
+      return a.href;
+    } else {
+      return url;
+    }
+  }
+  function createConsumer() {
+    var url = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : getConfig("url") || INTERNAL.default_mount_path;
+    return new Consumer(url);
+  }
+  function getConfig(name) {
+    var element = document.head.querySelector("meta[name='action-cable-" + name + "']");
+    if (element) {
+      return element.getAttribute("content");
+    }
+  }
+  exports.Connection = Connection;
+  exports.ConnectionMonitor = ConnectionMonitor;
+  exports.Consumer = Consumer;
+  exports.INTERNAL = INTERNAL;
+  exports.Subscription = Subscription;
+  exports.Subscriptions = Subscriptions;
+  exports.adapters = adapters;
+  exports.createWebSocketURL = createWebSocketURL;
+  exports.logger = logger;
+  exports.createConsumer = createConsumer;
+  exports.getConfig = getConfig;
+  Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
+    value: true
+  });
 });
diff --git a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/adapters.js b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/adapters.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4de8131438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/adapters.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+export default {
+  logger: self.console,
+  WebSocket: self.WebSocket
+}
diff --git a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/connection.js b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/connection.js
index 4ad436f2c0..96bac132c1 100644
--- a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/connection.js
+++ b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/connection.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-import ActionCable from "./index"
+import adapters from "./adapters"
+import ConnectionMonitor from "./connection_monitor"
 import INTERNAL from "./internal"
+import logger from "./logger"
 
 // Encapsulate the cable connection held by the consumer. This is an internal class not intended for direct user manipulation.
 
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ class Connection {
     this.open = this.open.bind(this)
     this.consumer = consumer
     this.subscriptions = this.consumer.subscriptions
-    this.monitor = new ActionCable.ConnectionMonitor(this)
+    this.monitor = new ConnectionMonitor(this)
     this.disconnected = true
   }
 
@@ -28,12 +30,12 @@ class Connection {
 
   open() {
     if (this.isActive()) {
-      ActionCable.log(`Attempted to open WebSocket, but existing socket is ${this.getState()}`)
+      logger.log(`Attempted to open WebSocket, but existing socket is ${this.getState()}`)
       return false
     } else {
-      ActionCable.log(`Opening WebSocket, current state is ${this.getState()}, subprotocols: ${protocols}`)
+      logger.log(`Opening WebSocket, current state is ${this.getState()}, subprotocols: ${protocols}`)
       if (this.webSocket) { this.uninstallEventHandlers() }
-      this.webSocket = new ActionCable.WebSocket(this.consumer.url, protocols)
+      this.webSocket = new adapters.WebSocket(this.consumer.url, protocols)
       this.installEventHandlers()
       this.monitor.start()
       return true
@@ -42,19 +44,21 @@ class Connection {
 
   close({allowReconnect} = {allowReconnect: true}) {
     if (!allowReconnect) { this.monitor.stop() }
-    if (this.isActive()) { return (this.webSocket ? this.webSocket.close() : undefined) }
+    if (this.isActive()) {
+      return this.webSocket.close()
+    }
   }
 
   reopen() {
-    ActionCable.log(`Reopening WebSocket, current state is ${this.getState()}`)
+    logger.log(`Reopening WebSocket, current state is ${this.getState()}`)
     if (this.isActive()) {
       try {
         return this.close()
       } catch (error) {
-        ActionCable.log("Failed to reopen WebSocket", error)
+        logger.log("Failed to reopen WebSocket", error)
       }
       finally {
-        ActionCable.log(`Reopening WebSocket in ${this.constructor.reopenDelay}ms`)
+        logger.log(`Reopening WebSocket in ${this.constructor.reopenDelay}ms`)
         setTimeout(this.open, this.constructor.reopenDelay)
       }
     } else {
@@ -63,7 +67,9 @@ class Connection {
   }
 
   getProtocol() {
-    return (this.webSocket ? this.webSocket.protocol : undefined)
+    if (this.webSocket) {
+      return this.webSocket.protocol
+    }
   }
 
   isOpen() {
@@ -86,8 +92,8 @@ class Connection {
 
   getState() {
     if (this.webSocket) {
-      for (let state in WebSocket) {
-        if (WebSocket[state] === this.webSocket.readyState) {
+      for (let state in adapters.WebSocket) {
+        if (adapters.WebSocket[state] === this.webSocket.readyState) {
           return state.toLowerCase()
         }
       }
@@ -115,11 +121,14 @@ Connection.reopenDelay = 500
 Connection.prototype.events = {
   message(event) {
     if (!this.isProtocolSupported()) { return }
-    const {identifier, message, type} = JSON.parse(event.data)
+    const {identifier, message, reason, reconnect, type} = JSON.parse(event.data)
     switch (type) {
       case message_types.welcome:
         this.monitor.recordConnect()
         return this.subscriptions.reload()
+      case message_types.disconnect:
+        logger.log(`Disconnecting. Reason: ${reason}`)
+        return this.close({allowReconnect: reconnect})
       case message_types.ping:
         return this.monitor.recordPing()
       case message_types.confirmation:
@@ -132,16 +141,16 @@ Connection.prototype.events = {
   },
 
   open() {
-    ActionCable.log(`WebSocket onopen event, using '${this.getProtocol()}' subprotocol`)
+    logger.log(`WebSocket onopen event, using '${this.getProtocol()}' subprotocol`)
     this.disconnected = false
     if (!this.isProtocolSupported()) {
-      ActionCable.log("Protocol is unsupported. Stopping monitor and disconnecting.")
+      logger.log("Protocol is unsupported. Stopping monitor and disconnecting.")
       return this.close({allowReconnect: false})
     }
   },
 
   close(event) {
-    ActionCable.log("WebSocket onclose event")
+    logger.log("WebSocket onclose event")
     if (this.disconnected) { return }
     this.disconnected = true
     this.monitor.recordDisconnect()
@@ -149,7 +158,7 @@ Connection.prototype.events = {
   },
 
   error() {
-    ActionCable.log("WebSocket onerror event")
+    logger.log("WebSocket onerror event")
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/connection_monitor.js b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/connection_monitor.js
index cd1e4602d8..312a71d154 100644
--- a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/connection_monitor.js
+++ b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/connection_monitor.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import ActionCable from "./index"
+import logger from "./logger"
 
 // Responsible for ensuring the cable connection is in good health by validating the heartbeat pings sent from the server, and attempting
 // revival reconnections if things go astray. Internal class, not intended for direct user manipulation.
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class ConnectionMonitor {
       this.startedAt = now()
       delete this.stoppedAt
       this.startPolling()
-      document.addEventListener("visibilitychange", this.visibilityDidChange)
-      ActionCable.log(`ConnectionMonitor started. pollInterval = ${this.getPollInterval()} ms`)
+      addEventListener("visibilitychange", this.visibilityDidChange)
+      logger.log(`ConnectionMonitor started. pollInterval = ${this.getPollInterval()} ms`)
     }
   }
 
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class ConnectionMonitor {
     if (this.isRunning()) {
       this.stoppedAt = now()
       this.stopPolling()
-      document.removeEventListener("visibilitychange", this.visibilityDidChange)
-      ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor stopped")
+      removeEventListener("visibilitychange", this.visibilityDidChange)
+      logger.log("ConnectionMonitor stopped")
     }
   }
 
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ class ConnectionMonitor {
     this.reconnectAttempts = 0
     this.recordPing()
     delete this.disconnectedAt
-    ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor recorded connect")
+    logger.log("ConnectionMonitor recorded connect")
   }
 
   recordDisconnect() {
     this.disconnectedAt = now()
-    ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor recorded disconnect")
+    logger.log("ConnectionMonitor recorded disconnect")
   }
 
   // Private
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ class ConnectionMonitor {
 
   reconnectIfStale() {
     if (this.connectionIsStale()) {
-      ActionCable.log(`ConnectionMonitor detected stale connection. reconnectAttempts = ${this.reconnectAttempts}, pollInterval = ${this.getPollInterval()} ms, time disconnected = ${secondsSince(this.disconnectedAt)} s, stale threshold = ${this.constructor.staleThreshold} s`)
+      logger.log(`ConnectionMonitor detected stale connection. reconnectAttempts = ${this.reconnectAttempts}, pollInterval = ${this.getPollInterval()} ms, time disconnected = ${secondsSince(this.disconnectedAt)} s, stale threshold = ${this.constructor.staleThreshold} s`)
       this.reconnectAttempts++
       if (this.disconnectedRecently()) {
-        ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor skipping reopening recent disconnect")
+        logger.log("ConnectionMonitor skipping reopening recent disconnect")
       } else {
-        ActionCable.log("ConnectionMonitor reopening")
+        logger.log("ConnectionMonitor reopening")
         this.connection.reopen()
       }
     }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class ConnectionMonitor {
     if (document.visibilityState === "visible") {
       setTimeout(() => {
         if (this.connectionIsStale() || !this.connection.isOpen()) {
-          ActionCable.log(`ConnectionMonitor reopening stale connection on visibilitychange. visbilityState = ${document.visibilityState}`)
+          logger.log(`ConnectionMonitor reopening stale connection on visibilitychange. visbilityState = ${document.visibilityState}`)
           this.connection.reopen()
         }
       }
diff --git a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/consumer.js b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/consumer.js
index c484ceebbd..e2e0dea8b5 100644
--- a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/consumer.js
+++ b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/consumer.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import ActionCable from "./index"
+import Connection from "./connection"
+import Subscriptions from "./subscriptions"
 
 // The ActionCable.Consumer establishes the connection to a server-side Ruby Connection object. Once established,
 // the ActionCable.ConnectionMonitor will ensure that its properly maintained through heartbeats and checking for stale updates.
@@ -28,9 +29,13 @@ import ActionCable from "./index"
 
 export default class Consumer {
   constructor(url) {
-    this.url = url
-    this.subscriptions = new ActionCable.Subscriptions(this)
-    this.connection = new ActionCable.Connection(this)
+    this._url = url
+    this.subscriptions = new Subscriptions(this)
+    this.connection = new Connection(this)
+  }
+
+  get url() {
+    return createWebSocketURL(this._url)
   }
 
   send(data) {
@@ -51,3 +56,20 @@ export default class Consumer {
     }
   }
 }
+
+export function createWebSocketURL(url) {
+  if (typeof url === "function") {
+    url = url()
+  }
+
+  if (url && !/^wss?:/i.test(url)) {
+    const a = document.createElement("a")
+    a.href = url
+    // Fix populating Location properties in IE. Otherwise, protocol will be blank.
+    a.href = a.href
+    a.protocol = a.protocol.replace("http", "ws")
+    return a.href
+  } else {
+    return url
+  }
+}
diff --git a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/index.js b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/index.js
index eb0c4844df..848b5631d6 100644
--- a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/index.js
+++ b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/index.js
@@ -1,58 +1,31 @@
 import Connection from "./connection"
 import ConnectionMonitor from "./connection_monitor"
-import Consumer from "./consumer"
+import Consumer, { createWebSocketURL } from "./consumer"
 import INTERNAL from "./internal"
 import Subscription from "./subscription"
 import Subscriptions from "./subscriptions"
+import adapters from "./adapters"
+import logger from "./logger"
 
-export default {
+export {
   Connection,
   ConnectionMonitor,
   Consumer,
   INTERNAL,
   Subscription,
   Subscriptions,
-  WebSocket: window.WebSocket,
-  logger: window.console,
-
-  createConsumer(url) {
-    if (url == null) {
-      const urlConfig = this.getConfig("url")
-      url = (urlConfig ? urlConfig : this.INTERNAL.default_mount_path)
-    }
-    return new Consumer(this.createWebSocketURL(url))
-  },
-
-  getConfig(name) {
-    const element = document.head.querySelector(`meta[name='action-cable-${name}']`)
-    return (element ? element.getAttribute("content") : undefined)
-  },
-
-  createWebSocketURL(url) {
-    if (url && !/^wss?:/i.test(url)) {
-      const a = document.createElement("a")
-      a.href = url
-      // Fix populating Location properties in IE. Otherwise, protocol will be blank.
-      a.href = a.href
-      a.protocol = a.protocol.replace("http", "ws")
-      return a.href
-    } else {
-      return url
-    }
-  },
-
-  startDebugging() {
-    this.debugging = true
-  },
+  adapters,
+  createWebSocketURL,
+  logger,
+}
 
-  stopDebugging() {
-    this.debugging = null
-  },
+export function createConsumer(url = getConfig("url") || INTERNAL.default_mount_path) {
+  return new Consumer(url)
+}
 
-  log(...messages) {
-    if (this.debugging) {
-      messages.push(Date.now())
-      this.logger.log("[ActionCable]", ...messages)
-    }
+export function getConfig(name) {
+  const element = document.head.querySelector(`meta[name='action-cable-${name}']`)
+  if (element) {
+    return element.getAttribute("content")
   }
 }
diff --git a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/logger.js b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/logger.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef4661ead1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/logger.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import adapters from "./adapters"
+
+export default {
+  log(...messages) {
+    if (this.enabled) {
+      messages.push(Date.now())
+      adapters.logger.log("[ActionCable]", ...messages)
+    }
+  },
+}
diff --git a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/subscriptions.js b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/subscriptions.js
index 712ff50d28..867cafb407 100644
--- a/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/subscriptions.js
+++ b/actioncable/app/javascript/action_cable/subscriptions.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import ActionCable from "./index"
+import Subscription from "./subscription"
 
 // Collection class for creating (and internally managing) channel subscriptions. The only method intended to be triggered by the user
 // us ActionCable.Subscriptions#create, and it should be called through the consumer like so:
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export default class Subscriptions {
   create(channelName, mixin) {
     const channel = channelName
     const params = typeof channel === "object" ? channel : {channel}
-    const subscription = new ActionCable.Subscription(this.consumer, params, mixin)
+    const subscription = new Subscription(this.consumer, params, mixin)
     return this.add(subscription)
   }
 
diff --git a/actioncable/blade.yml b/actioncable/blade.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 54d13a2ba2..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/blade.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-load_paths:
-  - app/assets/javascripts
-  - test/javascript/src
-  - test/javascript/vendor
-
-logical_paths:
-  - test.js
-
-plugins:
-  sauce_labs:
-    browsers:
-      Google Chrome:
-        os: Mac, Windows
-        version: -1
-      Firefox:
-        os: Mac, Windows
-        version: -1
-      Safari:
-        platform: Mac
-        version: -1
-      Microsoft Edge:
-        version: -1
-      Internet Explorer:
-        version: 11
-      iPhone:
-        version: -1
-      Motorola Droid 4 Emulator:
-        version: -1
diff --git a/actioncable/karma.conf.js b/actioncable/karma.conf.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83e9c98af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/karma.conf.js
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+const config = {
+  browsers: ["ChromeHeadless"],
+  frameworks: ["qunit"],
+  files: [
+    "test/javascript/compiled/test.js",
+  ],
+
+  client: {
+    clearContext: false,
+    qunit: {
+      showUI: true
+    }
+  },
+
+  singleRun: true,
+  autoWatch: false,
+
+  captureTimeout: 180000,
+  browserDisconnectTimeout: 180000,
+  browserDisconnectTolerance: 3,
+  browserNoActivityTimeout: 300000,
+}
+
+if (process.env.CI) {
+  config.customLaunchers = {
+    sl_chrome: sauce("chrome", 70),
+    sl_ff: sauce("firefox", 63),
+    sl_safari: sauce("safari", 12.0, "macOS 10.13"),
+    sl_edge: sauce("microsoftedge", 17.17134, "Windows 10"),
+    sl_ie_11: sauce("internet explorer", 11, "Windows 8.1"),
+  }
+
+  config.browsers = Object.keys(config.customLaunchers)
+  config.reporters = ["dots", "saucelabs"]
+
+  config.sauceLabs = {
+    testName: "ActionCable JS Client",
+    retryLimit: 3,
+    build: buildId(),
+  }
+
+  function sauce(browserName, version, platform) {
+    const options = {
+      base: "SauceLabs",
+      browserName: browserName.toString(),
+      version: version.toString(),
+    }
+    if (platform) {
+      options.platform = platform.toString()
+    }
+    return options
+  }
+
+  function buildId() {
+    const { BUILDKITE_JOB_ID } = process.env
+    return BUILDKITE_JOB_ID
+      ? `Buildkite ${BUILDKITE_JOB_ID}`
+      : ""
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = function(karmaConfig) {
+  karmaConfig.set(config)
+}
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable.rb
index d261d4112e..ad5fd43155 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2015-2018 Basecamp, LLC
+# Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Basecamp, LLC
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -33,10 +33,16 @@ module ActionCable
   INTERNAL = {
     message_types: {
       welcome: "welcome",
+      disconnect: "disconnect",
       ping: "ping",
       confirmation: "confirm_subscription",
       rejection: "reject_subscription"
     },
+    disconnect_reasons: {
+      unauthorized: "unauthorized",
+      invalid_request: "invalid_request",
+      server_restart: "server_restart"
+    },
     default_mount_path: "/cable",
     protocols: ["actioncable-v1-json", "actioncable-unsupported"].freeze
   }
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb
index 70c93ec0f3..af061c843a 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "set"
+require "active_support/rescuable"
 
 module ActionCable
   module Channel
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ module ActionCable
       include Streams
       include Naming
       include Broadcasting
+      include ActiveSupport::Rescuable
 
       attr_reader :params, :connection, :identifier
       delegate :logger, to: :connection
@@ -267,6 +269,8 @@ module ActionCable
           else
             public_send action
           end
+        rescue Exception => exception
+          rescue_with_handler(exception) || raise
         end
 
         def action_signature(action, data)
@@ -303,3 +307,5 @@ module ActionCable
     end
   end
 end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_cable_channel, ActionCable::Channel::Base)
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/broadcasting.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/broadcasting.rb
index 9a96720f4a..9f702e425e 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/broadcasting.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/broadcasting.rb
@@ -7,22 +7,32 @@ module ActionCable
     module Broadcasting
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      delegate :broadcasting_for, to: :class
+      delegate :broadcasting_for, :broadcast_to, to: :class
 
       module ClassMethods
         # Broadcast a hash to a unique broadcasting for this <tt>model</tt> in this channel.
         def broadcast_to(model, message)
-          ActionCable.server.broadcast(broadcasting_for([ channel_name, model ]), message)
+          ActionCable.server.broadcast(broadcasting_for(model), message)
         end
 
-        def broadcasting_for(model) #:nodoc:
+        # Returns a unique broadcasting identifier for this <tt>model</tt> in this channel:
+        #
+        #    CommentsChannel.broadcasting_for("all") # => "comments:all"
+        #
+        # You can pass any object as a target (e.g. Active Record model), and it
+        # would be serialized into a string under the hood.
+        def broadcasting_for(model)
+          serialize_broadcasting([ channel_name, model ])
+        end
+
+        def serialize_broadcasting(object) #:nodoc:
           case
-          when model.is_a?(Array)
-            model.map { |m| broadcasting_for(m) }.join(":")
-          when model.respond_to?(:to_gid_param)
-            model.to_gid_param
+          when object.is_a?(Array)
+            object.map { |m| serialize_broadcasting(m) }.join(":")
+          when object.respond_to?(:to_gid_param)
+            object.to_gid_param
           else
-            model.to_param
+            object.to_param
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/streams.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/streams.rb
index 81c2c38064..7e1ed3c850 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/streams.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/streams.rb
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ module ActionCable
       # Pass <tt>coder: ActiveSupport::JSON</tt> to decode messages as JSON before passing to the callback.
       # Defaults to <tt>coder: nil</tt> which does no decoding, passes raw messages.
       def stream_for(model, callback = nil, coder: nil, &block)
-        stream_from(broadcasting_for([ channel_name, model ]), callback || block, coder: coder)
+        stream_from(broadcasting_for(model), callback || block, coder: coder)
       end
 
       # Unsubscribes all streams associated with this channel from the pubsub queue.
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/test_case.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/test_case.rb
index dd2762ccd0..b05d51a61a 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/test_case.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/test_case.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,18 @@ module ActionCable
     #       assert subscription.confirmed?
     #
     #       # Asserts that the channel subscribes connection to a stream
-    #       assert_equal "chat_1", streams.last
+    #       assert_has_stream "chat_1"
+    #
+    #       # Asserts that the channel subscribes connection to a specific
+    #       # stream created for a model
+    #       assert_has_stream_for Room.find(1)
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     def test_does_not_stream_with_incorrect_room_number
+    #       subscribe room_number: -1
+    #
+    #       # Asserts that not streams was started
+    #       assert_no_streams
     #     end
     #
     #     def test_does_not_subscribe_without_room_number
@@ -115,8 +126,6 @@ module ActionCable
     #      An instance of the current channel, created when you call `subscribe`.
     # <b>transmissions</b>::
     #      A list of all messages that have been transmitted into the channel.
-    # <b>streams</b>::
-    #      A list of all created streams subscriptions (as identifiers) for the subscription.
     #
     #
     # == Channel is automatically inferred
@@ -134,7 +143,7 @@ module ActionCable
     # You need to set up your connection manually to provide values for the identifiers.
     # To do this just use:
     #
-    #   stub_connection(user: users[:john])
+    #   stub_connection(user: users(:john))
     #
     # == Testing broadcasting
     #
@@ -148,9 +157,9 @@ module ActionCable
     #  end
     #
     #  def test_speak
-    #    subscribe room_id: rooms[:chat].id
+    #    subscribe room_id: rooms(:chat).id
     #
-    #    assert_broadcasts_on(rooms[:chat], text: "Hello, Rails!") do
+    #    assert_broadcasts_on(rooms(:chat), text: "Hello, Rails!") do
     #      perform :speak, message: "Hello, Rails!"
     #    end
     #  end
@@ -167,7 +176,6 @@ module ActionCable
           class_attribute :_channel_class
 
           attr_reader :connection, :subscription
-          delegate :streams, to: :subscription
 
           ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_cable_channel_test_case, self)
         end
@@ -251,6 +259,39 @@ module ActionCable
           super(broadcasting_for(stream_or_object), *args)
         end
 
+        # Asserts that no streams have been started.
+        #
+        #   def test_assert_no_started_stream
+        #     subscribe
+        #     assert_no_streams
+        #   end
+        #
+        def assert_no_streams
+          assert subscription.streams.empty?, "No streams started was expected, but #{subscription.streams.count} found"
+        end
+
+        # Asserts that the specified stream has been started.
+        #
+        #   def test_assert_started_stream
+        #     subscribe
+        #     assert_has_stream 'messages'
+        #   end
+        #
+        def assert_has_stream(stream)
+          assert subscription.streams.include?(stream), "Stream #{stream} has not been started"
+        end
+
+        # Asserts that the specified stream for a model has started.
+        #
+        #   def test_assert_started_stream_for
+        #     subscribe id: 42
+        #     assert_has_stream_for User.find(42)
+        #   end
+        #
+        def assert_has_stream_for(object)
+          assert_has_stream(broadcasting_for(object))
+        end
+
         private
           def check_subscribed!
             raise "Must be subscribed!" if subscription.nil? || subscription.rejected?
@@ -259,9 +300,7 @@ module ActionCable
           def broadcasting_for(stream_or_object)
             return stream_or_object if stream_or_object.is_a?(String)
 
-            self.class.channel_class.broadcasting_for(
-              [self.class.channel_class.channel_name, stream_or_object]
-            )
+            self.class.channel_class.broadcasting_for(stream_or_object)
           end
       end
 
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection.rb
index 804b89a707..20b5dbe78d 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ module ActionCable
       autoload :StreamEventLoop
       autoload :Subscriptions
       autoload :TaggedLoggerProxy
+      autoload :TestCase
       autoload :WebSocket
     end
   end
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection/base.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection/base.rb
index 11a1f1a5e8..c469f7066c 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection/base.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection/base.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,12 @@ module ActionCable
       end
 
       # Close the WebSocket connection.
-      def close
+      def close(reason: nil, reconnect: true)
+        transmit(
+          type: ActionCable::INTERNAL[:message_types][:disconnect],
+          reason: reason,
+          reconnect: reconnect
+        )
         websocket.close
       end
 
@@ -170,7 +175,7 @@ module ActionCable
           message_buffer.process!
           server.add_connection(self)
         rescue ActionCable::Connection::Authorization::UnauthorizedError
-          respond_to_invalid_request
+          close(reason: ActionCable::INTERNAL[:disconnect_reasons][:unauthorized], reconnect: false) if websocket.alive?
         end
 
         def handle_close
@@ -211,7 +216,7 @@ module ActionCable
         end
 
         def respond_to_invalid_request
-          close if websocket.alive?
+          close(reason: ActionCable::INTERNAL[:disconnect_reasons][:invalid_request]) if websocket.alive?
 
           logger.error invalid_request_message
           logger.info finished_request_message
@@ -255,3 +260,5 @@ module ActionCable
     end
   end
 end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_cable_connection, ActionCable::Connection::Base)
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection/test_case.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection/test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1673fea08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/connection/test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support"
+require "active_support/test_case"
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
+require "action_dispatch"
+require "action_dispatch/http/headers"
+require "action_dispatch/testing/test_request"
+
+module ActionCable
+  module Connection
+    class NonInferrableConnectionError < ::StandardError
+      def initialize(name)
+        super "Unable to determine the connection to test from #{name}. " +
+          "You'll need to specify it using `tests YourConnection` in your " +
+          "test case definition."
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Assertions
+      # Asserts that the connection is rejected (via +reject_unauthorized_connection+).
+      #
+      #   # Asserts that connection without user_id fails
+      #   assert_reject_connection { connect params: { user_id: '' } }
+      def assert_reject_connection(&block)
+        assert_raises(Authorization::UnauthorizedError, "Expected to reject connection but no rejection was made", &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # We don't want to use the whole "encryption stack" for connection
+    # unit-tests, but we want to make sure that users test against the correct types
+    # of cookies (i.e. signed or encrypted or plain)
+    class TestCookieJar < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+      def signed
+        self[:signed] ||= {}.with_indifferent_access
+      end
+
+      def encrypted
+        self[:encrypted] ||= {}.with_indifferent_access
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestRequest < ActionDispatch::TestRequest
+      attr_accessor :session, :cookie_jar
+    end
+
+    module TestConnection
+      attr_reader :logger, :request
+
+      def initialize(request)
+        inner_logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(StringIO.new)
+        tagged_logging = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(inner_logger)
+        @logger = ActionCable::Connection::TaggedLoggerProxy.new(tagged_logging, tags: [])
+        @request = request
+        @env = request.env
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Unit test Action Cable connections.
+    #
+    # Useful to check whether a connection's +identified_by+ gets assigned properly
+    # and that any improper connection requests are rejected.
+    #
+    # == Basic example
+    #
+    # Unit tests are written as follows:
+    #
+    # 1. Simulate a connection attempt by calling +connect+.
+    # 2. Assert state, e.g. identifiers, has been assigned.
+    #
+    #
+    #   class ApplicationCable::ConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+    #     def test_connects_with_proper_cookie
+    #       # Simulate the connection request with a cookie.
+    #       cookies["user_id"] = users(:john).id
+    #
+    #       connect
+    #
+    #       # Assert the connection identifier matches the fixture.
+    #       assert_equal users(:john).id, connection.user.id
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     def test_rejects_connection_without_proper_cookie
+    #       assert_reject_connection { connect }
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # +connect+ accepts additional information the HTTP request with the
+    # +params+, +headers+, +session+ and Rack +env+ options.
+    #
+    #   def test_connect_with_headers_and_query_string
+    #     connect params: { user_id: 1 }, headers: { "X-API-TOKEN" => "secret-my" }
+    #
+    #     assert_equal "1", connection.user.id
+    #     assert_equal "secret-my", connection.token
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   def test_connect_with_params
+    #     connect params: { user_id: 1 }
+    #
+    #     assert_equal "1", connection.user.id
+    #   end
+    #
+    # You can also setup the correct cookies before the connection request:
+    #
+    #   def test_connect_with_cookies
+    #     # Plain cookies:
+    #     cookies["user_id"] = 1
+    #
+    #     # Or signed/encrypted:
+    #     # cookies.signed["user_id"] = 1
+    #     # cookies.encrypted["user_id"] = 1
+    #
+    #     connect
+    #
+    #     assert_equal "1", connection.user_id
+    #   end
+    #
+    # == Connection is automatically inferred
+    #
+    # ActionCable::Connection::TestCase will automatically infer the connection under test
+    # from the test class name. If the channel cannot be inferred from the test
+    # class name, you can explicitly set it with +tests+.
+    #
+    #   class ConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+    #     tests ApplicationCable::Connection
+    #   end
+    #
+    class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      module Behavior
+        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+        DEFAULT_PATH = "/cable"
+
+        include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
+        include Assertions
+
+        included do
+          class_attribute :_connection_class
+
+          attr_reader :connection
+
+          ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_cable_connection_test_case, self)
+        end
+
+        module ClassMethods
+          def tests(connection)
+            case connection
+            when String, Symbol
+              self._connection_class = connection.to_s.camelize.constantize
+            when Module
+              self._connection_class = connection
+            else
+              raise NonInferrableConnectionError.new(connection)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def connection_class
+            if connection = self._connection_class
+              connection
+            else
+              tests determine_default_connection(name)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def determine_default_connection(name)
+            connection = determine_constant_from_test_name(name) do |constant|
+              Class === constant && constant < ActionCable::Connection::Base
+            end
+            raise NonInferrableConnectionError.new(name) if connection.nil?
+            connection
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Performs connection attempt to exert #connect on the connection under test.
+        #
+        # Accepts request path as the first argument and the following request options:
+        #
+        # - params – URL parameters (Hash)
+        # - headers – request headers (Hash)
+        # - session – session data (Hash)
+        # - env – additional Rack env configuration (Hash)
+        def connect(path = ActionCable.server.config.mount_path, **request_params)
+          path ||= DEFAULT_PATH
+
+          connection = self.class.connection_class.allocate
+          connection.singleton_class.include(TestConnection)
+          connection.send(:initialize, build_test_request(path, request_params))
+          connection.connect if connection.respond_to?(:connect)
+
+          # Only set instance variable if connected successfully
+          @connection = connection
+        end
+
+        # Exert #disconnect on the connection under test.
+        def disconnect
+          raise "Must be connected!" if connection.nil?
+
+          connection.disconnect if connection.respond_to?(:disconnect)
+          @connection = nil
+        end
+
+        def cookies
+          @cookie_jar ||= TestCookieJar.new
+        end
+
+        private
+          def build_test_request(path, params: nil, headers: {}, session: {}, env: {})
+            wrapped_headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.from_hash(headers)
+
+            uri = URI.parse(path)
+
+            query_string = params.nil? ? uri.query : params.to_query
+
+            request_env = {
+              "QUERY_STRING" => query_string,
+              "PATH_INFO" => uri.path
+            }.merge(env)
+
+            if wrapped_headers.present?
+              ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.from_hash(request_env).merge!(wrapped_headers)
+            end
+
+            TestRequest.create(request_env).tap do |request|
+              request.session = session.with_indifferent_access
+              request.cookie_jar = cookies
+            end
+          end
+      end
+
+      include Behavior
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/gem_version.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/gem_version.rb
index cd1d9bccef..6e7053e32e 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/gem_version.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActionCable
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/base.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/base.rb
index 1ee03f6dfc..98b3743175 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/base.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/base.rb
@@ -12,14 +12,17 @@ module ActionCable
       include ActionCable::Server::Broadcasting
       include ActionCable::Server::Connections
 
-      cattr_accessor :config, instance_accessor: true, default: ActionCable::Server::Configuration.new
+      cattr_accessor :config, instance_accessor: false, default: ActionCable::Server::Configuration.new
+
+      attr_reader :config
 
       def self.logger; config.logger; end
       delegate :logger, to: :config
 
       attr_reader :mutex
 
-      def initialize
+      def initialize(config: self.class.config)
+        @config = config
         @mutex = Monitor.new
         @remote_connections = @event_loop = @worker_pool = @pubsub = nil
       end
@@ -36,7 +39,9 @@ module ActionCable
       end
 
       def restart
-        connections.each(&:close)
+        connections.each do |connection|
+          connection.close(reason: ActionCable::INTERNAL[:disconnect_reasons][:server_restart])
+        end
 
         @mutex.synchronize do
           # Shutdown the worker pool
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/broadcasting.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/broadcasting.rb
index bc54d784b3..b73cfa7d1f 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/broadcasting.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/broadcasting.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ module ActionCable
           end
 
           def broadcast(message)
-            server.logger.debug "[ActionCable] Broadcasting to #{broadcasting}: #{message.inspect}"
+            server.logger.debug { "[ActionCable] Broadcasting to #{broadcasting}: #{message.inspect}" }
 
             payload = { broadcasting: broadcasting, message: message, coder: coder }
             ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("broadcast.action_cable", payload) do
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/worker.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/worker.rb
index c69cc4ac31..b918d4ae72 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/worker.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/server/worker.rb
@@ -56,19 +56,16 @@ module ActionCable
 
       def invoke(receiver, method, *args, connection:, &block)
         work(connection) do
-          begin
-            receiver.send method, *args, &block
-          rescue Exception => e
-            logger.error "There was an exception - #{e.class}(#{e.message})"
-            logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+          receiver.send method, *args, &block
+        rescue Exception => e
+          logger.error "There was an exception - #{e.class}(#{e.message})"
+          logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
 
-            receiver.handle_exception if receiver.respond_to?(:handle_exception)
-          end
+          receiver.handle_exception if receiver.respond_to?(:handle_exception)
         end
       end
 
       private
-
         def logger
           ActionCable.server.logger
         end
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/postgresql.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/postgresql.rb
index 50ec438c3a..1d60bed4af 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/postgresql.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/postgresql.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ require "digest/sha1"
 module ActionCable
   module SubscriptionAdapter
     class PostgreSQL < Base # :nodoc:
+      prepend ChannelPrefix
+
       def initialize(*)
         super
         @listener = nil
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/redis.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/redis.rb
index ad8fa52760..b4a9385c87 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/redis.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/redis.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ require "thread"
 gem "redis", ">= 3", "< 5"
 require "redis"
 
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/except"
+
 module ActionCable
   module SubscriptionAdapter
     class Redis < Base # :nodoc:
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ module ActionCable
       # This is needed, for example, when using Makara proxies for distributed Redis.
       cattr_accessor :redis_connector, default: ->(config) do
         config[:id] ||= "ActionCable-PID-#{$$}"
-        ::Redis.new(config.slice(:url, :host, :port, :db, :password, :id))
+        ::Redis.new(config.except(:adapter, :channel_prefix))
       end
 
       def initialize(*)
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/test_helper.rb b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/test_helper.rb
index 7bc877663c..26b849a273 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/action_cable/test_helper.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/action_cable/test_helper.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ module ActionCable
 
     # Asserts that the specified message has been sent to the stream.
     #
-    #   def test_assert_transmited_message
+    #   def test_assert_transmitted_message
     #     ActionCable.server.broadcast 'messages', text: 'hello'
     #     assert_broadcast_on('messages', text: 'hello')
     #   end
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/USAGE b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/USAGE
index ea9662436c..bb5dd7e2db 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/USAGE
+++ b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/USAGE
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Example:
 ========
     rails generate channel Chat speak
 
-    creates a Chat channel class and JavaScript asset:
+    creates a Chat channel class, test and JavaScript asset:
         Channel:    app/channels/chat_channel.rb
+        Test:       test/channels/chat_channel_test.rb
         Assets:     app/javascript/channels/chat_channel.js
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/channel_generator.rb b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/channel_generator.rb
index ef51981e89..0b80d1f96b 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/channel_generator.rb
+++ b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/channel_generator.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ module Rails
 
       check_class_collision suffix: "Channel"
 
+      hook_for :test_framework
+
       def create_channel_file
         template "channel.rb", File.join("app/channels", class_path, "#{file_name}_channel.rb")
 
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/templates/javascript/channel.js.tt b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/templates/javascript/channel.js.tt
index 33baaa5a22..ddf6b2d79b 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/templates/javascript/channel.js.tt
+++ b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/templates/javascript/channel.js.tt
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 import consumer from "./consumer"
 
 consumer.subscriptions.create("<%= class_name %>Channel", {
-  connected: function() {
+  connected() {
     // Called when the subscription is ready for use on the server
   },
 
-  disconnected: function() {
+  disconnected() {
     // Called when the subscription has been terminated by the server
   },
 
-  received: function(data) {
+  received(data) {
     // Called when there's incoming data on the websocket for this channel
   }<%= actions.any? ? ",\n" : '' %>
 <% actions.each do |action| -%>
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/templates/javascript/consumer.js.tt b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/templates/javascript/consumer.js.tt
index 76ca3d0f2f..0eceb59b18 100644
--- a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/templates/javascript/consumer.js.tt
+++ b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/channel/templates/javascript/consumer.js.tt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Action Cable provides the framework to deal with WebSockets in Rails.
 // You can generate new channels where WebSocket features live using the `rails generate channel` command.
 
-import ActionCable from "actioncable"
+import { createConsumer } from "@rails/actioncable"
 
-export default ActionCable.createConsumer()
+export default createConsumer()
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/channel_generator.rb b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/channel_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d13a12f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/channel_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module TestUnit
+  module Generators
+    class ChannelGenerator < ::Rails::Generators::NamedBase
+      source_root File.expand_path("templates", __dir__)
+
+      check_class_collision suffix: "ChannelTest"
+
+      def create_test_files
+        template "channel_test.rb", File.join("test/channels", class_path, "#{file_name}_channel_test.rb")
+      end
+
+      private
+        def file_name # :doc:
+          @_file_name ||= super.sub(/_channel\z/i, "")
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/templates/channel_test.rb.tt b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/templates/channel_test.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7307654611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/templates/channel_test.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class <%= class_name %>ChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase
+  # test "subscribes" do
+  #   subscribe
+  #   assert subscription.confirmed?
+  # end
+end
diff --git a/actioncable/package.json b/actioncable/package.json
index 5d5105a6d5..723aa63c81 100644
--- a/actioncable/package.json
+++ b/actioncable/package.json
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 {
-  "name": "actioncable",
-  "version": "6.0.0-alpha",
+  "name": "@rails/actioncable",
+  "version": "6.1.0-alpha",
   "description": "WebSocket framework for Ruby on Rails.",
   "main": "app/assets/javascripts/action_cable.js",
   "files": [
-    "app/assets/javascripts/*.js"
+    "app/assets/javascripts/*.js",
+    "src/*.js"
   ],
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
@@ -27,6 +28,12 @@
     "babel-preset-env": "^1.6.0",
     "eslint": "^4.3.0",
     "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.7.0",
+    "karma": "^3.1.1",
+    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^2.2.0",
+    "karma-qunit": "^2.1.0",
+    "karma-sauce-launcher": "^1.2.0",
+    "mock-socket": "^2.0.0",
+    "qunit": "^2.8.0",
     "rollup": "^0.58.2",
     "rollup-plugin-babel": "^3.0.4",
     "rollup-plugin-commonjs": "^9.1.0",
@@ -36,6 +43,9 @@
   "scripts": {
     "prebuild": "yarn lint && bundle exec rake assets:codegen",
     "build": "rollup --config rollup.config.js",
-    "lint": "eslint app/javascript"
+    "lint": "eslint app/javascript",
+    "prepublishOnly": "rm -rf src && cp -R app/javascript/action_cable src",
+    "pretest": "bundle exec rake assets:codegen && rollup --config rollup.config.test.js",
+    "test": "karma start"
   }
 }
diff --git a/actioncable/rollup.config.js b/actioncable/rollup.config.js
index 03046526aa..64727e0887 100644
--- a/actioncable/rollup.config.js
+++ b/actioncable/rollup.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import resolve from "rollup-plugin-node-resolve"
-import commonjs from "rollup-plugin-commonjs"
 import babel from "rollup-plugin-babel"
 import uglify from "rollup-plugin-uglify"
 
@@ -20,8 +18,6 @@ export default {
     name: "ActionCable"
   },
   plugins: [
-    resolve(),
-    commonjs(),
     babel(),
     uglify(uglifyOptions)
   ]
diff --git a/actioncable/rollup.config.test.js b/actioncable/rollup.config.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f92ff36240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/rollup.config.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import babel from "rollup-plugin-babel"
+import commonjs from "rollup-plugin-commonjs"
+import resolve from "rollup-plugin-node-resolve"
+
+export default {
+  input: "test/javascript/src/test.js",
+
+  output: {
+    file: "test/javascript/compiled/test.js",
+    format: "iife"
+  },
+
+  plugins: [
+    resolve(),
+    commonjs(),
+    babel()
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/actioncable/test/channel/base_test.rb b/actioncable/test/channel/base_test.rb
index eb0e1673b0..39b5879607 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/channel/base_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/channel/base_test.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ class ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest < ActionCable::TestCase
     after_subscribe :toggle_subscribed
     after_unsubscribe :toggle_subscribed
 
+    class SomeCustomError < StandardError; end
+    rescue_from SomeCustomError, with: :error_handler
+
     def initialize(*)
       @subscribed = false
       super
@@ -68,10 +71,18 @@ class ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest < ActionCable::TestCase
       @last_action = [ :receive ]
     end
 
+    def error_action
+      raise SomeCustomError
+    end
+
     private
       def rm_rf
         @last_action = [ :rm_rf ]
       end
+
+      def error_handler
+        @last_action = [ :error_action ]
+      end
   end
 
   setup do
@@ -168,7 +179,7 @@ class ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest < ActionCable::TestCase
   end
 
   test "actions available on Channel" do
-    available_actions = %w(room last_action subscribed unsubscribed toggle_subscribed leave speak subscribed? get_latest receive chatters topic).to_set
+    available_actions = %w(room last_action subscribed unsubscribed toggle_subscribed leave speak subscribed? get_latest receive chatters topic error_action).to_set
     assert_equal available_actions, ChatChannel.action_methods
   end
 
@@ -179,81 +190,78 @@ class ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest < ActionCable::TestCase
   end
 
   test "notification for perform_action" do
-    begin
-      events = []
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "perform_action.action_cable" do |*args|
-        events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-      end
+    events = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "perform_action.action_cable" do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+    end
 
-      data = { "action" => :speak, "content" => "hello" }
-      @channel.perform_action data
+    data = { "action" => :speak, "content" => "hello" }
+    @channel.perform_action data
 
-      assert_equal 1, events.length
-      assert_equal "perform_action.action_cable", events[0].name
-      assert_equal "ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest::ChatChannel", events[0].payload[:channel_class]
-      assert_equal :speak, events[0].payload[:action]
-      assert_equal data, events[0].payload[:data]
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "perform_action.action_cable"
-    end
+    assert_equal 1, events.length
+    assert_equal "perform_action.action_cable", events[0].name
+    assert_equal "ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest::ChatChannel", events[0].payload[:channel_class]
+    assert_equal :speak, events[0].payload[:action]
+    assert_equal data, events[0].payload[:data]
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "perform_action.action_cable"
   end
 
   test "notification for transmit" do
-    begin
-      events = []
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "transmit.action_cable" do |*args|
-        events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-      end
-
-      @channel.perform_action "action" => :get_latest
-      expected_data = { data: "latest" }
-
-      assert_equal 1, events.length
-      assert_equal "transmit.action_cable", events[0].name
-      assert_equal "ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest::ChatChannel", events[0].payload[:channel_class]
-      assert_equal expected_data, events[0].payload[:data]
-      assert_nil events[0].payload[:via]
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "transmit.action_cable"
+    events = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "transmit.action_cable" do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
     end
+
+    @channel.perform_action "action" => :get_latest
+    expected_data = { data: "latest" }
+
+    assert_equal 1, events.length
+    assert_equal "transmit.action_cable", events[0].name
+    assert_equal "ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest::ChatChannel", events[0].payload[:channel_class]
+    assert_equal expected_data, events[0].payload[:data]
+    assert_nil events[0].payload[:via]
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "transmit.action_cable"
   end
 
   test "notification for transmit_subscription_confirmation" do
-    begin
-      @channel.subscribe_to_channel
+    @channel.subscribe_to_channel
 
-      events = []
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "transmit_subscription_confirmation.action_cable" do |*args|
-        events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-      end
+    events = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "transmit_subscription_confirmation.action_cable" do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+    end
 
-      @channel.stub(:subscription_confirmation_sent?, false) do
-        @channel.send(:transmit_subscription_confirmation)
+    @channel.stub(:subscription_confirmation_sent?, false) do
+      @channel.send(:transmit_subscription_confirmation)
 
-        assert_equal 1, events.length
-        assert_equal "transmit_subscription_confirmation.action_cable", events[0].name
-        assert_equal "ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest::ChatChannel", events[0].payload[:channel_class]
-      end
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "transmit_subscription_confirmation.action_cable"
+      assert_equal 1, events.length
+      assert_equal "transmit_subscription_confirmation.action_cable", events[0].name
+      assert_equal "ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest::ChatChannel", events[0].payload[:channel_class]
     end
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "transmit_subscription_confirmation.action_cable"
   end
 
   test "notification for transmit_subscription_rejection" do
-    begin
-      events = []
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "transmit_subscription_rejection.action_cable" do |*args|
-        events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-      end
+    events = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "transmit_subscription_rejection.action_cable" do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+    end
 
-      @channel.send(:transmit_subscription_rejection)
+    @channel.send(:transmit_subscription_rejection)
 
-      assert_equal 1, events.length
-      assert_equal "transmit_subscription_rejection.action_cable", events[0].name
-      assert_equal "ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest::ChatChannel", events[0].payload[:channel_class]
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "transmit_subscription_rejection.action_cable"
-    end
+    assert_equal 1, events.length
+    assert_equal "transmit_subscription_rejection.action_cable", events[0].name
+    assert_equal "ActionCable::Channel::BaseTest::ChatChannel", events[0].payload[:channel_class]
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "transmit_subscription_rejection.action_cable"
+  end
+
+  test "behaves like rescuable" do
+    @channel.perform_action "action" => :error_action
+    assert_equal [ :error_action ], @channel.last_action
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/actioncable/test/channel/broadcasting_test.rb b/actioncable/test/channel/broadcasting_test.rb
index 2cbfabc1d0..fb501a1bc2 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/channel/broadcasting_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/channel/broadcasting_test.rb
@@ -26,14 +26,23 @@ class ActionCable::Channel::BroadcastingTest < ActionCable::TestCase
   end
 
   test "broadcasting_for with an object" do
-    assert_equal "Room#1-Campfire", ChatChannel.broadcasting_for(Room.new(1))
+    assert_equal(
+      "action_cable:channel:broadcasting_test:chat:Room#1-Campfire",
+      ChatChannel.broadcasting_for(Room.new(1))
+    )
   end
 
   test "broadcasting_for with an array" do
-    assert_equal "Room#1-Campfire:Room#2-Campfire", ChatChannel.broadcasting_for([ Room.new(1), Room.new(2) ])
+    assert_equal(
+      "action_cable:channel:broadcasting_test:chat:Room#1-Campfire:Room#2-Campfire",
+      ChatChannel.broadcasting_for([ Room.new(1), Room.new(2) ])
+    )
   end
 
   test "broadcasting_for with a string" do
-    assert_equal "hello", ChatChannel.broadcasting_for("hello")
+    assert_equal(
+      "action_cable:channel:broadcasting_test:chat:hello",
+      ChatChannel.broadcasting_for("hello")
+    )
   end
 end
diff --git a/actioncable/test/channel/test_case_test.rb b/actioncable/test/channel/test_case_test.rb
index 63d0d6207e..a166c41e11 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/channel/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/channel/test_case_test.rb
@@ -93,13 +93,39 @@ class StreamsTestChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase
   def test_stream_without_params
     subscribe
 
-    assert_equal "test_0", streams.last
+    assert_has_stream "test_0"
   end
 
   def test_stream_with_params
     subscribe id: 42
 
-    assert_equal "test_42", streams.last
+    assert_has_stream "test_42"
+  end
+end
+
+class StreamsForTestChannel < ActionCable::Channel::Base
+  def subscribed
+    stream_for User.new(params[:id])
+  end
+end
+
+class StreamsForTestChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase
+  def test_stream_with_params
+    subscribe id: 42
+
+    assert_has_stream_for User.new(42)
+  end
+end
+
+class NoStreamsTestChannel < ActionCable::Channel::Base
+  def subscribed; end # no-op
+end
+
+class NoStreamsTestChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase
+  def test_stream_with_params
+    subscribe
+
+    assert_no_streams
   end
 end
 
@@ -154,7 +180,7 @@ class BroadcastsTestChannel < ActionCable::Channel::Base
   def broadcast_to_user(data)
     user = User.new user_id
 
-    self.class.broadcast_to user, text: data["message"]
+    broadcast_to user, text: data["message"]
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actioncable/test/client_test.rb b/actioncable/test/client_test.rb
index e5f43488c4..bf141df458 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/client_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/client_test.rb
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class ClientTest < ActionCable::TestCase
           end
         end
 
-        ws.on(:close) do |event|
+        ws.on(:close) do |_|
           closed.set
         end
       end
diff --git a/actioncable/test/connection/authorization_test.rb b/actioncable/test/connection/authorization_test.rb
index f77e543435..ac5c128135 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/connection/authorization_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/connection/authorization_test.rb
@@ -25,8 +25,11 @@ class ActionCable::Connection::AuthorizationTest < ActionCable::TestCase
         "HTTP_HOST" => "localhost", "HTTP_ORIGIN" => "http://rubyonrails.com"
 
       connection = Connection.new(server, env)
-      assert_called(connection.websocket, :close) do
-        connection.process
+
+      assert_called_with(connection.websocket, :transmit, [{ type: "disconnect", reason: "unauthorized", reconnect: false }.to_json]) do
+        assert_called(connection.websocket, :close) do
+          connection.process
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actioncable/test/connection/base_test.rb b/actioncable/test/connection/base_test.rb
index 6ffa0961bc..299879ad4c 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/connection/base_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/connection/base_test.rb
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class ActionCable::Connection::BaseTest < ActionCable::TestCase
       connection.process
 
       assert_called(connection.websocket, :close) do
-        connection.close
+        connection.close(reason: "testing")
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actioncable/test/connection/client_socket_test.rb b/actioncable/test/connection/client_socket_test.rb
index a7db32c3e4..1ab3c3b71d 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/connection/client_socket_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/connection/client_socket_test.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class ActionCable::Connection::ClientSocketTest < ActionCable::TestCase
       client.instance_variable_get("@stream")
         .instance_variable_get("@rack_hijack_io")
         .define_singleton_method(:close) { event.set }
-      connection.close
+      connection.close(reason: "testing")
       event.wait
     end
   end
diff --git a/actioncable/test/connection/test_case_test.rb b/actioncable/test/connection/test_case_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b19465d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/connection/test_case_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class SimpleConnection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
+  identified_by :user_id
+
+  class << self
+    attr_accessor :disconnected_user_id
+  end
+
+  def connect
+    self.user_id = request.params[:user_id] || cookies[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def disconnect
+    self.class.disconnected_user_id = user_id
+  end
+end
+
+class ConnectionSimpleTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+  tests SimpleConnection
+
+  def test_connected
+    connect
+
+    assert_nil connection.user_id
+  end
+
+  def test_url_params
+    connect "/cable?user_id=323"
+
+    assert_equal "323", connection.user_id
+  end
+
+  def test_params
+    connect params: { user_id: 323 }
+
+    assert_equal "323", connection.user_id
+  end
+
+  def test_plain_cookie
+    cookies["user_id"] = "456"
+
+    connect
+
+    assert_equal "456", connection.user_id
+  end
+
+  def test_disconnect
+    cookies["user_id"] = "456"
+
+    connect
+
+    assert_equal "456", connection.user_id
+
+    disconnect
+
+    assert_equal "456", SimpleConnection.disconnected_user_id
+  end
+end
+
+class Connection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
+  identified_by :current_user_id
+  identified_by :token
+
+  class << self
+    attr_accessor :disconnected_user_id
+  end
+
+  def connect
+    self.current_user_id = verify_user
+    self.token = request.headers["X-API-TOKEN"]
+    logger.add_tags("ActionCable")
+  end
+
+  private
+    def verify_user
+      cookies.signed[:user_id].presence || reject_unauthorized_connection
+    end
+end
+
+class ConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+  def test_connected_with_signed_cookies_and_headers
+    cookies.signed["user_id"] = "456"
+
+    connect headers: { "X-API-TOKEN" => "abc" }
+
+    assert_equal "abc", connection.token
+    assert_equal "456", connection.current_user_id
+  end
+
+  def test_connected_when_no_signed_cookies_set
+    cookies["user_id"] = "456"
+
+    assert_reject_connection { connect }
+  end
+
+  def test_connection_rejected
+    assert_reject_connection { connect }
+  end
+
+  def test_connection_rejected_assertion_message
+    error = assert_raises Minitest::Assertion do
+      assert_reject_connection { "Intentionally doesn't connect." }
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/Expected to reject connection/, error.message)
+  end
+end
+
+class EncryptedCookiesConnection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
+  identified_by :user_id
+
+  def connect
+    self.user_id = verify_user
+  end
+
+  private
+    def verify_user
+      cookies.encrypted[:user_id].presence || reject_unauthorized_connection
+    end
+end
+
+class EncryptedCookiesConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+  tests EncryptedCookiesConnection
+
+  def test_connected_with_encrypted_cookies
+    cookies.encrypted["user_id"] = "456"
+
+    connect
+
+    assert_equal "456", connection.user_id
+  end
+
+  def test_connection_rejected
+    assert_reject_connection { connect }
+  end
+end
+
+class SessionConnection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
+  identified_by :user_id
+
+  def connect
+    self.user_id = verify_user
+  end
+
+  private
+    def verify_user
+      request.session[:user_id].presence || reject_unauthorized_connection
+    end
+end
+
+class SessionConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+  tests SessionConnection
+
+  def test_connected_with_encrypted_cookies
+    connect session: { user_id: "789" }
+    assert_equal "789", connection.user_id
+  end
+
+  def test_connection_rejected
+    assert_reject_connection { connect }
+  end
+end
+
+class EnvConnection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
+  identified_by :user
+
+  def connect
+    self.user = verify_user
+  end
+
+  private
+    def verify_user
+      # Warden-like authentication
+      env["authenticator"]&.user || reject_unauthorized_connection
+    end
+end
+
+class EnvConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+  tests EnvConnection
+
+  def test_connected_with_env
+    authenticator = Class.new do
+      def user; "David"; end
+    end
+
+    connect env: { "authenticator" => authenticator.new }
+
+    assert_equal "David", connection.user
+  end
+
+  def test_connection_rejected
+    assert_reject_connection { connect }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test.coffee b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index eb95fb2604..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#= require action_cable
-#= require ./test_helpers
-#= require_tree ./unit
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eea1c0a408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import "./test_helpers/index"
+import "./unit/action_cable_test"
+import "./unit/connection_test"
+import "./unit/consumer_test"
+import "./unit/subscription_test"
+import "./unit/subscriptions_test"
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/consumer_test_helper.coffee b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/consumer_test_helper.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index a9e95c37f0..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/consumer_test_helper.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-#= require mock-socket
-
-{TestHelpers} = ActionCable
-
-TestHelpers.consumerTest = (name, options = {}, callback) ->
-  unless callback?
-    callback = options
-    options = {}
-
-  options.url ?= TestHelpers.testURL
-
-  QUnit.test name, (assert) ->
-    doneAsync = assert.async()
-
-    ActionCable.WebSocket = MockWebSocket
-    server = new MockServer options.url
-    consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer(options.url)
-
-    server.on "connection", ->
-      clients = server.clients()
-      assert.equal clients.length, 1
-      assert.equal clients[0].readyState, WebSocket.OPEN
-
-    server.broadcastTo = (subscription, data = {}, callback) ->
-      data.identifier = subscription.identifier
-
-      if data.message_type
-        data.type = ActionCable.INTERNAL.message_types[data.message_type]
-        delete data.message_type
-
-      server.send(JSON.stringify(data))
-      TestHelpers.defer(callback)
-
-    done = ->
-      consumer.disconnect()
-      server.close()
-      doneAsync()
-
-    testData = {assert, consumer, server, done}
-
-    if options.connect is false
-      callback(testData)
-    else
-      server.on "connection", ->
-        testData.client = server.clients()[0]
-        callback(testData)
-      consumer.connect()
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/consumer_test_helper.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/consumer_test_helper.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1dabc9fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/consumer_test_helper.js
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { WebSocket as MockWebSocket, Server as MockServer } from "mock-socket"
+import * as ActionCable from "../../../../app/javascript/action_cable/index"
+import {defer, testURL} from "./index"
+
+export default function(name, options, callback) {
+  if (options == null) { options = {} }
+  if (callback == null) {
+    callback = options
+    options = {}
+  }
+
+  if (options.url == null) { options.url = testURL }
+
+  return QUnit.test(name, function(assert) {
+    const doneAsync = assert.async()
+
+    ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket = MockWebSocket
+    const server = new MockServer(options.url)
+    const consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer(options.url)
+
+    server.on("connection", function() {
+      const clients = server.clients()
+      assert.equal(clients.length, 1)
+      assert.equal(clients[0].readyState, WebSocket.OPEN)
+    })
+
+    server.broadcastTo = function(subscription, data, callback) {
+      if (data == null) { data = {} }
+      data.identifier = subscription.identifier
+
+      if (data.message_type) {
+        data.type = ActionCable.INTERNAL.message_types[data.message_type]
+        delete data.message_type
+      }
+
+      server.send(JSON.stringify(data))
+      defer(callback)
+    }
+
+    const done = function() {
+      consumer.disconnect()
+      server.close()
+      doneAsync()
+    }
+
+    const testData = {assert, consumer, server, done}
+
+    if (options.connect === false) {
+      callback(testData)
+    } else {
+      server.on("connection", function() {
+        testData.client = server.clients()[0]
+        callback(testData)
+      })
+      consumer.connect()
+    }
+  })
+}
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/index.coffee b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/index.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index c84cbbcb2c..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/index.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#= require_self
-#= require_tree .
-
-ActionCable.TestHelpers =
-  testURL: "ws://cable.example.com/"
-
-  defer: (callback) ->
-    setTimeout(callback, 1)
-
-originalWebSocket = ActionCable.WebSocket
-QUnit.testDone -> ActionCable.WebSocket = originalWebSocket
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/index.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0cd4e260b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/test_helpers/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import * as ActionCable from "../../../../app/javascript/action_cable/index"
+
+export const testURL = "ws://cable.example.com/"
+
+export function defer(callback) {
+  setTimeout(callback, 1)
+}
+
+const originalWebSocket = ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket
+QUnit.testDone(() => ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket = originalWebSocket)
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/action_cable_test.coffee b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/action_cable_test.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 3944f3a7f6..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/action_cable_test.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-{module, test} = QUnit
-{testURL} = ActionCable.TestHelpers
-
-module "ActionCable", ->
-  module "Adapters", ->
-    module "WebSocket", ->
-      test "default is window.WebSocket", (assert) ->
-        assert.equal ActionCable.WebSocket, window.WebSocket
-
-      test "configurable", (assert) ->
-        ActionCable.WebSocket = ""
-        assert.equal ActionCable.WebSocket, ""
-
-    module "logger", ->
-      test "default is window.console", (assert) ->
-        assert.equal ActionCable.logger, window.console
-
-      test "configurable", (assert) ->
-        ActionCable.logger = ""
-        assert.equal ActionCable.logger, ""
-
-  module "#createConsumer", ->
-    test "uses specified URL", (assert) ->
-      consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer(testURL)
-      assert.equal consumer.url, testURL
-
-    test "uses default URL", (assert) ->
-      pattern = ///#{ActionCable.INTERNAL.default_mount_path}$///
-      consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer()
-      assert.ok pattern.test(consumer.url), "Expected #{consumer.url} to match #{pattern}"
-
-    test "uses URL from meta tag", (assert) ->
-      element = document.createElement("meta")
-      element.setAttribute("name", "action-cable-url")
-      element.setAttribute("content", testURL)
-
-      document.head.appendChild(element)
-      consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer()
-      document.head.removeChild(element)
-
-      assert.equal consumer.url, testURL
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/action_cable_test.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/action_cable_test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c46f9878d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/action_cable_test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import * as ActionCable from "../../../../app/javascript/action_cable/index"
+import {testURL} from "../test_helpers/index"
+
+const {module, test} = QUnit
+
+module("ActionCable", () => {
+  module("Adapters", () => {
+    module("WebSocket", () => {
+      test("default is self.WebSocket", assert => {
+        assert.equal(ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket, self.WebSocket)
+      })
+    })
+
+    module("logger", () => {
+      test("default is self.console", assert => {
+        assert.equal(ActionCable.adapters.logger, self.console)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  module("#createConsumer", () => {
+    test("uses specified URL", assert => {
+      const consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer(testURL)
+      assert.equal(consumer.url, testURL)
+    })
+
+    test("uses default URL", assert => {
+      const pattern = new RegExp(`${ActionCable.INTERNAL.default_mount_path}$`)
+      const consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer()
+      assert.ok(pattern.test(consumer.url), `Expected ${consumer.url} to match ${pattern}`)
+    })
+
+    test("uses URL from meta tag", assert => {
+      const element = document.createElement("meta")
+      element.setAttribute("name", "action-cable-url")
+      element.setAttribute("content", testURL)
+
+      document.head.appendChild(element)
+      const consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer()
+      document.head.removeChild(element)
+
+      assert.equal(consumer.url, testURL)
+    })
+
+    test("dynamically computes URL from function", assert => {
+      let dynamicURL = testURL
+      const generateURL = () => {
+        return dynamicURL
+      }
+      const consumer = ActionCable.createConsumer(generateURL)
+      assert.equal(consumer.url, testURL)
+
+      dynamicURL = `${testURL}foo`
+      assert.equal(consumer.url, `${testURL}foo`)
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/connection_test.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/connection_test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b1a975bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/connection_test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import * as ActionCable from "../../../../app/javascript/action_cable/index"
+
+const {module, test} = QUnit
+
+module("ActionCable.Connection", () => {
+  module("#getState", () => {
+    test("uses the configured WebSocket adapter", assert => {
+      ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket = { foo: 1, BAR: "42" }
+      const connection = new ActionCable.Connection({})
+      connection.webSocket = {}
+      connection.webSocket.readyState = 1
+      assert.equal(connection.getState(), "foo")
+      connection.webSocket.readyState = "42"
+      assert.equal(connection.getState(), "bar")
+    })
+  })
+
+  module("#open", () => {
+    test("uses the configured WebSocket adapter", assert => {
+      const FakeWebSocket = function() {}
+      ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket = FakeWebSocket
+      const connection = new ActionCable.Connection({})
+      connection.monitor = { start() {} }
+      connection.open()
+      assert.equal(connection.webSocket instanceof FakeWebSocket, true)
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/consumer_test.coffee b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/consumer_test.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 41445274eb..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/consumer_test.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-{module, test} = QUnit
-{consumerTest} = ActionCable.TestHelpers
-
-module "ActionCable.Consumer", ->
-  consumerTest "#connect", connect: false, ({consumer, server, assert, done}) ->
-    server.on "connection", ->
-      assert.equal consumer.connect(), false
-      done()
-
-    consumer.connect()
-
-  consumerTest "#disconnect", ({consumer, client, done}) ->
-    client.addEventListener("close", done)
-    consumer.disconnect()
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/consumer_test.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/consumer_test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acc618bf0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/consumer_test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import consumerTest from "../test_helpers/consumer_test_helper"
+
+const {module} = QUnit
+
+module("ActionCable.Consumer", () => {
+  consumerTest("#connect", {connect: false}, ({consumer, server, assert, done}) => {
+    server.on("connection", () => {
+      assert.equal(consumer.connect(), false)
+      done()
+    })
+
+    consumer.connect()
+  })
+
+  consumerTest("#disconnect", ({consumer, client, done}) => {
+    client.addEventListener("close", done)
+    consumer.disconnect()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscription_test.coffee b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscription_test.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 07027ed170..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscription_test.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-{module, test} = QUnit
-{consumerTest} = ActionCable.TestHelpers
-
-module "ActionCable.Subscription", ->
-  consumerTest "#initialized callback", ({server, consumer, assert, done}) ->
-    consumer.subscriptions.create "chat",
-      initialized: ->
-        assert.ok true
-        done()
-
-  consumerTest "#connected callback", ({server, consumer, assert, done}) ->
-    subscription = consumer.subscriptions.create "chat",
-      connected: ->
-        assert.ok true
-        done()
-
-    server.broadcastTo(subscription, message_type: "confirmation")
-
-  consumerTest "#disconnected callback", ({server, consumer, assert, done}) ->
-    subscription = consumer.subscriptions.create "chat",
-      disconnected: ->
-        assert.ok true
-        done()
-
-    server.broadcastTo subscription, message_type: "confirmation", ->
-      server.close()
-
-  consumerTest "#perform", ({consumer, server, assert, done}) ->
-    subscription = consumer.subscriptions.create "chat",
-      connected: ->
-        @perform(publish: "hi")
-
-    server.on "message", (message) ->
-      data = JSON.parse(message)
-      assert.equal data.identifier, subscription.identifier
-      assert.equal data.command, "message"
-      assert.deepEqual data.data, JSON.stringify(action: { publish: "hi" })
-      done()
-
-    server.broadcastTo(subscription, message_type: "confirmation")
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscription_test.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscription_test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf32e5f27d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscription_test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import consumerTest from "../test_helpers/consumer_test_helper"
+
+const {module} = QUnit
+
+module("ActionCable.Subscription", () => {
+  consumerTest("#initialized callback", ({server, consumer, assert, done}) =>
+    consumer.subscriptions.create("chat", {
+      initialized() {
+        assert.ok(true)
+        done()
+      }
+    })
+  )
+
+  consumerTest("#connected callback", ({server, consumer, assert, done}) => {
+    const subscription = consumer.subscriptions.create("chat", {
+      connected() {
+        assert.ok(true)
+        done()
+      }
+    })
+
+    server.broadcastTo(subscription, {message_type: "confirmation"})
+  })
+
+  consumerTest("#disconnected callback", ({server, consumer, assert, done}) => {
+    const subscription = consumer.subscriptions.create("chat", {
+      disconnected() {
+        assert.ok(true)
+        done()
+      }
+    })
+
+    server.broadcastTo(subscription, {message_type: "confirmation"}, () => server.close())
+  })
+
+  consumerTest("#perform", ({consumer, server, assert, done}) => {
+    const subscription = consumer.subscriptions.create("chat", {
+      connected() {
+        this.perform({publish: "hi"})
+      }
+    })
+
+    server.on("message", (message) => {
+      const data = JSON.parse(message)
+      assert.equal(data.identifier, subscription.identifier)
+      assert.equal(data.command, "message")
+      assert.deepEqual(data.data, JSON.stringify({action: { publish: "hi" }}))
+      done()
+    })
+
+    server.broadcastTo(subscription, {message_type: "confirmation"})
+  })
+})
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscriptions_test.coffee b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscriptions_test.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 170b370e4a..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscriptions_test.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{module, test} = QUnit
-{consumerTest} = ActionCable.TestHelpers
-
-module "ActionCable.Subscriptions", ->
-  consumerTest "create subscription with channel string", ({consumer, server, assert, done}) ->
-    channel = "chat"
-
-    server.on "message", (message) ->
-      data = JSON.parse(message)
-      assert.equal data.command, "subscribe"
-      assert.equal data.identifier, JSON.stringify({channel})
-      done()
-
-    consumer.subscriptions.create(channel)
-
-  consumerTest "create subscription with channel object", ({consumer, server, assert, done}) ->
-    channel = channel: "chat", room: "action"
-
-    server.on "message", (message) ->
-      data = JSON.parse(message)
-      assert.equal data.command, "subscribe"
-      assert.equal data.identifier, JSON.stringify(channel)
-      done()
-
-    consumer.subscriptions.create(channel)
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscriptions_test.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscriptions_test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..33af5d4d82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actioncable/test/javascript/src/unit/subscriptions_test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import consumerTest from "../test_helpers/consumer_test_helper"
+
+const {module} = QUnit
+
+module("ActionCable.Subscriptions", () => {
+  consumerTest("create subscription with channel string", ({consumer, server, assert, done}) => {
+    const channel = "chat"
+
+    server.on("message", (message) => {
+      const data = JSON.parse(message)
+      assert.equal(data.command, "subscribe")
+      assert.equal(data.identifier, JSON.stringify({channel}))
+      done()
+    })
+
+    consumer.subscriptions.create(channel)
+  })
+
+  consumerTest("create subscription with channel object", ({consumer, server, assert, done}) => {
+    const channel = {channel: "chat", room: "action"}
+
+    server.on("message", (message) => {
+      const data = JSON.parse(message)
+      assert.equal(data.command, "subscribe")
+      assert.equal(data.identifier, JSON.stringify(channel))
+      done()
+    })
+
+    consumer.subscriptions.create(channel)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/actioncable/test/javascript/vendor/mock-socket.js b/actioncable/test/javascript/vendor/mock-socket.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 4564cebc40..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/test/javascript/vendor/mock-socket.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4532 +0,0 @@
-(function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
-/*!
- * URI.js - Mutating URLs
- * IPv6 Support
- *
- * Version: 1.17.0
- *
- * Author: Rodney Rehm
- * Web: http://medialize.github.io/URI.js/
- *
- * Licensed under
- *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license
- *   GPL v3 http://opensource.org/licenses/GPL-3.0
- *
- */
-
-(function (root, factory) {
-  'use strict';
-  // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js
-  if (typeof exports === 'object') {
-    // Node
-    module.exports = factory();
-  } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-    // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
-    define(factory);
-  } else {
-    // Browser globals (root is window)
-    root.IPv6 = factory(root);
-  }
-}(this, function (root) {
-  'use strict';
-
-  /*
-  var _in = "fe80:0000:0000:0000:0204:61ff:fe9d:f156";
-  var _out = IPv6.best(_in);
-  var _expected = "fe80::204:61ff:fe9d:f156";
-
-  console.log(_in, _out, _expected, _out === _expected);
-  */
-
-  // save current IPv6 variable, if any
-  var _IPv6 = root && root.IPv6;
-
-  function bestPresentation(address) {
-    // based on:
-    // Javascript to test an IPv6 address for proper format, and to
-    // present the "best text representation" according to IETF Draft RFC at
-    // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-04
-    // 8 Feb 2010 Rich Brown, Dartware, LLC
-    // Please feel free to use this code as long as you provide a link to
-    // http://www.intermapper.com
-    // http://intermapper.com/support/tools/IPV6-Validator.aspx
-    // http://download.dartware.com/thirdparty/ipv6validator.js
-
-    var _address = address.toLowerCase();
-    var segments = _address.split(':');
-    var length = segments.length;
-    var total = 8;
-
-    // trim colons (:: or ::a:b:c… or …a:b:c::)
-    if (segments[0] === '' && segments[1] === '' && segments[2] === '') {
-      // must have been ::
-      // remove first two items
-      segments.shift();
-      segments.shift();
-    } else if (segments[0] === '' && segments[1] === '') {
-      // must have been ::xxxx
-      // remove the first item
-      segments.shift();
-    } else if (segments[length - 1] === '' && segments[length - 2] === '') {
-      // must have been xxxx::
-      segments.pop();
-    }
-
-    length = segments.length;
-
-    // adjust total segments for IPv4 trailer
-    if (segments[length - 1].indexOf('.') !== -1) {
-      // found a "." which means IPv4
-      total = 7;
-    }
-
-    // fill empty segments them with "0000"
-    var pos;
-    for (pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {
-      if (segments[pos] === '') {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (pos < total) {
-      segments.splice(pos, 1, '0000');
-      while (segments.length < total) {
-        segments.splice(pos, 0, '0000');
-      }
-
-      length = segments.length;
-    }
-
-    // strip leading zeros
-    var _segments;
-    for (var i = 0; i < total; i++) {
-      _segments = segments[i].split('');
-      for (var j = 0; j < 3 ; j++) {
-        if (_segments[0] === '0' && _segments.length > 1) {
-          _segments.splice(0,1);
-        } else {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-
-      segments[i] = _segments.join('');
-    }
-
-    // find longest sequence of zeroes and coalesce them into one segment
-    var best = -1;
-    var _best = 0;
-    var _current = 0;
-    var current = -1;
-    var inzeroes = false;
-    // i; already declared
-
-    for (i = 0; i < total; i++) {
-      if (inzeroes) {
-        if (segments[i] === '0') {
-          _current += 1;
-        } else {
-          inzeroes = false;
-          if (_current > _best) {
-            best = current;
-            _best = _current;
-          }
-        }
-      } else {
-        if (segments[i] === '0') {
-          inzeroes = true;
-          current = i;
-          _current = 1;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (_current > _best) {
-      best = current;
-      _best = _current;
-    }
-
-    if (_best > 1) {
-      segments.splice(best, _best, '');
-    }
-
-    length = segments.length;
-
-    // assemble remaining segments
-    var result = '';
-    if (segments[0] === '')  {
-      result = ':';
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-      result += segments[i];
-      if (i === length - 1) {
-        break;
-      }
-
-      result += ':';
-    }
-
-    if (segments[length - 1] === '') {
-      result += ':';
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  function noConflict() {
-    /*jshint validthis: true */
-    if (root.IPv6 === this) {
-      root.IPv6 = _IPv6;
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  return {
-    best: bestPresentation,
-    noConflict: noConflict
-  };
-}));
-
-},{}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
-/*!
- * URI.js - Mutating URLs
- * Second Level Domain (SLD) Support
- *
- * Version: 1.17.0
- *
- * Author: Rodney Rehm
- * Web: http://medialize.github.io/URI.js/
- *
- * Licensed under
- *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license
- *   GPL v3 http://opensource.org/licenses/GPL-3.0
- *
- */
-
-(function (root, factory) {
-  'use strict';
-  // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js
-  if (typeof exports === 'object') {
-    // Node
-    module.exports = factory();
-  } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-    // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
-    define(factory);
-  } else {
-    // Browser globals (root is window)
-    root.SecondLevelDomains = factory(root);
-  }
-}(this, function (root) {
-  'use strict';
-
-  // save current SecondLevelDomains variable, if any
-  var _SecondLevelDomains = root && root.SecondLevelDomains;
-
-  var SLD = {
-    // list of known Second Level Domains
-    // converted list of SLDs from https://github.com/gavingmiller/second-level-domains
-    // ----
-    // publicsuffix.org is more current and actually used by a couple of browsers internally.
-    // downside is it also contains domains like "dyndns.org" - which is fine for the security
-    // issues browser have to deal with (SOP for cookies, etc) - but is way overboard for URI.js
-    // ----
-    list: {
-      'ac':' com gov mil net org ',
-      'ae':' ac co gov mil name net org pro sch ',
-      'af':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'al':' com edu gov mil net org ',
-      'ao':' co ed gv it og pb ',
-      'ar':' com edu gob gov int mil net org tur ',
-      'at':' ac co gv or ',
-      'au':' asn com csiro edu gov id net org ',
-      'ba':' co com edu gov mil net org rs unbi unmo unsa untz unze ',
-      'bb':' biz co com edu gov info net org store tv ',
-      'bh':' biz cc com edu gov info net org ',
-      'bn':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'bo':' com edu gob gov int mil net org tv ',
-      'br':' adm adv agr am arq art ato b bio blog bmd cim cng cnt com coop ecn edu eng esp etc eti far flog fm fnd fot fst g12 ggf gov imb ind inf jor jus lel mat med mil mus net nom not ntr odo org ppg pro psc psi qsl rec slg srv tmp trd tur tv vet vlog wiki zlg ',
-      'bs':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'bz':' du et om ov rg ',
-      'ca':' ab bc mb nb nf nl ns nt nu on pe qc sk yk ',
-      'ck':' biz co edu gen gov info net org ',
-      'cn':' ac ah bj com cq edu fj gd gov gs gx gz ha hb he hi hl hn jl js jx ln mil net nm nx org qh sc sd sh sn sx tj tw xj xz yn zj ',
-      'co':' com edu gov mil net nom org ',
-      'cr':' ac c co ed fi go or sa ',
-      'cy':' ac biz com ekloges gov ltd name net org parliament press pro tm ',
-      'do':' art com edu gob gov mil net org sld web ',
-      'dz':' art asso com edu gov net org pol ',
-      'ec':' com edu fin gov info med mil net org pro ',
-      'eg':' com edu eun gov mil name net org sci ',
-      'er':' com edu gov ind mil net org rochest w ',
-      'es':' com edu gob nom org ',
-      'et':' biz com edu gov info name net org ',
-      'fj':' ac biz com info mil name net org pro ',
-      'fk':' ac co gov net nom org ',
-      'fr':' asso com f gouv nom prd presse tm ',
-      'gg':' co net org ',
-      'gh':' com edu gov mil org ',
-      'gn':' ac com gov net org ',
-      'gr':' com edu gov mil net org ',
-      'gt':' com edu gob ind mil net org ',
-      'gu':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'hk':' com edu gov idv net org ',
-      'hu':' 2000 agrar bolt casino city co erotica erotika film forum games hotel info ingatlan jogasz konyvelo lakas media news org priv reklam sex shop sport suli szex tm tozsde utazas video ',
-      'id':' ac co go mil net or sch web ',
-      'il':' ac co gov idf k12 muni net org ',
-      'in':' ac co edu ernet firm gen gov i ind mil net nic org res ',
-      'iq':' com edu gov i mil net org ',
-      'ir':' ac co dnssec gov i id net org sch ',
-      'it':' edu gov ',
-      'je':' co net org ',
-      'jo':' com edu gov mil name net org sch ',
-      'jp':' ac ad co ed go gr lg ne or ',
-      'ke':' ac co go info me mobi ne or sc ',
-      'kh':' com edu gov mil net org per ',
-      'ki':' biz com de edu gov info mob net org tel ',
-      'km':' asso com coop edu gouv k medecin mil nom notaires pharmaciens presse tm veterinaire ',
-      'kn':' edu gov net org ',
-      'kr':' ac busan chungbuk chungnam co daegu daejeon es gangwon go gwangju gyeongbuk gyeonggi gyeongnam hs incheon jeju jeonbuk jeonnam k kg mil ms ne or pe re sc seoul ulsan ',
-      'kw':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'ky':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'kz':' com edu gov mil net org ',
-      'lb':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'lk':' assn com edu gov grp hotel int ltd net ngo org sch soc web ',
-      'lr':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'lv':' asn com conf edu gov id mil net org ',
-      'ly':' com edu gov id med net org plc sch ',
-      'ma':' ac co gov m net org press ',
-      'mc':' asso tm ',
-      'me':' ac co edu gov its net org priv ',
-      'mg':' com edu gov mil nom org prd tm ',
-      'mk':' com edu gov inf name net org pro ',
-      'ml':' com edu gov net org presse ',
-      'mn':' edu gov org ',
-      'mo':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'mt':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'mv':' aero biz com coop edu gov info int mil museum name net org pro ',
-      'mw':' ac co com coop edu gov int museum net org ',
-      'mx':' com edu gob net org ',
-      'my':' com edu gov mil name net org sch ',
-      'nf':' arts com firm info net other per rec store web ',
-      'ng':' biz com edu gov mil mobi name net org sch ',
-      'ni':' ac co com edu gob mil net nom org ',
-      'np':' com edu gov mil net org ',
-      'nr':' biz com edu gov info net org ',
-      'om':' ac biz co com edu gov med mil museum net org pro sch ',
-      'pe':' com edu gob mil net nom org sld ',
-      'ph':' com edu gov i mil net ngo org ',
-      'pk':' biz com edu fam gob gok gon gop gos gov net org web ',
-      'pl':' art bialystok biz com edu gda gdansk gorzow gov info katowice krakow lodz lublin mil net ngo olsztyn org poznan pwr radom slupsk szczecin torun warszawa waw wroc wroclaw zgora ',
-      'pr':' ac biz com edu est gov info isla name net org pro prof ',
-      'ps':' com edu gov net org plo sec ',
-      'pw':' belau co ed go ne or ',
-      'ro':' arts com firm info nom nt org rec store tm www ',
-      'rs':' ac co edu gov in org ',
-      'sb':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'sc':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'sh':' co com edu gov net nom org ',
-      'sl':' com edu gov net org ',
-      'st':' co com consulado edu embaixada gov mil net org principe saotome store ',
-      'sv':' com edu gob org red ',
-      'sz':' ac co org ',
-      'tr':' av bbs bel biz com dr edu gen gov info k12 name net org pol tel tsk tv web ',
-      'tt':' aero biz cat co com coop edu gov info int jobs mil mobi museum name net org pro tel travel ',
-      'tw':' club com ebiz edu game gov idv mil net org ',
-      'mu':' ac co com gov net or org ',
-      'mz':' ac co edu gov org ',
-      'na':' co com ',
-      'nz':' ac co cri geek gen govt health iwi maori mil net org parliament school ',
-      'pa':' abo ac com edu gob ing med net nom org sld ',
-      'pt':' com edu gov int net nome org publ ',
-      'py':' com edu gov mil net org ',
-      'qa':' com edu gov mil net org ',
-      're':' asso com nom ',
-      'ru':' ac adygeya altai amur arkhangelsk astrakhan bashkiria belgorod bir bryansk buryatia cbg chel chelyabinsk chita chukotka chuvashia com dagestan e-burg edu gov grozny int irkutsk ivanovo izhevsk jar joshkar-ola kalmykia kaluga kamchatka karelia kazan kchr kemerovo khabarovsk khakassia khv kirov koenig komi kostroma kranoyarsk kuban kurgan kursk lipetsk magadan mari mari-el marine mil mordovia mosreg msk murmansk nalchik net nnov nov novosibirsk nsk omsk orenburg org oryol penza perm pp pskov ptz rnd ryazan sakhalin samara saratov simbirsk smolensk spb stavropol stv surgut tambov tatarstan tom tomsk tsaritsyn tsk tula tuva tver tyumen udm udmurtia ulan-ude vladikavkaz vladimir vladivostok volgograd vologda voronezh vrn vyatka yakutia yamal yekaterinburg yuzhno-sakhalinsk ',
-      'rw':' ac co com edu gouv gov int mil net ',
-      'sa':' com edu gov med net org pub sch ',
-      'sd':' com edu gov info med net org tv ',
-      'se':' a ac b bd c d e f g h i k l m n o org p parti pp press r s t tm u w x y z ',
-      'sg':' com edu gov idn net org per ',
-      'sn':' art com edu gouv org perso univ ',
-      'sy':' com edu gov mil net news org ',
-      'th':' ac co go in mi net or ',
-      'tj':' ac biz co com edu go gov info int mil name net nic org test web ',
-      'tn':' agrinet com defense edunet ens fin gov ind info intl mincom nat net org perso rnrt rns rnu tourism ',
-      'tz':' ac co go ne or ',
-      'ua':' biz cherkassy chernigov chernovtsy ck cn co com crimea cv dn dnepropetrovsk donetsk dp edu gov if in ivano-frankivsk kh kharkov kherson khmelnitskiy kiev kirovograd km kr ks kv lg lugansk lutsk lviv me mk net nikolaev od odessa org pl poltava pp rovno rv sebastopol sumy te ternopil uzhgorod vinnica vn zaporizhzhe zhitomir zp zt ',
-      'ug':' ac co go ne or org sc ',
-      'uk':' ac bl british-library co cym gov govt icnet jet lea ltd me mil mod national-library-scotland nel net nhs nic nls org orgn parliament plc police sch scot soc ',
-      'us':' dni fed isa kids nsn ',
-      'uy':' com edu gub mil net org ',
-      've':' co com edu gob info mil net org web ',
-      'vi':' co com k12 net org ',
-      'vn':' ac biz com edu gov health info int name net org pro ',
-      'ye':' co com gov ltd me net org plc ',
-      'yu':' ac co edu gov org ',
-      'za':' ac agric alt bourse city co cybernet db edu gov grondar iaccess imt inca landesign law mil net ngo nis nom olivetti org pix school tm web ',
-      'zm':' ac co com edu gov net org sch '
-    },
-    // gorhill 2013-10-25: Using indexOf() instead Regexp(). Significant boost
-    // in both performance and memory footprint. No initialization required.
-    // http://jsperf.com/uri-js-sld-regex-vs-binary-search/4
-    // Following methods use lastIndexOf() rather than array.split() in order
-    // to avoid any memory allocations.
-    has: function(domain) {
-      var tldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.');
-      if (tldOffset <= 0 || tldOffset >= (domain.length-1)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      var sldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.', tldOffset-1);
-      if (sldOffset <= 0 || sldOffset >= (tldOffset-1)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      var sldList = SLD.list[domain.slice(tldOffset+1)];
-      if (!sldList) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      return sldList.indexOf(' ' + domain.slice(sldOffset+1, tldOffset) + ' ') >= 0;
-    },
-    is: function(domain) {
-      var tldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.');
-      if (tldOffset <= 0 || tldOffset >= (domain.length-1)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      var sldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.', tldOffset-1);
-      if (sldOffset >= 0) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      var sldList = SLD.list[domain.slice(tldOffset+1)];
-      if (!sldList) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      return sldList.indexOf(' ' + domain.slice(0, tldOffset) + ' ') >= 0;
-    },
-    get: function(domain) {
-      var tldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.');
-      if (tldOffset <= 0 || tldOffset >= (domain.length-1)) {
-        return null;
-      }
-      var sldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.', tldOffset-1);
-      if (sldOffset <= 0 || sldOffset >= (tldOffset-1)) {
-        return null;
-      }
-      var sldList = SLD.list[domain.slice(tldOffset+1)];
-      if (!sldList) {
-        return null;
-      }
-      if (sldList.indexOf(' ' + domain.slice(sldOffset+1, tldOffset) + ' ') < 0) {
-        return null;
-      }
-      return domain.slice(sldOffset+1);
-    },
-    noConflict: function(){
-      if (root.SecondLevelDomains === this) {
-        root.SecondLevelDomains = _SecondLevelDomains;
-      }
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-
-  return SLD;
-}));
-
-},{}],3:[function(require,module,exports){
-/*!
- * URI.js - Mutating URLs
- *
- * Version: 1.17.0
- *
- * Author: Rodney Rehm
- * Web: http://medialize.github.io/URI.js/
- *
- * Licensed under
- *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license
- *   GPL v3 http://opensource.org/licenses/GPL-3.0
- *
- */
-(function (root, factory) {
-  'use strict';
-  // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js
-  if (typeof exports === 'object') {
-    // Node
-    module.exports = factory(require('./punycode'), require('./IPv6'), require('./SecondLevelDomains'));
-  } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-    // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
-    define(['./punycode', './IPv6', './SecondLevelDomains'], factory);
-  } else {
-    // Browser globals (root is window)
-    root.URI = factory(root.punycode, root.IPv6, root.SecondLevelDomains, root);
-  }
-}(this, function (punycode, IPv6, SLD, root) {
-  'use strict';
-  /*global location, escape, unescape */
-  /*jshint camelcase: false */
-
-  // save current URI variable, if any
-  var _URI = root && root.URI;
-
-  function URI(url, base) {
-    var _urlSupplied = arguments.length >= 1;
-    var _baseSupplied = arguments.length >= 2;
-
-    // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword
-    if (!(this instanceof URI)) {
-      if (_urlSupplied) {
-        if (_baseSupplied) {
-          return new URI(url, base);
-        }
-
-        return new URI(url);
-      }
-
-      return new URI();
-    }
-
-    if (url === undefined) {
-      if (_urlSupplied) {
-        throw new TypeError('undefined is not a valid argument for URI');
-      }
-
-      if (typeof location !== 'undefined') {
-        url = location.href + '';
-      } else {
-        url = '';
-      }
-    }
-
-    this.href(url);
-
-    // resolve to base according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#constructor
-    if (base !== undefined) {
-      return this.absoluteTo(base);
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  URI.version = '1.17.0';
-
-  var p = URI.prototype;
-  var hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
-
-  function escapeRegEx(string) {
-    // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/commit/85ac21783c11f8ccab06106dba9735a31a86924d#commitcomment-821963
-    return string.replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1');
-  }
-
-  function getType(value) {
-    // IE8 doesn't return [Object Undefined] but [Object Object] for undefined value
-    if (value === undefined) {
-      return 'Undefined';
-    }
-
-    return String(Object.prototype.toString.call(value)).slice(8, -1);
-  }
-
-  function isArray(obj) {
-    return getType(obj) === 'Array';
-  }
-
-  function filterArrayValues(data, value) {
-    var lookup = {};
-    var i, length;
-
-    if (getType(value) === 'RegExp') {
-      lookup = null;
-    } else if (isArray(value)) {
-      for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
-        lookup[value[i]] = true;
-      }
-    } else {
-      lookup[value] = true;
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0, length = data.length; i < length; i++) {
-      /*jshint laxbreak: true */
-      var _match = lookup && lookup[data[i]] !== undefined
-        || !lookup && value.test(data[i]);
-      /*jshint laxbreak: false */
-      if (_match) {
-        data.splice(i, 1);
-        length--;
-        i--;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return data;
-  }
-
-  function arrayContains(list, value) {
-    var i, length;
-
-    // value may be string, number, array, regexp
-    if (isArray(value)) {
-      // Note: this can be optimized to O(n) (instead of current O(m * n))
-      for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
-        if (!arrayContains(list, value[i])) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    var _type = getType(value);
-    for (i = 0, length = list.length; i < length; i++) {
-      if (_type === 'RegExp') {
-        if (typeof list[i] === 'string' && list[i].match(value)) {
-          return true;
-        }
-      } else if (list[i] === value) {
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  function arraysEqual(one, two) {
-    if (!isArray(one) || !isArray(two)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // arrays can't be equal if they have different amount of content
-    if (one.length !== two.length) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    one.sort();
-    two.sort();
-
-    for (var i = 0, l = one.length; i < l; i++) {
-      if (one[i] !== two[i]) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  function trimSlashes(text) {
-    var trim_expression = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
-    return text.replace(trim_expression, '');
-  }
-
-  URI._parts = function() {
-    return {
-      protocol: null,
-      username: null,
-      password: null,
-      hostname: null,
-      urn: null,
-      port: null,
-      path: null,
-      query: null,
-      fragment: null,
-      // state
-      duplicateQueryParameters: URI.duplicateQueryParameters,
-      escapeQuerySpace: URI.escapeQuerySpace
-    };
-  };
-  // state: allow duplicate query parameters (a=1&a=1)
-  URI.duplicateQueryParameters = false;
-  // state: replaces + with %20 (space in query strings)
-  URI.escapeQuerySpace = true;
-  // static properties
-  URI.protocol_expression = /^[a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*$/i;
-  URI.idn_expression = /[^a-z0-9\.-]/i;
-  URI.punycode_expression = /(xn--)/i;
-  // well, 333.444.555.666 matches, but it sure ain't no IPv4 - do we care?
-  URI.ip4_expression = /^\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/;
-  // credits to Rich Brown
-  // source: http://forums.intermapper.com/viewtopic.php?p=1096#1096
-  // specification: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4291.txt
-  URI.ip6_expression = /^\s*((([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}(:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,2})|:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,3})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})?:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,4})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,2}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,5})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,3}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,6})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,4}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(:(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,7})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,5}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:)))(%.+)?\s*$/;
-  // expression used is "gruber revised" (@gruber v2) determined to be the
-  // best solution in a regex-golf we did a couple of ages ago at
-  // * http://mathiasbynens.be/demo/url-regex
-  // * http://rodneyrehm.de/t/url-regex.html
-  URI.find_uri_expression = /\b((?:[a-z][\w-]+:(?:\/{1,3}|[a-z0-9%])|www\d{0,3}[.]|[a-z0-9.\-]+[.][a-z]{2,4}\/)(?:[^\s()<>]+|\(([^\s()<>]+|(\([^\s()<>]+\)))*\))+(?:\(([^\s()<>]+|(\([^\s()<>]+\)))*\)|[^\s`!()\[\]{};:'".,<>?«»“”‘’]))/ig;
-  URI.findUri = {
-    // valid "scheme://" or "www."
-    start: /\b(?:([a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*:\/\/)|www\.)/gi,
-    // everything up to the next whitespace
-    end: /[\s\r\n]|$/,
-    // trim trailing punctuation captured by end RegExp
-    trim: /[`!()\[\]{};:'".,<>?«»“”„‘’]+$/
-  };
-  // http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes.html
-  // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers#Well-known_ports
-  URI.defaultPorts = {
-    http: '80',
-    https: '443',
-    ftp: '21',
-    gopher: '70',
-    ws: '80',
-    wss: '443'
-  };
-  // allowed hostname characters according to RFC 3986
-  // ALPHA DIGIT "-" "." "_" "~" "!" "$" "&" "'" "(" ")" "*" "+" "," ";" "=" %encoded
-  // I've never seen a (non-IDN) hostname other than: ALPHA DIGIT . -
-  URI.invalid_hostname_characters = /[^a-zA-Z0-9\.-]/;
-  // map DOM Elements to their URI attribute
-  URI.domAttributes = {
-    'a': 'href',
-    'blockquote': 'cite',
-    'link': 'href',
-    'base': 'href',
-    'script': 'src',
-    'form': 'action',
-    'img': 'src',
-    'area': 'href',
-    'iframe': 'src',
-    'embed': 'src',
-    'source': 'src',
-    'track': 'src',
-    'input': 'src', // but only if type="image"
-    'audio': 'src',
-    'video': 'src'
-  };
-  URI.getDomAttribute = function(node) {
-    if (!node || !node.nodeName) {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-
-    var nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-    // <input> should only expose src for type="image"
-    if (nodeName === 'input' && node.type !== 'image') {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-
-    return URI.domAttributes[nodeName];
-  };
-
-  function escapeForDumbFirefox36(value) {
-    // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/91
-    return escape(value);
-  }
-
-  // encoding / decoding according to RFC3986
-  function strictEncodeURIComponent(string) {
-    // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent
-    return encodeURIComponent(string)
-      .replace(/[!'()*]/g, escapeForDumbFirefox36)
-      .replace(/\*/g, '%2A');
-  }
-  URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
-  URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
-  URI.iso8859 = function() {
-    URI.encode = escape;
-    URI.decode = unescape;
-  };
-  URI.unicode = function() {
-    URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
-    URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
-  };
-  URI.characters = {
-    pathname: {
-      encode: {
-        // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should
-        // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.
-        expression: /%(24|26|2B|2C|3B|3D|3A|40)/ig,
-        map: {
-          // -._~!'()*
-          '%24': '$',
-          '%26': '&',
-          '%2B': '+',
-          '%2C': ',',
-          '%3B': ';',
-          '%3D': '=',
-          '%3A': ':',
-          '%40': '@'
-        }
-      },
-      decode: {
-        expression: /[\/\?#]/g,
-        map: {
-          '/': '%2F',
-          '?': '%3F',
-          '#': '%23'
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    reserved: {
-      encode: {
-        // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should
-        // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.
-        expression: /%(21|23|24|26|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|2F|3A|3B|3D|3F|40|5B|5D)/ig,
-        map: {
-          // gen-delims
-          '%3A': ':',
-          '%2F': '/',
-          '%3F': '?',
-          '%23': '#',
-          '%5B': '[',
-          '%5D': ']',
-          '%40': '@',
-          // sub-delims
-          '%21': '!',
-          '%24': '$',
-          '%26': '&',
-          '%27': '\'',
-          '%28': '(',
-          '%29': ')',
-          '%2A': '*',
-          '%2B': '+',
-          '%2C': ',',
-          '%3B': ';',
-          '%3D': '='
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    urnpath: {
-      // The characters under `encode` are the characters called out by RFC 2141 as being acceptable
-      // for usage in a URN. RFC2141 also calls out "-", ".", and "_" as acceptable characters, but
-      // these aren't encoded by encodeURIComponent, so we don't have to call them out here. Also
-      // note that the colon character is not featured in the encoding map; this is because URI.js
-      // gives the colons in URNs semantic meaning as the delimiters of path segements, and so it
-      // should not appear unencoded in a segment itself.
-      // See also the note above about RFC3986 and capitalalized hex digits.
-      encode: {
-        expression: /%(21|24|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|3B|3D|40)/ig,
-        map: {
-          '%21': '!',
-          '%24': '$',
-          '%27': '\'',
-          '%28': '(',
-          '%29': ')',
-          '%2A': '*',
-          '%2B': '+',
-          '%2C': ',',
-          '%3B': ';',
-          '%3D': '=',
-          '%40': '@'
-        }
-      },
-      // These characters are the characters called out by RFC2141 as "reserved" characters that
-      // should never appear in a URN, plus the colon character (see note above).
-      decode: {
-        expression: /[\/\?#:]/g,
-        map: {
-          '/': '%2F',
-          '?': '%3F',
-          '#': '%23',
-          ':': '%3A'
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  };
-  URI.encodeQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
-    var escaped = URI.encode(string + '');
-    if (escapeQuerySpace === undefined) {
-      escapeQuerySpace = URI.escapeQuerySpace;
-    }
-
-    return escapeQuerySpace ? escaped.replace(/%20/g, '+') : escaped;
-  };
-  URI.decodeQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
-    string += '';
-    if (escapeQuerySpace === undefined) {
-      escapeQuerySpace = URI.escapeQuerySpace;
-    }
-
-    try {
-      return URI.decode(escapeQuerySpace ? string.replace(/\+/g, '%20') : string);
-    } catch(e) {
-      // we're not going to mess with weird encodings,
-      // give up and return the undecoded original string
-      // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/87
-      // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/92
-      return string;
-    }
-  };
-  // generate encode/decode path functions
-  var _parts = {'encode':'encode', 'decode':'decode'};
-  var _part;
-  var generateAccessor = function(_group, _part) {
-    return function(string) {
-      try {
-        return URI[_part](string + '').replace(URI.characters[_group][_part].expression, function(c) {
-          return URI.characters[_group][_part].map[c];
-        });
-      } catch (e) {
-        // we're not going to mess with weird encodings,
-        // give up and return the undecoded original string
-        // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/87
-        // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/92
-        return string;
-      }
-    };
-  };
-
-  for (_part in _parts) {
-    URI[_part + 'PathSegment'] = generateAccessor('pathname', _parts[_part]);
-    URI[_part + 'UrnPathSegment'] = generateAccessor('urnpath', _parts[_part]);
-  }
-
-  var generateSegmentedPathFunction = function(_sep, _codingFuncName, _innerCodingFuncName) {
-    return function(string) {
-      // Why pass in names of functions, rather than the function objects themselves? The
-      // definitions of some functions (but in particular, URI.decode) will occasionally change due
-      // to URI.js having ISO8859 and Unicode modes. Passing in the name and getting it will ensure
-      // that the functions we use here are "fresh".
-      var actualCodingFunc;
-      if (!_innerCodingFuncName) {
-        actualCodingFunc = URI[_codingFuncName];
-      } else {
-        actualCodingFunc = function(string) {
-          return URI[_codingFuncName](URI[_innerCodingFuncName](string));
-        };
-      }
-
-      var segments = (string + '').split(_sep);
-
-      for (var i = 0, length = segments.length; i < length; i++) {
-        segments[i] = actualCodingFunc(segments[i]);
-      }
-
-      return segments.join(_sep);
-    };
-  };
-
-  // This takes place outside the above loop because we don't want, e.g., encodeUrnPath functions.
-  URI.decodePath = generateSegmentedPathFunction('/', 'decodePathSegment');
-  URI.decodeUrnPath = generateSegmentedPathFunction(':', 'decodeUrnPathSegment');
-  URI.recodePath = generateSegmentedPathFunction('/', 'encodePathSegment', 'decode');
-  URI.recodeUrnPath = generateSegmentedPathFunction(':', 'encodeUrnPathSegment', 'decode');
-
-  URI.encodeReserved = generateAccessor('reserved', 'encode');
-
-  URI.parse = function(string, parts) {
-    var pos;
-    if (!parts) {
-      parts = {};
-    }
-    // [protocol"://"[username[":"password]"@"]hostname[":"port]"/"?][path]["?"querystring]["#"fragment]
-
-    // extract fragment
-    pos = string.indexOf('#');
-    if (pos > -1) {
-      // escaping?
-      parts.fragment = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;
-      string = string.substring(0, pos);
-    }
-
-    // extract query
-    pos = string.indexOf('?');
-    if (pos > -1) {
-      // escaping?
-      parts.query = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;
-      string = string.substring(0, pos);
-    }
-
-    // extract protocol
-    if (string.substring(0, 2) === '//') {
-      // relative-scheme
-      parts.protocol = null;
-      string = string.substring(2);
-      // extract "user:pass@host:port"
-      string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);
-    } else {
-      pos = string.indexOf(':');
-      if (pos > -1) {
-        parts.protocol = string.substring(0, pos) || null;
-        if (parts.protocol && !parts.protocol.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {
-          // : may be within the path
-          parts.protocol = undefined;
-        } else if (string.substring(pos + 1, pos + 3) === '//') {
-          string = string.substring(pos + 3);
-
-          // extract "user:pass@host:port"
-          string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);
-        } else {
-          string = string.substring(pos + 1);
-          parts.urn = true;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // what's left must be the path
-    parts.path = string;
-
-    // and we're done
-    return parts;
-  };
-  URI.parseHost = function(string, parts) {
-    // Copy chrome, IE, opera backslash-handling behavior.
-    // Back slashes before the query string get converted to forward slashes
-    // See: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/386fd24f49b0e9d1a8a076592a404168faeecc34/lib/url.js#L115-L124
-    // See: https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=25916
-    // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/pull/233
-    string = string.replace(/\\/g, '/');
-
-    // extract host:port
-    var pos = string.indexOf('/');
-    var bracketPos;
-    var t;
-
-    if (pos === -1) {
-      pos = string.length;
-    }
-
-    if (string.charAt(0) === '[') {
-      // IPv6 host - http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-04#section-6
-      // I claim most client software breaks on IPv6 anyways. To simplify things, URI only accepts
-      // IPv6+port in the format [2001:db8::1]:80 (for the time being)
-      bracketPos = string.indexOf(']');
-      parts.hostname = string.substring(1, bracketPos) || null;
-      parts.port = string.substring(bracketPos + 2, pos) || null;
-      if (parts.port === '/') {
-        parts.port = null;
-      }
-    } else {
-      var firstColon = string.indexOf(':');
-      var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');
-      var nextColon = string.indexOf(':', firstColon + 1);
-      if (nextColon !== -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || nextColon < firstSlash)) {
-        // IPv6 host contains multiple colons - but no port
-        // this notation is actually not allowed by RFC 3986, but we're a liberal parser
-        parts.hostname = string.substring(0, pos) || null;
-        parts.port = null;
-      } else {
-        t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');
-        parts.hostname = t[0] || null;
-        parts.port = t[1] || null;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (parts.hostname && string.substring(pos).charAt(0) !== '/') {
-      pos++;
-      string = '/' + string;
-    }
-
-    return string.substring(pos) || '/';
-  };
-  URI.parseAuthority = function(string, parts) {
-    string = URI.parseUserinfo(string, parts);
-    return URI.parseHost(string, parts);
-  };
-  URI.parseUserinfo = function(string, parts) {
-    // extract username:password
-    var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');
-    var pos = string.lastIndexOf('@', firstSlash > -1 ? firstSlash : string.length - 1);
-    var t;
-
-    // authority@ must come before /path
-    if (pos > -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || pos < firstSlash)) {
-      t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');
-      parts.username = t[0] ? URI.decode(t[0]) : null;
-      t.shift();
-      parts.password = t[0] ? URI.decode(t.join(':')) : null;
-      string = string.substring(pos + 1);
-    } else {
-      parts.username = null;
-      parts.password = null;
-    }
-
-    return string;
-  };
-  URI.parseQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
-    if (!string) {
-      return {};
-    }
-
-    // throw out the funky business - "?"[name"="value"&"]+
-    string = string.replace(/&+/g, '&').replace(/^\?*&*|&+$/g, '');
-
-    if (!string) {
-      return {};
-    }
-
-    var items = {};
-    var splits = string.split('&');
-    var length = splits.length;
-    var v, name, value;
-
-    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-      v = splits[i].split('=');
-      name = URI.decodeQuery(v.shift(), escapeQuerySpace);
-      // no "=" is null according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#collect-url-parameters
-      value = v.length ? URI.decodeQuery(v.join('='), escapeQuerySpace) : null;
-
-      if (hasOwn.call(items, name)) {
-        if (typeof items[name] === 'string' || items[name] === null) {
-          items[name] = [items[name]];
-        }
-
-        items[name].push(value);
-      } else {
-        items[name] = value;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return items;
-  };
-
-  URI.build = function(parts) {
-    var t = '';
-
-    if (parts.protocol) {
-      t += parts.protocol + ':';
-    }
-
-    if (!parts.urn && (t || parts.hostname)) {
-      t += '//';
-    }
-
-    t += (URI.buildAuthority(parts) || '');
-
-    if (typeof parts.path === 'string') {
-      if (parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/' && typeof parts.hostname === 'string') {
-        t += '/';
-      }
-
-      t += parts.path;
-    }
-
-    if (typeof parts.query === 'string' && parts.query) {
-      t += '?' + parts.query;
-    }
-
-    if (typeof parts.fragment === 'string' && parts.fragment) {
-      t += '#' + parts.fragment;
-    }
-    return t;
-  };
-  URI.buildHost = function(parts) {
-    var t = '';
-
-    if (!parts.hostname) {
-      return '';
-    } else if (URI.ip6_expression.test(parts.hostname)) {
-      t += '[' + parts.hostname + ']';
-    } else {
-      t += parts.hostname;
-    }
-
-    if (parts.port) {
-      t += ':' + parts.port;
-    }
-
-    return t;
-  };
-  URI.buildAuthority = function(parts) {
-    return URI.buildUserinfo(parts) + URI.buildHost(parts);
-  };
-  URI.buildUserinfo = function(parts) {
-    var t = '';
-
-    if (parts.username) {
-      t += URI.encode(parts.username);
-
-      if (parts.password) {
-        t += ':' + URI.encode(parts.password);
-      }
-
-      t += '@';
-    }
-
-    return t;
-  };
-  URI.buildQuery = function(data, duplicateQueryParameters, escapeQuerySpace) {
-    // according to http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 or http://labs.apache.org/webarch/uri/rfc/rfc3986.html
-    // being »-._~!$&'()*+,;=:@/?« %HEX and alnum are allowed
-    // the RFC explicitly states ?/foo being a valid use case, no mention of parameter syntax!
-    // URI.js treats the query string as being application/x-www-form-urlencoded
-    // see http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type
-
-    var t = '';
-    var unique, key, i, length;
-    for (key in data) {
-      if (hasOwn.call(data, key) && key) {
-        if (isArray(data[key])) {
-          unique = {};
-          for (i = 0, length = data[key].length; i < length; i++) {
-            if (data[key][i] !== undefined && unique[data[key][i] + ''] === undefined) {
-              t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key][i], escapeQuerySpace);
-              if (duplicateQueryParameters !== true) {
-                unique[data[key][i] + ''] = true;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        } else if (data[key] !== undefined) {
-          t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key], escapeQuerySpace);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return t.substring(1);
-  };
-  URI.buildQueryParameter = function(name, value, escapeQuerySpace) {
-    // http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type -- application/x-www-form-urlencoded
-    // don't append "=" for null values, according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#url-parameter-serialization
-    return URI.encodeQuery(name, escapeQuerySpace) + (value !== null ? '=' + URI.encodeQuery(value, escapeQuerySpace) : '');
-  };
-
-  URI.addQuery = function(data, name, value) {
-    if (typeof name === 'object') {
-      for (var key in name) {
-        if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
-          URI.addQuery(data, key, name[key]);
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (typeof name === 'string') {
-      if (data[name] === undefined) {
-        data[name] = value;
-        return;
-      } else if (typeof data[name] === 'string') {
-        data[name] = [data[name]];
-      }
-
-      if (!isArray(value)) {
-        value = [value];
-      }
-
-      data[name] = (data[name] || []).concat(value);
-    } else {
-      throw new TypeError('URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');
-    }
-  };
-  URI.removeQuery = function(data, name, value) {
-    var i, length, key;
-
-    if (isArray(name)) {
-      for (i = 0, length = name.length; i < length; i++) {
-        data[name[i]] = undefined;
-      }
-    } else if (getType(name) === 'RegExp') {
-      for (key in data) {
-        if (name.test(key)) {
-          data[key] = undefined;
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (typeof name === 'object') {
-      for (key in name) {
-        if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
-          URI.removeQuery(data, key, name[key]);
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (typeof name === 'string') {
-      if (value !== undefined) {
-        if (getType(value) === 'RegExp') {
-          if (!isArray(data[name]) && value.test(data[name])) {
-            data[name] = undefined;
-          } else {
-            data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);
-          }
-        } else if (data[name] === String(value) && (!isArray(value) || value.length === 1)) {
-          data[name] = undefined;
-        } else if (isArray(data[name])) {
-          data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);
-        }
-      } else {
-        data[name] = undefined;
-      }
-    } else {
-      throw new TypeError('URI.removeQuery() accepts an object, string, RegExp as the first parameter');
-    }
-  };
-  URI.hasQuery = function(data, name, value, withinArray) {
-    if (typeof name === 'object') {
-      for (var key in name) {
-        if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
-          if (!URI.hasQuery(data, key, name[key])) {
-            return false;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      return true;
-    } else if (typeof name !== 'string') {
-      throw new TypeError('URI.hasQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');
-    }
-
-    switch (getType(value)) {
-      case 'Undefined':
-        // true if exists (but may be empty)
-        return name in data; // data[name] !== undefined;
-
-      case 'Boolean':
-        // true if exists and non-empty
-        var _booly = Boolean(isArray(data[name]) ? data[name].length : data[name]);
-        return value === _booly;
-
-      case 'Function':
-        // allow complex comparison
-        return !!value(data[name], name, data);
-
-      case 'Array':
-        if (!isArray(data[name])) {
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        var op = withinArray ? arrayContains : arraysEqual;
-        return op(data[name], value);
-
-      case 'RegExp':
-        if (!isArray(data[name])) {
-          return Boolean(data[name] && data[name].match(value));
-        }
-
-        if (!withinArray) {
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        return arrayContains(data[name], value);
-
-      case 'Number':
-        value = String(value);
-        /* falls through */
-      case 'String':
-        if (!isArray(data[name])) {
-          return data[name] === value;
-        }
-
-        if (!withinArray) {
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        return arrayContains(data[name], value);
-
-      default:
-        throw new TypeError('URI.hasQuery() accepts undefined, boolean, string, number, RegExp, Function as the value parameter');
-    }
-  };
-
-
-  URI.commonPath = function(one, two) {
-    var length = Math.min(one.length, two.length);
-    var pos;
-
-    // find first non-matching character
-    for (pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {
-      if (one.charAt(pos) !== two.charAt(pos)) {
-        pos--;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (pos < 1) {
-      return one.charAt(0) === two.charAt(0) && one.charAt(0) === '/' ? '/' : '';
-    }
-
-    // revert to last /
-    if (one.charAt(pos) !== '/' || two.charAt(pos) !== '/') {
-      pos = one.substring(0, pos).lastIndexOf('/');
-    }
-
-    return one.substring(0, pos + 1);
-  };
-
-  URI.withinString = function(string, callback, options) {
-    options || (options = {});
-    var _start = options.start || URI.findUri.start;
-    var _end = options.end || URI.findUri.end;
-    var _trim = options.trim || URI.findUri.trim;
-    var _attributeOpen = /[a-z0-9-]=["']?$/i;
-
-    _start.lastIndex = 0;
-    while (true) {
-      var match = _start.exec(string);
-      if (!match) {
-        break;
-      }
-
-      var start = match.index;
-      if (options.ignoreHtml) {
-        // attribut(e=["']?$)
-        var attributeOpen = string.slice(Math.max(start - 3, 0), start);
-        if (attributeOpen && _attributeOpen.test(attributeOpen)) {
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
-
-      var end = start + string.slice(start).search(_end);
-      var slice = string.slice(start, end).replace(_trim, '');
-      if (options.ignore && options.ignore.test(slice)) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      end = start + slice.length;
-      var result = callback(slice, start, end, string);
-      string = string.slice(0, start) + result + string.slice(end);
-      _start.lastIndex = start + result.length;
-    }
-
-    _start.lastIndex = 0;
-    return string;
-  };
-
-  URI.ensureValidHostname = function(v) {
-    // Theoretically URIs allow percent-encoding in Hostnames (according to RFC 3986)
-    // they are not part of DNS and therefore ignored by URI.js
-
-    if (v.match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {
-      // test punycode
-      if (!punycode) {
-        throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-] and Punycode.js is not available');
-      }
-
-      if (punycode.toASCII(v).match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {
-        throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
-      }
-    }
-  };
-
-  // noConflict
-  URI.noConflict = function(removeAll) {
-    if (removeAll) {
-      var unconflicted = {
-        URI: this.noConflict()
-      };
-
-      if (root.URITemplate && typeof root.URITemplate.noConflict === 'function') {
-        unconflicted.URITemplate = root.URITemplate.noConflict();
-      }
-
-      if (root.IPv6 && typeof root.IPv6.noConflict === 'function') {
-        unconflicted.IPv6 = root.IPv6.noConflict();
-      }
-
-      if (root.SecondLevelDomains && typeof root.SecondLevelDomains.noConflict === 'function') {
-        unconflicted.SecondLevelDomains = root.SecondLevelDomains.noConflict();
-      }
-
-      return unconflicted;
-    } else if (root.URI === this) {
-      root.URI = _URI;
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  p.build = function(deferBuild) {
-    if (deferBuild === true) {
-      this._deferred_build = true;
-    } else if (deferBuild === undefined || this._deferred_build) {
-      this._string = URI.build(this._parts);
-      this._deferred_build = false;
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  p.clone = function() {
-    return new URI(this);
-  };
-
-  p.valueOf = p.toString = function() {
-    return this.build(false)._string;
-  };
-
-
-  function generateSimpleAccessor(_part){
-    return function(v, build) {
-      if (v === undefined) {
-        return this._parts[_part] || '';
-      } else {
-        this._parts[_part] = v || null;
-        this.build(!build);
-        return this;
-      }
-    };
-  }
-
-  function generatePrefixAccessor(_part, _key){
-    return function(v, build) {
-      if (v === undefined) {
-        return this._parts[_part] || '';
-      } else {
-        if (v !== null) {
-          v = v + '';
-          if (v.charAt(0) === _key) {
-            v = v.substring(1);
-          }
-        }
-
-        this._parts[_part] = v;
-        this.build(!build);
-        return this;
-      }
-    };
-  }
-
-  p.protocol = generateSimpleAccessor('protocol');
-  p.username = generateSimpleAccessor('username');
-  p.password = generateSimpleAccessor('password');
-  p.hostname = generateSimpleAccessor('hostname');
-  p.port = generateSimpleAccessor('port');
-  p.query = generatePrefixAccessor('query', '?');
-  p.fragment = generatePrefixAccessor('fragment', '#');
-
-  p.search = function(v, build) {
-    var t = this.query(v, build);
-    return typeof t === 'string' && t.length ? ('?' + t) : t;
-  };
-  p.hash = function(v, build) {
-    var t = this.fragment(v, build);
-    return typeof t === 'string' && t.length ? ('#' + t) : t;
-  };
-
-  p.pathname = function(v, build) {
-    if (v === undefined || v === true) {
-      var res = this._parts.path || (this._parts.hostname ? '/' : '');
-      return v ? (this._parts.urn ? URI.decodeUrnPath : URI.decodePath)(res) : res;
-    } else {
-      if (this._parts.urn) {
-        this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodeUrnPath(v) : '';
-      } else {
-        this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodePath(v) : '/';
-      }
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.path = p.pathname;
-  p.href = function(href, build) {
-    var key;
-
-    if (href === undefined) {
-      return this.toString();
-    }
-
-    this._string = '';
-    this._parts = URI._parts();
-
-    var _URI = href instanceof URI;
-    var _object = typeof href === 'object' && (href.hostname || href.path || href.pathname);
-    if (href.nodeName) {
-      var attribute = URI.getDomAttribute(href);
-      href = href[attribute] || '';
-      _object = false;
-    }
-
-    // window.location is reported to be an object, but it's not the sort
-    // of object we're looking for:
-    // * location.protocol ends with a colon
-    // * location.query != object.search
-    // * location.hash != object.fragment
-    // simply serializing the unknown object should do the trick
-    // (for location, not for everything...)
-    if (!_URI && _object && href.pathname !== undefined) {
-      href = href.toString();
-    }
-
-    if (typeof href === 'string' || href instanceof String) {
-      this._parts = URI.parse(String(href), this._parts);
-    } else if (_URI || _object) {
-      var src = _URI ? href._parts : href;
-      for (key in src) {
-        if (hasOwn.call(this._parts, key)) {
-          this._parts[key] = src[key];
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      throw new TypeError('invalid input');
-    }
-
-    this.build(!build);
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  // identification accessors
-  p.is = function(what) {
-    var ip = false;
-    var ip4 = false;
-    var ip6 = false;
-    var name = false;
-    var sld = false;
-    var idn = false;
-    var punycode = false;
-    var relative = !this._parts.urn;
-
-    if (this._parts.hostname) {
-      relative = false;
-      ip4 = URI.ip4_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
-      ip6 = URI.ip6_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
-      ip = ip4 || ip6;
-      name = !ip;
-      sld = name && SLD && SLD.has(this._parts.hostname);
-      idn = name && URI.idn_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
-      punycode = name && URI.punycode_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
-    }
-
-    switch (what.toLowerCase()) {
-      case 'relative':
-        return relative;
-
-      case 'absolute':
-        return !relative;
-
-      // hostname identification
-      case 'domain':
-      case 'name':
-        return name;
-
-      case 'sld':
-        return sld;
-
-      case 'ip':
-        return ip;
-
-      case 'ip4':
-      case 'ipv4':
-      case 'inet4':
-        return ip4;
-
-      case 'ip6':
-      case 'ipv6':
-      case 'inet6':
-        return ip6;
-
-      case 'idn':
-        return idn;
-
-      case 'url':
-        return !this._parts.urn;
-
-      case 'urn':
-        return !!this._parts.urn;
-
-      case 'punycode':
-        return punycode;
-    }
-
-    return null;
-  };
-
-  // component specific input validation
-  var _protocol = p.protocol;
-  var _port = p.port;
-  var _hostname = p.hostname;
-
-  p.protocol = function(v, build) {
-    if (v !== undefined) {
-      if (v) {
-        // accept trailing ://
-        v = v.replace(/:(\/\/)?$/, '');
-
-        if (!v.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {
-          throw new TypeError('Protocol "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.+-] or doesn\'t start with [A-Z]');
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return _protocol.call(this, v, build);
-  };
-  p.scheme = p.protocol;
-  p.port = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v !== undefined) {
-      if (v === 0) {
-        v = null;
-      }
-
-      if (v) {
-        v += '';
-        if (v.charAt(0) === ':') {
-          v = v.substring(1);
-        }
-
-        if (v.match(/[^0-9]/)) {
-          throw new TypeError('Port "' + v + '" contains characters other than [0-9]');
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return _port.call(this, v, build);
-  };
-  p.hostname = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v !== undefined) {
-      var x = {};
-      var res = URI.parseHost(v, x);
-      if (res !== '/') {
-        throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
-      }
-
-      v = x.hostname;
-    }
-    return _hostname.call(this, v, build);
-  };
-
-  // compound accessors
-  p.origin = function(v, build) {
-    var parts;
-
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      var protocol = this.protocol();
-      var authority = this.authority();
-      if (!authority) return '';
-      return (protocol ? protocol + '://' : '') + this.authority();
-    } else {
-      var origin = URI(v);
-      this
-        .protocol(origin.protocol())
-        .authority(origin.authority())
-        .build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.host = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildHost(this._parts) : '';
-    } else {
-      var res = URI.parseHost(v, this._parts);
-      if (res !== '/') {
-        throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
-      }
-
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.authority = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildAuthority(this._parts) : '';
-    } else {
-      var res = URI.parseAuthority(v, this._parts);
-      if (res !== '/') {
-        throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
-      }
-
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.userinfo = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      if (!this._parts.username) {
-        return '';
-      }
-
-      var t = URI.buildUserinfo(this._parts);
-      return t.substring(0, t.length -1);
-    } else {
-      if (v[v.length-1] !== '@') {
-        v += '@';
-      }
-
-      URI.parseUserinfo(v, this._parts);
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.resource = function(v, build) {
-    var parts;
-
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      return this.path() + this.search() + this.hash();
-    }
-
-    parts = URI.parse(v);
-    this._parts.path = parts.path;
-    this._parts.query = parts.query;
-    this._parts.fragment = parts.fragment;
-    this.build(!build);
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  // fraction accessors
-  p.subdomain = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    // convenience, return "www" from "www.example.org"
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
-        return '';
-      }
-
-      // grab domain and add another segment
-      var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length - 1;
-      return this._parts.hostname.substring(0, end) || '';
-    } else {
-      var e = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length;
-      var sub = this._parts.hostname.substring(0, e);
-      var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(sub));
-
-      if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '.') {
-        v += '.';
-      }
-
-      if (v) {
-        URI.ensureValidHostname(v);
-      }
-
-      this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.domain = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (typeof v === 'boolean') {
-      build = v;
-      v = undefined;
-    }
-
-    // convenience, return "example.org" from "www.example.org"
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
-        return '';
-      }
-
-      // if hostname consists of 1 or 2 segments, it must be the domain
-      var t = this._parts.hostname.match(/\./g);
-      if (t && t.length < 2) {
-        return this._parts.hostname;
-      }
-
-      // grab tld and add another segment
-      var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.tld(build).length - 1;
-      end = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.', end -1) + 1;
-      return this._parts.hostname.substring(end) || '';
-    } else {
-      if (!v) {
-        throw new TypeError('cannot set domain empty');
-      }
-
-      URI.ensureValidHostname(v);
-
-      if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
-        this._parts.hostname = v;
-      } else {
-        var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.domain()) + '$');
-        this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
-      }
-
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.tld = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (typeof v === 'boolean') {
-      build = v;
-      v = undefined;
-    }
-
-    // return "org" from "www.example.org"
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
-        return '';
-      }
-
-      var pos = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.');
-      var tld = this._parts.hostname.substring(pos + 1);
-
-      if (build !== true && SLD && SLD.list[tld.toLowerCase()]) {
-        return SLD.get(this._parts.hostname) || tld;
-      }
-
-      return tld;
-    } else {
-      var replace;
-
-      if (!v) {
-        throw new TypeError('cannot set TLD empty');
-      } else if (v.match(/[^a-zA-Z0-9-]/)) {
-        if (SLD && SLD.is(v)) {
-          replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + '$');
-          this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
-        } else {
-          throw new TypeError('TLD "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9]');
-        }
-      } else if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
-        throw new ReferenceError('cannot set TLD on non-domain host');
-      } else {
-        replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + '$');
-        this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
-      }
-
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.directory = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined || v === true) {
-      if (!this._parts.path && !this._parts.hostname) {
-        return '';
-      }
-
-      if (this._parts.path === '/') {
-        return '/';
-      }
-
-      var end = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length - 1;
-      var res = this._parts.path.substring(0, end) || (this._parts.hostname ? '/' : '');
-
-      return v ? URI.decodePath(res) : res;
-
-    } else {
-      var e = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length;
-      var directory = this._parts.path.substring(0, e);
-      var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(directory));
-
-      // fully qualifier directories begin with a slash
-      if (!this.is('relative')) {
-        if (!v) {
-          v = '/';
-        }
-
-        if (v.charAt(0) !== '/') {
-          v = '/' + v;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // directories always end with a slash
-      if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '/') {
-        v += '/';
-      }
-
-      v = URI.recodePath(v);
-      this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.filename = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined || v === true) {
-      if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
-        return '';
-      }
-
-      var pos = this._parts.path.lastIndexOf('/');
-      var res = this._parts.path.substring(pos+1);
-
-      return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;
-    } else {
-      var mutatedDirectory = false;
-
-      if (v.charAt(0) === '/') {
-        v = v.substring(1);
-      }
-
-      if (v.match(/\.?\//)) {
-        mutatedDirectory = true;
-      }
-
-      var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.filename()) + '$');
-      v = URI.recodePath(v);
-      this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
-
-      if (mutatedDirectory) {
-        this.normalizePath(build);
-      } else {
-        this.build(!build);
-      }
-
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.suffix = function(v, build) {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return v === undefined ? '' : this;
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined || v === true) {
-      if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
-        return '';
-      }
-
-      var filename = this.filename();
-      var pos = filename.lastIndexOf('.');
-      var s, res;
-
-      if (pos === -1) {
-        return '';
-      }
-
-      // suffix may only contain alnum characters (yup, I made this up.)
-      s = filename.substring(pos+1);
-      res = (/^[a-z0-9%]+$/i).test(s) ? s : '';
-      return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;
-    } else {
-      if (v.charAt(0) === '.') {
-        v = v.substring(1);
-      }
-
-      var suffix = this.suffix();
-      var replace;
-
-      if (!suffix) {
-        if (!v) {
-          return this;
-        }
-
-        this._parts.path += '.' + URI.recodePath(v);
-      } else if (!v) {
-        replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx('.' + suffix) + '$');
-      } else {
-        replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(suffix) + '$');
-      }
-
-      if (replace) {
-        v = URI.recodePath(v);
-        this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
-      }
-
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-  };
-  p.segment = function(segment, v, build) {
-    var separator = this._parts.urn ? ':' : '/';
-    var path = this.path();
-    var absolute = path.substring(0, 1) === '/';
-    var segments = path.split(separator);
-
-    if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {
-      build = v;
-      v = segment;
-      segment = undefined;
-    }
-
-    if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {
-      throw new Error('Bad segment "' + segment + '", must be 0-based integer');
-    }
-
-    if (absolute) {
-      segments.shift();
-    }
-
-    if (segment < 0) {
-      // allow negative indexes to address from the end
-      segment = Math.max(segments.length + segment, 0);
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      /*jshint laxbreak: true */
-      return segment === undefined
-        ? segments
-        : segments[segment];
-      /*jshint laxbreak: false */
-    } else if (segment === null || segments[segment] === undefined) {
-      if (isArray(v)) {
-        segments = [];
-        // collapse empty elements within array
-        for (var i=0, l=v.length; i < l; i++) {
-          if (!v[i].length && (!segments.length || !segments[segments.length -1].length)) {
-            continue;
-          }
-
-          if (segments.length && !segments[segments.length -1].length) {
-            segments.pop();
-          }
-
-          segments.push(trimSlashes(v[i]));
-        }
-      } else if (v || typeof v === 'string') {
-        v = trimSlashes(v);
-        if (segments[segments.length -1] === '') {
-          // empty trailing elements have to be overwritten
-          // to prevent results such as /foo//bar
-          segments[segments.length -1] = v;
-        } else {
-          segments.push(v);
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (v) {
-        segments[segment] = trimSlashes(v);
-      } else {
-        segments.splice(segment, 1);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (absolute) {
-      segments.unshift('');
-    }
-
-    return this.path(segments.join(separator), build);
-  };
-  p.segmentCoded = function(segment, v, build) {
-    var segments, i, l;
-
-    if (typeof segment !== 'number') {
-      build = v;
-      v = segment;
-      segment = undefined;
-    }
-
-    if (v === undefined) {
-      segments = this.segment(segment, v, build);
-      if (!isArray(segments)) {
-        segments = segments !== undefined ? URI.decode(segments) : undefined;
-      } else {
-        for (i = 0, l = segments.length; i < l; i++) {
-          segments[i] = URI.decode(segments[i]);
-        }
-      }
-
-      return segments;
-    }
-
-    if (!isArray(v)) {
-      v = (typeof v === 'string' || v instanceof String) ? URI.encode(v) : v;
-    } else {
-      for (i = 0, l = v.length; i < l; i++) {
-        v[i] = URI.encode(v[i]);
-      }
-    }
-
-    return this.segment(segment, v, build);
-  };
-
-  // mutating query string
-  var q = p.query;
-  p.query = function(v, build) {
-    if (v === true) {
-      return URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-    } else if (typeof v === 'function') {
-      var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-      var result = v.call(this, data);
-      this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(result || data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    } else if (v !== undefined && typeof v !== 'string') {
-      this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(v, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    } else {
-      return q.call(this, v, build);
-    }
-  };
-  p.setQuery = function(name, value, build) {
-    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-
-    if (typeof name === 'string' || name instanceof String) {
-      data[name] = value !== undefined ? value : null;
-    } else if (typeof name === 'object') {
-      for (var key in name) {
-        if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
-          data[key] = name[key];
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      throw new TypeError('URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');
-    }
-
-    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-    if (typeof name !== 'string') {
-      build = value;
-    }
-
-    this.build(!build);
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.addQuery = function(name, value, build) {
-    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-    URI.addQuery(data, name, value === undefined ? null : value);
-    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-    if (typeof name !== 'string') {
-      build = value;
-    }
-
-    this.build(!build);
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.removeQuery = function(name, value, build) {
-    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-    URI.removeQuery(data, name, value);
-    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-    if (typeof name !== 'string') {
-      build = value;
-    }
-
-    this.build(!build);
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.hasQuery = function(name, value, withinArray) {
-    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-    return URI.hasQuery(data, name, value, withinArray);
-  };
-  p.setSearch = p.setQuery;
-  p.addSearch = p.addQuery;
-  p.removeSearch = p.removeQuery;
-  p.hasSearch = p.hasQuery;
-
-  // sanitizing URLs
-  p.normalize = function() {
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      return this
-        .normalizeProtocol(false)
-        .normalizePath(false)
-        .normalizeQuery(false)
-        .normalizeFragment(false)
-        .build();
-    }
-
-    return this
-      .normalizeProtocol(false)
-      .normalizeHostname(false)
-      .normalizePort(false)
-      .normalizePath(false)
-      .normalizeQuery(false)
-      .normalizeFragment(false)
-      .build();
-  };
-  p.normalizeProtocol = function(build) {
-    if (typeof this._parts.protocol === 'string') {
-      this._parts.protocol = this._parts.protocol.toLowerCase();
-      this.build(!build);
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.normalizeHostname = function(build) {
-    if (this._parts.hostname) {
-      if (this.is('IDN') && punycode) {
-        this._parts.hostname = punycode.toASCII(this._parts.hostname);
-      } else if (this.is('IPv6') && IPv6) {
-        this._parts.hostname = IPv6.best(this._parts.hostname);
-      }
-
-      this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.toLowerCase();
-      this.build(!build);
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.normalizePort = function(build) {
-    // remove port of it's the protocol's default
-    if (typeof this._parts.protocol === 'string' && this._parts.port === URI.defaultPorts[this._parts.protocol]) {
-      this._parts.port = null;
-      this.build(!build);
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.normalizePath = function(build) {
-    var _path = this._parts.path;
-    if (!_path) {
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      this._parts.path = URI.recodeUrnPath(this._parts.path);
-      this.build(!build);
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    if (this._parts.path === '/') {
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    var _was_relative;
-    var _leadingParents = '';
-    var _parent, _pos;
-
-    // handle relative paths
-    if (_path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
-      _was_relative = true;
-      _path = '/' + _path;
-    }
-
-    // handle relative files (as opposed to directories)
-    if (_path.slice(-3) === '/..' || _path.slice(-2) === '/.') {
-      _path += '/';
-    }
-
-    // resolve simples
-    _path = _path
-      .replace(/(\/(\.\/)+)|(\/\.$)/g, '/')
-      .replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
-
-    // remember leading parents
-    if (_was_relative) {
-      _leadingParents = _path.substring(1).match(/^(\.\.\/)+/) || '';
-      if (_leadingParents) {
-        _leadingParents = _leadingParents[0];
-      }
-    }
-
-    // resolve parents
-    while (true) {
-      _parent = _path.indexOf('/..');
-      if (_parent === -1) {
-        // no more ../ to resolve
-        break;
-      } else if (_parent === 0) {
-        // top level cannot be relative, skip it
-        _path = _path.substring(3);
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      _pos = _path.substring(0, _parent).lastIndexOf('/');
-      if (_pos === -1) {
-        _pos = _parent;
-      }
-      _path = _path.substring(0, _pos) + _path.substring(_parent + 3);
-    }
-
-    // revert to relative
-    if (_was_relative && this.is('relative')) {
-      _path = _leadingParents + _path.substring(1);
-    }
-
-    _path = URI.recodePath(_path);
-    this._parts.path = _path;
-    this.build(!build);
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.normalizePathname = p.normalizePath;
-  p.normalizeQuery = function(build) {
-    if (typeof this._parts.query === 'string') {
-      if (!this._parts.query.length) {
-        this._parts.query = null;
-      } else {
-        this.query(URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace));
-      }
-
-      this.build(!build);
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.normalizeFragment = function(build) {
-    if (!this._parts.fragment) {
-      this._parts.fragment = null;
-      this.build(!build);
-    }
-
-    return this;
-  };
-  p.normalizeSearch = p.normalizeQuery;
-  p.normalizeHash = p.normalizeFragment;
-
-  p.iso8859 = function() {
-    // expect unicode input, iso8859 output
-    var e = URI.encode;
-    var d = URI.decode;
-
-    URI.encode = escape;
-    URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
-    try {
-      this.normalize();
-    } finally {
-      URI.encode = e;
-      URI.decode = d;
-    }
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  p.unicode = function() {
-    // expect iso8859 input, unicode output
-    var e = URI.encode;
-    var d = URI.decode;
-
-    URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
-    URI.decode = unescape;
-    try {
-      this.normalize();
-    } finally {
-      URI.encode = e;
-      URI.decode = d;
-    }
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  p.readable = function() {
-    var uri = this.clone();
-    // removing username, password, because they shouldn't be displayed according to RFC 3986
-    uri.username('').password('').normalize();
-    var t = '';
-    if (uri._parts.protocol) {
-      t += uri._parts.protocol + '://';
-    }
-
-    if (uri._parts.hostname) {
-      if (uri.is('punycode') && punycode) {
-        t += punycode.toUnicode(uri._parts.hostname);
-        if (uri._parts.port) {
-          t += ':' + uri._parts.port;
-        }
-      } else {
-        t += uri.host();
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (uri._parts.hostname && uri._parts.path && uri._parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
-      t += '/';
-    }
-
-    t += uri.path(true);
-    if (uri._parts.query) {
-      var q = '';
-      for (var i = 0, qp = uri._parts.query.split('&'), l = qp.length; i < l; i++) {
-        var kv = (qp[i] || '').split('=');
-        q += '&' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[0], this._parts.escapeQuerySpace)
-          .replace(/&/g, '%26');
-
-        if (kv[1] !== undefined) {
-          q += '=' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[1], this._parts.escapeQuerySpace)
-            .replace(/&/g, '%26');
-        }
-      }
-      t += '?' + q.substring(1);
-    }
-
-    t += URI.decodeQuery(uri.hash(), true);
-    return t;
-  };
-
-  // resolving relative and absolute URLs
-  p.absoluteTo = function(base) {
-    var resolved = this.clone();
-    var properties = ['protocol', 'username', 'password', 'hostname', 'port'];
-    var basedir, i, p;
-
-    if (this._parts.urn) {
-      throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierarchical components');
-    }
-
-    if (!(base instanceof URI)) {
-      base = new URI(base);
-    }
-
-    if (!resolved._parts.protocol) {
-      resolved._parts.protocol = base._parts.protocol;
-    }
-
-    if (this._parts.hostname) {
-      return resolved;
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; (p = properties[i]); i++) {
-      resolved._parts[p] = base._parts[p];
-    }
-
-    if (!resolved._parts.path) {
-      resolved._parts.path = base._parts.path;
-      if (!resolved._parts.query) {
-        resolved._parts.query = base._parts.query;
-      }
-    } else if (resolved._parts.path.substring(-2) === '..') {
-      resolved._parts.path += '/';
-    }
-
-    if (resolved.path().charAt(0) !== '/') {
-      basedir = base.directory();
-      basedir = basedir ? basedir : base.path().indexOf('/') === 0 ? '/' : '';
-      resolved._parts.path = (basedir ? (basedir + '/') : '') + resolved._parts.path;
-      resolved.normalizePath();
-    }
-
-    resolved.build();
-    return resolved;
-  };
-  p.relativeTo = function(base) {
-    var relative = this.clone().normalize();
-    var relativeParts, baseParts, common, relativePath, basePath;
-
-    if (relative._parts.urn) {
-      throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierarchical components');
-    }
-
-    base = new URI(base).normalize();
-    relativeParts = relative._parts;
-    baseParts = base._parts;
-    relativePath = relative.path();
-    basePath = base.path();
-
-    if (relativePath.charAt(0) !== '/') {
-      throw new Error('URI is already relative');
-    }
-
-    if (basePath.charAt(0) !== '/') {
-      throw new Error('Cannot calculate a URI relative to another relative URI');
-    }
-
-    if (relativeParts.protocol === baseParts.protocol) {
-      relativeParts.protocol = null;
-    }
-
-    if (relativeParts.username !== baseParts.username || relativeParts.password !== baseParts.password) {
-      return relative.build();
-    }
-
-    if (relativeParts.protocol !== null || relativeParts.username !== null || relativeParts.password !== null) {
-      return relative.build();
-    }
-
-    if (relativeParts.hostname === baseParts.hostname && relativeParts.port === baseParts.port) {
-      relativeParts.hostname = null;
-      relativeParts.port = null;
-    } else {
-      return relative.build();
-    }
-
-    if (relativePath === basePath) {
-      relativeParts.path = '';
-      return relative.build();
-    }
-
-    // determine common sub path
-    common = URI.commonPath(relativePath, basePath);
-
-    // If the paths have nothing in common, return a relative URL with the absolute path.
-    if (!common) {
-      return relative.build();
-    }
-
-    var parents = baseParts.path
-      .substring(common.length)
-      .replace(/[^\/]*$/, '')
-      .replace(/.*?\//g, '../');
-
-    relativeParts.path = (parents + relativeParts.path.substring(common.length)) || './';
-
-    return relative.build();
-  };
-
-  // comparing URIs
-  p.equals = function(uri) {
-    var one = this.clone();
-    var two = new URI(uri);
-    var one_map = {};
-    var two_map = {};
-    var checked = {};
-    var one_query, two_query, key;
-
-    one.normalize();
-    two.normalize();
-
-    // exact match
-    if (one.toString() === two.toString()) {
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    // extract query string
-    one_query = one.query();
-    two_query = two.query();
-    one.query('');
-    two.query('');
-
-    // definitely not equal if not even non-query parts match
-    if (one.toString() !== two.toString()) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // query parameters have the same length, even if they're permuted
-    if (one_query.length !== two_query.length) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    one_map = URI.parseQuery(one_query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-    two_map = URI.parseQuery(two_query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
-
-    for (key in one_map) {
-      if (hasOwn.call(one_map, key)) {
-        if (!isArray(one_map[key])) {
-          if (one_map[key] !== two_map[key]) {
-            return false;
-          }
-        } else if (!arraysEqual(one_map[key], two_map[key])) {
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        checked[key] = true;
-      }
-    }
-
-    for (key in two_map) {
-      if (hasOwn.call(two_map, key)) {
-        if (!checked[key]) {
-          // two contains a parameter not present in one
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  };
-
-  // state
-  p.duplicateQueryParameters = function(v) {
-    this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters = !!v;
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  p.escapeQuerySpace = function(v) {
-    this._parts.escapeQuerySpace = !!v;
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  return URI;
-}));
-
-},{"./IPv6":1,"./SecondLevelDomains":2,"./punycode":4}],4:[function(require,module,exports){
-(function (global){
-/*! http://mths.be/punycode v1.2.3 by @mathias */
-;(function(root) {
-
-	/** Detect free variables */
-	var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports;
-	var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module &&
-		module.exports == freeExports && module;
-	var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
-	if (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal) {
-		root = freeGlobal;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * The `punycode` object.
-	 * @name punycode
-	 * @type Object
-	 */
-	var punycode,
-
-	/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
-	maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
-
-	/** Bootstring parameters */
-	base = 36,
-	tMin = 1,
-	tMax = 26,
-	skew = 38,
-	damp = 700,
-	initialBias = 72,
-	initialN = 128, // 0x80
-	delimiter = '-', // '\x2D'
-
-	/** Regular expressions */
-	regexPunycode = /^xn--/,
-	regexNonASCII = /[^ -~]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars
-	regexSeparators = /\x2E|\u3002|\uFF0E|\uFF61/g, // RFC 3490 separators
-
-	/** Error messages */
-	errors = {
-		'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
-		'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
-		'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
-	},
-
-	/** Convenience shortcuts */
-	baseMinusTMin = base - tMin,
-	floor = Math.floor,
-	stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode,
-
-	/** Temporary variable */
-	key;
-
-	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-	/**
-	 * A generic error utility function.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {String} type The error type.
-	 * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
-	 */
-	function error(type) {
-		throw RangeError(errors[type]);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * A generic `Array#map` utility function.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
-	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
-	 * item.
-	 * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
-	 */
-	function map(array, fn) {
-		var length = array.length;
-		while (length--) {
-			array[length] = fn(array[length]);
-		}
-		return array;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {String} domain The domain name.
-	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
-	 * character.
-	 * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback
-	 * function.
-	 */
-	function mapDomain(string, fn) {
-		return map(string.split(regexSeparators), fn).join('.');
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
-	 * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
-	 * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
-	 * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
-	 * matching UTF-16.
-	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
-	 * @see <http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
-	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
-	 * @name decode
-	 * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
-	 * @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
-	 */
-	function ucs2decode(string) {
-		var output = [],
-		    counter = 0,
-		    length = string.length,
-		    value,
-		    extra;
-		while (counter < length) {
-			value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
-			if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
-				// high surrogate, and there is a next character
-				extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
-				if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate
-					output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
-				} else {
-					// unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next
-					// code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair
-					output.push(value);
-					counter--;
-				}
-			} else {
-				output.push(value);
-			}
-		}
-		return output;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
-	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
-	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
-	 * @name encode
-	 * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
-	 * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
-	 */
-	function ucs2encode(array) {
-		return map(array, function(value) {
-			var output = '';
-			if (value > 0xFFFF) {
-				value -= 0x10000;
-				output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800);
-				value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF;
-			}
-			output += stringFromCharCode(value);
-			return output;
-		}).join('');
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
-	 * @see `digitToBasic()`
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
-	 * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
-	 * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
-	 * the code point does not represent a value.
-	 */
-	function basicToDigit(codePoint) {
-		if (codePoint - 48 < 10) {
-			return codePoint - 22;
-		}
-		if (codePoint - 65 < 26) {
-			return codePoint - 65;
-		}
-		if (codePoint - 97 < 26) {
-			return codePoint - 97;
-		}
-		return base;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
-	 * @see `basicToDigit()`
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
-	 * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
-	 * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
-	 * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
-	 * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
-	 * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
-	 */
-	function digitToBasic(digit, flag) {
-		//  0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
-		// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
-		return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
-	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
-	 * @private
-	 */
-	function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
-		var k = 0;
-		delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
-		delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
-		for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
-			delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
-		}
-		return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
-	 * symbols.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
-	 * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
-	 */
-	function decode(input) {
-		// Don't use UCS-2
-		var output = [],
-		    inputLength = input.length,
-		    out,
-		    i = 0,
-		    n = initialN,
-		    bias = initialBias,
-		    basic,
-		    j,
-		    index,
-		    oldi,
-		    w,
-		    k,
-		    digit,
-		    t,
-		    length,
-		    /** Cached calculation results */
-		    baseMinusT;
-
-		// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
-		// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
-		// the first basic code points to the output.
-
-		basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
-		if (basic < 0) {
-			basic = 0;
-		}
-
-		for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
-			// if it's not a basic code point
-			if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
-				error('not-basic');
-			}
-			output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
-		}
-
-		// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
-		// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
-
-		for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
-
-			// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
-			// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
-			// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
-			// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
-			// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
-			for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
-
-				if (index >= inputLength) {
-					error('invalid-input');
-				}
-
-				digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
-
-				if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				i += digit * w;
-				t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
-
-				if (digit < t) {
-					break;
-				}
-
-				baseMinusT = base - t;
-				if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				w *= baseMinusT;
-
-			}
-
-			out = output.length + 1;
-			bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
-
-			// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
-			// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
-			if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
-				error('overflow');
-			}
-
-			n += floor(i / out);
-			i %= out;
-
-			// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output
-			output.splice(i++, 0, n);
-
-		}
-
-		return ucs2encode(output);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a string of Unicode symbols to a Punycode string of ASCII-only
-	 * symbols.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
-	 * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
-	 */
-	function encode(input) {
-		var n,
-		    delta,
-		    handledCPCount,
-		    basicLength,
-		    bias,
-		    j,
-		    m,
-		    q,
-		    k,
-		    t,
-		    currentValue,
-		    output = [],
-		    /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */
-		    inputLength,
-		    /** Cached calculation results */
-		    handledCPCountPlusOne,
-		    baseMinusT,
-		    qMinusT;
-
-		// Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode
-		input = ucs2decode(input);
-
-		// Cache the length
-		inputLength = input.length;
-
-		// Initialize the state
-		n = initialN;
-		delta = 0;
-		bias = initialBias;
-
-		// Handle the basic code points
-		for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-			currentValue = input[j];
-			if (currentValue < 0x80) {
-				output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
-			}
-		}
-
-		handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length;
-
-		// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
-		// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
-
-		// Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter
-		if (basicLength) {
-			output.push(delimiter);
-		}
-
-		// Main encoding loop:
-		while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
-
-			// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
-			// larger one:
-			for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-				currentValue = input[j];
-				if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
-					m = currentValue;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
-			// but guard against overflow
-			handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
-			if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
-				error('overflow');
-			}
-
-			delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
-			n = m;
-
-			for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-				currentValue = input[j];
-
-				if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				if (currentValue == n) {
-					// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer
-					for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
-						t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
-						if (q < t) {
-							break;
-						}
-						qMinusT = q - t;
-						baseMinusT = base - t;
-						output.push(
-							stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
-						);
-						q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
-					}
-
-					output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
-					bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength);
-					delta = 0;
-					++handledCPCount;
-				}
-			}
-
-			++delta;
-			++n;
-
-		}
-		return output.join('');
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name to Unicode. Only the
-	 * Punycoded parts of the domain name will be converted, i.e. it doesn't
-	 * matter if you call it on a string that has already been converted to
-	 * Unicode.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} domain The Punycode domain name to convert to Unicode.
-	 * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
-	 * string.
-	 */
-	function toUnicode(domain) {
-		return mapDomain(domain, function(string) {
-			return regexPunycode.test(string)
-				? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
-				: string;
-		});
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name to Punycode. Only the
-	 * non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted, i.e. it doesn't
-	 * matter if you call it with a domain that's already in ASCII.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} domain The domain name to convert, as a Unicode string.
-	 * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name.
-	 */
-	function toASCII(domain) {
-		return mapDomain(domain, function(string) {
-			return regexNonASCII.test(string)
-				? 'xn--' + encode(string)
-				: string;
-		});
-	}
-
-	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-	/** Define the public API */
-	punycode = {
-		/**
-		 * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
-		 * @memberOf punycode
-		 * @type String
-		 */
-		'version': '1.2.3',
-		/**
-		 * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
-		 * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
-		 * @see <http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
-		 * @memberOf punycode
-		 * @type Object
-		 */
-		'ucs2': {
-			'decode': ucs2decode,
-			'encode': ucs2encode
-		},
-		'decode': decode,
-		'encode': encode,
-		'toASCII': toASCII,
-		'toUnicode': toUnicode
-	};
-
-	/** Expose `punycode` */
-	// Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns
-	// like the following:
-	if (
-		typeof define == 'function' &&
-		typeof define.amd == 'object' &&
-		define.amd
-	) {
-		define(function() {
-			return punycode;
-		});
-	}	else if (freeExports && !freeExports.nodeType) {
-		if (freeModule) { // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
-			freeModule.exports = punycode;
-		} else { // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
-			for (key in punycode) {
-				punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]);
-			}
-		}
-	} else { // in Rhino or a web browser
-		root.punycode = punycode;
-	}
-
-}(this));
-
-}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
-
-},{}],5:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
-
-var _helpersEvent = require('./helpers/event');
-
-var _helpersEvent2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersEvent);
-
-var _helpersMessageEvent = require('./helpers/message-event');
-
-var _helpersMessageEvent2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersMessageEvent);
-
-var _helpersCloseEvent = require('./helpers/close-event');
-
-var _helpersCloseEvent2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersCloseEvent);
-
-/*
-* Creates an Event object and extends it to allow full modification of
-* its properties.
-*
-* @param {object} config - within config you will need to pass type and optionally target
-*/
-function createEvent(config) {
-  var type = config.type;
-  var target = config.target;
-
-  var eventObject = new _helpersEvent2['default'](type);
-
-  if (target) {
-    eventObject.target = target;
-    eventObject.srcElement = target;
-    eventObject.currentTarget = target;
-  }
-
-  return eventObject;
-}
-
-/*
-* Creates a MessageEvent object and extends it to allow full modification of
-* its properties.
-*
-* @param {object} config - within config you will need to pass type, origin, data and optionally target
-*/
-function createMessageEvent(config) {
-  var type = config.type;
-  var origin = config.origin;
-  var data = config.data;
-  var target = config.target;
-
-  var messageEvent = new _helpersMessageEvent2['default'](type, {
-    data: data,
-    origin: origin
-  });
-
-  if (target) {
-    messageEvent.target = target;
-    messageEvent.srcElement = target;
-    messageEvent.currentTarget = target;
-  }
-
-  return messageEvent;
-}
-
-/*
-* Creates a CloseEvent object and extends it to allow full modification of
-* its properties.
-*
-* @param {object} config - within config you will need to pass type and optionally target, code, and reason
-*/
-function createCloseEvent(config) {
-  var code = config.code;
-  var reason = config.reason;
-  var type = config.type;
-  var target = config.target;
-  var wasClean = config.wasClean;
-
-  if (!wasClean) {
-    wasClean = code === 1000;
-  }
-
-  var closeEvent = new _helpersCloseEvent2['default'](type, {
-    code: code,
-    reason: reason,
-    wasClean: wasClean
-  });
-
-  if (target) {
-    closeEvent.target = target;
-    closeEvent.srcElement = target;
-    closeEvent.currentTarget = target;
-  }
-
-  return closeEvent;
-}
-
-exports.createEvent = createEvent;
-exports.createMessageEvent = createMessageEvent;
-exports.createCloseEvent = createCloseEvent;
-},{"./helpers/close-event":9,"./helpers/event":12,"./helpers/message-event":13}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-var _helpersArrayHelpers = require('./helpers/array-helpers');
-
-/*
-* EventTarget is an interface implemented by objects that can
-* receive events and may have listeners for them.
-*
-* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/EventTarget
-*/
-
-var EventTarget = (function () {
-  function EventTarget() {
-    _classCallCheck(this, EventTarget);
-
-    this.listeners = {};
-  }
-
-  /*
-  * Ties a listener function to a event type which can later be invoked via the
-  * dispatchEvent method.
-  *
-  * @param {string} type - the type of event (ie: 'open', 'message', etc.)
-  * @param {function} listener - the callback function to invoke whenever a event is dispatched matching the given type
-  * @param {boolean} useCapture - N/A TODO: implement useCapture functionality
-  */
-
-  _createClass(EventTarget, [{
-    key: 'addEventListener',
-    value: function addEventListener(type, listener /* , useCapture */) {
-      if (typeof listener === 'function') {
-        if (!Array.isArray(this.listeners[type])) {
-          this.listeners[type] = [];
-        }
-
-        // Only add the same function once
-        if ((0, _helpersArrayHelpers.filter)(this.listeners[type], function (item) {
-          return item === listener;
-        }).length === 0) {
-          this.listeners[type].push(listener);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Removes the listener so it will no longer be invoked via the dispatchEvent method.
-    *
-    * @param {string} type - the type of event (ie: 'open', 'message', etc.)
-    * @param {function} listener - the callback function to invoke whenever a event is dispatched matching the given type
-    * @param {boolean} useCapture - N/A TODO: implement useCapture functionality
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'removeEventListener',
-    value: function removeEventListener(type, removingListener /* , useCapture */) {
-      var arrayOfListeners = this.listeners[type];
-      this.listeners[type] = (0, _helpersArrayHelpers.reject)(arrayOfListeners, function (listener) {
-        return listener === removingListener;
-      });
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Invokes all listener functions that are listening to the given event.type property. Each
-    * listener will be passed the event as the first argument.
-    *
-    * @param {object} event - event object which will be passed to all listeners of the event.type property
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'dispatchEvent',
-    value: function dispatchEvent(event) {
-      var _this = this;
-
-      for (var _len = arguments.length, customArguments = Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {
-        customArguments[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];
-      }
-
-      var eventName = event.type;
-      var listeners = this.listeners[eventName];
-
-      if (!Array.isArray(listeners)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      listeners.forEach(function (listener) {
-        if (customArguments.length > 0) {
-          listener.apply(_this, customArguments);
-        } else {
-          listener.call(_this, event);
-        }
-      });
-    }
-  }]);
-
-  return EventTarget;
-})();
-
-exports['default'] = EventTarget;
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{"./helpers/array-helpers":7}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
-"use strict";
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
-  value: true
-});
-exports.reject = reject;
-exports.filter = filter;
-
-function reject(array, callback) {
-  var results = [];
-  array.forEach(function (itemInArray) {
-    if (!callback(itemInArray)) {
-      results.push(itemInArray);
-    }
-  });
-
-  return results;
-}
-
-function filter(array, callback) {
-  var results = [];
-  array.forEach(function (itemInArray) {
-    if (callback(itemInArray)) {
-      results.push(itemInArray);
-    }
-  });
-
-  return results;
-}
-},{}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
-/*
-* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CloseEvent
-*/
-"use strict";
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
-  value: true
-});
-var codes = {
-  CLOSE_NORMAL: 1000,
-  CLOSE_GOING_AWAY: 1001,
-  CLOSE_PROTOCOL_ERROR: 1002,
-  CLOSE_UNSUPPORTED: 1003,
-  CLOSE_NO_STATUS: 1005,
-  CLOSE_ABNORMAL: 1006,
-  CLOSE_TOO_LARGE: 1009
-};
-
-exports["default"] = codes;
-module.exports = exports["default"];
-},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _get = function get(_x2, _x3, _x4) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x2, property = _x3, receiver = _x4; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x2 = parent; _x3 = property; _x4 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };
-
-function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-function _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }
-
-var _eventPrototype = require('./event-prototype');
-
-var _eventPrototype2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventPrototype);
-
-var CloseEvent = (function (_EventPrototype) {
-  _inherits(CloseEvent, _EventPrototype);
-
-  function CloseEvent(type) {
-    var eventInitConfig = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? {} : arguments[1];
-
-    _classCallCheck(this, CloseEvent);
-
-    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(CloseEvent.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);
-
-    if (!type) {
-      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \'CloseEvent\': 1 argument required, but only 0 present.');
-    }
-
-    if (typeof eventInitConfig !== 'object') {
-      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \'CloseEvent\': parameter 2 (\'eventInitDict\') is not an object');
-    }
-
-    var bubbles = eventInitConfig.bubbles;
-    var cancelable = eventInitConfig.cancelable;
-    var code = eventInitConfig.code;
-    var reason = eventInitConfig.reason;
-    var wasClean = eventInitConfig.wasClean;
-
-    this.type = String(type);
-    this.timeStamp = Date.now();
-    this.target = null;
-    this.srcElement = null;
-    this.returnValue = true;
-    this.isTrusted = false;
-    this.eventPhase = 0;
-    this.defaultPrevented = false;
-    this.currentTarget = null;
-    this.cancelable = cancelable ? Boolean(cancelable) : false;
-    this.canncelBubble = false;
-    this.bubbles = bubbles ? Boolean(bubbles) : false;
-    this.code = typeof code === 'number' ? Number(code) : 0;
-    this.reason = reason ? String(reason) : '';
-    this.wasClean = wasClean ? Boolean(wasClean) : false;
-  }
-
-  return CloseEvent;
-})(_eventPrototype2['default']);
-
-exports['default'] = CloseEvent;
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{"./event-prototype":11}],10:[function(require,module,exports){
-/*
-* This delay allows the thread to finish assigning its on* methods
-* before invoking the delay callback. This is purely a timing hack.
-* http://geekabyte.blogspot.com/2014/01/javascript-effect-of-setting-settimeout.html
-*
-* @param {callback: function} the callback which will be invoked after the timeout
-* @parma {context: object} the context in which to invoke the function
-*/
-"use strict";
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
-  value: true
-});
-function delay(callback, context) {
-  setTimeout(function timeout(timeoutContext) {
-    callback.call(timeoutContext);
-  }, 4, context);
-}
-
-exports["default"] = delay;
-module.exports = exports["default"];
-},{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-var EventPrototype = (function () {
-  function EventPrototype() {
-    _classCallCheck(this, EventPrototype);
-  }
-
-  _createClass(EventPrototype, [{
-    key: 'stopPropagation',
-
-    // Noops
-    value: function stopPropagation() {}
-  }, {
-    key: 'stopImmediatePropagation',
-    value: function stopImmediatePropagation() {}
-
-    // if no arguments are passed then the type is set to "undefined" on
-    // chrome and safari.
-  }, {
-    key: 'initEvent',
-    value: function initEvent() {
-      var type = arguments.length <= 0 || arguments[0] === undefined ? 'undefined' : arguments[0];
-      var bubbles = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? false : arguments[1];
-      var cancelable = arguments.length <= 2 || arguments[2] === undefined ? false : arguments[2];
-
-      Object.assign(this, {
-        type: String(type),
-        bubbles: Boolean(bubbles),
-        cancelable: Boolean(cancelable)
-      });
-    }
-  }]);
-
-  return EventPrototype;
-})();
-
-exports['default'] = EventPrototype;
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _get = function get(_x2, _x3, _x4) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x2, property = _x3, receiver = _x4; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x2 = parent; _x3 = property; _x4 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };
-
-function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-function _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }
-
-var _eventPrototype = require('./event-prototype');
-
-var _eventPrototype2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventPrototype);
-
-var Event = (function (_EventPrototype) {
-  _inherits(Event, _EventPrototype);
-
-  function Event(type) {
-    var eventInitConfig = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? {} : arguments[1];
-
-    _classCallCheck(this, Event);
-
-    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(Event.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);
-
-    if (!type) {
-      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \'Event\': 1 argument required, but only 0 present.');
-    }
-
-    if (typeof eventInitConfig !== 'object') {
-      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \'Event\': parameter 2 (\'eventInitDict\') is not an object');
-    }
-
-    var bubbles = eventInitConfig.bubbles;
-    var cancelable = eventInitConfig.cancelable;
-
-    this.type = String(type);
-    this.timeStamp = Date.now();
-    this.target = null;
-    this.srcElement = null;
-    this.returnValue = true;
-    this.isTrusted = false;
-    this.eventPhase = 0;
-    this.defaultPrevented = false;
-    this.currentTarget = null;
-    this.cancelable = cancelable ? Boolean(cancelable) : false;
-    this.canncelBubble = false;
-    this.bubbles = bubbles ? Boolean(bubbles) : false;
-  }
-
-  return Event;
-})(_eventPrototype2['default']);
-
-exports['default'] = Event;
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{"./event-prototype":11}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _get = function get(_x2, _x3, _x4) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x2, property = _x3, receiver = _x4; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x2 = parent; _x3 = property; _x4 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };
-
-function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-function _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }
-
-var _eventPrototype = require('./event-prototype');
-
-var _eventPrototype2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventPrototype);
-
-var MessageEvent = (function (_EventPrototype) {
-  _inherits(MessageEvent, _EventPrototype);
-
-  function MessageEvent(type) {
-    var eventInitConfig = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? {} : arguments[1];
-
-    _classCallCheck(this, MessageEvent);
-
-    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(MessageEvent.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);
-
-    if (!type) {
-      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \'MessageEvent\': 1 argument required, but only 0 present.');
-    }
-
-    if (typeof eventInitConfig !== 'object') {
-      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \'MessageEvent\': parameter 2 (\'eventInitDict\') is not an object');
-    }
-
-    var bubbles = eventInitConfig.bubbles;
-    var cancelable = eventInitConfig.cancelable;
-    var data = eventInitConfig.data;
-    var origin = eventInitConfig.origin;
-    var lastEventId = eventInitConfig.lastEventId;
-    var ports = eventInitConfig.ports;
-
-    this.type = String(type);
-    this.timeStamp = Date.now();
-    this.target = null;
-    this.srcElement = null;
-    this.returnValue = true;
-    this.isTrusted = false;
-    this.eventPhase = 0;
-    this.defaultPrevented = false;
-    this.currentTarget = null;
-    this.cancelable = cancelable ? Boolean(cancelable) : false;
-    this.canncelBubble = false;
-    this.bubbles = bubbles ? Boolean(bubbles) : false;
-    this.origin = origin ? String(origin) : '';
-    this.ports = typeof ports === 'undefined' ? null : ports;
-    this.data = typeof data === 'undefined' ? null : data;
-    this.lastEventId = lastEventId ? String(lastEventId) : '';
-  }
-
-  return MessageEvent;
-})(_eventPrototype2['default']);
-
-exports['default'] = MessageEvent;
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{"./event-prototype":11}],14:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
-
-var _server = require('./server');
-
-var _server2 = _interopRequireDefault(_server);
-
-var _socketIo = require('./socket-io');
-
-var _socketIo2 = _interopRequireDefault(_socketIo);
-
-var _websocket = require('./websocket');
-
-var _websocket2 = _interopRequireDefault(_websocket);
-
-if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-  window.MockServer = _server2['default'];
-  window.MockWebSocket = _websocket2['default'];
-  window.MockSocketIO = _socketIo2['default'];
-}
-
-var Server = _server2['default'];
-exports.Server = Server;
-var WebSocket = _websocket2['default'];
-exports.WebSocket = WebSocket;
-var SocketIO = _socketIo2['default'];
-exports.SocketIO = SocketIO;
-},{"./server":16,"./socket-io":17,"./websocket":18}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-var _helpersArrayHelpers = require('./helpers/array-helpers');
-
-/*
-* The network bridge is a way for the mock websocket object to 'communicate' with
-* all avalible servers. This is a singleton object so it is important that you
-* clean up urlMap whenever you are finished.
-*/
-
-var NetworkBridge = (function () {
-  function NetworkBridge() {
-    _classCallCheck(this, NetworkBridge);
-
-    this.urlMap = {};
-  }
-
-  /*
-  * Attaches a websocket object to the urlMap hash so that it can find the server
-  * it is connected to and the server in turn can find it.
-  *
-  * @param {object} websocket - websocket object to add to the urlMap hash
-  * @param {string} url
-  */
-
-  _createClass(NetworkBridge, [{
-    key: 'attachWebSocket',
-    value: function attachWebSocket(websocket, url) {
-      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];
-
-      if (connectionLookup && connectionLookup.server && connectionLookup.websockets.indexOf(websocket) === -1) {
-        connectionLookup.websockets.push(websocket);
-        return connectionLookup.server;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Attaches a websocket to a room
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'addMembershipToRoom',
-    value: function addMembershipToRoom(websocket, room) {
-      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[websocket.url];
-
-      if (connectionLookup && connectionLookup.server && connectionLookup.websockets.indexOf(websocket) !== -1) {
-        if (!connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room]) {
-          connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room] = [];
-        }
-
-        connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room].push(websocket);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Attaches a server object to the urlMap hash so that it can find a websockets
-    * which are connected to it and so that websockets can in turn can find it.
-    *
-    * @param {object} server - server object to add to the urlMap hash
-    * @param {string} url
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'attachServer',
-    value: function attachServer(server, url) {
-      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];
-
-      if (!connectionLookup) {
-        this.urlMap[url] = {
-          server: server,
-          websockets: [],
-          roomMemberships: {}
-        };
-
-        return server;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Finds the server which is 'running' on the given url.
-    *
-    * @param {string} url - the url to use to find which server is running on it
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'serverLookup',
-    value: function serverLookup(url) {
-      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];
-
-      if (connectionLookup) {
-        return connectionLookup.server;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Finds all websockets which is 'listening' on the given url.
-    *
-    * @param {string} url - the url to use to find all websockets which are associated with it
-    * @param {string} room - if a room is provided, will only return sockets in this room
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'websocketsLookup',
-    value: function websocketsLookup(url, room) {
-      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];
-
-      if (!connectionLookup) {
-        return [];
-      }
-
-      if (room) {
-        var members = connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room];
-        return members ? members : [];
-      }
-
-      return connectionLookup.websockets;
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Removes the entry associated with the url.
-    *
-    * @param {string} url
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'removeServer',
-    value: function removeServer(url) {
-      delete this.urlMap[url];
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Removes the individual websocket from the map of associated websockets.
-    *
-    * @param {object} websocket - websocket object to remove from the url map
-    * @param {string} url
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'removeWebSocket',
-    value: function removeWebSocket(websocket, url) {
-      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];
-
-      if (connectionLookup) {
-        connectionLookup.websockets = (0, _helpersArrayHelpers.reject)(connectionLookup.websockets, function (socket) {
-          return socket === websocket;
-        });
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Removes a websocket from a room
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'removeMembershipFromRoom',
-    value: function removeMembershipFromRoom(websocket, room) {
-      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[websocket.url];
-      var memberships = connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room];
-
-      if (connectionLookup && memberships !== null) {
-        connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room] = (0, _helpersArrayHelpers.reject)(memberships, function (socket) {
-          return socket === websocket;
-        });
-      }
-    }
-  }]);
-
-  return NetworkBridge;
-})();
-
-exports['default'] = new NetworkBridge();
-// Note: this is a singleton
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{"./helpers/array-helpers":7}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();
-
-var _get = function get(_x4, _x5, _x6) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x4, property = _x5, receiver = _x6; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x4 = parent; _x5 = property; _x6 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };
-
-function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-function _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }
-
-var _urijs = require('urijs');
-
-var _urijs2 = _interopRequireDefault(_urijs);
-
-var _websocket = require('./websocket');
-
-var _websocket2 = _interopRequireDefault(_websocket);
-
-var _eventTarget = require('./event-target');
-
-var _eventTarget2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventTarget);
-
-var _networkBridge = require('./network-bridge');
-
-var _networkBridge2 = _interopRequireDefault(_networkBridge);
-
-var _helpersCloseCodes = require('./helpers/close-codes');
-
-var _helpersCloseCodes2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersCloseCodes);
-
-var _eventFactory = require('./event-factory');
-
-/*
-* https://github.com/websockets/ws#server-example
-*/
-
-var Server = (function (_EventTarget) {
-  _inherits(Server, _EventTarget);
-
-  /*
-  * @param {string} url
-  */
-
-  function Server(url) {
-    _classCallCheck(this, Server);
-
-    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(Server.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);
-    this.url = (0, _urijs2['default'])(url).toString();
-    var server = _networkBridge2['default'].attachServer(this, this.url);
-
-    if (!server) {
-      this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'error' }));
-      throw new Error('A mock server is already listening on this url');
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Alternative constructor to support namespaces in socket.io
-   *
-   * http://socket.io/docs/rooms-and-namespaces/#custom-namespaces
-   */
-
-  /*
-  * This is the main function for the mock server to subscribe to the on events.
-  *
-  * ie: mockServer.on('connection', function() { console.log('a mock client connected'); });
-  *
-  * @param {string} type - The event key to subscribe to. Valid keys are: connection, message, and close.
-  * @param {function} callback - The callback which should be called when a certain event is fired.
-  */
-
-  _createClass(Server, [{
-    key: 'on',
-    value: function on(type, callback) {
-      this.addEventListener(type, callback);
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * This send function will notify all mock clients via their onmessage callbacks that the server
-    * has a message for them.
-    *
-    * @param {*} data - Any javascript object which will be crafted into a MessageObject.
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'send',
-    value: function send(data) {
-      var options = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? {} : arguments[1];
-
-      this.emit('message', data, options);
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Sends a generic message event to all mock clients.
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'emit',
-    value: function emit(event, data) {
-      var _this2 = this;
-
-      var options = arguments.length <= 2 || arguments[2] === undefined ? {} : arguments[2];
-      var websockets = options.websockets;
-
-      if (!websockets) {
-        websockets = _networkBridge2['default'].websocketsLookup(this.url);
-      }
-
-      websockets.forEach(function (socket) {
-        socket.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createMessageEvent)({
-          type: event,
-          data: data,
-          origin: _this2.url,
-          target: socket
-        }));
-      });
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Closes the connection and triggers the onclose method of all listening
-    * websockets. After that it removes itself from the urlMap so another server
-    * could add itself to the url.
-    *
-    * @param {object} options
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'close',
-    value: function close() {
-      var options = arguments.length <= 0 || arguments[0] === undefined ? {} : arguments[0];
-      var code = options.code;
-      var reason = options.reason;
-      var wasClean = options.wasClean;
-
-      var listeners = _networkBridge2['default'].websocketsLookup(this.url);
-
-      listeners.forEach(function (socket) {
-        socket.readyState = _websocket2['default'].CLOSE;
-        socket.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({
-          type: 'close',
-          target: socket,
-          code: code || _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL,
-          reason: reason || '',
-          wasClean: wasClean
-        }));
-      });
-
-      this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({ type: 'close' }), this);
-      _networkBridge2['default'].removeServer(this.url);
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Returns an array of websockets which are listening to this server
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'clients',
-    value: function clients() {
-      return _networkBridge2['default'].websocketsLookup(this.url);
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Prepares a method to submit an event to members of the room
-    *
-    * e.g. server.to('my-room').emit('hi!');
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'to',
-    value: function to(room) {
-      var _this = this;
-      var websockets = _networkBridge2['default'].websocketsLookup(this.url, room);
-      return {
-        emit: function emit(event, data) {
-          _this.emit(event, data, { websockets: websockets });
-        }
-      };
-    }
-  }]);
-
-  return Server;
-})(_eventTarget2['default']);
-
-Server.of = function of(url) {
-  return new Server(url);
-};
-
-exports['default'] = Server;
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{"./event-factory":5,"./event-target":6,"./helpers/close-codes":8,"./network-bridge":15,"./websocket":18,"urijs":3}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();
-
-var _get = function get(_x3, _x4, _x5) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x3, property = _x4, receiver = _x5; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x3 = parent; _x4 = property; _x5 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };
-
-function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-function _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }
-
-var _urijs = require('urijs');
-
-var _urijs2 = _interopRequireDefault(_urijs);
-
-var _helpersDelay = require('./helpers/delay');
-
-var _helpersDelay2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersDelay);
-
-var _eventTarget = require('./event-target');
-
-var _eventTarget2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventTarget);
-
-var _networkBridge = require('./network-bridge');
-
-var _networkBridge2 = _interopRequireDefault(_networkBridge);
-
-var _helpersCloseCodes = require('./helpers/close-codes');
-
-var _helpersCloseCodes2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersCloseCodes);
-
-var _eventFactory = require('./event-factory');
-
-/*
-* The socket-io class is designed to mimick the real API as closely as possible.
-*
-* http://socket.io/docs/
-*/
-
-var SocketIO = (function (_EventTarget) {
-  _inherits(SocketIO, _EventTarget);
-
-  /*
-  * @param {string} url
-  */
-
-  function SocketIO() {
-    var _this = this;
-
-    var url = arguments.length <= 0 || arguments[0] === undefined ? 'socket.io' : arguments[0];
-    var protocol = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? '' : arguments[1];
-
-    _classCallCheck(this, SocketIO);
-
-    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(SocketIO.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);
-
-    this.binaryType = 'blob';
-    this.url = (0, _urijs2['default'])(url).toString();
-    this.readyState = SocketIO.CONNECTING;
-    this.protocol = '';
-
-    if (typeof protocol === 'string') {
-      this.protocol = protocol;
-    } else if (Array.isArray(protocol) && protocol.length > 0) {
-      this.protocol = protocol[0];
-    }
-
-    var server = _networkBridge2['default'].attachWebSocket(this, this.url);
-
-    /*
-    * Delay triggering the connection events so they can be defined in time.
-    */
-    (0, _helpersDelay2['default'])(function delayCallback() {
-      if (server) {
-        this.readyState = SocketIO.OPEN;
-        server.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'connection' }), server, this);
-        server.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'connect' }), server, this); // alias
-        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'connect', target: this }));
-      } else {
-        this.readyState = SocketIO.CLOSED;
-        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'error', target: this }));
-        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({
-          type: 'close',
-          target: this,
-          code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL
-        }));
-
-        console.error('Socket.io connection to \'' + this.url + '\' failed');
-      }
-    }, this);
-
-    /**
-      Add an aliased event listener for close / disconnect
-     */
-    this.addEventListener('close', function (event) {
-      _this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({
-        type: 'disconnect',
-        target: event.target,
-        code: event.code
-      }));
-    });
-  }
-
-  /*
-  * Closes the SocketIO connection or connection attempt, if any.
-  * If the connection is already CLOSED, this method does nothing.
-  */
-
-  _createClass(SocketIO, [{
-    key: 'close',
-    value: function close() {
-      if (this.readyState !== SocketIO.OPEN) {
-        return undefined;
-      }
-
-      var server = _networkBridge2['default'].serverLookup(this.url);
-      _networkBridge2['default'].removeWebSocket(this, this.url);
-
-      this.readyState = SocketIO.CLOSED;
-      this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({
-        type: 'close',
-        target: this,
-        code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL
-      }));
-
-      if (server) {
-        server.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({
-          type: 'disconnect',
-          target: this,
-          code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL
-        }), server);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Alias for Socket#close
-    *
-    * https://github.com/socketio/socket.io-client/blob/master/lib/socket.js#L383
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'disconnect',
-    value: function disconnect() {
-      this.close();
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Submits an event to the server with a payload
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'emit',
-    value: function emit(event, data) {
-      if (this.readyState !== SocketIO.OPEN) {
-        throw new Error('SocketIO is already in CLOSING or CLOSED state');
-      }
-
-      var messageEvent = (0, _eventFactory.createMessageEvent)({
-        type: event,
-        origin: this.url,
-        data: data
-      });
-
-      var server = _networkBridge2['default'].serverLookup(this.url);
-
-      if (server) {
-        server.dispatchEvent(messageEvent, data);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Submits a 'message' event to the server.
-    *
-    * Should behave exactly like WebSocket#send
-    *
-    * https://github.com/socketio/socket.io-client/blob/master/lib/socket.js#L113
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'send',
-    value: function send(data) {
-      this.emit('message', data);
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * For registering events to be received from the server
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'on',
-    value: function on(type, callback) {
-      this.addEventListener(type, callback);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Join a room on a server
-     *
-     * http://socket.io/docs/rooms-and-namespaces/#joining-and-leaving
-     */
-  }, {
-    key: 'join',
-    value: function join(room) {
-      _networkBridge2['default'].addMembershipToRoom(this, room);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Get the websocket to leave the room
-     *
-     * http://socket.io/docs/rooms-and-namespaces/#joining-and-leaving
-     */
-  }, {
-    key: 'leave',
-    value: function leave(room) {
-      _networkBridge2['default'].removeMembershipFromRoom(this, room);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Invokes all listener functions that are listening to the given event.type property. Each
-     * listener will be passed the event as the first argument.
-     *
-     * @param {object} event - event object which will be passed to all listeners of the event.type property
-     */
-  }, {
-    key: 'dispatchEvent',
-    value: function dispatchEvent(event) {
-      var _this2 = this;
-
-      for (var _len = arguments.length, customArguments = Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {
-        customArguments[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];
-      }
-
-      var eventName = event.type;
-      var listeners = this.listeners[eventName];
-
-      if (!Array.isArray(listeners)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      listeners.forEach(function (listener) {
-        if (customArguments.length > 0) {
-          listener.apply(_this2, customArguments);
-        } else {
-          // Regular WebSockets expect a MessageEvent but Socketio.io just wants raw data
-          //  payload instanceof MessageEvent works, but you can't isntance of NodeEvent
-          //  for now we detect if the output has data defined on it
-          listener.call(_this2, event.data ? event.data : event);
-        }
-      });
-    }
-  }]);
-
-  return SocketIO;
-})(_eventTarget2['default']);
-
-SocketIO.CONNECTING = 0;
-SocketIO.OPEN = 1;
-SocketIO.CLOSING = 2;
-SocketIO.CLOSED = 3;
-
-/*
-* Static constructor methods for the IO Socket
-*/
-var IO = function ioConstructor(url) {
-  return new SocketIO(url);
-};
-
-/*
-* Alias the raw IO() constructor
-*/
-IO.connect = function ioConnect(url) {
-  /* eslint-disable new-cap */
-  return IO(url);
-  /* eslint-enable new-cap */
-};
-
-exports['default'] = IO;
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{"./event-factory":5,"./event-target":6,"./helpers/close-codes":8,"./helpers/delay":10,"./network-bridge":15,"urijs":3}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {
-  value: true
-});
-
-var _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();
-
-var _get = function get(_x2, _x3, _x4) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x2, property = _x3, receiver = _x4; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x2 = parent; _x3 = property; _x4 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };
-
-function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
-
-function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }
-
-function _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }
-
-var _urijs = require('urijs');
-
-var _urijs2 = _interopRequireDefault(_urijs);
-
-var _helpersDelay = require('./helpers/delay');
-
-var _helpersDelay2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersDelay);
-
-var _eventTarget = require('./event-target');
-
-var _eventTarget2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventTarget);
-
-var _networkBridge = require('./network-bridge');
-
-var _networkBridge2 = _interopRequireDefault(_networkBridge);
-
-var _helpersCloseCodes = require('./helpers/close-codes');
-
-var _helpersCloseCodes2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersCloseCodes);
-
-var _eventFactory = require('./event-factory');
-
-/*
-* The main websocket class which is designed to mimick the native WebSocket class as close
-* as possible.
-*
-* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket
-*/
-
-var WebSocket = (function (_EventTarget) {
-  _inherits(WebSocket, _EventTarget);
-
-  /*
-  * @param {string} url
-  */
-
-  function WebSocket(url) {
-    var protocol = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? '' : arguments[1];
-
-    _classCallCheck(this, WebSocket);
-
-    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(WebSocket.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);
-
-    if (!url) {
-      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \'WebSocket\': 1 argument required, but only 0 present.');
-    }
-
-    this.binaryType = 'blob';
-    this.url = (0, _urijs2['default'])(url).toString();
-    this.readyState = WebSocket.CONNECTING;
-    this.protocol = '';
-
-    if (typeof protocol === 'string') {
-      this.protocol = protocol;
-    } else if (Array.isArray(protocol) && protocol.length > 0) {
-      this.protocol = protocol[0];
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * In order to capture the callback function we need to define custom setters.
-    * To illustrate:
-    *   mySocket.onopen = function() { alert(true) };
-    *
-    * The only way to capture that function and hold onto it for later is with the
-    * below code:
-    */
-    Object.defineProperties(this, {
-      onopen: {
-        configurable: true,
-        enumerable: true,
-        get: function get() {
-          return this.listeners.open;
-        },
-        set: function set(listener) {
-          this.addEventListener('open', listener);
-        }
-      },
-      onmessage: {
-        configurable: true,
-        enumerable: true,
-        get: function get() {
-          return this.listeners.message;
-        },
-        set: function set(listener) {
-          this.addEventListener('message', listener);
-        }
-      },
-      onclose: {
-        configurable: true,
-        enumerable: true,
-        get: function get() {
-          return this.listeners.close;
-        },
-        set: function set(listener) {
-          this.addEventListener('close', listener);
-        }
-      },
-      onerror: {
-        configurable: true,
-        enumerable: true,
-        get: function get() {
-          return this.listeners.error;
-        },
-        set: function set(listener) {
-          this.addEventListener('error', listener);
-        }
-      }
-    });
-
-    var server = _networkBridge2['default'].attachWebSocket(this, this.url);
-
-    /*
-    * This delay is needed so that we dont trigger an event before the callbacks have been
-    * setup. For example:
-    *
-    * var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost');
-    *
-    * // If we dont have the delay then the event would be triggered right here and this is
-    * // before the onopen had a chance to register itself.
-    *
-    * socket.onopen = () => { // this would never be called };
-    *
-    * // and with the delay the event gets triggered here after all of the callbacks have been
-    * // registered :-)
-    */
-    (0, _helpersDelay2['default'])(function delayCallback() {
-      if (server) {
-        this.readyState = WebSocket.OPEN;
-        server.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'connection' }), server, this);
-        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'open', target: this }));
-      } else {
-        this.readyState = WebSocket.CLOSED;
-        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'error', target: this }));
-        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({ type: 'close', target: this, code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL }));
-
-        console.error('WebSocket connection to \'' + this.url + '\' failed');
-      }
-    }, this);
-  }
-
-  /*
-  * Transmits data to the server over the WebSocket connection.
-  *
-  * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket#send()
-  */
-
-  _createClass(WebSocket, [{
-    key: 'send',
-    value: function send(data) {
-      if (this.readyState === WebSocket.CLOSING || this.readyState === WebSocket.CLOSED) {
-        throw new Error('WebSocket is already in CLOSING or CLOSED state');
-      }
-
-      var messageEvent = (0, _eventFactory.createMessageEvent)({
-        type: 'message',
-        origin: this.url,
-        data: data
-      });
-
-      var server = _networkBridge2['default'].serverLookup(this.url);
-
-      if (server) {
-        server.dispatchEvent(messageEvent, data);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Closes the WebSocket connection or connection attempt, if any.
-    * If the connection is already CLOSED, this method does nothing.
-    *
-    * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket#close()
-    */
-  }, {
-    key: 'close',
-    value: function close() {
-      if (this.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
-        return undefined;
-      }
-
-      var server = _networkBridge2['default'].serverLookup(this.url);
-      var closeEvent = (0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({
-        type: 'close',
-        target: this,
-        code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL
-      });
-
-      _networkBridge2['default'].removeWebSocket(this, this.url);
-
-      this.readyState = WebSocket.CLOSED;
-      this.dispatchEvent(closeEvent);
-
-      if (server) {
-        server.dispatchEvent(closeEvent, server);
-      }
-    }
-  }]);
-
-  return WebSocket;
-})(_eventTarget2['default']);
-
-WebSocket.CONNECTING = 0;
-WebSocket.OPEN = 1;
-WebSocket.CLOSING = 2;
-WebSocket.CLOSED = 3;
-
-exports['default'] = WebSocket;
-module.exports = exports['default'];
-},{"./event-factory":5,"./event-target":6,"./helpers/close-codes":8,"./helpers/delay":10,"./network-bridge":15,"urijs":3}]},{},[14])
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e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require==\"function\"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error(\"Cannot find module '\"+o+\"'\");throw f.code=\"MODULE_NOT_FOUND\",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require==\"function\"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})","/*!\n * URI.js - Mutating URLs\n * IPv6 Support\n *\n * Version: 1.17.0\n *\n * Author: Rodney Rehm\n * Web: http://medialize.github.io/URI.js/\n *\n * Licensed under\n *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license\n *   GPL v3 http://opensource.org/licenses/GPL-3.0\n *\n */\n\n(function (root, factory) {\n  'use strict';\n  // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js\n  if (typeof exports === 'object') {\n    // Node\n    module.exports = factory();\n  } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {\n    // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.\n    define(factory);\n  } else {\n    // Browser globals (root is window)\n    root.IPv6 = factory(root);\n  }\n}(this, function (root) {\n  'use strict';\n\n  /*\n  var _in = \"fe80:0000:0000:0000:0204:61ff:fe9d:f156\";\n  var _out = IPv6.best(_in);\n  var _expected = \"fe80::204:61ff:fe9d:f156\";\n\n  console.log(_in, _out, _expected, _out === _expected);\n  */\n\n  // save current IPv6 variable, if any\n  var _IPv6 = root && root.IPv6;\n\n  function bestPresentation(address) {\n    // based on:\n    // Javascript to test an IPv6 address for proper format, and to\n    // present the \"best text representation\" according to IETF Draft RFC at\n    // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-04\n    // 8 Feb 2010 Rich Brown, Dartware, LLC\n    // Please feel free to use this code as long as you provide a link to\n    // http://www.intermapper.com\n    // http://intermapper.com/support/tools/IPV6-Validator.aspx\n    // http://download.dartware.com/thirdparty/ipv6validator.js\n\n    var _address = address.toLowerCase();\n    var segments = _address.split(':');\n    var length = segments.length;\n    var total = 8;\n\n    // trim colons (:: or ::a:b:c… or …a:b:c::)\n    if (segments[0] === '' && segments[1] === '' && segments[2] === '') {\n      // must have been ::\n      // remove first two items\n      segments.shift();\n      segments.shift();\n    } else if (segments[0] === '' && segments[1] === '') {\n      // must have been ::xxxx\n      // remove the first item\n      segments.shift();\n    } else if (segments[length - 1] === '' && segments[length - 2] === '') {\n      // must have been xxxx::\n      segments.pop();\n    }\n\n    length = segments.length;\n\n    // adjust total segments for IPv4 trailer\n    if (segments[length - 1].indexOf('.') !== -1) {\n      // found a \".\" which means IPv4\n      total = 7;\n    }\n\n    // fill empty segments them with \"0000\"\n    var pos;\n    for (pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {\n      if (segments[pos] === '') {\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (pos < total) {\n      segments.splice(pos, 1, '0000');\n      while (segments.length < total) {\n        segments.splice(pos, 0, '0000');\n      }\n\n      length = segments.length;\n    }\n\n    // strip leading zeros\n    var _segments;\n    for (var i = 0; i < total; i++) {\n      _segments = segments[i].split('');\n      for (var j = 0; j < 3 ; j++) {\n        if (_segments[0] === '0' && _segments.length > 1) {\n          _segments.splice(0,1);\n        } else {\n          break;\n        }\n      }\n\n      segments[i] = _segments.join('');\n    }\n\n    // find longest sequence of zeroes and coalesce them into one segment\n    var best = -1;\n    var _best = 0;\n    var _current = 0;\n    var current = -1;\n    var inzeroes = false;\n    // i; already declared\n\n    for (i = 0; i < total; i++) {\n      if (inzeroes) {\n        if (segments[i] === '0') {\n          _current += 1;\n        } else {\n          inzeroes = false;\n          if (_current > _best) {\n            best = current;\n            _best = _current;\n          }\n        }\n      } else {\n        if (segments[i] === '0') {\n          inzeroes = true;\n          current = i;\n          _current = 1;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (_current > _best) {\n      best = current;\n      _best = _current;\n    }\n\n    if (_best > 1) {\n      segments.splice(best, _best, '');\n    }\n\n    length = segments.length;\n\n    // assemble remaining segments\n    var result = '';\n    if (segments[0] === '')  {\n      result = ':';\n    }\n\n    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {\n      result += segments[i];\n      if (i === length - 1) {\n        break;\n      }\n\n      result += ':';\n    }\n\n    if (segments[length - 1] === '') {\n      result += ':';\n    }\n\n    return result;\n  }\n\n  function noConflict() {\n    /*jshint validthis: true */\n    if (root.IPv6 === this) {\n      root.IPv6 = _IPv6;\n    }\n  \n    return this;\n  }\n\n  return {\n    best: bestPresentation,\n    noConflict: noConflict\n  };\n}));\n","/*!\n * URI.js - Mutating URLs\n * Second Level Domain (SLD) Support\n *\n * Version: 1.17.0\n *\n * Author: Rodney Rehm\n * Web: http://medialize.github.io/URI.js/\n *\n * Licensed under\n *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license\n *   GPL v3 http://opensource.org/licenses/GPL-3.0\n *\n */\n\n(function (root, factory) {\n  'use strict';\n  // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js\n  if (typeof exports === 'object') {\n    // Node\n    module.exports = factory();\n  } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {\n    // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.\n    define(factory);\n  } else {\n    // Browser globals (root is window)\n    root.SecondLevelDomains = factory(root);\n  }\n}(this, function (root) {\n  'use strict';\n\n  // save current SecondLevelDomains variable, if any\n  var _SecondLevelDomains = root && root.SecondLevelDomains;\n\n  var SLD = {\n    // list of known Second Level Domains\n    // converted list of SLDs from https://github.com/gavingmiller/second-level-domains\n    // ----\n    // publicsuffix.org is more current and actually used by a couple of browsers internally.\n    // downside is it also contains domains like \"dyndns.org\" - which is fine for the security\n    // issues browser have to deal with (SOP for cookies, etc) - but is way overboard for URI.js\n    // ----\n    list: {\n      'ac':' com gov mil net org ',\n      'ae':' ac co gov mil name net org pro sch ',\n      'af':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'al':' com edu gov mil net org ',\n      'ao':' co ed gv it og pb ',\n      'ar':' com edu gob gov int mil net org tur ',\n      'at':' ac co gv or ',\n      'au':' asn com csiro edu gov id net org ',\n      'ba':' co com edu gov mil net org rs unbi unmo unsa untz unze ',\n      'bb':' biz co com edu gov info net org store tv ',\n      'bh':' biz cc com edu gov info net org ',\n      'bn':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'bo':' com edu gob gov int mil net org tv ',\n      'br':' adm adv agr am arq art ato b bio blog bmd cim cng cnt com coop ecn edu eng esp etc eti far flog fm fnd fot fst g12 ggf gov imb ind inf jor jus lel mat med mil mus net nom not ntr odo org ppg pro psc psi qsl rec slg srv tmp trd tur tv vet vlog wiki zlg ',\n      'bs':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'bz':' du et om ov rg ',\n      'ca':' ab bc mb nb nf nl ns nt nu on pe qc sk yk ',\n      'ck':' biz co edu gen gov info net org ',\n      'cn':' ac ah bj com cq edu fj gd gov gs gx gz ha hb he hi hl hn jl js jx ln mil net nm nx org qh sc sd sh sn sx tj tw xj xz yn zj ',\n      'co':' com edu gov mil net nom org ',\n      'cr':' ac c co ed fi go or sa ',\n      'cy':' ac biz com ekloges gov ltd name net org parliament press pro tm ',\n      'do':' art com edu gob gov mil net org sld web ',\n      'dz':' art asso com edu gov net org pol ',\n      'ec':' com edu fin gov info med mil net org pro ',\n      'eg':' com edu eun gov mil name net org sci ',\n      'er':' com edu gov ind mil net org rochest w ',\n      'es':' com edu gob nom org ',\n      'et':' biz com edu gov info name net org ',\n      'fj':' ac biz com info mil name net org pro ',\n      'fk':' ac co gov net nom org ',\n      'fr':' asso com f gouv nom prd presse tm ',\n      'gg':' co net org ',\n      'gh':' com edu gov mil org ',\n      'gn':' ac com gov net org ',\n      'gr':' com edu gov mil net org ',\n      'gt':' com edu gob ind mil net org ',\n      'gu':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'hk':' com edu gov idv net org ',\n      'hu':' 2000 agrar bolt casino city co erotica erotika film forum games hotel info ingatlan jogasz konyvelo lakas media news org priv reklam sex shop sport suli szex tm tozsde utazas video ',\n      'id':' ac co go mil net or sch web ',\n      'il':' ac co gov idf k12 muni net org ',\n      'in':' ac co edu ernet firm gen gov i ind mil net nic org res ',\n      'iq':' com edu gov i mil net org ',\n      'ir':' ac co dnssec gov i id net org sch ',\n      'it':' edu gov ',\n      'je':' co net org ',\n      'jo':' com edu gov mil name net org sch ',\n      'jp':' ac ad co ed go gr lg ne or ',\n      'ke':' ac co go info me mobi ne or sc ',\n      'kh':' com edu gov mil net org per ',\n      'ki':' biz com de edu gov info mob net org tel ',\n      'km':' asso com coop edu gouv k medecin mil nom notaires pharmaciens presse tm veterinaire ',\n      'kn':' edu gov net org ',\n      'kr':' ac busan chungbuk chungnam co daegu daejeon es gangwon go gwangju gyeongbuk gyeonggi gyeongnam hs incheon jeju jeonbuk jeonnam k kg mil ms ne or pe re sc seoul ulsan ',\n      'kw':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'ky':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'kz':' com edu gov mil net org ',\n      'lb':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'lk':' assn com edu gov grp hotel int ltd net ngo org sch soc web ',\n      'lr':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'lv':' asn com conf edu gov id mil net org ',\n      'ly':' com edu gov id med net org plc sch ',\n      'ma':' ac co gov m net org press ',\n      'mc':' asso tm ',\n      'me':' ac co edu gov its net org priv ',\n      'mg':' com edu gov mil nom org prd tm ',\n      'mk':' com edu gov inf name net org pro ',\n      'ml':' com edu gov net org presse ',\n      'mn':' edu gov org ',\n      'mo':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'mt':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'mv':' aero biz com coop edu gov info int mil museum name net org pro ',\n      'mw':' ac co com coop edu gov int museum net org ',\n      'mx':' com edu gob net org ',\n      'my':' com edu gov mil name net org sch ',\n      'nf':' arts com firm info net other per rec store web ',\n      'ng':' biz com edu gov mil mobi name net org sch ',\n      'ni':' ac co com edu gob mil net nom org ',\n      'np':' com edu gov mil net org ',\n      'nr':' biz com edu gov info net org ',\n      'om':' ac biz co com edu gov med mil museum net org pro sch ',\n      'pe':' com edu gob mil net nom org sld ',\n      'ph':' com edu gov i mil net ngo org ',\n      'pk':' biz com edu fam gob gok gon gop gos gov net org web ',\n      'pl':' art bialystok biz com edu gda gdansk gorzow gov info katowice krakow lodz lublin mil net ngo olsztyn org poznan pwr radom slupsk szczecin torun warszawa waw wroc wroclaw zgora ',\n      'pr':' ac biz com edu est gov info isla name net org pro prof ',\n      'ps':' com edu gov net org plo sec ',\n      'pw':' belau co ed go ne or ',\n      'ro':' arts com firm info nom nt org rec store tm www ',\n      'rs':' ac co edu gov in org ',\n      'sb':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'sc':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'sh':' co com edu gov net nom org ',\n      'sl':' com edu gov net org ',\n      'st':' co com consulado edu embaixada gov mil net org principe saotome store ',\n      'sv':' com edu gob org red ',\n      'sz':' ac co org ',\n      'tr':' av bbs bel biz com dr edu gen gov info k12 name net org pol tel tsk tv web ',\n      'tt':' aero biz cat co com coop edu gov info int jobs mil mobi museum name net org pro tel travel ',\n      'tw':' club com ebiz edu game gov idv mil net org ',\n      'mu':' ac co com gov net or org ',\n      'mz':' ac co edu gov org ',\n      'na':' co com ',\n      'nz':' ac co cri geek gen govt health iwi maori mil net org parliament school ',\n      'pa':' abo ac com edu gob ing med net nom org sld ',\n      'pt':' com edu gov int net nome org publ ',\n      'py':' com edu gov mil net org ',\n      'qa':' com edu gov mil net org ',\n      're':' asso com nom ',\n      'ru':' ac adygeya altai amur arkhangelsk astrakhan bashkiria belgorod bir bryansk buryatia cbg chel chelyabinsk chita chukotka chuvashia com dagestan e-burg edu gov grozny int irkutsk ivanovo izhevsk jar joshkar-ola kalmykia kaluga kamchatka karelia kazan kchr kemerovo khabarovsk khakassia khv kirov koenig komi kostroma kranoyarsk kuban kurgan kursk lipetsk magadan mari mari-el marine mil mordovia mosreg msk murmansk nalchik net nnov nov novosibirsk nsk omsk orenburg org oryol penza perm pp pskov ptz rnd ryazan sakhalin samara saratov simbirsk smolensk spb stavropol stv surgut tambov tatarstan tom tomsk tsaritsyn tsk tula tuva tver tyumen udm udmurtia ulan-ude vladikavkaz vladimir vladivostok volgograd vologda voronezh vrn vyatka yakutia yamal yekaterinburg yuzhno-sakhalinsk ',\n      'rw':' ac co com edu gouv gov int mil net ',\n      'sa':' com edu gov med net org pub sch ',\n      'sd':' com edu gov info med net org tv ',\n      'se':' a ac b bd c d e f g h i k l m n o org p parti pp press r s t tm u w x y z ',\n      'sg':' com edu gov idn net org per ',\n      'sn':' art com edu gouv org perso univ ',\n      'sy':' com edu gov mil net news org ',\n      'th':' ac co go in mi net or ',\n      'tj':' ac biz co com edu go gov info int mil name net nic org test web ',\n      'tn':' agrinet com defense edunet ens fin gov ind info intl mincom nat net org perso rnrt rns rnu tourism ',\n      'tz':' ac co go ne or ',\n      'ua':' biz cherkassy chernigov chernovtsy ck cn co com crimea cv dn dnepropetrovsk donetsk dp edu gov if in ivano-frankivsk kh kharkov kherson khmelnitskiy kiev kirovograd km kr ks kv lg lugansk lutsk lviv me mk net nikolaev od odessa org pl poltava pp rovno rv sebastopol sumy te ternopil uzhgorod vinnica vn zaporizhzhe zhitomir zp zt ',\n      'ug':' ac co go ne or org sc ',\n      'uk':' ac bl british-library co cym gov govt icnet jet lea ltd me mil mod national-library-scotland nel net nhs nic nls org orgn parliament plc police sch scot soc ',\n      'us':' dni fed isa kids nsn ',\n      'uy':' com edu gub mil net org ',\n      've':' co com edu gob info mil net org web ',\n      'vi':' co com k12 net org ',\n      'vn':' ac biz com edu gov health info int name net org pro ',\n      'ye':' co com gov ltd me net org plc ',\n      'yu':' ac co edu gov org ',\n      'za':' ac agric alt bourse city co cybernet db edu gov grondar iaccess imt inca landesign law mil net ngo nis nom olivetti org pix school tm web ',\n      'zm':' ac co com edu gov net org sch '\n    },\n    // gorhill 2013-10-25: Using indexOf() instead Regexp(). Significant boost\n    // in both performance and memory footprint. No initialization required.\n    // http://jsperf.com/uri-js-sld-regex-vs-binary-search/4\n    // Following methods use lastIndexOf() rather than array.split() in order\n    // to avoid any memory allocations.\n    has: function(domain) {\n      var tldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.');\n      if (tldOffset <= 0 || tldOffset >= (domain.length-1)) {\n        return false;\n      }\n      var sldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.', tldOffset-1);\n      if (sldOffset <= 0 || sldOffset >= (tldOffset-1)) {\n        return false;\n      }\n      var sldList = SLD.list[domain.slice(tldOffset+1)];\n      if (!sldList) {\n        return false;\n      }\n      return sldList.indexOf(' ' + domain.slice(sldOffset+1, tldOffset) + ' ') >= 0;\n    },\n    is: function(domain) {\n      var tldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.');\n      if (tldOffset <= 0 || tldOffset >= (domain.length-1)) {\n        return false;\n      }\n      var sldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.', tldOffset-1);\n      if (sldOffset >= 0) {\n        return false;\n      }\n      var sldList = SLD.list[domain.slice(tldOffset+1)];\n      if (!sldList) {\n        return false;\n      }\n      return sldList.indexOf(' ' + domain.slice(0, tldOffset) + ' ') >= 0;\n    },\n    get: function(domain) {\n      var tldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.');\n      if (tldOffset <= 0 || tldOffset >= (domain.length-1)) {\n        return null;\n      }\n      var sldOffset = domain.lastIndexOf('.', tldOffset-1);\n      if (sldOffset <= 0 || sldOffset >= (tldOffset-1)) {\n        return null;\n      }\n      var sldList = SLD.list[domain.slice(tldOffset+1)];\n      if (!sldList) {\n        return null;\n      }\n      if (sldList.indexOf(' ' + domain.slice(sldOffset+1, tldOffset) + ' ') < 0) {\n        return null;\n      }\n      return domain.slice(sldOffset+1);\n    },\n    noConflict: function(){\n      if (root.SecondLevelDomains === this) {\n        root.SecondLevelDomains = _SecondLevelDomains;\n      }\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n\n  return SLD;\n}));\n","/*!\n * URI.js - Mutating URLs\n *\n * Version: 1.17.0\n *\n * Author: Rodney Rehm\n * Web: http://medialize.github.io/URI.js/\n *\n * Licensed under\n *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license\n *   GPL v3 http://opensource.org/licenses/GPL-3.0\n *\n */\n(function (root, factory) {\n  'use strict';\n  // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js\n  if (typeof exports === 'object') {\n    // Node\n    module.exports = factory(require('./punycode'), require('./IPv6'), require('./SecondLevelDomains'));\n  } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {\n    // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.\n    define(['./punycode', './IPv6', './SecondLevelDomains'], factory);\n  } else {\n    // Browser globals (root is window)\n    root.URI = factory(root.punycode, root.IPv6, root.SecondLevelDomains, root);\n  }\n}(this, function (punycode, IPv6, SLD, root) {\n  'use strict';\n  /*global location, escape, unescape */\n  // FIXME: v2.0.0 renamce non-camelCase properties to uppercase\n  /*jshint camelcase: false */\n\n  // save current URI variable, if any\n  var _URI = root && root.URI;\n\n  function URI(url, base) {\n    var _urlSupplied = arguments.length >= 1;\n    var _baseSupplied = arguments.length >= 2;\n\n    // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword\n    if (!(this instanceof URI)) {\n      if (_urlSupplied) {\n        if (_baseSupplied) {\n          return new URI(url, base);\n        }\n\n        return new URI(url);\n      }\n\n      return new URI();\n    }\n\n    if (url === undefined) {\n      if (_urlSupplied) {\n        throw new TypeError('undefined is not a valid argument for URI');\n      }\n\n      if (typeof location !== 'undefined') {\n        url = location.href + '';\n      } else {\n        url = '';\n      }\n    }\n\n    this.href(url);\n\n    // resolve to base according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#constructor\n    if (base !== undefined) {\n      return this.absoluteTo(base);\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  URI.version = '1.17.0';\n\n  var p = URI.prototype;\n  var hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;\n\n  function escapeRegEx(string) {\n    // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/commit/85ac21783c11f8ccab06106dba9735a31a86924d#commitcomment-821963\n    return string.replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\\]\\/\\\\])/g, '\\\\$1');\n  }\n\n  function getType(value) {\n    // IE8 doesn't return [Object Undefined] but [Object Object] for undefined value\n    if (value === undefined) {\n      return 'Undefined';\n    }\n\n    return String(Object.prototype.toString.call(value)).slice(8, -1);\n  }\n\n  function isArray(obj) {\n    return getType(obj) === 'Array';\n  }\n\n  function filterArrayValues(data, value) {\n    var lookup = {};\n    var i, length;\n\n    if (getType(value) === 'RegExp') {\n      lookup = null;\n    } else if (isArray(value)) {\n      for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {\n        lookup[value[i]] = true;\n      }\n    } else {\n      lookup[value] = true;\n    }\n\n    for (i = 0, length = data.length; i < length; i++) {\n      /*jshint laxbreak: true */\n      var _match = lookup && lookup[data[i]] !== undefined\n        || !lookup && value.test(data[i]);\n      /*jshint laxbreak: false */\n      if (_match) {\n        data.splice(i, 1);\n        length--;\n        i--;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return data;\n  }\n\n  function arrayContains(list, value) {\n    var i, length;\n\n    // value may be string, number, array, regexp\n    if (isArray(value)) {\n      // Note: this can be optimized to O(n) (instead of current O(m * n))\n      for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {\n        if (!arrayContains(list, value[i])) {\n          return false;\n        }\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    var _type = getType(value);\n    for (i = 0, length = list.length; i < length; i++) {\n      if (_type === 'RegExp') {\n        if (typeof list[i] === 'string' && list[i].match(value)) {\n          return true;\n        }\n      } else if (list[i] === value) {\n        return true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  function arraysEqual(one, two) {\n    if (!isArray(one) || !isArray(two)) {\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    // arrays can't be equal if they have different amount of content\n    if (one.length !== two.length) {\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    one.sort();\n    two.sort();\n\n    for (var i = 0, l = one.length; i < l; i++) {\n      if (one[i] !== two[i]) {\n        return false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  function trimSlashes(text) {\n    var trim_expression = /^\\/+|\\/+$/g;\n    return text.replace(trim_expression, '');\n  }\n\n  URI._parts = function() {\n    return {\n      protocol: null,\n      username: null,\n      password: null,\n      hostname: null,\n      urn: null,\n      port: null,\n      path: null,\n      query: null,\n      fragment: null,\n      // state\n      duplicateQueryParameters: URI.duplicateQueryParameters,\n      escapeQuerySpace: URI.escapeQuerySpace\n    };\n  };\n  // state: allow duplicate query parameters (a=1&a=1)\n  URI.duplicateQueryParameters = false;\n  // state: replaces + with %20 (space in query strings)\n  URI.escapeQuerySpace = true;\n  // static properties\n  URI.protocol_expression = /^[a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*$/i;\n  URI.idn_expression = /[^a-z0-9\\.-]/i;\n  URI.punycode_expression = /(xn--)/i;\n  // well, 333.444.555.666 matches, but it sure ain't no IPv4 - do we care?\n  URI.ip4_expression = /^\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}$/;\n  // credits to Rich Brown\n  // source: http://forums.intermapper.com/viewtopic.php?p=1096#1096\n  // specification: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4291.txt\n  URI.ip6_expression = /^\\s*((([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}(:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)(\\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,2})|:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)(\\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,3})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})?:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)(\\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,4})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,2}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)(\\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,5})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,3}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)(\\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,6})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,4}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)(\\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)){3}))|:))|(:(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,7})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,5}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)(\\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\\d|1\\d\\d|[1-9]?\\d)){3}))|:)))(%.+)?\\s*$/;\n  // expression used is \"gruber revised\" (@gruber v2) determined to be the\n  // best solution in a regex-golf we did a couple of ages ago at\n  // * http://mathiasbynens.be/demo/url-regex\n  // * http://rodneyrehm.de/t/url-regex.html\n  URI.find_uri_expression = /\\b((?:[a-z][\\w-]+:(?:\\/{1,3}|[a-z0-9%])|www\\d{0,3}[.]|[a-z0-9.\\-]+[.][a-z]{2,4}\\/)(?:[^\\s()<>]+|\\(([^\\s()<>]+|(\\([^\\s()<>]+\\)))*\\))+(?:\\(([^\\s()<>]+|(\\([^\\s()<>]+\\)))*\\)|[^\\s`!()\\[\\]{};:'\".,<>?«»“”‘’]))/ig;\n  URI.findUri = {\n    // valid \"scheme://\" or \"www.\"\n    start: /\\b(?:([a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*:\\/\\/)|www\\.)/gi,\n    // everything up to the next whitespace\n    end: /[\\s\\r\\n]|$/,\n    // trim trailing punctuation captured by end RegExp\n    trim: /[`!()\\[\\]{};:'\".,<>?«»“”„‘’]+$/\n  };\n  // http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes.html\n  // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers#Well-known_ports\n  URI.defaultPorts = {\n    http: '80',\n    https: '443',\n    ftp: '21',\n    gopher: '70',\n    ws: '80',\n    wss: '443'\n  };\n  // allowed hostname characters according to RFC 3986\n  // ALPHA DIGIT \"-\" \".\" \"_\" \"~\" \"!\" \"$\" \"&\" \"'\" \"(\" \")\" \"*\" \"+\" \",\" \";\" \"=\" %encoded\n  // I've never seen a (non-IDN) hostname other than: ALPHA DIGIT . -\n  URI.invalid_hostname_characters = /[^a-zA-Z0-9\\.-]/;\n  // map DOM Elements to their URI attribute\n  URI.domAttributes = {\n    'a': 'href',\n    'blockquote': 'cite',\n    'link': 'href',\n    'base': 'href',\n    'script': 'src',\n    'form': 'action',\n    'img': 'src',\n    'area': 'href',\n    'iframe': 'src',\n    'embed': 'src',\n    'source': 'src',\n    'track': 'src',\n    'input': 'src', // but only if type=\"image\"\n    'audio': 'src',\n    'video': 'src'\n  };\n  URI.getDomAttribute = function(node) {\n    if (!node || !node.nodeName) {\n      return undefined;\n    }\n\n    var nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();\n    // <input> should only expose src for type=\"image\"\n    if (nodeName === 'input' && node.type !== 'image') {\n      return undefined;\n    }\n\n    return URI.domAttributes[nodeName];\n  };\n\n  function escapeForDumbFirefox36(value) {\n    // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/91\n    return escape(value);\n  }\n\n  // encoding / decoding according to RFC3986\n  function strictEncodeURIComponent(string) {\n    // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent\n    return encodeURIComponent(string)\n      .replace(/[!'()*]/g, escapeForDumbFirefox36)\n      .replace(/\\*/g, '%2A');\n  }\n  URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;\n  URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;\n  URI.iso8859 = function() {\n    URI.encode = escape;\n    URI.decode = unescape;\n  };\n  URI.unicode = function() {\n    URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;\n    URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;\n  };\n  URI.characters = {\n    pathname: {\n      encode: {\n        // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should\n        // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.\n        expression: /%(24|26|2B|2C|3B|3D|3A|40)/ig,\n        map: {\n          // -._~!'()*\n          '%24': '$',\n          '%26': '&',\n          '%2B': '+',\n          '%2C': ',',\n          '%3B': ';',\n          '%3D': '=',\n          '%3A': ':',\n          '%40': '@'\n        }\n      },\n      decode: {\n        expression: /[\\/\\?#]/g,\n        map: {\n          '/': '%2F',\n          '?': '%3F',\n          '#': '%23'\n        }\n      }\n    },\n    reserved: {\n      encode: {\n        // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should\n        // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.\n        expression: /%(21|23|24|26|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|2F|3A|3B|3D|3F|40|5B|5D)/ig,\n        map: {\n          // gen-delims\n          '%3A': ':',\n          '%2F': '/',\n          '%3F': '?',\n          '%23': '#',\n          '%5B': '[',\n          '%5D': ']',\n          '%40': '@',\n          // sub-delims\n          '%21': '!',\n          '%24': '$',\n          '%26': '&',\n          '%27': '\\'',\n          '%28': '(',\n          '%29': ')',\n          '%2A': '*',\n          '%2B': '+',\n          '%2C': ',',\n          '%3B': ';',\n          '%3D': '='\n        }\n      }\n    },\n    urnpath: {\n      // The characters under `encode` are the characters called out by RFC 2141 as being acceptable\n      // for usage in a URN. RFC2141 also calls out \"-\", \".\", and \"_\" as acceptable characters, but\n      // these aren't encoded by encodeURIComponent, so we don't have to call them out here. Also\n      // note that the colon character is not featured in the encoding map; this is because URI.js\n      // gives the colons in URNs semantic meaning as the delimiters of path segements, and so it\n      // should not appear unencoded in a segment itself.\n      // See also the note above about RFC3986 and capitalalized hex digits.\n      encode: {\n        expression: /%(21|24|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|3B|3D|40)/ig,\n        map: {\n          '%21': '!',\n          '%24': '$',\n          '%27': '\\'',\n          '%28': '(',\n          '%29': ')',\n          '%2A': '*',\n          '%2B': '+',\n          '%2C': ',',\n          '%3B': ';',\n          '%3D': '=',\n          '%40': '@'\n        }\n      },\n      // These characters are the characters called out by RFC2141 as \"reserved\" characters that\n      // should never appear in a URN, plus the colon character (see note above).\n      decode: {\n        expression: /[\\/\\?#:]/g,\n        map: {\n          '/': '%2F',\n          '?': '%3F',\n          '#': '%23',\n          ':': '%3A'\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  };\n  URI.encodeQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {\n    var escaped = URI.encode(string + '');\n    if (escapeQuerySpace === undefined) {\n      escapeQuerySpace = URI.escapeQuerySpace;\n    }\n\n    return escapeQuerySpace ? escaped.replace(/%20/g, '+') : escaped;\n  };\n  URI.decodeQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {\n    string += '';\n    if (escapeQuerySpace === undefined) {\n      escapeQuerySpace = URI.escapeQuerySpace;\n    }\n\n    try {\n      return URI.decode(escapeQuerySpace ? string.replace(/\\+/g, '%20') : string);\n    } catch(e) {\n      // we're not going to mess with weird encodings,\n      // give up and return the undecoded original string\n      // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/87\n      // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/92\n      return string;\n    }\n  };\n  // generate encode/decode path functions\n  var _parts = {'encode':'encode', 'decode':'decode'};\n  var _part;\n  var generateAccessor = function(_group, _part) {\n    return function(string) {\n      try {\n        return URI[_part](string + '').replace(URI.characters[_group][_part].expression, function(c) {\n          return URI.characters[_group][_part].map[c];\n        });\n      } catch (e) {\n        // we're not going to mess with weird encodings,\n        // give up and return the undecoded original string\n        // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/87\n        // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/92\n        return string;\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  for (_part in _parts) {\n    URI[_part + 'PathSegment'] = generateAccessor('pathname', _parts[_part]);\n    URI[_part + 'UrnPathSegment'] = generateAccessor('urnpath', _parts[_part]);\n  }\n\n  var generateSegmentedPathFunction = function(_sep, _codingFuncName, _innerCodingFuncName) {\n    return function(string) {\n      // Why pass in names of functions, rather than the function objects themselves? The\n      // definitions of some functions (but in particular, URI.decode) will occasionally change due\n      // to URI.js having ISO8859 and Unicode modes. Passing in the name and getting it will ensure\n      // that the functions we use here are \"fresh\".\n      var actualCodingFunc;\n      if (!_innerCodingFuncName) {\n        actualCodingFunc = URI[_codingFuncName];\n      } else {\n        actualCodingFunc = function(string) {\n          return URI[_codingFuncName](URI[_innerCodingFuncName](string));\n        };\n      }\n\n      var segments = (string + '').split(_sep);\n\n      for (var i = 0, length = segments.length; i < length; i++) {\n        segments[i] = actualCodingFunc(segments[i]);\n      }\n\n      return segments.join(_sep);\n    };\n  };\n\n  // This takes place outside the above loop because we don't want, e.g., encodeUrnPath functions.\n  URI.decodePath = generateSegmentedPathFunction('/', 'decodePathSegment');\n  URI.decodeUrnPath = generateSegmentedPathFunction(':', 'decodeUrnPathSegment');\n  URI.recodePath = generateSegmentedPathFunction('/', 'encodePathSegment', 'decode');\n  URI.recodeUrnPath = generateSegmentedPathFunction(':', 'encodeUrnPathSegment', 'decode');\n\n  URI.encodeReserved = generateAccessor('reserved', 'encode');\n\n  URI.parse = function(string, parts) {\n    var pos;\n    if (!parts) {\n      parts = {};\n    }\n    // [protocol\"://\"[username[\":\"password]\"@\"]hostname[\":\"port]\"/\"?][path][\"?\"querystring][\"#\"fragment]\n\n    // extract fragment\n    pos = string.indexOf('#');\n    if (pos > -1) {\n      // escaping?\n      parts.fragment = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;\n      string = string.substring(0, pos);\n    }\n\n    // extract query\n    pos = string.indexOf('?');\n    if (pos > -1) {\n      // escaping?\n      parts.query = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;\n      string = string.substring(0, pos);\n    }\n\n    // extract protocol\n    if (string.substring(0, 2) === '//') {\n      // relative-scheme\n      parts.protocol = null;\n      string = string.substring(2);\n      // extract \"user:pass@host:port\"\n      string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);\n    } else {\n      pos = string.indexOf(':');\n      if (pos > -1) {\n        parts.protocol = string.substring(0, pos) || null;\n        if (parts.protocol && !parts.protocol.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {\n          // : may be within the path\n          parts.protocol = undefined;\n        } else if (string.substring(pos + 1, pos + 3) === '//') {\n          string = string.substring(pos + 3);\n\n          // extract \"user:pass@host:port\"\n          string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);\n        } else {\n          string = string.substring(pos + 1);\n          parts.urn = true;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    // what's left must be the path\n    parts.path = string;\n\n    // and we're done\n    return parts;\n  };\n  URI.parseHost = function(string, parts) {\n    // Copy chrome, IE, opera backslash-handling behavior.\n    // Back slashes before the query string get converted to forward slashes\n    // See: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/386fd24f49b0e9d1a8a076592a404168faeecc34/lib/url.js#L115-L124\n    // See: https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=25916\n    // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/pull/233\n    string = string.replace(/\\\\/g, '/');\n\n    // extract host:port\n    var pos = string.indexOf('/');\n    var bracketPos;\n    var t;\n\n    if (pos === -1) {\n      pos = string.length;\n    }\n\n    if (string.charAt(0) === '[') {\n      // IPv6 host - http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-04#section-6\n      // I claim most client software breaks on IPv6 anyways. To simplify things, URI only accepts\n      // IPv6+port in the format [2001:db8::1]:80 (for the time being)\n      bracketPos = string.indexOf(']');\n      parts.hostname = string.substring(1, bracketPos) || null;\n      parts.port = string.substring(bracketPos + 2, pos) || null;\n      if (parts.port === '/') {\n        parts.port = null;\n      }\n    } else {\n      var firstColon = string.indexOf(':');\n      var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');\n      var nextColon = string.indexOf(':', firstColon + 1);\n      if (nextColon !== -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || nextColon < firstSlash)) {\n        // IPv6 host contains multiple colons - but no port\n        // this notation is actually not allowed by RFC 3986, but we're a liberal parser\n        parts.hostname = string.substring(0, pos) || null;\n        parts.port = null;\n      } else {\n        t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');\n        parts.hostname = t[0] || null;\n        parts.port = t[1] || null;\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (parts.hostname && string.substring(pos).charAt(0) !== '/') {\n      pos++;\n      string = '/' + string;\n    }\n\n    return string.substring(pos) || '/';\n  };\n  URI.parseAuthority = function(string, parts) {\n    string = URI.parseUserinfo(string, parts);\n    return URI.parseHost(string, parts);\n  };\n  URI.parseUserinfo = function(string, parts) {\n    // extract username:password\n    var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');\n    var pos = string.lastIndexOf('@', firstSlash > -1 ? firstSlash : string.length - 1);\n    var t;\n\n    // authority@ must come before /path\n    if (pos > -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || pos < firstSlash)) {\n      t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');\n      parts.username = t[0] ? URI.decode(t[0]) : null;\n      t.shift();\n      parts.password = t[0] ? URI.decode(t.join(':')) : null;\n      string = string.substring(pos + 1);\n    } else {\n      parts.username = null;\n      parts.password = null;\n    }\n\n    return string;\n  };\n  URI.parseQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {\n    if (!string) {\n      return {};\n    }\n\n    // throw out the funky business - \"?\"[name\"=\"value\"&\"]+\n    string = string.replace(/&+/g, '&').replace(/^\\?*&*|&+$/g, '');\n\n    if (!string) {\n      return {};\n    }\n\n    var items = {};\n    var splits = string.split('&');\n    var length = splits.length;\n    var v, name, value;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {\n      v = splits[i].split('=');\n      name = URI.decodeQuery(v.shift(), escapeQuerySpace);\n      // no \"=\" is null according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#collect-url-parameters\n      value = v.length ? URI.decodeQuery(v.join('='), escapeQuerySpace) : null;\n\n      if (hasOwn.call(items, name)) {\n        if (typeof items[name] === 'string' || items[name] === null) {\n          items[name] = [items[name]];\n        }\n\n        items[name].push(value);\n      } else {\n        items[name] = value;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return items;\n  };\n\n  URI.build = function(parts) {\n    var t = '';\n\n    if (parts.protocol) {\n      t += parts.protocol + ':';\n    }\n\n    if (!parts.urn && (t || parts.hostname)) {\n      t += '//';\n    }\n\n    t += (URI.buildAuthority(parts) || '');\n\n    if (typeof parts.path === 'string') {\n      if (parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/' && typeof parts.hostname === 'string') {\n        t += '/';\n      }\n\n      t += parts.path;\n    }\n\n    if (typeof parts.query === 'string' && parts.query) {\n      t += '?' + parts.query;\n    }\n\n    if (typeof parts.fragment === 'string' && parts.fragment) {\n      t += '#' + parts.fragment;\n    }\n    return t;\n  };\n  URI.buildHost = function(parts) {\n    var t = '';\n\n    if (!parts.hostname) {\n      return '';\n    } else if (URI.ip6_expression.test(parts.hostname)) {\n      t += '[' + parts.hostname + ']';\n    } else {\n      t += parts.hostname;\n    }\n\n    if (parts.port) {\n      t += ':' + parts.port;\n    }\n\n    return t;\n  };\n  URI.buildAuthority = function(parts) {\n    return URI.buildUserinfo(parts) + URI.buildHost(parts);\n  };\n  URI.buildUserinfo = function(parts) {\n    var t = '';\n\n    if (parts.username) {\n      t += URI.encode(parts.username);\n\n      if (parts.password) {\n        t += ':' + URI.encode(parts.password);\n      }\n\n      t += '@';\n    }\n\n    return t;\n  };\n  URI.buildQuery = function(data, duplicateQueryParameters, escapeQuerySpace) {\n    // according to http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 or http://labs.apache.org/webarch/uri/rfc/rfc3986.html\n    // being »-._~!$&'()*+,;=:@/?« %HEX and alnum are allowed\n    // the RFC explicitly states ?/foo being a valid use case, no mention of parameter syntax!\n    // URI.js treats the query string as being application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n    // see http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type\n\n    var t = '';\n    var unique, key, i, length;\n    for (key in data) {\n      if (hasOwn.call(data, key) && key) {\n        if (isArray(data[key])) {\n          unique = {};\n          for (i = 0, length = data[key].length; i < length; i++) {\n            if (data[key][i] !== undefined && unique[data[key][i] + ''] === undefined) {\n              t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key][i], escapeQuerySpace);\n              if (duplicateQueryParameters !== true) {\n                unique[data[key][i] + ''] = true;\n              }\n            }\n          }\n        } else if (data[key] !== undefined) {\n          t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key], escapeQuerySpace);\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return t.substring(1);\n  };\n  URI.buildQueryParameter = function(name, value, escapeQuerySpace) {\n    // http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type -- application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n    // don't append \"=\" for null values, according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#url-parameter-serialization\n    return URI.encodeQuery(name, escapeQuerySpace) + (value !== null ? '=' + URI.encodeQuery(value, escapeQuerySpace) : '');\n  };\n\n  URI.addQuery = function(data, name, value) {\n    if (typeof name === 'object') {\n      for (var key in name) {\n        if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {\n          URI.addQuery(data, key, name[key]);\n        }\n      }\n    } else if (typeof name === 'string') {\n      if (data[name] === undefined) {\n        data[name] = value;\n        return;\n      } else if (typeof data[name] === 'string') {\n        data[name] = [data[name]];\n      }\n\n      if (!isArray(value)) {\n        value = [value];\n      }\n\n      data[name] = (data[name] || []).concat(value);\n    } else {\n      throw new TypeError('URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');\n    }\n  };\n  URI.removeQuery = function(data, name, value) {\n    var i, length, key;\n\n    if (isArray(name)) {\n      for (i = 0, length = name.length; i < length; i++) {\n        data[name[i]] = undefined;\n      }\n    } else if (getType(name) === 'RegExp') {\n      for (key in data) {\n        if (name.test(key)) {\n          data[key] = undefined;\n        }\n      }\n    } else if (typeof name === 'object') {\n      for (key in name) {\n        if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {\n          URI.removeQuery(data, key, name[key]);\n        }\n      }\n    } else if (typeof name === 'string') {\n      if (value !== undefined) {\n        if (getType(value) === 'RegExp') {\n          if (!isArray(data[name]) && value.test(data[name])) {\n            data[name] = undefined;\n          } else {\n            data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);\n          }\n        } else if (data[name] === String(value) && (!isArray(value) || value.length === 1)) {\n          data[name] = undefined;\n        } else if (isArray(data[name])) {\n          data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);\n        }\n      } else {\n        data[name] = undefined;\n      }\n    } else {\n      throw new TypeError('URI.removeQuery() accepts an object, string, RegExp as the first parameter');\n    }\n  };\n  URI.hasQuery = function(data, name, value, withinArray) {\n    if (typeof name === 'object') {\n      for (var key in name) {\n        if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {\n          if (!URI.hasQuery(data, key, name[key])) {\n            return false;\n          }\n        }\n      }\n\n      return true;\n    } else if (typeof name !== 'string') {\n      throw new TypeError('URI.hasQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');\n    }\n\n    switch (getType(value)) {\n      case 'Undefined':\n        // true if exists (but may be empty)\n        return name in data; // data[name] !== undefined;\n\n      case 'Boolean':\n        // true if exists and non-empty\n        var _booly = Boolean(isArray(data[name]) ? data[name].length : data[name]);\n        return value === _booly;\n\n      case 'Function':\n        // allow complex comparison\n        return !!value(data[name], name, data);\n\n      case 'Array':\n        if (!isArray(data[name])) {\n          return false;\n        }\n\n        var op = withinArray ? arrayContains : arraysEqual;\n        return op(data[name], value);\n\n      case 'RegExp':\n        if (!isArray(data[name])) {\n          return Boolean(data[name] && data[name].match(value));\n        }\n\n        if (!withinArray) {\n          return false;\n        }\n\n        return arrayContains(data[name], value);\n\n      case 'Number':\n        value = String(value);\n        /* falls through */\n      case 'String':\n        if (!isArray(data[name])) {\n          return data[name] === value;\n        }\n\n        if (!withinArray) {\n          return false;\n        }\n\n        return arrayContains(data[name], value);\n\n      default:\n        throw new TypeError('URI.hasQuery() accepts undefined, boolean, string, number, RegExp, Function as the value parameter');\n    }\n  };\n\n\n  URI.commonPath = function(one, two) {\n    var length = Math.min(one.length, two.length);\n    var pos;\n\n    // find first non-matching character\n    for (pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {\n      if (one.charAt(pos) !== two.charAt(pos)) {\n        pos--;\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (pos < 1) {\n      return one.charAt(0) === two.charAt(0) && one.charAt(0) === '/' ? '/' : '';\n    }\n\n    // revert to last /\n    if (one.charAt(pos) !== '/' || two.charAt(pos) !== '/') {\n      pos = one.substring(0, pos).lastIndexOf('/');\n    }\n\n    return one.substring(0, pos + 1);\n  };\n\n  URI.withinString = function(string, callback, options) {\n    options || (options = {});\n    var _start = options.start || URI.findUri.start;\n    var _end = options.end || URI.findUri.end;\n    var _trim = options.trim || URI.findUri.trim;\n    var _attributeOpen = /[a-z0-9-]=[\"']?$/i;\n\n    _start.lastIndex = 0;\n    while (true) {\n      var match = _start.exec(string);\n      if (!match) {\n        break;\n      }\n\n      var start = match.index;\n      if (options.ignoreHtml) {\n        // attribut(e=[\"']?$)\n        var attributeOpen = string.slice(Math.max(start - 3, 0), start);\n        if (attributeOpen && _attributeOpen.test(attributeOpen)) {\n          continue;\n        }\n      }\n\n      var end = start + string.slice(start).search(_end);\n      var slice = string.slice(start, end).replace(_trim, '');\n      if (options.ignore && options.ignore.test(slice)) {\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      end = start + slice.length;\n      var result = callback(slice, start, end, string);\n      string = string.slice(0, start) + result + string.slice(end);\n      _start.lastIndex = start + result.length;\n    }\n\n    _start.lastIndex = 0;\n    return string;\n  };\n\n  URI.ensureValidHostname = function(v) {\n    // Theoretically URIs allow percent-encoding in Hostnames (according to RFC 3986)\n    // they are not part of DNS and therefore ignored by URI.js\n\n    if (v.match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {\n      // test punycode\n      if (!punycode) {\n        throw new TypeError('Hostname \"' + v + '\" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-] and Punycode.js is not available');\n      }\n\n      if (punycode.toASCII(v).match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {\n        throw new TypeError('Hostname \"' + v + '\" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');\n      }\n    }\n  };\n\n  // noConflict\n  URI.noConflict = function(removeAll) {\n    if (removeAll) {\n      var unconflicted = {\n        URI: this.noConflict()\n      };\n\n      if (root.URITemplate && typeof root.URITemplate.noConflict === 'function') {\n        unconflicted.URITemplate = root.URITemplate.noConflict();\n      }\n\n      if (root.IPv6 && typeof root.IPv6.noConflict === 'function') {\n        unconflicted.IPv6 = root.IPv6.noConflict();\n      }\n\n      if (root.SecondLevelDomains && typeof root.SecondLevelDomains.noConflict === 'function') {\n        unconflicted.SecondLevelDomains = root.SecondLevelDomains.noConflict();\n      }\n\n      return unconflicted;\n    } else if (root.URI === this) {\n      root.URI = _URI;\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  };\n\n  p.build = function(deferBuild) {\n    if (deferBuild === true) {\n      this._deferred_build = true;\n    } else if (deferBuild === undefined || this._deferred_build) {\n      this._string = URI.build(this._parts);\n      this._deferred_build = false;\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  };\n\n  p.clone = function() {\n    return new URI(this);\n  };\n\n  p.valueOf = p.toString = function() {\n    return this.build(false)._string;\n  };\n\n\n  function generateSimpleAccessor(_part){\n    return function(v, build) {\n      if (v === undefined) {\n        return this._parts[_part] || '';\n      } else {\n        this._parts[_part] = v || null;\n        this.build(!build);\n        return this;\n      }\n    };\n  }\n\n  function generatePrefixAccessor(_part, _key){\n    return function(v, build) {\n      if (v === undefined) {\n        return this._parts[_part] || '';\n      } else {\n        if (v !== null) {\n          v = v + '';\n          if (v.charAt(0) === _key) {\n            v = v.substring(1);\n          }\n        }\n\n        this._parts[_part] = v;\n        this.build(!build);\n        return this;\n      }\n    };\n  }\n\n  p.protocol = generateSimpleAccessor('protocol');\n  p.username = generateSimpleAccessor('username');\n  p.password = generateSimpleAccessor('password');\n  p.hostname = generateSimpleAccessor('hostname');\n  p.port = generateSimpleAccessor('port');\n  p.query = generatePrefixAccessor('query', '?');\n  p.fragment = generatePrefixAccessor('fragment', '#');\n\n  p.search = function(v, build) {\n    var t = this.query(v, build);\n    return typeof t === 'string' && t.length ? ('?' + t) : t;\n  };\n  p.hash = function(v, build) {\n    var t = this.fragment(v, build);\n    return typeof t === 'string' && t.length ? ('#' + t) : t;\n  };\n\n  p.pathname = function(v, build) {\n    if (v === undefined || v === true) {\n      var res = this._parts.path || (this._parts.hostname ? '/' : '');\n      return v ? (this._parts.urn ? URI.decodeUrnPath : URI.decodePath)(res) : res;\n    } else {\n      if (this._parts.urn) {\n        this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodeUrnPath(v) : '';\n      } else {\n        this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodePath(v) : '/';\n      }\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.path = p.pathname;\n  p.href = function(href, build) {\n    var key;\n\n    if (href === undefined) {\n      return this.toString();\n    }\n\n    this._string = '';\n    this._parts = URI._parts();\n\n    var _URI = href instanceof URI;\n    var _object = typeof href === 'object' && (href.hostname || href.path || href.pathname);\n    if (href.nodeName) {\n      var attribute = URI.getDomAttribute(href);\n      href = href[attribute] || '';\n      _object = false;\n    }\n\n    // window.location is reported to be an object, but it's not the sort\n    // of object we're looking for:\n    // * location.protocol ends with a colon\n    // * location.query != object.search\n    // * location.hash != object.fragment\n    // simply serializing the unknown object should do the trick\n    // (for location, not for everything...)\n    if (!_URI && _object && href.pathname !== undefined) {\n      href = href.toString();\n    }\n\n    if (typeof href === 'string' || href instanceof String) {\n      this._parts = URI.parse(String(href), this._parts);\n    } else if (_URI || _object) {\n      var src = _URI ? href._parts : href;\n      for (key in src) {\n        if (hasOwn.call(this._parts, key)) {\n          this._parts[key] = src[key];\n        }\n      }\n    } else {\n      throw new TypeError('invalid input');\n    }\n\n    this.build(!build);\n    return this;\n  };\n\n  // identification accessors\n  p.is = function(what) {\n    var ip = false;\n    var ip4 = false;\n    var ip6 = false;\n    var name = false;\n    var sld = false;\n    var idn = false;\n    var punycode = false;\n    var relative = !this._parts.urn;\n\n    if (this._parts.hostname) {\n      relative = false;\n      ip4 = URI.ip4_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);\n      ip6 = URI.ip6_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);\n      ip = ip4 || ip6;\n      name = !ip;\n      sld = name && SLD && SLD.has(this._parts.hostname);\n      idn = name && URI.idn_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);\n      punycode = name && URI.punycode_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);\n    }\n\n    switch (what.toLowerCase()) {\n      case 'relative':\n        return relative;\n\n      case 'absolute':\n        return !relative;\n\n      // hostname identification\n      case 'domain':\n      case 'name':\n        return name;\n\n      case 'sld':\n        return sld;\n\n      case 'ip':\n        return ip;\n\n      case 'ip4':\n      case 'ipv4':\n      case 'inet4':\n        return ip4;\n\n      case 'ip6':\n      case 'ipv6':\n      case 'inet6':\n        return ip6;\n\n      case 'idn':\n        return idn;\n\n      case 'url':\n        return !this._parts.urn;\n\n      case 'urn':\n        return !!this._parts.urn;\n\n      case 'punycode':\n        return punycode;\n    }\n\n    return null;\n  };\n\n  // component specific input validation\n  var _protocol = p.protocol;\n  var _port = p.port;\n  var _hostname = p.hostname;\n\n  p.protocol = function(v, build) {\n    if (v !== undefined) {\n      if (v) {\n        // accept trailing ://\n        v = v.replace(/:(\\/\\/)?$/, '');\n\n        if (!v.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {\n          throw new TypeError('Protocol \"' + v + '\" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.+-] or doesn\\'t start with [A-Z]');\n        }\n      }\n    }\n    return _protocol.call(this, v, build);\n  };\n  p.scheme = p.protocol;\n  p.port = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v !== undefined) {\n      if (v === 0) {\n        v = null;\n      }\n\n      if (v) {\n        v += '';\n        if (v.charAt(0) === ':') {\n          v = v.substring(1);\n        }\n\n        if (v.match(/[^0-9]/)) {\n          throw new TypeError('Port \"' + v + '\" contains characters other than [0-9]');\n        }\n      }\n    }\n    return _port.call(this, v, build);\n  };\n  p.hostname = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v !== undefined) {\n      var x = {};\n      var res = URI.parseHost(v, x);\n      if (res !== '/') {\n        throw new TypeError('Hostname \"' + v + '\" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');\n      }\n\n      v = x.hostname;\n    }\n    return _hostname.call(this, v, build);\n  };\n\n  // compound accessors\n  p.origin = function(v, build) {\n    var parts;\n\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      var protocol = this.protocol();\n      var authority = this.authority();\n      if (!authority) return '';\n      return (protocol ? protocol + '://' : '') + this.authority();\n    } else {\n      var origin = URI(v);\n      this\n        .protocol(origin.protocol())\n        .authority(origin.authority())\n        .build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.host = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildHost(this._parts) : '';\n    } else {\n      var res = URI.parseHost(v, this._parts);\n      if (res !== '/') {\n        throw new TypeError('Hostname \"' + v + '\" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');\n      }\n\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.authority = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildAuthority(this._parts) : '';\n    } else {\n      var res = URI.parseAuthority(v, this._parts);\n      if (res !== '/') {\n        throw new TypeError('Hostname \"' + v + '\" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');\n      }\n\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.userinfo = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      if (!this._parts.username) {\n        return '';\n      }\n\n      var t = URI.buildUserinfo(this._parts);\n      return t.substring(0, t.length -1);\n    } else {\n      if (v[v.length-1] !== '@') {\n        v += '@';\n      }\n\n      URI.parseUserinfo(v, this._parts);\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.resource = function(v, build) {\n    var parts;\n\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      return this.path() + this.search() + this.hash();\n    }\n\n    parts = URI.parse(v);\n    this._parts.path = parts.path;\n    this._parts.query = parts.query;\n    this._parts.fragment = parts.fragment;\n    this.build(!build);\n    return this;\n  };\n\n  // fraction accessors\n  p.subdomain = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    // convenience, return \"www\" from \"www.example.org\"\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {\n        return '';\n      }\n\n      // grab domain and add another segment\n      var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length - 1;\n      return this._parts.hostname.substring(0, end) || '';\n    } else {\n      var e = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length;\n      var sub = this._parts.hostname.substring(0, e);\n      var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(sub));\n\n      if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '.') {\n        v += '.';\n      }\n\n      if (v) {\n        URI.ensureValidHostname(v);\n      }\n\n      this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.domain = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (typeof v === 'boolean') {\n      build = v;\n      v = undefined;\n    }\n\n    // convenience, return \"example.org\" from \"www.example.org\"\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {\n        return '';\n      }\n\n      // if hostname consists of 1 or 2 segments, it must be the domain\n      var t = this._parts.hostname.match(/\\./g);\n      if (t && t.length < 2) {\n        return this._parts.hostname;\n      }\n\n      // grab tld and add another segment\n      var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.tld(build).length - 1;\n      end = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.', end -1) + 1;\n      return this._parts.hostname.substring(end) || '';\n    } else {\n      if (!v) {\n        throw new TypeError('cannot set domain empty');\n      }\n\n      URI.ensureValidHostname(v);\n\n      if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {\n        this._parts.hostname = v;\n      } else {\n        var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.domain()) + '$');\n        this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);\n      }\n\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.tld = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (typeof v === 'boolean') {\n      build = v;\n      v = undefined;\n    }\n\n    // return \"org\" from \"www.example.org\"\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {\n        return '';\n      }\n\n      var pos = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.');\n      var tld = this._parts.hostname.substring(pos + 1);\n\n      if (build !== true && SLD && SLD.list[tld.toLowerCase()]) {\n        return SLD.get(this._parts.hostname) || tld;\n      }\n\n      return tld;\n    } else {\n      var replace;\n\n      if (!v) {\n        throw new TypeError('cannot set TLD empty');\n      } else if (v.match(/[^a-zA-Z0-9-]/)) {\n        if (SLD && SLD.is(v)) {\n          replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + '$');\n          this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);\n        } else {\n          throw new TypeError('TLD \"' + v + '\" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9]');\n        }\n      } else if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {\n        throw new ReferenceError('cannot set TLD on non-domain host');\n      } else {\n        replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + '$');\n        this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);\n      }\n\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.directory = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined || v === true) {\n      if (!this._parts.path && !this._parts.hostname) {\n        return '';\n      }\n\n      if (this._parts.path === '/') {\n        return '/';\n      }\n\n      var end = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length - 1;\n      var res = this._parts.path.substring(0, end) || (this._parts.hostname ? '/' : '');\n\n      return v ? URI.decodePath(res) : res;\n\n    } else {\n      var e = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length;\n      var directory = this._parts.path.substring(0, e);\n      var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(directory));\n\n      // fully qualifier directories begin with a slash\n      if (!this.is('relative')) {\n        if (!v) {\n          v = '/';\n        }\n\n        if (v.charAt(0) !== '/') {\n          v = '/' + v;\n        }\n      }\n\n      // directories always end with a slash\n      if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '/') {\n        v += '/';\n      }\n\n      v = URI.recodePath(v);\n      this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.filename = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined || v === true) {\n      if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {\n        return '';\n      }\n\n      var pos = this._parts.path.lastIndexOf('/');\n      var res = this._parts.path.substring(pos+1);\n\n      return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;\n    } else {\n      var mutatedDirectory = false;\n\n      if (v.charAt(0) === '/') {\n        v = v.substring(1);\n      }\n\n      if (v.match(/\\.?\\//)) {\n        mutatedDirectory = true;\n      }\n\n      var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.filename()) + '$');\n      v = URI.recodePath(v);\n      this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);\n\n      if (mutatedDirectory) {\n        this.normalizePath(build);\n      } else {\n        this.build(!build);\n      }\n\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.suffix = function(v, build) {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return v === undefined ? '' : this;\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined || v === true) {\n      if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {\n        return '';\n      }\n\n      var filename = this.filename();\n      var pos = filename.lastIndexOf('.');\n      var s, res;\n\n      if (pos === -1) {\n        return '';\n      }\n\n      // suffix may only contain alnum characters (yup, I made this up.)\n      s = filename.substring(pos+1);\n      res = (/^[a-z0-9%]+$/i).test(s) ? s : '';\n      return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;\n    } else {\n      if (v.charAt(0) === '.') {\n        v = v.substring(1);\n      }\n\n      var suffix = this.suffix();\n      var replace;\n\n      if (!suffix) {\n        if (!v) {\n          return this;\n        }\n\n        this._parts.path += '.' + URI.recodePath(v);\n      } else if (!v) {\n        replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx('.' + suffix) + '$');\n      } else {\n        replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(suffix) + '$');\n      }\n\n      if (replace) {\n        v = URI.recodePath(v);\n        this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);\n      }\n\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n  };\n  p.segment = function(segment, v, build) {\n    var separator = this._parts.urn ? ':' : '/';\n    var path = this.path();\n    var absolute = path.substring(0, 1) === '/';\n    var segments = path.split(separator);\n\n    if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {\n      build = v;\n      v = segment;\n      segment = undefined;\n    }\n\n    if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {\n      throw new Error('Bad segment \"' + segment + '\", must be 0-based integer');\n    }\n\n    if (absolute) {\n      segments.shift();\n    }\n\n    if (segment < 0) {\n      // allow negative indexes to address from the end\n      segment = Math.max(segments.length + segment, 0);\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      /*jshint laxbreak: true */\n      return segment === undefined\n        ? segments\n        : segments[segment];\n      /*jshint laxbreak: false */\n    } else if (segment === null || segments[segment] === undefined) {\n      if (isArray(v)) {\n        segments = [];\n        // collapse empty elements within array\n        for (var i=0, l=v.length; i < l; i++) {\n          if (!v[i].length && (!segments.length || !segments[segments.length -1].length)) {\n            continue;\n          }\n\n          if (segments.length && !segments[segments.length -1].length) {\n            segments.pop();\n          }\n\n          segments.push(trimSlashes(v[i]));\n        }\n      } else if (v || typeof v === 'string') {\n        v = trimSlashes(v);\n        if (segments[segments.length -1] === '') {\n          // empty trailing elements have to be overwritten\n          // to prevent results such as /foo//bar\n          segments[segments.length -1] = v;\n        } else {\n          segments.push(v);\n        }\n      }\n    } else {\n      if (v) {\n        segments[segment] = trimSlashes(v);\n      } else {\n        segments.splice(segment, 1);\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (absolute) {\n      segments.unshift('');\n    }\n\n    return this.path(segments.join(separator), build);\n  };\n  p.segmentCoded = function(segment, v, build) {\n    var segments, i, l;\n\n    if (typeof segment !== 'number') {\n      build = v;\n      v = segment;\n      segment = undefined;\n    }\n\n    if (v === undefined) {\n      segments = this.segment(segment, v, build);\n      if (!isArray(segments)) {\n        segments = segments !== undefined ? URI.decode(segments) : undefined;\n      } else {\n        for (i = 0, l = segments.length; i < l; i++) {\n          segments[i] = URI.decode(segments[i]);\n        }\n      }\n\n      return segments;\n    }\n\n    if (!isArray(v)) {\n      v = (typeof v === 'string' || v instanceof String) ? URI.encode(v) : v;\n    } else {\n      for (i = 0, l = v.length; i < l; i++) {\n        v[i] = URI.encode(v[i]);\n      }\n    }\n\n    return this.segment(segment, v, build);\n  };\n\n  // mutating query string\n  var q = p.query;\n  p.query = function(v, build) {\n    if (v === true) {\n      return URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n    } else if (typeof v === 'function') {\n      var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n      var result = v.call(this, data);\n      this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(result || data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    } else if (v !== undefined && typeof v !== 'string') {\n      this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(v, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    } else {\n      return q.call(this, v, build);\n    }\n  };\n  p.setQuery = function(name, value, build) {\n    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n\n    if (typeof name === 'string' || name instanceof String) {\n      data[name] = value !== undefined ? value : null;\n    } else if (typeof name === 'object') {\n      for (var key in name) {\n        if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {\n          data[key] = name[key];\n        }\n      }\n    } else {\n      throw new TypeError('URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');\n    }\n\n    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n    if (typeof name !== 'string') {\n      build = value;\n    }\n\n    this.build(!build);\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.addQuery = function(name, value, build) {\n    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n    URI.addQuery(data, name, value === undefined ? null : value);\n    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n    if (typeof name !== 'string') {\n      build = value;\n    }\n\n    this.build(!build);\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.removeQuery = function(name, value, build) {\n    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n    URI.removeQuery(data, name, value);\n    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n    if (typeof name !== 'string') {\n      build = value;\n    }\n\n    this.build(!build);\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.hasQuery = function(name, value, withinArray) {\n    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n    return URI.hasQuery(data, name, value, withinArray);\n  };\n  p.setSearch = p.setQuery;\n  p.addSearch = p.addQuery;\n  p.removeSearch = p.removeQuery;\n  p.hasSearch = p.hasQuery;\n\n  // sanitizing URLs\n  p.normalize = function() {\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      return this\n        .normalizeProtocol(false)\n        .normalizePath(false)\n        .normalizeQuery(false)\n        .normalizeFragment(false)\n        .build();\n    }\n\n    return this\n      .normalizeProtocol(false)\n      .normalizeHostname(false)\n      .normalizePort(false)\n      .normalizePath(false)\n      .normalizeQuery(false)\n      .normalizeFragment(false)\n      .build();\n  };\n  p.normalizeProtocol = function(build) {\n    if (typeof this._parts.protocol === 'string') {\n      this._parts.protocol = this._parts.protocol.toLowerCase();\n      this.build(!build);\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.normalizeHostname = function(build) {\n    if (this._parts.hostname) {\n      if (this.is('IDN') && punycode) {\n        this._parts.hostname = punycode.toASCII(this._parts.hostname);\n      } else if (this.is('IPv6') && IPv6) {\n        this._parts.hostname = IPv6.best(this._parts.hostname);\n      }\n\n      this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.toLowerCase();\n      this.build(!build);\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.normalizePort = function(build) {\n    // remove port of it's the protocol's default\n    if (typeof this._parts.protocol === 'string' && this._parts.port === URI.defaultPorts[this._parts.protocol]) {\n      this._parts.port = null;\n      this.build(!build);\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.normalizePath = function(build) {\n    var _path = this._parts.path;\n    if (!_path) {\n      return this;\n    }\n\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      this._parts.path = URI.recodeUrnPath(this._parts.path);\n      this.build(!build);\n      return this;\n    }\n\n    if (this._parts.path === '/') {\n      return this;\n    }\n\n    var _was_relative;\n    var _leadingParents = '';\n    var _parent, _pos;\n\n    // handle relative paths\n    if (_path.charAt(0) !== '/') {\n      _was_relative = true;\n      _path = '/' + _path;\n    }\n\n    // handle relative files (as opposed to directories)\n    if (_path.slice(-3) === '/..' || _path.slice(-2) === '/.') {\n      _path += '/';\n    }\n\n    // resolve simples\n    _path = _path\n      .replace(/(\\/(\\.\\/)+)|(\\/\\.$)/g, '/')\n      .replace(/\\/{2,}/g, '/');\n\n    // remember leading parents\n    if (_was_relative) {\n      _leadingParents = _path.substring(1).match(/^(\\.\\.\\/)+/) || '';\n      if (_leadingParents) {\n        _leadingParents = _leadingParents[0];\n      }\n    }\n\n    // resolve parents\n    while (true) {\n      _parent = _path.indexOf('/..');\n      if (_parent === -1) {\n        // no more ../ to resolve\n        break;\n      } else if (_parent === 0) {\n        // top level cannot be relative, skip it\n        _path = _path.substring(3);\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      _pos = _path.substring(0, _parent).lastIndexOf('/');\n      if (_pos === -1) {\n        _pos = _parent;\n      }\n      _path = _path.substring(0, _pos) + _path.substring(_parent + 3);\n    }\n\n    // revert to relative\n    if (_was_relative && this.is('relative')) {\n      _path = _leadingParents + _path.substring(1);\n    }\n\n    _path = URI.recodePath(_path);\n    this._parts.path = _path;\n    this.build(!build);\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.normalizePathname = p.normalizePath;\n  p.normalizeQuery = function(build) {\n    if (typeof this._parts.query === 'string') {\n      if (!this._parts.query.length) {\n        this._parts.query = null;\n      } else {\n        this.query(URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace));\n      }\n\n      this.build(!build);\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.normalizeFragment = function(build) {\n    if (!this._parts.fragment) {\n      this._parts.fragment = null;\n      this.build(!build);\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  };\n  p.normalizeSearch = p.normalizeQuery;\n  p.normalizeHash = p.normalizeFragment;\n\n  p.iso8859 = function() {\n    // expect unicode input, iso8859 output\n    var e = URI.encode;\n    var d = URI.decode;\n\n    URI.encode = escape;\n    URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;\n    try {\n      this.normalize();\n    } finally {\n      URI.encode = e;\n      URI.decode = d;\n    }\n    return this;\n  };\n\n  p.unicode = function() {\n    // expect iso8859 input, unicode output\n    var e = URI.encode;\n    var d = URI.decode;\n\n    URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;\n    URI.decode = unescape;\n    try {\n      this.normalize();\n    } finally {\n      URI.encode = e;\n      URI.decode = d;\n    }\n    return this;\n  };\n\n  p.readable = function() {\n    var uri = this.clone();\n    // removing username, password, because they shouldn't be displayed according to RFC 3986\n    uri.username('').password('').normalize();\n    var t = '';\n    if (uri._parts.protocol) {\n      t += uri._parts.protocol + '://';\n    }\n\n    if (uri._parts.hostname) {\n      if (uri.is('punycode') && punycode) {\n        t += punycode.toUnicode(uri._parts.hostname);\n        if (uri._parts.port) {\n          t += ':' + uri._parts.port;\n        }\n      } else {\n        t += uri.host();\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (uri._parts.hostname && uri._parts.path && uri._parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/') {\n      t += '/';\n    }\n\n    t += uri.path(true);\n    if (uri._parts.query) {\n      var q = '';\n      for (var i = 0, qp = uri._parts.query.split('&'), l = qp.length; i < l; i++) {\n        var kv = (qp[i] || '').split('=');\n        q += '&' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[0], this._parts.escapeQuerySpace)\n          .replace(/&/g, '%26');\n\n        if (kv[1] !== undefined) {\n          q += '=' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[1], this._parts.escapeQuerySpace)\n            .replace(/&/g, '%26');\n        }\n      }\n      t += '?' + q.substring(1);\n    }\n\n    t += URI.decodeQuery(uri.hash(), true);\n    return t;\n  };\n\n  // resolving relative and absolute URLs\n  p.absoluteTo = function(base) {\n    var resolved = this.clone();\n    var properties = ['protocol', 'username', 'password', 'hostname', 'port'];\n    var basedir, i, p;\n\n    if (this._parts.urn) {\n      throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierarchical components');\n    }\n\n    if (!(base instanceof URI)) {\n      base = new URI(base);\n    }\n\n    if (!resolved._parts.protocol) {\n      resolved._parts.protocol = base._parts.protocol;\n    }\n\n    if (this._parts.hostname) {\n      return resolved;\n    }\n\n    for (i = 0; (p = properties[i]); i++) {\n      resolved._parts[p] = base._parts[p];\n    }\n\n    if (!resolved._parts.path) {\n      resolved._parts.path = base._parts.path;\n      if (!resolved._parts.query) {\n        resolved._parts.query = base._parts.query;\n      }\n    } else if (resolved._parts.path.substring(-2) === '..') {\n      resolved._parts.path += '/';\n    }\n\n    if (resolved.path().charAt(0) !== '/') {\n      basedir = base.directory();\n      basedir = basedir ? basedir : base.path().indexOf('/') === 0 ? '/' : '';\n      resolved._parts.path = (basedir ? (basedir + '/') : '') + resolved._parts.path;\n      resolved.normalizePath();\n    }\n\n    resolved.build();\n    return resolved;\n  };\n  p.relativeTo = function(base) {\n    var relative = this.clone().normalize();\n    var relativeParts, baseParts, common, relativePath, basePath;\n\n    if (relative._parts.urn) {\n      throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierarchical components');\n    }\n\n    base = new URI(base).normalize();\n    relativeParts = relative._parts;\n    baseParts = base._parts;\n    relativePath = relative.path();\n    basePath = base.path();\n\n    if (relativePath.charAt(0) !== '/') {\n      throw new Error('URI is already relative');\n    }\n\n    if (basePath.charAt(0) !== '/') {\n      throw new Error('Cannot calculate a URI relative to another relative URI');\n    }\n\n    if (relativeParts.protocol === baseParts.protocol) {\n      relativeParts.protocol = null;\n    }\n\n    if (relativeParts.username !== baseParts.username || relativeParts.password !== baseParts.password) {\n      return relative.build();\n    }\n\n    if (relativeParts.protocol !== null || relativeParts.username !== null || relativeParts.password !== null) {\n      return relative.build();\n    }\n\n    if (relativeParts.hostname === baseParts.hostname && relativeParts.port === baseParts.port) {\n      relativeParts.hostname = null;\n      relativeParts.port = null;\n    } else {\n      return relative.build();\n    }\n\n    if (relativePath === basePath) {\n      relativeParts.path = '';\n      return relative.build();\n    }\n\n    // determine common sub path\n    common = URI.commonPath(relativePath, basePath);\n\n    // If the paths have nothing in common, return a relative URL with the absolute path.\n    if (!common) {\n      return relative.build();\n    }\n\n    var parents = baseParts.path\n      .substring(common.length)\n      .replace(/[^\\/]*$/, '')\n      .replace(/.*?\\//g, '../');\n\n    relativeParts.path = (parents + relativeParts.path.substring(common.length)) || './';\n\n    return relative.build();\n  };\n\n  // comparing URIs\n  p.equals = function(uri) {\n    var one = this.clone();\n    var two = new URI(uri);\n    var one_map = {};\n    var two_map = {};\n    var checked = {};\n    var one_query, two_query, key;\n\n    one.normalize();\n    two.normalize();\n\n    // exact match\n    if (one.toString() === two.toString()) {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // extract query string\n    one_query = one.query();\n    two_query = two.query();\n    one.query('');\n    two.query('');\n\n    // definitely not equal if not even non-query parts match\n    if (one.toString() !== two.toString()) {\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    // query parameters have the same length, even if they're permuted\n    if (one_query.length !== two_query.length) {\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    one_map = URI.parseQuery(one_query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n    two_map = URI.parseQuery(two_query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);\n\n    for (key in one_map) {\n      if (hasOwn.call(one_map, key)) {\n        if (!isArray(one_map[key])) {\n          if (one_map[key] !== two_map[key]) {\n            return false;\n          }\n        } else if (!arraysEqual(one_map[key], two_map[key])) {\n          return false;\n        }\n\n        checked[key] = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    for (key in two_map) {\n      if (hasOwn.call(two_map, key)) {\n        if (!checked[key]) {\n          // two contains a parameter not present in one\n          return false;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return true;\n  };\n\n  // state\n  p.duplicateQueryParameters = function(v) {\n    this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters = !!v;\n    return this;\n  };\n\n  p.escapeQuerySpace = function(v) {\n    this._parts.escapeQuerySpace = !!v;\n    return this;\n  };\n\n  return URI;\n}));\n","/*! http://mths.be/punycode v1.2.3 by @mathias */\n;(function(root) {\n\n\t/** Detect free variables */\n\tvar freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports;\n\tvar freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module &&\n\t\tmodule.exports == freeExports && module;\n\tvar freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;\n\tif (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal) {\n\t\troot = freeGlobal;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * The `punycode` object.\n\t * @name punycode\n\t * @type Object\n\t */\n\tvar punycode,\n\n\t/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */\n\tmaxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1\n\n\t/** Bootstring parameters */\n\tbase = 36,\n\ttMin = 1,\n\ttMax = 26,\n\tskew = 38,\n\tdamp = 700,\n\tinitialBias = 72,\n\tinitialN = 128, // 0x80\n\tdelimiter = '-', // '\\x2D'\n\n\t/** Regular expressions */\n\tregexPunycode = /^xn--/,\n\tregexNonASCII = /[^ -~]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars\n\tregexSeparators = /\\x2E|\\u3002|\\uFF0E|\\uFF61/g, // RFC 3490 separators\n\n\t/** Error messages */\n\terrors = {\n\t\t'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',\n\t\t'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',\n\t\t'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'\n\t},\n\n\t/** Convenience shortcuts */\n\tbaseMinusTMin = base - tMin,\n\tfloor = Math.floor,\n\tstringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode,\n\n\t/** Temporary variable */\n\tkey;\n\n\t/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n\n\t/**\n\t * A generic error utility function.\n\t * @private\n\t * @param {String} type The error type.\n\t * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.\n\t */\n\tfunction error(type) {\n\t\tthrow RangeError(errors[type]);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * A generic `Array#map` utility function.\n\t * @private\n\t * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.\n\t * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array\n\t * item.\n\t * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.\n\t */\n\tfunction map(array, fn) {\n\t\tvar length = array.length;\n\t\twhile (length--) {\n\t\t\tarray[length] = fn(array[length]);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn array;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings.\n\t * @private\n\t * @param {String} domain The domain name.\n\t * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every\n\t * character.\n\t * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback\n\t * function.\n\t */\n\tfunction mapDomain(string, fn) {\n\t\treturn map(string.split(regexSeparators), fn).join('.');\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode\n\t * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,\n\t * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which\n\t * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,\n\t * matching UTF-16.\n\t * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`\n\t * @see <http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>\n\t * @memberOf punycode.ucs2\n\t * @name decode\n\t * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).\n\t * @returns {Array} The new array of code points.\n\t */\n\tfunction ucs2decode(string) {\n\t\tvar output = [],\n\t\t    counter = 0,\n\t\t    length = string.length,\n\t\t    value,\n\t\t    extra;\n\t\twhile (counter < length) {\n\t\t\tvalue = string.charCodeAt(counter++);\n\t\t\tif (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {\n\t\t\t\t// high surrogate, and there is a next character\n\t\t\t\textra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);\n\t\t\t\tif ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate\n\t\t\t\t\toutput.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t// unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next\n\t\t\t\t\t// code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair\n\t\t\t\t\toutput.push(value);\n\t\t\t\t\tcounter--;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\toutput.push(value);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn output;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.\n\t * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`\n\t * @memberOf punycode.ucs2\n\t * @name encode\n\t * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.\n\t * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).\n\t */\n\tfunction ucs2encode(array) {\n\t\treturn map(array, function(value) {\n\t\t\tvar output = '';\n\t\t\tif (value > 0xFFFF) {\n\t\t\t\tvalue -= 0x10000;\n\t\t\t\toutput += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800);\n\t\t\t\tvalue = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\toutput += stringFromCharCode(value);\n\t\t\treturn output;\n\t\t}).join('');\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.\n\t * @see `digitToBasic()`\n\t * @private\n\t * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.\n\t * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in\n\t * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if\n\t * the code point does not represent a value.\n\t */\n\tfunction basicToDigit(codePoint) {\n\t\tif (codePoint - 48 < 10) {\n\t\t\treturn codePoint - 22;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (codePoint - 65 < 26) {\n\t\t\treturn codePoint - 65;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (codePoint - 97 < 26) {\n\t\t\treturn codePoint - 97;\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn base;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.\n\t * @see `basicToDigit()`\n\t * @private\n\t * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.\n\t * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for\n\t * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range\n\t * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is\n\t * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined\n\t * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.\n\t */\n\tfunction digitToBasic(digit, flag) {\n\t\t//  0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z\n\t\t// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9\n\t\treturn digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.\n\t * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4\n\t * @private\n\t */\n\tfunction adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {\n\t\tvar k = 0;\n\t\tdelta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;\n\t\tdelta += floor(delta / numPoints);\n\t\tfor (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {\n\t\t\tdelta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode\n\t * symbols.\n\t * @memberOf punycode\n\t * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.\n\t * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.\n\t */\n\tfunction decode(input) {\n\t\t// Don't use UCS-2\n\t\tvar output = [],\n\t\t    inputLength = input.length,\n\t\t    out,\n\t\t    i = 0,\n\t\t    n = initialN,\n\t\t    bias = initialBias,\n\t\t    basic,\n\t\t    j,\n\t\t    index,\n\t\t    oldi,\n\t\t    w,\n\t\t    k,\n\t\t    digit,\n\t\t    t,\n\t\t    length,\n\t\t    /** Cached calculation results */\n\t\t    baseMinusT;\n\n\t\t// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code\n\t\t// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy\n\t\t// the first basic code points to the output.\n\n\t\tbasic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);\n\t\tif (basic < 0) {\n\t\t\tbasic = 0;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfor (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {\n\t\t\t// if it's not a basic code point\n\t\t\tif (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {\n\t\t\t\terror('not-basic');\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\toutput.push(input.charCodeAt(j));\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code\n\t\t// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.\n\n\t\tfor (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {\n\n\t\t\t// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.\n\t\t\t// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,\n\t\t\t// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier\n\t\t\t// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting\n\t\t\t// value at the end to obtain `delta`.\n\t\t\tfor (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {\n\n\t\t\t\tif (index >= inputLength) {\n\t\t\t\t\terror('invalid-input');\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tdigit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));\n\n\t\t\t\tif (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {\n\t\t\t\t\terror('overflow');\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\ti += digit * w;\n\t\t\t\tt = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);\n\n\t\t\t\tif (digit < t) {\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tbaseMinusT = base - t;\n\t\t\t\tif (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {\n\t\t\t\t\terror('overflow');\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tw *= baseMinusT;\n\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tout = output.length + 1;\n\t\t\tbias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);\n\n\t\t\t// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,\n\t\t\t// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:\n\t\t\tif (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {\n\t\t\t\terror('overflow');\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tn += floor(i / out);\n\t\t\ti %= out;\n\n\t\t\t// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output\n\t\t\toutput.splice(i++, 0, n);\n\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn ucs2encode(output);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Converts a string of Unicode symbols to a Punycode string of ASCII-only\n\t * symbols.\n\t * @memberOf punycode\n\t * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.\n\t * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.\n\t */\n\tfunction encode(input) {\n\t\tvar n,\n\t\t    delta,\n\t\t    handledCPCount,\n\t\t    basicLength,\n\t\t    bias,\n\t\t    j,\n\t\t    m,\n\t\t    q,\n\t\t    k,\n\t\t    t,\n\t\t    currentValue,\n\t\t    output = [],\n\t\t    /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */\n\t\t    inputLength,\n\t\t    /** Cached calculation results */\n\t\t    handledCPCountPlusOne,\n\t\t    baseMinusT,\n\t\t    qMinusT;\n\n\t\t// Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode\n\t\tinput = ucs2decode(input);\n\n\t\t// Cache the length\n\t\tinputLength = input.length;\n\n\t\t// Initialize the state\n\t\tn = initialN;\n\t\tdelta = 0;\n\t\tbias = initialBias;\n\n\t\t// Handle the basic code points\n\t\tfor (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {\n\t\t\tcurrentValue = input[j];\n\t\t\tif (currentValue < 0x80) {\n\t\t\t\toutput.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\thandledCPCount = basicLength = output.length;\n\n\t\t// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;\n\t\t// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.\n\n\t\t// Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter\n\t\tif (basicLength) {\n\t\t\toutput.push(delimiter);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// Main encoding loop:\n\t\twhile (handledCPCount < inputLength) {\n\n\t\t\t// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next\n\t\t\t// larger one:\n\t\t\tfor (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {\n\t\t\t\tcurrentValue = input[j];\n\t\t\t\tif (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {\n\t\t\t\t\tm = currentValue;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,\n\t\t\t// but guard against overflow\n\t\t\thandledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;\n\t\t\tif (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {\n\t\t\t\terror('overflow');\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tdelta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;\n\t\t\tn = m;\n\n\t\t\tfor (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {\n\t\t\t\tcurrentValue = input[j];\n\n\t\t\t\tif (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {\n\t\t\t\t\terror('overflow');\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tif (currentValue == n) {\n\t\t\t\t\t// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer\n\t\t\t\t\tfor (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tt = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif (q < t) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\tqMinusT = q - t;\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbaseMinusT = base - t;\n\t\t\t\t\t\toutput.push(\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tstringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))\n\t\t\t\t\t\t);\n\t\t\t\t\t\tq = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\toutput.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));\n\t\t\t\t\tbias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength);\n\t\t\t\t\tdelta = 0;\n\t\t\t\t\t++handledCPCount;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t++delta;\n\t\t\t++n;\n\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn output.join('');\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name to Unicode. Only the\n\t * Punycoded parts of the domain name will be converted, i.e. it doesn't\n\t * matter if you call it on a string that has already been converted to\n\t * Unicode.\n\t * @memberOf punycode\n\t * @param {String} domain The Punycode domain name to convert to Unicode.\n\t * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode\n\t * string.\n\t */\n\tfunction toUnicode(domain) {\n\t\treturn mapDomain(domain, function(string) {\n\t\t\treturn regexPunycode.test(string)\n\t\t\t\t? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())\n\t\t\t\t: string;\n\t\t});\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name to Punycode. Only the\n\t * non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted, i.e. it doesn't\n\t * matter if you call it with a domain that's already in ASCII.\n\t * @memberOf punycode\n\t * @param {String} domain The domain name to convert, as a Unicode string.\n\t * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name.\n\t */\n\tfunction toASCII(domain) {\n\t\treturn mapDomain(domain, function(string) {\n\t\t\treturn regexNonASCII.test(string)\n\t\t\t\t? 'xn--' + encode(string)\n\t\t\t\t: string;\n\t\t});\n\t}\n\n\t/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n\n\t/** Define the public API */\n\tpunycode = {\n\t\t/**\n\t\t * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.\n\t\t * @memberOf punycode\n\t\t * @type String\n\t\t */\n\t\t'version': '1.2.3',\n\t\t/**\n\t\t * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character\n\t\t * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.\n\t\t * @see <http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>\n\t\t * @memberOf punycode\n\t\t * @type Object\n\t\t */\n\t\t'ucs2': {\n\t\t\t'decode': ucs2decode,\n\t\t\t'encode': ucs2encode\n\t\t},\n\t\t'decode': decode,\n\t\t'encode': encode,\n\t\t'toASCII': toASCII,\n\t\t'toUnicode': toUnicode\n\t};\n\n\t/** Expose `punycode` */\n\t// Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns\n\t// like the following:\n\tif (\n\t\ttypeof define == 'function' &&\n\t\ttypeof define.amd == 'object' &&\n\t\tdefine.amd\n\t) {\n\t\tdefine(function() {\n\t\t\treturn punycode;\n\t\t});\n\t}\telse if (freeExports && !freeExports.nodeType) {\n\t\tif (freeModule) { // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+\n\t\t\tfreeModule.exports = punycode;\n\t\t} else { // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-\n\t\t\tfor (key in punycode) {\n\t\t\t\tpunycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t} else { // in Rhino or a web browser\n\t\troot.punycode = punycode;\n\t}\n\n}(this));\n","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nfunction _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }\n\nvar _helpersEvent = require('./helpers/event');\n\nvar _helpersEvent2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersEvent);\n\nvar _helpersMessageEvent = require('./helpers/message-event');\n\nvar _helpersMessageEvent2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersMessageEvent);\n\nvar _helpersCloseEvent = require('./helpers/close-event');\n\nvar _helpersCloseEvent2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersCloseEvent);\n\n/*\n* Creates an Event object and extends it to allow full modification of\n* its properties.\n*\n* @param {object} config - within config you will need to pass type and optionally target\n*/\nfunction createEvent(config) {\n  var type = config.type;\n  var target = config.target;\n\n  var eventObject = new _helpersEvent2['default'](type);\n\n  if (target) {\n    eventObject.target = target;\n    eventObject.srcElement = target;\n    eventObject.currentTarget = target;\n  }\n\n  return eventObject;\n}\n\n/*\n* Creates a MessageEvent object and extends it to allow full modification of\n* its properties.\n*\n* @param {object} config - within config you will need to pass type, origin, data and optionally target\n*/\nfunction createMessageEvent(config) {\n  var type = config.type;\n  var origin = config.origin;\n  var data = config.data;\n  var target = config.target;\n\n  var messageEvent = new _helpersMessageEvent2['default'](type, {\n    data: data,\n    origin: origin\n  });\n\n  if (target) {\n    messageEvent.target = target;\n    messageEvent.srcElement = target;\n    messageEvent.currentTarget = target;\n  }\n\n  return messageEvent;\n}\n\n/*\n* Creates a CloseEvent object and extends it to allow full modification of\n* its properties.\n*\n* @param {object} config - within config you will need to pass type and optionally target, code, and reason\n*/\nfunction createCloseEvent(config) {\n  var code = config.code;\n  var reason = config.reason;\n  var type = config.type;\n  var target = config.target;\n  var wasClean = config.wasClean;\n\n  if (!wasClean) {\n    wasClean = code === 1000;\n  }\n\n  var closeEvent = new _helpersCloseEvent2['default'](type, {\n    code: code,\n    reason: reason,\n    wasClean: wasClean\n  });\n\n  if (target) {\n    closeEvent.target = target;\n    closeEvent.srcElement = target;\n    closeEvent.currentTarget = target;\n  }\n\n  return closeEvent;\n}\n\nexports.createEvent = createEvent;\nexports.createMessageEvent = createMessageEvent;\nexports.createCloseEvent = createCloseEvent;","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nvar _helpersArrayHelpers = require('./helpers/array-helpers');\n\n/*\n* EventTarget is an interface implemented by objects that can\n* receive events and may have listeners for them.\n*\n* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/EventTarget\n*/\n\nvar EventTarget = (function () {\n  function EventTarget() {\n    _classCallCheck(this, EventTarget);\n\n    this.listeners = {};\n  }\n\n  /*\n  * Ties a listener function to a event type which can later be invoked via the\n  * dispatchEvent method.\n  *\n  * @param {string} type - the type of event (ie: 'open', 'message', etc.)\n  * @param {function} listener - the callback function to invoke whenever a event is dispatched matching the given type\n  * @param {boolean} useCapture - N/A TODO: implement useCapture functionality\n  */\n\n  _createClass(EventTarget, [{\n    key: 'addEventListener',\n    value: function addEventListener(type, listener /* , useCapture */) {\n      if (typeof listener === 'function') {\n        if (!Array.isArray(this.listeners[type])) {\n          this.listeners[type] = [];\n        }\n\n        // Only add the same function once\n        if ((0, _helpersArrayHelpers.filter)(this.listeners[type], function (item) {\n          return item === listener;\n        }).length === 0) {\n          this.listeners[type].push(listener);\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Removes the listener so it will no longer be invoked via the dispatchEvent method.\n    *\n    * @param {string} type - the type of event (ie: 'open', 'message', etc.)\n    * @param {function} listener - the callback function to invoke whenever a event is dispatched matching the given type\n    * @param {boolean} useCapture - N/A TODO: implement useCapture functionality\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'removeEventListener',\n    value: function removeEventListener(type, removingListener /* , useCapture */) {\n      var arrayOfListeners = this.listeners[type];\n      this.listeners[type] = (0, _helpersArrayHelpers.reject)(arrayOfListeners, function (listener) {\n        return listener === removingListener;\n      });\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Invokes all listener functions that are listening to the given event.type property. Each\n    * listener will be passed the event as the first argument.\n    *\n    * @param {object} event - event object which will be passed to all listeners of the event.type property\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'dispatchEvent',\n    value: function dispatchEvent(event) {\n      var _this = this;\n\n      for (var _len = arguments.length, customArguments = Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {\n        customArguments[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];\n      }\n\n      var eventName = event.type;\n      var listeners = this.listeners[eventName];\n\n      if (!Array.isArray(listeners)) {\n        return false;\n      }\n\n      listeners.forEach(function (listener) {\n        if (customArguments.length > 0) {\n          listener.apply(_this, customArguments);\n        } else {\n          listener.call(_this, event);\n        }\n      });\n    }\n  }]);\n\n  return EventTarget;\n})();\n\nexports['default'] = EventTarget;\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];","\"use strict\";\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, \"__esModule\", {\n  value: true\n});\nexports.reject = reject;\nexports.filter = filter;\n\nfunction reject(array, callback) {\n  var results = [];\n  array.forEach(function (itemInArray) {\n    if (!callback(itemInArray)) {\n      results.push(itemInArray);\n    }\n  });\n\n  return results;\n}\n\nfunction filter(array, callback) {\n  var results = [];\n  array.forEach(function (itemInArray) {\n    if (callback(itemInArray)) {\n      results.push(itemInArray);\n    }\n  });\n\n  return results;\n}","/*\n* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CloseEvent\n*/\n\"use strict\";\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, \"__esModule\", {\n  value: true\n});\nvar codes = {\n  CLOSE_NORMAL: 1000,\n  CLOSE_GOING_AWAY: 1001,\n  CLOSE_PROTOCOL_ERROR: 1002,\n  CLOSE_UNSUPPORTED: 1003,\n  CLOSE_NO_STATUS: 1005,\n  CLOSE_ABNORMAL: 1006,\n  CLOSE_TOO_LARGE: 1009\n};\n\nexports[\"default\"] = codes;\nmodule.exports = exports[\"default\"];","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _get = function get(_x2, _x3, _x4) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x2, property = _x3, receiver = _x4; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x2 = parent; _x3 = property; _x4 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };\n\nfunction _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }\n\nvar _eventPrototype = require('./event-prototype');\n\nvar _eventPrototype2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventPrototype);\n\nvar CloseEvent = (function (_EventPrototype) {\n  _inherits(CloseEvent, _EventPrototype);\n\n  function CloseEvent(type) {\n    var eventInitConfig = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? {} : arguments[1];\n\n    _classCallCheck(this, CloseEvent);\n\n    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(CloseEvent.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);\n\n    if (!type) {\n      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \\'CloseEvent\\': 1 argument required, but only 0 present.');\n    }\n\n    if (typeof eventInitConfig !== 'object') {\n      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \\'CloseEvent\\': parameter 2 (\\'eventInitDict\\') is not an object');\n    }\n\n    var bubbles = eventInitConfig.bubbles;\n    var cancelable = eventInitConfig.cancelable;\n    var code = eventInitConfig.code;\n    var reason = eventInitConfig.reason;\n    var wasClean = eventInitConfig.wasClean;\n\n    this.type = String(type);\n    this.timeStamp = Date.now();\n    this.target = null;\n    this.srcElement = null;\n    this.returnValue = true;\n    this.isTrusted = false;\n    this.eventPhase = 0;\n    this.defaultPrevented = false;\n    this.currentTarget = null;\n    this.cancelable = cancelable ? Boolean(cancelable) : false;\n    this.canncelBubble = false;\n    this.bubbles = bubbles ? Boolean(bubbles) : false;\n    this.code = typeof code === 'number' ? Number(code) : 0;\n    this.reason = reason ? String(reason) : '';\n    this.wasClean = wasClean ? Boolean(wasClean) : false;\n  }\n\n  return CloseEvent;\n})(_eventPrototype2['default']);\n\nexports['default'] = CloseEvent;\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];","/*\n* This delay allows the thread to finish assigning its on* methods\n* before invoking the delay callback. This is purely a timing hack.\n* http://geekabyte.blogspot.com/2014/01/javascript-effect-of-setting-settimeout.html\n*\n* @param {callback: function} the callback which will be invoked after the timeout\n* @parma {context: object} the context in which to invoke the function\n*/\n\"use strict\";\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, \"__esModule\", {\n  value: true\n});\nfunction delay(callback, context) {\n  setTimeout(function timeout(timeoutContext) {\n    callback.call(timeoutContext);\n  }, 4, context);\n}\n\nexports[\"default\"] = delay;\nmodule.exports = exports[\"default\"];","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nvar EventPrototype = (function () {\n  function EventPrototype() {\n    _classCallCheck(this, EventPrototype);\n  }\n\n  _createClass(EventPrototype, [{\n    key: 'stopPropagation',\n\n    // Noops\n    value: function stopPropagation() {}\n  }, {\n    key: 'stopImmediatePropagation',\n    value: function stopImmediatePropagation() {}\n\n    // if no arguments are passed then the type is set to \"undefined\" on\n    // chrome and safari.\n  }, {\n    key: 'initEvent',\n    value: function initEvent() {\n      var type = arguments.length <= 0 || arguments[0] === undefined ? 'undefined' : arguments[0];\n      var bubbles = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? false : arguments[1];\n      var cancelable = arguments.length <= 2 || arguments[2] === undefined ? false : arguments[2];\n\n      Object.assign(this, {\n        type: String(type),\n        bubbles: Boolean(bubbles),\n        cancelable: Boolean(cancelable)\n      });\n    }\n  }]);\n\n  return EventPrototype;\n})();\n\nexports['default'] = EventPrototype;\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _get = function get(_x2, _x3, _x4) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x2, property = _x3, receiver = _x4; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x2 = parent; _x3 = property; _x4 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };\n\nfunction _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }\n\nvar _eventPrototype = require('./event-prototype');\n\nvar _eventPrototype2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventPrototype);\n\nvar Event = (function (_EventPrototype) {\n  _inherits(Event, _EventPrototype);\n\n  function Event(type) {\n    var eventInitConfig = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? {} : arguments[1];\n\n    _classCallCheck(this, Event);\n\n    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(Event.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);\n\n    if (!type) {\n      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \\'Event\\': 1 argument required, but only 0 present.');\n    }\n\n    if (typeof eventInitConfig !== 'object') {\n      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \\'Event\\': parameter 2 (\\'eventInitDict\\') is not an object');\n    }\n\n    var bubbles = eventInitConfig.bubbles;\n    var cancelable = eventInitConfig.cancelable;\n\n    this.type = String(type);\n    this.timeStamp = Date.now();\n    this.target = null;\n    this.srcElement = null;\n    this.returnValue = true;\n    this.isTrusted = false;\n    this.eventPhase = 0;\n    this.defaultPrevented = false;\n    this.currentTarget = null;\n    this.cancelable = cancelable ? Boolean(cancelable) : false;\n    this.canncelBubble = false;\n    this.bubbles = bubbles ? Boolean(bubbles) : false;\n  }\n\n  return Event;\n})(_eventPrototype2['default']);\n\nexports['default'] = Event;\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _get = function get(_x2, _x3, _x4) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x2, property = _x3, receiver = _x4; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x2 = parent; _x3 = property; _x4 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };\n\nfunction _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }\n\nvar _eventPrototype = require('./event-prototype');\n\nvar _eventPrototype2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventPrototype);\n\nvar MessageEvent = (function (_EventPrototype) {\n  _inherits(MessageEvent, _EventPrototype);\n\n  function MessageEvent(type) {\n    var eventInitConfig = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? {} : arguments[1];\n\n    _classCallCheck(this, MessageEvent);\n\n    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(MessageEvent.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);\n\n    if (!type) {\n      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \\'MessageEvent\\': 1 argument required, but only 0 present.');\n    }\n\n    if (typeof eventInitConfig !== 'object') {\n      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \\'MessageEvent\\': parameter 2 (\\'eventInitDict\\') is not an object');\n    }\n\n    var bubbles = eventInitConfig.bubbles;\n    var cancelable = eventInitConfig.cancelable;\n    var data = eventInitConfig.data;\n    var origin = eventInitConfig.origin;\n    var lastEventId = eventInitConfig.lastEventId;\n    var ports = eventInitConfig.ports;\n\n    this.type = String(type);\n    this.timeStamp = Date.now();\n    this.target = null;\n    this.srcElement = null;\n    this.returnValue = true;\n    this.isTrusted = false;\n    this.eventPhase = 0;\n    this.defaultPrevented = false;\n    this.currentTarget = null;\n    this.cancelable = cancelable ? Boolean(cancelable) : false;\n    this.canncelBubble = false;\n    this.bubbles = bubbles ? Boolean(bubbles) : false;\n    this.origin = origin ? String(origin) : '';\n    this.ports = typeof ports === 'undefined' ? null : ports;\n    this.data = typeof data === 'undefined' ? null : data;\n    this.lastEventId = lastEventId ? String(lastEventId) : '';\n  }\n\n  return MessageEvent;\n})(_eventPrototype2['default']);\n\nexports['default'] = MessageEvent;\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nfunction _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }\n\nvar _server = require('./server');\n\nvar _server2 = _interopRequireDefault(_server);\n\nvar _socketIo = require('./socket-io');\n\nvar _socketIo2 = _interopRequireDefault(_socketIo);\n\nvar _websocket = require('./websocket');\n\nvar _websocket2 = _interopRequireDefault(_websocket);\n\nif (typeof window !== 'undefined') {\n  window.MockServer = _server2['default'];\n  window.MockWebSocket = _websocket2['default'];\n  window.MockSocketIO = _socketIo2['default'];\n}\n\nvar Server = _server2['default'];\nexports.Server = Server;\nvar WebSocket = _websocket2['default'];\nexports.WebSocket = WebSocket;\nvar SocketIO = _socketIo2['default'];\nexports.SocketIO = SocketIO;","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nvar _helpersArrayHelpers = require('./helpers/array-helpers');\n\n/*\n* The network bridge is a way for the mock websocket object to 'communicate' with\n* all avalible servers. This is a singleton object so it is important that you\n* clean up urlMap whenever you are finished.\n*/\n\nvar NetworkBridge = (function () {\n  function NetworkBridge() {\n    _classCallCheck(this, NetworkBridge);\n\n    this.urlMap = {};\n  }\n\n  /*\n  * Attaches a websocket object to the urlMap hash so that it can find the server\n  * it is connected to and the server in turn can find it.\n  *\n  * @param {object} websocket - websocket object to add to the urlMap hash\n  * @param {string} url\n  */\n\n  _createClass(NetworkBridge, [{\n    key: 'attachWebSocket',\n    value: function attachWebSocket(websocket, url) {\n      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];\n\n      if (connectionLookup && connectionLookup.server && connectionLookup.websockets.indexOf(websocket) === -1) {\n        connectionLookup.websockets.push(websocket);\n        return connectionLookup.server;\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Attaches a websocket to a room\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'addMembershipToRoom',\n    value: function addMembershipToRoom(websocket, room) {\n      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[websocket.url];\n\n      if (connectionLookup && connectionLookup.server && connectionLookup.websockets.indexOf(websocket) !== -1) {\n        if (!connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room]) {\n          connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room] = [];\n        }\n\n        connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room].push(websocket);\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Attaches a server object to the urlMap hash so that it can find a websockets\n    * which are connected to it and so that websockets can in turn can find it.\n    *\n    * @param {object} server - server object to add to the urlMap hash\n    * @param {string} url\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'attachServer',\n    value: function attachServer(server, url) {\n      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];\n\n      if (!connectionLookup) {\n        this.urlMap[url] = {\n          server: server,\n          websockets: [],\n          roomMemberships: {}\n        };\n\n        return server;\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Finds the server which is 'running' on the given url.\n    *\n    * @param {string} url - the url to use to find which server is running on it\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'serverLookup',\n    value: function serverLookup(url) {\n      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];\n\n      if (connectionLookup) {\n        return connectionLookup.server;\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Finds all websockets which is 'listening' on the given url.\n    *\n    * @param {string} url - the url to use to find all websockets which are associated with it\n    * @param {string} room - if a room is provided, will only return sockets in this room\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'websocketsLookup',\n    value: function websocketsLookup(url, room) {\n      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];\n\n      if (!connectionLookup) {\n        return [];\n      }\n\n      if (room) {\n        var members = connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room];\n        return members ? members : [];\n      }\n\n      return connectionLookup.websockets;\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Removes the entry associated with the url.\n    *\n    * @param {string} url\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'removeServer',\n    value: function removeServer(url) {\n      delete this.urlMap[url];\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Removes the individual websocket from the map of associated websockets.\n    *\n    * @param {object} websocket - websocket object to remove from the url map\n    * @param {string} url\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'removeWebSocket',\n    value: function removeWebSocket(websocket, url) {\n      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[url];\n\n      if (connectionLookup) {\n        connectionLookup.websockets = (0, _helpersArrayHelpers.reject)(connectionLookup.websockets, function (socket) {\n          return socket === websocket;\n        });\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Removes a websocket from a room\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'removeMembershipFromRoom',\n    value: function removeMembershipFromRoom(websocket, room) {\n      var connectionLookup = this.urlMap[websocket.url];\n      var memberships = connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room];\n\n      if (connectionLookup && memberships !== null) {\n        connectionLookup.roomMemberships[room] = (0, _helpersArrayHelpers.reject)(memberships, function (socket) {\n          return socket === websocket;\n        });\n      }\n    }\n  }]);\n\n  return NetworkBridge;\n})();\n\nexports['default'] = new NetworkBridge();\n// Note: this is a singleton\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();\n\nvar _get = function get(_x4, _x5, _x6) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x4, property = _x5, receiver = _x6; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x4 = parent; _x5 = property; _x6 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };\n\nfunction _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }\n\nvar _urijs = require('urijs');\n\nvar _urijs2 = _interopRequireDefault(_urijs);\n\nvar _websocket = require('./websocket');\n\nvar _websocket2 = _interopRequireDefault(_websocket);\n\nvar _eventTarget = require('./event-target');\n\nvar _eventTarget2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventTarget);\n\nvar _networkBridge = require('./network-bridge');\n\nvar _networkBridge2 = _interopRequireDefault(_networkBridge);\n\nvar _helpersCloseCodes = require('./helpers/close-codes');\n\nvar _helpersCloseCodes2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersCloseCodes);\n\nvar _eventFactory = require('./event-factory');\n\n/*\n* https://github.com/websockets/ws#server-example\n*/\n\nvar Server = (function (_EventTarget) {\n  _inherits(Server, _EventTarget);\n\n  /*\n  * @param {string} url\n  */\n\n  function Server(url) {\n    _classCallCheck(this, Server);\n\n    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(Server.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);\n    this.url = (0, _urijs2['default'])(url).toString();\n    var server = _networkBridge2['default'].attachServer(this, this.url);\n\n    if (!server) {\n      this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'error' }));\n      throw new Error('A mock server is already listening on this url');\n    }\n  }\n\n  /*\n   * Alternative constructor to support namespaces in socket.io\n   *\n   * http://socket.io/docs/rooms-and-namespaces/#custom-namespaces\n   */\n\n  /*\n  * This is the main function for the mock server to subscribe to the on events.\n  *\n  * ie: mockServer.on('connection', function() { console.log('a mock client connected'); });\n  *\n  * @param {string} type - The event key to subscribe to. Valid keys are: connection, message, and close.\n  * @param {function} callback - The callback which should be called when a certain event is fired.\n  */\n\n  _createClass(Server, [{\n    key: 'on',\n    value: function on(type, callback) {\n      this.addEventListener(type, callback);\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * This send function will notify all mock clients via their onmessage callbacks that the server\n    * has a message for them.\n    *\n    * @param {*} data - Any javascript object which will be crafted into a MessageObject.\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'send',\n    value: function send(data) {\n      var options = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? {} : arguments[1];\n\n      this.emit('message', data, options);\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Sends a generic message event to all mock clients.\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'emit',\n    value: function emit(event, data) {\n      var _this2 = this;\n\n      var options = arguments.length <= 2 || arguments[2] === undefined ? {} : arguments[2];\n      var websockets = options.websockets;\n\n      if (!websockets) {\n        websockets = _networkBridge2['default'].websocketsLookup(this.url);\n      }\n\n      websockets.forEach(function (socket) {\n        socket.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createMessageEvent)({\n          type: event,\n          data: data,\n          origin: _this2.url,\n          target: socket\n        }));\n      });\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Closes the connection and triggers the onclose method of all listening\n    * websockets. After that it removes itself from the urlMap so another server\n    * could add itself to the url.\n    *\n    * @param {object} options\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'close',\n    value: function close() {\n      var options = arguments.length <= 0 || arguments[0] === undefined ? {} : arguments[0];\n      var code = options.code;\n      var reason = options.reason;\n      var wasClean = options.wasClean;\n\n      var listeners = _networkBridge2['default'].websocketsLookup(this.url);\n\n      listeners.forEach(function (socket) {\n        socket.readyState = _websocket2['default'].CLOSE;\n        socket.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({\n          type: 'close',\n          target: socket,\n          code: code || _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL,\n          reason: reason || '',\n          wasClean: wasClean\n        }));\n      });\n\n      this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({ type: 'close' }), this);\n      _networkBridge2['default'].removeServer(this.url);\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Returns an array of websockets which are listening to this server\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'clients',\n    value: function clients() {\n      return _networkBridge2['default'].websocketsLookup(this.url);\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Prepares a method to submit an event to members of the room\n    *\n    * e.g. server.to('my-room').emit('hi!');\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'to',\n    value: function to(room) {\n      var _this = this;\n      var websockets = _networkBridge2['default'].websocketsLookup(this.url, room);\n      return {\n        emit: function emit(event, data) {\n          _this.emit(event, data, { websockets: websockets });\n        }\n      };\n    }\n  }]);\n\n  return Server;\n})(_eventTarget2['default']);\n\nServer.of = function of(url) {\n  return new Server(url);\n};\n\nexports['default'] = Server;\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();\n\nvar _get = function get(_x3, _x4, _x5) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x3, property = _x4, receiver = _x5; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x3 = parent; _x4 = property; _x5 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };\n\nfunction _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }\n\nvar _urijs = require('urijs');\n\nvar _urijs2 = _interopRequireDefault(_urijs);\n\nvar _helpersDelay = require('./helpers/delay');\n\nvar _helpersDelay2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersDelay);\n\nvar _eventTarget = require('./event-target');\n\nvar _eventTarget2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventTarget);\n\nvar _networkBridge = require('./network-bridge');\n\nvar _networkBridge2 = _interopRequireDefault(_networkBridge);\n\nvar _helpersCloseCodes = require('./helpers/close-codes');\n\nvar _helpersCloseCodes2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersCloseCodes);\n\nvar _eventFactory = require('./event-factory');\n\n/*\n* The socket-io class is designed to mimick the real API as closely as possible.\n*\n* http://socket.io/docs/\n*/\n\nvar SocketIO = (function (_EventTarget) {\n  _inherits(SocketIO, _EventTarget);\n\n  /*\n  * @param {string} url\n  */\n\n  function SocketIO() {\n    var _this = this;\n\n    var url = arguments.length <= 0 || arguments[0] === undefined ? 'socket.io' : arguments[0];\n    var protocol = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? '' : arguments[1];\n\n    _classCallCheck(this, SocketIO);\n\n    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(SocketIO.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);\n\n    this.binaryType = 'blob';\n    this.url = (0, _urijs2['default'])(url).toString();\n    this.readyState = SocketIO.CONNECTING;\n    this.protocol = '';\n\n    if (typeof protocol === 'string') {\n      this.protocol = protocol;\n    } else if (Array.isArray(protocol) && protocol.length > 0) {\n      this.protocol = protocol[0];\n    }\n\n    var server = _networkBridge2['default'].attachWebSocket(this, this.url);\n\n    /*\n    * Delay triggering the connection events so they can be defined in time.\n    */\n    (0, _helpersDelay2['default'])(function delayCallback() {\n      if (server) {\n        this.readyState = SocketIO.OPEN;\n        server.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'connection' }), server, this);\n        server.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'connect' }), server, this); // alias\n        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'connect', target: this }));\n      } else {\n        this.readyState = SocketIO.CLOSED;\n        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'error', target: this }));\n        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({\n          type: 'close',\n          target: this,\n          code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL\n        }));\n\n        console.error('Socket.io connection to \\'' + this.url + '\\' failed');\n      }\n    }, this);\n\n    /**\n      Add an aliased event listener for close / disconnect\n     */\n    this.addEventListener('close', function (event) {\n      _this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({\n        type: 'disconnect',\n        target: event.target,\n        code: event.code\n      }));\n    });\n  }\n\n  /*\n  * Closes the SocketIO connection or connection attempt, if any.\n  * If the connection is already CLOSED, this method does nothing.\n  */\n\n  _createClass(SocketIO, [{\n    key: 'close',\n    value: function close() {\n      if (this.readyState !== SocketIO.OPEN) {\n        return undefined;\n      }\n\n      var server = _networkBridge2['default'].serverLookup(this.url);\n      _networkBridge2['default'].removeWebSocket(this, this.url);\n\n      this.readyState = SocketIO.CLOSED;\n      this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({\n        type: 'close',\n        target: this,\n        code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL\n      }));\n\n      if (server) {\n        server.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({\n          type: 'disconnect',\n          target: this,\n          code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL\n        }), server);\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Alias for Socket#close\n    *\n    * https://github.com/socketio/socket.io-client/blob/master/lib/socket.js#L383\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'disconnect',\n    value: function disconnect() {\n      this.close();\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Submits an event to the server with a payload\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'emit',\n    value: function emit(event, data) {\n      if (this.readyState !== SocketIO.OPEN) {\n        throw new Error('SocketIO is already in CLOSING or CLOSED state');\n      }\n\n      var messageEvent = (0, _eventFactory.createMessageEvent)({\n        type: event,\n        origin: this.url,\n        data: data\n      });\n\n      var server = _networkBridge2['default'].serverLookup(this.url);\n\n      if (server) {\n        server.dispatchEvent(messageEvent, data);\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Submits a 'message' event to the server.\n    *\n    * Should behave exactly like WebSocket#send\n    *\n    * https://github.com/socketio/socket.io-client/blob/master/lib/socket.js#L113\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'send',\n    value: function send(data) {\n      this.emit('message', data);\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * For registering events to be received from the server\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'on',\n    value: function on(type, callback) {\n      this.addEventListener(type, callback);\n    }\n\n    /*\n     * Join a room on a server\n     *\n     * http://socket.io/docs/rooms-and-namespaces/#joining-and-leaving\n     */\n  }, {\n    key: 'join',\n    value: function join(room) {\n      _networkBridge2['default'].addMembershipToRoom(this, room);\n    }\n\n    /*\n     * Get the websocket to leave the room\n     *\n     * http://socket.io/docs/rooms-and-namespaces/#joining-and-leaving\n     */\n  }, {\n    key: 'leave',\n    value: function leave(room) {\n      _networkBridge2['default'].removeMembershipFromRoom(this, room);\n    }\n\n    /*\n     * Invokes all listener functions that are listening to the given event.type property. Each\n     * listener will be passed the event as the first argument.\n     *\n     * @param {object} event - event object which will be passed to all listeners of the event.type property\n     */\n  }, {\n    key: 'dispatchEvent',\n    value: function dispatchEvent(event) {\n      var _this2 = this;\n\n      for (var _len = arguments.length, customArguments = Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {\n        customArguments[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];\n      }\n\n      var eventName = event.type;\n      var listeners = this.listeners[eventName];\n\n      if (!Array.isArray(listeners)) {\n        return false;\n      }\n\n      listeners.forEach(function (listener) {\n        if (customArguments.length > 0) {\n          listener.apply(_this2, customArguments);\n        } else {\n          // Regular WebSockets expect a MessageEvent but Socketio.io just wants raw data\n          //  payload instanceof MessageEvent works, but you can't isntance of NodeEvent\n          //  for now we detect if the output has data defined on it\n          listener.call(_this2, event.data ? event.data : event);\n        }\n      });\n    }\n  }]);\n\n  return SocketIO;\n})(_eventTarget2['default']);\n\nSocketIO.CONNECTING = 0;\nSocketIO.OPEN = 1;\nSocketIO.CLOSING = 2;\nSocketIO.CLOSED = 3;\n\n/*\n* Static constructor methods for the IO Socket\n*/\nvar IO = function ioConstructor(url) {\n  return new SocketIO(url);\n};\n\n/*\n* Alias the raw IO() constructor\n*/\nIO.connect = function ioConnect(url) {\n  /* eslint-disable new-cap */\n  return IO(url);\n  /* eslint-enable new-cap */\n};\n\nexports['default'] = IO;\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];","'use strict';\n\nObject.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', {\n  value: true\n});\n\nvar _createClass = (function () { function defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ('value' in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } return function (Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }; })();\n\nvar _get = function get(_x2, _x3, _x4) { var _again = true; _function: while (_again) { var object = _x2, property = _x3, receiver = _x4; _again = false; if (object === null) object = Function.prototype; var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property); if (desc === undefined) { var parent = Object.getPrototypeOf(object); if (parent === null) { return undefined; } else { _x2 = parent; _x3 = property; _x4 = receiver; _again = true; desc = parent = undefined; continue _function; } } else if ('value' in desc) { return desc.value; } else { var getter = desc.get; if (getter === undefined) { return undefined; } return getter.call(receiver); } } };\n\nfunction _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError('Cannot call a class as a function'); } }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== 'function' && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError('Super expression must either be null or a function, not ' + typeof superClass); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass) : subClass.__proto__ = superClass; }\n\nvar _urijs = require('urijs');\n\nvar _urijs2 = _interopRequireDefault(_urijs);\n\nvar _helpersDelay = require('./helpers/delay');\n\nvar _helpersDelay2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersDelay);\n\nvar _eventTarget = require('./event-target');\n\nvar _eventTarget2 = _interopRequireDefault(_eventTarget);\n\nvar _networkBridge = require('./network-bridge');\n\nvar _networkBridge2 = _interopRequireDefault(_networkBridge);\n\nvar _helpersCloseCodes = require('./helpers/close-codes');\n\nvar _helpersCloseCodes2 = _interopRequireDefault(_helpersCloseCodes);\n\nvar _eventFactory = require('./event-factory');\n\n/*\n* The main websocket class which is designed to mimick the native WebSocket class as close\n* as possible.\n*\n* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket\n*/\n\nvar WebSocket = (function (_EventTarget) {\n  _inherits(WebSocket, _EventTarget);\n\n  /*\n  * @param {string} url\n  */\n\n  function WebSocket(url) {\n    var protocol = arguments.length <= 1 || arguments[1] === undefined ? '' : arguments[1];\n\n    _classCallCheck(this, WebSocket);\n\n    _get(Object.getPrototypeOf(WebSocket.prototype), 'constructor', this).call(this);\n\n    if (!url) {\n      throw new TypeError('Failed to construct \\'WebSocket\\': 1 argument required, but only 0 present.');\n    }\n\n    this.binaryType = 'blob';\n    this.url = (0, _urijs2['default'])(url).toString();\n    this.readyState = WebSocket.CONNECTING;\n    this.protocol = '';\n\n    if (typeof protocol === 'string') {\n      this.protocol = protocol;\n    } else if (Array.isArray(protocol) && protocol.length > 0) {\n      this.protocol = protocol[0];\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * In order to capture the callback function we need to define custom setters.\n    * To illustrate:\n    *   mySocket.onopen = function() { alert(true) };\n    *\n    * The only way to capture that function and hold onto it for later is with the\n    * below code:\n    */\n    Object.defineProperties(this, {\n      onopen: {\n        configurable: true,\n        enumerable: true,\n        get: function get() {\n          return this.listeners.open;\n        },\n        set: function set(listener) {\n          this.addEventListener('open', listener);\n        }\n      },\n      onmessage: {\n        configurable: true,\n        enumerable: true,\n        get: function get() {\n          return this.listeners.message;\n        },\n        set: function set(listener) {\n          this.addEventListener('message', listener);\n        }\n      },\n      onclose: {\n        configurable: true,\n        enumerable: true,\n        get: function get() {\n          return this.listeners.close;\n        },\n        set: function set(listener) {\n          this.addEventListener('close', listener);\n        }\n      },\n      onerror: {\n        configurable: true,\n        enumerable: true,\n        get: function get() {\n          return this.listeners.error;\n        },\n        set: function set(listener) {\n          this.addEventListener('error', listener);\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    var server = _networkBridge2['default'].attachWebSocket(this, this.url);\n\n    /*\n    * This delay is needed so that we dont trigger an event before the callbacks have been\n    * setup. For example:\n    *\n    * var socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost');\n    *\n    * // If we dont have the delay then the event would be triggered right here and this is\n    * // before the onopen had a chance to register itself.\n    *\n    * socket.onopen = () => { // this would never be called };\n    *\n    * // and with the delay the event gets triggered here after all of the callbacks have been\n    * // registered :-)\n    */\n    (0, _helpersDelay2['default'])(function delayCallback() {\n      if (server) {\n        this.readyState = WebSocket.OPEN;\n        server.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'connection' }), server, this);\n        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'open', target: this }));\n      } else {\n        this.readyState = WebSocket.CLOSED;\n        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createEvent)({ type: 'error', target: this }));\n        this.dispatchEvent((0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({ type: 'close', target: this, code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL }));\n\n        console.error('WebSocket connection to \\'' + this.url + '\\' failed');\n      }\n    }, this);\n  }\n\n  /*\n  * Transmits data to the server over the WebSocket connection.\n  *\n  * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket#send()\n  */\n\n  _createClass(WebSocket, [{\n    key: 'send',\n    value: function send(data) {\n      if (this.readyState === WebSocket.CLOSING || this.readyState === WebSocket.CLOSED) {\n        throw new Error('WebSocket is already in CLOSING or CLOSED state');\n      }\n\n      var messageEvent = (0, _eventFactory.createMessageEvent)({\n        type: 'message',\n        origin: this.url,\n        data: data\n      });\n\n      var server = _networkBridge2['default'].serverLookup(this.url);\n\n      if (server) {\n        server.dispatchEvent(messageEvent, data);\n      }\n    }\n\n    /*\n    * Closes the WebSocket connection or connection attempt, if any.\n    * If the connection is already CLOSED, this method does nothing.\n    *\n    * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket#close()\n    */\n  }, {\n    key: 'close',\n    value: function close() {\n      if (this.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {\n        return undefined;\n      }\n\n      var server = _networkBridge2['default'].serverLookup(this.url);\n      var closeEvent = (0, _eventFactory.createCloseEvent)({\n        type: 'close',\n        target: this,\n        code: _helpersCloseCodes2['default'].CLOSE_NORMAL\n      });\n\n      _networkBridge2['default'].removeWebSocket(this, this.url);\n\n      this.readyState = WebSocket.CLOSED;\n      this.dispatchEvent(closeEvent);\n\n      if (server) {\n        server.dispatchEvent(closeEvent, server);\n      }\n    }\n  }]);\n\n  return WebSocket;\n})(_eventTarget2['default']);\n\nWebSocket.CONNECTING = 0;\nWebSocket.OPEN = 1;\nWebSocket.CLOSING = 2;\nWebSocket.CLOSED = 3;\n\nexports['default'] = WebSocket;\nmodule.exports = exports['default'];"]}
diff --git a/actioncable/test/server/broadcasting_test.rb b/actioncable/test/server/broadcasting_test.rb
index 03c900182a..860e79b821 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/server/broadcasting_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/server/broadcasting_test.rb
@@ -13,50 +13,46 @@ class BroadcastingTest < ActionCable::TestCase
   end
 
   test "broadcast generates notification" do
-    begin
-      server = TestServer.new
-
-      events = []
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "broadcast.action_cable" do |*args|
-        events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-      end
-
-      broadcasting = "test_queue"
-      message = { body: "test message" }
-      server.broadcast(broadcasting, message)
-
-      assert_equal 1, events.length
-      assert_equal "broadcast.action_cable", events[0].name
-      assert_equal broadcasting, events[0].payload[:broadcasting]
-      assert_equal message, events[0].payload[:message]
-      assert_equal ActiveSupport::JSON, events[0].payload[:coder]
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "broadcast.action_cable"
+    server = TestServer.new
+
+    events = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "broadcast.action_cable" do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
     end
+
+    broadcasting = "test_queue"
+    message = { body: "test message" }
+    server.broadcast(broadcasting, message)
+
+    assert_equal 1, events.length
+    assert_equal "broadcast.action_cable", events[0].name
+    assert_equal broadcasting, events[0].payload[:broadcasting]
+    assert_equal message, events[0].payload[:message]
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::JSON, events[0].payload[:coder]
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "broadcast.action_cable"
   end
 
   test "broadcaster from broadcaster_for generates notification" do
-    begin
-      server = TestServer.new
-
-      events = []
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "broadcast.action_cable" do |*args|
-        events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-      end
-
-      broadcasting = "test_queue"
-      message = { body: "test message" }
-
-      broadcaster = server.broadcaster_for(broadcasting)
-      broadcaster.broadcast(message)
-
-      assert_equal 1, events.length
-      assert_equal "broadcast.action_cable", events[0].name
-      assert_equal broadcasting, events[0].payload[:broadcasting]
-      assert_equal message, events[0].payload[:message]
-      assert_equal ActiveSupport::JSON, events[0].payload[:coder]
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "broadcast.action_cable"
+    server = TestServer.new
+
+    events = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "broadcast.action_cable" do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
     end
+
+    broadcasting = "test_queue"
+    message = { body: "test message" }
+
+    broadcaster = server.broadcaster_for(broadcasting)
+    broadcaster.broadcast(message)
+
+    assert_equal 1, events.length
+    assert_equal "broadcast.action_cable", events[0].name
+    assert_equal broadcasting, events[0].payload[:broadcasting]
+    assert_equal message, events[0].payload[:message]
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::JSON, events[0].payload[:coder]
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "broadcast.action_cable"
   end
 end
diff --git a/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/channel_prefix.rb b/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/channel_prefix.rb
index 3071facd9d..475e6cfd3a 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/channel_prefix.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/channel_prefix.rb
@@ -2,17 +2,9 @@
 
 require "test_helper"
 
-class ActionCable::Server::WithIndependentConfig < ActionCable::Server::Base
-  # ActionCable::Server::Base defines config as a class variable.
-  # Need config to be an instance variable here as we're testing 2 separate configs
-  def config
-    @config ||= ActionCable::Server::Configuration.new
-  end
-end
-
 module ChannelPrefixTest
   def test_channel_prefix
-    server2 = ActionCable::Server::WithIndependentConfig.new
+    server2 = ActionCable::Server::Base.new(config: ActionCable::Server::Configuration.new)
     server2.config.cable = alt_cable_config
     server2.config.logger = Logger.new(StringIO.new).tap { |l| l.level = Logger::UNKNOWN }
 
diff --git a/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/postgresql_test.rb b/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/postgresql_test.rb
index 5fb26a8896..4348eb1b1e 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/postgresql_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/postgresql_test.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 
 require "test_helper"
 require_relative "common"
+require_relative "channel_prefix"
 
 require "active_record"
 
 class PostgresqlAdapterTest < ActionCable::TestCase
   include CommonSubscriptionAdapterTest
+  include ChannelPrefixTest
 
   def setup
     database_config = { "adapter" => "postgresql", "database" => "activerecord_unittest" }
diff --git a/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/redis_test.rb b/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/redis_test.rb
index ac2d8ef724..d4eb89719f 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/redis_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/subscription_adapter/redis_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ class RedisAdapterTest < ActionCable::TestCase
   include ChannelPrefixTest
 
   def cable_config
-    { adapter: "redis", driver: "ruby" }
+    { adapter: "redis", driver: "ruby" }.tap do |x|
+      if host = URI(ENV["REDIS_URL"] || "").hostname
+        x[:host] = host
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -25,16 +29,16 @@ class RedisAdapterTest::AlternateConfiguration < RedisAdapterTest
   def cable_config
     alt_cable_config = super.dup
     alt_cable_config.delete(:url)
-    alt_cable_config.merge(host: "127.0.0.1", port: 6379, db: 12)
+    alt_cable_config.merge(host: URI(ENV["REDIS_URL"] || "").hostname || "127.0.0.1", port: 6379, db: 12)
   end
 end
 
 class RedisAdapterTest::Connector < ActionCable::TestCase
-  test "slices url, host, port, db, password and id from config" do
+  test "excludes adapter and channel prefix" do
     config = { url: 1, host: 2, port: 3, db: 4, password: 5, id: "Some custom ID" }
 
     assert_called_with ::Redis, :new, [ config ] do
-      connect config.merge(other: "unrelated", stuff: "here")
+      connect config.merge(adapter: "redis", channel_prefix: "custom")
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actioncable/test/test_helper.rb b/actioncable/test/test_helper.rb
index c924f1e475..033f034b0c 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -41,3 +41,5 @@ class ActionCable::TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/actioncable/test/test_helper_test.rb b/actioncable/test/test_helper_test.rb
index 90e3dbf01f..02eaefc4f8 100644
--- a/actioncable/test/test_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actioncable/test/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class TransmissionsTest < ActionCable::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class TransmitedDataTest < ActionCable::TestCase
+class TransmittedDataTest < ActionCable::TestCase
   include ActionCable::TestHelper
 
   def test_assert_broadcast_on
diff --git a/actioncable/yarn.lock b/actioncable/yarn.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b4fcaebd6..0000000000
--- a/actioncable/yarn.lock
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1928 +0,0 @@
-# THIS IS AN AUTOGENERATED FILE. DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY.
-# yarn lockfile v1
-
-
-"@types/estree@0.0.38":
-  version "0.0.38"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/estree/-/estree-0.0.38.tgz#c1be40aa933723c608820a99a373a16d215a1ca2"
-
-"@types/node@*":
-  version "10.11.6"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/node/-/node-10.11.6.tgz#ce5690df6cd917a9178439a1013e39a7e565c46e"
-
-acorn-jsx@^3.0.0:
-  version "3.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn-jsx/-/acorn-jsx-3.0.1.tgz#afdf9488fb1ecefc8348f6fb22f464e32a58b36b"
-  dependencies:
-    acorn "^3.0.4"
-
-acorn@^3.0.4:
-  version "3.3.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn/-/acorn-3.3.0.tgz#45e37fb39e8da3f25baee3ff5369e2bb5f22017a"
-
-acorn@^5.2.1:
-  version "5.3.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn/-/acorn-5.3.0.tgz#7446d39459c54fb49a80e6ee6478149b940ec822"
-
-ajv-keywords@^2.1.0:
-  version "2.1.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-keywords/-/ajv-keywords-2.1.1.tgz#617997fc5f60576894c435f940d819e135b80762"
-
-ajv@^5.2.3, ajv@^5.3.0:
-  version "5.5.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv/-/ajv-5.5.2.tgz#73b5eeca3fab653e3d3f9422b341ad42205dc965"
-  dependencies:
-    co "^4.6.0"
-    fast-deep-equal "^1.0.0"
-    fast-json-stable-stringify "^2.0.0"
-    json-schema-traverse "^0.3.0"
-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-    ajv-keywords "^2.1.0"
-    chalk "^2.1.0"
-    lodash "^4.17.4"
-    slice-ansi "1.0.0"
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-
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-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/text-table/-/text-table-0.2.0.tgz#7f5ee823ae805207c00af2df4a84ec3fcfa570b4"
-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/type-check/-/type-check-0.3.2.tgz#5884cab512cf1d355e3fb784f30804b2b520db72"
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-
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-
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-    source-map "~0.6.1"
-
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-
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-
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-
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diff --git a/actionmailbox/.gitignore b/actionmailbox/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..739e00a2cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/test/dummy/db/*.sqlite3
+/test/dummy/db/*.sqlite3-journal
+/test/dummy/log/*.log
+/test/dummy/tmp/
+/tmp/
diff --git a/actionmailbox/CHANGELOG.md b/actionmailbox/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bca3d1d9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+*   Add `ApplicationMailbox.mailbox_for` to expose mailbox routing.
+
+    *James Dabbs*
+
+
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/actionmailbox/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionmailbox/MIT-LICENSE b/actionmailbox/MIT-LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e28efa78e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2019 Basecamp, LLC
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/actionmailbox/README.md b/actionmailbox/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..593bd429ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Action Mailbox
+
+Action Mailbox routes incoming emails to controller-like mailboxes for processing in Rails. It ships with ingresses for Mailgun, Mandrill, Postmark, and SendGrid. You can also handle inbound mails directly via the built-in Exim, Postfix, and Qmail ingresses.
+
+The inbound emails are turned into `InboundEmail` records using Active Record and feature lifecycle tracking, storage of the original email on cloud storage via Active Storage, and responsible data handling with on-by-default incineration.
+
+These inbound emails are routed asynchronously using Active Job to one or several dedicated mailboxes, which are capable of interacting directly with the rest of your domain model.
+
+You can read more about Action Mailbox in the [Action Mailbox Basics](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/action_mailbox_basics.html) guide.
+
+## License
+
+Action Mailbox is released under the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
diff --git a/actionmailbox/Rakefile b/actionmailbox/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36aed17282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/setup"
+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+require "rake/testtask"
+
+task :package
+
+Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
+  t.libs << "test"
+  t.pattern = "test/**/*_test.rb"
+  t.verbose = true
+end
+
+task default: :test
diff --git a/actionmailbox/actionmailbox.gemspec b/actionmailbox/actionmailbox.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c38857f6d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/actionmailbox.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+version = File.read(File.expand_path("../RAILS_VERSION", __dir__)).strip
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+  s.name        = "actionmailbox"
+  s.version     = version
+  s.summary     = "Inbound email handling framework."
+  s.description = "Receive and process incoming emails in Rails applications."
+
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
+
+  s.license  = "MIT"
+
+  s.authors  = ["David Heinemeier Hansson", "George Claghorn"]
+  s.email    = ["david@loudthinking.com", "george@basecamp.com"]
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
+
+  s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.md", "lib/**/*", "app/**/*", "config/**/*", "db/**/*"]
+  s.require_path = "lib"
+
+  s.metadata = {
+    "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/v#{version}/actionmailbox",
+    "changelog_uri"   => "https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/v#{version}/actionmailbox/CHANGELOG.md"
+  }
+
+  # NOTE: Please read our dependency guidelines before updating versions:
+  # https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#dependency-management-and-cves
+
+  s.add_dependency "activesupport", version
+  s.add_dependency "activerecord",  version
+  s.add_dependency "activestorage", version
+  s.add_dependency "activejob",     version
+  s.add_dependency "actionpack",    version
+
+  s.add_dependency "mail", ">= 2.7.1"
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/base_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/base_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80a14355b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/base_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # The base class for all Action Mailbox ingress controllers.
+  class BaseController < ActionController::Base
+    skip_forgery_protection if default_protect_from_forgery
+
+    before_action :ensure_configured
+
+    private
+      def ensure_configured
+        unless ActionMailbox.ingress == ingress_name
+          head :not_found
+        end
+      end
+
+      def ingress_name
+        self.class.name.remove(/\AActionMailbox::Ingresses::/, /::InboundEmailsController\z/).underscore.to_sym
+      end
+
+
+      def authenticate_by_password
+        if password.present?
+          http_basic_authenticate_or_request_with name: "actionmailbox", password: password, realm: "Action Mailbox"
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Missing required ingress credentials"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def password
+        Rails.application.credentials.dig(:action_mailbox, :ingress_password) || ENV["RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD"]
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf0fd562fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Ingests inbound emails from Mailgun. Requires the following parameters:
+  #
+  # - +body-mime+: The full RFC 822 message
+  # - +timestamp+: The current time according to Mailgun as the number of seconds passed since the UNIX epoch
+  # - +token+: A randomly-generated, 50-character string
+  # - +signature+: A hexadecimal HMAC-SHA256 of the timestamp concatenated with the token, generated using the Mailgun API key
+  #
+  # Authenticates requests by validating their signatures.
+  #
+  # Returns:
+  #
+  # - <tt>204 No Content</tt> if an inbound email is successfully recorded and enqueued for routing to the appropriate mailbox
+  # - <tt>401 Unauthorized</tt> if the request's signature could not be validated, or if its timestamp is more than 2 minutes old
+  # - <tt>404 Not Found</tt> if Action Mailbox is not configured to accept inbound emails from Mailgun
+  # - <tt>422 Unprocessable Entity</tt> if the request is missing required parameters
+  # - <tt>500 Server Error</tt> if the Mailgun API key is missing, or one of the Active Record database,
+  #   the Active Storage service, or the Active Job backend is misconfigured or unavailable
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  # 1. Give Action Mailbox your {Mailgun API key}[https://help.mailgun.com/hc/en-us/articles/203380100-Where-can-I-find-my-API-key-and-SMTP-credentials-]
+  #    so it can authenticate requests to the Mailgun ingress.
+  #
+  #    Use <tt>rails credentials:edit</tt> to add your API key to your application's encrypted credentials under
+  #    +action_mailbox.mailgun_api_key+, where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+  #
+  #        action_mailbox:
+  #          mailgun_api_key: ...
+  #
+  #    Alternatively, provide your API key in the +MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY+ environment variable.
+  #
+  # 2. Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from Mailgun:
+  #
+  #        # config/environments/production.rb
+  #        config.action_mailbox.ingress = :mailgun
+  #
+  # 3. {Configure Mailgun}[https://documentation.mailgun.com/en/latest/user_manual.html#receiving-forwarding-and-storing-messages]
+  #    to forward inbound emails to +/rails/action_mailbox/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime+.
+  #
+  #    If your application lived at <tt>https://example.com</tt>, you would specify the fully-qualified URL
+  #    <tt>https://example.com/rails/action_mailbox/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime</tt>.
+  class Ingresses::Mailgun::InboundEmailsController < ActionMailbox::BaseController
+    before_action :authenticate
+
+    def create
+      ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.create_and_extract_message_id! params.require("body-mime")
+    end
+
+    private
+      def authenticate
+        head :unauthorized unless authenticated?
+      end
+
+      def authenticated?
+        if key.present?
+          Authenticator.new(
+            key:       key,
+            timestamp: params.require(:timestamp),
+            token:     params.require(:token),
+            signature: params.require(:signature)
+          ).authenticated?
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, <<~MESSAGE.squish
+            Missing required Mailgun API key. Set action_mailbox.mailgun_api_key in your application's
+            encrypted credentials or provide the MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY environment variable.
+          MESSAGE
+        end
+      end
+
+      def key
+        Rails.application.credentials.dig(:action_mailbox, :mailgun_api_key) || ENV["MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY"]
+      end
+
+      class Authenticator
+        attr_reader :key, :timestamp, :token, :signature
+
+        def initialize(key:, timestamp:, token:, signature:)
+          @key, @timestamp, @token, @signature = key, Integer(timestamp), token, signature
+        end
+
+        def authenticated?
+          signed? && recent?
+        end
+
+        private
+          def signed?
+            ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare signature, expected_signature
+          end
+
+          # Allow for 2 minutes of drift between Mailgun time and local server time.
+          def recent?
+            Time.at(timestamp) >= 2.minutes.ago
+          end
+
+          def expected_signature
+            OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new, key, "#{timestamp}#{token}"
+          end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a3b1619b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Ingests inbound emails from Mandrill.
+  #
+  # Requires a +mandrill_events+ parameter containing a JSON array of Mandrill inbound email event objects.
+  # Each event is expected to have a +msg+ object containing a full RFC 822 message in its +raw_msg+ property.
+  #
+  # Returns:
+  #
+  # - <tt>204 No Content</tt> if an inbound email is successfully recorded and enqueued for routing to the appropriate mailbox
+  # - <tt>401 Unauthorized</tt> if the request's signature could not be validated
+  # - <tt>404 Not Found</tt> if Action Mailbox is not configured to accept inbound emails from Mandrill
+  # - <tt>422 Unprocessable Entity</tt> if the request is missing required parameters
+  # - <tt>500 Server Error</tt> if the Mandrill API key is missing, or one of the Active Record database,
+  #   the Active Storage service, or the Active Job backend is misconfigured or unavailable
+  class Ingresses::Mandrill::InboundEmailsController < ActionMailbox::BaseController
+    before_action :authenticate
+
+    def create
+      raw_emails.each { |raw_email| ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.create_and_extract_message_id! raw_email }
+      head :ok
+    rescue JSON::ParserError => error
+      logger.error error.message
+      head :unprocessable_entity
+    end
+
+    private
+      def raw_emails
+        events.select { |event| event["event"] == "inbound" }.collect { |event| event.dig("msg", "raw_msg") }
+      end
+
+      def events
+        JSON.parse params.require(:mandrill_events)
+      end
+
+
+      def authenticate
+        head :unauthorized unless authenticated?
+      end
+
+      def authenticated?
+        if key.present?
+          Authenticator.new(request, key).authenticated?
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, <<~MESSAGE.squish
+            Missing required Mandrill API key. Set action_mailbox.mandrill_api_key in your application's
+            encrypted credentials or provide the MANDRILL_INGRESS_API_KEY environment variable.
+          MESSAGE
+        end
+      end
+
+      def key
+        Rails.application.credentials.dig(:action_mailbox, :mandrill_api_key) || ENV["MANDRILL_INGRESS_API_KEY"]
+      end
+
+      class Authenticator
+        attr_reader :request, :key
+
+        def initialize(request, key)
+          @request, @key = request, key
+        end
+
+        def authenticated?
+          ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare given_signature, expected_signature
+        end
+
+        private
+          def given_signature
+            request.headers["X-Mandrill-Signature"]
+          end
+
+          def expected_signature
+            Base64.strict_encode64 OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new, key, message)
+          end
+
+          def message
+            request.url + request.POST.sort.flatten.join
+          end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..309085c82a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Ingests inbound emails from Postmark. Requires a +RawEmail+ parameter containing a full RFC 822 message.
+  #
+  # Authenticates requests using HTTP basic access authentication. The username is always +actionmailbox+, and the
+  # password is read from the application's encrypted credentials or an environment variable. See the Usage section below.
+  #
+  # Note that basic authentication is insecure over unencrypted HTTP. An attacker that intercepts cleartext requests to
+  # the Postmark ingress can learn its password. You should only use the Postmark ingress over HTTPS.
+  #
+  # Returns:
+  #
+  # - <tt>204 No Content</tt> if an inbound email is successfully recorded and enqueued for routing to the appropriate mailbox
+  # - <tt>401 Unauthorized</tt> if the request's signature could not be validated
+  # - <tt>404 Not Found</tt> if Action Mailbox is not configured to accept inbound emails from Postmark
+  # - <tt>422 Unprocessable Entity</tt> if the request is missing the required +RawEmail+ parameter
+  # - <tt>500 Server Error</tt> if the ingress password is not configured, or if one of the Active Record database,
+  #   the Active Storage service, or the Active Job backend is misconfigured or unavailable
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  # 1. Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from Postmark:
+  #
+  #        # config/environments/production.rb
+  #        config.action_mailbox.ingress = :postmark
+  #
+  # 2. Generate a strong password that Action Mailbox can use to authenticate requests to the Postmark ingress.
+  #
+  #    Use <tt>rails credentials:edit</tt> to add the password to your application's encrypted credentials under
+  #    +action_mailbox.ingress_password+, where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+  #
+  #        action_mailbox:
+  #          ingress_password: ...
+  #
+  #    Alternatively, provide the password in the +RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD+ environment variable.
+  #
+  # 3. {Configure Postmark}[https://postmarkapp.com/manual#configure-your-inbound-webhook-url] to forward inbound emails
+  #    to +/rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails+ with the username +actionmailbox+ and the password you
+  #    previously generated. If your application lived at <tt>https://example.com</tt>, you would configure your
+  #    Postmark inbound webhook with the following fully-qualified URL:
+  #
+  #        https://actionmailbox:PASSWORD@example.com/rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails
+  #
+  #    *NOTE:* When configuring your Postmark inbound webhook, be sure to check the box labeled *"Include raw email
+  #    content in JSON payload"*. Action Mailbox needs the raw email content to work.
+  class Ingresses::Postmark::InboundEmailsController < ActionMailbox::BaseController
+    before_action :authenticate_by_password
+
+    def create
+      ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.create_and_extract_message_id! params.require("RawEmail")
+    rescue ActionController::ParameterMissing => error
+      logger.error <<~MESSAGE
+        #{error.message}
+
+        When configuring your Postmark inbound webhook, be sure to check the box
+        labeled "Include raw email content in JSON payload".
+      MESSAGE
+      head :unprocessable_entity
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d91c968c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Ingests inbound emails relayed from an SMTP server.
+  #
+  # Authenticates requests using HTTP basic access authentication. The username is always +actionmailbox+, and the
+  # password is read from the application's encrypted credentials or an environment variable. See the Usage section below.
+  #
+  # Note that basic authentication is insecure over unencrypted HTTP. An attacker that intercepts cleartext requests to
+  # the ingress can learn its password. You should only use this ingress over HTTPS.
+  #
+  # Returns:
+  #
+  # - <tt>204 No Content</tt> if an inbound email is successfully recorded and enqueued for routing to the appropriate mailbox
+  # - <tt>401 Unauthorized</tt> if the request could not be authenticated
+  # - <tt>404 Not Found</tt> if Action Mailbox is not configured to accept inbound emails relayed from an SMTP server
+  # - <tt>415 Unsupported Media Type</tt> if the request does not contain an RFC 822 message
+  # - <tt>500 Server Error</tt> if the ingress password is not configured, or if one of the Active Record database,
+  #   the Active Storage service, or the Active Job backend is misconfigured or unavailable
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  # 1. Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from an SMTP relay:
+  #
+  #        # config/environments/production.rb
+  #        config.action_mailbox.ingress = :relay
+  #
+  # 2. Generate a strong password that Action Mailbox can use to authenticate requests to the ingress.
+  #
+  #    Use <tt>rails credentials:edit</tt> to add the password to your application's encrypted credentials under
+  #    +action_mailbox.ingress_password+, where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+  #
+  #        action_mailbox:
+  #          ingress_password: ...
+  #
+  #    Alternatively, provide the password in the +RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD+ environment variable.
+  #
+  # 3. Configure your SMTP server to pipe inbound emails to the appropriate ingress command, providing the +URL+ of the
+  #    relay ingress and the +INGRESS_PASSWORD+ you previously generated.
+  #
+  #    If your application lives at <tt>https://example.com</tt>, you would configure the Postfix SMTP server to pipe
+  #    inbound emails to the following command:
+  #
+  #        bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:postfix URL=https://example.com/rails/action_mailbox/postfix/inbound_emails INGRESS_PASSWORD=...
+  #
+  #    Built-in ingress commands are available for these popular SMTP servers:
+  #
+  #    - Exim (<tt>bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:exim)
+  #    - Postfix (<tt>bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:postfix)
+  #    - Qmail (<tt>bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:qmail)
+  class Ingresses::Relay::InboundEmailsController < ActionMailbox::BaseController
+    before_action :authenticate_by_password, :require_valid_rfc822_message
+
+    def create
+      ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.create_and_extract_message_id! request.body.read
+    end
+
+    private
+      def require_valid_rfc822_message
+        unless request.content_type == "message/rfc822"
+          head :unsupported_media_type
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58da33d85e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/action_mailbox/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Ingests inbound emails from SendGrid. Requires an +email+ parameter containing a full RFC 822 message.
+  #
+  # Authenticates requests using HTTP basic access authentication. The username is always +actionmailbox+, and the
+  # password is read from the application's encrypted credentials or an environment variable. See the Usage section below.
+  #
+  # Note that basic authentication is insecure over unencrypted HTTP. An attacker that intercepts cleartext requests to
+  # the SendGrid ingress can learn its password. You should only use the SendGrid ingress over HTTPS.
+  #
+  # Returns:
+  #
+  # - <tt>204 No Content</tt> if an inbound email is successfully recorded and enqueued for routing to the appropriate mailbox
+  # - <tt>401 Unauthorized</tt> if the request's signature could not be validated
+  # - <tt>404 Not Found</tt> if Action Mailbox is not configured to accept inbound emails from SendGrid
+  # - <tt>422 Unprocessable Entity</tt> if the request is missing the required +email+ parameter
+  # - <tt>500 Server Error</tt> if the ingress password is not configured, or if one of the Active Record database,
+  #   the Active Storage service, or the Active Job backend is misconfigured or unavailable
+  #
+  # == Usage
+  #
+  # 1. Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from SendGrid:
+  #
+  #        # config/environments/production.rb
+  #        config.action_mailbox.ingress = :sendgrid
+  #
+  # 2. Generate a strong password that Action Mailbox can use to authenticate requests to the SendGrid ingress.
+  #
+  #    Use <tt>rails credentials:edit</tt> to add the password to your application's encrypted credentials under
+  #    +action_mailbox.ingress_password+, where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+  #
+  #        action_mailbox:
+  #          ingress_password: ...
+  #
+  #    Alternatively, provide the password in the +RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD+ environment variable.
+  #
+  # 3. {Configure SendGrid Inbound Parse}[https://sendgrid.com/docs/for-developers/parsing-email/setting-up-the-inbound-parse-webhook/]
+  #    to forward inbound emails to +/rails/action_mailbox/sendgrid/inbound_emails+ with the username +actionmailbox+ and
+  #    the password you previously generated. If your application lived at <tt>https://example.com</tt>, you would
+  #    configure SendGrid with the following fully-qualified URL:
+  #
+  #        https://actionmailbox:PASSWORD@example.com/rails/action_mailbox/sendgrid/inbound_emails
+  #
+  #    *NOTE:* When configuring your SendGrid Inbound Parse webhook, be sure to check the box labeled *"Post the raw,
+  #    full MIME message."* Action Mailbox needs the raw MIME message to work.
+  class Ingresses::Sendgrid::InboundEmailsController < ActionMailbox::BaseController
+    before_action :authenticate_by_password
+
+    def create
+      ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.create_and_extract_message_id! params.require(:email)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8713f545f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  class Conductor::ActionMailbox::InboundEmailsController < Rails::Conductor::BaseController
+    def index
+      @inbound_emails = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.order(created_at: :desc)
+    end
+
+    def new
+    end
+
+    def show
+      @inbound_email = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.find(params[:id])
+    end
+
+    def create
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email(new_mail)
+      redirect_to main_app.rails_conductor_inbound_email_url(inbound_email)
+    end
+
+    private
+      def new_mail
+        Mail.new(params.require(:mail).permit(:from, :to, :cc, :bcc, :in_reply_to, :subject, :body).to_h).tap do |mail|
+          mail[:bcc]&.include_in_headers = true
+          params[:mail][:attachments].to_a.each do |attachment|
+            mail.add_file(filename: attachment.path, content: attachment.read)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def create_inbound_email(mail)
+        ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.create_and_extract_message_id!(mail.to_s)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/reroutes_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/reroutes_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05b1ca9a39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/reroutes_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  # Rerouting will run routing and processing on an email that has already been, or attempted to be, processed.
+  class Conductor::ActionMailbox::ReroutesController < Rails::Conductor::BaseController
+    def create
+      inbound_email = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.find(params[:inbound_email_id])
+      reroute inbound_email
+
+      redirect_to main_app.rails_conductor_inbound_email_url(inbound_email)
+    end
+
+    private
+      def reroute(inbound_email)
+        inbound_email.pending!
+        inbound_email.route_later
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/base_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/base_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93c4e2a66e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/controllers/rails/conductor/base_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  # TODO: Move this to Rails::Conductor gem
+  class Conductor::BaseController < ActionController::Base
+    layout "rails/conductor"
+    before_action :ensure_development_env
+
+    private
+      def ensure_development_env
+        head :forbidden unless Rails.env.development?
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/jobs/action_mailbox/incineration_job.rb b/actionmailbox/app/jobs/action_mailbox/incineration_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..351bd67c69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/jobs/action_mailbox/incineration_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # You can configure when this +IncinerationJob+ will be run as a time-after-processing using the
+  # +config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after+ or +ActionMailbox.incinerate_after+ setting.
+  #
+  # Since this incineration is set for the future, it'll automatically ignore any <tt>InboundEmail</tt>s
+  # that have already been deleted and discard itself if so.
+  #
+  # You can disable incinerating processed emails by setting +config.action_mailbox.incinerate+ or
+  # +ActionMailbox.incinerate+ to +false+.
+  class IncinerationJob < ActiveJob::Base
+    queue_as { ActionMailbox.queues[:incineration] }
+
+    discard_on ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+
+    def self.schedule(inbound_email)
+      set(wait: ActionMailbox.incinerate_after).perform_later(inbound_email)
+    end
+
+    def perform(inbound_email)
+      inbound_email.incinerate
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/jobs/action_mailbox/routing_job.rb b/actionmailbox/app/jobs/action_mailbox/routing_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ddf6e4231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/jobs/action_mailbox/routing_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Routing a new InboundEmail is an asynchronous operation, which allows the ingress controllers to quickly
+  # accept new incoming emails without being burdened to hang while they're actually being processed.
+  class RoutingJob < ActiveJob::Base
+    queue_as { ActionMailbox.queues[:routing] }
+
+    def perform(inbound_email)
+      inbound_email.route
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email.rb b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..023de19ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "mail"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # The +InboundEmail+ is an Active Record that keeps a reference to the raw email stored in Active Storage
+  # and tracks the status of processing. By default, incoming emails will go through the following lifecycle:
+  #
+  # * Pending: Just received by one of the ingress controllers and scheduled for routing.
+  # * Processing: During active processing, while a specific mailbox is running its #process method.
+  # * Delivered: Successfully processed by the specific mailbox.
+  # * Failed: An exception was raised during the specific mailbox's execution of the +#process+ method.
+  # * Bounced: Rejected processing by the specific mailbox and bounced to sender.
+  #
+  # Once the +InboundEmail+ has reached the status of being either +delivered+, +failed+, or +bounced+,
+  # it'll count as having been +#processed?+. Once processed, the +InboundEmail+ will be scheduled for
+  # automatic incineration at a later point.
+  #
+  # When working with an +InboundEmail+, you'll usually interact with the parsed version of the source,
+  # which is available as a +Mail+ object from +#mail+. But you can also access the raw source directly
+  # using the +#source+ method.
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #   inbound_email.mail.from # => 'david@loudthinking.com'
+  #   inbound_email.source # Returns the full rfc822 source of the email as text
+  class InboundEmail < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "action_mailbox_inbound_emails"
+
+    include Incineratable, MessageId, Routable
+
+    has_one_attached :raw_email
+    enum status: %i[ pending processing delivered failed bounced ]
+
+    def mail
+      @mail ||= Mail.from_source(source)
+    end
+
+    def source
+      @source ||= raw_email.download
+    end
+
+    def processed?
+      delivered? || failed? || bounced?
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :action_mailbox_inbound_email, ActionMailbox::InboundEmail
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/incineratable.rb b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/incineratable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7c8782f33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/incineratable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Ensure that the +InboundEmail+ is automatically scheduled for later incineration if the status has been
+# changed to +processed+. The later incineration will be invoked at the time specified by the
+# +ActionMailbox.incinerate_after+ time using the +IncinerationJob+.
+module ActionMailbox::InboundEmail::Incineratable
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  included do
+    after_update_commit :incinerate_later, if: -> { ActionMailbox.incinerate && status_previously_changed? && processed? }
+  end
+
+  def incinerate_later
+    ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob.schedule self
+  end
+
+  def incinerate
+    Incineration.new(self).run
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/incineratable/incineration.rb b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/incineratable/incineration.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dabc83fae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/incineratable/incineration.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Command class for carrying out the actual incineration of the +InboundMail+ that's been scheduled
+  # for removal. Before the incineration – which really is just a call to +#destroy!+ – is run, we verify
+  # that it's both eligible (by virtue of having already been processed) and time to do so (that is,
+  # the +InboundEmail+ was processed after the +incinerate_after+ time).
+  class InboundEmail::Incineratable::Incineration
+    def initialize(inbound_email)
+      @inbound_email = inbound_email
+    end
+
+    def run
+      @inbound_email.destroy! if due? && processed?
+    end
+
+    private
+      def due?
+        @inbound_email.updated_at < ActionMailbox.incinerate_after.ago.end_of_day
+      end
+
+      def processed?
+        @inbound_email.processed?
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/message_id.rb b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/message_id.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..470b93ca20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/message_id.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# The +Message-ID+ as specified by rfc822 is supposed to be a unique identifier for that individual email.
+# That makes it an ideal tracking token for debugging and forensics, just like +X-Request-Id+ does for
+# web request.
+#
+# If an inbound email does not, against the rfc822 mandate, specify a Message-ID, one will be generated
+# using the approach from <tt>Mail::MessageIdField</tt>.
+module ActionMailbox::InboundEmail::MessageId
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  class_methods do
+    # Create a new +InboundEmail+ from the raw +source+ of the email, which be uploaded as a Active Storage
+    # attachment called +raw_email+. Before the upload, extract the Message-ID from the +source+ and set
+    # it as an attribute on the new +InboundEmail+.
+    def create_and_extract_message_id!(source, **options)
+      message_checksum = Digest::SHA1.hexdigest(source)
+      message_id = extract_message_id(source) || generate_missing_message_id(message_checksum)
+
+      create! options.merge(message_id: message_id, message_checksum: message_checksum) do |inbound_email|
+        inbound_email.raw_email.attach io: StringIO.new(source), filename: "message.eml", content_type: "message/rfc822"
+      end
+    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+      nil
+    end
+
+    private
+      def extract_message_id(source)
+        Mail.from_source(source).message_id rescue nil
+      end
+
+      def generate_missing_message_id(message_checksum)
+        Mail::MessageIdField.new("<#{message_checksum}@#{::Socket.gethostname}.mail>").message_id.tap do |message_id|
+          logger.warn "Message-ID couldn't be parsed or is missing. Generated a new Message-ID: #{message_id}"
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/routable.rb b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/routable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39565df166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/models/action_mailbox/inbound_email/routable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# A newly received +InboundEmail+ will not be routed synchronously as part of ingress controller's receival.
+# Instead, the routing will be done asynchronously, using a +RoutingJob+, to ensure maximum parallel capacity.
+#
+# By default, all newly created +InboundEmail+ records that have the status of +pending+, which is the default,
+# will be scheduled for automatic, deferred routing.
+module ActionMailbox::InboundEmail::Routable
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  included do
+    after_create_commit :route_later, if: :pending?
+  end
+
+  # Enqueue a +RoutingJob+ for this +InboundEmail+.
+  def route_later
+    ActionMailbox::RoutingJob.perform_later self
+  end
+
+  # Route this +InboundEmail+ using the routing rules declared on the +ApplicationMailbox+.
+  def route
+    ApplicationMailbox.route self
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/views/layouts/rails/conductor.html.erb b/actionmailbox/app/views/layouts/rails/conductor.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cad6560c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/views/layouts/rails/conductor.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Rails Conductor: <%= yield :title %></title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<%= yield %>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/index.html.erb b/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19c53984e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<% provide :title, "Deliver new inbound email" %>
+
+<h1>All inbound emails</h1>
+
+<table>
+  <tr><th>Message ID</th><th>Status</th></tr>
+  <% @inbound_emails.each do |inbound_email| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= link_to inbound_email.message_id, main_app.rails_conductor_inbound_email_path(inbound_email) %></td>
+      <td><%= inbound_email.status %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
+</table>
+
+<%= link_to "Deliver new inbound email", main_app.new_rails_conductor_inbound_email_path %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/new.html.erb b/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/new.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3c3d39064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/new.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<% provide :title, "Deliver new inbound email" %>
+
+<h1>Deliver new inbound email</h1>
+
+<%= form_with(url: main_app.rails_conductor_inbound_emails_path, scope: :mail, local: true) do |form| %>
+  <div>
+    <%= form.label :from, "From" %><br>
+    <%= form.text_field :from %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div>
+    <%= form.label :to, "To" %><br>
+    <%= form.text_field :to %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div>
+    <%= form.label :cc, "CC" %><br>
+    <%= form.text_field :cc %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div>
+    <%= form.label :bcc, "BCC" %><br>
+    <%= form.text_field :bcc %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div>
+    <%= form.label :in_reply_to, "In-Reply-To" %><br>
+    <%= form.text_field :in_reply_to %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div>
+    <%= form.label :subject, "Subject" %><br>
+    <%= form.text_field :subject %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div>
+    <%= form.label :body, "Body" %><br>
+    <%= form.text_area :body, size: "40x20" %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div>
+    <%= form.label :attachments, "Attachments" %><br>
+    <%= form.file_field :attachments, multiple: true %>
+  </div>
+
+  <%= form.submit "Deliver inbound email" %>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/show.html.erb b/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/show.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e761904196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/app/views/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/show.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<% provide :title, @inbound_email.message_id %>
+
+<h1><%= @inbound_email.message_id %>: <%= @inbound_email.status %></h1>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><%= button_to "Route again", main_app.rails_conductor_inbound_email_reroute_path(@inbound_email), method: :post %></li>
+  <li>Incinerate</li>
+</ul>
+
+<details>
+  <summary>Full email source</summary>
+  <pre><%= @inbound_email.source %></pre>
+</details>
+
+<%= link_to "Back to all inbound emails", main_app.rails_conductor_inbound_emails_path %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailbox/bin/test b/actionmailbox/bin/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..c53377cc97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/bin/test
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+COMPONENT_ROOT = File.expand_path("..", __dir__)
+require_relative "../../tools/test"
diff --git a/actionmailbox/config/routes.rb b/actionmailbox/config/routes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1496d6f0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/config/routes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
+  scope "/rails/action_mailbox", module: "action_mailbox/ingresses" do
+    post "/mandrill/inbound_emails" => "mandrill/inbound_emails#create", as: :rails_mandrill_inbound_emails
+    post "/postmark/inbound_emails" => "postmark/inbound_emails#create", as: :rails_postmark_inbound_emails
+    post "/relay/inbound_emails"    => "relay/inbound_emails#create",    as: :rails_relay_inbound_emails
+    post "/sendgrid/inbound_emails" => "sendgrid/inbound_emails#create", as: :rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails
+
+    # Mailgun requires that a webhook's URL end in 'mime' for it to receive the raw contents of emails.
+    post "/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime" => "mailgun/inbound_emails#create", as: :rails_mailgun_inbound_emails
+  end
+
+  # TODO: Should these be mounted within the engine only?
+  scope "rails/conductor/action_mailbox/", module: "rails/conductor/action_mailbox" do
+    resources :inbound_emails, as: :rails_conductor_inbound_emails
+    post ":inbound_email_id/reroute" => "reroutes#create", as: :rails_conductor_inbound_email_reroute
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/db/migrate/20180917164000_create_action_mailbox_tables.rb b/actionmailbox/db/migrate/20180917164000_create_action_mailbox_tables.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bf4335808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/db/migrate/20180917164000_create_action_mailbox_tables.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+class CreateActionMailboxTables < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :action_mailbox_inbound_emails do |t|
+      t.integer :status, default: 0, null: false
+      t.string  :message_id, null: false
+      t.string  :message_checksum, null: false
+
+      t.timestamps
+
+      t.index [ :message_id, :message_checksum ], name: "index_action_mailbox_inbound_emails_uniqueness", unique: true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..772dbd6529
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "action_mailbox/mail_ext"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+  autoload :Base
+  autoload :Router
+  autoload :TestCase
+
+  mattr_accessor :ingress
+  mattr_accessor :logger
+  mattr_accessor :incinerate, default: true
+  mattr_accessor :incinerate_after, default: 30.days
+  mattr_accessor :queues, default: {}
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/base.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff8587acd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/rescuable"
+
+require "action_mailbox/callbacks"
+require "action_mailbox/routing"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # The base class for all application mailboxes. Not intended to be inherited from directly. Inherit from
+  # +ApplicationMailbox+ instead, as that's where the app-specific routing is configured. This routing
+  # is specified in the following ways:
+  #
+  #   class ApplicationMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  #     # Any of the recipients of the mail (whether to, cc, bcc) are matched against the regexp.
+  #     routing /^replies@/i => :replies
+  #
+  #     # Any of the recipients of the mail (whether to, cc, bcc) needs to be an exact match for the string.
+  #     routing "help@example.com" => :help
+  #
+  #     # Any callable (proc, lambda, etc) object is passed the inbound_email record and is a match if true.
+  #     routing ->(inbound_email) { inbound_email.mail.to.size > 2 } => :multiple_recipients
+  #
+  #     # Any object responding to #match? is called with the inbound_email record as an argument. Match if true.
+  #     routing CustomAddress.new => :custom
+  #
+  #     # Any inbound_email that has not been already matched will be sent to the BackstopMailbox.
+  #     routing :all => :backstop
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Application mailboxes need to overwrite the +#process+ method, which is invoked by the framework after
+  # callbacks have been run. The callbacks available are: +before_processing+, +after_processing+, and
+  # +around_processing+. The primary use case is ensure certain preconditions to processing are fulfilled
+  # using +before_processing+ callbacks.
+  #
+  # If a precondition fails to be met, you can halt the processing using the +#bounced!+ method,
+  # which will silently prevent any further processing, but not actually send out any bounce notice. You
+  # can also pair this behavior with the invocation of an Action Mailer class responsible for sending out
+  # an actual bounce email. This is done using the +#bounce_with+ method, which takes the mail object returned
+  # by an Action Mailer method, like so:
+  #
+  #   class ForwardsMailbox < ApplicationMailbox
+  #     before_processing :ensure_sender_is_a_user
+  #
+  #     private
+  #       def ensure_sender_is_a_user
+  #         unless User.exist?(email_address: mail.from)
+  #           bounce_with UserRequiredMailer.missing(inbound_email)
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # During the processing of the inbound email, the status will be tracked. Before processing begins,
+  # the email will normally have the +pending+ status. Once processing begins, just before callbacks
+  # and the +#process+ method is called, the status is changed to +processing+. If processing is allowed to
+  # complete, the status is changed to +delivered+. If a bounce is triggered, then +bounced+. If an unhandled
+  # exception is bubbled up, then +failed+.
+  #
+  # Exceptions can be handled at the class level using the familiar +Rescuable+ approach:
+  #
+  #   class ForwardsMailbox < ApplicationMailbox
+  #     rescue_from(ApplicationSpecificVerificationError) { bounced! }
+  #   end
+  class Base
+    include ActiveSupport::Rescuable
+    include ActionMailbox::Callbacks, ActionMailbox::Routing
+
+    attr_reader :inbound_email
+    delegate :mail, :delivered!, :bounced!, to: :inbound_email
+
+    delegate :logger, to: ActionMailbox
+
+    def self.receive(inbound_email)
+      new(inbound_email).perform_processing
+    end
+
+    def initialize(inbound_email)
+      @inbound_email = inbound_email
+    end
+
+    def perform_processing #:nodoc:
+      track_status_of_inbound_email do
+        run_callbacks :process do
+          process
+        end
+      end
+    rescue => exception
+      # TODO: Include a reference to the inbound_email in the exception raised so error handling becomes easier
+      rescue_with_handler(exception) || raise
+    end
+
+    def process
+      # Overwrite in subclasses
+    end
+
+    def finished_processing? #:nodoc:
+      inbound_email.delivered? || inbound_email.bounced?
+    end
+
+
+    # Enqueues the given +message+ for delivery and changes the inbound email's status to +:bounced+.
+    def bounce_with(message)
+      inbound_email.bounced!
+      message.deliver_later
+    end
+
+    private
+      def track_status_of_inbound_email
+        inbound_email.processing!
+        yield
+        inbound_email.delivered! unless inbound_email.bounced?
+      rescue
+        inbound_email.failed!
+        raise
+      end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :action_mailbox, ActionMailbox::Base
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/callbacks.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/callbacks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b7212284b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/callbacks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/callbacks"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Defines the callbacks related to processing.
+  module Callbacks
+    extend  ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+
+    TERMINATOR = ->(mailbox, chain) do
+      chain.call
+      mailbox.finished_processing?
+    end
+
+    included do
+      define_callbacks :process, terminator: TERMINATOR, skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true
+    end
+
+    class_methods do
+      def before_processing(*methods, &block)
+        set_callback(:process, :before, *methods, &block)
+      end
+
+      def after_processing(*methods, &block)
+        set_callback(:process, :after, *methods, &block)
+      end
+
+      def around_processing(*methods, &block)
+        set_callback(:process, :around, *methods, &block)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/engine.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/engine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bab3964d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/engine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rails"
+require "action_controller/railtie"
+require "active_job/railtie"
+require "active_record/railtie"
+require "active_storage/engine"
+
+require "action_mailbox"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  class Engine < Rails::Engine
+    isolate_namespace ActionMailbox
+    config.eager_load_namespaces << ActionMailbox
+
+    config.action_mailbox = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+    config.action_mailbox.incinerate = true
+    config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after = 30.days
+
+    config.action_mailbox.queues = ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new \
+      incineration: :action_mailbox_incineration, routing: :action_mailbox_routing
+
+    initializer "action_mailbox.config" do
+      config.after_initialize do |app|
+        ActionMailbox.logger = app.config.action_mailbox.logger || Rails.logger
+        ActionMailbox.incinerate = app.config.action_mailbox.incinerate.nil? ? true : app.config.action_mailbox.incinerate
+        ActionMailbox.incinerate_after = app.config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after || 30.days
+        ActionMailbox.queues = app.config.action_mailbox.queues || {}
+        ActionMailbox.ingress = app.config.action_mailbox.ingress
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/gem_version.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ad2400451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Returns the currently-loaded version of Action Mailbox as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 6
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4d277a1f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "mail"
+
+# The hope is to upstream most of these basic additions to the Mail gem's Mail object. But until then, here they lay!
+Dir["#{File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))}/mail_ext/*"].each { |path| require "action_mailbox/mail_ext/#{File.basename(path)}" }
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/address_equality.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/address_equality.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39a43b3468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/address_equality.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Mail
+  class Address
+    def ==(other_address)
+      other_address.is_a?(Mail::Address) && to_s == other_address.to_s
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/address_wrapping.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/address_wrapping.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19eb624c1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/address_wrapping.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Mail
+  class Address
+    def self.wrap(address)
+      address.is_a?(Mail::Address) ? address : Mail::Address.new(address)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/addresses.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/addresses.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5eab1feb3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/addresses.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Mail
+  class Message
+    def from_address
+      header[:from]&.address_list&.addresses&.first
+    end
+
+    def recipients_addresses
+      to_addresses + cc_addresses + bcc_addresses + x_original_to_addresses
+    end
+
+    def to_addresses
+      Array(header[:to]&.address_list&.addresses)
+    end
+
+    def cc_addresses
+      Array(header[:cc]&.address_list&.addresses)
+    end
+
+    def bcc_addresses
+      Array(header[:bcc]&.address_list&.addresses)
+    end
+
+    def x_original_to_addresses
+      Array(header[:x_original_to]).collect { |header| Mail::Address.new header.to_s }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/from_source.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/from_source.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17b7fc80ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/from_source.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Mail
+  def self.from_source(source)
+    Mail.new Mail::Utilities.binary_unsafe_to_crlf(source.to_s)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/recipients.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/recipients.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f8a713218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/mail_ext/recipients.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Mail
+  class Message
+    def recipients
+      Array(to) + Array(cc) + Array(bcc) + Array(header[:x_original_to]).map(&:to_s)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/relayer.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/relayer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2890acb60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/relayer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "action_mailbox/version"
+require "net/http"
+require "uri"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  class Relayer
+    class Result < Struct.new(:status_code, :message)
+      def success?
+        !failure?
+      end
+
+      def failure?
+        transient_failure? || permanent_failure?
+      end
+
+      def transient_failure?
+        status_code.start_with?("4.")
+      end
+
+      def permanent_failure?
+        status_code.start_with?("5.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    CONTENT_TYPE = "message/rfc822"
+    USER_AGENT   = "Action Mailbox relayer v#{ActionMailbox.version}"
+
+    attr_reader :uri, :username, :password
+
+    def initialize(url:, username: "actionmailbox", password:)
+      @uri, @username, @password = URI(url), username, password
+    end
+
+    def relay(source)
+      case response = post(source)
+      when Net::HTTPSuccess
+        Result.new "2.0.0", "Successfully relayed message to ingress"
+      when Net::HTTPUnauthorized
+        Result.new "4.7.0", "Invalid credentials for ingress"
+      else
+        Result.new "4.0.0", "HTTP #{response.code}"
+      end
+    rescue IOError, SocketError, SystemCallError => error
+      Result.new "4.4.2", "Network error relaying to ingress: #{error.message}"
+    rescue Timeout::Error
+      Result.new "4.4.2", "Timed out relaying to ingress"
+    rescue => error
+      Result.new "4.0.0", "Error relaying to ingress: #{error.message}"
+    end
+
+    private
+      def post(source)
+        client.post uri, source,
+          "Content-Type"  => CONTENT_TYPE,
+          "User-Agent"    => USER_AGENT,
+          "Authorization" => "Basic #{Base64.strict_encode64(username + ":" + password)}"
+      end
+
+      def client
+        @client ||= Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port).tap do |connection|
+          if uri.scheme == "https"
+            require "openssl"
+
+            connection.use_ssl     = true
+            connection.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
+          end
+
+          connection.open_timeout = 1
+          connection.read_timeout = 10
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/router.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/router.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54982eae21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/router.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Encapsulates the routes that live on the ApplicationMailbox and performs the actual routing when
+  # an inbound_email is received.
+  class Router
+    class RoutingError < StandardError; end
+
+    def initialize
+      @routes = []
+    end
+
+    def add_routes(routes)
+      routes.each do |(address, mailbox_name)|
+        add_route address, to: mailbox_name
+      end
+    end
+
+    def add_route(address, to:)
+      routes.append Route.new(address, to: to)
+    end
+
+    def route(inbound_email)
+      if mailbox = mailbox_for(inbound_email)
+        mailbox.receive(inbound_email)
+      else
+        inbound_email.bounced!
+
+        raise RoutingError
+      end
+    end
+
+    def mailbox_for(inbound_email)
+      routes.detect { |route| route.match?(inbound_email) }.try(:mailbox_class)
+    end
+
+    private
+      attr_reader :routes
+  end
+end
+
+require "action_mailbox/router/route"
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/router/route.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/router/route.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e98e83382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/router/route.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Encapsulates a route, which can then be matched against an inbound_email and provide a lookup of the matching
+  # mailbox class. See examples for the different route addresses and how to use them in the +ActionMailbox::Base+
+  # documentation.
+  class Router::Route
+    attr_reader :address, :mailbox_name
+
+    def initialize(address, to:)
+      @address, @mailbox_name = address, to
+
+      ensure_valid_address
+    end
+
+    def match?(inbound_email)
+      case address
+      when :all
+        true
+      when String
+        inbound_email.mail.recipients.any? { |recipient| address.casecmp?(recipient) }
+      when Regexp
+        inbound_email.mail.recipients.any? { |recipient| address.match?(recipient) }
+      when Proc
+        address.call(inbound_email)
+      else
+        address.match?(inbound_email)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def mailbox_class
+      "#{mailbox_name.to_s.camelize}Mailbox".constantize
+    end
+
+    private
+      def ensure_valid_address
+        unless [ Symbol, String, Regexp, Proc ].any? { |klass| address.is_a?(klass) } || address.respond_to?(:match?)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Expected a Symbol, String, Regexp, Proc, or matchable, got #{address.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/routing.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/routing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8391bf9db0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/routing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # See +ActionMailbox::Base+ for how to specify routing.
+  module Routing
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      cattr_accessor :router, default: ActionMailbox::Router.new
+    end
+
+    class_methods do
+      def routing(routes)
+        router.add_routes(routes)
+      end
+
+      def route(inbound_email)
+        router.route(inbound_email)
+      end
+
+      def mailbox_for(inbound_email)
+        router.mailbox_for(inbound_email)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/test_case.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e78e428d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "action_mailbox/test_helper"
+require "active_support/test_case"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActionMailbox::TestHelper
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :action_mailbox_test_case, ActionMailbox::TestCase
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/test_helper.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d248fa8734
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "mail"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  module TestHelper
+    # Create an +InboundEmail+ record using an eml fixture in the format of message/rfc822
+    # referenced with +fixture_name+ located in +test/fixtures/files/fixture_name+.
+    def create_inbound_email_from_fixture(fixture_name, status: :processing)
+      create_inbound_email_from_source file_fixture(fixture_name).read, status: status
+    end
+
+    # Create an +InboundEmail+ by specifying it using +Mail.new+ options. Example:
+    #
+    #   create_inbound_email_from_mail(from: "david@loudthinking.com", subject: "Hello!")
+    def create_inbound_email_from_mail(status: :processing, **mail_options)
+      create_inbound_email_from_source Mail.new(mail_options).to_s, status: status
+    end
+
+    # Create an +InboundEmail+ using the raw rfc822 +source+ as text.
+    def create_inbound_email_from_source(source, status: :processing)
+      ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.create_and_extract_message_id! source, status: status
+    end
+
+
+    # Create an +InboundEmail+ from fixture using the same arguments as +create_inbound_email_from_fixture+
+    # and immediately route it to processing.
+    def receive_inbound_email_from_fixture(*args)
+      create_inbound_email_from_fixture(*args).tap(&:route)
+    end
+
+    # Create an +InboundEmail+ using the same arguments as +create_inbound_email_from_mail+ and immediately route it to
+    # processing.
+    def receive_inbound_email_from_mail(**kwargs)
+      create_inbound_email_from_mail(**kwargs).tap(&:route)
+    end
+
+    # Create an +InboundEmail+ using the same arguments as +create_inbound_email_from_source+ and immediately route it
+    # to processing.
+    def receive_inbound_email_from_source(*args)
+      create_inbound_email_from_source(*args).tap(&:route)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/version.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e65d27f5dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/action_mailbox/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "gem_version"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  # Returns the currently-loaded version of Action Mailbox as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
+  def self.version
+    gem_version
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/installer.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/installer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2864ea4e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/installer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+say "Copying application_mailbox.rb to app/mailboxes"
+copy_file "#{__dir__}/mailbox/templates/application_mailbox.rb", "app/mailboxes/application_mailbox.rb"
+
+environment <<~end_of_config, env: "production"
+  # Prepare the ingress controller used to receive mail
+  # config.action_mailbox.ingress = :postfix
+
+end_of_config
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/USAGE b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/USAGE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d679dd63ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/USAGE
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Description:
+============
+    Stubs out a new mailbox class in app/mailboxes and invokes your template
+    engine and test framework generators.
+
+Example:
+========
+    rails generate mailbox inbox
+
+    creates a InboxMailbox class and test:
+        Mailbox:  app/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox.rb
+        Test:     test/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox_test.rb
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/mailbox_generator.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/mailbox_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2c403b8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/mailbox_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    class MailboxGenerator < NamedBase
+      source_root File.expand_path("templates", __dir__)
+
+      check_class_collision suffix: "Mailbox"
+
+      def create_mailbox_file
+        template "mailbox.rb", File.join("app/mailboxes", class_path, "#{file_name}_mailbox.rb")
+
+        in_root do
+          if behavior == :invoke && !File.exist?(application_mailbox_file_name)
+            template "application_mailbox.rb", application_mailbox_file_name
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      hook_for :test_framework
+
+      private
+        def file_name # :doc:
+          @_file_name ||= super.sub(/_mailbox\z/i, "")
+        end
+
+        def application_mailbox_file_name
+          "app/mailboxes/application_mailbox.rb"
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/templates/application_mailbox.rb.tt b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/templates/application_mailbox.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac22d03cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/templates/application_mailbox.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class ApplicationMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  # routing /something/i => :somewhere
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/templates/mailbox.rb.tt b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/templates/mailbox.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..110b3b9d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/mailbox/templates/mailbox.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class <%= class_name %>Mailbox < ApplicationMailbox
+  def process
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailbox_generator.rb b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailbox_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ec7d11a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailbox_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module TestUnit
+  module Generators
+    class MailboxGenerator < ::Rails::Generators::NamedBase
+      source_root File.expand_path("templates", __dir__)
+
+      check_class_collision suffix: "MailboxTest"
+
+      def create_test_files
+        template "mailbox_test.rb", File.join("test/mailboxes", class_path, "#{file_name}_mailbox_test.rb")
+      end
+
+      private
+        def file_name # :doc:
+          @_file_name ||= super.sub(/_mailbox\z/i, "")
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/templates/mailbox_test.rb.tt b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/templates/mailbox_test.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e215b4d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/templates/mailbox_test.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class <%= class_name %>MailboxTest < ActionMailbox::TestCase
+  # test "receive mail" do
+  #   receive_inbound_email_from_mail \
+  #     to: '"someone" <someone@example.com>',
+  #     from: '"else" <else@example.com>',
+  #     subject: "Hello world!",
+  #     body: "Hello?"
+  # end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/tasks/ingress.rake b/actionmailbox/lib/tasks/ingress.rake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43b613ea12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/tasks/ingress.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+namespace :action_mailbox do
+  namespace :ingress do
+    task :environment do
+      require "active_support"
+      require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"
+      require "action_mailbox/relayer"
+    end
+
+    desc "Relay an inbound email from Exim to Action Mailbox (URL and INGRESS_PASSWORD required)"
+    task exim: "action_mailbox:ingress:environment" do
+      url, password = ENV.values_at("URL", "INGRESS_PASSWORD")
+
+      if url.blank? || password.blank?
+        print "URL and INGRESS_PASSWORD are required"
+        exit 64 # EX_USAGE
+      end
+
+      ActionMailbox::Relayer.new(url: url, password: password).relay(STDIN.read).tap do |result|
+        print result.message
+
+        case
+        when result.success?
+          exit 0
+        when result.transient_failure?
+          exit 75 # EX_TEMPFAIL
+        else
+          exit 69 # EX_UNAVAILABLE
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    desc "Relay an inbound email from Postfix to Action Mailbox (URL and INGRESS_PASSWORD required)"
+    task postfix: "action_mailbox:ingress:environment" do
+      url, password = ENV.values_at("URL", "INGRESS_PASSWORD")
+
+      if url.blank? || password.blank?
+        print "4.3.5 URL and INGRESS_PASSWORD are required"
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      ActionMailbox::Relayer.new(url: url, password: password).relay(STDIN.read).tap do |result|
+        print "#{result.status_code} #{result.message}"
+        exit result.success?
+      end
+    end
+
+    desc "Relay an inbound email from Qmail to Action Mailbox (URL and INGRESS_PASSWORD required)"
+    task qmail: "action_mailbox:ingress:environment" do
+      url, password = ENV.values_at("URL", "INGRESS_PASSWORD")
+
+      if url.blank? || password.blank?
+        print "URL and INGRESS_PASSWORD are required"
+        exit 111
+      end
+
+      ActionMailbox::Relayer.new(url: url, password: password).relay(STDIN.read).tap do |result|
+        print result.message
+
+        case
+        when result.success?
+          exit 0
+        when result.transient_failure?
+          exit 111
+        else
+          exit 100
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/lib/tasks/install.rake b/actionmailbox/lib/tasks/install.rake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0885e2d6a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/lib/tasks/install.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+namespace :action_mailbox do
+  # Prevent migration installation task from showing up twice.
+  Rake::Task["install:migrations"].clear_comments
+
+  desc "Copy over the migration"
+  task install: %w[ environment run_installer copy_migrations ]
+
+  task :run_installer do
+    installer_template = File.expand_path("../rails/generators/installer.rb", __dir__)
+    system "#{RbConfig.ruby} ./bin/rails app:template LOCATION=#{installer_template}"
+  end
+
+  task :copy_migrations do
+    Rake::Task["active_storage:install:migrations"].invoke
+    Rake::Task["railties:install:migrations"].reenable # Otherwise you can't run 2 migration copy tasks in one invocation
+    Rake::Task["action_mailbox:install:migrations"].invoke
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f225b8953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+ENV["MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY"] = "tbsy84uSV1Kt3ZJZELY2TmShPRs91E3yL4tzf96297vBCkDWgL"
+
+class ActionMailbox::Ingresses::Mailgun::InboundEmailsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  setup { ActionMailbox.ingress = :mailgun }
+
+  test "receiving an inbound email from Mailgun" do
+    assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, +1 do
+      travel_to "2018-10-09 15:15:00 EDT"
+      post rails_mailgun_inbound_emails_url, params: {
+        timestamp: 1539112500,
+        token: "7VwW7k6Ak7zcTwoSoNm7aTtbk1g67MKAnsYLfUB7PdszbgR5Xi",
+        signature: "ef24c5225322217bb065b80bb54eb4f9206d764e3e16abab07f0a64d1cf477cc",
+        "body-mime" => file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+      }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :no_content
+
+    inbound_email = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.last
+    assert_equal file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read, inbound_email.raw_email.download
+    assert_equal "0CB459E0-0336-41DA-BC88-E6E28C697DDB@37signals.com", inbound_email.message_id
+  end
+
+  test "rejecting a delayed inbound email from Mailgun" do
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count } do
+      travel_to "2018-10-09 15:26:00 EDT"
+      post rails_mailgun_inbound_emails_url, params: {
+        timestamp: 1539112500,
+        token: "7VwW7k6Ak7zcTwoSoNm7aTtbk1g67MKAnsYLfUB7PdszbgR5Xi",
+        signature: "ef24c5225322217bb065b80bb54eb4f9206d764e3e16abab07f0a64d1cf477cc",
+        "body-mime" => file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+      }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
+  test "rejecting a forged inbound email from Mailgun" do
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count } do
+      travel_to "2018-10-09 15:15:00 EDT"
+      post rails_mailgun_inbound_emails_url, params: {
+        timestamp: 1539112500,
+        token: "Zx8mJBiGmiiyyfWnho3zKyjCg2pxLARoCuBM7X9AKCioShGiMX",
+        signature: "ef24c5225322217bb065b80bb54eb4f9206d764e3e16abab07f0a64d1cf477cc",
+        "body-mime" => file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+      }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
+  test "raising when the configured Mailgun API key is nil" do
+    switch_key_to nil do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        travel_to "2018-10-09 15:15:00 EDT"
+        post rails_mailgun_inbound_emails_url, params: {
+          timestamp: 1539112500,
+          token: "7VwW7k6Ak7zcTwoSoNm7aTtbk1g67MKAnsYLfUB7PdszbgR5Xi",
+          signature: "ef24c5225322217bb065b80bb54eb4f9206d764e3e16abab07f0a64d1cf477cc",
+          "body-mime" => file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "raising when the configured Mailgun API key is blank" do
+    switch_key_to "" do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        travel_to "2018-10-09 15:15:00 EDT"
+        post rails_mailgun_inbound_emails_url, params: {
+          timestamp: 1539112500,
+          token: "7VwW7k6Ak7zcTwoSoNm7aTtbk1g67MKAnsYLfUB7PdszbgR5Xi",
+          signature: "ef24c5225322217bb065b80bb54eb4f9206d764e3e16abab07f0a64d1cf477cc",
+          "body-mime" => file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def switch_key_to(new_key)
+      previous_key, ENV["MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY"] = ENV["MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY"], new_key
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ENV["MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY"] = previous_key
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40f956c930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+ENV["MANDRILL_INGRESS_API_KEY"] = "1l9Qf7lutEf7h73VXfBwhw"
+
+class ActionMailbox::Ingresses::Mandrill::InboundEmailsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  setup do
+    ActionMailbox.ingress = :mandrill
+    @events = JSON.generate([{ event: "inbound", msg: { raw_msg: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read } }])
+  end
+
+  test "receiving an inbound email from Mandrill" do
+    assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, +1 do
+      post rails_mandrill_inbound_emails_url,
+        headers: { "X-Mandrill-Signature" => "gldscd2tAb/G+DmpiLcwukkLrC4=" }, params: { mandrill_events: @events }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :ok
+
+    inbound_email = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.last
+    assert_equal file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read, inbound_email.raw_email.download
+    assert_equal "0CB459E0-0336-41DA-BC88-E6E28C697DDB@37signals.com", inbound_email.message_id
+  end
+
+  test "rejecting a forged inbound email from Mandrill" do
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count } do
+      post rails_mandrill_inbound_emails_url,
+        headers: { "X-Mandrill-Signature" => "forged" }, params: { mandrill_events: @events }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
+  test "raising when Mandrill API key is nil" do
+    switch_key_to nil do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        post rails_mandrill_inbound_emails_url,
+          headers: { "X-Mandrill-Signature" => "gldscd2tAb/G+DmpiLcwukkLrC4=" }, params: { mandrill_events: @events }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "raising when Mandrill API key is blank" do
+    switch_key_to "" do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        post rails_mandrill_inbound_emails_url,
+          headers: { "X-Mandrill-Signature" => "gldscd2tAb/G+DmpiLcwukkLrC4=" }, params: { mandrill_events: @events }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def switch_key_to(new_key)
+      previous_key, ENV["MANDRILL_INGRESS_API_KEY"] = ENV["MANDRILL_INGRESS_API_KEY"], new_key
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ENV["MANDRILL_INGRESS_API_KEY"] = previous_key
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11b579b39c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionMailbox::Ingresses::Postmark::InboundEmailsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  setup { ActionMailbox.ingress = :postmark }
+
+  test "receiving an inbound email from Postmark" do
+    assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, +1 do
+      post rails_postmark_inbound_emails_url,
+        headers: { authorization: credentials }, params: { RawEmail: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :no_content
+
+    inbound_email = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.last
+    assert_equal file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read, inbound_email.raw_email.download
+    assert_equal "0CB459E0-0336-41DA-BC88-E6E28C697DDB@37signals.com", inbound_email.message_id
+  end
+
+  test "rejecting when RawEmail param is missing" do
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count } do
+      post rails_postmark_inbound_emails_url,
+        headers: { authorization: credentials }, params: { From: "someone@example.com" }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unprocessable_entity
+  end
+
+  test "rejecting an unauthorized inbound email from Postmark" do
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count } do
+      post rails_postmark_inbound_emails_url, params: { RawEmail: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
+  test "raising when the configured password is nil" do
+    switch_password_to nil do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        post rails_postmark_inbound_emails_url,
+          headers: { authorization: credentials }, params: { RawEmail: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "raising when the configured password is blank" do
+    switch_password_to "" do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        post rails_postmark_inbound_emails_url,
+          headers: { authorization: credentials }, params: { RawEmail: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67c5993f7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionMailbox::Ingresses::Relay::InboundEmailsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  setup { ActionMailbox.ingress = :relay }
+
+  test "receiving an inbound email relayed from an SMTP server" do
+    assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, +1 do
+      post rails_relay_inbound_emails_url, headers: { "Authorization" => credentials, "Content-Type" => "message/rfc822" },
+        params: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+    end
+
+    assert_response :no_content
+
+    inbound_email = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.last
+    assert_equal file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read, inbound_email.raw_email.download
+    assert_equal "0CB459E0-0336-41DA-BC88-E6E28C697DDB@37signals.com", inbound_email.message_id
+  end
+
+  test "rejecting an unauthorized inbound email" do
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count } do
+      post rails_relay_inbound_emails_url, headers: { "Content-Type" => "message/rfc822" },
+        params: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
+  test "rejecting an inbound email of an unsupported media type" do
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count } do
+      post rails_relay_inbound_emails_url, headers: { "Authorization" => credentials, "Content-Type" => "text/plain" },
+        params: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unsupported_media_type
+  end
+
+  test "raising when the configured password is nil" do
+    switch_password_to nil do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        post rails_relay_inbound_emails_url, headers: { "Authorization" => credentials, "Content-Type" => "message/rfc822" },
+          params: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "raising when the configured password is blank" do
+    switch_password_to "" do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        post rails_relay_inbound_emails_url, headers: { "Authorization" => credentials, "Content-Type" => "message/rfc822" },
+          params: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59a87e9248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionMailbox::Ingresses::Sendgrid::InboundEmailsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  setup { ActionMailbox.ingress = :sendgrid }
+
+  test "receiving an inbound email from Sendgrid" do
+    assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, +1 do
+      post rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails_url,
+        headers: { authorization: credentials }, params: { email: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :no_content
+
+    inbound_email = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.last
+    assert_equal file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read, inbound_email.raw_email.download
+    assert_equal "0CB459E0-0336-41DA-BC88-E6E28C697DDB@37signals.com", inbound_email.message_id
+  end
+
+  test "rejecting an unauthorized inbound email from Sendgrid" do
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count } do
+      post rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails_url, params: { email: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
+  test "raising when the configured password is nil" do
+    switch_password_to nil do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        post rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails_url,
+          headers: { authorization: credentials }, params: { email: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "raising when the configured password is blank" do
+    switch_password_to "" do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        post rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails_url,
+          headers: { authorization: credentials }, params: { email: file_fixture("../files/welcome.eml").read }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/controllers/rails/action_mailbox/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/rails/action_mailbox/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fc39c2433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/controllers/rails/action_mailbox/inbound_emails_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class Rails::Conductor::ActionMailbox::InboundEmailsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  test "create inbound email" do
+    with_rails_env("development") do
+      assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, +1 do
+        post rails_conductor_inbound_emails_path, params: {
+          mail: {
+            from: "Jason Fried <jason@37signals.com>",
+            to: "Replies <replies@example.com>",
+            cc: "CC <cc@example.com>",
+            bcc: "Bcc <bcc@example.com>",
+            in_reply_to: "<4e6e35f5a38b4_479f13bb90078178@small-app-01.mail>",
+            subject: "Hey there",
+            body: "How's it going?"
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      mail = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.last.mail
+      assert_equal %w[ jason@37signals.com ], mail.from
+      assert_equal %w[ replies@example.com ], mail.to
+      assert_equal %w[ cc@example.com ], mail.cc
+      assert_equal %w[ bcc@example.com ], mail.bcc
+      assert_equal "4e6e35f5a38b4_479f13bb90078178@small-app-01.mail", mail.in_reply_to
+      assert_equal "Hey there", mail.subject
+      assert_equal "How's it going?", mail.body.decoded
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "create inbound email with attachments" do
+    with_rails_env("development") do
+      assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, +1 do
+        post rails_conductor_inbound_emails_path, params: {
+          mail: {
+            from: "Jason Fried <jason@37signals.com>",
+            to: "Replies <replies@example.com>",
+            subject: "Let's debate some attachments",
+            body: "Let's talk about these images:",
+            attachments: [ fixture_file_upload("files/avatar1.jpeg"), fixture_file_upload("files/avatar2.jpeg") ]
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      mail = ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.last.mail
+      assert_equal "Let's talk about these images:", mail.text_part.decoded
+      assert_equal 2, mail.attachments.count
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def with_rails_env(env)
+      old_rails_env = Rails.env
+      Rails.env = env
+      yield
+    ensure
+      Rails.env = old_rails_env
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/.babelrc b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/.babelrc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ded31c0d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/.babelrc
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "presets": [
+    ["env", {
+      "modules": false,
+      "targets": {
+        "browsers": "> 1%",
+        "uglify": true
+      },
+      "useBuiltIns": true
+    }]
+  ],
+
+  "plugins": [
+    "syntax-dynamic-import",
+    "transform-object-rest-spread",
+    ["transform-class-properties", { "spec": true }]
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/.postcssrc.yml b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/.postcssrc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..150dac3c6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/.postcssrc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+plugins:
+  postcss-import: {}
+  postcss-cssnext: {}
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/Rakefile b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e85f913914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Add your own tasks in files placed in lib/tasks ending in .rake,
+# for example lib/tasks/capistrano.rake, and they will automatically be available to Rake.
+
+require_relative 'config/application'
+
+Rails.application.load_tasks
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/config/manifest.js b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/config/manifest.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b16e53d6d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/config/manifest.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+//= link_tree ../images
+//= link_directory ../javascripts .js
+//= link_directory ../stylesheets .css
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/images/.keep b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/images/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/images/.keep
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ebd7fe829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/*
+ * This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which will include all the files
+ * listed below.
+ *
+ * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
+ * or any plugin's vendor/assets/stylesheets directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
+ *
+ * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
+ * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any other CSS/SCSS
+ * files in this directory. Styles in this file should be added after the last require_* statement.
+ * It is generally better to create a new file per style scope.
+ *
+ *= require_tree .
+ *= require_self
+ */
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd4f3de38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+body {
+  background-color: #fff;
+  color: #333;
+  margin: 33px;
+}
+
+body, p, ol, ul, td {
+  font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  line-height: 18px;
+}
+
+pre {
+  background-color: #eee;
+  padding: 10px;
+  font-size: 11px;
+}
+
+a {
+  color: #000;
+}
+
+a:visited {
+  color: #666;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #000;
+}
+
+th {
+  padding-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+td {
+  padding: 0 5px 7px;
+}
+
+div.field,
+div.actions {
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+#notice {
+  color: green;
+}
+
+.field_with_errors {
+  padding: 2px;
+  background-color: red;
+  display: table;
+}
+
+#error_explanation {
+  width: 450px;
+  border: 2px solid red;
+  padding: 7px 7px 0;
+  margin-bottom: 20px;
+  background-color: #f0f0f0;
+}
+
+#error_explanation h2 {
+  text-align: left;
+  font-weight: bold;
+  padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  margin: -7px -7px 0;
+  background-color: #c00;
+  color: #fff;
+}
+
+#error_explanation ul li {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  list-style: square;
+}
+
+label {
+  display: block;
+}
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d672697283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+module ApplicationCable
+  class Channel < ActionCable::Channel::Base
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ff5442f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+module ApplicationCable
+  class Connection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09705d12ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/controllers/concerns/.keep b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de6be7945c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module ApplicationHelper
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/javascript/packs/application.js b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/javascript/packs/application.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/javascript/packs/application.js
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/jobs/application_job.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/jobs/application_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a009ace51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/jobs/application_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailboxes/application_mailbox.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailboxes/application_mailbox.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be51eb3639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailboxes/application_mailbox.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class ApplicationMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  # routing /something/i => :somewhere
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailboxes/messages_mailbox.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailboxes/messages_mailbox.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a046ee13d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailboxes/messages_mailbox.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class MessagesMailbox < ApplicationMailbox
+  def process
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..286b2239d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: 'from@example.com'
+  layout 'mailer'
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10a4cba84d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.abstract_class = true
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/models/concerns/.keep b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/models/concerns/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/models/concerns/.keep
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f221f512b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Dummy</title>
+    <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+
+    <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'application', media: 'all' %>
+    <%= javascript_pack_tag 'application' %>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <%= yield %>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cbd34d2e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    <style>
+      /* Email styles need to be inline */
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <%= yield %>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37f0bddbd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= yield %>
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/bundle b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/bundle
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..f19acf5b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/bundle
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../Gemfile', __dir__)
+load Gem.bin_path('bundler', 'bundle')
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/rails b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/rails
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..0739660237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/rails
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../config/application', __dir__)
+require_relative '../config/boot'
+require 'rails/commands'
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/rake b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/rake
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..17240489f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/rake
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require_relative '../config/boot'
+require 'rake'
+Rake.application.run
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/setup b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/setup
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..94fd4d7977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/setup
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
+
+# path to your application root.
+APP_ROOT = File.expand_path('..', __dir__)
+
+def system!(*args)
+  system(*args) || abort("\n== Command #{args} failed ==")
+end
+
+chdir APP_ROOT do
+  # This script is a starting point to setup your application.
+  # Add necessary setup steps to this file.
+
+  puts '== Installing dependencies =='
+  system! 'gem install bundler --conservative'
+  system('bundle check') || system!('bundle install')
+
+  # Install JavaScript dependencies if using Yarn
+  # system('bin/yarn')
+
+  # puts "\n== Copying sample files =="
+  # unless File.exist?('config/database.yml')
+  #   cp 'config/database.yml.sample', 'config/database.yml'
+  # end
+
+  puts "\n== Preparing database =="
+  system! 'bin/rails db:setup'
+
+  puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
+  system! 'bin/rails log:clear tmp:clear'
+
+  puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
+  system! 'bin/rails restart'
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/update.tt b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/update
index 03b77d0d46..58bfaed518 100644..100755
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/update.tt
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/update
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
 require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
 
 # path to your application root.
 APP_ROOT = File.expand_path('..', __dir__)
@@ -7,27 +9,23 @@ def system!(*args)
   system(*args) || abort("\n== Command #{args} failed ==")
 end
 
-FileUtils.chdir APP_ROOT do
+chdir APP_ROOT do
   # This script is a way to update your development environment automatically.
   # Add necessary update steps to this file.
 
   puts '== Installing dependencies =='
   system! 'gem install bundler --conservative'
   system('bundle check') || system!('bundle install')
-<% unless options.skip_javascript? -%>
 
-  # Install JavaScript dependencies
+  # Install JavaScript dependencies if using Yarn
   # system('bin/yarn')
-<% end -%>
-<% unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
 
   puts "\n== Updating database =="
-  system! 'rails db:migrate'
-<% end -%>
+  system! 'bin/rails db:migrate'
 
   puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
-  system! 'rails log:clear tmp:clear'
+  system! 'bin/rails log:clear tmp:clear'
 
   puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
-  system! 'rails restart'
+  system! 'bin/rails restart'
 end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/yarn b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/yarn
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..460dd565b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/bin/yarn
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+APP_ROOT = File.expand_path('..', __dir__)
+Dir.chdir(APP_ROOT) do
+  begin
+    exec "yarnpkg", *ARGV
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    $stderr.puts "Yarn executable was not detected in the system."
+    $stderr.puts "Download Yarn at https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install"
+    exit 1
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config.ru b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config.ru
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f7ba0b527b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config.ru
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
+
+require_relative 'config/environment'
+
+run Rails.application
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/application.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/application.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea8ab1fc5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/application.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require_relative 'boot'
+
+require 'rails/all'
+
+Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
+
+module Dummy
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    # Initialize configuration defaults for originally generated Rails version.
+    config.load_defaults 6.0
+
+    # Settings in config/environments/* take precedence over those specified here.
+    # Application configuration can go into files in config/initializers
+    # -- all .rb files in that directory are automatically loaded after loading
+    # the framework and any gems in your application.
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/boot.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/boot.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9aef85d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/boot.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../../Gemfile', __dir__)
+
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('../../../lib', __dir__)
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/cable.yml b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/cable.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cd0f8363e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/cable.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+development:
+  adapter: async
+
+test:
+  adapter: async
+
+production:
+  adapter: redis
+  url: <%= ENV.fetch("REDIS_URL") { "redis://localhost:6379/1" } %>
+  channel_prefix: dummy_production
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/database.yml b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/database.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d02f24980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/database.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# SQLite version 3.x
+#   gem install sqlite3
+#
+#   Ensure the SQLite 3 gem is defined in your Gemfile
+#   gem 'sqlite3'
+#
+default: &default
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  pool: <%= ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 5 } %>
+  timeout: 5000
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+
+# Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
+# re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
+# Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
+test:
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/test.sqlite3
+
+production:
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/production.sqlite3
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environment.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..426333bb46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Load the Rails application.
+require_relative 'application'
+
+# Initialize the Rails application.
+Rails.application.initialize!
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f09b9a00c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+Rails.application.configure do
+  # Verifies that versions and hashed value of the package contents in the project's package.json
+  # config.webpacker.check_yarn_integrity = true
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # In the development environment your application's code is reloaded on
+  # every request. This slows down response time but is perfect for development
+  # since you don't have to restart the web server when you make code changes.
+  config.cache_classes = false
+
+  # Do not eager load code on boot.
+  config.eager_load = false
+
+  # Show full error reports.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local = true
+
+  # Enable/disable caching. By default caching is disabled.
+  # Run rails dev:cache to toggle caching.
+  if Rails.root.join('tmp', 'caching-dev.txt').exist?
+    config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+
+    config.cache_store = :memory_store
+    config.public_file_server.headers = {
+      'Cache-Control' => "public, max-age=#{2.days.to_i}"
+    }
+  else
+    config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+
+    config.cache_store = :null_store
+  end
+
+  # Store uploaded files on the local file system (see config/storage.yml for options)
+  config.active_storage.service = :local
+
+  # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
+  config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+
+  config.action_mailer.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+
+  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
+  config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
+
+  # Highlight code that triggered database queries in logs.
+  config.active_record.verbose_query_logs = true
+
+  # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
+  # This option may cause significant delays in view rendering with a large
+  # number of complex assets.
+  config.assets.debug = true
+
+  # Suppress logger output for asset requests.
+  config.assets.quiet = true
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations
+  # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
+
+  # Use an evented file watcher to asynchronously detect changes in source code,
+  # routes, locales, etc. This feature depends on the listen gem.
+  # config.file_watcher = ActiveSupport::EventedFileUpdateChecker
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..932858fdb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+Rails.application.configure do
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # Code is not reloaded between requests.
+  config.cache_classes = true
+
+  # Eager load code on boot. This eager loads most of Rails and
+  # your application in memory, allowing both threaded web servers
+  # and those relying on copy on write to perform better.
+  # Rake tasks automatically ignore this option for performance.
+  config.eager_load = true
+
+  # Full error reports are disabled and caching is turned on.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
+  config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+
+  # Ensures that a master key has been made available in either ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]
+  # or in config/master.key. This key is used to decrypt credentials (and other encrypted files).
+  # config.require_master_key = true
+
+  # Disable serving static files from the `/public` folder by default since
+  # Apache or NGINX already handles this.
+  config.public_file_server.enabled = ENV['RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES'].present?
+
+  # Compress JavaScripts and CSS.
+  config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
+  # config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
+
+  # Do not fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
+  config.assets.compile = false
+
+  # `config.assets.precompile` and `config.assets.version` have moved to config/initializers/assets.rb
+
+  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
+  # config.action_controller.asset_host = 'http://assets.example.com'
+
+  # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Sendfile' # for Apache
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
+
+  # Store uploaded files on the local file system (see config/storage.yml for options)
+  config.active_storage.service = :local
+
+  # Mount Action Cable outside main process or domain
+  # config.action_cable.mount_path = nil
+  # config.action_cable.url = 'wss://example.com/cable'
+  # config.action_cable.allowed_request_origins = [ 'http://example.com', /http:\/\/example.*/ ]
+
+  # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
+  # config.force_ssl = true
+
+  # Use the lowest log level to ensure availability of diagnostic information
+  # when problems arise.
+  config.log_level = :debug
+
+  # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
+  config.log_tags = [ :request_id ]
+
+  # Use a different cache store in production.
+  # config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store
+
+  # Use a real queuing backend for Active Job (and separate queues per environment)
+  # config.active_job.queue_adapter     = :resque
+  # config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = "dummy_#{Rails.env}"
+
+  config.action_mailer.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
+  # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
+  # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+
+  # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
+  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation cannot be found).
+  config.i18n.fallbacks = true
+
+  # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
+
+  # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
+  config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
+
+  # Use a different logger for distributed setups.
+  # require 'syslog/logger'
+  # config.logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Syslog::Logger.new 'app-name')
+
+  if ENV["RAILS_LOG_TO_STDOUT"].present?
+    logger           = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
+    logger.formatter = config.log_formatter
+    config.logger    = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(logger)
+  end
+
+  # Do not dump schema after migrations.
+  config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false
+
+  # Prepare the ingress controller used to receive mail
+  # config.action_mailbox.ingress = :postfix
+
+  # Verifies that versions and hashed value of the package contents in the project's package.json
+  config.webpacker.check_yarn_integrity = false
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a38fd3ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Rails.application.configure do
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
+  # test suite. You never need to work with it otherwise. Remember that
+  # your test database is "scratch space" for the test suite and is wiped
+  # and recreated between test runs. Don't rely on the data there!
+  config.cache_classes = true
+
+  # Do not eager load code on boot. This avoids loading your whole application
+  # just for the purpose of running a single test. If you are using a tool that
+  # preloads Rails for running tests, you may have to set it to true.
+  config.eager_load = false
+
+  # Configure public file server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
+  config.public_file_server.enabled = true
+  config.public_file_server.headers = {
+    'Cache-Control' => "public, max-age=#{1.hour.to_i}"
+  }
+
+  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
+  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Raise exceptions instead of rendering exception templates.
+  config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false
+
+  # Disable request forgery protection in test environment.
+  config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
+
+  # Store uploaded files on the local file system in a temporary directory
+  config.active_storage.service = :test
+
+  config.action_mailer.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
+  # The :test delivery method accumulates sent emails in the
+  # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
+  config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
+
+  # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations
+  # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89d2efab2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# ActiveSupport::Reloader.to_prepare do
+#   ApplicationController.renderer.defaults.merge!(
+#     http_host: 'example.org',
+#     https: false
+#   )
+# end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/assets.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/assets.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b828e80cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/assets.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
+Rails.application.config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+# Add additional assets to the asset load path.
+# Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Emoji.images_path
+# Add Yarn node_modules folder to the asset load path.
+Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Rails.root.join('node_modules')
+
+# Precompile additional assets.
+# application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in the app/assets
+# folder are already added.
+# Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += %w( admin.js admin.css )
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59385cdf37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# You can add backtrace silencers for libraries that you're using but don't wish to see in your backtraces.
+# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /my_noisy_library/ }
+
+# You can also remove all the silencers if you're trying to debug a problem that might stem from framework code.
+# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edde7f42b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Define an application-wide content security policy
+# For further information see the following documentation
+# https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy
+
+# Rails.application.config.content_security_policy do |policy|
+#   policy.default_src :self, :https
+#   policy.font_src    :self, :https, :data
+#   policy.img_src     :self, :https, :data
+#   policy.object_src  :none
+#   policy.script_src  :self, :https
+#   policy.style_src   :self, :https, :unsafe_inline
+
+#   # Specify URI for violation reports
+#   # policy.report_uri "/csp-violation-report-endpoint"
+# end
+
+# Report CSP violations to a specified URI
+# For further information see the following documentation:
+# https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only
+# Rails.application.config.content_security_policy_report_only = true
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a6a32d371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Specify a serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars.
+# Valid options are :json, :marshal, and :hybrid.
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a994e1e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Configure sensitive parameters which will be filtered from the log file.
+Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:password]
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/inflections.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/inflections.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac033bf9dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/inflections.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Add new inflection rules using the following format. Inflections
+# are locale specific, and you may define rules for as many different
+# locales as you wish. All of these examples are active by default:
+# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
+#   inflect.plural /^(ox)$/i, '\1en'
+#   inflect.singular /^(ox)en/i, '\1'
+#   inflect.irregular 'person', 'people'
+#   inflect.uncountable %w( fish sheep )
+# end
+
+# These inflection rules are supported but not enabled by default:
+# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
+#   inflect.acronym 'RESTful'
+# end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc1899682b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
+# Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/secret_token.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ada68ba8a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Rails.application.config.secret_key_base = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbfc3961bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
+# is enabled by default.
+
+# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
+  wrap_parameters format: [:json]
+end
+
+# To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
+# ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+#   self.include_root_in_json = true
+# end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/locales/en.yml b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/locales/en.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf9b342d0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/locales/en.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Files in the config/locales directory are used for internationalization
+# and are automatically loaded by Rails. If you want to use locales other
+# than English, add the necessary files in this directory.
+#
+# To use the locales, use `I18n.t`:
+#
+#     I18n.t 'hello'
+#
+# In views, this is aliased to just `t`:
+#
+#     <%= t('hello') %>
+#
+# To use a different locale, set it with `I18n.locale`:
+#
+#     I18n.locale = :es
+#
+# This would use the information in config/locales/es.yml.
+#
+# The following keys must be escaped otherwise they will not be retrieved by
+# the default I18n backend:
+#
+# true, false, on, off, yes, no
+#
+# Instead, surround them with single quotes.
+#
+# en:
+#   'true': 'foo'
+#
+# To learn more, please read the Rails Internationalization guide
+# available at https://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html.
+
+en:
+  hello: "Hello world"
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/puma.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/puma.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71ed69a895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/puma.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Puma can serve each request in a thread from an internal thread pool.
+# The `threads` method setting takes two numbers: a minimum and maximum.
+# Any libraries that use thread pools should be configured to match
+# the maximum value specified for Puma. Default is set to 5 threads for minimum
+# and maximum; this matches the default thread size of Active Record.
+#
+threads_count = ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 5 }
+threads threads_count, threads_count
+
+# Specifies the `port` that Puma will listen on to receive requests; default is 3000.
+#
+port        ENV.fetch("PORT") { 3000 }
+
+# Specifies the `environment` that Puma will run in.
+#
+environment ENV.fetch("RAILS_ENV") { "development" }
+
+# Specifies the number of `workers` to boot in clustered mode.
+# Workers are forked web server processes. If using threads and workers together
+# the concurrency of the application would be max `threads` * `workers`.
+# Workers do not work on JRuby or Windows (both of which do not support
+# processes).
+#
+# workers ENV.fetch("WEB_CONCURRENCY") { 2 }
+
+# Use the `preload_app!` method when specifying a `workers` number.
+# This directive tells Puma to first boot the application and load code
+# before forking the application. This takes advantage of Copy On Write
+# process behavior so workers use less memory.
+#
+# preload_app!
+
+# Allow puma to be restarted by `rails restart` command.
+plugin :tmp_restart
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/routes.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/routes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fc667e242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/routes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
+  resources :messages
+  # For details on the DSL available within this file, see https://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/spring.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/spring.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fa7863f99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/spring.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+%w[
+  .ruby-version
+  .rbenv-vars
+  tmp/restart.txt
+  tmp/caching-dev.txt
+].each { |path| Spring.watch(path) }
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/storage.yml b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/storage.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53e562e0fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/storage.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+test:
+  service: Disk
+  root: <%= Rails.root.join("tmp/storage") %>
+
+local:
+  service: Disk
+  root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %>
+
+# Use rails credentials:edit to set the AWS secrets (as aws:access_key_id|secret_access_key)
+# amazon:
+#   service: S3
+#   access_key_id: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :access_key_id) %>
+#   secret_access_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :secret_access_key) %>
+#   region: us-east-1
+#   bucket: your_own_bucket
+
+# Remember not to checkin your GCS keyfile to a repository
+# google:
+#   service: GCS
+#   project: your_project
+#   credentials: <%= Rails.root.join("path/to/gcs.keyfile") %>
+#   bucket: your_own_bucket
+
+# Use rails credentials:edit to set the Azure Storage secret (as azure_storage:storage_access_key)
+# microsoft:
+#   service: AzureStorage
+#   path: your_azure_storage_path
+#   storage_account_name: your_account_name
+#   storage_access_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:azure_storage, :storage_access_key) %>
+#   container: your_container_name
+
+# mirror:
+#   service: Mirror
+#   primary: local
+#   mirrors: [ amazon, google, microsoft ]
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/development.js b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/development.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81269f6513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/development.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const environment = require('./environment')
+
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/environment.js b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/environment.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d16d9af743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/environment.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const { environment } = require('@rails/webpacker')
+
+module.exports = environment
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/production.js b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/production.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81269f6513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/production.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const environment = require('./environment')
+
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/test.js b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81269f6513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpack/test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const environment = require('./environment')
+
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpacker.yml b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpacker.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3f24e1b4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/config/webpacker.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Note: You must restart bin/webpack-dev-server for changes to take effect
+
+default: &default
+  source_path: app/javascript
+  source_entry_path: packs
+  public_output_path: packs
+  cache_path: tmp/cache/webpacker
+
+  # Additional paths webpack should lookup modules
+  # ['app/assets', 'engine/foo/app/assets']
+  resolved_paths: []
+
+  # Reload manifest.json on all requests so we reload latest compiled packs
+  cache_manifest: false
+
+  extensions:
+    - .js
+    - .sass
+    - .scss
+    - .css
+    - .png
+    - .svg
+    - .gif
+    - .jpeg
+    - .jpg
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  compile: true
+
+  # Reference: https://webpack.js.org/configuration/dev-server/
+  dev_server:
+    https: false
+    host: localhost
+    port: 3035
+    public: localhost:3035
+    hmr: false
+    # Inline should be set to true if using HMR
+    inline: true
+    overlay: true
+    compress: true
+    disable_host_check: true
+    use_local_ip: false
+    quiet: false
+    headers:
+      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*'
+    watch_options:
+      ignored: /node_modules/
+
+
+test:
+  <<: *default
+  compile: true
+
+  # Compile test packs to a separate directory
+  public_output_path: packs-test
+
+production:
+  <<: *default
+
+  # Production depends on precompilation of packs prior to booting for performance.
+  compile: false
+
+  # Cache manifest.json for performance
+  cache_manifest: true
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180208205311_create_action_mailbox_tables.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180208205311_create_action_mailbox_tables.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bf4335808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180208205311_create_action_mailbox_tables.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+class CreateActionMailboxTables < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :action_mailbox_inbound_emails do |t|
+      t.integer :status, default: 0, null: false
+      t.string  :message_id, null: false
+      t.string  :message_checksum, null: false
+
+      t.timestamps
+
+      t.index [ :message_id, :message_checksum ], name: "index_action_mailbox_inbound_emails_uniqueness", unique: true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180212164506_create_active_storage_tables.active_storage.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180212164506_create_active_storage_tables.active_storage.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b2ce257c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180212164506_create_active_storage_tables.active_storage.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# This migration comes from active_storage (originally 20170806125915)
+class CreateActiveStorageTables < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
+  def change
+    create_table :active_storage_blobs do |t|
+      t.string   :key,        null: false
+      t.string   :filename,   null: false
+      t.string   :content_type
+      t.text     :metadata
+      t.bigint   :byte_size,  null: false
+      t.string   :checksum,   null: false
+      t.datetime :created_at, null: false
+
+      t.index [ :key ], unique: true
+    end
+
+    create_table :active_storage_attachments do |t|
+      t.string     :name,     null: false
+      t.references :record,   null: false, polymorphic: true, index: false
+      t.references :blob,     null: false
+
+      t.datetime :created_at, null: false
+
+      t.index [ :record_type, :record_id, :name, :blob_id ], name: "index_active_storage_attachments_uniqueness", unique: true
+      t.foreign_key :active_storage_blobs, column: :blob_id
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/schema.rb b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/schema.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76c979bcec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/db/schema.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# This file is auto-generated from the current state of the database. Instead
+# of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
+# incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
+#
+# This file is the source Rails uses to define your schema when running `rails
+# db:schema:load`. When creating a new database, `rails db:schema:load` tends to
+# be faster and is potentially less error prone than running all of your
+# migrations from scratch. Old migrations may fail to apply correctly if those
+# migrations use external dependencies or application code.
+#
+# It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
+
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 2018_02_12_164506) do
+
+  create_table "action_mailbox_inbound_emails", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.integer "status", default: 0, null: false
+    t.string "message_id", null: false
+    t.string "message_checksum", null: false
+    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
+    t.index ["message_id", "message_checksum"], name: "index_action_mailbox_inbound_emails_uniqueness", unique: true
+  end
+
+  create_table "active_storage_attachments", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.string "name", null: false
+    t.string "record_type", null: false
+    t.integer "record_id", null: false
+    t.integer "blob_id", null: false
+    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
+    t.index ["blob_id"], name: "index_active_storage_attachments_on_blob_id"
+    t.index ["record_type", "record_id", "name", "blob_id"], name: "index_active_storage_attachments_uniqueness", unique: true
+  end
+
+  create_table "active_storage_blobs", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.string "key", null: false
+    t.string "filename", null: false
+    t.string "content_type"
+    t.text "metadata"
+    t.bigint "byte_size", null: false
+    t.string "checksum", null: false
+    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
+    t.index ["key"], name: "index_active_storage_blobs_on_key", unique: true
+  end
+
+  add_foreign_key "active_storage_attachments", "active_storage_blobs", column: "blob_id"
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/lib/assets/.keep b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/lib/assets/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/lib/assets/.keep
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/log/.keep b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/log/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/log/.keep
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/package.json b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1f979fcae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "name": "dummy",
+  "private": true,
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@rails/webpacker": "^4.0.2",
+    "activetext": "file:../.."
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "webpack-dev-server": "^3.2.1"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/404.html b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/404.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2be3af26fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/404.html
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+  <style>
+  .rails-default-error-page {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog {
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > div {
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body class="rails-default-error-page">
+  <!-- This file lives in public/404.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <div>
+      <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
+      <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/422.html b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/422.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c08eac0d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/422.html
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+  <style>
+  .rails-default-error-page {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog {
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > div {
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body class="rails-default-error-page">
+  <!-- This file lives in public/422.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <div>
+      <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
+      <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/500.html b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/500.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78a030af22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/500.html
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+  <style>
+  .rails-default-error-page {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog {
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > div {
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body class="rails-default-error-page">
+  <!-- This file lives in public/500.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <div>
+      <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon.png b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon.png
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/favicon.ico b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/favicon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/public/favicon.ico
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/storage/.keep b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/storage/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/storage/.keep
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/dummy/yarn.lock b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/yarn.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba7eb2c28e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/dummy/yarn.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,7578 @@
+# THIS IS AN AUTOGENERATED FILE. DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY.
+# yarn lockfile v1
+
+
+"@babel/code-frame@^7.0.0":
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.0.0.tgz#06e2ab19bdb535385559aabb5ba59729482800f8"
+  integrity sha512-OfC2uemaknXr87bdLUkWog7nYuliM9Ij5HUcajsVcMCpQrcLmtxRbVFTIqmcSkSeYRBFBRxs2FiUqFJDLdiebA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/highlight" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/core@^7.3.4":
+  version "7.3.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/core/-/core-7.3.4.tgz#921a5a13746c21e32445bf0798680e9d11a6530b"
+  integrity sha512-jRsuseXBo9pN197KnDwhhaaBzyZr2oIcLHHTt2oDdQrej5Qp57dCCJafWx5ivU8/alEYDpssYqv1MUqcxwQlrA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/code-frame" "^7.0.0"
+    "@babel/generator" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/helpers" "^7.2.0"
+    "@babel/parser" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/template" "^7.2.2"
+    "@babel/traverse" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/types" "^7.3.4"
+    convert-source-map "^1.1.0"
+    debug "^4.1.0"
+    json5 "^2.1.0"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+    resolve "^1.3.2"
+    semver "^5.4.1"
+    source-map "^0.5.0"
+
+"@babel/generator@^7.3.4":
+  version "7.3.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/generator/-/generator-7.3.4.tgz#9aa48c1989257877a9d971296e5b73bfe72e446e"
+  integrity sha512-8EXhHRFqlVVWXPezBW5keTiQi/rJMQTg/Y9uVCEZ0CAF3PKtCCaVRnp64Ii1ujhkoDhhF1fVsImoN4yJ2uz4Wg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types" "^7.3.4"
+    jsesc "^2.5.1"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+    source-map "^0.5.0"
+    trim-right "^1.0.1"
+
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+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+
+"@babel/types@^7.0.0", "@babel/types@^7.2.0", "@babel/types@^7.2.2", "@babel/types@^7.3.0", "@babel/types@^7.3.4":
+  version "7.3.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/types/-/types-7.3.4.tgz#bf482eaeaffb367a28abbf9357a94963235d90ed"
+  integrity sha512-WEkp8MsLftM7O/ty580wAmZzN1nDmCACc5+jFzUt+GUFNNIi3LdRlueYz0YIlmJhlZx1QYDMZL5vdWCL0fNjFQ==
+  dependencies:
+    esutils "^2.0.2"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+    to-fast-properties "^2.0.0"
+
+"@csstools/convert-colors@^1.4.0":
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@csstools/convert-colors/-/convert-colors-1.4.0.tgz#ad495dc41b12e75d588c6db8b9834f08fa131eb7"
+  integrity sha512-5a6wqoJV/xEdbRNKVo6I4hO3VjyDq//8q2f9I6PBAvMesJHFauXDorcNCsr9RzvsZnaWi5NYCcfyqP1QeFHFbw==
+
+"@rails/webpacker@^4.0.2":
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@rails/webpacker/-/webpacker-4.0.2.tgz#2c2e96527500b060a84159098449ddb1615c65e8"
+  integrity sha512-TDj/+UHnWaEg8X21E3cGKvptm3BbW1aUtOAXtrYwpK9tkiWq+Dc40Gm2RIZW7rU3jxDDBZgPRiqvr5B0dorIVw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/core" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/plugin-proposal-class-properties" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/plugin-syntax-dynamic-import" "^7.2.0"
+    "@babel/plugin-transform-destructuring" "^7.3.2"
+    "@babel/plugin-transform-regenerator" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/plugin-transform-runtime" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/polyfill" "^7.2.5"
+    "@babel/preset-env" "^7.3.4"
+    "@babel/runtime" "^7.3.4"
+    babel-loader "^8.0.5"
+    babel-plugin-dynamic-import-node "^2.2.0"
+    babel-plugin-macros "^2.5.0"
+    case-sensitive-paths-webpack-plugin "^2.2.0"
+    compression-webpack-plugin "^2.0.0"
+    css-loader "^2.1.0"
+    file-loader "^3.0.1"
+    flatted "^2.0.0"
+    glob "^7.1.3"
+    js-yaml "^3.12.2"
+    mini-css-extract-plugin "^0.5.0"
+    node-sass "^4.11.0"
+    optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin "^5.0.1"
+    path-complete-extname "^1.0.0"
+    pnp-webpack-plugin "^1.3.1"
+    postcss-flexbugs-fixes "^4.1.0"
+    postcss-import "^12.0.1"
+    postcss-loader "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-preset-env "^6.6.0"
+    postcss-safe-parser "^4.0.1"
+    sass-loader "^7.1.0"
+    style-loader "^0.23.1"
+    terser-webpack-plugin "^1.2.3"
+    webpack "^4.29.6"
+    webpack-assets-manifest "^3.1.1"
+    webpack-cli "^3.2.3"
+    webpack-sources "^1.3.0"
+
+"@types/q@^1.5.1":
+  version "1.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/q/-/q-1.5.1.tgz#48fd98c1561fe718b61733daed46ff115b496e18"
+  integrity sha512-eqz8c/0kwNi/OEHQfvIuJVLTst3in0e7uTKeuY+WL/zfKn0xVujOTp42bS/vUUokhK5P2BppLd9JXMOMHcgbjA==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/ast@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/ast/-/ast-1.8.5.tgz#51b1c5fe6576a34953bf4b253df9f0d490d9e359"
+  integrity sha512-aJMfngIZ65+t71C3y2nBBg5FFG0Okt9m0XEgWZ7Ywgn1oMAT8cNwx00Uv1cQyHtidq0Xn94R4TAywO+LCQ+ZAQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-parser" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/floating-point-hex-parser@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/floating-point-hex-parser/-/floating-point-hex-parser-1.8.5.tgz#1ba926a2923613edce496fd5b02e8ce8a5f49721"
+  integrity sha512-9p+79WHru1oqBh9ewP9zW95E3XAo+90oth7S5Re3eQnECGq59ly1Ri5tsIipKGpiStHsUYmY3zMLqtk3gTcOtQ==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error/-/helper-api-error-1.8.5.tgz#c49dad22f645227c5edb610bdb9697f1aab721f7"
+  integrity sha512-Za/tnzsvnqdaSPOUXHyKJ2XI7PDX64kWtURyGiJJZKVEdFOsdKUCPTNEVFZq3zJ2R0G5wc2PZ5gvdTRFgm81zA==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer/-/helper-buffer-1.8.5.tgz#fea93e429863dd5e4338555f42292385a653f204"
+  integrity sha512-Ri2R8nOS0U6G49Q86goFIPNgjyl6+oE1abW1pS84BuhP1Qcr5JqMwRFT3Ah3ADDDYGEgGs1iyb1DGX+kAi/c/Q==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame/-/helper-code-frame-1.8.5.tgz#9a740ff48e3faa3022b1dff54423df9aa293c25e"
+  integrity sha512-VQAadSubZIhNpH46IR3yWO4kZZjMxN1opDrzePLdVKAZ+DFjkGD/rf4v1jap744uPVU6yjL/smZbRIIJTOUnKQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-printer" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm/-/helper-fsm-1.8.5.tgz#ba0b7d3b3f7e4733da6059c9332275d860702452"
+  integrity sha512-kRuX/saORcg8se/ft6Q2UbRpZwP4y7YrWsLXPbbmtepKr22i8Z4O3V5QE9DbZK908dh5Xya4Un57SDIKwB9eow==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context/-/helper-module-context-1.8.5.tgz#def4b9927b0101dc8cbbd8d1edb5b7b9c82eb245"
+  integrity sha512-/O1B236mN7UNEU4t9X7Pj38i4VoU8CcMHyy3l2cV/kIF4U5KoHXDVqcDuOs1ltkac90IM4vZdHc52t1x8Yfs3g==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    mamacro "^0.0.3"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode/-/helper-wasm-bytecode-1.8.5.tgz#537a750eddf5c1e932f3744206551c91c1b93e61"
+  integrity sha512-Cu4YMYG3Ddl72CbmpjU/wbP6SACcOPVbHN1dI4VJNJVgFwaKf1ppeFJrwydOG3NDHxVGuCfPlLZNyEdIYlQ6QQ==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section/-/helper-wasm-section-1.8.5.tgz#74ca6a6bcbe19e50a3b6b462847e69503e6bfcbf"
+  integrity sha512-VV083zwR+VTrIWWtgIUpqfvVdK4ff38loRmrdDBgBT8ADXYsEZ5mPQ4Nde90N3UYatHdYoDIFb7oHzMncI02tA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/ieee754@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.8.5.tgz#712329dbef240f36bf57bd2f7b8fb9bf4154421e"
+  integrity sha512-aaCvQYrvKbY/n6wKHb/ylAJr27GglahUO89CcGXMItrOBqRarUMxWLJgxm9PJNuKULwN5n1csT9bYoMeZOGF3g==
+  dependencies:
+    "@xtuc/ieee754" "^1.2.0"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/leb128@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/leb128/-/leb128-1.8.5.tgz#044edeb34ea679f3e04cd4fd9824d5e35767ae10"
+  integrity sha512-plYUuUwleLIziknvlP8VpTgO4kqNaH57Y3JnNa6DLpu/sGcP6hbVdfdX5aHAV716pQBKrfuU26BJK29qY37J7A==
+  dependencies:
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.2"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/utf8@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/utf8/-/utf8-1.8.5.tgz#a8bf3b5d8ffe986c7c1e373ccbdc2a0915f0cedc"
+  integrity sha512-U7zgftmQriw37tfD934UNInokz6yTmn29inT2cAetAsaU9YeVCveWEwhKL1Mg4yS7q//NGdzy79nlXh3bT8Kjw==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit/-/wasm-edit-1.8.5.tgz#962da12aa5acc1c131c81c4232991c82ce56e01a"
+  integrity sha512-A41EMy8MWw5yvqj7MQzkDjU29K7UJq1VrX2vWLzfpRHt3ISftOXqrtojn7nlPsZ9Ijhp5NwuODuycSvfAO/26Q==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-printer" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen/-/wasm-gen-1.8.5.tgz#54840766c2c1002eb64ed1abe720aded714f98bc"
+  integrity sha512-BCZBT0LURC0CXDzj5FXSc2FPTsxwp3nWcqXQdOZE4U7h7i8FqtFK5Egia6f9raQLpEKT1VL7zr4r3+QX6zArWg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/ieee754" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/leb128" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/utf8" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt/-/wasm-opt-1.8.5.tgz#b24d9f6ba50394af1349f510afa8ffcb8a63d264"
+  integrity sha512-HKo2mO/Uh9A6ojzu7cjslGaHaUU14LdLbGEKqTR7PBKwT6LdPtLLh9fPY33rmr5wcOMrsWDbbdCHq4hQUdd37Q==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser/-/wasm-parser-1.8.5.tgz#21576f0ec88b91427357b8536383668ef7c66b8d"
+  integrity sha512-pi0SYE9T6tfcMkthwcgCpL0cM9nRYr6/6fjgDtL6q/ZqKHdMWvxitRi5JcZ7RI4SNJJYnYNaWy5UUrHQy998lw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/ieee754" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/leb128" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/utf8" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wast-parser@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wast-parser/-/wast-parser-1.8.5.tgz#e10eecd542d0e7bd394f6827c49f3df6d4eefb8c"
+  integrity sha512-daXC1FyKWHF1i11obK086QRlsMsY4+tIOKgBqI1lxAnkp9xe9YMcgOxm9kLe+ttjs5aWV2KKE1TWJCN57/Btsg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/floating-point-hex-parser" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm" "1.8.5"
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.2"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wast-printer@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wast-printer/-/wast-printer-1.8.5.tgz#114bbc481fd10ca0e23b3560fa812748b0bae5bc"
+  integrity sha512-w0U0pD4EhlnvRyeJzBqaVSJAo9w/ce7/WPogeXLzGkO6hzhr4GnQIZ4W4uUt5b9ooAaXPtnXlj0gzsXEOUNYMg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-parser" "1.8.5"
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.2"
+
+"@xtuc/ieee754@^1.2.0":
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@xtuc/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.2.0.tgz#eef014a3145ae477a1cbc00cd1e552336dceb790"
+  integrity sha512-DX8nKgqcGwsc0eJSqYt5lwP4DH5FlHnmuWWBRy7X0NcaGR0ZtuyeESgMwTYVEtxmsNGY+qit4QYT/MIYTOTPeA==
+
+"@xtuc/long@4.2.2":
+  version "4.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@xtuc/long/-/long-4.2.2.tgz#d291c6a4e97989b5c61d9acf396ae4fe133a718d"
+  integrity sha512-NuHqBY1PB/D8xU6s/thBgOAiAP7HOYDQ32+BFZILJ8ivkUkAHQnWfn6WhL79Owj1qmUnoN/YPhktdIoucipkAQ==
+
+abbrev@1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/abbrev/-/abbrev-1.1.1.tgz#f8f2c887ad10bf67f634f005b6987fed3179aac8"
+  integrity sha512-nne9/IiQ/hzIhY6pdDnbBtz7DjPTKrY00P/zvPSm5pOFkl6xuGrGnXn/VtTNNfNtAfZ9/1RtehkszU9qcTii0Q==
+
+accepts@~1.3.4:
+  version "1.3.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/accepts/-/accepts-1.3.4.tgz#86246758c7dd6d21a6474ff084a4740ec05eb21f"
+  integrity sha1-hiRnWMfdbSGmR0/whKR0DsBesh8=
+  dependencies:
+    mime-types "~2.1.16"
+    negotiator "0.6.1"
+
+acorn-dynamic-import@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn-dynamic-import/-/acorn-dynamic-import-4.0.0.tgz#482210140582a36b83c3e342e1cfebcaa9240948"
+  integrity sha512-d3OEjQV4ROpoflsnUA8HozoIR504TFxNivYEUi6uwz0IYhBkTDXGuWlNdMtybRt3nqVx/L6XqMt0FxkXuWKZhw==
+
+acorn@^6.0.5:
+  version "6.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn/-/acorn-6.1.1.tgz#7d25ae05bb8ad1f9b699108e1094ecd7884adc1f"
+  integrity sha512-jPTiwtOxaHNaAPg/dmrJ/beuzLRnXtB0kQPQ8JpotKJgTB6rX6c8mlf315941pyjBSaPg8NHXS9fhP4u17DpGA==
+
+"activetext@file:../..":
+  version "0.0.0"
+
+ajv-errors@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-errors/-/ajv-errors-1.0.1.tgz#f35986aceb91afadec4102fbd85014950cefa64d"
+  integrity sha512-DCRfO/4nQ+89p/RK43i8Ezd41EqdGIU4ld7nGF8OQ14oc/we5rEntLCUa7+jrn3nn83BosfwZA0wb4pon2o8iQ==
+
+ajv-keywords@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-keywords/-/ajv-keywords-3.1.0.tgz#ac2b27939c543e95d2c06e7f7f5c27be4aa543be"
+  integrity sha1-rCsnk5xUPpXSwG5/f1wnvkqlQ74=
+
+ajv@^4.9.1:
+  version "4.11.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv/-/ajv-4.11.8.tgz#82ffb02b29e662ae53bdc20af15947706739c536"
+  integrity sha1-gv+wKynmYq5TvcIK8VlHcGc5xTY=
+  dependencies:
+    co "^4.6.0"
+    json-stable-stringify "^1.0.1"
+
+ajv@^6.1.0:
+  version "6.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv/-/ajv-6.1.1.tgz#978d597fbc2b7d0e5a5c3ddeb149a682f2abfa0e"
+  integrity sha1-l41Zf7wrfQ5aXD3esUmmgvKr+g4=
+  dependencies:
+    fast-deep-equal "^1.0.0"
+    fast-json-stable-stringify "^2.0.0"
+    json-schema-traverse "^0.3.0"
+
+ajv@^6.5.5:
+  version "6.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv/-/ajv-6.10.0.tgz#90d0d54439da587cd7e843bfb7045f50bd22bdf1"
+  integrity sha512-nffhOpkymDECQyR0mnsUtoCE8RlX38G0rYP+wgLWFyZuUyuuojSSvi/+euOiQBIn63whYwYVIIH1TvE3tu4OEg==
+  dependencies:
+    fast-deep-equal "^2.0.1"
+    fast-json-stable-stringify "^2.0.0"
+    json-schema-traverse "^0.4.1"
+    uri-js "^4.2.2"
+
+alphanum-sort@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/alphanum-sort/-/alphanum-sort-1.0.2.tgz#97a1119649b211ad33691d9f9f486a8ec9fbe0a3"
+  integrity sha1-l6ERlkmyEa0zaR2fn0hqjsn74KM=
+
+amdefine@>=0.0.4:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/amdefine/-/amdefine-1.0.1.tgz#4a5282ac164729e93619bcfd3ad151f817ce91f5"
+  integrity sha1-SlKCrBZHKek2Gbz9OtFR+BfOkfU=
+
+ansi-colors@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-colors/-/ansi-colors-3.2.4.tgz#e3a3da4bfbae6c86a9c285625de124a234026fbf"
+  integrity sha512-hHUXGagefjN2iRrID63xckIvotOXOojhQKWIPUZ4mNUZ9nLZW+7FMNoE1lOkEhNWYsx/7ysGIuJYCiMAA9FnrA==
+
+ansi-html@0.0.7:
+  version "0.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-html/-/ansi-html-0.0.7.tgz#813584021962a9e9e6fd039f940d12f56ca7859e"
+  integrity sha1-gTWEAhliqenm/QOflA0S9WynhZ4=
+
+ansi-regex@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-2.1.1.tgz#c3b33ab5ee360d86e0e628f0468ae7ef27d654df"
+  integrity sha1-w7M6te42DYbg5ijwRorn7yfWVN8=
+
+ansi-regex@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-3.0.0.tgz#ed0317c322064f79466c02966bddb605ab37d998"
+  integrity sha1-7QMXwyIGT3lGbAKWa922Bas32Zg=
+
+ansi-styles@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-2.2.1.tgz#b432dd3358b634cf75e1e4664368240533c1ddbe"
+  integrity sha1-tDLdM1i2NM914eRmQ2gkBTPB3b4=
+
+ansi-styles@^3.2.1:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-3.2.1.tgz#41fbb20243e50b12be0f04b8dedbf07520ce841d"
+  integrity sha512-VT0ZI6kZRdTh8YyJw3SMbYm/u+NqfsAxEpWO0Pf9sq8/e94WxxOpPKx9FR1FlyCtOVDNOQ+8ntlqFxiRc+r5qA==
+  dependencies:
+    color-convert "^1.9.0"
+
+anymatch@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/anymatch/-/anymatch-2.0.0.tgz#bcb24b4f37934d9aa7ac17b4adaf89e7c76ef2eb"
+  integrity sha512-5teOsQWABXHHBFP9y3skS5P3d/WfWXpv3FUpy+LorMrNYaT9pI4oLMQX7jzQ2KklNpGpWHzdCXTDT2Y3XGlZBw==
+  dependencies:
+    micromatch "^3.1.4"
+    normalize-path "^2.1.1"
+
+aproba@^1.0.3, aproba@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aproba/-/aproba-1.2.0.tgz#6802e6264efd18c790a1b0d517f0f2627bf2c94a"
+  integrity sha512-Y9J6ZjXtoYh8RnXVCMOU/ttDmk1aBjunq9vO0ta5x85WDQiQfUF9sIPBITdbiiIVcBo03Hi3jMxigBtsddlXRw==
+
+are-we-there-yet@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/are-we-there-yet/-/are-we-there-yet-1.1.4.tgz#bb5dca382bb94f05e15194373d16fd3ba1ca110d"
+  integrity sha1-u13KOCu5TwXhUZQ3PRb9O6HKEQ0=
+  dependencies:
+    delegates "^1.0.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.6"
+
+argparse@^1.0.7:
+  version "1.0.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/argparse/-/argparse-1.0.9.tgz#73d83bc263f86e97f8cc4f6bae1b0e90a7d22c86"
+  integrity sha1-c9g7wmP4bpf4zE9rrhsOkKfSLIY=
+  dependencies:
+    sprintf-js "~1.0.2"
+
+arr-diff@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/arr-diff/-/arr-diff-4.0.0.tgz#d6461074febfec71e7e15235761a329a5dc7c520"
+  integrity sha1-1kYQdP6/7HHn4VI1dhoyml3HxSA=
+
+arr-flatten@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/arr-flatten/-/arr-flatten-1.1.0.tgz#36048bbff4e7b47e136644316c99669ea5ae91f1"
+  integrity sha512-L3hKV5R/p5o81R7O02IGnwpDmkp6E982XhtbuwSe3O4qOtMMMtodicASA1Cny2U+aCXcNpml+m4dPsvsJ3jatg==
+
+arr-union@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/arr-union/-/arr-union-3.1.0.tgz#e39b09aea9def866a8f206e288af63919bae39c4"
+  integrity sha1-45sJrqne+Gao8gbiiK9jkZuuOcQ=
+
+array-find-index@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-find-index/-/array-find-index-1.0.2.tgz#df010aa1287e164bbda6f9723b0a96a1ec4187a1"
+  integrity sha1-3wEKoSh+Fku9pvlyOwqWoexBh6E=
+
+array-flatten@1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-flatten/-/array-flatten-1.1.1.tgz#9a5f699051b1e7073328f2a008968b64ea2955d2"
+  integrity sha1-ml9pkFGx5wczKPKgCJaLZOopVdI=
+
+array-flatten@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-flatten/-/array-flatten-2.1.1.tgz#426bb9da84090c1838d812c8150af20a8331e296"
+  integrity sha1-Qmu52oQJDBg42BLIFQryCoMx4pY=
+
+array-union@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-union/-/array-union-1.0.2.tgz#9a34410e4f4e3da23dea375be5be70f24778ec39"
+  integrity sha1-mjRBDk9OPaI96jdb5b5w8kd47Dk=
+  dependencies:
+    array-uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+array-uniq@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-uniq/-/array-uniq-1.0.3.tgz#af6ac877a25cc7f74e058894753858dfdb24fdb6"
+  integrity sha1-r2rId6Jcx/dOBYiUdThY39sk/bY=
+
+array-unique@^0.3.2:
+  version "0.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-unique/-/array-unique-0.3.2.tgz#a894b75d4bc4f6cd679ef3244a9fd8f46ae2d428"
+  integrity sha1-qJS3XUvE9s1nnvMkSp/Y9Gri1Cg=
+
+asn1.js@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.9.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/asn1.js/-/asn1.js-4.9.2.tgz#8117ef4f7ed87cd8f89044b5bff97ac243a16c9a"
+  integrity sha512-b/OsSjvWEo8Pi8H0zsDd2P6Uqo2TK2pH8gNLSJtNLM2Db0v2QaAZ0pBQJXVjAn4gBuugeVDr7s63ZogpUIwWDg==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+asn1@~0.2.3:
+  version "0.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/asn1/-/asn1-0.2.3.tgz#dac8787713c9966849fc8180777ebe9c1ddf3b86"
+  integrity sha1-2sh4dxPJlmhJ/IGAd36+nB3fO4Y=
+
+assert-plus@1.0.0, assert-plus@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assert-plus/-/assert-plus-1.0.0.tgz#f12e0f3c5d77b0b1cdd9146942e4e96c1e4dd525"
+  integrity sha1-8S4PPF13sLHN2RRpQuTpbB5N1SU=
+
+assert-plus@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assert-plus/-/assert-plus-0.2.0.tgz#d74e1b87e7affc0db8aadb7021f3fe48101ab234"
+  integrity sha1-104bh+ev/A24qttwIfP+SBAasjQ=
+
+assert@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assert/-/assert-1.4.1.tgz#99912d591836b5a6f5b345c0f07eefc08fc65d91"
+  integrity sha1-mZEtWRg2tab1s0XA8H7vwI/GXZE=
+  dependencies:
+    util "0.10.3"
+
+assign-symbols@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assign-symbols/-/assign-symbols-1.0.0.tgz#59667f41fadd4f20ccbc2bb96b8d4f7f78ec0367"
+  integrity sha1-WWZ/QfrdTyDMvCu5a41Pf3jsA2c=
+
+async-each@^1.0.0, async-each@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/async-each/-/async-each-1.0.1.tgz#19d386a1d9edc6e7c1c85d388aedbcc56d33602d"
+  integrity sha1-GdOGodntxufByF04iu28xW0zYC0=
+
+async-foreach@^0.1.3:
+  version "0.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/async-foreach/-/async-foreach-0.1.3.tgz#36121f845c0578172de419a97dbeb1d16ec34542"
+  integrity sha1-NhIfhFwFeBct5Bmpfb6x0W7DRUI=
+
+async@^1.5.2:
+  version "1.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/async/-/async-1.5.2.tgz#ec6a61ae56480c0c3cb241c95618e20892f9672a"
+  integrity sha1-7GphrlZIDAw8skHJVhjiCJL5Zyo=
+
+asynckit@^0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/asynckit/-/asynckit-0.4.0.tgz#c79ed97f7f34cb8f2ba1bc9790bcc366474b4b79"
+  integrity sha1-x57Zf380y48robyXkLzDZkdLS3k=
+
+atob@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/atob/-/atob-2.0.3.tgz#19c7a760473774468f20b2d2d03372ad7d4cbf5d"
+  integrity sha1-GcenYEc3dEaPILLS0DNyrX1Mv10=
+
+autoprefixer@^9.4.9:
+  version "9.4.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/autoprefixer/-/autoprefixer-9.4.10.tgz#e1be61fc728bacac8f4252ed242711ec0dcc6a7b"
+  integrity sha512-XR8XZ09tUrrSzgSlys4+hy5r2/z4Jp7Ag3pHm31U4g/CTccYPOVe19AkaJ4ey/vRd1sfj+5TtuD6I0PXtutjvQ==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.4.2"
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.30000940"
+    normalize-range "^0.1.2"
+    num2fraction "^1.2.2"
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.3.1"
+
+aws-sign2@~0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aws-sign2/-/aws-sign2-0.6.0.tgz#14342dd38dbcc94d0e5b87d763cd63612c0e794f"
+  integrity sha1-FDQt0428yU0OW4fXY81jYSwOeU8=
+
+aws-sign2@~0.7.0:
+  version "0.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aws-sign2/-/aws-sign2-0.7.0.tgz#b46e890934a9591f2d2f6f86d7e6a9f1b3fe76a8"
+  integrity sha1-tG6JCTSpWR8tL2+G1+ap8bP+dqg=
+
+aws4@^1.2.1:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aws4/-/aws4-1.6.0.tgz#83ef5ca860b2b32e4a0deedee8c771b9db57471e"
+  integrity sha1-g+9cqGCysy5KDe7e6MdxudtXRx4=
+
+aws4@^1.8.0:
+  version "1.8.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aws4/-/aws4-1.8.0.tgz#f0e003d9ca9e7f59c7a508945d7b2ef9a04a542f"
+  integrity sha512-ReZxvNHIOv88FlT7rxcXIIC0fPt4KZqZbOlivyWtXLt8ESx84zd3kMC6iK5jVeS2qt+g7ftS7ye4fi06X5rtRQ==
+
+babel-loader@^8.0.5:
+  version "8.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/babel-loader/-/babel-loader-8.0.5.tgz#225322d7509c2157655840bba52e46b6c2f2fe33"
+  integrity sha512-NTnHnVRd2JnRqPC0vW+iOQWU5pchDbYXsG2E6DMXEpMfUcQKclF9gmf3G3ZMhzG7IG9ji4coL0cm+FxeWxDpnw==
+  dependencies:
+    find-cache-dir "^2.0.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.0.2"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    util.promisify "^1.0.0"
+
+babel-plugin-dynamic-import-node@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/babel-plugin-dynamic-import-node/-/babel-plugin-dynamic-import-node-2.2.0.tgz#c0adfb07d95f4a4495e9aaac6ec386c4d7c2524e"
+  integrity sha512-fP899ELUnTaBcIzmrW7nniyqqdYWrWuJUyPWHxFa/c7r7hS6KC8FscNfLlBNIoPSc55kYMGEEKjPjJGCLbE1qA==
+  dependencies:
+    object.assign "^4.1.0"
+
+babel-plugin-macros@^2.5.0:
+  version "2.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/babel-plugin-macros/-/babel-plugin-macros-2.5.0.tgz#01f4d3b50ed567a67b80a30b9da066e94f4097b6"
+  integrity sha512-BWw0lD0kVZAXRD3Od1kMrdmfudqzDzYv2qrN3l2ISR1HVp1EgLKfbOrYV9xmY5k3qx3RIu5uPAUZZZHpo0o5Iw==
+  dependencies:
+    cosmiconfig "^5.0.5"
+    resolve "^1.8.1"
+
+balanced-match@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/balanced-match/-/balanced-match-1.0.0.tgz#89b4d199ab2bee49de164ea02b89ce462d71b767"
+  integrity sha1-ibTRmasr7kneFk6gK4nORi1xt2c=
+
+base64-js@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/base64-js/-/base64-js-1.2.1.tgz#a91947da1f4a516ea38e5b4ec0ec3773675e0886"
+  integrity sha512-dwVUVIXsBZXwTuwnXI9RK8sBmgq09NDHzyR9SAph9eqk76gKK2JSQmZARC2zRC81JC2QTtxD0ARU5qTS25gIGw==
+
+base@^0.11.1:
+  version "0.11.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/base/-/base-0.11.2.tgz#7bde5ced145b6d551a90db87f83c558b4eb48a8f"
+  integrity sha512-5T6P4xPgpp0YDFvSWwEZ4NoE3aM4QBQXDzmVbraCkFj8zHM+mba8SyqB5DbZWyR7mYHo6Y7BdQo3MoA4m0TeQg==
+  dependencies:
+    cache-base "^1.0.1"
+    class-utils "^0.3.5"
+    component-emitter "^1.2.1"
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    mixin-deep "^1.2.0"
+    pascalcase "^0.1.1"
+
+batch@0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/batch/-/batch-0.6.1.tgz#dc34314f4e679318093fc760272525f94bf25c16"
+  integrity sha1-3DQxT05nkxgJP8dgJyUl+UvyXBY=
+
+bcrypt-pbkdf@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bcrypt-pbkdf/-/bcrypt-pbkdf-1.0.1.tgz#63bc5dcb61331b92bc05fd528953c33462a06f8d"
+  integrity sha1-Y7xdy2EzG5K8Bf1SiVPDNGKgb40=
+  dependencies:
+    tweetnacl "^0.14.3"
+
+big.js@^3.1.3:
+  version "3.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/big.js/-/big.js-3.2.0.tgz#a5fc298b81b9e0dca2e458824784b65c52ba588e"
+  integrity sha512-+hN/Zh2D08Mx65pZ/4g5bsmNiZUuChDiQfTUQ7qJr4/kuopCr88xZsAXv6mBoZEsUI4OuGHlX59qE94K2mMW8Q==
+
+big.js@^5.2.2:
+  version "5.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/big.js/-/big.js-5.2.2.tgz#65f0af382f578bcdc742bd9c281e9cb2d7768328"
+  integrity sha512-vyL2OymJxmarO8gxMr0mhChsO9QGwhynfuu4+MHTAW6czfq9humCB7rKpUjDd9YUiDPU4mzpyupFSvOClAwbmQ==
+
+binary-extensions@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.11.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/binary-extensions/-/binary-extensions-1.11.0.tgz#46aa1751fb6a2f93ee5e689bb1087d4b14c6c205"
+  integrity sha1-RqoXUftqL5PuXmibsQh9SxTGwgU=
+
+block-stream@*:
+  version "0.0.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/block-stream/-/block-stream-0.0.9.tgz#13ebfe778a03205cfe03751481ebb4b3300c126a"
+  integrity sha1-E+v+d4oDIFz+A3UUgeu0szAMEmo=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "~2.0.0"
+
+bluebird@^3.5.3:
+  version "3.5.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bluebird/-/bluebird-3.5.3.tgz#7d01c6f9616c9a51ab0f8c549a79dfe6ec33efa7"
+  integrity sha512-/qKPUQlaW1OyR51WeCPBvRnAlnZFUJkCSG5HzGnuIqhgyJtF+T94lFnn33eiazjRm2LAHVy2guNnaq48X9SJuw==
+
+bn.js@^4.0.0, bn.js@^4.1.0, bn.js@^4.1.1, bn.js@^4.4.0:
+  version "4.11.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bn.js/-/bn.js-4.11.8.tgz#2cde09eb5ee341f484746bb0309b3253b1b1442f"
+  integrity sha512-ItfYfPLkWHUjckQCk8xC+LwxgK8NYcXywGigJgSwOP8Y2iyWT4f2vsZnoOXTTbo+o5yXmIUJ4gn5538SO5S3gA==
+
+body-parser@1.18.2:
+  version "1.18.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/body-parser/-/body-parser-1.18.2.tgz#87678a19d84b47d859b83199bd59bce222b10454"
+  integrity sha1-h2eKGdhLR9hZuDGZvVm84iKxBFQ=
+  dependencies:
+    bytes "3.0.0"
+    content-type "~1.0.4"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    depd "~1.1.1"
+    http-errors "~1.6.2"
+    iconv-lite "0.4.19"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    qs "6.5.1"
+    raw-body "2.3.2"
+    type-is "~1.6.15"
+
+bonjour@^3.5.0:
+  version "3.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bonjour/-/bonjour-3.5.0.tgz#8e890a183d8ee9a2393b3844c691a42bcf7bc9f5"
+  integrity sha1-jokKGD2O6aI5OzhExpGkK897yfU=
+  dependencies:
+    array-flatten "^2.1.0"
+    deep-equal "^1.0.1"
+    dns-equal "^1.0.0"
+    dns-txt "^2.0.2"
+    multicast-dns "^6.0.1"
+    multicast-dns-service-types "^1.1.0"
+
+boolbase@^1.0.0, boolbase@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/boolbase/-/boolbase-1.0.0.tgz#68dff5fbe60c51eb37725ea9e3ed310dcc1e776e"
+  integrity sha1-aN/1++YMUes3cl6p4+0xDcwed24=
+
+boom@2.x.x:
+  version "2.10.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/boom/-/boom-2.10.1.tgz#39c8918ceff5799f83f9492a848f625add0c766f"
+  integrity sha1-OciRjO/1eZ+D+UkqhI9iWt0Mdm8=
+  dependencies:
+    hoek "2.x.x"
+
+brace-expansion@^1.1.7:
+  version "1.1.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.11.tgz#3c7fcbf529d87226f3d2f52b966ff5271eb441dd"
+  integrity sha512-iCuPHDFgrHX7H2vEI/5xpz07zSHB00TpugqhmYtVmMO6518mCuRMoOYFldEBl0g187ufozdaHgWKcYFb61qGiA==
+  dependencies:
+    balanced-match "^1.0.0"
+    concat-map "0.0.1"
+
+braces@^2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/braces/-/braces-2.3.0.tgz#a46941cb5fb492156b3d6a656e06c35364e3e66e"
+  integrity sha512-P4O8UQRdGiMLWSizsApmXVQDBS6KCt7dSexgLKBmH5Hr1CZq7vsnscFh8oR1sP1ab1Zj0uCHCEzZeV6SfUf3rA==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-flatten "^1.1.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    fill-range "^4.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    repeat-element "^1.1.2"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    snapdragon-node "^2.0.1"
+    split-string "^3.0.2"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+braces@^2.3.1, braces@^2.3.2:
+  version "2.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/braces/-/braces-2.3.2.tgz#5979fd3f14cd531565e5fa2df1abfff1dfaee729"
+  integrity sha512-aNdbnj9P8PjdXU4ybaWLK2IF3jc/EoDYbC7AazW6to3TRsfXxscC9UXOB5iDiEQrkyIbWp2SLQda4+QAa7nc3w==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-flatten "^1.1.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    fill-range "^4.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    repeat-element "^1.1.2"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    snapdragon-node "^2.0.1"
+    split-string "^3.0.2"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+brorand@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brorand/-/brorand-1.1.0.tgz#12c25efe40a45e3c323eb8675a0a0ce57b22371f"
+  integrity sha1-EsJe/kCkXjwyPrhnWgoM5XsiNx8=
+
+browserify-aes@^1.0.0, browserify-aes@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-aes/-/browserify-aes-1.1.1.tgz#38b7ab55edb806ff2dcda1a7f1620773a477c49f"
+  integrity sha512-UGnTYAnB2a3YuYKIRy1/4FB2HdM866E0qC46JXvVTYKlBlZlnvfpSfY6OKfXZAkv70eJ2a1SqzpAo5CRhZGDFg==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-xor "^1.0.3"
+    cipher-base "^1.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.3"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+browserify-cipher@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-cipher/-/browserify-cipher-1.0.0.tgz#9988244874bf5ed4e28da95666dcd66ac8fc363a"
+  integrity sha1-mYgkSHS/XtTijalWZtzWasj8Njo=
+  dependencies:
+    browserify-aes "^1.0.4"
+    browserify-des "^1.0.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.0"
+
+browserify-des@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-des/-/browserify-des-1.0.0.tgz#daa277717470922ed2fe18594118a175439721dd"
+  integrity sha1-2qJ3cXRwki7S/hhZQRihdUOXId0=
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.1"
+    des.js "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+
+browserify-rsa@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-rsa/-/browserify-rsa-4.0.1.tgz#21e0abfaf6f2029cf2fafb133567a701d4135524"
+  integrity sha1-IeCr+vbyApzy+vsTNWenAdQTVSQ=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.1"
+
+browserify-sign@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-sign/-/browserify-sign-4.0.4.tgz#aa4eb68e5d7b658baa6bf6a57e630cbd7a93d298"
+  integrity sha1-qk62jl17ZYuqa/alfmMMvXqT0pg=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.1"
+    browserify-rsa "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.2"
+    elliptic "^6.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    parse-asn1 "^5.0.0"
+
+browserify-zlib@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-zlib/-/browserify-zlib-0.2.0.tgz#2869459d9aa3be245fe8fe2ca1f46e2e7f54d73f"
+  integrity sha512-Z942RysHXmJrhqk88FmKBVq/v5tqmSkDz7p54G/MGyjMnCFFnC79XWNbg+Vta8W6Wb2qtSZTSxIGkJrRpCFEiA==
+  dependencies:
+    pako "~1.0.5"
+
+browserslist@^4.0.0, browserslist@^4.3.4, browserslist@^4.4.2:
+  version "4.4.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserslist/-/browserslist-4.4.2.tgz#6ea8a74d6464bb0bd549105f659b41197d8f0ba2"
+  integrity sha512-ISS/AIAiHERJ3d45Fz0AVYKkgcy+F/eJHzKEvv1j0wwKGKD9T3BrwKr/5g45L+Y4XIK5PlTqefHciRFcfE1Jxg==
+  dependencies:
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.30000939"
+    electron-to-chromium "^1.3.113"
+    node-releases "^1.1.8"
+
+buffer-from@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-from/-/buffer-from-1.1.1.tgz#32713bc028f75c02fdb710d7c7bcec1f2c6070ef"
+  integrity sha512-MQcXEUbCKtEo7bhqEs6560Hyd4XaovZlO/k9V3hjVUF/zwW7KBVdSK4gIt/bzwS9MbR5qob+F5jusZsb0YQK2A==
+
+buffer-indexof@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-indexof/-/buffer-indexof-1.1.1.tgz#52fabcc6a606d1a00302802648ef68f639da268c"
+  integrity sha512-4/rOEg86jivtPTeOUUT61jJO1Ya1TrR/OkqCSZDyq84WJh3LuuiphBYJN+fm5xufIk4XAFcEwte/8WzC8If/1g==
+
+buffer-xor@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-xor/-/buffer-xor-1.0.3.tgz#26e61ed1422fb70dd42e6e36729ed51d855fe8d9"
+  integrity sha1-JuYe0UIvtw3ULm42cp7VHYVf6Nk=
+
+buffer@^4.3.0:
+  version "4.9.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer/-/buffer-4.9.1.tgz#6d1bb601b07a4efced97094132093027c95bc298"
+  integrity sha1-bRu2AbB6TvztlwlBMgkwJ8lbwpg=
+  dependencies:
+    base64-js "^1.0.2"
+    ieee754 "^1.1.4"
+    isarray "^1.0.0"
+
+builtin-modules@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/builtin-modules/-/builtin-modules-1.1.1.tgz#270f076c5a72c02f5b65a47df94c5fe3a278892f"
+  integrity sha1-Jw8HbFpywC9bZaR9+Uxf46J4iS8=
+
+builtin-status-codes@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/builtin-status-codes/-/builtin-status-codes-3.0.0.tgz#85982878e21b98e1c66425e03d0174788f569ee8"
+  integrity sha1-hZgoeOIbmOHGZCXgPQF0eI9Wnug=
+
+bytes@3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bytes/-/bytes-3.0.0.tgz#d32815404d689699f85a4ea4fa8755dd13a96048"
+  integrity sha1-0ygVQE1olpn4Wk6k+odV3ROpYEg=
+
+cacache@^11.0.2, cacache@^11.2.0:
+  version "11.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cacache/-/cacache-11.3.2.tgz#2d81e308e3d258ca38125b676b98b2ac9ce69bfa"
+  integrity sha512-E0zP4EPGDOaT2chM08Als91eYnf8Z+eH1awwwVsngUmgppfM5jjJ8l3z5vO5p5w/I3LsiXawb1sW0VY65pQABg==
+  dependencies:
+    bluebird "^3.5.3"
+    chownr "^1.1.1"
+    figgy-pudding "^3.5.1"
+    glob "^7.1.3"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.15"
+    lru-cache "^5.1.1"
+    mississippi "^3.0.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    move-concurrently "^1.0.1"
+    promise-inflight "^1.0.1"
+    rimraf "^2.6.2"
+    ssri "^6.0.1"
+    unique-filename "^1.1.1"
+    y18n "^4.0.0"
+
+cache-base@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cache-base/-/cache-base-1.0.1.tgz#0a7f46416831c8b662ee36fe4e7c59d76f666ab2"
+  integrity sha512-AKcdTnFSWATd5/GCPRxr2ChwIJ85CeyrEyjRHlKxQ56d4XJMGym0uAiKn0xbLOGOl3+yRpOTi484dVCEc5AUzQ==
+  dependencies:
+    collection-visit "^1.0.0"
+    component-emitter "^1.2.1"
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    has-value "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    set-value "^2.0.0"
+    to-object-path "^0.3.0"
+    union-value "^1.0.0"
+    unset-value "^1.0.0"
+
+caller-callsite@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caller-callsite/-/caller-callsite-2.0.0.tgz#847e0fce0a223750a9a027c54b33731ad3154134"
+  integrity sha1-hH4PzgoiN1CpoCfFSzNzGtMVQTQ=
+  dependencies:
+    callsites "^2.0.0"
+
+caller-path@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caller-path/-/caller-path-2.0.0.tgz#468f83044e369ab2010fac5f06ceee15bb2cb1f4"
+  integrity sha1-Ro+DBE42mrIBD6xfBs7uFbsssfQ=
+  dependencies:
+    caller-callsite "^2.0.0"
+
+callsites@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/callsites/-/callsites-2.0.0.tgz#06eb84f00eea413da86affefacbffb36093b3c50"
+  integrity sha1-BuuE8A7qQT2oav/vrL/7Ngk7PFA=
+
+camelcase-keys@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase-keys/-/camelcase-keys-2.1.0.tgz#308beeaffdf28119051efa1d932213c91b8f92e7"
+  integrity sha1-MIvur/3ygRkFHvodkyITyRuPkuc=
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^2.0.0"
+    map-obj "^1.0.0"
+
+camelcase@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase/-/camelcase-2.1.1.tgz#7c1d16d679a1bbe59ca02cacecfb011e201f5a1f"
+  integrity sha1-fB0W1nmhu+WcoCys7PsBHiAfWh8=
+
+camelcase@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase/-/camelcase-3.0.0.tgz#32fc4b9fcdaf845fcdf7e73bb97cac2261f0ab0a"
+  integrity sha1-MvxLn82vhF/N9+c7uXysImHwqwo=
+
+camelcase@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase/-/camelcase-4.1.0.tgz#d545635be1e33c542649c69173e5de6acfae34dd"
+  integrity sha1-1UVjW+HjPFQmScaRc+Xeas+uNN0=
+
+camelcase@^5.0.0, camelcase@^5.2.0:
+  version "5.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase/-/camelcase-5.2.0.tgz#e7522abda5ed94cc0489e1b8466610e88404cf45"
+  integrity sha512-IXFsBS2pC+X0j0N/GE7Dm7j3bsEBp+oTpb7F50dwEVX7rf3IgwO9XatnegTsDtniKCUtEJH4fSU6Asw7uoVLfQ==
+
+caniuse-api@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caniuse-api/-/caniuse-api-3.0.0.tgz#5e4d90e2274961d46291997df599e3ed008ee4c0"
+  integrity sha512-bsTwuIg/BZZK/vreVTYYbSWoe2F+71P7K5QGEX+pT250DZbfU1MQ5prOKpPR+LL6uWKK3KMwMCAS74QB3Um1uw==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.0"
+    lodash.memoize "^4.1.2"
+    lodash.uniq "^4.5.0"
+
+caniuse-lite@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.30000808"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caniuse-lite/-/caniuse-lite-1.0.30000808.tgz#7d759b5518529ea08b6705a19e70dbf401628ffc"
+  integrity sha512-vT0JLmHdvq1UVbYXioxCXHYdNw55tyvi+IUWyX0Zeh1OFQi2IllYtm38IJnSgHWCv/zUnX1hdhy3vMJvuTNSqw==
+
+caniuse-lite@^1.0.30000939, caniuse-lite@^1.0.30000940:
+  version "1.0.30000942"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caniuse-lite/-/caniuse-lite-1.0.30000942.tgz#454139b28274bce70bfe1d50c30970df7430c6e4"
+  integrity sha512-wLf+IhZUy2rfz48tc40OH7jHjXjnvDFEYqBHluINs/6MgzoNLPf25zhE4NOVzqxLKndf+hau81sAW0RcGHIaBQ==
+
+case-sensitive-paths-webpack-plugin@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/case-sensitive-paths-webpack-plugin/-/case-sensitive-paths-webpack-plugin-2.2.0.tgz#3371ef6365ef9c25fa4b81c16ace0e9c7dc58c3e"
+  integrity sha512-u5ElzokS8A1pm9vM3/iDgTcI3xqHxuCao94Oz8etI3cf0Tio0p8izkDYbTIn09uP3yUUr6+veaE6IkjnTYS46g==
+
+caseless@~0.12.0:
+  version "0.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caseless/-/caseless-0.12.0.tgz#1b681c21ff84033c826543090689420d187151dc"
+  integrity sha1-G2gcIf+EAzyCZUMJBolCDRhxUdw=
+
+chalk@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chalk/-/chalk-1.1.3.tgz#a8115c55e4a702fe4d150abd3872822a7e09fc98"
+  integrity sha1-qBFcVeSnAv5NFQq9OHKCKn4J/Jg=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-styles "^2.2.1"
+    escape-string-regexp "^1.0.2"
+    has-ansi "^2.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.0"
+    supports-color "^2.0.0"
+
+chalk@^2.0, chalk@^2.0.0, chalk@^2.4.1, chalk@^2.4.2:
+  version "2.4.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chalk/-/chalk-2.4.2.tgz#cd42541677a54333cf541a49108c1432b44c9424"
+  integrity sha512-Mti+f9lpJNcwF4tWV8/OrTTtF1gZi+f8FqlyAdouralcFWFQWF2+NgCHShjkCb+IFBLq9buZwE1xckQU4peSuQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-styles "^3.2.1"
+    escape-string-regexp "^1.0.5"
+    supports-color "^5.3.0"
+
+chokidar@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chokidar/-/chokidar-2.0.1.tgz#6e67e9998fe10e8f651e975ca62460456ff8e297"
+  integrity sha512-rv5iP8ENhpqvDWr677rAXcB+SMoPQ1urd4ch79+PhM4lQwbATdJUQK69t0lJIKNB+VXpqxt5V1gvqs59XEPKnw==
+  dependencies:
+    anymatch "^2.0.0"
+    async-each "^1.0.0"
+    braces "^2.3.0"
+    glob-parent "^3.1.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    is-binary-path "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^4.0.0"
+    normalize-path "^2.1.1"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+    readdirp "^2.0.0"
+    upath "1.0.0"
+  optionalDependencies:
+    fsevents "^1.0.0"
+
+chokidar@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chokidar/-/chokidar-2.1.2.tgz#9c23ea40b01638439e0513864d362aeacc5ad058"
+  integrity sha512-IwXUx0FXc5ibYmPC2XeEj5mpXoV66sR+t3jqu2NS2GYwCktt3KF1/Qqjws/NkegajBA4RbZ5+DDwlOiJsxDHEg==
+  dependencies:
+    anymatch "^2.0.0"
+    async-each "^1.0.1"
+    braces "^2.3.2"
+    glob-parent "^3.1.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    is-binary-path "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^4.0.0"
+    normalize-path "^3.0.0"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+    readdirp "^2.2.1"
+    upath "^1.1.0"
+  optionalDependencies:
+    fsevents "^1.2.7"
+
+chownr@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chownr/-/chownr-1.1.1.tgz#54726b8b8fff4df053c42187e801fb4412df1494"
+  integrity sha512-j38EvO5+LHX84jlo6h4UzmOwi0UgW61WRyPtJz4qaadK5eY3BTS5TY/S1Stc3Uk2lIM6TPevAlULiEJwie860g==
+
+chrome-trace-event@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chrome-trace-event/-/chrome-trace-event-1.0.0.tgz#45a91bd2c20c9411f0963b5aaeb9a1b95e09cc48"
+  integrity sha512-xDbVgyfDTT2piup/h8dK/y4QZfJRSa73bw1WZ8b4XM1o7fsFubUVGYcE+1ANtOzJJELGpYoG2961z0Z6OAld9A==
+  dependencies:
+    tslib "^1.9.0"
+
+cipher-base@^1.0.0, cipher-base@^1.0.1, cipher-base@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cipher-base/-/cipher-base-1.0.4.tgz#8760e4ecc272f4c363532f926d874aae2c1397de"
+  integrity sha512-Kkht5ye6ZGmwv40uUDZztayT2ThLQGfnj/T71N/XzeZeo3nf8foyW7zGTsPYkEya3m5f3cAypH+qe7YOrM1U2Q==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+class-utils@^0.3.5:
+  version "0.3.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/class-utils/-/class-utils-0.3.6.tgz#f93369ae8b9a7ce02fd41faad0ca83033190c463"
+  integrity sha512-qOhPa/Fj7s6TY8H8esGu5QNpMMQxz79h+urzrNYN6mn+9BnxlDGf5QZ+XeCDsxSjPqsSR56XOZOJmpeurnLMeg==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-union "^3.1.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+    static-extend "^0.1.1"
+
+cliui@^3.2.0:
+  version "3.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cliui/-/cliui-3.2.0.tgz#120601537a916d29940f934da3b48d585a39213d"
+  integrity sha1-EgYBU3qRbSmUD5NNo7SNWFo5IT0=
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^1.0.1"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.1"
+    wrap-ansi "^2.0.0"
+
+cliui@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cliui/-/cliui-4.1.0.tgz#348422dbe82d800b3022eef4f6ac10bf2e4d1b49"
+  integrity sha512-4FG+RSG9DL7uEwRUZXZn3SS34DiDPfzP0VOiEwtUWlE+AR2EIg+hSyvrIgUUfhdgR/UkAeW2QHgeP+hWrXs7jQ==
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^2.1.1"
+    strip-ansi "^4.0.0"
+    wrap-ansi "^2.0.0"
+
+clone-deep@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/clone-deep/-/clone-deep-2.0.2.tgz#00db3a1e173656730d1188c3d6aced6d7ea97713"
+  integrity sha512-SZegPTKjCgpQH63E+eN6mVEEPdQBOUzjyJm5Pora4lrwWRFS8I0QAxV/KD6vV/i0WuijHZWQC1fMsPEdxfdVCQ==
+  dependencies:
+    for-own "^1.0.0"
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.4"
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+    shallow-clone "^1.0.0"
+
+co@^4.6.0:
+  version "4.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/co/-/co-4.6.0.tgz#6ea6bdf3d853ae54ccb8e47bfa0bf3f9031fb184"
+  integrity sha1-bqa989hTrlTMuOR7+gvz+QMfsYQ=
+
+coa@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/coa/-/coa-2.0.2.tgz#43f6c21151b4ef2bf57187db0d73de229e3e7ec3"
+  integrity sha512-q5/jG+YQnSy4nRTV4F7lPepBJZ8qBNJJDBuJdoejDyLXgmL7IEo+Le2JDZudFTFt7mrCqIRaSjws4ygRCTCAXA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@types/q" "^1.5.1"
+    chalk "^2.4.1"
+    q "^1.1.2"
+
+code-point-at@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/code-point-at/-/code-point-at-1.1.0.tgz#0d070b4d043a5bea33a2f1a40e2edb3d9a4ccf77"
+  integrity sha1-DQcLTQQ6W+ozovGkDi7bPZpMz3c=
+
+collection-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/collection-visit/-/collection-visit-1.0.0.tgz#4bc0373c164bc3291b4d368c829cf1a80a59dca0"
+  integrity sha1-S8A3PBZLwykbTTaMgpzxqApZ3KA=
+  dependencies:
+    map-visit "^1.0.0"
+    object-visit "^1.0.0"
+
+color-convert@^1.9.0, color-convert@^1.9.1:
+  version "1.9.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-convert/-/color-convert-1.9.1.tgz#c1261107aeb2f294ebffec9ed9ecad529a6097ed"
+  integrity sha512-mjGanIiwQJskCC18rPR6OmrZ6fm2Lc7PeGFYwCmy5J34wC6F1PzdGL6xeMfmgicfYcNLGuVFA3WzXtIDCQSZxQ==
+  dependencies:
+    color-name "^1.1.1"
+
+color-name@^1.0.0, color-name@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.3.tgz#a7d0558bd89c42f795dd42328f740831ca53bc25"
+  integrity sha1-p9BVi9icQveV3UIyj3QIMcpTvCU=
+
+color-string@^1.5.2:
+  version "1.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-string/-/color-string-1.5.2.tgz#26e45814bc3c9a7cbd6751648a41434514a773a9"
+  integrity sha1-JuRYFLw8mny9Z1FkikFDRRSnc6k=
+  dependencies:
+    color-name "^1.0.0"
+    simple-swizzle "^0.2.2"
+
+color@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color/-/color-3.1.0.tgz#d8e9fb096732875774c84bf922815df0308d0ffc"
+  integrity sha512-CwyopLkuRYO5ei2EpzpIh6LqJMt6Mt+jZhO5VI5f/wJLZriXQE32/SSqzmrh+QB+AZT81Cj8yv+7zwToW8ahZg==
+  dependencies:
+    color-convert "^1.9.1"
+    color-string "^1.5.2"
+
+combined-stream@^1.0.5, combined-stream@~1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/combined-stream/-/combined-stream-1.0.5.tgz#938370a57b4a51dea2c77c15d5c5fdf895164009"
+  integrity sha1-k4NwpXtKUd6ix3wV1cX9+JUWQAk=
+  dependencies:
+    delayed-stream "~1.0.0"
+
+combined-stream@^1.0.6, combined-stream@~1.0.6:
+  version "1.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/combined-stream/-/combined-stream-1.0.7.tgz#2d1d24317afb8abe95d6d2c0b07b57813539d828"
+  integrity sha512-brWl9y6vOB1xYPZcpZde3N9zDByXTosAeMDo4p1wzo6UMOX4vumB+TP1RZ76sfE6Md68Q0NJSrE/gbezd4Ul+w==
+  dependencies:
+    delayed-stream "~1.0.0"
+
+commander@~2.17.1:
+  version "2.17.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/commander/-/commander-2.17.1.tgz#bd77ab7de6de94205ceacc72f1716d29f20a77bf"
+  integrity sha512-wPMUt6FnH2yzG95SA6mzjQOEKUU3aLaDEmzs1ti+1E9h+CsrZghRlqEM/EJ4KscsQVG8uNN4uVreUeT8+drlgg==
+
+commondir@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/commondir/-/commondir-1.0.1.tgz#ddd800da0c66127393cca5950ea968a3aaf1253b"
+  integrity sha1-3dgA2gxmEnOTzKWVDqloo6rxJTs=
+
+component-emitter@^1.2.1:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/component-emitter/-/component-emitter-1.2.1.tgz#137918d6d78283f7df7a6b7c5a63e140e69425e6"
+  integrity sha1-E3kY1teCg/ffemt8WmPhQOaUJeY=
+
+compressible@~2.0.11:
+  version "2.0.12"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/compressible/-/compressible-2.0.12.tgz#c59a5c99db76767e9876500e271ef63b3493bd66"
+  integrity sha1-xZpcmdt2dn6YdlAOJx72OzSTvWY=
+  dependencies:
+    mime-db ">= 1.30.0 < 2"
+
+compression-webpack-plugin@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/compression-webpack-plugin/-/compression-webpack-plugin-2.0.0.tgz#46476350c1eb27f783dccc79ac2f709baa2cffbc"
+  integrity sha512-bDgd7oTUZC8EkRx8j0sjyCfeiO+e5sFcfgaFcjVhfQf5lLya7oY2BczxcJ7IUuVjz5m6fy8IECFmVFew3xLk8Q==
+  dependencies:
+    cacache "^11.2.0"
+    find-cache-dir "^2.0.0"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    serialize-javascript "^1.4.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.0.1"
+
+compression@^1.5.2:
+  version "1.7.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/compression/-/compression-1.7.1.tgz#eff2603efc2e22cf86f35d2eb93589f9875373db"
+  integrity sha1-7/JgPvwuIs+G810uuTWJ+YdTc9s=
+  dependencies:
+    accepts "~1.3.4"
+    bytes "3.0.0"
+    compressible "~2.0.11"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    on-headers "~1.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "5.1.1"
+    vary "~1.1.2"
+
+concat-map@0.0.1:
+  version "0.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/concat-map/-/concat-map-0.0.1.tgz#d8a96bd77fd68df7793a73036a3ba0d5405d477b"
+  integrity sha1-2Klr13/Wjfd5OnMDajug1UBdR3s=
+
+concat-stream@^1.5.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/concat-stream/-/concat-stream-1.6.0.tgz#0aac662fd52be78964d5532f694784e70110acf7"
+  integrity sha1-CqxmL9Ur54lk1VMvaUeE5wEQrPc=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.2.2"
+    typedarray "^0.0.6"
+
+connect-history-api-fallback@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/connect-history-api-fallback/-/connect-history-api-fallback-1.5.0.tgz#b06873934bc5e344fef611a196a6faae0aee015a"
+  integrity sha1-sGhzk0vF40T+9hGhlqb6rgruAVo=
+
+console-browserify@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/console-browserify/-/console-browserify-1.1.0.tgz#f0241c45730a9fc6323b206dbf38edc741d0bb10"
+  integrity sha1-8CQcRXMKn8YyOyBtvzjtx0HQuxA=
+  dependencies:
+    date-now "^0.1.4"
+
+console-control-strings@^1.0.0, console-control-strings@~1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/console-control-strings/-/console-control-strings-1.1.0.tgz#3d7cf4464db6446ea644bf4b39507f9851008e8e"
+  integrity sha1-PXz0Rk22RG6mRL9LOVB/mFEAjo4=
+
+constants-browserify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/constants-browserify/-/constants-browserify-1.0.0.tgz#c20b96d8c617748aaf1c16021760cd27fcb8cb75"
+  integrity sha1-wguW2MYXdIqvHBYCF2DNJ/y4y3U=
+
+content-disposition@0.5.2:
+  version "0.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/content-disposition/-/content-disposition-0.5.2.tgz#0cf68bb9ddf5f2be7961c3a85178cb85dba78cb4"
+  integrity sha1-DPaLud318r55YcOoUXjLhdunjLQ=
+
+content-type@~1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/content-type/-/content-type-1.0.4.tgz#e138cc75e040c727b1966fe5e5f8c9aee256fe3b"
+  integrity sha512-hIP3EEPs8tB9AT1L+NUqtwOAps4mk2Zob89MWXMHjHWg9milF/j4osnnQLXBCBFBk/tvIG/tUc9mOUJiPBhPXA==
+
+convert-source-map@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/convert-source-map/-/convert-source-map-1.6.0.tgz#51b537a8c43e0f04dec1993bffcdd504e758ac20"
+  integrity sha512-eFu7XigvxdZ1ETfbgPBohgyQ/Z++C0eEhTor0qRwBw9unw+L0/6V8wkSuGgzdThkiS5lSpdptOQPD8Ak40a+7A==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.1"
+
+cookie-signature@1.0.6:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cookie-signature/-/cookie-signature-1.0.6.tgz#e303a882b342cc3ee8ca513a79999734dab3ae2c"
+  integrity sha1-4wOogrNCzD7oylE6eZmXNNqzriw=
+
+cookie@0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cookie/-/cookie-0.3.1.tgz#e7e0a1f9ef43b4c8ba925c5c5a96e806d16873bb"
+  integrity sha1-5+Ch+e9DtMi6klxcWpboBtFoc7s=
+
+copy-concurrently@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/copy-concurrently/-/copy-concurrently-1.0.5.tgz#92297398cae34937fcafd6ec8139c18051f0b5e0"
+  integrity sha512-f2domd9fsVDFtaFcbaRZuYXwtdmnzqbADSwhSWYxYB/Q8zsdUUFMXVRwXGDMWmbEzAn1kdRrtI1T/KTFOL4X2A==
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+    fs-write-stream-atomic "^1.0.8"
+    iferr "^0.1.5"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    rimraf "^2.5.4"
+    run-queue "^1.0.0"
+
+copy-descriptor@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/copy-descriptor/-/copy-descriptor-0.1.1.tgz#676f6eb3c39997c2ee1ac3a924fd6124748f578d"
+  integrity sha1-Z29us8OZl8LuGsOpJP1hJHSPV40=
+
+core-js@^2.5.7:
+  version "2.6.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-js/-/core-js-2.6.5.tgz#44bc8d249e7fb2ff5d00e0341a7ffb94fbf67895"
+  integrity sha512-klh/kDpwX8hryYL14M9w/xei6vrv6sE8gTHDG7/T/+SEovB/G4ejwcfE/CBzO6Edsu+OETZMZ3wcX/EjUkrl5A==
+
+core-util-is@1.0.2, core-util-is@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-util-is/-/core-util-is-1.0.2.tgz#b5fd54220aa2bc5ab57aab7140c940754503c1a7"
+  integrity sha1-tf1UIgqivFq1eqtxQMlAdUUDwac=
+
+cosmiconfig@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cosmiconfig/-/cosmiconfig-4.0.0.tgz#760391549580bbd2df1e562bc177b13c290972dc"
+  integrity sha512-6e5vDdrXZD+t5v0L8CrurPeybg4Fmf+FCSYxXKYVAqLUtyCSbuyqE059d0kDthTNRzKVjL7QMgNpEUlsoYH3iQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-directory "^0.3.1"
+    js-yaml "^3.9.0"
+    parse-json "^4.0.0"
+    require-from-string "^2.0.1"
+
+cosmiconfig@^5.0.0, cosmiconfig@^5.0.5:
+  version "5.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cosmiconfig/-/cosmiconfig-5.1.0.tgz#6c5c35e97f37f985061cdf653f114784231185cf"
+  integrity sha512-kCNPvthka8gvLtzAxQXvWo4FxqRB+ftRZyPZNuab5ngvM9Y7yw7hbEysglptLgpkGX9nAOKTBVkHUAe8xtYR6Q==
+  dependencies:
+    import-fresh "^2.0.0"
+    is-directory "^0.3.1"
+    js-yaml "^3.9.0"
+    lodash.get "^4.4.2"
+    parse-json "^4.0.0"
+
+create-ecdh@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-ecdh/-/create-ecdh-4.0.0.tgz#888c723596cdf7612f6498233eebd7a35301737d"
+  integrity sha1-iIxyNZbN92EvZJgjPuvXo1MBc30=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    elliptic "^6.0.0"
+
+create-hash@^1.1.0, create-hash@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-hash/-/create-hash-1.1.3.tgz#606042ac8b9262750f483caddab0f5819172d8fd"
+  integrity sha1-YGBCrIuSYnUPSDyt2rD1gZFy2P0=
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.1"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.0"
+    sha.js "^2.4.0"
+
+create-hmac@^1.1.0, create-hmac@^1.1.2, create-hmac@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-hmac/-/create-hmac-1.1.6.tgz#acb9e221a4e17bdb076e90657c42b93e3726cf06"
+  integrity sha1-rLniIaThe9sHbpBlfEK5PjcmzwY=
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.3"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+    sha.js "^2.4.8"
+
+cross-spawn@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-3.0.1.tgz#1256037ecb9f0c5f79e3d6ef135e30770184b982"
+  integrity sha1-ElYDfsufDF9549bvE14wdwGEuYI=
+  dependencies:
+    lru-cache "^4.0.1"
+    which "^1.2.9"
+
+cross-spawn@^6.0.0, cross-spawn@^6.0.5:
+  version "6.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-6.0.5.tgz#4a5ec7c64dfae22c3a14124dbacdee846d80cbc4"
+  integrity sha512-eTVLrBSt7fjbDygz805pMnstIs2VTBNkRm0qxZd+M7A5XDdxVRWO5MxGBXZhjY4cqLYLdtrGqRf8mBPmzwSpWQ==
+  dependencies:
+    nice-try "^1.0.4"
+    path-key "^2.0.1"
+    semver "^5.5.0"
+    shebang-command "^1.2.0"
+    which "^1.2.9"
+
+cryptiles@2.x.x:
+  version "2.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cryptiles/-/cryptiles-2.0.5.tgz#3bdfecdc608147c1c67202fa291e7dca59eaa3b8"
+  integrity sha1-O9/s3GCBR8HGcgL6KR59ylnqo7g=
+  dependencies:
+    boom "2.x.x"
+
+crypto-browserify@^3.11.0:
+  version "3.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/crypto-browserify/-/crypto-browserify-3.12.0.tgz#396cf9f3137f03e4b8e532c58f698254e00f80ec"
+  integrity sha512-fz4spIh+znjO2VjL+IdhEpRJ3YN6sMzITSBijk6FK2UvTqruSQW+/cCZTSNsMiZNvUeq0CqurF+dAbyiGOY6Wg==
+  dependencies:
+    browserify-cipher "^1.0.0"
+    browserify-sign "^4.0.0"
+    create-ecdh "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.0"
+    diffie-hellman "^5.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    pbkdf2 "^3.0.3"
+    public-encrypt "^4.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.0"
+    randomfill "^1.0.3"
+
+css-blank-pseudo@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-blank-pseudo/-/css-blank-pseudo-0.1.4.tgz#dfdefd3254bf8a82027993674ccf35483bfcb3c5"
+  integrity sha512-LHz35Hr83dnFeipc7oqFDmsjHdljj3TQtxGGiNWSOsTLIAubSm4TEz8qCaKFpk7idaQ1GfWscF4E6mgpBysA1w==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+
+css-color-names@0.0.4, css-color-names@^0.0.4:
+  version "0.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-color-names/-/css-color-names-0.0.4.tgz#808adc2e79cf84738069b646cb20ec27beb629e0"
+  integrity sha1-gIrcLnnPhHOAabZGyyDsJ762KeA=
+
+css-declaration-sorter@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-declaration-sorter/-/css-declaration-sorter-4.0.1.tgz#c198940f63a76d7e36c1e71018b001721054cb22"
+  integrity sha512-BcxQSKTSEEQUftYpBVnsH4SF05NTuBokb19/sBt6asXGKZ/6VP7PLG1CBCkFDYOnhXhPh0jMhO6xZ71oYHXHBA==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.1"
+    timsort "^0.3.0"
+
+css-has-pseudo@^0.10.0:
+  version "0.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-has-pseudo/-/css-has-pseudo-0.10.0.tgz#3c642ab34ca242c59c41a125df9105841f6966ee"
+  integrity sha512-Z8hnfsZu4o/kt+AuFzeGpLVhFOGO9mluyHBaA2bA8aCGTwah5sT3WV/fTHH8UNZUytOIImuGPrl/prlb4oX4qQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.6"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.4"
+
+css-loader@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-loader/-/css-loader-2.1.1.tgz#d8254f72e412bb2238bb44dd674ffbef497333ea"
+  integrity sha512-OcKJU/lt232vl1P9EEDamhoO9iKY3tIjY5GU+XDLblAykTdgs6Ux9P1hTHve8nFKy5KPpOXOsVI/hIwi3841+w==
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^5.2.0"
+    icss-utils "^4.1.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.2.3"
+    normalize-path "^3.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+    postcss-modules-extract-imports "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-modules-local-by-default "^2.0.6"
+    postcss-modules-scope "^2.1.0"
+    postcss-modules-values "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.3.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+css-prefers-color-scheme@^3.1.1:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-prefers-color-scheme/-/css-prefers-color-scheme-3.1.1.tgz#6f830a2714199d4f0d0d0bb8a27916ed65cff1f4"
+  integrity sha512-MTu6+tMs9S3EUqzmqLXEcgNRbNkkD/TGFvowpeoWJn5Vfq7FMgsmRQs9X5NXAURiOBmOxm/lLjsDNXDE6k9bhg==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+
+css-select-base-adapter@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-select-base-adapter/-/css-select-base-adapter-0.1.1.tgz#3b2ff4972cc362ab88561507a95408a1432135d7"
+  integrity sha512-jQVeeRG70QI08vSTwf1jHxp74JoZsr2XSgETae8/xC8ovSnL2WF87GTLO86Sbwdt2lK4Umg4HnnwMO4YF3Ce7w==
+
+css-select@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-select/-/css-select-2.0.2.tgz#ab4386cec9e1f668855564b17c3733b43b2a5ede"
+  integrity sha512-dSpYaDVoWaELjvZ3mS6IKZM/y2PMPa/XYoEfYNZePL4U/XgyxZNroHEHReDx/d+VgXh9VbCTtFqLkFbmeqeaRQ==
+  dependencies:
+    boolbase "^1.0.0"
+    css-what "^2.1.2"
+    domutils "^1.7.0"
+    nth-check "^1.0.2"
+
+css-tree@1.0.0-alpha.28:
+  version "1.0.0-alpha.28"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-tree/-/css-tree-1.0.0-alpha.28.tgz#8e8968190d886c9477bc8d61e96f61af3f7ffa7f"
+  integrity sha512-joNNW1gCp3qFFzj4St6zk+Wh/NBv0vM5YbEreZk0SD4S23S+1xBKb6cLDg2uj4P4k/GUMlIm6cKIDqIG+vdt0w==
+  dependencies:
+    mdn-data "~1.1.0"
+    source-map "^0.5.3"
+
+css-tree@1.0.0-alpha.29:
+  version "1.0.0-alpha.29"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-tree/-/css-tree-1.0.0-alpha.29.tgz#3fa9d4ef3142cbd1c301e7664c1f352bd82f5a39"
+  integrity sha512-sRNb1XydwkW9IOci6iB2xmy8IGCj6r/fr+JWitvJ2JxQRPzN3T4AGGVWCMlVmVwM1gtgALJRmGIlWv5ppnGGkg==
+  dependencies:
+    mdn-data "~1.1.0"
+    source-map "^0.5.3"
+
+css-unit-converter@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-unit-converter/-/css-unit-converter-1.1.1.tgz#d9b9281adcfd8ced935bdbaba83786897f64e996"
+  integrity sha1-2bkoGtz9jO2TW9urqDeGiX9k6ZY=
+
+css-url-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-url-regex/-/css-url-regex-1.1.0.tgz#83834230cc9f74c457de59eebd1543feeb83b7ec"
+  integrity sha1-g4NCMMyfdMRX3lnuvRVD/uuDt+w=
+
+css-what@^2.1.2:
+  version "2.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-what/-/css-what-2.1.3.tgz#a6d7604573365fe74686c3f311c56513d88285f2"
+  integrity sha512-a+EPoD+uZiNfh+5fxw2nO9QwFa6nJe2Or35fGY6Ipw1R3R4AGz1d1TEZrCegvw2YTmZ0jXirGYlzxxpYSHwpEg==
+
+cssdb@^4.3.0:
+  version "4.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssdb/-/cssdb-4.4.0.tgz#3bf2f2a68c10f5c6a08abd92378331ee803cddb0"
+  integrity sha512-LsTAR1JPEM9TpGhl/0p3nQecC2LJ0kD8X5YARu1hk/9I1gril5vDtMZyNxcEpxxDj34YNck/ucjuoUd66K03oQ==
+
+cssesc@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssesc/-/cssesc-2.0.0.tgz#3b13bd1bb1cb36e1bcb5a4dcd27f54c5dcb35703"
+  integrity sha512-MsCAG1z9lPdoO/IUMLSBWBSVxVtJ1395VGIQ+Fc2gNdkQ1hNDnQdw3YhA71WJCBW1vdwA0cAnk/DnW6bqoEUYg==
+
+cssesc@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssesc/-/cssesc-3.0.0.tgz#37741919903b868565e1c09ea747445cd18983ee"
+  integrity sha512-/Tb/JcjK111nNScGob5MNtsntNM1aCNUDipB/TkwZFhyDrrE47SOx/18wF2bbjgc3ZzCSKW1T5nt5EbFoAz/Vg==
+
+cssnano-preset-default@^4.0.7:
+  version "4.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-preset-default/-/cssnano-preset-default-4.0.7.tgz#51ec662ccfca0f88b396dcd9679cdb931be17f76"
+  integrity sha512-x0YHHx2h6p0fCl1zY9L9roD7rnlltugGu7zXSKQx6k2rYw0Hi3IqxcoAGF7u9Q5w1nt7vK0ulxV8Lo+EvllGsA==
+  dependencies:
+    css-declaration-sorter "^4.0.1"
+    cssnano-util-raw-cache "^4.0.1"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-calc "^7.0.1"
+    postcss-colormin "^4.0.3"
+    postcss-convert-values "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-discard-comments "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-discard-duplicates "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-discard-empty "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-discard-overridden "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-merge-longhand "^4.0.11"
+    postcss-merge-rules "^4.0.3"
+    postcss-minify-font-values "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-minify-gradients "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-minify-params "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-minify-selectors "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-charset "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-normalize-display-values "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-positions "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-repeat-style "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-string "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-timing-functions "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-unicode "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-normalize-url "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-normalize-whitespace "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-ordered-values "^4.1.2"
+    postcss-reduce-initial "^4.0.3"
+    postcss-reduce-transforms "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-svgo "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-unique-selectors "^4.0.1"
+
+cssnano-util-get-arguments@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-util-get-arguments/-/cssnano-util-get-arguments-4.0.0.tgz#ed3a08299f21d75741b20f3b81f194ed49cc150f"
+  integrity sha1-7ToIKZ8h11dBsg87gfGU7UnMFQ8=
+
+cssnano-util-get-match@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-util-get-match/-/cssnano-util-get-match-4.0.0.tgz#c0e4ca07f5386bb17ec5e52250b4f5961365156d"
+  integrity sha1-wOTKB/U4a7F+xeUiULT1lhNlFW0=
+
+cssnano-util-raw-cache@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-util-raw-cache/-/cssnano-util-raw-cache-4.0.1.tgz#b26d5fd5f72a11dfe7a7846fb4c67260f96bf282"
+  integrity sha512-qLuYtWK2b2Dy55I8ZX3ky1Z16WYsx544Q0UWViebptpwn/xDBmog2TLg4f+DBMg1rJ6JDWtn96WHbOKDWt1WQA==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+cssnano-util-same-parent@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-util-same-parent/-/cssnano-util-same-parent-4.0.1.tgz#574082fb2859d2db433855835d9a8456ea18bbf3"
+  integrity sha512-WcKx5OY+KoSIAxBW6UBBRay1U6vkYheCdjyVNDm85zt5K9mHoGOfsOsqIszfAqrQQFIIKgjh2+FDgIj/zsl21Q==
+
+cssnano@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano/-/cssnano-4.1.10.tgz#0ac41f0b13d13d465487e111b778d42da631b8b2"
+  integrity sha512-5wny+F6H4/8RgNlaqab4ktc3e0/blKutmq8yNlBFXA//nSFFAqAngjNVRzUvCgYROULmZZUoosL/KSoZo5aUaQ==
+  dependencies:
+    cosmiconfig "^5.0.0"
+    cssnano-preset-default "^4.0.7"
+    is-resolvable "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+csso@^3.5.1:
+  version "3.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/csso/-/csso-3.5.1.tgz#7b9eb8be61628973c1b261e169d2f024008e758b"
+  integrity sha512-vrqULLffYU1Q2tLdJvaCYbONStnfkfimRxXNaGjxMldI0C7JPBC4rB1RyjhfdZ4m1frm8pM9uRPKH3d2knZ8gg==
+  dependencies:
+    css-tree "1.0.0-alpha.29"
+
+currently-unhandled@^0.4.1:
+  version "0.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/currently-unhandled/-/currently-unhandled-0.4.1.tgz#988df33feab191ef799a61369dd76c17adf957ea"
+  integrity sha1-mI3zP+qxke95mmE2nddsF635V+o=
+  dependencies:
+    array-find-index "^1.0.1"
+
+cyclist@~0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cyclist/-/cyclist-0.2.2.tgz#1b33792e11e914a2fd6d6ed6447464444e5fa640"
+  integrity sha1-GzN5LhHpFKL9bW7WRHRkRE5fpkA=
+
+dashdash@^1.12.0:
+  version "1.14.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dashdash/-/dashdash-1.14.1.tgz#853cfa0f7cbe2fed5de20326b8dd581035f6e2f0"
+  integrity sha1-hTz6D3y+L+1d4gMmuN1YEDX24vA=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+
+date-now@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/date-now/-/date-now-0.1.4.tgz#eaf439fd4d4848ad74e5cc7dbef200672b9e345b"
+  integrity sha1-6vQ5/U1ISK105cx9vvIAZyueNFs=
+
+debug@2.6.9, debug@^2.1.2, debug@^2.2.0, debug@^2.3.3:
+  version "2.6.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-2.6.9.tgz#5d128515df134ff327e90a4c93f4e077a536341f"
+  integrity sha512-bC7ElrdJaJnPbAP+1EotYvqZsb3ecl5wi6Bfi6BJTUcNowp6cvspg0jXznRTKDjm/E7AdgFBVeAPVMNcKGsHMA==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "2.0.0"
+
+debug@^3.2.5, debug@^3.2.6:
+  version "3.2.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-3.2.6.tgz#e83d17de16d8a7efb7717edbe5fb10135eee629b"
+  integrity sha512-mel+jf7nrtEl5Pn1Qx46zARXKDpBbvzezse7p7LqINmdoIk8PYP5SySaxEmYv6TZ0JyEKA1hsCId6DIhgITtWQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "^2.1.1"
+
+debug@^4.1.0, debug@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-4.1.1.tgz#3b72260255109c6b589cee050f1d516139664791"
+  integrity sha512-pYAIzeRo8J6KPEaJ0VWOh5Pzkbw/RetuzehGM7QRRX5he4fPHx2rdKMB256ehJCkX+XRQm16eZLqLNS8RSZXZw==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "^2.1.1"
+
+decamelize@^1.1.1, decamelize@^1.1.2, decamelize@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/decamelize/-/decamelize-1.2.0.tgz#f6534d15148269b20352e7bee26f501f9a191290"
+  integrity sha1-9lNNFRSCabIDUue+4m9QH5oZEpA=
+
+decamelize@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/decamelize/-/decamelize-2.0.0.tgz#656d7bbc8094c4c788ea53c5840908c9c7d063c7"
+  integrity sha512-Ikpp5scV3MSYxY39ymh45ZLEecsTdv/Xj2CaQfI8RLMuwi7XvjX9H/fhraiSuU+C5w5NTDu4ZU72xNiZnurBPg==
+  dependencies:
+    xregexp "4.0.0"
+
+decode-uri-component@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/decode-uri-component/-/decode-uri-component-0.2.0.tgz#eb3913333458775cb84cd1a1fae062106bb87545"
+  integrity sha1-6zkTMzRYd1y4TNGh+uBiEGu4dUU=
+
+deep-equal@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/deep-equal/-/deep-equal-1.0.1.tgz#f5d260292b660e084eff4cdbc9f08ad3247448b5"
+  integrity sha1-9dJgKStmDghO/0zbyfCK0yR0SLU=
+
+deep-extend@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/deep-extend/-/deep-extend-0.6.0.tgz#c4fa7c95404a17a9c3e8ca7e1537312b736330ac"
+  integrity sha512-LOHxIOaPYdHlJRtCQfDIVZtfw/ufM8+rVj649RIHzcm/vGwQRXFt6OPqIFWsm2XEMrNIEtWR64sY1LEKD2vAOA==
+
+deep-extend@~0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/deep-extend/-/deep-extend-0.4.2.tgz#48b699c27e334bf89f10892be432f6e4c7d34a7f"
+  integrity sha1-SLaZwn4zS/ifEIkr5DL25MfTSn8=
+
+default-gateway@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/default-gateway/-/default-gateway-4.2.0.tgz#167104c7500c2115f6dd69b0a536bb8ed720552b"
+  integrity sha512-h6sMrVB1VMWVrW13mSc6ia/DwYYw5MN6+exNu1OaJeFac5aSAvwM7lZ0NVfTABuSkQelr4h5oebg3KB1XPdjgA==
+  dependencies:
+    execa "^1.0.0"
+    ip-regex "^2.1.0"
+
+define-properties@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-properties/-/define-properties-1.1.2.tgz#83a73f2fea569898fb737193c8f873caf6d45c94"
+  integrity sha1-g6c/L+pWmJj7c3GTyPhzyvbUXJQ=
+  dependencies:
+    foreach "^2.0.5"
+    object-keys "^1.0.8"
+
+define-properties@^1.1.3:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-properties/-/define-properties-1.1.3.tgz#cf88da6cbee26fe6db7094f61d870cbd84cee9f1"
+  integrity sha512-3MqfYKj2lLzdMSf8ZIZE/V+Zuy+BgD6f164e8K2w7dgnpKArBDerGYpM46IYYcjnkdPNMjPk9A6VFB8+3SKlXQ==
+  dependencies:
+    object-keys "^1.0.12"
+
+define-property@^0.2.5:
+  version "0.2.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-0.2.5.tgz#c35b1ef918ec3c990f9a5bc57be04aacec5c8116"
+  integrity sha1-w1se+RjsPJkPmlvFe+BKrOxcgRY=
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^0.1.0"
+
+define-property@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-1.0.0.tgz#769ebaaf3f4a63aad3af9e8d304c9bbe79bfb0e6"
+  integrity sha1-dp66rz9KY6rTr56NMEybvnm/sOY=
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+
+define-property@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-2.0.2.tgz#d459689e8d654ba77e02a817f8710d702cb16e9d"
+  integrity sha512-jwK2UV4cnPpbcG7+VRARKTZPUWowwXA8bzH5NP6ud0oeAxyYPuGZUAC7hMugpCdz4BeSZl2Dl9k66CHJ/46ZYQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^1.0.2"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+del@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/del/-/del-3.0.0.tgz#53ecf699ffcbcb39637691ab13baf160819766e5"
+  integrity sha1-U+z2mf/LyzljdpGrE7rxYIGXZuU=
+  dependencies:
+    globby "^6.1.0"
+    is-path-cwd "^1.0.0"
+    is-path-in-cwd "^1.0.0"
+    p-map "^1.1.1"
+    pify "^3.0.0"
+    rimraf "^2.2.8"
+
+delayed-stream@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/delayed-stream/-/delayed-stream-1.0.0.tgz#df3ae199acadfb7d440aaae0b29e2272b24ec619"
+  integrity sha1-3zrhmayt+31ECqrgsp4icrJOxhk=
+
+delegates@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/delegates/-/delegates-1.0.0.tgz#84c6e159b81904fdca59a0ef44cd870d31250f9a"
+  integrity sha1-hMbhWbgZBP3KWaDvRM2HDTElD5o=
+
+depd@1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/depd/-/depd-1.1.1.tgz#5783b4e1c459f06fa5ca27f991f3d06e7a310359"
+  integrity sha1-V4O04cRZ8G+lyif5kfPQbnoxA1k=
+
+depd@~1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/depd/-/depd-1.1.2.tgz#9bcd52e14c097763e749b274c4346ed2e560b5a9"
+  integrity sha1-m81S4UwJd2PnSbJ0xDRu0uVgtak=
+
+des.js@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/des.js/-/des.js-1.0.0.tgz#c074d2e2aa6a8a9a07dbd61f9a15c2cd83ec8ecc"
+  integrity sha1-wHTS4qpqipoH29YfmhXCzYPsjsw=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+destroy@~1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/destroy/-/destroy-1.0.4.tgz#978857442c44749e4206613e37946205826abd80"
+  integrity sha1-l4hXRCxEdJ5CBmE+N5RiBYJqvYA=
+
+detect-file@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-file/-/detect-file-1.0.0.tgz#f0d66d03672a825cb1b73bdb3fe62310c8e552b7"
+  integrity sha1-8NZtA2cqglyxtzvbP+YjEMjlUrc=
+
+detect-libc@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-libc/-/detect-libc-1.0.3.tgz#fa137c4bd698edf55cd5cd02ac559f91a4c4ba9b"
+  integrity sha1-+hN8S9aY7fVc1c0CrFWfkaTEups=
+
+detect-node@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-node/-/detect-node-2.0.4.tgz#014ee8f8f669c5c58023da64b8179c083a28c46c"
+  integrity sha512-ZIzRpLJrOj7jjP2miAtgqIfmzbxa4ZOr5jJc601zklsfEx9oTzmmj2nVpIPRpNlRTIh8lc1kyViIY7BWSGNmKw==
+
+diffie-hellman@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/diffie-hellman/-/diffie-hellman-5.0.2.tgz#b5835739270cfe26acf632099fded2a07f209e5e"
+  integrity sha1-tYNXOScM/ias9jIJn97SoH8gnl4=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    miller-rabin "^4.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.0"
+
+dns-equal@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dns-equal/-/dns-equal-1.0.0.tgz#b39e7f1da6eb0a75ba9c17324b34753c47e0654d"
+  integrity sha1-s55/HabrCnW6nBcySzR1PEfgZU0=
+
+dns-packet@^1.3.1:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dns-packet/-/dns-packet-1.3.1.tgz#12aa426981075be500b910eedcd0b47dd7deda5a"
+  integrity sha512-0UxfQkMhYAUaZI+xrNZOz/as5KgDU0M/fQ9b6SpkyLbk3GEswDi6PADJVaYJradtRVsRIlF1zLyOodbcTCDzUg==
+  dependencies:
+    ip "^1.1.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+dns-txt@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dns-txt/-/dns-txt-2.0.2.tgz#b91d806f5d27188e4ab3e7d107d881a1cc4642b6"
+  integrity sha1-uR2Ab10nGI5Ks+fRB9iBocxGQrY=
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-indexof "^1.0.0"
+
+dom-serializer@0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dom-serializer/-/dom-serializer-0.1.1.tgz#1ec4059e284babed36eec2941d4a970a189ce7c0"
+  integrity sha512-l0IU0pPzLWSHBcieZbpOKgkIn3ts3vAh7ZuFyXNwJxJXk/c4Gwj9xaTJwIDVQCXawWD0qb3IzMGH5rglQaO0XA==
+  dependencies:
+    domelementtype "^1.3.0"
+    entities "^1.1.1"
+
+domain-browser@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/domain-browser/-/domain-browser-1.2.0.tgz#3d31f50191a6749dd1375a7f522e823d42e54eda"
+  integrity sha512-jnjyiM6eRyZl2H+W8Q/zLMA481hzi0eszAaBUzIVnmYVDBbnLxVNnfu1HgEBvCbL+71FrxMl3E6lpKH7Ge3OXA==
+
+domelementtype@1, domelementtype@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/domelementtype/-/domelementtype-1.3.1.tgz#d048c44b37b0d10a7f2a3d5fee3f4333d790481f"
+  integrity sha512-BSKB+TSpMpFI/HOxCNr1O8aMOTZ8hT3pM3GQ0w/mWRmkhEDSFJkkyzz4XQsBV44BChwGkrDfMyjVD0eA2aFV3w==
+
+domutils@^1.7.0:
+  version "1.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/domutils/-/domutils-1.7.0.tgz#56ea341e834e06e6748af7a1cb25da67ea9f8c2a"
+  integrity sha512-Lgd2XcJ/NjEw+7tFvfKxOzCYKZsdct5lczQ2ZaQY8Djz7pfAD3Gbp8ySJWtreII/vDlMVmxwa6pHmdxIYgttDg==
+  dependencies:
+    dom-serializer "0"
+    domelementtype "1"
+
+dot-prop@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dot-prop/-/dot-prop-4.2.0.tgz#1f19e0c2e1aa0e32797c49799f2837ac6af69c57"
+  integrity sha512-tUMXrxlExSW6U2EXiiKGSBVdYgtV8qlHL+C10TsW4PURY/ic+eaysnSkwB4kA/mBlCyy/IKDJ+Lc3wbWeaXtuQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-obj "^1.0.0"
+
+duplexify@^3.4.2, duplexify@^3.5.3:
+  version "3.5.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/duplexify/-/duplexify-3.5.3.tgz#8b5818800df92fd0125b27ab896491912858243e"
+  integrity sha512-g8ID9OroF9hKt2POf8YLayy+9594PzmM3scI00/uBXocX3TWNgoB67hjzkFe9ITAbQOne/lLdBxHXvYUM4ZgGA==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+    stream-shift "^1.0.0"
+
+ecc-jsbn@~0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ecc-jsbn/-/ecc-jsbn-0.1.1.tgz#0fc73a9ed5f0d53c38193398523ef7e543777505"
+  integrity sha1-D8c6ntXw1Tw4GTOYUj735UN3dQU=
+  dependencies:
+    jsbn "~0.1.0"
+
+ee-first@1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ee-first/-/ee-first-1.1.1.tgz#590c61156b0ae2f4f0255732a158b266bc56b21d"
+  integrity sha1-WQxhFWsK4vTwJVcyoViyZrxWsh0=
+
+electron-to-chromium@^1.3.113:
+  version "1.3.113"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/electron-to-chromium/-/electron-to-chromium-1.3.113.tgz#b1ccf619df7295aea17bc6951dc689632629e4a9"
+  integrity sha512-De+lPAxEcpxvqPTyZAXELNpRZXABRxf+uL/rSykstQhzj/B0l1150G/ExIIxKc16lI89Hgz81J0BHAcbTqK49g==
+
+elliptic@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/elliptic/-/elliptic-6.4.0.tgz#cac9af8762c85836187003c8dfe193e5e2eae5df"
+  integrity sha1-ysmvh2LIWDYYcAPI3+GT5eLq5d8=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.4.0"
+    brorand "^1.0.1"
+    hash.js "^1.0.0"
+    hmac-drbg "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+    minimalistic-crypto-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+emojis-list@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/emojis-list/-/emojis-list-2.1.0.tgz#4daa4d9db00f9819880c79fa457ae5b09a1fd389"
+  integrity sha1-TapNnbAPmBmIDHn6RXrlsJof04k=
+
+encodeurl@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/encodeurl/-/encodeurl-1.0.2.tgz#ad3ff4c86ec2d029322f5a02c3a9a606c95b3f59"
+  integrity sha1-rT/0yG7C0CkyL1oCw6mmBslbP1k=
+
+end-of-stream@^1.0.0, end-of-stream@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/end-of-stream/-/end-of-stream-1.4.1.tgz#ed29634d19baba463b6ce6b80a37213eab71ec43"
+  integrity sha512-1MkrZNvWTKCaigbn+W15elq2BB/L22nqrSY5DKlo3X6+vclJm8Bb5djXJBmEX6fS3+zCh/F4VBK5Z2KxJt4s2Q==
+  dependencies:
+    once "^1.4.0"
+
+enhanced-resolve@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/enhanced-resolve/-/enhanced-resolve-4.1.0.tgz#41c7e0bfdfe74ac1ffe1e57ad6a5c6c9f3742a7f"
+  integrity sha512-F/7vkyTtyc/llOIn8oWclcB25KdRaiPBpZYDgJHgh/UHtpgT2p2eldQgtQnLtUvfMKPKxbRaQM/hHkvLHt1Vng==
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    memory-fs "^0.4.0"
+    tapable "^1.0.0"
+
+entities@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/entities/-/entities-1.1.2.tgz#bdfa735299664dfafd34529ed4f8522a275fea56"
+  integrity sha512-f2LZMYl1Fzu7YSBKg+RoROelpOaNrcGmE9AZubeDfrCEia483oW4MI4VyFd5VNHIgQ/7qm1I0wUHK1eJnn2y2w==
+
+errno@^0.1.3, errno@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/errno/-/errno-0.1.6.tgz#c386ce8a6283f14fc09563b71560908c9bf53026"
+  integrity sha512-IsORQDpaaSwcDP4ZZnHxgE85werpo34VYn1Ud3mq+eUsF593faR8oCZNXrROVkpFu2TsbrNhHin0aUrTsQ9vNw==
+  dependencies:
+    prr "~1.0.1"
+
+error-ex@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/error-ex/-/error-ex-1.3.1.tgz#f855a86ce61adc4e8621c3cda21e7a7612c3a8dc"
+  integrity sha1-+FWobOYa3E6GIcPNoh56dhLDqNw=
+  dependencies:
+    is-arrayish "^0.2.1"
+
+error-ex@^1.3.1:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/error-ex/-/error-ex-1.3.2.tgz#b4ac40648107fdcdcfae242f428bea8a14d4f1bf"
+  integrity sha512-7dFHNmqeFSEt2ZBsCriorKnn3Z2pj+fd9kmI6QoWw4//DL+icEBfc0U7qJCisqrTsKTjw4fNFy2pW9OqStD84g==
+  dependencies:
+    is-arrayish "^0.2.1"
+
+es-abstract@^1.12.0, es-abstract@^1.5.1:
+  version "1.13.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es-abstract/-/es-abstract-1.13.0.tgz#ac86145fdd5099d8dd49558ccba2eaf9b88e24e9"
+  integrity sha512-vDZfg/ykNxQVwup/8E1BZhVzFfBxs9NqMzGcvIJrqg5k2/5Za2bWo40dK2J1pgLngZ7c+Shh8lwYtLGyrwPutg==
+  dependencies:
+    es-to-primitive "^1.2.0"
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+    has "^1.0.3"
+    is-callable "^1.1.4"
+    is-regex "^1.0.4"
+    object-keys "^1.0.12"
+
+es-to-primitive@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es-to-primitive/-/es-to-primitive-1.2.0.tgz#edf72478033456e8dda8ef09e00ad9650707f377"
+  integrity sha512-qZryBOJjV//LaxLTV6UC//WewneB3LcXOL9NP++ozKVXsIIIpm/2c13UDiD9Jp2eThsecw9m3jPqDwTyobcdbg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-callable "^1.1.4"
+    is-date-object "^1.0.1"
+    is-symbol "^1.0.2"
+
+escape-html@~1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/escape-html/-/escape-html-1.0.3.tgz#0258eae4d3d0c0974de1c169188ef0051d1d1988"
+  integrity sha1-Aljq5NPQwJdN4cFpGI7wBR0dGYg=
+
+escape-string-regexp@^1.0.2, escape-string-regexp@^1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/escape-string-regexp/-/escape-string-regexp-1.0.5.tgz#1b61c0562190a8dff6ae3bb2cf0200ca130b86d4"
+  integrity sha1-G2HAViGQqN/2rjuyzwIAyhMLhtQ=
+
+eslint-scope@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-scope/-/eslint-scope-4.0.2.tgz#5f10cd6cabb1965bf479fa65745673439e21cb0e"
+  integrity sha512-5q1+B/ogmHl8+paxtOKx38Z8LtWkVGuNt3+GQNErqwLl6ViNp/gdJGMCjZNxZ8j/VYjDNZ2Fo+eQc1TAVPIzbg==
+  dependencies:
+    esrecurse "^4.1.0"
+    estraverse "^4.1.1"
+
+esprima@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esprima/-/esprima-4.0.0.tgz#4499eddcd1110e0b218bacf2fa7f7f59f55ca804"
+  integrity sha512-oftTcaMu/EGrEIu904mWteKIv8vMuOgGYo7EhVJJN00R/EED9DCua/xxHRdYnKtcECzVg7xOWhflvJMnqcFZjw==
+
+esrecurse@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esrecurse/-/esrecurse-4.2.0.tgz#fa9568d98d3823f9a41d91e902dcab9ea6e5b163"
+  integrity sha1-+pVo2Y04I/mkHZHpAtyrnqblsWM=
+  dependencies:
+    estraverse "^4.1.0"
+    object-assign "^4.0.1"
+
+estraverse@^4.1.0, estraverse@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/estraverse/-/estraverse-4.2.0.tgz#0dee3fed31fcd469618ce7342099fc1afa0bdb13"
+  integrity sha1-De4/7TH81GlhjOc0IJn8GvoL2xM=
+
+esutils@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esutils/-/esutils-2.0.2.tgz#0abf4f1caa5bcb1f7a9d8acc6dea4faaa04bac9b"
+  integrity sha1-Cr9PHKpbyx96nYrMbepPqqBLrJs=
+
+etag@~1.8.1:
+  version "1.8.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/etag/-/etag-1.8.1.tgz#41ae2eeb65efa62268aebfea83ac7d79299b0887"
+  integrity sha1-Qa4u62XvpiJorr/qg6x9eSmbCIc=
+
+eventemitter3@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eventemitter3/-/eventemitter3-3.1.0.tgz#090b4d6cdbd645ed10bf750d4b5407942d7ba163"
+  integrity sha512-ivIvhpq/Y0uSjcHDcOIccjmYjGLcP09MFGE7ysAwkAvkXfpZlC985pH2/ui64DKazbTW/4kN3yqozUxlXzI6cA==
+
+events@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/events/-/events-1.1.1.tgz#9ebdb7635ad099c70dcc4c2a1f5004288e8bd924"
+  integrity sha1-nr23Y1rQmccNzEwqH1AEKI6L2SQ=
+
+eventsource@^1.0.7:
+  version "1.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eventsource/-/eventsource-1.0.7.tgz#8fbc72c93fcd34088090bc0a4e64f4b5cee6d8d0"
+  integrity sha512-4Ln17+vVT0k8aWq+t/bF5arcS3EpT9gYtW66EPacdj/mAFevznsnyoHLPy2BA8gbIQeIHoPsvwmfBftfcG//BQ==
+  dependencies:
+    original "^1.0.0"
+
+evp_bytestokey@^1.0.0, evp_bytestokey@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/evp_bytestokey/-/evp_bytestokey-1.0.3.tgz#7fcbdb198dc71959432efe13842684e0525acb02"
+  integrity sha512-/f2Go4TognH/KvCISP7OUsHn85hT9nUkxxA9BEWxFn+Oj9o8ZNLm/40hdlgSLyuOimsrTKLUMEorQexp/aPQeA==
+  dependencies:
+    md5.js "^1.3.4"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.1"
+
+execa@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/execa/-/execa-1.0.0.tgz#c6236a5bb4df6d6f15e88e7f017798216749ddd8"
+  integrity sha512-adbxcyWV46qiHyvSp50TKt05tB4tK3HcmF7/nxfAdhnox83seTDbwnaqKO4sXRy7roHAIFqJP/Rw/AuEbX61LA==
+  dependencies:
+    cross-spawn "^6.0.0"
+    get-stream "^4.0.0"
+    is-stream "^1.1.0"
+    npm-run-path "^2.0.0"
+    p-finally "^1.0.0"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.0"
+    strip-eof "^1.0.0"
+
+expand-brackets@^2.1.4:
+  version "2.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-brackets/-/expand-brackets-2.1.4.tgz#b77735e315ce30f6b6eff0f83b04151a22449622"
+  integrity sha1-t3c14xXOMPa27/D4OwQVGiJEliI=
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^2.3.3"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    posix-character-classes "^0.1.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+expand-tilde@^2.0.0, expand-tilde@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-tilde/-/expand-tilde-2.0.2.tgz#97e801aa052df02454de46b02bf621642cdc8502"
+  integrity sha1-l+gBqgUt8CRU3kawK/YhZCzchQI=
+  dependencies:
+    homedir-polyfill "^1.0.1"
+
+express@^4.16.2:
+  version "4.16.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/express/-/express-4.16.2.tgz#e35c6dfe2d64b7dca0a5cd4f21781be3299e076c"
+  integrity sha1-41xt/i1kt9ygpc1PIXgb4ymeB2w=
+  dependencies:
+    accepts "~1.3.4"
+    array-flatten "1.1.1"
+    body-parser "1.18.2"
+    content-disposition "0.5.2"
+    content-type "~1.0.4"
+    cookie "0.3.1"
+    cookie-signature "1.0.6"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    depd "~1.1.1"
+    encodeurl "~1.0.1"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    etag "~1.8.1"
+    finalhandler "1.1.0"
+    fresh "0.5.2"
+    merge-descriptors "1.0.1"
+    methods "~1.1.2"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+    path-to-regexp "0.1.7"
+    proxy-addr "~2.0.2"
+    qs "6.5.1"
+    range-parser "~1.2.0"
+    safe-buffer "5.1.1"
+    send "0.16.1"
+    serve-static "1.13.1"
+    setprototypeof "1.1.0"
+    statuses "~1.3.1"
+    type-is "~1.6.15"
+    utils-merge "1.0.1"
+    vary "~1.1.2"
+
+extend-shallow@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend-shallow/-/extend-shallow-2.0.1.tgz#51af7d614ad9a9f610ea1bafbb989d6b1c56890f"
+  integrity sha1-Ua99YUrZqfYQ6huvu5idaxxWiQ8=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extendable "^0.1.0"
+
+extend-shallow@^3.0.0, extend-shallow@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend-shallow/-/extend-shallow-3.0.2.tgz#26a71aaf073b39fb2127172746131c2704028db8"
+  integrity sha1-Jqcarwc7OfshJxcnRhMcJwQCjbg=
+  dependencies:
+    assign-symbols "^1.0.0"
+    is-extendable "^1.0.1"
+
+extend@~3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend/-/extend-3.0.1.tgz#a755ea7bc1adfcc5a31ce7e762dbaadc5e636444"
+  integrity sha1-p1Xqe8Gt/MWjHOfnYtuq3F5jZEQ=
+
+extend@~3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend/-/extend-3.0.2.tgz#f8b1136b4071fbd8eb140aff858b1019ec2915fa"
+  integrity sha512-fjquC59cD7CyW6urNXK0FBufkZcoiGG80wTuPujX590cB5Ttln20E2UB4S/WARVqhXffZl2LNgS+gQdPIIim/g==
+
+extglob@^2.0.2, extglob@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extglob/-/extglob-2.0.4.tgz#ad00fe4dc612a9232e8718711dc5cb5ab0285543"
+  integrity sha512-Nmb6QXkELsuBr24CJSkilo6UHHgbekK5UiZgfE6UHD3Eb27YC6oD+bhcT+tJ6cl8dmsgdQxnWlcry8ksBIBLpw==
+  dependencies:
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    expand-brackets "^2.1.4"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+extsprintf@1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extsprintf/-/extsprintf-1.3.0.tgz#96918440e3041a7a414f8c52e3c574eb3c3e1e05"
+  integrity sha1-lpGEQOMEGnpBT4xS48V06zw+HgU=
+
+extsprintf@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extsprintf/-/extsprintf-1.4.0.tgz#e2689f8f356fad62cca65a3a91c5df5f9551692f"
+  integrity sha1-4mifjzVvrWLMplo6kcXfX5VRaS8=
+
+fast-deep-equal@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-deep-equal/-/fast-deep-equal-1.0.0.tgz#96256a3bc975595eb36d82e9929d060d893439ff"
+  integrity sha1-liVqO8l1WV6zbYLpkp0GDYk0Of8=
+
+fast-deep-equal@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-deep-equal/-/fast-deep-equal-2.0.1.tgz#7b05218ddf9667bf7f370bf7fdb2cb15fdd0aa49"
+  integrity sha1-ewUhjd+WZ79/Nwv3/bLLFf3Qqkk=
+
+fast-json-stable-stringify@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-json-stable-stringify/-/fast-json-stable-stringify-2.0.0.tgz#d5142c0caee6b1189f87d3a76111064f86c8bbf2"
+  integrity sha1-1RQsDK7msRifh9OnYREGT4bIu/I=
+
+faye-websocket@^0.10.0:
+  version "0.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/faye-websocket/-/faye-websocket-0.10.0.tgz#4e492f8d04dfb6f89003507f6edbf2d501e7c6f4"
+  integrity sha1-TkkvjQTftviQA1B/btvy1QHnxvQ=
+  dependencies:
+    websocket-driver ">=0.5.1"
+
+faye-websocket@~0.11.1:
+  version "0.11.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/faye-websocket/-/faye-websocket-0.11.1.tgz#f0efe18c4f56e4f40afc7e06c719fd5ee6188f38"
+  integrity sha1-8O/hjE9W5PQK/H4Gxxn9XuYYjzg=
+  dependencies:
+    websocket-driver ">=0.5.1"
+
+figgy-pudding@^3.5.1:
+  version "3.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/figgy-pudding/-/figgy-pudding-3.5.1.tgz#862470112901c727a0e495a80744bd5baa1d6790"
+  integrity sha512-vNKxJHTEKNThjfrdJwHc7brvM6eVevuO5nTj6ez8ZQ1qbXTvGthucRF7S4vf2cr71QVnT70V34v0S1DyQsti0w==
+
+file-loader@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/file-loader/-/file-loader-3.0.1.tgz#f8e0ba0b599918b51adfe45d66d1e771ad560faa"
+  integrity sha512-4sNIOXgtH/9WZq4NvlfU3Opn5ynUsqBwSLyM+I7UOwdGigTBYfVVQEwe/msZNX/j4pCJTIM14Fsw66Svo1oVrw==
+  dependencies:
+    loader-utils "^1.0.2"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+fill-range@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fill-range/-/fill-range-4.0.0.tgz#d544811d428f98eb06a63dc402d2403c328c38f7"
+  integrity sha1-1USBHUKPmOsGpj3EAtJAPDKMOPc=
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    repeat-string "^1.6.1"
+    to-regex-range "^2.1.0"
+
+finalhandler@1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/finalhandler/-/finalhandler-1.1.0.tgz#ce0b6855b45853e791b2fcc680046d88253dd7f5"
+  integrity sha1-zgtoVbRYU+eRsvzGgARtiCU91/U=
+  dependencies:
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    encodeurl "~1.0.1"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+    statuses "~1.3.1"
+    unpipe "~1.0.0"
+
+find-cache-dir@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-cache-dir/-/find-cache-dir-2.0.0.tgz#4c1faed59f45184530fb9d7fa123a4d04a98472d"
+  integrity sha512-LDUY6V1Xs5eFskUVYtIwatojt6+9xC9Chnlk/jYOOvn3FAFfSaWddxahDGyNHh0b2dMXa6YW2m0tk8TdVaXHlA==
+  dependencies:
+    commondir "^1.0.1"
+    make-dir "^1.0.0"
+    pkg-dir "^3.0.0"
+
+find-up@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-up/-/find-up-1.1.2.tgz#6b2e9822b1a2ce0a60ab64d610eccad53cb24d0f"
+  integrity sha1-ay6YIrGizgpgq2TWEOzK1TyyTQ8=
+  dependencies:
+    path-exists "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+find-up@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-up/-/find-up-3.0.0.tgz#49169f1d7993430646da61ecc5ae355c21c97b73"
+  integrity sha512-1yD6RmLI1XBfxugvORwlck6f75tYL+iR0jqwsOrOxMZyGYqUuDhJ0l4AXdO1iX/FTs9cBAMEk1gWSEx1kSbylg==
+  dependencies:
+    locate-path "^3.0.0"
+
+findup-sync@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/findup-sync/-/findup-sync-2.0.0.tgz#9326b1488c22d1a6088650a86901b2d9a90a2cbc"
+  integrity sha1-kyaxSIwi0aYIhlCoaQGy2akKLLw=
+  dependencies:
+    detect-file "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^3.1.0"
+    micromatch "^3.0.4"
+    resolve-dir "^1.0.1"
+
+flatted@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flatted/-/flatted-2.0.0.tgz#55122b6536ea496b4b44893ee2608141d10d9916"
+  integrity sha512-R+H8IZclI8AAkSBRQJLVOsxwAoHd6WC40b4QTNWIjzAa6BXOBfQcM587MXDTVPeYaopFNWHUFLx7eNmHDSxMWg==
+
+flatten@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flatten/-/flatten-1.0.2.tgz#dae46a9d78fbe25292258cc1e780a41d95c03782"
+  integrity sha1-2uRqnXj74lKSJYzB54CkHZXAN4I=
+
+flush-write-stream@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flush-write-stream/-/flush-write-stream-1.0.2.tgz#c81b90d8746766f1a609a46809946c45dd8ae417"
+  integrity sha1-yBuQ2HRnZvGmCaRoCZRsRd2K5Bc=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.4"
+
+follow-redirects@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/follow-redirects/-/follow-redirects-1.7.0.tgz#489ebc198dc0e7f64167bd23b03c4c19b5784c76"
+  integrity sha512-m/pZQy4Gj287eNy94nivy5wchN3Kp+Q5WgUPNy5lJSZ3sgkVKSYV/ZChMAQVIgx1SqfZ2zBZtPA2YlXIWxxJOQ==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^3.2.6"
+
+for-in@^0.1.3:
+  version "0.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/for-in/-/for-in-0.1.8.tgz#d8773908e31256109952b1fdb9b3fa867d2775e1"
+  integrity sha1-2Hc5COMSVhCZUrH9ubP6hn0ndeE=
+
+for-in@^1.0.1, for-in@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/for-in/-/for-in-1.0.2.tgz#81068d295a8142ec0ac726c6e2200c30fb6d5e80"
+  integrity sha1-gQaNKVqBQuwKxybG4iAMMPttXoA=
+
+for-own@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/for-own/-/for-own-1.0.0.tgz#c63332f415cedc4b04dbfe70cf836494c53cb44b"
+  integrity sha1-xjMy9BXO3EsE2/5wz4NklMU8tEs=
+  dependencies:
+    for-in "^1.0.1"
+
+foreach@^2.0.5:
+  version "2.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/foreach/-/foreach-2.0.5.tgz#0bee005018aeb260d0a3af3ae658dd0136ec1b99"
+  integrity sha1-C+4AUBiusmDQo6865ljdATbsG5k=
+
+forever-agent@~0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/forever-agent/-/forever-agent-0.6.1.tgz#fbc71f0c41adeb37f96c577ad1ed42d8fdacca91"
+  integrity sha1-+8cfDEGt6zf5bFd60e1C2P2sypE=
+
+form-data@~2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/form-data/-/form-data-2.1.4.tgz#33c183acf193276ecaa98143a69e94bfee1750d1"
+  integrity sha1-M8GDrPGTJ27KqYFDpp6Uv+4XUNE=
+  dependencies:
+    asynckit "^0.4.0"
+    combined-stream "^1.0.5"
+    mime-types "^2.1.12"
+
+form-data@~2.3.2:
+  version "2.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/form-data/-/form-data-2.3.3.tgz#dcce52c05f644f298c6a7ab936bd724ceffbf3a6"
+  integrity sha512-1lLKB2Mu3aGP1Q/2eCOx0fNbRMe7XdwktwOruhfqqd0rIJWwN4Dh+E3hrPSlDCXnSR7UtZ1N38rVXm+6+MEhJQ==
+  dependencies:
+    asynckit "^0.4.0"
+    combined-stream "^1.0.6"
+    mime-types "^2.1.12"
+
+forwarded@~0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/forwarded/-/forwarded-0.1.2.tgz#98c23dab1175657b8c0573e8ceccd91b0ff18c84"
+  integrity sha1-mMI9qxF1ZXuMBXPozszZGw/xjIQ=
+
+fragment-cache@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fragment-cache/-/fragment-cache-0.2.1.tgz#4290fad27f13e89be7f33799c6bc5a0abfff0d19"
+  integrity sha1-QpD60n8T6Jvn8zeZxrxaCr//DRk=
+  dependencies:
+    map-cache "^0.2.2"
+
+fresh@0.5.2:
+  version "0.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fresh/-/fresh-0.5.2.tgz#3d8cadd90d976569fa835ab1f8e4b23a105605a7"
+  integrity sha1-PYyt2Q2XZWn6g1qx+OSyOhBWBac=
+
+from2@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/from2/-/from2-2.3.0.tgz#8bfb5502bde4a4d36cfdeea007fcca21d7e382af"
+  integrity sha1-i/tVAr3kpNNs/e6gB/zKIdfjgq8=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+
+fs-minipass@^1.2.5:
+  version "1.2.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs-minipass/-/fs-minipass-1.2.5.tgz#06c277218454ec288df77ada54a03b8702aacb9d"
+  integrity sha512-JhBl0skXjUPCFH7x6x61gQxrKyXsxB5gcgePLZCwfyCGGsTISMoIeObbrvVeP6Xmyaudw4TT43qV2Gz+iyd2oQ==
+  dependencies:
+    minipass "^2.2.1"
+
+fs-write-stream-atomic@^1.0.8:
+  version "1.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs-write-stream-atomic/-/fs-write-stream-atomic-1.0.10.tgz#b47df53493ef911df75731e70a9ded0189db40c9"
+  integrity sha1-tH31NJPvkR33VzHnCp3tAYnbQMk=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    iferr "^0.1.5"
+    imurmurhash "^0.1.4"
+    readable-stream "1 || 2"
+
+fs.realpath@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs.realpath/-/fs.realpath-1.0.0.tgz#1504ad2523158caa40db4a2787cb01411994ea4f"
+  integrity sha1-FQStJSMVjKpA20onh8sBQRmU6k8=
+
+fsevents@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fsevents/-/fsevents-1.1.3.tgz#11f82318f5fe7bb2cd22965a108e9306208216d8"
+  integrity sha512-WIr7iDkdmdbxu/Gh6eKEZJL6KPE74/5MEsf2whTOFNxbIoIixogroLdKYqB6FDav4Wavh/lZdzzd3b2KxIXC5Q==
+  dependencies:
+    nan "^2.3.0"
+    node-pre-gyp "^0.6.39"
+
+fsevents@^1.2.7:
+  version "1.2.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fsevents/-/fsevents-1.2.7.tgz#4851b664a3783e52003b3c66eb0eee1074933aa4"
+  integrity sha512-Pxm6sI2MeBD7RdD12RYsqaP0nMiwx8eZBXCa6z2L+mRHm2DYrOYwihmhjpkdjUHwQhslWQjRpEgNq4XvBmaAuw==
+  dependencies:
+    nan "^2.9.2"
+    node-pre-gyp "^0.10.0"
+
+fstream-ignore@^1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fstream-ignore/-/fstream-ignore-1.0.5.tgz#9c31dae34767018fe1d249b24dada67d092da105"
+  integrity sha1-nDHa40dnAY/h0kmyTa2mfQktoQU=
+  dependencies:
+    fstream "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "2"
+    minimatch "^3.0.0"
+
+fstream@^1.0.0, fstream@^1.0.10, fstream@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fstream/-/fstream-1.0.11.tgz#5c1fb1f117477114f0632a0eb4b71b3cb0fd3171"
+  integrity sha1-XB+x8RdHcRTwYyoOtLcbPLD9MXE=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    inherits "~2.0.0"
+    mkdirp ">=0.5 0"
+    rimraf "2"
+
+function-bind@^1.0.2, function-bind@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/function-bind/-/function-bind-1.1.1.tgz#a56899d3ea3c9bab874bb9773b7c5ede92f4895d"
+  integrity sha512-yIovAzMX49sF8Yl58fSCWJ5svSLuaibPxXQJFLmBObTuCr0Mf1KiPopGM9NiFjiYBCbfaa2Fh6breQ6ANVTI0A==
+
+gauge@~2.7.3:
+  version "2.7.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/gauge/-/gauge-2.7.4.tgz#2c03405c7538c39d7eb37b317022e325fb018bf7"
+  integrity sha1-LANAXHU4w51+s3sxcCLjJfsBi/c=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.0.3"
+    console-control-strings "^1.0.0"
+    has-unicode "^2.0.0"
+    object-assign "^4.1.0"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.0"
+    string-width "^1.0.1"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.1"
+    wide-align "^1.1.0"
+
+gaze@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/gaze/-/gaze-1.1.2.tgz#847224677adb8870d679257ed3388fdb61e40105"
+  integrity sha1-hHIkZ3rbiHDWeSV+0ziP22HkAQU=
+  dependencies:
+    globule "^1.0.0"
+
+get-caller-file@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-caller-file/-/get-caller-file-1.0.2.tgz#f702e63127e7e231c160a80c1554acb70d5047e5"
+  integrity sha1-9wLmMSfn4jHBYKgMFVSstw1QR+U=
+
+get-stdin@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-stdin/-/get-stdin-4.0.1.tgz#b968c6b0a04384324902e8bf1a5df32579a450fe"
+  integrity sha1-uWjGsKBDhDJJAui/Gl3zJXmkUP4=
+
+get-stream@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-stream/-/get-stream-4.1.0.tgz#c1b255575f3dc21d59bfc79cd3d2b46b1c3a54b5"
+  integrity sha512-GMat4EJ5161kIy2HevLlr4luNjBgvmj413KaQA7jt4V8B4RDsfpHk7WQ9GVqfYyyx8OS/L66Kox+rJRNklLK7w==
+  dependencies:
+    pump "^3.0.0"
+
+get-value@^2.0.3, get-value@^2.0.6:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-value/-/get-value-2.0.6.tgz#dc15ca1c672387ca76bd37ac0a395ba2042a2c28"
+  integrity sha1-3BXKHGcjh8p2vTesCjlbogQqLCg=
+
+getpass@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/getpass/-/getpass-0.1.7.tgz#5eff8e3e684d569ae4cb2b1282604e8ba62149fa"
+  integrity sha1-Xv+OPmhNVprkyysSgmBOi6YhSfo=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+
+glob-parent@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob-parent/-/glob-parent-3.1.0.tgz#9e6af6299d8d3bd2bd40430832bd113df906c5ae"
+  integrity sha1-nmr2KZ2NO9K9QEMIMr0RPfkGxa4=
+  dependencies:
+    is-glob "^3.1.0"
+    path-dirname "^1.0.0"
+
+glob@^6.0.4:
+  version "6.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob/-/glob-6.0.4.tgz#0f08860f6a155127b2fadd4f9ce24b1aab6e4d22"
+  integrity sha1-DwiGD2oVUSey+t1PnOJLGqtuTSI=
+  dependencies:
+    inflight "^1.0.4"
+    inherits "2"
+    minimatch "2 || 3"
+    once "^1.3.0"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+
+glob@^7.0.0, glob@^7.0.3, glob@^7.0.5, glob@~7.1.1:
+  version "7.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob/-/glob-7.1.2.tgz#c19c9df9a028702d678612384a6552404c636d15"
+  integrity sha512-MJTUg1kjuLeQCJ+ccE4Vpa6kKVXkPYJ2mOCQyUuKLcLQsdrMCpBPUi8qVE6+YuaJkozeA9NusTAw3hLr8Xe5EQ==
+  dependencies:
+    fs.realpath "^1.0.0"
+    inflight "^1.0.4"
+    inherits "2"
+    minimatch "^3.0.4"
+    once "^1.3.0"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+
+glob@^7.1.3:
+  version "7.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob/-/glob-7.1.3.tgz#3960832d3f1574108342dafd3a67b332c0969df1"
+  integrity sha512-vcfuiIxogLV4DlGBHIUOwI0IbrJ8HWPc4MU7HzviGeNho/UJDfi6B5p3sHeWIQ0KGIU0Jpxi5ZHxemQfLkkAwQ==
+  dependencies:
+    fs.realpath "^1.0.0"
+    inflight "^1.0.4"
+    inherits "2"
+    minimatch "^3.0.4"
+    once "^1.3.0"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+
+global-modules@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/global-modules/-/global-modules-1.0.0.tgz#6d770f0eb523ac78164d72b5e71a8877265cc3ea"
+  integrity sha512-sKzpEkf11GpOFuw0Zzjzmt4B4UZwjOcG757PPvrfhxcLFbq0wpsgpOqxpxtxFiCG4DtG93M6XRVbF2oGdev7bg==
+  dependencies:
+    global-prefix "^1.0.1"
+    is-windows "^1.0.1"
+    resolve-dir "^1.0.0"
+
+global-prefix@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/global-prefix/-/global-prefix-1.0.2.tgz#dbf743c6c14992593c655568cb66ed32c0122ebe"
+  integrity sha1-2/dDxsFJklk8ZVVoy2btMsASLr4=
+  dependencies:
+    expand-tilde "^2.0.2"
+    homedir-polyfill "^1.0.1"
+    ini "^1.3.4"
+    is-windows "^1.0.1"
+    which "^1.2.14"
+
+globals@^11.1.0:
+  version "11.11.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/globals/-/globals-11.11.0.tgz#dcf93757fa2de5486fbeed7118538adf789e9c2e"
+  integrity sha512-WHq43gS+6ufNOEqlrDBxVEbb8ntfXrfAUU2ZOpCxrBdGKW3gyv8mCxAfIBD0DroPKGrJ2eSsXsLtY9MPntsyTw==
+
+globby@^6.1.0:
+  version "6.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/globby/-/globby-6.1.0.tgz#f5a6d70e8395e21c858fb0489d64df02424d506c"
+  integrity sha1-9abXDoOV4hyFj7BInWTfAkJNUGw=
+  dependencies:
+    array-union "^1.0.1"
+    glob "^7.0.3"
+    object-assign "^4.0.1"
+    pify "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+globule@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/globule/-/globule-1.2.0.tgz#1dc49c6822dd9e8a2fa00ba2a295006e8664bd09"
+  integrity sha1-HcScaCLdnoovoAuiopUAboZkvQk=
+  dependencies:
+    glob "~7.1.1"
+    lodash "~4.17.4"
+    minimatch "~3.0.2"
+
+graceful-fs@^4.1.11, graceful-fs@^4.1.2:
+  version "4.1.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/graceful-fs/-/graceful-fs-4.1.11.tgz#0e8bdfe4d1ddb8854d64e04ea7c00e2a026e5658"
+  integrity sha1-Dovf5NHduIVNZOBOp8AOKgJuVlg=
+
+graceful-fs@^4.1.15:
+  version "4.1.15"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/graceful-fs/-/graceful-fs-4.1.15.tgz#ffb703e1066e8a0eeaa4c8b80ba9253eeefbfb00"
+  integrity sha512-6uHUhOPEBgQ24HM+r6b/QwWfZq+yiFcipKFrOFiBEnWdy5sdzYoi+pJeQaPI5qOLRFqWmAXUPQNsielzdLoecA==
+
+handle-thing@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/handle-thing/-/handle-thing-2.0.0.tgz#0e039695ff50c93fc288557d696f3c1dc6776754"
+  integrity sha512-d4sze1JNC454Wdo2fkuyzCr6aHcbL6PGGuFAz0Li/NcOm1tCHGnWDRmJP85dh9IhQErTc2svWFEX5xHIOo//kQ==
+
+har-schema@^1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/har-schema/-/har-schema-1.0.5.tgz#d263135f43307c02c602afc8fe95970c0151369e"
+  integrity sha1-0mMTX0MwfALGAq/I/pWXDAFRNp4=
+
+har-schema@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/har-schema/-/har-schema-2.0.0.tgz#a94c2224ebcac04782a0d9035521f24735b7ec92"
+  integrity sha1-qUwiJOvKwEeCoNkDVSHyRzW37JI=
+
+har-validator@~4.2.1:
+  version "4.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/har-validator/-/har-validator-4.2.1.tgz#33481d0f1bbff600dd203d75812a6a5fba002e2a"
+  integrity sha1-M0gdDxu/9gDdID11gSpqX7oALio=
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^4.9.1"
+    har-schema "^1.0.5"
+
+har-validator@~5.1.0:
+  version "5.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/har-validator/-/har-validator-5.1.3.tgz#1ef89ebd3e4996557675eed9893110dc350fa080"
+  integrity sha512-sNvOCzEQNr/qrvJgc3UG/kD4QtlHycrzwS+6mfTrrSq97BvaYcPZZI1ZSqGSPR73Cxn4LKTD4PttRwfU7jWq5g==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^6.5.5"
+    har-schema "^2.0.0"
+
+has-ansi@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-ansi/-/has-ansi-2.0.0.tgz#34f5049ce1ecdf2b0649af3ef24e45ed35416d91"
+  integrity sha1-NPUEnOHs3ysGSa8+8k5F7TVBbZE=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^2.0.0"
+
+has-flag@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-flag/-/has-flag-3.0.0.tgz#b5d454dc2199ae225699f3467e5a07f3b955bafd"
+  integrity sha1-tdRU3CGZriJWmfNGfloH87lVuv0=
+
+has-symbols@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-symbols/-/has-symbols-1.0.0.tgz#ba1a8f1af2a0fc39650f5c850367704122063b44"
+  integrity sha1-uhqPGvKg/DllD1yFA2dwQSIGO0Q=
+
+has-unicode@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-unicode/-/has-unicode-2.0.1.tgz#e0e6fe6a28cf51138855e086d1691e771de2a8b9"
+  integrity sha1-4Ob+aijPUROIVeCG0Wkedx3iqLk=
+
+has-value@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-value/-/has-value-0.3.1.tgz#7b1f58bada62ca827ec0a2078025654845995e1f"
+  integrity sha1-ex9YutpiyoJ+wKIHgCVlSEWZXh8=
+  dependencies:
+    get-value "^2.0.3"
+    has-values "^0.1.4"
+    isobject "^2.0.0"
+
+has-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-value/-/has-value-1.0.0.tgz#18b281da585b1c5c51def24c930ed29a0be6b177"
+  integrity sha1-GLKB2lhbHFxR3vJMkw7SmgvmsXc=
+  dependencies:
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    has-values "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+has-values@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-values/-/has-values-0.1.4.tgz#6d61de95d91dfca9b9a02089ad384bff8f62b771"
+  integrity sha1-bWHeldkd/Km5oCCJrThL/49it3E=
+
+has-values@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-values/-/has-values-1.0.0.tgz#95b0b63fec2146619a6fe57fe75628d5a39efe4f"
+  integrity sha1-lbC2P+whRmGab+V/51Yo1aOe/k8=
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    kind-of "^4.0.0"
+
+has@^1.0.0, has@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has/-/has-1.0.3.tgz#722d7cbfc1f6aa8241f16dd814e011e1f41e8796"
+  integrity sha512-f2dvO0VU6Oej7RkWJGrehjbzMAjFp5/VKPp5tTpWIV4JHHZK1/BxbFRtf/siA2SWTe09caDmVtYYzWEIbBS4zw==
+  dependencies:
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+
+has@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has/-/has-1.0.1.tgz#8461733f538b0837c9361e39a9ab9e9704dc2f28"
+  integrity sha1-hGFzP1OLCDfJNh45qauelwTcLyg=
+  dependencies:
+    function-bind "^1.0.2"
+
+hash-base@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hash-base/-/hash-base-2.0.2.tgz#66ea1d856db4e8a5470cadf6fce23ae5244ef2e1"
+  integrity sha1-ZuodhW206KVHDK32/OI65SRO8uE=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+
+hash-base@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hash-base/-/hash-base-3.0.4.tgz#5fc8686847ecd73499403319a6b0a3f3f6ae4918"
+  integrity sha1-X8hoaEfs1zSZQDMZprCj8/auSRg=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+hash.js@^1.0.0, hash.js@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hash.js/-/hash.js-1.1.3.tgz#340dedbe6290187151c1ea1d777a3448935df846"
+  integrity sha512-/UETyP0W22QILqS+6HowevwhEFJ3MBJnwTf75Qob9Wz9t0DPuisL8kW8YZMK62dHAKE1c1p+gY1TtOLY+USEHA==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+hawk@3.1.3, hawk@~3.1.3:
+  version "3.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hawk/-/hawk-3.1.3.tgz#078444bd7c1640b0fe540d2c9b73d59678e8e1c4"
+  integrity sha1-B4REvXwWQLD+VA0sm3PVlnjo4cQ=
+  dependencies:
+    boom "2.x.x"
+    cryptiles "2.x.x"
+    hoek "2.x.x"
+    sntp "1.x.x"
+
+hex-color-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hex-color-regex/-/hex-color-regex-1.1.0.tgz#4c06fccb4602fe2602b3c93df82d7e7dbf1a8a8e"
+  integrity sha512-l9sfDFsuqtOqKDsQdqrMRk0U85RZc0RtOR9yPI7mRVOa4FsR/BVnZ0shmQRM96Ji99kYZP/7hn1cedc1+ApsTQ==
+
+hmac-drbg@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hmac-drbg/-/hmac-drbg-1.0.1.tgz#d2745701025a6c775a6c545793ed502fc0c649a1"
+  integrity sha1-0nRXAQJabHdabFRXk+1QL8DGSaE=
+  dependencies:
+    hash.js "^1.0.3"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+    minimalistic-crypto-utils "^1.0.1"
+
+hoek@2.x.x:
+  version "2.16.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hoek/-/hoek-2.16.3.tgz#20bb7403d3cea398e91dc4710a8ff1b8274a25ed"
+  integrity sha1-ILt0A9POo5jpHcRxCo/xuCdKJe0=
+
+homedir-polyfill@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/homedir-polyfill/-/homedir-polyfill-1.0.3.tgz#743298cef4e5af3e194161fbadcc2151d3a058e8"
+  integrity sha512-eSmmWE5bZTK2Nou4g0AI3zZ9rswp7GRKoKXS1BLUkvPviOqs4YTN1djQIqrXy9k5gEtdLPy86JjRwsNM9tnDcA==
+  dependencies:
+    parse-passwd "^1.0.0"
+
+hosted-git-info@^2.1.4:
+  version "2.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hosted-git-info/-/hosted-git-info-2.5.0.tgz#6d60e34b3abbc8313062c3b798ef8d901a07af3c"
+  integrity sha512-pNgbURSuab90KbTqvRPsseaTxOJCZBD0a7t+haSN33piP9cCM4l0CqdzAif2hUqm716UovKB2ROmiabGAKVXyg==
+
+hpack.js@^2.1.6:
+  version "2.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hpack.js/-/hpack.js-2.1.6.tgz#87774c0949e513f42e84575b3c45681fade2a0b2"
+  integrity sha1-h3dMCUnlE/QuhFdbPEVoH63ioLI=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    obuf "^1.0.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.1"
+    wbuf "^1.1.0"
+
+hsl-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hsl-regex/-/hsl-regex-1.0.0.tgz#d49330c789ed819e276a4c0d272dffa30b18fe6e"
+  integrity sha1-1JMwx4ntgZ4nakwNJy3/owsY/m4=
+
+hsla-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hsla-regex/-/hsla-regex-1.0.0.tgz#c1ce7a3168c8c6614033a4b5f7877f3b225f9c38"
+  integrity sha1-wc56MWjIxmFAM6S194d/OyJfnDg=
+
+html-comment-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/html-comment-regex/-/html-comment-regex-1.1.1.tgz#668b93776eaae55ebde8f3ad464b307a4963625e"
+  integrity sha1-ZouTd26q5V696POtRkswekljYl4=
+
+html-entities@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/html-entities/-/html-entities-1.2.1.tgz#0df29351f0721163515dfb9e5543e5f6eed5162f"
+  integrity sha1-DfKTUfByEWNRXfueVUPl9u7VFi8=
+
+http-deceiver@^1.2.7:
+  version "1.2.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-deceiver/-/http-deceiver-1.2.7.tgz#fa7168944ab9a519d337cb0bec7284dc3e723d87"
+  integrity sha1-+nFolEq5pRnTN8sL7HKE3D5yPYc=
+
+http-errors@1.6.2, http-errors@~1.6.2:
+  version "1.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-errors/-/http-errors-1.6.2.tgz#0a002cc85707192a7e7946ceedc11155f60ec736"
+  integrity sha1-CgAsyFcHGSp+eUbO7cERVfYOxzY=
+  dependencies:
+    depd "1.1.1"
+    inherits "2.0.3"
+    setprototypeof "1.0.3"
+    statuses ">= 1.3.1 < 2"
+
+http-parser-js@>=0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-parser-js/-/http-parser-js-0.4.10.tgz#92c9c1374c35085f75db359ec56cc257cbb93fa4"
+  integrity sha1-ksnBN0w1CF912zWexWzCV8u5P6Q=
+
+http-proxy-middleware@^0.19.1:
+  version "0.19.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-proxy-middleware/-/http-proxy-middleware-0.19.1.tgz#183c7dc4aa1479150306498c210cdaf96080a43a"
+  integrity sha512-yHYTgWMQO8VvwNS22eLLloAkvungsKdKTLO8AJlftYIKNfJr3GK3zK0ZCfzDDGUBttdGc8xFy1mCitvNKQtC3Q==
+  dependencies:
+    http-proxy "^1.17.0"
+    is-glob "^4.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+    micromatch "^3.1.10"
+
+http-proxy@^1.17.0:
+  version "1.17.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-proxy/-/http-proxy-1.17.0.tgz#7ad38494658f84605e2f6db4436df410f4e5be9a"
+  integrity sha512-Taqn+3nNvYRfJ3bGvKfBSRwy1v6eePlm3oc/aWVxZp57DQr5Eq3xhKJi7Z4hZpS8PC3H4qI+Yly5EmFacGuA/g==
+  dependencies:
+    eventemitter3 "^3.0.0"
+    follow-redirects "^1.0.0"
+    requires-port "^1.0.0"
+
+http-signature@~1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-signature/-/http-signature-1.1.1.tgz#df72e267066cd0ac67fb76adf8e134a8fbcf91bf"
+  integrity sha1-33LiZwZs0Kxn+3at+OE0qPvPkb8=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^0.2.0"
+    jsprim "^1.2.2"
+    sshpk "^1.7.0"
+
+http-signature@~1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-signature/-/http-signature-1.2.0.tgz#9aecd925114772f3d95b65a60abb8f7c18fbace1"
+  integrity sha1-muzZJRFHcvPZW2WmCruPfBj7rOE=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    jsprim "^1.2.2"
+    sshpk "^1.7.0"
+
+https-browserify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/https-browserify/-/https-browserify-1.0.0.tgz#ec06c10e0a34c0f2faf199f7fd7fc78fffd03c73"
+  integrity sha1-7AbBDgo0wPL68Zn3/X/Hj//QPHM=
+
+iconv-lite@0.4.19:
+  version "0.4.19"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iconv-lite/-/iconv-lite-0.4.19.tgz#f7468f60135f5e5dad3399c0a81be9a1603a082b"
+  integrity sha512-oTZqweIP51xaGPI4uPa56/Pri/480R+mo7SeU+YETByQNhDG55ycFyNLIgta9vXhILrxXDmF7ZGhqZIcuN0gJQ==
+
+iconv-lite@^0.4.4:
+  version "0.4.24"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iconv-lite/-/iconv-lite-0.4.24.tgz#2022b4b25fbddc21d2f524974a474aafe733908b"
+  integrity sha512-v3MXnZAcvnywkTUEZomIActle7RXXeedOR31wwl7VlyoXO4Qi9arvSenNQWne1TcRwhCL1HwLI21bEqdpj8/rA==
+  dependencies:
+    safer-buffer ">= 2.1.2 < 3"
+
+icss-replace-symbols@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/icss-replace-symbols/-/icss-replace-symbols-1.1.0.tgz#06ea6f83679a7749e386cfe1fe812ae5db223ded"
+  integrity sha1-Bupvg2ead0njhs/h/oEq5dsiPe0=
+
+icss-utils@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/icss-utils/-/icss-utils-4.1.0.tgz#339dbbffb9f8729a243b701e1c29d4cc58c52f0e"
+  integrity sha512-3DEun4VOeMvSczifM3F2cKQrDQ5Pj6WKhkOq6HD4QTnDUAq8MQRxy5TX6Sy1iY6WPBe4gQ3p5vTECjbIkglkkQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+
+ieee754@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.1.8.tgz#be33d40ac10ef1926701f6f08a2d86fbfd1ad3e4"
+  integrity sha1-vjPUCsEO8ZJnAfbwii2G+/0a0+Q=
+
+iferr@^0.1.5:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iferr/-/iferr-0.1.5.tgz#c60eed69e6d8fdb6b3104a1fcbca1c192dc5b501"
+  integrity sha1-xg7taebY/bazEEofy8ocGS3FtQE=
+
+ignore-walk@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ignore-walk/-/ignore-walk-3.0.1.tgz#a83e62e7d272ac0e3b551aaa82831a19b69f82f8"
+  integrity sha512-DTVlMx3IYPe0/JJcYP7Gxg7ttZZu3IInhuEhbchuqneY9wWe5Ojy2mXLBaQFUQmo0AW2r3qG7m1mg86js+gnlQ==
+  dependencies:
+    minimatch "^3.0.4"
+
+import-cwd@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/import-cwd/-/import-cwd-2.1.0.tgz#aa6cf36e722761285cb371ec6519f53e2435b0a9"
+  integrity sha1-qmzzbnInYShcs3HsZRn1PiQ1sKk=
+  dependencies:
+    import-from "^2.1.0"
+
+import-fresh@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/import-fresh/-/import-fresh-2.0.0.tgz#d81355c15612d386c61f9ddd3922d4304822a546"
+  integrity sha1-2BNVwVYS04bGH53dOSLUMEgipUY=
+  dependencies:
+    caller-path "^2.0.0"
+    resolve-from "^3.0.0"
+
+import-from@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/import-from/-/import-from-2.1.0.tgz#335db7f2a7affd53aaa471d4b8021dee36b7f3b1"
+  integrity sha1-M1238qev/VOqpHHUuAId7ja387E=
+  dependencies:
+    resolve-from "^3.0.0"
+
+import-local@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/import-local/-/import-local-2.0.0.tgz#55070be38a5993cf18ef6db7e961f5bee5c5a09d"
+  integrity sha512-b6s04m3O+s3CGSbqDIyP4R6aAwAeYlVq9+WUWep6iHa8ETRf9yei1U48C5MmfJmV9AiLYYBKPMq/W+/WRpQmCQ==
+  dependencies:
+    pkg-dir "^3.0.0"
+    resolve-cwd "^2.0.0"
+
+imurmurhash@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/imurmurhash/-/imurmurhash-0.1.4.tgz#9218b9b2b928a238b13dc4fb6b6d576f231453ea"
+  integrity sha1-khi5srkoojixPcT7a21XbyMUU+o=
+
+in-publish@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/in-publish/-/in-publish-2.0.0.tgz#e20ff5e3a2afc2690320b6dc552682a9c7fadf51"
+  integrity sha1-4g/146KvwmkDILbcVSaCqcf631E=
+
+indent-string@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/indent-string/-/indent-string-2.1.0.tgz#8e2d48348742121b4a8218b7a137e9a52049dc80"
+  integrity sha1-ji1INIdCEhtKghi3oTfppSBJ3IA=
+  dependencies:
+    repeating "^2.0.0"
+
+indexes-of@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/indexes-of/-/indexes-of-1.0.1.tgz#f30f716c8e2bd346c7b67d3df3915566a7c05607"
+  integrity sha1-8w9xbI4r00bHtn0985FVZqfAVgc=
+
+indexof@0.0.1:
+  version "0.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/indexof/-/indexof-0.0.1.tgz#82dc336d232b9062179d05ab3293a66059fd435d"
+  integrity sha1-gtwzbSMrkGIXnQWrMpOmYFn9Q10=
+
+inflight@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inflight/-/inflight-1.0.6.tgz#49bd6331d7d02d0c09bc910a1075ba8165b56df9"
+  integrity sha1-Sb1jMdfQLQwJvJEKEHW6gWW1bfk=
+  dependencies:
+    once "^1.3.0"
+    wrappy "1"
+
+inherits@2, inherits@2.0.3, inherits@^2.0.1, inherits@^2.0.3, inherits@~2.0.0, inherits@~2.0.1, inherits@~2.0.3:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inherits/-/inherits-2.0.3.tgz#633c2c83e3da42a502f52466022480f4208261de"
+  integrity sha1-Yzwsg+PaQqUC9SRmAiSA9CCCYd4=
+
+inherits@2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inherits/-/inherits-2.0.1.tgz#b17d08d326b4423e568eff719f91b0b1cbdf69f1"
+  integrity sha1-sX0I0ya0Qj5Wjv9xn5GwscvfafE=
+
+ini@^1.3.4, ini@~1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ini/-/ini-1.3.5.tgz#eee25f56db1c9ec6085e0c22778083f596abf927"
+  integrity sha512-RZY5huIKCMRWDUqZlEi72f/lmXKMvuszcMBduliQ3nnWbx9X/ZBQO7DijMEYS9EhHBb2qacRUMtC7svLwe0lcw==
+
+internal-ip@^4.2.0:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/internal-ip/-/internal-ip-4.2.0.tgz#46e81b638d84c338e5c67e42b1a17db67d0814fa"
+  integrity sha512-ZY8Rk+hlvFeuMmG5uH1MXhhdeMntmIaxaInvAmzMq/SHV8rv4Kh+6GiQNNDQd0wZFrcO+FiTBo8lui/osKOyJw==
+  dependencies:
+    default-gateway "^4.0.1"
+    ipaddr.js "^1.9.0"
+
+interpret@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/interpret/-/interpret-1.2.0.tgz#d5061a6224be58e8083985f5014d844359576296"
+  integrity sha512-mT34yGKMNceBQUoVn7iCDKDntA7SC6gycMAWzGx1z/CMCTV7b2AAtXlo3nRyHZ1FelRkQbQjprHSYGwzLtkVbw==
+
+invariant@^2.2.2:
+  version "2.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/invariant/-/invariant-2.2.2.tgz#9e1f56ac0acdb6bf303306f338be3b204ae60360"
+  integrity sha1-nh9WrArNtr8wMwbzOL47IErmA2A=
+  dependencies:
+    loose-envify "^1.0.0"
+
+invert-kv@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/invert-kv/-/invert-kv-1.0.0.tgz#104a8e4aaca6d3d8cd157a8ef8bfab2d7a3ffdb6"
+  integrity sha1-EEqOSqym09jNFXqO+L+rLXo//bY=
+
+invert-kv@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/invert-kv/-/invert-kv-2.0.0.tgz#7393f5afa59ec9ff5f67a27620d11c226e3eec02"
+  integrity sha512-wPVv/y/QQ/Uiirj/vh3oP+1Ww+AWehmi1g5fFWGPF6IpCBCDVrhgHRMvrLfdYcwDh3QJbGXDW4JAuzxElLSqKA==
+
+ip-regex@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ip-regex/-/ip-regex-2.1.0.tgz#fa78bf5d2e6913c911ce9f819ee5146bb6d844e9"
+  integrity sha1-+ni/XS5pE8kRzp+BnuUUa7bYROk=
+
+ip@^1.1.0, ip@^1.1.5:
+  version "1.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ip/-/ip-1.1.5.tgz#bdded70114290828c0a039e72ef25f5aaec4354a"
+  integrity sha1-vd7XARQpCCjAoDnnLvJfWq7ENUo=
+
+ipaddr.js@1.5.2:
+  version "1.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ipaddr.js/-/ipaddr.js-1.5.2.tgz#d4b505bde9946987ccf0fc58d9010ff9607e3fa0"
+  integrity sha1-1LUFvemUaYfM8PxY2QEP+WB+P6A=
+
+ipaddr.js@^1.9.0:
+  version "1.9.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ipaddr.js/-/ipaddr.js-1.9.0.tgz#37df74e430a0e47550fe54a2defe30d8acd95f65"
+  integrity sha512-M4Sjn6N/+O6/IXSJseKqHoFc+5FdGJ22sXqnjTpdZweHK64MzEPAyQZyEU3R/KRv2GLoa7nNtg/C2Ev6m7z+eA==
+
+is-absolute-url@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-absolute-url/-/is-absolute-url-2.1.0.tgz#50530dfb84fcc9aa7dbe7852e83a37b93b9f2aa6"
+  integrity sha1-UFMN+4T8yap9vnhS6Do3uTufKqY=
+
+is-accessor-descriptor@^0.1.6:
+  version "0.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-accessor-descriptor/-/is-accessor-descriptor-0.1.6.tgz#a9e12cb3ae8d876727eeef3843f8a0897b5c98d6"
+  integrity sha1-qeEss66Nh2cn7u84Q/igiXtcmNY=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-accessor-descriptor@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-accessor-descriptor/-/is-accessor-descriptor-1.0.0.tgz#169c2f6d3df1f992618072365c9b0ea1f6878656"
+  integrity sha512-m5hnHTkcVsPfqx3AKlyttIPb7J+XykHvJP2B9bZDjlhLIoEq4XoK64Vg7boZlVWYK6LUY94dYPEE7Lh0ZkZKcQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+
+is-arrayish@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-arrayish/-/is-arrayish-0.2.1.tgz#77c99840527aa8ecb1a8ba697b80645a7a926a9d"
+  integrity sha1-d8mYQFJ6qOyxqLppe4BkWnqSap0=
+
+is-arrayish@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-arrayish/-/is-arrayish-0.3.1.tgz#c2dfc386abaa0c3e33c48db3fe87059e69065efd"
+  integrity sha1-wt/DhquqDD4zxI2z/ocFnmkGXv0=
+
+is-binary-path@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-binary-path/-/is-binary-path-1.0.1.tgz#75f16642b480f187a711c814161fd3a4a7655898"
+  integrity sha1-dfFmQrSA8YenEcgUFh/TpKdlWJg=
+  dependencies:
+    binary-extensions "^1.0.0"
+
+is-buffer@^1.1.5:
+  version "1.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-buffer/-/is-buffer-1.1.6.tgz#efaa2ea9daa0d7ab2ea13a97b2b8ad51fefbe8be"
+  integrity sha512-NcdALwpXkTm5Zvvbk7owOUSvVvBKDgKP5/ewfXEznmQFfs4ZRmanOeKBTjRVjka3QFoN6XJ+9F3USqfHqTaU5w==
+
+is-builtin-module@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-builtin-module/-/is-builtin-module-1.0.0.tgz#540572d34f7ac3119f8f76c30cbc1b1e037affbe"
+  integrity sha1-VAVy0096wxGfj3bDDLwbHgN6/74=
+  dependencies:
+    builtin-modules "^1.0.0"
+
+is-callable@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-callable/-/is-callable-1.1.4.tgz#1e1adf219e1eeb684d691f9d6a05ff0d30a24d75"
+  integrity sha512-r5p9sxJjYnArLjObpjA4xu5EKI3CuKHkJXMhT7kwbpUyIFD1n5PMAsoPvWnvtZiNz7LjkYDRZhd7FlI0eMijEA==
+
+is-color-stop@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-color-stop/-/is-color-stop-1.1.0.tgz#cfff471aee4dd5c9e158598fbe12967b5cdad345"
+  integrity sha1-z/9HGu5N1cnhWFmPvhKWe1za00U=
+  dependencies:
+    css-color-names "^0.0.4"
+    hex-color-regex "^1.1.0"
+    hsl-regex "^1.0.0"
+    hsla-regex "^1.0.0"
+    rgb-regex "^1.0.1"
+    rgba-regex "^1.0.0"
+
+is-data-descriptor@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-data-descriptor/-/is-data-descriptor-0.1.4.tgz#0b5ee648388e2c860282e793f1856fec3f301b56"
+  integrity sha1-C17mSDiOLIYCgueT8YVv7D8wG1Y=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-data-descriptor@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-data-descriptor/-/is-data-descriptor-1.0.0.tgz#d84876321d0e7add03990406abbbbd36ba9268c7"
+  integrity sha512-jbRXy1FmtAoCjQkVmIVYwuuqDFUbaOeDjmed1tOGPrsMhtJA4rD9tkgA0F1qJ3gRFRXcHYVkdeaP50Q5rE/jLQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+
+is-date-object@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-date-object/-/is-date-object-1.0.1.tgz#9aa20eb6aeebbff77fbd33e74ca01b33581d3a16"
+  integrity sha1-mqIOtq7rv/d/vTPnTKAbM1gdOhY=
+
+is-descriptor@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-descriptor/-/is-descriptor-0.1.6.tgz#366d8240dde487ca51823b1ab9f07a10a78251ca"
+  integrity sha512-avDYr0SB3DwO9zsMov0gKCESFYqCnE4hq/4z3TdUlukEy5t9C0YRq7HLrsN52NAcqXKaepeCD0n+B0arnVG3Hg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-accessor-descriptor "^0.1.6"
+    is-data-descriptor "^0.1.4"
+    kind-of "^5.0.0"
+
+is-descriptor@^1.0.0, is-descriptor@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-descriptor/-/is-descriptor-1.0.2.tgz#3b159746a66604b04f8c81524ba365c5f14d86ec"
+  integrity sha512-2eis5WqQGV7peooDyLmNEPUrps9+SXX5c9pL3xEB+4e9HnGuDa7mB7kHxHw4CbqS9k1T2hOH3miL8n8WtiYVtg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-accessor-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+    is-data-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+
+is-directory@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-directory/-/is-directory-0.3.1.tgz#61339b6f2475fc772fd9c9d83f5c8575dc154ae1"
+  integrity sha1-YTObbyR1/Hcv2cnYP1yFddwVSuE=
+
+is-extendable@^0.1.0, is-extendable@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extendable/-/is-extendable-0.1.1.tgz#62b110e289a471418e3ec36a617d472e301dfc89"
+  integrity sha1-YrEQ4omkcUGOPsNqYX1HLjAd/Ik=
+
+is-extendable@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extendable/-/is-extendable-1.0.1.tgz#a7470f9e426733d81bd81e1155264e3a3507cab4"
+  integrity sha512-arnXMxT1hhoKo9k1LZdmlNyJdDDfy2v0fXjFlmok4+i8ul/6WlbVge9bhM74OpNPQPMGUToDtz+KXa1PneJxOA==
+  dependencies:
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.4"
+
+is-extglob@^2.1.0, is-extglob@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extglob/-/is-extglob-2.1.1.tgz#a88c02535791f02ed37c76a1b9ea9773c833f8c2"
+  integrity sha1-qIwCU1eR8C7TfHahueqXc8gz+MI=
+
+is-finite@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-finite/-/is-finite-1.0.2.tgz#cc6677695602be550ef11e8b4aa6305342b6d0aa"
+  integrity sha1-zGZ3aVYCvlUO8R6LSqYwU0K20Ko=
+  dependencies:
+    number-is-nan "^1.0.0"
+
+is-fullwidth-code-point@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-fullwidth-code-point/-/is-fullwidth-code-point-1.0.0.tgz#ef9e31386f031a7f0d643af82fde50c457ef00cb"
+  integrity sha1-754xOG8DGn8NZDr4L95QxFfvAMs=
+  dependencies:
+    number-is-nan "^1.0.0"
+
+is-fullwidth-code-point@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-fullwidth-code-point/-/is-fullwidth-code-point-2.0.0.tgz#a3b30a5c4f199183167aaab93beefae3ddfb654f"
+  integrity sha1-o7MKXE8ZkYMWeqq5O+764937ZU8=
+
+is-glob@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-glob/-/is-glob-3.1.0.tgz#7ba5ae24217804ac70707b96922567486cc3e84a"
+  integrity sha1-e6WuJCF4BKxwcHuWkiVnSGzD6Eo=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extglob "^2.1.0"
+
+is-glob@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-glob/-/is-glob-4.0.0.tgz#9521c76845cc2610a85203ddf080a958c2ffabc0"
+  integrity sha1-lSHHaEXMJhCoUgPd8ICpWML/q8A=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extglob "^2.1.1"
+
+is-number@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-number/-/is-number-3.0.0.tgz#24fd6201a4782cf50561c810276afc7d12d71195"
+  integrity sha1-JP1iAaR4LPUFYcgQJ2r8fRLXEZU=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-obj@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-obj/-/is-obj-1.0.1.tgz#3e4729ac1f5fde025cd7d83a896dab9f4f67db0f"
+  integrity sha1-PkcprB9f3gJc19g6iW2rn09n2w8=
+
+is-odd@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-odd/-/is-odd-1.0.0.tgz#3b8a932eb028b3775c39bb09e91767accdb69088"
+  integrity sha1-O4qTLrAos3dcObsJ6RdnrM22kIg=
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+
+is-path-cwd@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-path-cwd/-/is-path-cwd-1.0.0.tgz#d225ec23132e89edd38fda767472e62e65f1106d"
+  integrity sha1-0iXsIxMuie3Tj9p2dHLmLmXxEG0=
+
+is-path-in-cwd@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-path-in-cwd/-/is-path-in-cwd-1.0.0.tgz#6477582b8214d602346094567003be8a9eac04dc"
+  integrity sha1-ZHdYK4IU1gI0YJRWcAO+ip6sBNw=
+  dependencies:
+    is-path-inside "^1.0.0"
+
+is-path-inside@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-path-inside/-/is-path-inside-1.0.1.tgz#8ef5b7de50437a3fdca6b4e865ef7aa55cb48036"
+  integrity sha1-jvW33lBDej/cprToZe96pVy0gDY=
+  dependencies:
+    path-is-inside "^1.0.1"
+
+is-plain-object@^2.0.1, is-plain-object@^2.0.3, is-plain-object@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-plain-object/-/is-plain-object-2.0.4.tgz#2c163b3fafb1b606d9d17928f05c2a1c38e07677"
+  integrity sha512-h5PpgXkWitc38BBMYawTYMWJHFZJVnBquFE57xFpjB8pJFiF6gZ+bU+WyI/yqXiFR5mdLsgYNaPe8uao6Uv9Og==
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+is-regex@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-regex/-/is-regex-1.0.4.tgz#5517489b547091b0930e095654ced25ee97e9491"
+  integrity sha1-VRdIm1RwkbCTDglWVM7SXul+lJE=
+  dependencies:
+    has "^1.0.1"
+
+is-resolvable@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-resolvable/-/is-resolvable-1.1.0.tgz#fb18f87ce1feb925169c9a407c19318a3206ed88"
+  integrity sha512-qgDYXFSR5WvEfuS5dMj6oTMEbrrSaM0CrFk2Yiq/gXnBvD9pMa2jGXxyhGLfvhZpuMZe18CJpFxAt3CRs42NMg==
+
+is-stream@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-stream/-/is-stream-1.1.0.tgz#12d4a3dd4e68e0b79ceb8dbc84173ae80d91ca44"
+  integrity sha1-EtSj3U5o4Lec6428hBc66A2RykQ=
+
+is-svg@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-svg/-/is-svg-3.0.0.tgz#9321dbd29c212e5ca99c4fa9794c714bcafa2f75"
+  integrity sha512-gi4iHK53LR2ujhLVVj+37Ykh9GLqYHX6JOVXbLAucaG/Cqw9xwdFOjDM2qeifLs1sF1npXXFvDu0r5HNgCMrzQ==
+  dependencies:
+    html-comment-regex "^1.1.0"
+
+is-symbol@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-symbol/-/is-symbol-1.0.2.tgz#a055f6ae57192caee329e7a860118b497a950f38"
+  integrity sha512-HS8bZ9ox60yCJLH9snBpIwv9pYUAkcuLhSA1oero1UB5y9aiQpRA8y2ex945AOtCZL1lJDeIk3G5LthswI46Lw==
+  dependencies:
+    has-symbols "^1.0.0"
+
+is-typedarray@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-typedarray/-/is-typedarray-1.0.0.tgz#e479c80858df0c1b11ddda6940f96011fcda4a9a"
+  integrity sha1-5HnICFjfDBsR3dppQPlgEfzaSpo=
+
+is-utf8@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-utf8/-/is-utf8-0.2.1.tgz#4b0da1442104d1b336340e80797e865cf39f7d72"
+  integrity sha1-Sw2hRCEE0bM2NA6AeX6GXPOffXI=
+
+is-windows@^1.0.1, is-windows@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-windows/-/is-windows-1.0.2.tgz#d1850eb9791ecd18e6182ce12a30f396634bb19d"
+  integrity sha512-eXK1UInq2bPmjyX6e3VHIzMLobc4J94i4AWn+Hpq3OU5KkrRC96OAcR3PRJ/pGu6m8TRnBHP9dkXQVsT/COVIA==
+
+is-wsl@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-wsl/-/is-wsl-1.1.0.tgz#1f16e4aa22b04d1336b66188a66af3c600c3a66d"
+  integrity sha1-HxbkqiKwTRM2tmGIpmrzxgDDpm0=
+
+isarray@1.0.0, isarray@^1.0.0, isarray@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isarray/-/isarray-1.0.0.tgz#bb935d48582cba168c06834957a54a3e07124f11"
+  integrity sha1-u5NdSFgsuhaMBoNJV6VKPgcSTxE=
+
+isexe@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isexe/-/isexe-2.0.0.tgz#e8fbf374dc556ff8947a10dcb0572d633f2cfa10"
+  integrity sha1-6PvzdNxVb/iUehDcsFctYz8s+hA=
+
+isobject@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isobject/-/isobject-2.1.0.tgz#f065561096a3f1da2ef46272f815c840d87e0c89"
+  integrity sha1-8GVWEJaj8dou9GJy+BXIQNh+DIk=
+  dependencies:
+    isarray "1.0.0"
+
+isobject@^3.0.0, isobject@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isobject/-/isobject-3.0.1.tgz#4e431e92b11a9731636aa1f9c8d1ccbcfdab78df"
+  integrity sha1-TkMekrEalzFjaqH5yNHMvP2reN8=
+
+isstream@~0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isstream/-/isstream-0.1.2.tgz#47e63f7af55afa6f92e1500e690eb8b8529c099a"
+  integrity sha1-R+Y/evVa+m+S4VAOaQ64uFKcCZo=
+
+js-base64@^2.1.8:
+  version "2.4.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-base64/-/js-base64-2.4.3.tgz#2e545ec2b0f2957f41356510205214e98fad6582"
+  integrity sha512-H7ErYLM34CvDMto3GbD6xD0JLUGYXR3QTcH6B/tr4Hi/QpSThnCsIp+Sy5FRTw3B0d6py4HcNkW7nO/wdtGWEw==
+
+js-levenshtein@^1.1.3:
+  version "1.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-levenshtein/-/js-levenshtein-1.1.6.tgz#c6cee58eb3550372df8deb85fad5ce66ce01d59d"
+  integrity sha512-X2BB11YZtrRqY4EnQcLX5Rh373zbK4alC1FW7D7MBhL2gtcC17cTnr6DmfHZeS0s2rTHjUTMMHfG7gO8SSdw+g==
+
+js-tokens@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-tokens/-/js-tokens-3.0.2.tgz#9866df395102130e38f7f996bceb65443209c25b"
+  integrity sha1-mGbfOVECEw449/mWvOtlRDIJwls=
+
+js-tokens@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-tokens/-/js-tokens-4.0.0.tgz#19203fb59991df98e3a287050d4647cdeaf32499"
+  integrity sha512-RdJUflcE3cUzKiMqQgsCu06FPu9UdIJO0beYbPhHN4k6apgJtifcoCtT9bcxOpYBtpD2kCM6Sbzg4CausW/PKQ==
+
+js-yaml@^3.12.0, js-yaml@^3.12.2, js-yaml@^3.9.0:
+  version "3.12.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-3.12.2.tgz#ef1d067c5a9d9cb65bd72f285b5d8105c77f14fc"
+  integrity sha512-QHn/Lh/7HhZ/Twc7vJYQTkjuCa0kaCcDcjK5Zlk2rvnUpy7DxMJ23+Jc2dcyvltwQVg1nygAVlB2oRDFHoRS5Q==
+  dependencies:
+    argparse "^1.0.7"
+    esprima "^4.0.0"
+
+jsbn@~0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsbn/-/jsbn-0.1.1.tgz#a5e654c2e5a2deb5f201d96cefbca80c0ef2f513"
+  integrity sha1-peZUwuWi3rXyAdls77yoDA7y9RM=
+
+jsesc@^2.5.1:
+  version "2.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsesc/-/jsesc-2.5.2.tgz#80564d2e483dacf6e8ef209650a67df3f0c283a4"
+  integrity sha512-OYu7XEzjkCQ3C5Ps3QIZsQfNpqoJyZZA99wd9aWd05NCtC5pWOkShK2mkL6HXQR6/Cy2lbNdPlZBpuQHXE63gA==
+
+jsesc@~0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsesc/-/jsesc-0.5.0.tgz#e7dee66e35d6fc16f710fe91d5cf69f70f08911d"
+  integrity sha1-597mbjXW/Bb3EP6R1c9p9w8IkR0=
+
+json-parse-better-errors@^1.0.1, json-parse-better-errors@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-parse-better-errors/-/json-parse-better-errors-1.0.2.tgz#bb867cfb3450e69107c131d1c514bab3dc8bcaa9"
+  integrity sha512-mrqyZKfX5EhL7hvqcV6WG1yYjnjeuYDzDhhcAAUrq8Po85NBQBJP+ZDUT75qZQ98IkUoBqdkExkukOU7Ts2wrw==
+
+json-schema-traverse@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema-traverse/-/json-schema-traverse-0.3.1.tgz#349a6d44c53a51de89b40805c5d5e59b417d3340"
+  integrity sha1-NJptRMU6Ud6JtAgFxdXlm0F9M0A=
+
+json-schema-traverse@^0.4.1:
+  version "0.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema-traverse/-/json-schema-traverse-0.4.1.tgz#69f6a87d9513ab8bb8fe63bdb0979c448e684660"
+  integrity sha512-xbbCH5dCYU5T8LcEhhuh7HJ88HXuW3qsI3Y0zOZFKfZEHcpWiHU/Jxzk629Brsab/mMiHQti9wMP+845RPe3Vg==
+
+json-schema@0.2.3:
+  version "0.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema/-/json-schema-0.2.3.tgz#b480c892e59a2f05954ce727bd3f2a4e882f9e13"
+  integrity sha1-tIDIkuWaLwWVTOcnvT8qTogvnhM=
+
+json-stable-stringify@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-stable-stringify/-/json-stable-stringify-1.0.1.tgz#9a759d39c5f2ff503fd5300646ed445f88c4f9af"
+  integrity sha1-mnWdOcXy/1A/1TAGRu1EX4jE+a8=
+  dependencies:
+    jsonify "~0.0.0"
+
+json-stringify-safe@~5.0.1:
+  version "5.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-stringify-safe/-/json-stringify-safe-5.0.1.tgz#1296a2d58fd45f19a0f6ce01d65701e2c735b6eb"
+  integrity sha1-Epai1Y/UXxmg9s4B1lcB4sc1tus=
+
+json3@^3.3.2:
+  version "3.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json3/-/json3-3.3.2.tgz#3c0434743df93e2f5c42aee7b19bcb483575f4e1"
+  integrity sha1-PAQ0dD35Pi9cQq7nsZvLSDV19OE=
+
+json5@^0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json5/-/json5-0.5.1.tgz#1eade7acc012034ad84e2396767ead9fa5495821"
+  integrity sha1-Hq3nrMASA0rYTiOWdn6tn6VJWCE=
+
+json5@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json5/-/json5-1.0.1.tgz#779fb0018604fa854eacbf6252180d83543e3dbe"
+  integrity sha512-aKS4WQjPenRxiQsC93MNfjx+nbF4PAdYzmd/1JIj8HYzqfbu86beTuNgXDzPknWk0n0uARlyewZo4s++ES36Ow==
+  dependencies:
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+
+json5@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json5/-/json5-2.1.0.tgz#e7a0c62c48285c628d20a10b85c89bb807c32850"
+  integrity sha512-8Mh9h6xViijj36g7Dxi+Y4S6hNGV96vcJZr/SrlHh1LR/pEn/8j/+qIBbs44YKl69Lrfctp4QD+AdWLTMqEZAQ==
+  dependencies:
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+
+jsonify@~0.0.0:
+  version "0.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsonify/-/jsonify-0.0.0.tgz#2c74b6ee41d93ca51b7b5aaee8f503631d252a73"
+  integrity sha1-LHS27kHZPKUbe1qu6PUDYx0lKnM=
+
+jsprim@^1.2.2:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsprim/-/jsprim-1.4.1.tgz#313e66bc1e5cc06e438bc1b7499c2e5c56acb6a2"
+  integrity sha1-MT5mvB5cwG5Di8G3SZwuXFastqI=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "1.0.0"
+    extsprintf "1.3.0"
+    json-schema "0.2.3"
+    verror "1.10.0"
+
+killable@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/killable/-/killable-1.0.0.tgz#da8b84bd47de5395878f95d64d02f2449fe05e6b"
+  integrity sha1-2ouEvUfeU5WHj5XWTQLyRJ/gXms=
+
+kind-of@^3.0.2, kind-of@^3.0.3, kind-of@^3.2.0:
+  version "3.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-3.2.2.tgz#31ea21a734bab9bbb0f32466d893aea51e4a3c64"
+  integrity sha1-MeohpzS6ubuw8yRm2JOupR5KPGQ=
+  dependencies:
+    is-buffer "^1.1.5"
+
+kind-of@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-4.0.0.tgz#20813df3d712928b207378691a45066fae72dd57"
+  integrity sha1-IIE989cSkosgc3hpGkUGb65y3Vc=
+  dependencies:
+    is-buffer "^1.1.5"
+
+kind-of@^5.0.0, kind-of@^5.0.2:
+  version "5.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-5.1.0.tgz#729c91e2d857b7a419a1f9aa65685c4c33f5845d"
+  integrity sha512-NGEErnH6F2vUuXDh+OlbcKW7/wOcfdRHaZ7VWtqCztfHri/++YKmP51OdWeGPuqCOba6kk2OTe5d02VmTB80Pw==
+
+kind-of@^6.0.0, kind-of@^6.0.2:
+  version "6.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-6.0.2.tgz#01146b36a6218e64e58f3a8d66de5d7fc6f6d051"
+  integrity sha512-s5kLOcnH0XqDO+FvuaLX8DDjZ18CGFk7VygH40QoKPUQhW4e2rvM0rwUq0t8IQDOwYSeLK01U90OjzBTme2QqA==
+
+last-call-webpack-plugin@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/last-call-webpack-plugin/-/last-call-webpack-plugin-3.0.0.tgz#9742df0e10e3cf46e5c0381c2de90d3a7a2d7555"
+  integrity sha512-7KI2l2GIZa9p2spzPIVZBYyNKkN+e/SQPpnjlTiPhdbDW3F86tdKKELxKpzJ5sgU19wQWsACULZmpTPYHeWO5w==
+  dependencies:
+    lodash "^4.17.5"
+    webpack-sources "^1.1.0"
+
+lazy-cache@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lazy-cache/-/lazy-cache-2.0.2.tgz#b9190a4f913354694840859f8a8f7084d8822264"
+  integrity sha1-uRkKT5EzVGlIQIWfio9whNiCImQ=
+  dependencies:
+    set-getter "^0.1.0"
+
+lcid@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lcid/-/lcid-1.0.0.tgz#308accafa0bc483a3867b4b6f2b9506251d1b835"
+  integrity sha1-MIrMr6C8SDo4Z7S28rlQYlHRuDU=
+  dependencies:
+    invert-kv "^1.0.0"
+
+lcid@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lcid/-/lcid-2.0.0.tgz#6ef5d2df60e52f82eb228a4c373e8d1f397253cf"
+  integrity sha512-avPEb8P8EGnwXKClwsNUgryVjllcRqtMYa49NTsbQagYuT1DcXnl1915oxWjoyGrXR6zH/Y0Zc96xWsPcoDKeA==
+  dependencies:
+    invert-kv "^2.0.0"
+
+load-json-file@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/load-json-file/-/load-json-file-1.1.0.tgz#956905708d58b4bab4c2261b04f59f31c99374c0"
+  integrity sha1-lWkFcI1YtLq0wiYbBPWfMcmTdMA=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    parse-json "^2.2.0"
+    pify "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+    strip-bom "^2.0.0"
+
+loader-runner@^2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loader-runner/-/loader-runner-2.3.0.tgz#f482aea82d543e07921700d5a46ef26fdac6b8a2"
+  integrity sha1-9IKuqC1UPgeSFwDVpG7yb9rGuKI=
+
+loader-utils@^1.0.1, loader-utils@^1.0.2, loader-utils@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loader-utils/-/loader-utils-1.1.0.tgz#c98aef488bcceda2ffb5e2de646d6a754429f5cd"
+  integrity sha1-yYrvSIvM7aL/teLeZG1qdUQp9c0=
+  dependencies:
+    big.js "^3.1.3"
+    emojis-list "^2.0.0"
+    json5 "^0.5.0"
+
+loader-utils@^1.2.3:
+  version "1.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loader-utils/-/loader-utils-1.2.3.tgz#1ff5dc6911c9f0a062531a4c04b609406108c2c7"
+  integrity sha512-fkpz8ejdnEMG3s37wGL07iSBDg99O9D5yflE9RGNH3hRdx9SOwYfnGYdZOUIZitN8E+E2vkq3MUMYMvPYl5ZZA==
+  dependencies:
+    big.js "^5.2.2"
+    emojis-list "^2.0.0"
+    json5 "^1.0.1"
+
+locate-path@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/locate-path/-/locate-path-3.0.0.tgz#dbec3b3ab759758071b58fe59fc41871af21400e"
+  integrity sha512-7AO748wWnIhNqAuaty2ZWHkQHRSNfPVIsPIfwEOWO22AmaoVrWavlOcMR5nzTLNYvp36X220/maaRsrec1G65A==
+  dependencies:
+    p-locate "^3.0.0"
+    path-exists "^3.0.0"
+
+lodash._reinterpolate@~3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash._reinterpolate/-/lodash._reinterpolate-3.0.0.tgz#0ccf2d89166af03b3663c796538b75ac6e114d9d"
+  integrity sha1-DM8tiRZq8Ds2Y8eWU4t1rG4RTZ0=
+
+lodash.assign@^4.2.0:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.assign/-/lodash.assign-4.2.0.tgz#0d99f3ccd7a6d261d19bdaeb9245005d285808e7"
+  integrity sha1-DZnzzNem0mHRm9rrkkUAXShYCOc=
+
+lodash.clonedeep@^4.3.2:
+  version "4.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.clonedeep/-/lodash.clonedeep-4.5.0.tgz#e23f3f9c4f8fbdde872529c1071857a086e5ccef"
+  integrity sha1-4j8/nE+Pvd6HJSnBBxhXoIblzO8=
+
+lodash.get@^4.0, lodash.get@^4.4.2:
+  version "4.4.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.get/-/lodash.get-4.4.2.tgz#2d177f652fa31e939b4438d5341499dfa3825e99"
+  integrity sha1-LRd/ZS+jHpObRDjVNBSZ36OCXpk=
+
+lodash.has@^4.0:
+  version "4.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.has/-/lodash.has-4.5.2.tgz#d19f4dc1095058cccbe2b0cdf4ee0fe4aa37c862"
+  integrity sha1-0Z9NwQlQWMzL4rDN9O4P5Ko3yGI=
+
+lodash.memoize@^4.1.2:
+  version "4.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.memoize/-/lodash.memoize-4.1.2.tgz#bcc6c49a42a2840ed997f323eada5ecd182e0bfe"
+  integrity sha1-vMbEmkKihA7Zl/Mj6tpezRguC/4=
+
+lodash.mergewith@^4.6.0:
+  version "4.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.mergewith/-/lodash.mergewith-4.6.1.tgz#639057e726c3afbdb3e7d42741caa8d6e4335927"
+  integrity sha512-eWw5r+PYICtEBgrBE5hhlT6aAa75f411bgDz/ZL2KZqYV03USvucsxcHUIlGTDTECs1eunpI7HOV7U+WLDvNdQ==
+
+lodash.tail@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.tail/-/lodash.tail-4.1.1.tgz#d2333a36d9e7717c8ad2f7cacafec7c32b444664"
+  integrity sha1-0jM6NtnncXyK0vfKyv7HwytERmQ=
+
+lodash.template@^4.2.4:
+  version "4.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.template/-/lodash.template-4.4.0.tgz#e73a0385c8355591746e020b99679c690e68fba0"
+  integrity sha1-5zoDhcg1VZF0bgILmWecaQ5o+6A=
+  dependencies:
+    lodash._reinterpolate "~3.0.0"
+    lodash.templatesettings "^4.0.0"
+
+lodash.templatesettings@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.templatesettings/-/lodash.templatesettings-4.1.0.tgz#2b4d4e95ba440d915ff08bc899e4553666713316"
+  integrity sha1-K01OlbpEDZFf8IvImeRVNmZxMxY=
+  dependencies:
+    lodash._reinterpolate "~3.0.0"
+
+lodash.uniq@^4.5.0:
+  version "4.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.uniq/-/lodash.uniq-4.5.0.tgz#d0225373aeb652adc1bc82e4945339a842754773"
+  integrity sha1-0CJTc662Uq3BvILklFM5qEJ1R3M=
+
+lodash@3.x:
+  version "3.10.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash/-/lodash-3.10.1.tgz#5bf45e8e49ba4189e17d482789dfd15bd140b7b6"
+  integrity sha1-W/Rejkm6QYnhfUgnid/RW9FAt7Y=
+
+lodash@^4.0.0, lodash@~4.17.4:
+  version "4.17.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash/-/lodash-4.17.5.tgz#99a92d65c0272debe8c96b6057bc8fbfa3bed511"
+  integrity sha512-svL3uiZf1RwhH+cWrfZn3A4+U58wbP0tGVTLQPbjplZxZ8ROD9VLuNgsRniTlLe7OlSqR79RUehXgpBW/s0IQw==
+
+lodash@^4.17.10, lodash@^4.17.11, lodash@^4.17.5:
+  version "4.17.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash/-/lodash-4.17.11.tgz#b39ea6229ef607ecd89e2c8df12536891cac9b8d"
+  integrity sha512-cQKh8igo5QUhZ7lg38DYWAxMvjSAKG0A8wGSVimP07SIUEK2UO+arSRKbRZWtelMtN5V0Hkwh5ryOto/SshYIg==
+
+loglevel@^1.4.1:
+  version "1.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loglevel/-/loglevel-1.6.1.tgz#e0fc95133b6ef276cdc8887cdaf24aa6f156f8fa"
+  integrity sha1-4PyVEztu8nbNyIh82vJKpvFW+Po=
+
+loose-envify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loose-envify/-/loose-envify-1.3.1.tgz#d1a8ad33fa9ce0e713d65fdd0ac8b748d478c848"
+  integrity sha1-0aitM/qc4OcT1l/dCsi3SNR4yEg=
+  dependencies:
+    js-tokens "^3.0.0"
+
+loud-rejection@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loud-rejection/-/loud-rejection-1.6.0.tgz#5b46f80147edee578870f086d04821cf998e551f"
+  integrity sha1-W0b4AUft7leIcPCG0Eghz5mOVR8=
+  dependencies:
+    currently-unhandled "^0.4.1"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.0"
+
+lru-cache@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-4.1.1.tgz#622e32e82488b49279114a4f9ecf45e7cd6bba55"
+  integrity sha512-q4spe4KTfsAS1SUHLO0wz8Qiyf1+vMIAgpRYioFYDMNqKfHQbg+AVDH3i4fvpl71/P1L0dBl+fQi+P37UYf0ew==
+  dependencies:
+    pseudomap "^1.0.2"
+    yallist "^2.1.2"
+
+lru-cache@^5.1.1:
+  version "5.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-5.1.1.tgz#1da27e6710271947695daf6848e847f01d84b920"
+  integrity sha512-KpNARQA3Iwv+jTA0utUVVbrh+Jlrr1Fv0e56GGzAFOXN7dk/FviaDW8LHmK52DlcH4WP2n6gI8vN1aesBFgo9w==
+  dependencies:
+    yallist "^3.0.2"
+
+make-dir@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/make-dir/-/make-dir-1.1.0.tgz#19b4369fe48c116f53c2af95ad102c0e39e85d51"
+  integrity sha512-0Pkui4wLJ7rxvmfUvs87skoEaxmu0hCUApF8nonzpl7q//FWp9zu8W61Scz4sd/kUiqDxvUhtoam2efDyiBzcA==
+  dependencies:
+    pify "^3.0.0"
+
+mamacro@^0.0.3:
+  version "0.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mamacro/-/mamacro-0.0.3.tgz#ad2c9576197c9f1abf308d0787865bd975a3f3e4"
+  integrity sha512-qMEwh+UujcQ+kbz3T6V+wAmO2U8veoq2w+3wY8MquqwVA3jChfwY+Tk52GZKDfACEPjuZ7r2oJLejwpt8jtwTA==
+
+map-age-cleaner@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-age-cleaner/-/map-age-cleaner-0.1.3.tgz#7d583a7306434c055fe474b0f45078e6e1b4b92a"
+  integrity sha512-bJzx6nMoP6PDLPBFmg7+xRKeFZvFboMrGlxmNj9ClvX53KrmvM5bXFXEWjbz4cz1AFn+jWJ9z/DJSz7hrs0w3w==
+  dependencies:
+    p-defer "^1.0.0"
+
+map-cache@^0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-cache/-/map-cache-0.2.2.tgz#c32abd0bd6525d9b051645bb4f26ac5dc98a0dbf"
+  integrity sha1-wyq9C9ZSXZsFFkW7TyasXcmKDb8=
+
+map-obj@^1.0.0, map-obj@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-obj/-/map-obj-1.0.1.tgz#d933ceb9205d82bdcf4886f6742bdc2b4dea146d"
+  integrity sha1-2TPOuSBdgr3PSIb2dCvcK03qFG0=
+
+map-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-visit/-/map-visit-1.0.0.tgz#ecdca8f13144e660f1b5bd41f12f3479d98dfb8f"
+  integrity sha1-7Nyo8TFE5mDxtb1B8S80edmN+48=
+  dependencies:
+    object-visit "^1.0.0"
+
+md5.js@^1.3.4:
+  version "1.3.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/md5.js/-/md5.js-1.3.4.tgz#e9bdbde94a20a5ac18b04340fc5764d5b09d901d"
+  integrity sha1-6b296UogpawYsENA/Fdk1bCdkB0=
+  dependencies:
+    hash-base "^3.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+
+mdn-data@~1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mdn-data/-/mdn-data-1.1.4.tgz#50b5d4ffc4575276573c4eedb8780812a8419f01"
+  integrity sha512-FSYbp3lyKjyj3E7fMl6rYvUdX0FBXaluGqlFoYESWQlyUTq8R+wp0rkFxoYFqZlHCvsUXGjyJmLQSnXToYhOSA==
+
+media-typer@0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/media-typer/-/media-typer-0.3.0.tgz#8710d7af0aa626f8fffa1ce00168545263255748"
+  integrity sha1-hxDXrwqmJvj/+hzgAWhUUmMlV0g=
+
+mem@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mem/-/mem-4.1.0.tgz#aeb9be2d21f47e78af29e4ac5978e8afa2ca5b8a"
+  integrity sha512-I5u6Q1x7wxO0kdOpYBB28xueHADYps5uty/zg936CiG8NTe5sJL8EjrCuLneuDW3PlMdZBGDIn8BirEVdovZvg==
+  dependencies:
+    map-age-cleaner "^0.1.1"
+    mimic-fn "^1.0.0"
+    p-is-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+memory-fs@^0.4.0, memory-fs@^0.4.1, memory-fs@~0.4.1:
+  version "0.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/memory-fs/-/memory-fs-0.4.1.tgz#3a9a20b8462523e447cfbc7e8bb80ed667bfc552"
+  integrity sha1-OpoguEYlI+RHz7x+i7gO1me/xVI=
+  dependencies:
+    errno "^0.1.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.1"
+
+meow@^3.7.0:
+  version "3.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/meow/-/meow-3.7.0.tgz#72cb668b425228290abbfa856892587308a801fb"
+  integrity sha1-cstmi0JSKCkKu/qFaJJYcwioAfs=
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase-keys "^2.0.0"
+    decamelize "^1.1.2"
+    loud-rejection "^1.0.0"
+    map-obj "^1.0.1"
+    minimist "^1.1.3"
+    normalize-package-data "^2.3.4"
+    object-assign "^4.0.1"
+    read-pkg-up "^1.0.1"
+    redent "^1.0.0"
+    trim-newlines "^1.0.0"
+
+merge-descriptors@1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/merge-descriptors/-/merge-descriptors-1.0.1.tgz#b00aaa556dd8b44568150ec9d1b953f3f90cbb61"
+  integrity sha1-sAqqVW3YtEVoFQ7J0blT8/kMu2E=
+
+methods@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/methods/-/methods-1.1.2.tgz#5529a4d67654134edcc5266656835b0f851afcee"
+  integrity sha1-VSmk1nZUE07cxSZmVoNbD4Ua/O4=
+
+micromatch@^3.0.4, micromatch@^3.1.10, micromatch@^3.1.8:
+  version "3.1.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/micromatch/-/micromatch-3.1.10.tgz#70859bc95c9840952f359a068a3fc49f9ecfac23"
+  integrity sha512-MWikgl9n9M3w+bpsY3He8L+w9eF9338xRl8IAO5viDizwSzziFEyUzo2xrrloB64ADbTf8uA8vRqqttDTOmccg==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^4.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    braces "^2.3.1"
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    extglob "^2.0.4"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+    nanomatch "^1.2.9"
+    object.pick "^1.3.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.2"
+
+micromatch@^3.1.4:
+  version "3.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/micromatch/-/micromatch-3.1.5.tgz#d05e168c206472dfbca985bfef4f57797b4cd4ba"
+  integrity sha512-ykttrLPQrz1PUJcXjwsTUjGoPJ64StIGNE2lGVD1c9CuguJ+L7/navsE8IcDNndOoCMvYV0qc/exfVbMHkUhvA==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^4.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    braces "^2.3.0"
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    extglob "^2.0.2"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+    nanomatch "^1.2.5"
+    object.pick "^1.3.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+miller-rabin@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/miller-rabin/-/miller-rabin-4.0.1.tgz#f080351c865b0dc562a8462966daa53543c78a4d"
+  integrity sha512-115fLhvZVqWwHPbClyntxEVfVDfl9DLLTuJvq3g2O/Oxi8AiNouAHvDSzHS0viUJc+V5vm3eq91Xwqn9dp4jRA==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.0.0"
+    brorand "^1.0.1"
+
+"mime-db@>= 1.30.0 < 2":
+  version "1.32.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-db/-/mime-db-1.32.0.tgz#485b3848b01a3cda5f968b4882c0771e58e09414"
+  integrity sha512-+ZWo/xZN40Tt6S+HyakUxnSOgff+JEdaneLWIm0Z6LmpCn5DMcZntLyUY5c/rTDog28LhXLKOUZKoTxTCAdBVw==
+
+mime-db@~1.30.0:
+  version "1.30.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-db/-/mime-db-1.30.0.tgz#74c643da2dd9d6a45399963465b26d5ca7d71f01"
+  integrity sha1-dMZD2i3Z1qRTmZY0ZbJtXKfXHwE=
+
+mime-db@~1.38.0:
+  version "1.38.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-db/-/mime-db-1.38.0.tgz#1a2aab16da9eb167b49c6e4df2d9c68d63d8e2ad"
+  integrity sha512-bqVioMFFzc2awcdJZIzR3HjZFX20QhilVS7hytkKrv7xFAn8bM1gzc/FOX2awLISvWe0PV8ptFKcon+wZ5qYkg==
+
+mime-types@^2.1.12, mime-types@~2.1.15, mime-types@~2.1.16, mime-types@~2.1.17, mime-types@~2.1.7:
+  version "2.1.17"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-types/-/mime-types-2.1.17.tgz#09d7a393f03e995a79f8af857b70a9e0ab16557a"
+  integrity sha1-Cdejk/A+mVp5+K+Fe3Cp4KsWVXo=
+  dependencies:
+    mime-db "~1.30.0"
+
+mime-types@~2.1.19:
+  version "2.1.22"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-types/-/mime-types-2.1.22.tgz#fe6b355a190926ab7698c9a0556a11199b2199bd"
+  integrity sha512-aGl6TZGnhm/li6F7yx82bJiBZwgiEa4Hf6CNr8YO+r5UHr53tSTYZb102zyU50DOWWKeOv0uQLRL0/9EiKWCog==
+  dependencies:
+    mime-db "~1.38.0"
+
+mime@1.4.1:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime/-/mime-1.4.1.tgz#121f9ebc49e3766f311a76e1fa1c8003c4b03aa6"
+  integrity sha512-KI1+qOZu5DcW6wayYHSzR/tXKCDC5Om4s1z2QJjDULzLcmf3DvzS7oluY4HCTrc+9FiKmWUgeNLg7W3uIQvxtQ==
+
+mime@^2.3.1:
+  version "2.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime/-/mime-2.4.0.tgz#e051fd881358585f3279df333fe694da0bcffdd6"
+  integrity sha512-ikBcWwyqXQSHKtciCcctu9YfPbFYZ4+gbHEmE0Q8jzcTYQg5dHCr3g2wwAZjPoJfQVXZq6KXAjpXOTf5/cjT7w==
+
+mimic-fn@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mimic-fn/-/mimic-fn-1.2.0.tgz#820c86a39334640e99516928bd03fca88057d022"
+  integrity sha512-jf84uxzwiuiIVKiOLpfYk7N46TSy8ubTonmneY9vrpHNAnp0QBt2BxWV9dO3/j+BoVAb+a5G6YDPW3M5HOdMWQ==
+
+mini-css-extract-plugin@^0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mini-css-extract-plugin/-/mini-css-extract-plugin-0.5.0.tgz#ac0059b02b9692515a637115b0cc9fed3a35c7b0"
+  integrity sha512-IuaLjruM0vMKhUUT51fQdQzBYTX49dLj8w68ALEAe2A4iYNpIC4eMac67mt3NzycvjOlf07/kYxJDc0RTl1Wqw==
+  dependencies:
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.1.0"
+
+minimalistic-assert@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimalistic-assert/-/minimalistic-assert-1.0.0.tgz#702be2dda6b37f4836bcb3f5db56641b64a1d3d3"
+  integrity sha1-cCvi3aazf0g2vLP121ZkG2Sh09M=
+
+minimalistic-crypto-utils@^1.0.0, minimalistic-crypto-utils@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimalistic-crypto-utils/-/minimalistic-crypto-utils-1.0.1.tgz#f6c00c1c0b082246e5c4d99dfb8c7c083b2b582a"
+  integrity sha1-9sAMHAsIIkblxNmd+4x8CDsrWCo=
+
+"minimatch@2 || 3", minimatch@^3.0.0, minimatch@^3.0.2, minimatch@^3.0.4, minimatch@~3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimatch/-/minimatch-3.0.4.tgz#5166e286457f03306064be5497e8dbb0c3d32083"
+  integrity sha512-yJHVQEhyqPLUTgt9B83PXu6W3rx4MvvHvSUvToogpwoGDOUQ+yDrR0HRot+yOCdCO7u4hX3pWft6kWBBcqh0UA==
+  dependencies:
+    brace-expansion "^1.1.7"
+
+minimist@0.0.8:
+  version "0.0.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimist/-/minimist-0.0.8.tgz#857fcabfc3397d2625b8228262e86aa7a011b05d"
+  integrity sha1-hX/Kv8M5fSYluCKCYuhqp6ARsF0=
+
+minimist@^1.1.3, minimist@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimist/-/minimist-1.2.0.tgz#a35008b20f41383eec1fb914f4cd5df79a264284"
+  integrity sha1-o1AIsg9BOD7sH7kU9M1d95omQoQ=
+
+minipass@^2.2.1, minipass@^2.3.4:
+  version "2.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minipass/-/minipass-2.3.5.tgz#cacebe492022497f656b0f0f51e2682a9ed2d848"
+  integrity sha512-Gi1W4k059gyRbyVUZQ4mEqLm0YIUiGYfvxhF6SIlk3ui1WVxMTGfGdQ2SInh3PDrRTVvPKgULkpJtT4RH10+VA==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    yallist "^3.0.0"
+
+minizlib@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minizlib/-/minizlib-1.2.1.tgz#dd27ea6136243c7c880684e8672bb3a45fd9b614"
+  integrity sha512-7+4oTUOWKg7AuL3vloEWekXY2/D20cevzsrNT2kGWm+39J9hGTCBv8VI5Pm5lXZ/o3/mdR4f8rflAPhnQb8mPA==
+  dependencies:
+    minipass "^2.2.1"
+
+mississippi@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mississippi/-/mississippi-3.0.0.tgz#ea0a3291f97e0b5e8776b363d5f0a12d94c67022"
+  integrity sha512-x471SsVjUtBRtcvd4BzKE9kFC+/2TeWgKCgw0bZcw1b9l2X3QX5vCWgF+KaZaYm87Ss//rHnWryupDrgLvmSkA==
+  dependencies:
+    concat-stream "^1.5.0"
+    duplexify "^3.4.2"
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    flush-write-stream "^1.0.0"
+    from2 "^2.1.0"
+    parallel-transform "^1.1.0"
+    pump "^3.0.0"
+    pumpify "^1.3.3"
+    stream-each "^1.1.0"
+    through2 "^2.0.0"
+
+mixin-deep@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mixin-deep/-/mixin-deep-1.3.1.tgz#a49e7268dce1a0d9698e45326c5626df3543d0fe"
+  integrity sha512-8ZItLHeEgaqEvd5lYBXfm4EZSFCX29Jb9K+lAHhDKzReKBQKj3R+7NOF6tjqYi9t4oI8VUfaWITJQm86wnXGNQ==
+  dependencies:
+    for-in "^1.0.2"
+    is-extendable "^1.0.1"
+
+mixin-object@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mixin-object/-/mixin-object-2.0.1.tgz#4fb949441dab182540f1fe035ba60e1947a5e57e"
+  integrity sha1-T7lJRB2rGCVA8f4DW6YOGUel5X4=
+  dependencies:
+    for-in "^0.1.3"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+
+mkdirp@0.5.x, "mkdirp@>=0.5 0", mkdirp@^0.5, mkdirp@^0.5.0, mkdirp@^0.5.1, mkdirp@~0.5.0, mkdirp@~0.5.1:
+  version "0.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mkdirp/-/mkdirp-0.5.1.tgz#30057438eac6cf7f8c4767f38648d6697d75c903"
+  integrity sha1-MAV0OOrGz3+MR2fzhkjWaX11yQM=
+  dependencies:
+    minimist "0.0.8"
+
+move-concurrently@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/move-concurrently/-/move-concurrently-1.0.1.tgz#be2c005fda32e0b29af1f05d7c4b33214c701f92"
+  integrity sha1-viwAX9oy4LKa8fBdfEszIUxwH5I=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+    copy-concurrently "^1.0.0"
+    fs-write-stream-atomic "^1.0.8"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    rimraf "^2.5.4"
+    run-queue "^1.0.3"
+
+ms@2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ms/-/ms-2.0.0.tgz#5608aeadfc00be6c2901df5f9861788de0d597c8"
+  integrity sha1-VgiurfwAvmwpAd9fmGF4jeDVl8g=
+
+ms@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ms/-/ms-2.1.1.tgz#30a5864eb3ebb0a66f2ebe6d727af06a09d86e0a"
+  integrity sha512-tgp+dl5cGk28utYktBsrFqA7HKgrhgPsg6Z/EfhWI4gl1Hwq8B/GmY/0oXZ6nF8hDVesS/FpnYaD/kOWhYQvyg==
+
+multicast-dns-service-types@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/multicast-dns-service-types/-/multicast-dns-service-types-1.1.0.tgz#899f11d9686e5e05cb91b35d5f0e63b773cfc901"
+  integrity sha1-iZ8R2WhuXgXLkbNdXw5jt3PPyQE=
+
+multicast-dns@^6.0.1:
+  version "6.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/multicast-dns/-/multicast-dns-6.2.3.tgz#a0ec7bd9055c4282f790c3c82f4e28db3b31b229"
+  integrity sha512-ji6J5enbMyGRHIAkAOu3WdV8nggqviKCEKtXcOqfphZZtQrmHKycfynJ2V7eVPUA4NhJ6V7Wf4TmGbTwKE9B6g==
+  dependencies:
+    dns-packet "^1.3.1"
+    thunky "^1.0.2"
+
+nan@^2.10.0, nan@^2.9.2:
+  version "2.12.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nan/-/nan-2.12.1.tgz#7b1aa193e9aa86057e3c7bbd0ac448e770925552"
+  integrity sha512-JY7V6lRkStKcKTvHO5NVSQRv+RV+FIL5pvDoLiAtSL9pKlC5x9PKQcZDsq7m4FO4d57mkhC6Z+QhAh3Jdk5JFw==
+
+nan@^2.3.0:
+  version "2.8.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nan/-/nan-2.8.0.tgz#ed715f3fe9de02b57a5e6252d90a96675e1f085a"
+  integrity sha1-7XFfP+neArV6XmJS2QqWZ14fCFo=
+
+nanomatch@^1.2.5:
+  version "1.2.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nanomatch/-/nanomatch-1.2.7.tgz#53cd4aa109ff68b7f869591fdc9d10daeeea3e79"
+  integrity sha512-/5ldsnyurvEw7wNpxLFgjVvBLMta43niEYOy0CJ4ntcYSbx6bugRUTQeFb4BR/WanEL1o3aQgHuVLHQaB6tOqg==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^4.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    is-odd "^1.0.0"
+    kind-of "^5.0.2"
+    object.pick "^1.3.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+nanomatch@^1.2.9:
+  version "1.2.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nanomatch/-/nanomatch-1.2.13.tgz#b87a8aa4fc0de8fe6be88895b38983ff265bd119"
+  integrity sha512-fpoe2T0RbHwBTBUOftAfBPaDEi06ufaUai0mE6Yn1kacc3SnTErfb/h+X94VXzI64rKFHYImXSvdwGGCmwOqCA==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^4.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    is-windows "^1.0.2"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+    object.pick "^1.3.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+needle@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/needle/-/needle-2.2.4.tgz#51931bff82533b1928b7d1d69e01f1b00ffd2a4e"
+  integrity sha512-HyoqEb4wr/rsoaIDfTH2aVL9nWtQqba2/HvMv+++m8u0dz808MaagKILxtfeSN7QU7nvbQ79zk3vYOJp9zsNEA==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^2.1.2"
+    iconv-lite "^0.4.4"
+    sax "^1.2.4"
+
+negotiator@0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/negotiator/-/negotiator-0.6.1.tgz#2b327184e8992101177b28563fb5e7102acd0ca9"
+  integrity sha1-KzJxhOiZIQEXeyhWP7XnECrNDKk=
+
+neo-async@^2.5.0:
+  version "2.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/neo-async/-/neo-async-2.6.0.tgz#b9d15e4d71c6762908654b5183ed38b753340835"
+  integrity sha512-MFh0d/Wa7vkKO3Y3LlacqAEeHK0mckVqzDieUKTT+KGxi+zIpeVsFxymkIiRpbpDziHc290Xr9A1O4Om7otoRA==
+
+nice-try@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nice-try/-/nice-try-1.0.5.tgz#a3378a7696ce7d223e88fc9b764bd7ef1089e366"
+  integrity sha512-1nh45deeb5olNY7eX82BkPO7SSxR5SSYJiPTrTdFUVYwAl8CKMA5N9PjTYkHiRjisVcxcQ1HXdLhx2qxxJzLNQ==
+
+node-forge@0.7.1:
+  version "0.7.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-forge/-/node-forge-0.7.1.tgz#9da611ea08982f4b94206b3beb4cc9665f20c300"
+  integrity sha1-naYR6giYL0uUIGs760zJZl8gwwA=
+
+node-gyp@^3.8.0:
+  version "3.8.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-gyp/-/node-gyp-3.8.0.tgz#540304261c330e80d0d5edce253a68cb3964218c"
+  integrity sha512-3g8lYefrRRzvGeSowdJKAKyks8oUpLEd/DyPV4eMhVlhJ0aNaZqIrNUIPuEWWTAoPqyFkfGrM67MC69baqn6vA==
+  dependencies:
+    fstream "^1.0.0"
+    glob "^7.0.3"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.0"
+    nopt "2 || 3"
+    npmlog "0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4"
+    osenv "0"
+    request "^2.87.0"
+    rimraf "2"
+    semver "~5.3.0"
+    tar "^2.0.0"
+    which "1"
+
+node-libs-browser@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-libs-browser/-/node-libs-browser-2.1.0.tgz#5f94263d404f6e44767d726901fff05478d600df"
+  integrity sha512-5AzFzdoIMb89hBGMZglEegffzgRg+ZFoUmisQ8HI4j1KDdpx13J0taNp2y9xPbur6W61gepGDDotGBVQ7mfUCg==
+  dependencies:
+    assert "^1.1.1"
+    browserify-zlib "^0.2.0"
+    buffer "^4.3.0"
+    console-browserify "^1.1.0"
+    constants-browserify "^1.0.0"
+    crypto-browserify "^3.11.0"
+    domain-browser "^1.1.1"
+    events "^1.0.0"
+    https-browserify "^1.0.0"
+    os-browserify "^0.3.0"
+    path-browserify "0.0.0"
+    process "^0.11.10"
+    punycode "^1.2.4"
+    querystring-es3 "^0.2.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.3"
+    stream-browserify "^2.0.1"
+    stream-http "^2.7.2"
+    string_decoder "^1.0.0"
+    timers-browserify "^2.0.4"
+    tty-browserify "0.0.0"
+    url "^0.11.0"
+    util "^0.10.3"
+    vm-browserify "0.0.4"
+
+node-pre-gyp@^0.10.0:
+  version "0.10.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-pre-gyp/-/node-pre-gyp-0.10.3.tgz#3070040716afdc778747b61b6887bf78880b80fc"
+  integrity sha512-d1xFs+C/IPS8Id0qPTZ4bUT8wWryfR/OzzAFxweG+uLN85oPzyo2Iw6bVlLQ/JOdgNonXLCoRyqDzDWq4iw72A==
+  dependencies:
+    detect-libc "^1.0.2"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    needle "^2.2.1"
+    nopt "^4.0.1"
+    npm-packlist "^1.1.6"
+    npmlog "^4.0.2"
+    rc "^1.2.7"
+    rimraf "^2.6.1"
+    semver "^5.3.0"
+    tar "^4"
+
+node-pre-gyp@^0.6.39:
+  version "0.6.39"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-pre-gyp/-/node-pre-gyp-0.6.39.tgz#c00e96860b23c0e1420ac7befc5044e1d78d8649"
+  integrity sha512-OsJV74qxnvz/AMGgcfZoDaeDXKD3oY3QVIbBmwszTFkRisTSXbMQyn4UWzUMOtA5SVhrBZOTp0wcoSBgfMfMmQ==
+  dependencies:
+    detect-libc "^1.0.2"
+    hawk "3.1.3"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    nopt "^4.0.1"
+    npmlog "^4.0.2"
+    rc "^1.1.7"
+    request "2.81.0"
+    rimraf "^2.6.1"
+    semver "^5.3.0"
+    tar "^2.2.1"
+    tar-pack "^3.4.0"
+
+node-releases@^1.1.8:
+  version "1.1.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-releases/-/node-releases-1.1.9.tgz#70d0985ec4bf7de9f08fc481f5dae111889ca482"
+  integrity sha512-oic3GT4OtbWWKfRolz5Syw0Xus0KRFxeorLNj0s93ofX6PWyuzKjsiGxsCtWktBwwmTF6DdRRf2KreGqeOk5KA==
+  dependencies:
+    semver "^5.3.0"
+
+node-sass@^4.11.0:
+  version "4.11.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-sass/-/node-sass-4.11.0.tgz#183faec398e9cbe93ba43362e2768ca988a6369a"
+  integrity sha512-bHUdHTphgQJZaF1LASx0kAviPH7sGlcyNhWade4eVIpFp6tsn7SV8xNMTbsQFpEV9VXpnwTTnNYlfsZXgGgmkA==
+  dependencies:
+    async-foreach "^0.1.3"
+    chalk "^1.1.1"
+    cross-spawn "^3.0.0"
+    gaze "^1.0.0"
+    get-stdin "^4.0.1"
+    glob "^7.0.3"
+    in-publish "^2.0.0"
+    lodash.assign "^4.2.0"
+    lodash.clonedeep "^4.3.2"
+    lodash.mergewith "^4.6.0"
+    meow "^3.7.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    nan "^2.10.0"
+    node-gyp "^3.8.0"
+    npmlog "^4.0.0"
+    request "^2.88.0"
+    sass-graph "^2.2.4"
+    stdout-stream "^1.4.0"
+    "true-case-path" "^1.0.2"
+
+"nopt@2 || 3":
+  version "3.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nopt/-/nopt-3.0.6.tgz#c6465dbf08abcd4db359317f79ac68a646b28ff9"
+  integrity sha1-xkZdvwirzU2zWTF/eaxopkayj/k=
+  dependencies:
+    abbrev "1"
+
+nopt@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nopt/-/nopt-4.0.1.tgz#d0d4685afd5415193c8c7505602d0d17cd64474d"
+  integrity sha1-0NRoWv1UFRk8jHUFYC0NF81kR00=
+  dependencies:
+    abbrev "1"
+    osenv "^0.1.4"
+
+normalize-package-data@^2.3.2, normalize-package-data@^2.3.4:
+  version "2.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-package-data/-/normalize-package-data-2.4.0.tgz#12f95a307d58352075a04907b84ac8be98ac012f"
+  integrity sha512-9jjUFbTPfEy3R/ad/2oNbKtW9Hgovl5O1FvFWKkKblNXoN/Oou6+9+KKohPK13Yc3/TyunyWhJp6gvRNR/PPAw==
+  dependencies:
+    hosted-git-info "^2.1.4"
+    is-builtin-module "^1.0.0"
+    semver "2 || 3 || 4 || 5"
+    validate-npm-package-license "^3.0.1"
+
+normalize-path@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-path/-/normalize-path-2.1.1.tgz#1ab28b556e198363a8c1a6f7e6fa20137fe6aed9"
+  integrity sha1-GrKLVW4Zg2Oowab35vogE3/mrtk=
+  dependencies:
+    remove-trailing-separator "^1.0.1"
+
+normalize-path@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-path/-/normalize-path-3.0.0.tgz#0dcd69ff23a1c9b11fd0978316644a0388216a65"
+  integrity sha512-6eZs5Ls3WtCisHWp9S2GUy8dqkpGi4BVSz3GaqiE6ezub0512ESztXUwUB6C6IKbQkY2Pnb/mD4WYojCRwcwLA==
+
+normalize-range@^0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-range/-/normalize-range-0.1.2.tgz#2d10c06bdfd312ea9777695a4d28439456b75942"
+  integrity sha1-LRDAa9/TEuqXd2laTShDlFa3WUI=
+
+normalize-url@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-url/-/normalize-url-3.3.0.tgz#b2e1c4dc4f7c6d57743df733a4f5978d18650559"
+  integrity sha512-U+JJi7duF1o+u2pynbp2zXDW2/PADgC30f0GsHZtRh+HOcXHnw137TrNlyxxRvWW5fjKd3bcLHPxofWuCjaeZg==
+
+npm-bundled@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-bundled/-/npm-bundled-1.0.6.tgz#e7ba9aadcef962bb61248f91721cd932b3fe6bdd"
+  integrity sha512-8/JCaftHwbd//k6y2rEWp6k1wxVfpFzB6t1p825+cUb7Ym2XQfhwIC5KwhrvzZRJu+LtDE585zVaS32+CGtf0g==
+
+npm-packlist@^1.1.6:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-packlist/-/npm-packlist-1.4.1.tgz#19064cdf988da80ea3cee45533879d90192bbfbc"
+  integrity sha512-+TcdO7HJJ8peiiYhvPxsEDhF3PJFGUGRcFsGve3vxvxdcpO2Z4Z7rkosRM0kWj6LfbK/P0gu3dzk5RU1ffvFcw==
+  dependencies:
+    ignore-walk "^3.0.1"
+    npm-bundled "^1.0.1"
+
+npm-run-path@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-run-path/-/npm-run-path-2.0.2.tgz#35a9232dfa35d7067b4cb2ddf2357b1871536c5f"
+  integrity sha1-NakjLfo11wZ7TLLd8jV7GHFTbF8=
+  dependencies:
+    path-key "^2.0.0"
+
+"npmlog@0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4", npmlog@^4.0.0, npmlog@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npmlog/-/npmlog-4.1.2.tgz#08a7f2a8bf734604779a9efa4ad5cc717abb954b"
+  integrity sha512-2uUqazuKlTaSI/dC8AzicUck7+IrEaOnN/e0jd3Xtt1KcGpwx30v50mL7oPyr/h9bL3E4aZccVwpwP+5W9Vjkg==
+  dependencies:
+    are-we-there-yet "~1.1.2"
+    console-control-strings "~1.1.0"
+    gauge "~2.7.3"
+    set-blocking "~2.0.0"
+
+nth-check@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nth-check/-/nth-check-1.0.2.tgz#b2bd295c37e3dd58a3bf0700376663ba4d9cf05c"
+  integrity sha512-WeBOdju8SnzPN5vTUJYxYUxLeXpCaVP5i5e0LF8fg7WORF2Wd7wFX/pk0tYZk7s8T+J7VLy0Da6J1+wCT0AtHg==
+  dependencies:
+    boolbase "~1.0.0"
+
+num2fraction@^1.2.2:
+  version "1.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/num2fraction/-/num2fraction-1.2.2.tgz#6f682b6a027a4e9ddfa4564cd2589d1d4e669ede"
+  integrity sha1-b2gragJ6Tp3fpFZM0lidHU5mnt4=
+
+number-is-nan@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/number-is-nan/-/number-is-nan-1.0.1.tgz#097b602b53422a522c1afb8790318336941a011d"
+  integrity sha1-CXtgK1NCKlIsGvuHkDGDNpQaAR0=
+
+oauth-sign@~0.8.1:
+  version "0.8.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/oauth-sign/-/oauth-sign-0.8.2.tgz#46a6ab7f0aead8deae9ec0565780b7d4efeb9d43"
+  integrity sha1-Rqarfwrq2N6unsBWV4C31O/rnUM=
+
+oauth-sign@~0.9.0:
+  version "0.9.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/oauth-sign/-/oauth-sign-0.9.0.tgz#47a7b016baa68b5fa0ecf3dee08a85c679ac6455"
+  integrity sha512-fexhUFFPTGV8ybAtSIGbV6gOkSv8UtRbDBnAyLQw4QPKkgNlsH2ByPGtMUqdWkos6YCRmAqViwgZrJc/mRDzZQ==
+
+object-assign@^4.0.1, object-assign@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-assign/-/object-assign-4.1.1.tgz#2109adc7965887cfc05cbbd442cac8bfbb360863"
+  integrity sha1-IQmtx5ZYh8/AXLvUQsrIv7s2CGM=
+
+object-copy@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-copy/-/object-copy-0.1.0.tgz#7e7d858b781bd7c991a41ba975ed3812754e998c"
+  integrity sha1-fn2Fi3gb18mRpBupde04EnVOmYw=
+  dependencies:
+    copy-descriptor "^0.1.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    kind-of "^3.0.3"
+
+object-keys@^1.0.11, object-keys@^1.0.12:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-keys/-/object-keys-1.1.0.tgz#11bd22348dd2e096a045ab06f6c85bcc340fa032"
+  integrity sha512-6OO5X1+2tYkNyNEx6TsCxEqFfRWaqx6EtMiSbGrw8Ob8v9Ne+Hl8rBAgLBZn5wjEz3s/s6U1WXFUFOcxxAwUpg==
+
+object-keys@^1.0.8:
+  version "1.0.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-keys/-/object-keys-1.0.11.tgz#c54601778ad560f1142ce0e01bcca8b56d13426d"
+  integrity sha1-xUYBd4rVYPEULODgG8yotW0TQm0=
+
+object-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-visit/-/object-visit-1.0.1.tgz#f79c4493af0c5377b59fe39d395e41042dd045bb"
+  integrity sha1-95xEk68MU3e1n+OdOV5BBC3QRbs=
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+object.assign@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.assign/-/object.assign-4.1.0.tgz#968bf1100d7956bb3ca086f006f846b3bc4008da"
+  integrity sha512-exHJeq6kBKj58mqGyTQ9DFvrZC/eR6OwxzoM9YRoGBqrXYonaFyGiFMuc9VZrXf7DarreEwMpurG3dd+CNyW5w==
+  dependencies:
+    define-properties "^1.1.2"
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+    has-symbols "^1.0.0"
+    object-keys "^1.0.11"
+
+object.getownpropertydescriptors@^2.0.3:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.getownpropertydescriptors/-/object.getownpropertydescriptors-2.0.3.tgz#8758c846f5b407adab0f236e0986f14b051caa16"
+  integrity sha1-h1jIRvW0B62rDyNuCYbxSwUcqhY=
+  dependencies:
+    define-properties "^1.1.2"
+    es-abstract "^1.5.1"
+
+object.pick@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.pick/-/object.pick-1.3.0.tgz#87a10ac4c1694bd2e1cbf53591a66141fb5dd747"
+  integrity sha1-h6EKxMFpS9Lhy/U1kaZhQftd10c=
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+object.values@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.values/-/object.values-1.1.0.tgz#bf6810ef5da3e5325790eaaa2be213ea84624da9"
+  integrity sha512-8mf0nKLAoFX6VlNVdhGj31SVYpaNFtUnuoOXWyFEstsWRgU837AK+JYM0iAxwkSzGRbwn8cbFmgbyxj1j4VbXg==
+  dependencies:
+    define-properties "^1.1.3"
+    es-abstract "^1.12.0"
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+    has "^1.0.3"
+
+obuf@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/obuf/-/obuf-1.1.1.tgz#104124b6c602c6796881a042541d36db43a5264e"
+  integrity sha1-EEEktsYCxnlogaBCVB0220OlJk4=
+
+obuf@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/obuf/-/obuf-1.1.2.tgz#09bea3343d41859ebd446292d11c9d4db619084e"
+  integrity sha512-PX1wu0AmAdPqOL1mWhqmlOd8kOIZQwGZw6rh7uby9fTc5lhaOWFLX3I6R1hrF9k3zUY40e6igsLGkDXK92LJNg==
+
+on-finished@~2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/on-finished/-/on-finished-2.3.0.tgz#20f1336481b083cd75337992a16971aa2d906947"
+  integrity sha1-IPEzZIGwg811M3mSoWlxqi2QaUc=
+  dependencies:
+    ee-first "1.1.1"
+
+on-headers@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/on-headers/-/on-headers-1.0.1.tgz#928f5d0f470d49342651ea6794b0857c100693f7"
+  integrity sha1-ko9dD0cNSTQmUepnlLCFfBAGk/c=
+
+once@^1.3.0, once@^1.3.1, once@^1.3.3, once@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/once/-/once-1.4.0.tgz#583b1aa775961d4b113ac17d9c50baef9dd76bd1"
+  integrity sha1-WDsap3WWHUsROsF9nFC6753Xa9E=
+  dependencies:
+    wrappy "1"
+
+opn@^5.1.0:
+  version "5.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/opn/-/opn-5.2.0.tgz#71fdf934d6827d676cecbea1531f95d354641225"
+  integrity sha512-Jd/GpzPyHF4P2/aNOVmS3lfMSWV9J7cOhCG1s08XCEAsPkB7lp6ddiU0J7XzyQRDUh8BqJ7PchfINjR8jyofRQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-wsl "^1.1.0"
+
+optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin@^5.0.1:
+  version "5.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin/-/optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin-5.0.1.tgz#9eb500711d35165b45e7fd60ba2df40cb3eb9159"
+  integrity sha512-Rqm6sSjWtx9FchdP0uzTQDc7GXDKnwVEGoSxjezPkzMewx7gEWE9IMUYKmigTRC4U3RaNSwYVnUDLuIdtTpm0A==
+  dependencies:
+    cssnano "^4.1.0"
+    last-call-webpack-plugin "^3.0.0"
+
+original@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/original/-/original-1.0.2.tgz#e442a61cffe1c5fd20a65f3261c26663b303f25f"
+  integrity sha512-hyBVl6iqqUOJ8FqRe+l/gS8H+kKYjrEndd5Pm1MfBtsEKA038HkkdbAl/72EAXGyonD/PFsvmVG+EvcIpliMBg==
+  dependencies:
+    url-parse "^1.4.3"
+
+os-browserify@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-browserify/-/os-browserify-0.3.0.tgz#854373c7f5c2315914fc9bfc6bd8238fdda1ec27"
+  integrity sha1-hUNzx/XCMVkU/Jv8a9gjj92h7Cc=
+
+os-homedir@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-homedir/-/os-homedir-1.0.2.tgz#ffbc4988336e0e833de0c168c7ef152121aa7fb3"
+  integrity sha1-/7xJiDNuDoM94MFox+8VISGqf7M=
+
+os-locale@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-locale/-/os-locale-1.4.0.tgz#20f9f17ae29ed345e8bde583b13d2009803c14d9"
+  integrity sha1-IPnxeuKe00XoveWDsT0gCYA8FNk=
+  dependencies:
+    lcid "^1.0.0"
+
+os-locale@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-locale/-/os-locale-3.1.0.tgz#a802a6ee17f24c10483ab9935719cef4ed16bf1a"
+  integrity sha512-Z8l3R4wYWM40/52Z+S265okfFj8Kt2cC2MKY+xNi3kFs+XGI7WXu/I309QQQYbRW4ijiZ+yxs9pqEhJh0DqW3Q==
+  dependencies:
+    execa "^1.0.0"
+    lcid "^2.0.0"
+    mem "^4.0.0"
+
+os-tmpdir@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-tmpdir/-/os-tmpdir-1.0.2.tgz#bbe67406c79aa85c5cfec766fe5734555dfa1274"
+  integrity sha1-u+Z0BseaqFxc/sdm/lc0VV36EnQ=
+
+osenv@0, osenv@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/osenv/-/osenv-0.1.4.tgz#42fe6d5953df06c8064be6f176c3d05aaaa34644"
+  integrity sha1-Qv5tWVPfBsgGS+bxdsPQWqqjRkQ=
+  dependencies:
+    os-homedir "^1.0.0"
+    os-tmpdir "^1.0.0"
+
+p-defer@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-defer/-/p-defer-1.0.0.tgz#9f6eb182f6c9aa8cd743004a7d4f96b196b0fb0c"
+  integrity sha1-n26xgvbJqozXQwBKfU+WsZaw+ww=
+
+p-finally@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-finally/-/p-finally-1.0.0.tgz#3fbcfb15b899a44123b34b6dcc18b724336a2cae"
+  integrity sha1-P7z7FbiZpEEjs0ttzBi3JDNqLK4=
+
+p-is-promise@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-is-promise/-/p-is-promise-2.0.0.tgz#7554e3d572109a87e1f3f53f6a7d85d1b194f4c5"
+  integrity sha512-pzQPhYMCAgLAKPWD2jC3Se9fEfrD9npNos0y150EeqZll7akhEgGhTW/slB6lHku8AvYGiJ+YJ5hfHKePPgFWg==
+
+p-limit@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-limit/-/p-limit-2.2.0.tgz#417c9941e6027a9abcba5092dd2904e255b5fbc2"
+  integrity sha512-pZbTJpoUsCzV48Mc9Nh51VbwO0X9cuPFE8gYwx9BTCt9SF8/b7Zljd2fVgOxhIF/HDTKgpVzs+GPhyKfjLLFRQ==
+  dependencies:
+    p-try "^2.0.0"
+
+p-locate@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-locate/-/p-locate-3.0.0.tgz#322d69a05c0264b25997d9f40cd8a891ab0064a4"
+  integrity sha512-x+12w/To+4GFfgJhBEpiDcLozRJGegY+Ei7/z0tSLkMmxGZNybVMSfWj9aJn8Z5Fc7dBUNJOOVgPv2H7IwulSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    p-limit "^2.0.0"
+
+p-map@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-map/-/p-map-1.2.0.tgz#e4e94f311eabbc8633a1e79908165fca26241b6b"
+  integrity sha512-r6zKACMNhjPJMTl8KcFH4li//gkrXWfbD6feV8l6doRHlzljFWGJ2AP6iKaCJXyZmAUMOPtvbW7EXkbWO/pLEA==
+
+p-try@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-try/-/p-try-2.0.0.tgz#85080bb87c64688fa47996fe8f7dfbe8211760b1"
+  integrity sha512-hMp0onDKIajHfIkdRk3P4CdCmErkYAxxDtP3Wx/4nZ3aGlau2VKh3mZpcuFkH27WQkL/3WBCPOktzA9ZOAnMQQ==
+
+pako@~1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pako/-/pako-1.0.6.tgz#0101211baa70c4bca4a0f63f2206e97b7dfaf258"
+  integrity sha512-lQe48YPsMJAig+yngZ87Lus+NF+3mtu7DVOBu6b/gHO1YpKwIj5AWjZ/TOS7i46HD/UixzWb1zeWDZfGZ3iYcg==
+
+parallel-transform@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parallel-transform/-/parallel-transform-1.1.0.tgz#d410f065b05da23081fcd10f28854c29bda33b06"
+  integrity sha1-1BDwZbBdojCB/NEPKIVMKb2jOwY=
+  dependencies:
+    cyclist "~0.2.2"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.1.5"
+
+parse-asn1@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-asn1/-/parse-asn1-5.1.0.tgz#37c4f9b7ed3ab65c74817b5f2480937fbf97c712"
+  integrity sha1-N8T5t+06tlx0gXtfJICTf7+XxxI=
+  dependencies:
+    asn1.js "^4.0.0"
+    browserify-aes "^1.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.0"
+    pbkdf2 "^3.0.3"
+
+parse-json@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-json/-/parse-json-2.2.0.tgz#f480f40434ef80741f8469099f8dea18f55a4dc9"
+  integrity sha1-9ID0BDTvgHQfhGkJn43qGPVaTck=
+  dependencies:
+    error-ex "^1.2.0"
+
+parse-json@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-json/-/parse-json-4.0.0.tgz#be35f5425be1f7f6c747184f98a788cb99477ee0"
+  integrity sha1-vjX1Qlvh9/bHRxhPmKeIy5lHfuA=
+  dependencies:
+    error-ex "^1.3.1"
+    json-parse-better-errors "^1.0.1"
+
+parse-passwd@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-passwd/-/parse-passwd-1.0.0.tgz#6d5b934a456993b23d37f40a382d6f1666a8e5c6"
+  integrity sha1-bVuTSkVpk7I9N/QKOC1vFmao5cY=
+
+parseurl@~1.3.2:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parseurl/-/parseurl-1.3.2.tgz#fc289d4ed8993119460c156253262cdc8de65bf3"
+  integrity sha1-/CidTtiZMRlGDBViUyYs3I3mW/M=
+
+pascalcase@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pascalcase/-/pascalcase-0.1.1.tgz#b363e55e8006ca6fe21784d2db22bd15d7917f14"
+  integrity sha1-s2PlXoAGym/iF4TS2yK9FdeRfxQ=
+
+path-browserify@0.0.0:
+  version "0.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-browserify/-/path-browserify-0.0.0.tgz#a0b870729aae214005b7d5032ec2cbbb0fb4451a"
+  integrity sha1-oLhwcpquIUAFt9UDLsLLuw+0RRo=
+
+path-complete-extname@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-complete-extname/-/path-complete-extname-1.0.0.tgz#f889985dc91000c815515c0bfed06c5acda0752b"
+  integrity sha512-CVjiWcMRdGU8ubs08YQVzhutOR5DEfO97ipRIlOGMK5Bek5nQySknBpuxVAVJ36hseTNs+vdIcv57ZrWxH7zvg==
+
+path-dirname@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-dirname/-/path-dirname-1.0.2.tgz#cc33d24d525e099a5388c0336c6e32b9160609e0"
+  integrity sha1-zDPSTVJeCZpTiMAzbG4yuRYGCeA=
+
+path-exists@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-exists/-/path-exists-2.1.0.tgz#0feb6c64f0fc518d9a754dd5efb62c7022761f4b"
+  integrity sha1-D+tsZPD8UY2adU3V77YscCJ2H0s=
+  dependencies:
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+path-exists@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-exists/-/path-exists-3.0.0.tgz#ce0ebeaa5f78cb18925ea7d810d7b59b010fd515"
+  integrity sha1-zg6+ql94yxiSXqfYENe1mwEP1RU=
+
+path-is-absolute@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-is-absolute/-/path-is-absolute-1.0.1.tgz#174b9268735534ffbc7ace6bf53a5a9e1b5c5f5f"
+  integrity sha1-F0uSaHNVNP+8es5r9TpanhtcX18=
+
+path-is-inside@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-is-inside/-/path-is-inside-1.0.2.tgz#365417dede44430d1c11af61027facf074bdfc53"
+  integrity sha1-NlQX3t5EQw0cEa9hAn+s8HS9/FM=
+
+path-key@^2.0.0, path-key@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-key/-/path-key-2.0.1.tgz#411cadb574c5a140d3a4b1910d40d80cc9f40b40"
+  integrity sha1-QRyttXTFoUDTpLGRDUDYDMn0C0A=
+
+path-parse@^1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-parse/-/path-parse-1.0.5.tgz#3c1adf871ea9cd6c9431b6ea2bd74a0ff055c4c1"
+  integrity sha1-PBrfhx6pzWyUMbbqK9dKD/BVxME=
+
+path-parse@^1.0.6:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-parse/-/path-parse-1.0.6.tgz#d62dbb5679405d72c4737ec58600e9ddcf06d24c"
+  integrity sha512-GSmOT2EbHrINBf9SR7CDELwlJ8AENk3Qn7OikK4nFYAu3Ote2+JYNVvkpAEQm3/TLNEJFD/xZJjzyxg3KBWOzw==
+
+path-to-regexp@0.1.7:
+  version "0.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-to-regexp/-/path-to-regexp-0.1.7.tgz#df604178005f522f15eb4490e7247a1bfaa67f8c"
+  integrity sha1-32BBeABfUi8V60SQ5yR6G/qmf4w=
+
+path-type@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-type/-/path-type-1.1.0.tgz#59c44f7ee491da704da415da5a4070ba4f8fe441"
+  integrity sha1-WcRPfuSR2nBNpBXaWkBwuk+P5EE=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    pify "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+pbkdf2@^3.0.3:
+  version "3.0.14"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pbkdf2/-/pbkdf2-3.0.14.tgz#a35e13c64799b06ce15320f459c230e68e73bade"
+  integrity sha512-gjsZW9O34fm0R7PaLHRJmLLVfSoesxztjPjE9o6R+qtVJij90ltg1joIovN9GKrRW3t1PzhDDG3UMEMFfZ+1wA==
+  dependencies:
+    create-hash "^1.1.2"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.4"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+    sha.js "^2.4.8"
+
+performance-now@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/performance-now/-/performance-now-0.2.0.tgz#33ef30c5c77d4ea21c5a53869d91b56d8f2555e5"
+  integrity sha1-M+8wxcd9TqIcWlOGnZG1bY8lVeU=
+
+performance-now@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/performance-now/-/performance-now-2.1.0.tgz#6309f4e0e5fa913ec1c69307ae364b4b377c9e7b"
+  integrity sha1-Ywn04OX6kT7BxpMHrjZLSzd8nns=
+
+pify@^2.0.0, pify@^2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pify/-/pify-2.3.0.tgz#ed141a6ac043a849ea588498e7dca8b15330e90c"
+  integrity sha1-7RQaasBDqEnqWISY59yosVMw6Qw=
+
+pify@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pify/-/pify-3.0.0.tgz#e5a4acd2c101fdf3d9a4d07f0dbc4db49dd28176"
+  integrity sha1-5aSs0sEB/fPZpNB/DbxNtJ3SgXY=
+
+pinkie-promise@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pinkie-promise/-/pinkie-promise-2.0.1.tgz#2135d6dfa7a358c069ac9b178776288228450ffa"
+  integrity sha1-ITXW36ejWMBprJsXh3YogihFD/o=
+  dependencies:
+    pinkie "^2.0.0"
+
+pinkie@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pinkie/-/pinkie-2.0.4.tgz#72556b80cfa0d48a974e80e77248e80ed4f7f870"
+  integrity sha1-clVrgM+g1IqXToDnckjoDtT3+HA=
+
+pkg-dir@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pkg-dir/-/pkg-dir-3.0.0.tgz#2749020f239ed990881b1f71210d51eb6523bea3"
+  integrity sha512-/E57AYkoeQ25qkxMj5PBOVgF8Kiu/h7cYS30Z5+R7WaiCCBfLq58ZI/dSeaEKb9WVJV5n/03QwrN3IeWIFllvw==
+  dependencies:
+    find-up "^3.0.0"
+
+pnp-webpack-plugin@^1.3.1:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pnp-webpack-plugin/-/pnp-webpack-plugin-1.4.1.tgz#e8f8c683b496a71c0d200e664c4bb399a9c9585e"
+  integrity sha512-S4kz+5rvWvD0w1O63eTJeXIxW4JHK0wPRMO7GmPhbZXJnTePcfrWZlni4BoglIf7pLSY18xtqo3MSnVkoAFXKg==
+  dependencies:
+    ts-pnp "^1.0.0"
+
+portfinder@^1.0.9:
+  version "1.0.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/portfinder/-/portfinder-1.0.13.tgz#bb32ecd87c27104ae6ee44b5a3ccbf0ebb1aede9"
+  integrity sha1-uzLs2HwnEErm7kS1o8y/Drsa7ek=
+  dependencies:
+    async "^1.5.2"
+    debug "^2.2.0"
+    mkdirp "0.5.x"
+
+posix-character-classes@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/posix-character-classes/-/posix-character-classes-0.1.1.tgz#01eac0fe3b5af71a2a6c02feabb8c1fef7e00eab"
+  integrity sha1-AerA/jta9xoqbAL+q7jB/vfgDqs=
+
+postcss-attribute-case-insensitive@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-attribute-case-insensitive/-/postcss-attribute-case-insensitive-4.0.1.tgz#b2a721a0d279c2f9103a36331c88981526428cc7"
+  integrity sha512-L2YKB3vF4PetdTIthQVeT+7YiSzMoNMLLYxPXXppOOP7NoazEAy45sh2LvJ8leCQjfBcfkYQs8TtCcQjeZTp8A==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0"
+
+postcss-calc@^7.0.1:
+  version "7.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-calc/-/postcss-calc-7.0.1.tgz#36d77bab023b0ecbb9789d84dcb23c4941145436"
+  integrity sha512-oXqx0m6tb4N3JGdmeMSc/i91KppbYsFZKdH0xMOqK8V1rJlzrKlTdokz8ozUXLVejydRN6u2IddxpcijRj2FqQ==
+  dependencies:
+    css-unit-converter "^1.1.1"
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.4"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.3.1"
+
+postcss-color-functional-notation@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-functional-notation/-/postcss-color-functional-notation-2.0.1.tgz#5efd37a88fbabeb00a2966d1e53d98ced93f74e0"
+  integrity sha512-ZBARCypjEDofW4P6IdPVTLhDNXPRn8T2s1zHbZidW6rPaaZvcnCS2soYFIQJrMZSxiePJ2XIYTlcb2ztr/eT2g==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-color-gray@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-gray/-/postcss-color-gray-5.0.0.tgz#532a31eb909f8da898ceffe296fdc1f864be8547"
+  integrity sha512-q6BuRnAGKM/ZRpfDascZlIZPjvwsRye7UDNalqVz3s7GDxMtqPY6+Q871liNxsonUw8oC61OG+PSaysYpl1bnw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@csstools/convert-colors" "^1.4.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-color-hex-alpha@^5.0.2:
+  version "5.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-hex-alpha/-/postcss-color-hex-alpha-5.0.2.tgz#e9b1886bb038daed33f6394168c210b40bb4fdb6"
+  integrity sha512-8bIOzQMGdZVifoBQUJdw+yIY00omBd2EwkJXepQo9cjp1UOHHHoeRDeSzTP6vakEpaRc6GAIOfvcQR7jBYaG5Q==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-color-mod-function@^3.0.3:
+  version "3.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-mod-function/-/postcss-color-mod-function-3.0.3.tgz#816ba145ac11cc3cb6baa905a75a49f903e4d31d"
+  integrity sha512-YP4VG+xufxaVtzV6ZmhEtc+/aTXH3d0JLpnYfxqTvwZPbJhWqp8bSY3nfNzNRFLgB4XSaBA82OE4VjOOKpCdVQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@csstools/convert-colors" "^1.4.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-color-rebeccapurple@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-rebeccapurple/-/postcss-color-rebeccapurple-4.0.1.tgz#c7a89be872bb74e45b1e3022bfe5748823e6de77"
+  integrity sha512-aAe3OhkS6qJXBbqzvZth2Au4V3KieR5sRQ4ptb2b2O8wgvB3SJBsdG+jsn2BZbbwekDG8nTfcCNKcSfe/lEy8g==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-colormin@^4.0.3:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-colormin/-/postcss-colormin-4.0.3.tgz#ae060bce93ed794ac71264f08132d550956bd381"
+  integrity sha512-WyQFAdDZpExQh32j0U0feWisZ0dmOtPl44qYmJKkq9xFWY3p+4qnRzCHeNrkeRhwPHz9bQ3mo0/yVkaply0MNw==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    color "^3.0.0"
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-convert-values@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-convert-values/-/postcss-convert-values-4.0.1.tgz#ca3813ed4da0f812f9d43703584e449ebe189a7f"
+  integrity sha512-Kisdo1y77KUC0Jmn0OXU/COOJbzM8cImvw1ZFsBgBgMgb1iL23Zs/LXRe3r+EZqM3vGYKdQ2YJVQ5VkJI+zEJQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-custom-media@^7.0.7:
+  version "7.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-custom-media/-/postcss-custom-media-7.0.7.tgz#bbc698ed3089ded61aad0f5bfb1fb48bf6969e73"
+  integrity sha512-bWPCdZKdH60wKOTG4HKEgxWnZVjAIVNOJDvi3lkuTa90xo/K0YHa2ZnlKLC5e2qF8qCcMQXt0yzQITBp8d0OFA==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+
+postcss-custom-properties@^8.0.9:
+  version "8.0.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-custom-properties/-/postcss-custom-properties-8.0.9.tgz#8943870528a6eae4c8e8d285b6ccc9fd1f97e69c"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-custom-selectors@^5.1.2:
+  version "5.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-custom-selectors/-/postcss-custom-selectors-5.1.2.tgz#64858c6eb2ecff2fb41d0b28c9dd7b3db4de7fba"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.3"
+
+postcss-dir-pseudo-class@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-dir-pseudo-class/-/postcss-dir-pseudo-class-5.0.0.tgz#6e3a4177d0edb3abcc85fdb6fbb1c26dabaeaba2"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.3"
+
+postcss-discard-comments@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-discard-comments/-/postcss-discard-comments-4.0.2.tgz#1fbabd2c246bff6aaad7997b2b0918f4d7af4033"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-discard-duplicates@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-discard-duplicates/-/postcss-discard-duplicates-4.0.2.tgz#3fe133cd3c82282e550fc9b239176a9207b784eb"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-discard-empty@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-discard-empty/-/postcss-discard-empty-4.0.1.tgz#c8c951e9f73ed9428019458444a02ad90bb9f765"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-discard-overridden@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-discard-overridden/-/postcss-discard-overridden-4.0.1.tgz#652aef8a96726f029f5e3e00146ee7a4e755ff57"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-double-position-gradients@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-double-position-gradients/-/postcss-double-position-gradients-1.0.0.tgz#fc927d52fddc896cb3a2812ebc5df147e110522e"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-env-function@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-env-function/-/postcss-env-function-2.0.2.tgz#0f3e3d3c57f094a92c2baf4b6241f0b0da5365d7"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-flexbugs-fixes@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-flexbugs-fixes/-/postcss-flexbugs-fixes-4.1.0.tgz#e094a9df1783e2200b7b19f875dcad3b3aff8b20"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-focus-visible@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-focus-visible/-/postcss-focus-visible-4.0.0.tgz#477d107113ade6024b14128317ade2bd1e17046e"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-focus-within@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-focus-within/-/postcss-focus-within-3.0.0.tgz#763b8788596cee9b874c999201cdde80659ef680"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-font-variant@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-font-variant/-/postcss-font-variant-4.0.0.tgz#71dd3c6c10a0d846c5eda07803439617bbbabacc"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-gap-properties@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-gap-properties/-/postcss-gap-properties-2.0.0.tgz#431c192ab3ed96a3c3d09f2ff615960f902c1715"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-image-set-function@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-image-set-function/-/postcss-image-set-function-3.0.1.tgz#28920a2f29945bed4c3198d7df6496d410d3f288"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-import@^12.0.1:
+  version "12.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-import/-/postcss-import-12.0.1.tgz#cf8c7ab0b5ccab5649024536e565f841928b7153"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.1"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.2.3"
+    read-cache "^1.0.0"
+    resolve "^1.1.7"
+
+postcss-initial@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-initial/-/postcss-initial-3.0.0.tgz#1772512faf11421b791fb2ca6879df5f68aa0517"
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+  dependencies:
+    lodash.template "^4.2.4"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-lab-function@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-lab-function/-/postcss-lab-function-2.0.1.tgz#bb51a6856cd12289ab4ae20db1e3821ef13d7d2e"
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+  dependencies:
+    "@csstools/convert-colors" "^1.4.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-load-config@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-load-config/-/postcss-load-config-2.0.0.tgz#f1312ddbf5912cd747177083c5ef7a19d62ee484"
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+  dependencies:
+    cosmiconfig "^4.0.0"
+    import-cwd "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-loader@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-loader/-/postcss-loader-3.0.0.tgz#6b97943e47c72d845fa9e03f273773d4e8dd6c2d"
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+  dependencies:
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-load-config "^2.0.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+postcss-logical@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-logical/-/postcss-logical-3.0.0.tgz#2495d0f8b82e9f262725f75f9401b34e7b45d5b5"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-media-minmax@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-media-minmax/-/postcss-media-minmax-4.0.0.tgz#b75bb6cbc217c8ac49433e12f22048814a4f5ed5"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-merge-longhand@^4.0.11:
+  version "4.0.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-merge-longhand/-/postcss-merge-longhand-4.0.11.tgz#62f49a13e4a0ee04e7b98f42bb16062ca2549e24"
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+  dependencies:
+    css-color-names "0.0.4"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+    stylehacks "^4.0.0"
+
+postcss-merge-rules@^4.0.3:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-merge-rules/-/postcss-merge-rules-4.0.3.tgz#362bea4ff5a1f98e4075a713c6cb25aefef9a650"
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+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    caniuse-api "^3.0.0"
+    cssnano-util-same-parent "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^3.0.0"
+    vendors "^1.0.0"
+
+postcss-minify-font-values@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-minify-font-values/-/postcss-minify-font-values-4.0.2.tgz#cd4c344cce474343fac5d82206ab2cbcb8afd5a6"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-minify-gradients@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-minify-gradients/-/postcss-minify-gradients-4.0.2.tgz#93b29c2ff5099c535eecda56c4aa6e665a663471"
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+    cssnano-util-get-arguments "^4.0.0"
+    is-color-stop "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-minify-params@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-minify-params/-/postcss-minify-params-4.0.2.tgz#6b9cef030c11e35261f95f618c90036d680db874"
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+  dependencies:
+    alphanum-sort "^1.0.0"
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    cssnano-util-get-arguments "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+    uniqs "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-minify-selectors@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-minify-selectors/-/postcss-minify-selectors-4.0.2.tgz#e2e5eb40bfee500d0cd9243500f5f8ea4262fbd8"
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+  dependencies:
+    alphanum-sort "^1.0.0"
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-modules-extract-imports@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-modules-extract-imports/-/postcss-modules-extract-imports-2.0.0.tgz#818719a1ae1da325f9832446b01136eeb493cd7e"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+
+postcss-modules-local-by-default@^2.0.6:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-modules-local-by-default/-/postcss-modules-local-by-default-2.0.6.tgz#dd9953f6dd476b5fd1ef2d8830c8929760b56e63"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.6"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^6.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.3.1"
+
+postcss-modules-scope@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-modules-scope/-/postcss-modules-scope-2.1.0.tgz#ad3f5bf7856114f6fcab901b0502e2a2bc39d4eb"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.6"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^6.0.0"
+
+postcss-modules-values@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-modules-values/-/postcss-modules-values-2.0.0.tgz#479b46dc0c5ca3dc7fa5270851836b9ec7152f64"
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+  dependencies:
+    icss-replace-symbols "^1.1.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.6"
+
+postcss-nesting@^7.0.0:
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-nesting/-/postcss-nesting-7.0.0.tgz#6e26a770a0c8fcba33782a6b6f350845e1a448f6"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-normalize-charset@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-charset/-/postcss-normalize-charset-4.0.1.tgz#8b35add3aee83a136b0471e0d59be58a50285dd4"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-display-values@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-display-values/-/postcss-normalize-display-values-4.0.2.tgz#0dbe04a4ce9063d4667ed2be476bb830c825935a"
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+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-positions@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-positions/-/postcss-normalize-positions-4.0.2.tgz#05f757f84f260437378368a91f8932d4b102917f"
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+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-repeat-style@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-repeat-style/-/postcss-normalize-repeat-style-4.0.2.tgz#c4ebbc289f3991a028d44751cbdd11918b17910c"
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+  dependencies:
+    cssnano-util-get-arguments "^4.0.0"
+    cssnano-util-get-match "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-string@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-string/-/postcss-normalize-string-4.0.2.tgz#cd44c40ab07a0c7a36dc5e99aace1eca4ec2690c"
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+  dependencies:
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-timing-functions@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-timing-functions/-/postcss-normalize-timing-functions-4.0.2.tgz#8e009ca2a3949cdaf8ad23e6b6ab99cb5e7d28d9"
+  integrity sha512-acwJY95edP762e++00Ehq9L4sZCEcOPyaHwoaFOhIwWCDfik6YvqsYNxckee65JHLKzuNSSmAdxwD2Cud1Z54A==
+  dependencies:
+    cssnano-util-get-match "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-unicode@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-unicode/-/postcss-normalize-unicode-4.0.1.tgz#841bd48fdcf3019ad4baa7493a3d363b52ae1cfb"
+  integrity sha512-od18Uq2wCYn+vZ/qCOeutvHjB5jm57ToxRaMeNuf0nWVHaP9Hua56QyMF6fs/4FSUnVIw0CBPsU0K4LnBPwYwg==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-url@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-url/-/postcss-normalize-url-4.0.1.tgz#10e437f86bc7c7e58f7b9652ed878daaa95faae1"
+  integrity sha512-p5oVaF4+IHwu7VpMan/SSpmpYxcJMtkGppYf0VbdH5B6hN8YNmVyJLuY9FmLQTzY3fag5ESUUHDqM+heid0UVA==
+  dependencies:
+    is-absolute-url "^2.0.0"
+    normalize-url "^3.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-whitespace@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-whitespace/-/postcss-normalize-whitespace-4.0.2.tgz#bf1d4070fe4fcea87d1348e825d8cc0c5faa7d82"
+  integrity sha512-tO8QIgrsI3p95r8fyqKV+ufKlSHh9hMJqACqbv2XknufqEDhDvbguXGBBqxw9nsQoXWf0qOqppziKJKHMD4GtA==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-ordered-values@^4.1.2:
+  version "4.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-ordered-values/-/postcss-ordered-values-4.1.2.tgz#0cf75c820ec7d5c4d280189559e0b571ebac0eee"
+  integrity sha512-2fCObh5UanxvSxeXrtLtlwVThBvHn6MQcu4ksNT2tsaV2Fg76R2CV98W7wNSlX+5/pFwEyaDwKLLoEV7uRybAw==
+  dependencies:
+    cssnano-util-get-arguments "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-overflow-shorthand@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-overflow-shorthand/-/postcss-overflow-shorthand-2.0.0.tgz#31ecf350e9c6f6ddc250a78f0c3e111f32dd4c30"
+  integrity sha512-aK0fHc9CBNx8jbzMYhshZcEv8LtYnBIRYQD5i7w/K/wS9c2+0NSR6B3OVMu5y0hBHYLcMGjfU+dmWYNKH0I85g==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-page-break@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-page-break/-/postcss-page-break-2.0.0.tgz#add52d0e0a528cabe6afee8b46e2abb277df46bf"
+  integrity sha512-tkpTSrLpfLfD9HvgOlJuigLuk39wVTbbd8RKcy8/ugV2bNBUW3xU+AIqyxhDrQr1VUj1RmyJrBn1YWrqUm9zAQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-place@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-place/-/postcss-place-4.0.1.tgz#e9f39d33d2dc584e46ee1db45adb77ca9d1dcc62"
+  integrity sha512-Zb6byCSLkgRKLODj/5mQugyuj9bvAAw9LqJJjgwz5cYryGeXfFZfSXoP1UfveccFmeq0b/2xxwcTEVScnqGxBg==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-preset-env@^6.6.0:
+  version "6.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-preset-env/-/postcss-preset-env-6.6.0.tgz#642e7d962e2bdc2e355db117c1eb63952690ed5b"
+  integrity sha512-I3zAiycfqXpPIFD6HXhLfWXIewAWO8emOKz+QSsxaUZb9Dp8HbF5kUf+4Wy/AxR33o+LRoO8blEWCHth0ZsCLA==
+  dependencies:
+    autoprefixer "^9.4.9"
+    browserslist "^4.4.2"
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.30000939"
+    css-blank-pseudo "^0.1.4"
+    css-has-pseudo "^0.10.0"
+    css-prefers-color-scheme "^3.1.1"
+    cssdb "^4.3.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+    postcss-attribute-case-insensitive "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-color-functional-notation "^2.0.1"
+    postcss-color-gray "^5.0.0"
+    postcss-color-hex-alpha "^5.0.2"
+    postcss-color-mod-function "^3.0.3"
+    postcss-color-rebeccapurple "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-custom-media "^7.0.7"
+    postcss-custom-properties "^8.0.9"
+    postcss-custom-selectors "^5.1.2"
+    postcss-dir-pseudo-class "^5.0.0"
+    postcss-double-position-gradients "^1.0.0"
+    postcss-env-function "^2.0.2"
+    postcss-focus-visible "^4.0.0"
+    postcss-focus-within "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-font-variant "^4.0.0"
+    postcss-gap-properties "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-image-set-function "^3.0.1"
+    postcss-initial "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-lab-function "^2.0.1"
+    postcss-logical "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-media-minmax "^4.0.0"
+    postcss-nesting "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-overflow-shorthand "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-page-break "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-place "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-pseudo-class-any-link "^6.0.0"
+    postcss-replace-overflow-wrap "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-matches "^4.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-not "^4.0.0"
+
+postcss-pseudo-class-any-link@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-pseudo-class-any-link/-/postcss-pseudo-class-any-link-6.0.0.tgz#2ed3eed393b3702879dec4a87032b210daeb04d1"
+  integrity sha512-lgXW9sYJdLqtmw23otOzrtbDXofUdfYzNm4PIpNE322/swES3VU9XlXHeJS46zT2onFO7V1QFdD4Q9LiZj8mew==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.3"
+
+postcss-reduce-initial@^4.0.3:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-reduce-initial/-/postcss-reduce-initial-4.0.3.tgz#7fd42ebea5e9c814609639e2c2e84ae270ba48df"
+  integrity sha512-gKWmR5aUulSjbzOfD9AlJiHCGH6AEVLaM0AV+aSioxUDd16qXP1PCh8d1/BGVvpdWn8k/HiK7n6TjeoXN1F7DA==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    caniuse-api "^3.0.0"
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-reduce-transforms@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-reduce-transforms/-/postcss-reduce-transforms-4.0.2.tgz#17efa405eacc6e07be3414a5ca2d1074681d4e29"
+  integrity sha512-EEVig1Q2QJ4ELpJXMZR8Vt5DQx8/mo+dGWSR7vWXqcob2gQLyQGsionYcGKATXvQzMPn6DSN1vTN7yFximdIAg==
+  dependencies:
+    cssnano-util-get-match "^4.0.0"
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-replace-overflow-wrap@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-replace-overflow-wrap/-/postcss-replace-overflow-wrap-3.0.0.tgz#61b360ffdaedca84c7c918d2b0f0d0ea559ab01c"
+  integrity sha512-2T5hcEHArDT6X9+9dVSPQdo7QHzG4XKclFT8rU5TzJPDN7RIRTbO9c4drUISOVemLj03aezStHCR2AIcr8XLpw==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-safe-parser@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-safe-parser/-/postcss-safe-parser-4.0.1.tgz#8756d9e4c36fdce2c72b091bbc8ca176ab1fcdea"
+  integrity sha512-xZsFA3uX8MO3yAda03QrG3/Eg1LN3EPfjjf07vke/46HERLZyHrTsQ9E1r1w1W//fWEhtYNndo2hQplN2cVpCQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-selector-matches@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-matches/-/postcss-selector-matches-4.0.0.tgz#71c8248f917ba2cc93037c9637ee09c64436fcff"
+  integrity sha512-LgsHwQR/EsRYSqlwdGzeaPKVT0Ml7LAT6E75T8W8xLJY62CE4S/l03BWIt3jT8Taq22kXP08s2SfTSzaraoPww==
+  dependencies:
+    balanced-match "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-selector-not@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-not/-/postcss-selector-not-4.0.0.tgz#c68ff7ba96527499e832724a2674d65603b645c0"
+  integrity sha512-W+bkBZRhqJaYN8XAnbbZPLWMvZD1wKTu0UxtFKdhtGjWYmxhkUneoeOhRJKdAE5V7ZTlnbHfCR+6bNwK9e1dTQ==
+  dependencies:
+    balanced-match "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-selector-parser@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-parser/-/postcss-selector-parser-3.1.1.tgz#4f875f4afb0c96573d5cf4d74011aee250a7e865"
+  integrity sha1-T4dfSvsMllc9XPTXQBGu4lCn6GU=
+  dependencies:
+    dot-prop "^4.1.1"
+    indexes-of "^1.0.1"
+    uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+postcss-selector-parser@^5.0.0, postcss-selector-parser@^5.0.0-rc.3, postcss-selector-parser@^5.0.0-rc.4:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-parser/-/postcss-selector-parser-5.0.0.tgz#249044356697b33b64f1a8f7c80922dddee7195c"
+  integrity sha512-w+zLE5Jhg6Liz8+rQOWEAwtwkyqpfnmsinXjXg6cY7YIONZZtgvE0v2O0uhQBs0peNomOJwWRKt6JBfTdTd3OQ==
+  dependencies:
+    cssesc "^2.0.0"
+    indexes-of "^1.0.1"
+    uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+postcss-selector-parser@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-parser/-/postcss-selector-parser-6.0.2.tgz#934cf799d016c83411859e09dcecade01286ec5c"
+  integrity sha512-36P2QR59jDTOAiIkqEprfJDsoNrvwFei3eCqKd1Y0tUsBimsq39BLp7RD+JWny3WgB1zGhJX8XVePwm9k4wdBg==
+  dependencies:
+    cssesc "^3.0.0"
+    indexes-of "^1.0.1"
+    uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+postcss-svgo@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-svgo/-/postcss-svgo-4.0.2.tgz#17b997bc711b333bab143aaed3b8d3d6e3d38258"
+  integrity sha512-C6wyjo3VwFm0QgBy+Fu7gCYOkCmgmClghO+pjcxvrcBKtiKt0uCF+hvbMO1fyv5BMImRK90SMb+dwUnfbGd+jw==
+  dependencies:
+    is-svg "^3.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+    svgo "^1.0.0"
+
+postcss-unique-selectors@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-unique-selectors/-/postcss-unique-selectors-4.0.1.tgz#9446911f3289bfd64c6d680f073c03b1f9ee4bac"
+  integrity sha512-+JanVaryLo9QwZjKrmJgkI4Fn8SBgRO6WXQBJi7KiAVPlmxikB5Jzc4EvXMT2H0/m0RjrVVm9rGNhZddm/8Spg==
+  dependencies:
+    alphanum-sort "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    uniqs "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-value-parser@^3.0.0, postcss-value-parser@^3.3.1:
+  version "3.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-value-parser/-/postcss-value-parser-3.3.1.tgz#9ff822547e2893213cf1c30efa51ac5fd1ba8281"
+  integrity sha512-pISE66AbVkp4fDQ7VHBwRNXzAAKJjw4Vw7nWI/+Q3vuly7SNfgYXvm6i5IgFylHGK5sP/xHAbB7N49OS4gWNyQ==
+
+postcss-value-parser@^3.2.3, postcss-value-parser@^3.3.0:
+  version "3.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-value-parser/-/postcss-value-parser-3.3.0.tgz#87f38f9f18f774a4ab4c8a232f5c5ce8872a9d15"
+  integrity sha1-h/OPnxj3dKSrTIojL1xc6IcqnRU=
+
+postcss-values-parser@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-values-parser/-/postcss-values-parser-2.0.1.tgz#da8b472d901da1e205b47bdc98637b9e9e550e5f"
+  integrity sha512-2tLuBsA6P4rYTNKCXYG/71C7j1pU6pK503suYOmn4xYrQIzW+opD+7FAFNuGSdZC/3Qfy334QbeMu7MEb8gOxg==
+  dependencies:
+    flatten "^1.0.2"
+    indexes-of "^1.0.1"
+    uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+postcss@^7.0.0, postcss@^7.0.1, postcss@^7.0.14, postcss@^7.0.2, postcss@^7.0.5, postcss@^7.0.6:
+  version "7.0.14"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss/-/postcss-7.0.14.tgz#4527ed6b1ca0d82c53ce5ec1a2041c2346bbd6e5"
+  integrity sha512-NsbD6XUUMZvBxtQAJuWDJeeC4QFsmWsfozWxCJPWf3M55K9iu2iMDaKqyoOdTJ1R4usBXuxlVFAIo8rZPQD4Bg==
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^2.4.2"
+    source-map "^0.6.1"
+    supports-color "^6.1.0"
+
+private@^0.1.6:
+  version "0.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/private/-/private-0.1.8.tgz#2381edb3689f7a53d653190060fcf822d2f368ff"
+  integrity sha512-VvivMrbvd2nKkiG38qjULzlc+4Vx4wm/whI9pQD35YrARNnhxeiRktSOhSukRLFNlzg6Br/cJPet5J/u19r/mg==
+
+process-nextick-args@~2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/process-nextick-args/-/process-nextick-args-2.0.0.tgz#a37d732f4271b4ab1ad070d35508e8290788ffaa"
+  integrity sha512-MtEC1TqN0EU5nephaJ4rAtThHtC86dNN9qCuEhtshvpVBkAW5ZO7BASN9REnF9eoXGcRub+pFuKEpOHE+HbEMw==
+
+process@^0.11.10:
+  version "0.11.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/process/-/process-0.11.10.tgz#7332300e840161bda3e69a1d1d91a7d4bc16f182"
+  integrity sha1-czIwDoQBYb2j5podHZGn1LwW8YI=
+
+promise-inflight@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/promise-inflight/-/promise-inflight-1.0.1.tgz#98472870bf228132fcbdd868129bad12c3c029e3"
+  integrity sha1-mEcocL8igTL8vdhoEputEsPAKeM=
+
+proxy-addr@~2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/proxy-addr/-/proxy-addr-2.0.2.tgz#6571504f47bb988ec8180253f85dd7e14952bdec"
+  integrity sha1-ZXFQT0e7mI7IGAJT+F3X4UlSvew=
+  dependencies:
+    forwarded "~0.1.2"
+    ipaddr.js "1.5.2"
+
+prr@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/prr/-/prr-1.0.1.tgz#d3fc114ba06995a45ec6893f484ceb1d78f5f476"
+  integrity sha1-0/wRS6BplaRexok/SEzrHXj19HY=
+
+pseudomap@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pseudomap/-/pseudomap-1.0.2.tgz#f052a28da70e618917ef0a8ac34c1ae5a68286b3"
+  integrity sha1-8FKijacOYYkX7wqKw0wa5aaChrM=
+
+psl@^1.1.24:
+  version "1.1.31"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/psl/-/psl-1.1.31.tgz#e9aa86d0101b5b105cbe93ac6b784cd547276184"
+  integrity sha512-/6pt4+C+T+wZUieKR620OpzN/LlnNKuWjy1iFLQ/UG35JqHlR/89MP1d96dUfkf6Dne3TuLQzOYEYshJ+Hx8mw==
+
+public-encrypt@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/public-encrypt/-/public-encrypt-4.0.0.tgz#39f699f3a46560dd5ebacbca693caf7c65c18cc6"
+  integrity sha1-OfaZ86RlYN1eusvKaTyvfGXBjMY=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    browserify-rsa "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    parse-asn1 "^5.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.1"
+
+pump@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pump/-/pump-2.0.1.tgz#12399add6e4cf7526d973cbc8b5ce2e2908b3909"
+  integrity sha512-ruPMNRkN3MHP1cWJc9OWr+T/xDP0jhXYCLfJcBuX54hhfIBnaQmAUMfDcG4DM5UMWByBbJY69QSphm3jtDKIkA==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    once "^1.3.1"
+
+pump@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pump/-/pump-3.0.0.tgz#b4a2116815bde2f4e1ea602354e8c75565107a64"
+  integrity sha512-LwZy+p3SFs1Pytd/jYct4wpv49HiYCqd9Rlc5ZVdk0V+8Yzv6jR5Blk3TRmPL1ft69TxP0IMZGJ+WPFU2BFhww==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    once "^1.3.1"
+
+pumpify@^1.3.3:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pumpify/-/pumpify-1.4.0.tgz#80b7c5df7e24153d03f0e7ac8a05a5d068bd07fb"
+  integrity sha512-2kmNR9ry+Pf45opRVirpNuIFotsxUGLaYqxIwuR77AYrYRMuFCz9eryHBS52L360O+NcR383CL4QYlMKPq4zYA==
+  dependencies:
+    duplexify "^3.5.3"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    pump "^2.0.0"
+
+punycode@1.3.2:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-1.3.2.tgz#9653a036fb7c1ee42342f2325cceefea3926c48d"
+  integrity sha1-llOgNvt8HuQjQvIyXM7v6jkmxI0=
+
+punycode@^1.2.4, punycode@^1.4.1:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-1.4.1.tgz#c0d5a63b2718800ad8e1eb0fa5269c84dd41845e"
+  integrity sha1-wNWmOycYgArY4esPpSachN1BhF4=
+
+punycode@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-2.1.1.tgz#b58b010ac40c22c5657616c8d2c2c02c7bf479ec"
+  integrity sha512-XRsRjdf+j5ml+y/6GKHPZbrF/8p2Yga0JPtdqTIY2Xe5ohJPD9saDJJLPvp9+NSBprVvevdXZybnj2cv8OEd0A==
+
+q@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/q/-/q-1.5.1.tgz#7e32f75b41381291d04611f1bf14109ac00651d7"
+  integrity sha1-fjL3W0E4EpHQRhHxvxQQmsAGUdc=
+
+qs@6.5.1:
+  version "6.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/qs/-/qs-6.5.1.tgz#349cdf6eef89ec45c12d7d5eb3fc0c870343a6d8"
+  integrity sha512-eRzhrN1WSINYCDCbrz796z37LOe3m5tmW7RQf6oBntukAG1nmovJvhnwHHRMAfeoItc1m2Hk02WER2aQ/iqs+A==
+
+qs@~6.4.0:
+  version "6.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/qs/-/qs-6.4.0.tgz#13e26d28ad6b0ffaa91312cd3bf708ed351e7233"
+  integrity sha1-E+JtKK1rD/qpExLNO/cI7TUecjM=
+
+qs@~6.5.2:
+  version "6.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/qs/-/qs-6.5.2.tgz#cb3ae806e8740444584ef154ce8ee98d403f3e36"
+  integrity sha512-N5ZAX4/LxJmF+7wN74pUD6qAh9/wnvdQcjq9TZjevvXzSUo7bfmw91saqMjzGS2xq91/odN2dW/WOl7qQHNDGA==
+
+querystring-es3@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/querystring-es3/-/querystring-es3-0.2.1.tgz#9ec61f79049875707d69414596fd907a4d711e73"
+  integrity sha1-nsYfeQSYdXB9aUFFlv2Qek1xHnM=
+
+querystring@0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/querystring/-/querystring-0.2.0.tgz#b209849203bb25df820da756e747005878521620"
+  integrity sha1-sgmEkgO7Jd+CDadW50cAWHhSFiA=
+
+querystringify@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/querystringify/-/querystringify-2.1.0.tgz#7ded8dfbf7879dcc60d0a644ac6754b283ad17ef"
+  integrity sha512-sluvZZ1YiTLD5jsqZcDmFyV2EwToyXZBfpoVOmktMmW+VEnhgakFHnasVph65fOjGPTWN0Nw3+XQaSeMayr0kg==
+
+randombytes@^2.0.0, randombytes@^2.0.1, randombytes@^2.0.5:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/randombytes/-/randombytes-2.0.6.tgz#d302c522948588848a8d300c932b44c24231da80"
+  integrity sha512-CIQ5OFxf4Jou6uOKe9t1AOgqpeU5fd70A8NPdHSGeYXqXsPe6peOwI0cUl88RWZ6sP1vPMV3avd/R6cZ5/sP1A==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.0"
+
+randomfill@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/randomfill/-/randomfill-1.0.3.tgz#b96b7df587f01dd91726c418f30553b1418e3d62"
+  integrity sha512-YL6GrhrWoic0Eq8rXVbMptH7dAxCs0J+mh5Y0euNekPPYaxEmdVGim6GdoxoRzKW2yJoU8tueifS7mYxvcFDEQ==
+  dependencies:
+    randombytes "^2.0.5"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.0"
+
+range-parser@^1.0.3, range-parser@~1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/range-parser/-/range-parser-1.2.0.tgz#f49be6b487894ddc40dcc94a322f611092e00d5e"
+  integrity sha1-9JvmtIeJTdxA3MlKMi9hEJLgDV4=
+
+raw-body@2.3.2:
+  version "2.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/raw-body/-/raw-body-2.3.2.tgz#bcd60c77d3eb93cde0050295c3f379389bc88f89"
+  integrity sha1-vNYMd9Prk83gBQKVw/N5OJvIj4k=
+  dependencies:
+    bytes "3.0.0"
+    http-errors "1.6.2"
+    iconv-lite "0.4.19"
+    unpipe "1.0.0"
+
+rc@^1.1.7:
+  version "1.2.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rc/-/rc-1.2.5.tgz#275cd687f6e3b36cc756baa26dfee80a790301fd"
+  integrity sha1-J1zWh/bjs2zHVrqibf7oCnkDAf0=
+  dependencies:
+    deep-extend "~0.4.0"
+    ini "~1.3.0"
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+    strip-json-comments "~2.0.1"
+
+rc@^1.2.7:
+  version "1.2.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rc/-/rc-1.2.8.tgz#cd924bf5200a075b83c188cd6b9e211b7fc0d3ed"
+  integrity sha512-y3bGgqKj3QBdxLbLkomlohkvsA8gdAiUQlSBJnBhfn+BPxg4bc62d8TcBW15wavDfgexCgccckhcZvywyQYPOw==
+  dependencies:
+    deep-extend "^0.6.0"
+    ini "~1.3.0"
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+    strip-json-comments "~2.0.1"
+
+read-cache@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/read-cache/-/read-cache-1.0.0.tgz#e664ef31161166c9751cdbe8dbcf86b5fb58f774"
+  integrity sha1-5mTvMRYRZsl1HNvo28+GtftY93Q=
+  dependencies:
+    pify "^2.3.0"
+
+read-pkg-up@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/read-pkg-up/-/read-pkg-up-1.0.1.tgz#9d63c13276c065918d57f002a57f40a1b643fb02"
+  integrity sha1-nWPBMnbAZZGNV/ACpX9AobZD+wI=
+  dependencies:
+    find-up "^1.0.0"
+    read-pkg "^1.0.0"
+
+read-pkg@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/read-pkg/-/read-pkg-1.1.0.tgz#f5ffaa5ecd29cb31c0474bca7d756b6bb29e3f28"
+  integrity sha1-9f+qXs0pyzHAR0vKfXVra7KePyg=
+  dependencies:
+    load-json-file "^1.0.0"
+    normalize-package-data "^2.3.2"
+    path-type "^1.0.0"
+
+"readable-stream@1 || 2", readable-stream@^2.0.0, readable-stream@^2.0.1, readable-stream@^2.0.2, readable-stream@^2.0.4, readable-stream@^2.0.6, readable-stream@^2.1.4, readable-stream@^2.1.5, readable-stream@^2.2.2, readable-stream@^2.3.3:
+  version "2.3.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-2.3.4.tgz#c946c3f47fa7d8eabc0b6150f4a12f69a4574071"
+  integrity sha512-vuYxeWYM+fde14+rajzqgeohAI7YoJcHE7kXDAc4Nk0EbuKnJfqtY9YtRkLo/tqkuF7MsBQRhPnPeyjYITp3ZQ==
+  dependencies:
+    core-util-is "~1.0.0"
+    inherits "~2.0.3"
+    isarray "~1.0.0"
+    process-nextick-args "~2.0.0"
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.1"
+    string_decoder "~1.0.3"
+    util-deprecate "~1.0.1"
+
+readable-stream@^3.0.6:
+  version "3.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-3.2.0.tgz#de17f229864c120a9f56945756e4f32c4045245d"
+  integrity sha512-RV20kLjdmpZuTF1INEb9IA3L68Nmi+Ri7ppZqo78wj//Pn62fCoJyV9zalccNzDD/OuJpMG4f+pfMl8+L6QdGw==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    string_decoder "^1.1.1"
+    util-deprecate "^1.0.1"
+
+readdirp@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readdirp/-/readdirp-2.1.0.tgz#4ed0ad060df3073300c48440373f72d1cc642d78"
+  integrity sha1-TtCtBg3zBzMAxIRANz9y0cxkLXg=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    minimatch "^3.0.2"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.2"
+    set-immediate-shim "^1.0.1"
+
+readdirp@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readdirp/-/readdirp-2.2.1.tgz#0e87622a3325aa33e892285caf8b4e846529a525"
+  integrity sha512-1JU/8q+VgFZyxwrJ+SVIOsh+KywWGpds3NTqikiKpDMZWScmAYyKIgqkO+ARvNWJfXeXR1zxz7aHF4u4CyH6vQ==
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.11"
+    micromatch "^3.1.10"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.2"
+
+redent@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/redent/-/redent-1.0.0.tgz#cf916ab1fd5f1f16dfb20822dd6ec7f730c2afde"
+  integrity sha1-z5Fqsf1fHxbfsggi3W7H9zDCr94=
+  dependencies:
+    indent-string "^2.1.0"
+    strip-indent "^1.0.1"
+
+regenerate-unicode-properties@^8.0.1:
+  version "8.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerate-unicode-properties/-/regenerate-unicode-properties-8.0.1.tgz#58a4a74e736380a7ab3c5f7e03f303a941b31289"
+  integrity sha512-HTjMafphaH5d5QDHuwW8Me6Hbc/GhXg8luNqTkPVwZ/oCZhnoifjWhGYsu2BzepMELTlbnoVcXvV0f+2uDDvoQ==
+  dependencies:
+    regenerate "^1.4.0"
+
+regenerate@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerate/-/regenerate-1.4.0.tgz#4a856ec4b56e4077c557589cae85e7a4c8869a11"
+  integrity sha512-1G6jJVDWrt0rK99kBjvEtziZNCICAuvIPkSiUFIQxVP06RCVpq3dmDo2oi6ABpYaDYaTRr67BEhL8r1wgEZZKg==
+
+regenerator-runtime@^0.12.0:
+  version "0.12.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerator-runtime/-/regenerator-runtime-0.12.1.tgz#fa1a71544764c036f8c49b13a08b2594c9f8a0de"
+  integrity sha512-odxIc1/vDlo4iZcfXqRYFj0vpXFNoGdKMAUieAlFYO6m/nl5e9KR/beGf41z4a1FI+aQgtjhuaSlDxQ0hmkrHg==
+
+regenerator-transform@^0.13.4:
+  version "0.13.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerator-transform/-/regenerator-transform-0.13.4.tgz#18f6763cf1382c69c36df76c6ce122cc694284fb"
+  integrity sha512-T0QMBjK3J0MtxjPmdIMXm72Wvj2Abb0Bd4HADdfijwMdoIsyQZ6fWC7kDFhk2YinBBEMZDL7Y7wh0J1sGx3S4A==
+  dependencies:
+    private "^0.1.6"
+
+regex-not@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regex-not/-/regex-not-1.0.0.tgz#42f83e39771622df826b02af176525d6a5f157f9"
+  integrity sha1-Qvg+OXcWIt+CawKvF2Ul1qXxV/k=
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+
+regex-not@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regex-not/-/regex-not-1.0.2.tgz#1f4ece27e00b0b65e0247a6810e6a85d83a5752c"
+  integrity sha512-J6SDjUgDxQj5NusnOtdFxDwN/+HWykR8GELwctJ7mdqhcyy1xEc4SRFHUXvxTp661YaVKAjfRLZ9cCqS6tn32A==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    safe-regex "^1.1.0"
+
+regexp-tree@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regexp-tree/-/regexp-tree-0.1.5.tgz#7cd71fca17198d04b4176efd79713f2998009397"
+  integrity sha512-nUmxvfJyAODw+0B13hj8CFVAxhe7fDEAgJgaotBu3nnR+IgGgZq59YedJP5VYTlkEfqjuK6TuRpnymKdatLZfQ==
+
+regexpu-core@^4.1.3, regexpu-core@^4.2.0:
+  version "4.5.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regexpu-core/-/regexpu-core-4.5.3.tgz#72f572e03bb8b9f4f4d895a0ccc57e707f4af2e4"
+  integrity sha512-LON8666bTAlViVEPXMv65ZqiaR3rMNLz36PIaQ7D+er5snu93k0peR7FSvO0QteYbZ3GOkvfHKbGr/B1xDu9FA==
+  dependencies:
+    regenerate "^1.4.0"
+    regenerate-unicode-properties "^8.0.1"
+    regjsgen "^0.5.0"
+    regjsparser "^0.6.0"
+    unicode-match-property-ecmascript "^1.0.4"
+    unicode-match-property-value-ecmascript "^1.1.0"
+
+regjsgen@^0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regjsgen/-/regjsgen-0.5.0.tgz#a7634dc08f89209c2049adda3525711fb97265dd"
+  integrity sha512-RnIrLhrXCX5ow/E5/Mh2O4e/oa1/jW0eaBKTSy3LaCj+M3Bqvm97GWDp2yUtzIs4LEn65zR2yiYGFqb2ApnzDA==
+
+regjsparser@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regjsparser/-/regjsparser-0.6.0.tgz#f1e6ae8b7da2bae96c99399b868cd6c933a2ba9c"
+  integrity sha512-RQ7YyokLiQBomUJuUG8iGVvkgOLxwyZM8k6d3q5SAXpg4r5TZJZigKFvC6PpD+qQ98bCDC5YelPeA3EucDoNeQ==
+  dependencies:
+    jsesc "~0.5.0"
+
+remove-trailing-separator@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/remove-trailing-separator/-/remove-trailing-separator-1.1.0.tgz#c24bce2a283adad5bc3f58e0d48249b92379d8ef"
+  integrity sha1-wkvOKig62tW8P1jg1IJJuSN52O8=
+
+repeat-element@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeat-element/-/repeat-element-1.1.2.tgz#ef089a178d1483baae4d93eb98b4f9e4e11d990a"
+  integrity sha1-7wiaF40Ug7quTZPrmLT55OEdmQo=
+
+repeat-string@^1.6.1:
+  version "1.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeat-string/-/repeat-string-1.6.1.tgz#8dcae470e1c88abc2d600fff4a776286da75e637"
+  integrity sha1-jcrkcOHIirwtYA//Sndihtp15jc=
+
+repeating@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeating/-/repeating-2.0.1.tgz#5214c53a926d3552707527fbab415dbc08d06dda"
+  integrity sha1-UhTFOpJtNVJwdSf7q0FdvAjQbdo=
+  dependencies:
+    is-finite "^1.0.0"
+
+request@2.81.0:
+  version "2.81.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/request/-/request-2.81.0.tgz#c6928946a0e06c5f8d6f8a9333469ffda46298a0"
+  integrity sha1-xpKJRqDgbF+Nb4qTM0af/aRimKA=
+  dependencies:
+    aws-sign2 "~0.6.0"
+    aws4 "^1.2.1"
+    caseless "~0.12.0"
+    combined-stream "~1.0.5"
+    extend "~3.0.0"
+    forever-agent "~0.6.1"
+    form-data "~2.1.1"
+    har-validator "~4.2.1"
+    hawk "~3.1.3"
+    http-signature "~1.1.0"
+    is-typedarray "~1.0.0"
+    isstream "~0.1.2"
+    json-stringify-safe "~5.0.1"
+    mime-types "~2.1.7"
+    oauth-sign "~0.8.1"
+    performance-now "^0.2.0"
+    qs "~6.4.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+    stringstream "~0.0.4"
+    tough-cookie "~2.3.0"
+    tunnel-agent "^0.6.0"
+    uuid "^3.0.0"
+
+request@^2.87.0, request@^2.88.0:
+  version "2.88.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/request/-/request-2.88.0.tgz#9c2fca4f7d35b592efe57c7f0a55e81052124fef"
+  integrity sha512-NAqBSrijGLZdM0WZNsInLJpkJokL72XYjUpnB0iwsRgxh7dB6COrHnTBNwN0E+lHDAJzu7kLAkDeY08z2/A0hg==
+  dependencies:
+    aws-sign2 "~0.7.0"
+    aws4 "^1.8.0"
+    caseless "~0.12.0"
+    combined-stream "~1.0.6"
+    extend "~3.0.2"
+    forever-agent "~0.6.1"
+    form-data "~2.3.2"
+    har-validator "~5.1.0"
+    http-signature "~1.2.0"
+    is-typedarray "~1.0.0"
+    isstream "~0.1.2"
+    json-stringify-safe "~5.0.1"
+    mime-types "~2.1.19"
+    oauth-sign "~0.9.0"
+    performance-now "^2.1.0"
+    qs "~6.5.2"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    tough-cookie "~2.4.3"
+    tunnel-agent "^0.6.0"
+    uuid "^3.3.2"
+
+require-directory@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/require-directory/-/require-directory-2.1.1.tgz#8c64ad5fd30dab1c976e2344ffe7f792a6a6df42"
+  integrity sha1-jGStX9MNqxyXbiNE/+f3kqam30I=
+
+require-from-string@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/require-from-string/-/require-from-string-2.0.2.tgz#89a7fdd938261267318eafe14f9c32e598c36909"
+  integrity sha512-Xf0nWe6RseziFMu+Ap9biiUbmplq6S9/p+7w7YXP/JBHhrUDDUhwa+vANyubuqfZWTveU//DYVGsDG7RKL/vEw==
+
+require-main-filename@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/require-main-filename/-/require-main-filename-1.0.1.tgz#97f717b69d48784f5f526a6c5aa8ffdda055a4d1"
+  integrity sha1-l/cXtp1IeE9fUmpsWqj/3aBVpNE=
+
+requires-port@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/requires-port/-/requires-port-1.0.0.tgz#925d2601d39ac485e091cf0da5c6e694dc3dcaff"
+  integrity sha1-kl0mAdOaxIXgkc8NpcbmlNw9yv8=
+
+resolve-cwd@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-cwd/-/resolve-cwd-2.0.0.tgz#00a9f7387556e27038eae232caa372a6a59b665a"
+  integrity sha1-AKn3OHVW4nA46uIyyqNypqWbZlo=
+  dependencies:
+    resolve-from "^3.0.0"
+
+resolve-dir@^1.0.0, resolve-dir@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-dir/-/resolve-dir-1.0.1.tgz#79a40644c362be82f26effe739c9bb5382046f43"
+  integrity sha1-eaQGRMNivoLybv/nOcm7U4IEb0M=
+  dependencies:
+    expand-tilde "^2.0.0"
+    global-modules "^1.0.0"
+
+resolve-from@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-from/-/resolve-from-3.0.0.tgz#b22c7af7d9d6881bc8b6e653335eebcb0a188748"
+  integrity sha1-six699nWiBvItuZTM17rywoYh0g=
+
+resolve-url@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-url/-/resolve-url-0.2.1.tgz#2c637fe77c893afd2a663fe21aa9080068e2052a"
+  integrity sha1-LGN/53yJOv0qZj/iGqkIAGjiBSo=
+
+resolve@^1.1.7:
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve/-/resolve-1.5.0.tgz#1f09acce796c9a762579f31b2c1cc4c3cddf9f36"
+  integrity sha512-hgoSGrc3pjzAPHNBg+KnFcK2HwlHTs/YrAGUr6qgTVUZmXv1UEXXl0bZNBKMA9fud6lRYFdPGz0xXxycPzmmiw==
+  dependencies:
+    path-parse "^1.0.5"
+
+resolve@^1.3.2, resolve@^1.8.1:
+  version "1.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve/-/resolve-1.10.0.tgz#3bdaaeaf45cc07f375656dfd2e54ed0810b101ba"
+  integrity sha512-3sUr9aq5OfSg2S9pNtPA9hL1FVEAjvfOC4leW0SNf/mpnaakz2a9femSd6LqAww2RaFctwyf1lCqnTHuF1rxDg==
+  dependencies:
+    path-parse "^1.0.6"
+
+ret@~0.1.10:
+  version "0.1.15"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ret/-/ret-0.1.15.tgz#b8a4825d5bdb1fc3f6f53c2bc33f81388681c7bc"
+  integrity sha512-TTlYpa+OL+vMMNG24xSlQGEJ3B/RzEfUlLct7b5G/ytav+wPrplCpVMFuwzXbkecJrb6IYo1iFb0S9v37754mg==
+
+rgb-regex@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rgb-regex/-/rgb-regex-1.0.1.tgz#c0e0d6882df0e23be254a475e8edd41915feaeb1"
+  integrity sha1-wODWiC3w4jviVKR16O3UGRX+rrE=
+
+rgba-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rgba-regex/-/rgba-regex-1.0.0.tgz#43374e2e2ca0968b0ef1523460b7d730ff22eeb3"
+  integrity sha1-QzdOLiyglosO8VI0YLfXMP8i7rM=
+
+rimraf@2, rimraf@^2.2.8, rimraf@^2.5.1, rimraf@^2.5.4, rimraf@^2.6.1:
+  version "2.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rimraf/-/rimraf-2.6.2.tgz#2ed8150d24a16ea8651e6d6ef0f47c4158ce7a36"
+  integrity sha512-lreewLK/BlghmxtfH36YYVg1i8IAce4TI7oao75I1g245+6BctqTVQiBP3YUJ9C6DQOXJmkYR9X9fCLtCOJc5w==
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^7.0.5"
+
+rimraf@^2.6.2:
+  version "2.6.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rimraf/-/rimraf-2.6.3.tgz#b2d104fe0d8fb27cf9e0a1cda8262dd3833c6cab"
+  integrity sha512-mwqeW5XsA2qAejG46gYdENaxXjx9onRNCfn7L0duuP4hCuTIi/QO7PDK07KJfp1d+izWPrzEJDcSqBa0OZQriA==
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^7.1.3"
+
+ripemd160@^2.0.0, ripemd160@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ripemd160/-/ripemd160-2.0.1.tgz#0f4584295c53a3628af7e6d79aca21ce57d1c6e7"
+  integrity sha1-D0WEKVxTo2KK9+bXmsohzlfRxuc=
+  dependencies:
+    hash-base "^2.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+
+run-queue@^1.0.0, run-queue@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/run-queue/-/run-queue-1.0.3.tgz#e848396f057d223f24386924618e25694161ec47"
+  integrity sha1-6Eg5bwV9Ij8kOGkkYY4laUFh7Ec=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+
+safe-buffer@5.1.1, safe-buffer@^5.0.1, safe-buffer@^5.1.0, safe-buffer@^5.1.1, safe-buffer@~5.1.0, safe-buffer@~5.1.1:
+  version "5.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safe-buffer/-/safe-buffer-5.1.1.tgz#893312af69b2123def71f57889001671eeb2c853"
+  integrity sha512-kKvNJn6Mm93gAczWVJg7wH+wGYWNrDHdWvpUmHyEsgCtIwwo3bqPtV4tR5tuPaUhTOo/kvhVwd8XwwOllGYkbg==
+
+safe-buffer@^5.1.2:
+  version "5.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safe-buffer/-/safe-buffer-5.1.2.tgz#991ec69d296e0313747d59bdfd2b745c35f8828d"
+  integrity sha512-Gd2UZBJDkXlY7GbJxfsE8/nvKkUEU1G38c1siN6QP6a9PT9MmHB8GnpscSmMJSoF8LOIrt8ud/wPtojys4G6+g==
+
+safe-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safe-regex/-/safe-regex-1.1.0.tgz#40a3669f3b077d1e943d44629e157dd48023bf2e"
+  integrity sha1-QKNmnzsHfR6UPURinhV91IAjvy4=
+  dependencies:
+    ret "~0.1.10"
+
+"safer-buffer@>= 2.1.2 < 3":
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safer-buffer/-/safer-buffer-2.1.2.tgz#44fa161b0187b9549dd84bb91802f9bd8385cd6a"
+  integrity sha512-YZo3K82SD7Riyi0E1EQPojLz7kpepnSQI9IyPbHHg1XXXevb5dJI7tpyN2ADxGcQbHG7vcyRHk0cbwqcQriUtg==
+
+sass-graph@^2.2.4:
+  version "2.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sass-graph/-/sass-graph-2.2.4.tgz#13fbd63cd1caf0908b9fd93476ad43a51d1e0b49"
+  integrity sha1-E/vWPNHK8JCLn9k0dq1DpR0eC0k=
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^7.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.0.0"
+    scss-tokenizer "^0.2.3"
+    yargs "^7.0.0"
+
+sass-loader@^7.1.0:
+  version "7.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sass-loader/-/sass-loader-7.1.0.tgz#16fd5138cb8b424bf8a759528a1972d72aad069d"
+  integrity sha512-+G+BKGglmZM2GUSfT9TLuEp6tzehHPjAMoRRItOojWIqIGPloVCMhNIQuG639eJ+y033PaGTSjLaTHts8Kw79w==
+  dependencies:
+    clone-deep "^2.0.1"
+    loader-utils "^1.0.1"
+    lodash.tail "^4.1.1"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+    pify "^3.0.0"
+    semver "^5.5.0"
+
+sax@^1.2.4, sax@~1.2.4:
+  version "1.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sax/-/sax-1.2.4.tgz#2816234e2378bddc4e5354fab5caa895df7100d9"
+  integrity sha512-NqVDv9TpANUjFm0N8uM5GxL36UgKi9/atZw+x7YFnQ8ckwFGKrl4xX4yWtrey3UJm5nP1kUbnYgLopqWNSRhWw==
+
+schema-utils@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/schema-utils/-/schema-utils-1.0.0.tgz#0b79a93204d7b600d4b2850d1f66c2a34951c770"
+  integrity sha512-i27Mic4KovM/lnGsy8whRCHhc7VicJajAjTrYg11K9zfZXnYIt4k5F+kZkwjnrhKzLic/HLU4j11mjsz2G/75g==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^6.1.0"
+    ajv-errors "^1.0.0"
+    ajv-keywords "^3.1.0"
+
+scss-tokenizer@^0.2.3:
+  version "0.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/scss-tokenizer/-/scss-tokenizer-0.2.3.tgz#8eb06db9a9723333824d3f5530641149847ce5d1"
+  integrity sha1-jrBtualyMzOCTT9VMGQRSYR85dE=
+  dependencies:
+    js-base64 "^2.1.8"
+    source-map "^0.4.2"
+
+select-hose@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/select-hose/-/select-hose-2.0.0.tgz#625d8658f865af43ec962bfc376a37359a4994ca"
+  integrity sha1-Yl2GWPhlr0Psliv8N2o3NZpJlMo=
+
+selfsigned@^1.9.1:
+  version "1.10.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/selfsigned/-/selfsigned-1.10.2.tgz#b4449580d99929b65b10a48389301a6592088758"
+  integrity sha1-tESVgNmZKbZbEKSDiTAaZZIIh1g=
+  dependencies:
+    node-forge "0.7.1"
+
+"semver@2 || 3 || 4 || 5", semver@^5.3.0:
+  version "5.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/semver/-/semver-5.5.0.tgz#dc4bbc7a6ca9d916dee5d43516f0092b58f7b8ab"
+  integrity sha512-4SJ3dm0WAwWy/NVeioZh5AntkdJoWKxHxcmyP622fOkgHa4z3R0TdBJICINyaSDE6uNwVc8gZr+ZinwZAH4xIA==
+
+semver@^5.4.1, semver@^5.5.0, semver@^5.5.1, semver@^5.6.0:
+  version "5.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/semver/-/semver-5.6.0.tgz#7e74256fbaa49c75aa7c7a205cc22799cac80004"
+  integrity sha512-RS9R6R35NYgQn++fkDWaOmqGoj4Ek9gGs+DPxNUZKuwE183xjJroKvyo1IzVFeXvUrvmALy6FWD5xrdJT25gMg==
+
+semver@~5.3.0:
+  version "5.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/semver/-/semver-5.3.0.tgz#9b2ce5d3de02d17c6012ad326aa6b4d0cf54f94f"
+  integrity sha1-myzl094C0XxgEq0yaqa00M9U+U8=
+
+send@0.16.1:
+  version "0.16.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/send/-/send-0.16.1.tgz#a70e1ca21d1382c11d0d9f6231deb281080d7ab3"
+  integrity sha512-ElCLJdJIKPk6ux/Hocwhk7NFHpI3pVm/IZOYWqUmoxcgeyM+MpxHHKhb8QmlJDX1pU6WrgaHBkVNm73Sv7uc2A==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    depd "~1.1.1"
+    destroy "~1.0.4"
+    encodeurl "~1.0.1"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    etag "~1.8.1"
+    fresh "0.5.2"
+    http-errors "~1.6.2"
+    mime "1.4.1"
+    ms "2.0.0"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    range-parser "~1.2.0"
+    statuses "~1.3.1"
+
+serialize-javascript@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/serialize-javascript/-/serialize-javascript-1.4.0.tgz#7c958514db6ac2443a8abc062dc9f7886a7f6005"
+  integrity sha1-fJWFFNtqwkQ6irwGLcn3iGp/YAU=
+
+serve-index@^1.7.2:
+  version "1.9.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/serve-index/-/serve-index-1.9.1.tgz#d3768d69b1e7d82e5ce050fff5b453bea12a9239"
+  integrity sha1-03aNabHn2C5c4FD/9bRTvqEqkjk=
+  dependencies:
+    accepts "~1.3.4"
+    batch "0.6.1"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    http-errors "~1.6.2"
+    mime-types "~2.1.17"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+
+serve-static@1.13.1:
+  version "1.13.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/serve-static/-/serve-static-1.13.1.tgz#4c57d53404a761d8f2e7c1e8a18a47dbf278a719"
+  integrity sha512-hSMUZrsPa/I09VYFJwa627JJkNs0NrfL1Uzuup+GqHfToR2KcsXFymXSV90hoyw3M+msjFuQly+YzIH/q0MGlQ==
+  dependencies:
+    encodeurl "~1.0.1"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+    send "0.16.1"
+
+set-blocking@^2.0.0, set-blocking@~2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-blocking/-/set-blocking-2.0.0.tgz#045f9782d011ae9a6803ddd382b24392b3d890f7"
+  integrity sha1-BF+XgtARrppoA93TgrJDkrPYkPc=
+
+set-getter@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-getter/-/set-getter-0.1.0.tgz#d769c182c9d5a51f409145f2fba82e5e86e80376"
+  integrity sha1-12nBgsnVpR9AkUXy+6guXoboA3Y=
+  dependencies:
+    to-object-path "^0.3.0"
+
+set-immediate-shim@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-immediate-shim/-/set-immediate-shim-1.0.1.tgz#4b2b1b27eb808a9f8dcc481a58e5e56f599f3f61"
+  integrity sha1-SysbJ+uAip+NzEgaWOXlb1mfP2E=
+
+set-value@^0.4.3:
+  version "0.4.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-value/-/set-value-0.4.3.tgz#7db08f9d3d22dc7f78e53af3c3bf4666ecdfccf1"
+  integrity sha1-fbCPnT0i3H945Trzw79GZuzfzPE=
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.1"
+    to-object-path "^0.3.0"
+
+set-value@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-value/-/set-value-2.0.0.tgz#71ae4a88f0feefbbf52d1ea604f3fb315ebb6274"
+  integrity sha512-hw0yxk9GT/Hr5yJEYnHNKYXkIA8mVJgd9ditYZCe16ZczcaELYYcfvaXesNACk2O8O0nTiPQcQhGUQj8JLzeeg==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.3"
+    split-string "^3.0.1"
+
+setimmediate@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/setimmediate/-/setimmediate-1.0.5.tgz#290cbb232e306942d7d7ea9b83732ab7856f8285"
+  integrity sha1-KQy7Iy4waULX1+qbg3Mqt4VvgoU=
+
+setprototypeof@1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/setprototypeof/-/setprototypeof-1.0.3.tgz#66567e37043eeb4f04d91bd658c0cbefb55b8e04"
+  integrity sha1-ZlZ+NwQ+608E2RvWWMDL77VbjgQ=
+
+setprototypeof@1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/setprototypeof/-/setprototypeof-1.1.0.tgz#d0bd85536887b6fe7c0d818cb962d9d91c54e656"
+  integrity sha512-BvE/TwpZX4FXExxOxZyRGQQv651MSwmWKZGqvmPcRIjDqWub67kTKuIMx43cZZrS/cBBzwBcNDWoFxt2XEFIpQ==
+
+sha.js@^2.4.0, sha.js@^2.4.8:
+  version "2.4.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sha.js/-/sha.js-2.4.10.tgz#b1fde5cd7d11a5626638a07c604ab909cfa31f9b"
+  integrity sha512-vnwmrFDlOExK4Nm16J2KMWHLrp14lBrjxMxBJpu++EnsuBmpiYaM/MEs46Vxxm/4FvdP5yTwuCTO9it5FSjrqA==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+shallow-clone@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shallow-clone/-/shallow-clone-1.0.0.tgz#4480cd06e882ef68b2ad88a3ea54832e2c48b571"
+  integrity sha512-oeXreoKR/SyNJtRJMAKPDSvd28OqEwG4eR/xc856cRGBII7gX9lvAqDxusPm0846z/w/hWYjI1NpKwJ00NHzRA==
+  dependencies:
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    kind-of "^5.0.0"
+    mixin-object "^2.0.1"
+
+shebang-command@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shebang-command/-/shebang-command-1.2.0.tgz#44aac65b695b03398968c39f363fee5deafdf1ea"
+  integrity sha1-RKrGW2lbAzmJaMOfNj/uXer98eo=
+  dependencies:
+    shebang-regex "^1.0.0"
+
+shebang-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shebang-regex/-/shebang-regex-1.0.0.tgz#da42f49740c0b42db2ca9728571cb190c98efea3"
+  integrity sha1-2kL0l0DAtC2yypcoVxyxkMmO/qM=
+
+signal-exit@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/signal-exit/-/signal-exit-3.0.2.tgz#b5fdc08f1287ea1178628e415e25132b73646c6d"
+  integrity sha1-tf3AjxKH6hF4Yo5BXiUTK3NkbG0=
+
+simple-swizzle@^0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/simple-swizzle/-/simple-swizzle-0.2.2.tgz#a4da6b635ffcccca33f70d17cb92592de95e557a"
+  integrity sha1-pNprY1/8zMoz9w0Xy5JZLeleVXo=
+  dependencies:
+    is-arrayish "^0.3.1"
+
+snapdragon-node@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon-node/-/snapdragon-node-2.1.1.tgz#6c175f86ff14bdb0724563e8f3c1b021a286853b"
+  integrity sha512-O27l4xaMYt/RSQ5TR3vpWCAB5Kb/czIcqUFOM/C4fYcLnbZUc1PkjTAMjof2pBWaSTwOUd6qUHcFGVGj7aIwnw==
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+    snapdragon-util "^3.0.1"
+
+snapdragon-util@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon-util/-/snapdragon-util-3.0.1.tgz#f956479486f2acd79700693f6f7b805e45ab56e2"
+  integrity sha512-mbKkMdQKsjX4BAL4bRYTj21edOf8cN7XHdYUJEe+Zn99hVEYcMvKPct1IqNe7+AZPirn8BCDOQBHQZknqmKlZQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.2.0"
+
+snapdragon@^0.8.1:
+  version "0.8.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon/-/snapdragon-0.8.1.tgz#e12b5487faded3e3dea0ac91e9400bf75b401370"
+  integrity sha1-4StUh/re0+PeoKyR6UAL91tAE3A=
+  dependencies:
+    base "^0.11.1"
+    debug "^2.2.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    map-cache "^0.2.2"
+    source-map "^0.5.6"
+    source-map-resolve "^0.5.0"
+    use "^2.0.0"
+
+sntp@1.x.x:
+  version "1.0.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sntp/-/sntp-1.0.9.tgz#6541184cc90aeea6c6e7b35e2659082443c66198"
+  integrity sha1-ZUEYTMkK7qbG57NeJlkIJEPGYZg=
+  dependencies:
+    hoek "2.x.x"
+
+sockjs-client@1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sockjs-client/-/sockjs-client-1.3.0.tgz#12fc9d6cb663da5739d3dc5fb6e8687da95cb177"
+  integrity sha512-R9jxEzhnnrdxLCNln0xg5uGHqMnkhPSTzUZH2eXcR03S/On9Yvoq2wyUZILRUhZCNVu2PmwWVoyuiPz8th8zbg==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^3.2.5"
+    eventsource "^1.0.7"
+    faye-websocket "~0.11.1"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    json3 "^3.3.2"
+    url-parse "^1.4.3"
+
+sockjs@0.3.19:
+  version "0.3.19"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sockjs/-/sockjs-0.3.19.tgz#d976bbe800af7bd20ae08598d582393508993c0d"
+  integrity sha512-V48klKZl8T6MzatbLlzzRNhMepEys9Y4oGFpypBFFn1gLI/QQ9HtLLyWJNbPlwGLelOVOEijUbTTJeLLI59jLw==
+  dependencies:
+    faye-websocket "^0.10.0"
+    uuid "^3.0.1"
+
+source-list-map@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-list-map/-/source-list-map-2.0.0.tgz#aaa47403f7b245a92fbc97ea08f250d6087ed085"
+  integrity sha512-I2UmuJSRr/T8jisiROLU3A3ltr+swpniSmNPI4Ml3ZCX6tVnDsuZzK7F2hl5jTqbZBWCEKlj5HRQiPExXLgE8A==
+
+source-map-resolve@^0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-resolve/-/source-map-resolve-0.5.1.tgz#7ad0f593f2281598e854df80f19aae4b92d7a11a"
+  integrity sha512-0KW2wvzfxm8NCTb30z0LMNyPqWCdDGE2viwzUaucqJdkTRXtZiSY3I+2A6nVAjmdOy0I4gU8DwnVVGsk9jvP2A==
+  dependencies:
+    atob "^2.0.0"
+    decode-uri-component "^0.2.0"
+    resolve-url "^0.2.1"
+    source-map-url "^0.4.0"
+    urix "^0.1.0"
+
+source-map-support@~0.5.9:
+  version "0.5.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-support/-/source-map-support-0.5.10.tgz#2214080bc9d51832511ee2bab96e3c2f9353120c"
+  integrity sha512-YfQ3tQFTK/yzlGJuX8pTwa4tifQj4QS2Mj7UegOu8jAz59MqIiMGPXxQhVQiIMNzayuUSF/jEuVnfFF5JqybmQ==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-from "^1.0.0"
+    source-map "^0.6.0"
+
+source-map-url@^0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-url/-/source-map-url-0.4.0.tgz#3e935d7ddd73631b97659956d55128e87b5084a3"
+  integrity sha1-PpNdfd1zYxuXZZlW1VEo6HtQhKM=
+
+source-map@^0.4.2:
+  version "0.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.4.4.tgz#eba4f5da9c0dc999de68032d8b4f76173652036b"
+  integrity sha1-66T12pwNyZneaAMti092FzZSA2s=
+  dependencies:
+    amdefine ">=0.0.4"
+
+source-map@^0.5.0, source-map@^0.5.3, source-map@^0.5.6:
+  version "0.5.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.5.7.tgz#8a039d2d1021d22d1ea14c80d8ea468ba2ef3fcc"
+  integrity sha1-igOdLRAh0i0eoUyA2OpGi6LvP8w=
+
+source-map@^0.6.0, source-map@^0.6.1, source-map@~0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.6.1.tgz#74722af32e9614e9c287a8d0bbde48b5e2f1a263"
+  integrity sha512-UjgapumWlbMhkBgzT7Ykc5YXUT46F0iKu8SGXq0bcwP5dz/h0Plj6enJqjz1Zbq2l5WaqYnrVbwWOWMyF3F47g==
+
+spdx-correct@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-correct/-/spdx-correct-1.0.2.tgz#4b3073d933ff51f3912f03ac5519498a4150db40"
+  integrity sha1-SzBz2TP/UfORLwOsVRlJikFQ20A=
+  dependencies:
+    spdx-license-ids "^1.0.2"
+
+spdx-expression-parse@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-expression-parse/-/spdx-expression-parse-1.0.4.tgz#9bdf2f20e1f40ed447fbe273266191fced51626c"
+  integrity sha1-m98vIOH0DtRH++JzJmGR/O1RYmw=
+
+spdx-license-ids@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-license-ids/-/spdx-license-ids-1.2.2.tgz#c9df7a3424594ade6bd11900d596696dc06bac57"
+  integrity sha1-yd96NCRZSt5r0RkA1ZZpbcBrrFc=
+
+spdy-transport@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdy-transport/-/spdy-transport-3.0.0.tgz#00d4863a6400ad75df93361a1608605e5dcdcf31"
+  integrity sha512-hsLVFE5SjA6TCisWeJXFKniGGOpBgMLmerfO2aCyCU5s7nJ/rpAepqmFifv/GCbSbueEeAJJnmSQ2rKC/g8Fcw==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^4.1.0"
+    detect-node "^2.0.4"
+    hpack.js "^2.1.6"
+    obuf "^1.1.2"
+    readable-stream "^3.0.6"
+    wbuf "^1.7.3"
+
+spdy@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdy/-/spdy-4.0.0.tgz#81f222b5a743a329aa12cea6a390e60e9b613c52"
+  integrity sha512-ot0oEGT/PGUpzf/6uk4AWLqkq+irlqHXkrdbk51oWONh3bxQmBuljxPNl66zlRRcIJStWq0QkLUCPOPjgjvU0Q==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^4.1.0"
+    handle-thing "^2.0.0"
+    http-deceiver "^1.2.7"
+    select-hose "^2.0.0"
+    spdy-transport "^3.0.0"
+
+split-string@^3.0.1, split-string@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/split-string/-/split-string-3.1.0.tgz#7cb09dda3a86585705c64b39a6466038682e8fe2"
+  integrity sha512-NzNVhJDYpwceVVii8/Hu6DKfD2G+NrQHlS/V/qgv763EYudVwEcMQNxd2lh+0VrUByXN/oJkl5grOhYWvQUYiw==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.0"
+
+sprintf-js@~1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sprintf-js/-/sprintf-js-1.0.3.tgz#04e6926f662895354f3dd015203633b857297e2c"
+  integrity sha1-BOaSb2YolTVPPdAVIDYzuFcpfiw=
+
+sshpk@^1.7.0:
+  version "1.13.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sshpk/-/sshpk-1.13.1.tgz#512df6da6287144316dc4c18fe1cf1d940739be3"
+  integrity sha1-US322mKHFEMW3EwY/hzx2UBzm+M=
+  dependencies:
+    asn1 "~0.2.3"
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    dashdash "^1.12.0"
+    getpass "^0.1.1"
+  optionalDependencies:
+    bcrypt-pbkdf "^1.0.0"
+    ecc-jsbn "~0.1.1"
+    jsbn "~0.1.0"
+    tweetnacl "~0.14.0"
+
+ssri@^6.0.1:
+  version "6.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ssri/-/ssri-6.0.1.tgz#2a3c41b28dd45b62b63676ecb74001265ae9edd8"
+  integrity sha512-3Wge10hNcT1Kur4PDFwEieXSCMCJs/7WvSACcrMYrNp+b8kDL1/0wJch5Ni2WrtwEa2IO8OsVfeKIciKCDx/QA==
+  dependencies:
+    figgy-pudding "^3.5.1"
+
+stable@^0.1.8:
+  version "0.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stable/-/stable-0.1.8.tgz#836eb3c8382fe2936feaf544631017ce7d47a3cf"
+  integrity sha512-ji9qxRnOVfcuLDySj9qzhGSEFVobyt1kIOSkj1qZzYLzq7Tos/oUUWvotUPQLlrsidqsK6tBH89Bc9kL5zHA6w==
+
+static-extend@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/static-extend/-/static-extend-0.1.2.tgz#60809c39cbff55337226fd5e0b520f341f1fb5c6"
+  integrity sha1-YICcOcv/VTNyJv1eC1IPNB8ftcY=
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    object-copy "^0.1.0"
+
+"statuses@>= 1.3.1 < 2":
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/statuses/-/statuses-1.4.0.tgz#bb73d446da2796106efcc1b601a253d6c46bd087"
+  integrity sha512-zhSCtt8v2NDrRlPQpCNtw/heZLtfUDqxBM1udqikb/Hbk52LK4nQSwr10u77iopCW5LsyHpuXS0GnEc48mLeew==
+
+statuses@~1.3.1:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/statuses/-/statuses-1.3.1.tgz#faf51b9eb74aaef3b3acf4ad5f61abf24cb7b93e"
+  integrity sha1-+vUbnrdKrvOzrPStX2Gr8ky3uT4=
+
+stdout-stream@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stdout-stream/-/stdout-stream-1.4.0.tgz#a2c7c8587e54d9427ea9edb3ac3f2cd522df378b"
+  integrity sha1-osfIWH5U2UJ+qe2zrD8s1SLfN4s=
+  dependencies:
+    readable-stream "^2.0.1"
+
+stream-browserify@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-browserify/-/stream-browserify-2.0.1.tgz#66266ee5f9bdb9940a4e4514cafb43bb71e5c9db"
+  integrity sha1-ZiZu5fm9uZQKTkUUyvtDu3Hlyds=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "~2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.2"
+
+stream-each@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-each/-/stream-each-1.2.2.tgz#8e8c463f91da8991778765873fe4d960d8f616bd"
+  integrity sha512-mc1dbFhGBxvTM3bIWmAAINbqiuAk9TATcfIQC8P+/+HJefgaiTlMn2dHvkX8qlI12KeYKSQ1Ua9RrIqrn1VPoA==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    stream-shift "^1.0.0"
+
+stream-http@^2.7.2:
+  version "2.8.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-http/-/stream-http-2.8.0.tgz#fd86546dac9b1c91aff8fc5d287b98fafb41bc10"
+  integrity sha512-sZOFxI/5xw058XIRHl4dU3dZ+TTOIGJR78Dvo0oEAejIt4ou27k+3ne1zYmCV+v7UucbxIFQuOgnkTVHh8YPnw==
+  dependencies:
+    builtin-status-codes "^3.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.3"
+    to-arraybuffer "^1.0.0"
+    xtend "^4.0.0"
+
+stream-shift@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-shift/-/stream-shift-1.0.0.tgz#d5c752825e5367e786f78e18e445ea223a155952"
+  integrity sha1-1cdSgl5TZ+eG944Y5EXqIjoVWVI=
+
+string-width@^1.0.1, string-width@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string-width/-/string-width-1.0.2.tgz#118bdf5b8cdc51a2a7e70d211e07e2b0b9b107d3"
+  integrity sha1-EYvfW4zcUaKn5w0hHgfisLmxB9M=
+  dependencies:
+    code-point-at "^1.0.0"
+    is-fullwidth-code-point "^1.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.0"
+
+string-width@^2.0.0, string-width@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string-width/-/string-width-2.1.1.tgz#ab93f27a8dc13d28cac815c462143a6d9012ae9e"
+  integrity sha512-nOqH59deCq9SRHlxq1Aw85Jnt4w6KvLKqWVik6oA9ZklXLNIOlqg4F2yrT1MVaTjAqvVwdfeZ7w7aCvJD7ugkw==
+  dependencies:
+    is-fullwidth-code-point "^2.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^4.0.0"
+
+string_decoder@^1.0.0, string_decoder@~1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.0.3.tgz#0fc67d7c141825de94282dd536bec6b9bce860ab"
+  integrity sha512-4AH6Z5fzNNBcH+6XDMfA/BTt87skxqJlO0lAh3Dker5zThcAxG6mKz+iGu308UKoPPQ8Dcqx/4JhujzltRa+hQ==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.0"
+
+string_decoder@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.2.0.tgz#fe86e738b19544afe70469243b2a1ee9240eae8d"
+  integrity sha512-6YqyX6ZWEYguAxgZzHGL7SsCeGx3V2TtOTqZz1xSTSWnqsbWwbptafNyvf/ACquZUXV3DANr5BDIwNYe1mN42w==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.0"
+
+stringstream@~0.0.4:
+  version "0.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stringstream/-/stringstream-0.0.5.tgz#4e484cd4de5a0bbbee18e46307710a8a81621878"
+  integrity sha1-TkhM1N5aC7vuGORjB3EKioFiGHg=
+
+strip-ansi@^3.0.0, strip-ansi@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-3.0.1.tgz#6a385fb8853d952d5ff05d0e8aaf94278dc63dcf"
+  integrity sha1-ajhfuIU9lS1f8F0Oiq+UJ43GPc8=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^2.0.0"
+
+strip-ansi@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-4.0.0.tgz#a8479022eb1ac368a871389b635262c505ee368f"
+  integrity sha1-qEeQIusaw2iocTibY1JixQXuNo8=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^3.0.0"
+
+strip-bom@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-bom/-/strip-bom-2.0.0.tgz#6219a85616520491f35788bdbf1447a99c7e6b0e"
+  integrity sha1-YhmoVhZSBJHzV4i9vxRHqZx+aw4=
+  dependencies:
+    is-utf8 "^0.2.0"
+
+strip-eof@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-eof/-/strip-eof-1.0.0.tgz#bb43ff5598a6eb05d89b59fcd129c983313606bf"
+  integrity sha1-u0P/VZim6wXYm1n80SnJgzE2Br8=
+
+strip-indent@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-indent/-/strip-indent-1.0.1.tgz#0c7962a6adefa7bbd4ac366460a638552ae1a0a2"
+  integrity sha1-DHlipq3vp7vUrDZkYKY4VSrhoKI=
+  dependencies:
+    get-stdin "^4.0.1"
+
+strip-json-comments@~2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-json-comments/-/strip-json-comments-2.0.1.tgz#3c531942e908c2697c0ec344858c286c7ca0a60a"
+  integrity sha1-PFMZQukIwml8DsNEhYwobHygpgo=
+
+style-loader@^0.23.1:
+  version "0.23.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/style-loader/-/style-loader-0.23.1.tgz#cb9154606f3e771ab6c4ab637026a1049174d925"
+  integrity sha512-XK+uv9kWwhZMZ1y7mysB+zoihsEj4wneFWAS5qoiLwzW0WzSqMrrsIy+a3zkQJq0ipFtBpX5W3MqyRIBF/WFGg==
+  dependencies:
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+stylehacks@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stylehacks/-/stylehacks-4.0.3.tgz#6718fcaf4d1e07d8a1318690881e8d96726a71d5"
+  integrity sha512-7GlLk9JwlElY4Y6a/rmbH2MhVlTyVmiJd1PfTCqFaIBEGMYNsrO/v3SeGTdhBThLg4Z+NbOk/qFMwCa+J+3p/g==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+supports-color@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-2.0.0.tgz#535d045ce6b6363fa40117084629995e9df324c7"
+  integrity sha1-U10EXOa2Nj+kARcIRimZXp3zJMc=
+
+supports-color@^5.3.0, supports-color@^5.5.0:
+  version "5.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-5.5.0.tgz#e2e69a44ac8772f78a1ec0b35b689df6530efc8f"
+  integrity sha512-QjVjwdXIt408MIiAqCX4oUKsgU2EqAGzs2Ppkm4aQYbjm+ZEWEcW4SfFNTr4uMNZma0ey4f5lgLrkB0aX0QMow==
+  dependencies:
+    has-flag "^3.0.0"
+
+supports-color@^6.1.0:
+  version "6.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-6.1.0.tgz#0764abc69c63d5ac842dd4867e8d025e880df8f3"
+  integrity sha512-qe1jfm1Mg7Nq/NSh6XE24gPXROEVsWHxC1LIx//XNlD9iw7YZQGjZNjYN7xGaEG6iKdA8EtNFW6R0gjnVXp+wQ==
+  dependencies:
+    has-flag "^3.0.0"
+
+svgo@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/svgo/-/svgo-1.2.0.tgz#305a8fc0f4f9710828c65039bb93d5793225ffc3"
+  integrity sha512-xBfxJxfk4UeVN8asec9jNxHiv3UAMv/ujwBWGYvQhhMb2u3YTGKkiybPcLFDLq7GLLWE9wa73e0/m8L5nTzQbw==
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^2.4.1"
+    coa "^2.0.2"
+    css-select "^2.0.0"
+    css-select-base-adapter "^0.1.1"
+    css-tree "1.0.0-alpha.28"
+    css-url-regex "^1.1.0"
+    csso "^3.5.1"
+    js-yaml "^3.12.0"
+    mkdirp "~0.5.1"
+    object.values "^1.1.0"
+    sax "~1.2.4"
+    stable "^0.1.8"
+    unquote "~1.1.1"
+    util.promisify "~1.0.0"
+
+tapable@^1.0.0, tapable@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tapable/-/tapable-1.1.1.tgz#4d297923c5a72a42360de2ab52dadfaaec00018e"
+  integrity sha512-9I2ydhj8Z9veORCw5PRm4u9uebCn0mcCa6scWoNcbZ6dAtoo2618u9UUzxgmsCOreJpqDDuv61LvwofW7hLcBA==
+
+tar-pack@^3.4.0:
+  version "3.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tar-pack/-/tar-pack-3.4.1.tgz#e1dbc03a9b9d3ba07e896ad027317eb679a10a1f"
+  integrity sha512-PPRybI9+jM5tjtCbN2cxmmRU7YmqT3Zv/UDy48tAh2XRkLa9bAORtSWLkVc13+GJF+cdTh1yEnHEk3cpTaL5Kg==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^2.2.0"
+    fstream "^1.0.10"
+    fstream-ignore "^1.0.5"
+    once "^1.3.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.1.4"
+    rimraf "^2.5.1"
+    tar "^2.2.1"
+    uid-number "^0.0.6"
+
+tar@^2.0.0, tar@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tar/-/tar-2.2.1.tgz#8e4d2a256c0e2185c6b18ad694aec968b83cb1d1"
+  integrity sha1-jk0qJWwOIYXGsYrWlK7JaLg8sdE=
+  dependencies:
+    block-stream "*"
+    fstream "^1.0.2"
+    inherits "2"
+
+tar@^4:
+  version "4.4.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tar/-/tar-4.4.8.tgz#b19eec3fde2a96e64666df9fdb40c5ca1bc3747d"
+  integrity sha512-LzHF64s5chPQQS0IYBn9IN5h3i98c12bo4NCO7e0sGM2llXQ3p2FGC5sdENN4cTW48O915Sh+x+EXx7XW96xYQ==
+  dependencies:
+    chownr "^1.1.1"
+    fs-minipass "^1.2.5"
+    minipass "^2.3.4"
+    minizlib "^1.1.1"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    yallist "^3.0.2"
+
+terser-webpack-plugin@^1.1.0, terser-webpack-plugin@^1.2.3:
+  version "1.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/terser-webpack-plugin/-/terser-webpack-plugin-1.2.3.tgz#3f98bc902fac3e5d0de730869f50668561262ec8"
+  integrity sha512-GOK7q85oAb/5kE12fMuLdn2btOS9OBZn4VsecpHDywoUC/jLhSAKOiYo0ezx7ss2EXPMzyEWFoE0s1WLE+4+oA==
+  dependencies:
+    cacache "^11.0.2"
+    find-cache-dir "^2.0.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    serialize-javascript "^1.4.0"
+    source-map "^0.6.1"
+    terser "^3.16.1"
+    webpack-sources "^1.1.0"
+    worker-farm "^1.5.2"
+
+terser@^3.16.1:
+  version "3.16.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/terser/-/terser-3.16.1.tgz#5b0dd4fa1ffd0b0b43c2493b2c364fd179160493"
+  integrity sha512-JDJjgleBROeek2iBcSNzOHLKsB/MdDf+E/BOAJ0Tk9r7p9/fVobfv7LMJ/g/k3v9SXdmjZnIlFd5nfn/Rt0Xow==
+  dependencies:
+    commander "~2.17.1"
+    source-map "~0.6.1"
+    source-map-support "~0.5.9"
+
+through2@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/through2/-/through2-2.0.3.tgz#0004569b37c7c74ba39c43f3ced78d1ad94140be"
+  integrity sha1-AARWmzfHx0ujnEPzzteNGtlBQL4=
+  dependencies:
+    readable-stream "^2.1.5"
+    xtend "~4.0.1"
+
+thunky@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/thunky/-/thunky-1.0.2.tgz#a862e018e3fb1ea2ec3fce5d55605cf57f247371"
+  integrity sha1-qGLgGOP7HqLsP85dVWBc9X8kc3E=
+
+timers-browserify@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/timers-browserify/-/timers-browserify-2.0.6.tgz#241e76927d9ca05f4d959819022f5b3664b64bae"
+  integrity sha512-HQ3nbYRAowdVd0ckGFvmJPPCOH/CHleFN/Y0YQCX1DVaB7t+KFvisuyN09fuP8Jtp1CpfSh8O8bMkHbdbPe6Pw==
+  dependencies:
+    setimmediate "^1.0.4"
+
+timsort@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/timsort/-/timsort-0.3.0.tgz#405411a8e7e6339fe64db9a234de11dc31e02bd4"
+  integrity sha1-QFQRqOfmM5/mTbmiNN4R3DHgK9Q=
+
+to-arraybuffer@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-arraybuffer/-/to-arraybuffer-1.0.1.tgz#7d229b1fcc637e466ca081180836a7aabff83f43"
+  integrity sha1-fSKbH8xjfkZsoIEYCDanqr/4P0M=
+
+to-fast-properties@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-fast-properties/-/to-fast-properties-2.0.0.tgz#dc5e698cbd079265bc73e0377681a4e4e83f616e"
+  integrity sha1-3F5pjL0HkmW8c+A3doGk5Og/YW4=
+
+to-object-path@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-object-path/-/to-object-path-0.3.0.tgz#297588b7b0e7e0ac08e04e672f85c1f4999e17af"
+  integrity sha1-KXWIt7Dn4KwI4E5nL4XB9JmeF68=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+to-regex-range@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-regex-range/-/to-regex-range-2.1.1.tgz#7c80c17b9dfebe599e27367e0d4dd5590141db38"
+  integrity sha1-fIDBe53+vlmeJzZ+DU3VWQFB2zg=
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    repeat-string "^1.6.1"
+
+to-regex@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-regex/-/to-regex-3.0.1.tgz#15358bee4a2c83bd76377ba1dc049d0f18837aae"
+  integrity sha1-FTWL7kosg712N3uh3ASdDxiDeq4=
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+
+to-regex@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-regex/-/to-regex-3.0.2.tgz#13cfdd9b336552f30b51f33a8ae1b42a7a7599ce"
+  integrity sha512-FWtleNAtZ/Ki2qtqej2CXTOayOH9bHDQF+Q48VpWyDXjbYxA4Yz8iDB31zXOBUlOHHKidDbqGVrTUvQMPmBGBw==
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    regex-not "^1.0.2"
+    safe-regex "^1.1.0"
+
+tough-cookie@~2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tough-cookie/-/tough-cookie-2.3.3.tgz#0b618a5565b6dea90bf3425d04d55edc475a7561"
+  integrity sha1-C2GKVWW23qkL80JdBNVe3EdadWE=
+  dependencies:
+    punycode "^1.4.1"
+
+tough-cookie@~2.4.3:
+  version "2.4.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tough-cookie/-/tough-cookie-2.4.3.tgz#53f36da3f47783b0925afa06ff9f3b165280f781"
+  integrity sha512-Q5srk/4vDM54WJsJio3XNn6K2sCG+CQ8G5Wz6bZhRZoAe/+TxjWB/GlFAnYEbkYVlON9FMk/fE3h2RLpPXo4lQ==
+  dependencies:
+    psl "^1.1.24"
+    punycode "^1.4.1"
+
+trim-newlines@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/trim-newlines/-/trim-newlines-1.0.0.tgz#5887966bb582a4503a41eb524f7d35011815a613"
+  integrity sha1-WIeWa7WCpFA6QetST301ARgVphM=
+
+trim-right@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/trim-right/-/trim-right-1.0.1.tgz#cb2e1203067e0c8de1f614094b9fe45704ea6003"
+  integrity sha1-yy4SAwZ+DI3h9hQJS5/kVwTqYAM=
+
+"true-case-path@^1.0.2":
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/true-case-path/-/true-case-path-1.0.2.tgz#7ec91130924766c7f573be3020c34f8fdfd00d62"
+  integrity sha1-fskRMJJHZsf1c74wIMNPj9/QDWI=
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^6.0.4"
+
+ts-pnp@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ts-pnp/-/ts-pnp-1.0.1.tgz#fde74a6371676a167abaeda1ffc0fdb423520098"
+  integrity sha512-Zzg9XH0anaqhNSlDRibNC8Kp+B9KNM0uRIpLpGkGyrgRIttA7zZBhotTSEoEyuDrz3QW2LGtu2dxuk34HzIGnQ==
+
+tslib@^1.9.0:
+  version "1.9.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tslib/-/tslib-1.9.3.tgz#d7e4dd79245d85428c4d7e4822a79917954ca286"
+  integrity sha512-4krF8scpejhaOgqzBEcGM7yDIEfi0/8+8zDRZhNZZ2kjmHJ4hv3zCbQWxoJGz1iw5U0Jl0nma13xzHXcncMavQ==
+
+tty-browserify@0.0.0:
+  version "0.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tty-browserify/-/tty-browserify-0.0.0.tgz#a157ba402da24e9bf957f9aa69d524eed42901a6"
+  integrity sha1-oVe6QC2iTpv5V/mqadUk7tQpAaY=
+
+tunnel-agent@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tunnel-agent/-/tunnel-agent-0.6.0.tgz#27a5dea06b36b04a0a9966774b290868f0fc40fd"
+  integrity sha1-J6XeoGs2sEoKmWZ3SykIaPD8QP0=
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+tweetnacl@^0.14.3, tweetnacl@~0.14.0:
+  version "0.14.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tweetnacl/-/tweetnacl-0.14.5.tgz#5ae68177f192d4456269d108afa93ff8743f4f64"
+  integrity sha1-WuaBd/GS1EViadEIr6k/+HQ/T2Q=
+
+type-is@~1.6.15:
+  version "1.6.15"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/type-is/-/type-is-1.6.15.tgz#cab10fb4909e441c82842eafe1ad646c81804410"
+  integrity sha1-yrEPtJCeRByChC6v4a1kbIGARBA=
+  dependencies:
+    media-typer "0.3.0"
+    mime-types "~2.1.15"
+
+typedarray@^0.0.6:
+  version "0.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/typedarray/-/typedarray-0.0.6.tgz#867ac74e3864187b1d3d47d996a78ec5c8830777"
+  integrity sha1-hnrHTjhkGHsdPUfZlqeOxciDB3c=
+
+uid-number@^0.0.6:
+  version "0.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uid-number/-/uid-number-0.0.6.tgz#0ea10e8035e8eb5b8e4449f06da1c730663baa81"
+  integrity sha1-DqEOgDXo61uOREnwbaHHMGY7qoE=
+
+underscore.string@2.3.x:
+  version "2.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/underscore.string/-/underscore.string-2.3.3.tgz#71c08bf6b428b1133f37e78fa3a21c82f7329b0d"
+  integrity sha1-ccCL9rQosRM/N+ePo6Icgvcymw0=
+
+unicode-canonical-property-names-ecmascript@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unicode-canonical-property-names-ecmascript/-/unicode-canonical-property-names-ecmascript-1.0.4.tgz#2619800c4c825800efdd8343af7dd9933cbe2818"
+  integrity sha512-jDrNnXWHd4oHiTZnx/ZG7gtUTVp+gCcTTKr8L0HjlwphROEW3+Him+IpvC+xcJEFegapiMZyZe02CyuOnRmbnQ==
+
+unicode-match-property-ecmascript@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unicode-match-property-ecmascript/-/unicode-match-property-ecmascript-1.0.4.tgz#8ed2a32569961bce9227d09cd3ffbb8fed5f020c"
+  integrity sha512-L4Qoh15vTfntsn4P1zqnHulG0LdXgjSO035fEpdtp6YxXhMT51Q6vgM5lYdG/5X3MjS+k/Y9Xw4SFCY9IkR0rg==
+  dependencies:
+    unicode-canonical-property-names-ecmascript "^1.0.4"
+    unicode-property-aliases-ecmascript "^1.0.4"
+
+unicode-match-property-value-ecmascript@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unicode-match-property-value-ecmascript/-/unicode-match-property-value-ecmascript-1.1.0.tgz#5b4b426e08d13a80365e0d657ac7a6c1ec46a277"
+  integrity sha512-hDTHvaBk3RmFzvSl0UVrUmC3PuW9wKVnpoUDYH0JDkSIovzw+J5viQmeYHxVSBptubnr7PbH2e0fnpDRQnQl5g==
+
+unicode-property-aliases-ecmascript@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unicode-property-aliases-ecmascript/-/unicode-property-aliases-ecmascript-1.0.5.tgz#a9cc6cc7ce63a0a3023fc99e341b94431d405a57"
+  integrity sha512-L5RAqCfXqAwR3RriF8pM0lU0w4Ryf/GgzONwi6KnL1taJQa7x1TCxdJnILX59WIGOwR57IVxn7Nej0fz1Ny6fw==
+
+union-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/union-value/-/union-value-1.0.0.tgz#5c71c34cb5bad5dcebe3ea0cd08207ba5aa1aea4"
+  integrity sha1-XHHDTLW61dzr4+oM0IIHulqhrqQ=
+  dependencies:
+    arr-union "^3.1.0"
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    set-value "^0.4.3"
+
+uniq@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uniq/-/uniq-1.0.1.tgz#b31c5ae8254844a3a8281541ce2b04b865a734ff"
+  integrity sha1-sxxa6CVIRKOoKBVBzisEuGWnNP8=
+
+uniqs@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uniqs/-/uniqs-2.0.0.tgz#ffede4b36b25290696e6e165d4a59edb998e6b02"
+  integrity sha1-/+3ks2slKQaW5uFl1KWe25mOawI=
+
+unique-filename@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unique-filename/-/unique-filename-1.1.1.tgz#1d69769369ada0583103a1e6ae87681b56573230"
+  integrity sha512-Vmp0jIp2ln35UTXuryvjzkjGdRyf9b2lTXuSYUiPmzRcl3FDtYqAwOnTJkAngD9SWhnoJzDbTKwaOrZ+STtxNQ==
+  dependencies:
+    unique-slug "^2.0.0"
+
+unique-slug@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unique-slug/-/unique-slug-2.0.0.tgz#db6676e7c7cc0629878ff196097c78855ae9f4ab"
+  integrity sha1-22Z258fMBimHj/GWCXx4hVrp9Ks=
+  dependencies:
+    imurmurhash "^0.1.4"
+
+unpipe@1.0.0, unpipe@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unpipe/-/unpipe-1.0.0.tgz#b2bf4ee8514aae6165b4817829d21b2ef49904ec"
+  integrity sha1-sr9O6FFKrmFltIF4KdIbLvSZBOw=
+
+unquote@~1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unquote/-/unquote-1.1.1.tgz#8fded7324ec6e88a0ff8b905e7c098cdc086d544"
+  integrity sha1-j97XMk7G6IoP+LkF58CYzcCG1UQ=
+
+unset-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unset-value/-/unset-value-1.0.0.tgz#8376873f7d2335179ffb1e6fc3a8ed0dfc8ab559"
+  integrity sha1-g3aHP30jNRef+x5vw6jtDfyKtVk=
+  dependencies:
+    has-value "^0.3.1"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+upath@1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/upath/-/upath-1.0.0.tgz#b4706b9461ca8473adf89133d235689ca17f3656"
+  integrity sha1-tHBrlGHKhHOt+JEz0jVonKF/NlY=
+  dependencies:
+    lodash "3.x"
+    underscore.string "2.3.x"
+
+upath@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/upath/-/upath-1.1.1.tgz#497f7c1090b0818f310bbfb06783586a68d28014"
+  integrity sha512-D0yetkpIOKiZQquxjM2Syvy48Y1DbZ0SWxgsZiwd9GCWRpc75vN8ytzem14WDSg+oiX6+Qt31FpiS/ExODCrLg==
+
+uri-js@^4.2.2:
+  version "4.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uri-js/-/uri-js-4.2.2.tgz#94c540e1ff772956e2299507c010aea6c8838eb0"
+  integrity sha512-KY9Frmirql91X2Qgjry0Wd4Y+YTdrdZheS8TFwvkbLWf/G5KNJDCh6pKL5OZctEW4+0Baa5idK2ZQuELRwPznQ==
+  dependencies:
+    punycode "^2.1.0"
+
+urix@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/urix/-/urix-0.1.0.tgz#da937f7a62e21fec1fd18d49b35c2935067a6c72"
+  integrity sha1-2pN/emLiH+wf0Y1Js1wpNQZ6bHI=
+
+url-parse@^1.4.3:
+  version "1.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/url-parse/-/url-parse-1.4.4.tgz#cac1556e95faa0303691fec5cf9d5a1bc34648f8"
+  integrity sha512-/92DTTorg4JjktLNLe6GPS2/RvAd/RGr6LuktmWSMLEOa6rjnlrFXNgSbSmkNvCoL2T028A0a1JaJLzRMlFoHg==
+  dependencies:
+    querystringify "^2.0.0"
+    requires-port "^1.0.0"
+
+url@^0.11.0:
+  version "0.11.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/url/-/url-0.11.0.tgz#3838e97cfc60521eb73c525a8e55bfdd9e2e28f1"
+  integrity sha1-ODjpfPxgUh63PFJajlW/3Z4uKPE=
+  dependencies:
+    punycode "1.3.2"
+    querystring "0.2.0"
+
+use@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/use/-/use-2.0.2.tgz#ae28a0d72f93bf22422a18a2e379993112dec8e8"
+  integrity sha1-riig1y+TvyJCKhii43mZMRLeyOg=
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+    lazy-cache "^2.0.2"
+
+util-deprecate@^1.0.1, util-deprecate@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util-deprecate/-/util-deprecate-1.0.2.tgz#450d4dc9fa70de732762fbd2d4a28981419a0ccf"
+  integrity sha1-RQ1Nyfpw3nMnYvvS1KKJgUGaDM8=
+
+util.promisify@^1.0.0, util.promisify@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util.promisify/-/util.promisify-1.0.0.tgz#440f7165a459c9a16dc145eb8e72f35687097030"
+  integrity sha512-i+6qA2MPhvoKLuxnJNpXAGhg7HphQOSUq2LKMZD0m15EiskXUkMvKdF4Uui0WYeCUGea+o2cw/ZuwehtfsrNkA==
+  dependencies:
+    define-properties "^1.1.2"
+    object.getownpropertydescriptors "^2.0.3"
+
+util@0.10.3, util@^0.10.3:
+  version "0.10.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util/-/util-0.10.3.tgz#7afb1afe50805246489e3db7fe0ed379336ac0f9"
+  integrity sha1-evsa/lCAUkZInj23/g7TeTNqwPk=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "2.0.1"
+
+utils-merge@1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/utils-merge/-/utils-merge-1.0.1.tgz#9f95710f50a267947b2ccc124741c1028427e713"
+  integrity sha1-n5VxD1CiZ5R7LMwSR0HBAoQn5xM=
+
+uuid@^3.0.0, uuid@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uuid/-/uuid-3.2.1.tgz#12c528bb9d58d0b9265d9a2f6f0fe8be17ff1f14"
+  integrity sha512-jZnMwlb9Iku/O3smGWvZhauCf6cvvpKi4BKRiliS3cxnI+Gz9j5MEpTz2UFuXiKPJocb7gnsLHwiS05ige5BEA==
+
+uuid@^3.3.2:
+  version "3.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uuid/-/uuid-3.3.2.tgz#1b4af4955eb3077c501c23872fc6513811587131"
+  integrity sha512-yXJmeNaw3DnnKAOKJE51sL/ZaYfWJRl1pK9dr19YFCu0ObS231AB1/LbqTKRAQ5kw8A90rA6fr4riOUpTZvQZA==
+
+v8-compile-cache@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/v8-compile-cache/-/v8-compile-cache-2.0.2.tgz#a428b28bb26790734c4fc8bc9fa106fccebf6a6c"
+  integrity sha512-1wFuMUIM16MDJRCrpbpuEPTUGmM5QMUg0cr3KFwra2XgOgFcPGDQHDh3CszSCD2Zewc/dh/pamNEW8CbfDebUw==
+
+validate-npm-package-license@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/validate-npm-package-license/-/validate-npm-package-license-3.0.1.tgz#2804babe712ad3379459acfbe24746ab2c303fbc"
+  integrity sha1-KAS6vnEq0zeUWaz74kdGqywwP7w=
+  dependencies:
+    spdx-correct "~1.0.0"
+    spdx-expression-parse "~1.0.0"
+
+vary@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vary/-/vary-1.1.2.tgz#2299f02c6ded30d4a5961b0b9f74524a18f634fc"
+  integrity sha1-IpnwLG3tMNSllhsLn3RSShj2NPw=
+
+vendors@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vendors/-/vendors-1.0.1.tgz#37ad73c8ee417fb3d580e785312307d274847f22"
+  integrity sha1-N61zyO5Bf7PVgOeFMSMH0nSEfyI=
+
+verror@1.10.0:
+  version "1.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/verror/-/verror-1.10.0.tgz#3a105ca17053af55d6e270c1f8288682e18da400"
+  integrity sha1-OhBcoXBTr1XW4nDB+CiGguGNpAA=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    core-util-is "1.0.2"
+    extsprintf "^1.2.0"
+
+vm-browserify@0.0.4:
+  version "0.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vm-browserify/-/vm-browserify-0.0.4.tgz#5d7ea45bbef9e4a6ff65f95438e0a87c357d5a73"
+  integrity sha1-XX6kW7755Kb/ZflUOOCofDV9WnM=
+  dependencies:
+    indexof "0.0.1"
+
+watchpack@^1.5.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/watchpack/-/watchpack-1.6.0.tgz#4bc12c2ebe8aa277a71f1d3f14d685c7b446cd00"
+  integrity sha512-i6dHe3EyLjMmDlU1/bGQpEw25XSjkJULPuAVKCbNRefQVq48yXKUpwg538F7AZTf9kyr57zj++pQFltUa5H7yA==
+  dependencies:
+    chokidar "^2.0.2"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+
+wbuf@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.7.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wbuf/-/wbuf-1.7.2.tgz#d697b99f1f59512df2751be42769c1580b5801fe"
+  integrity sha1-1pe5nx9ZUS3ydRvkJ2nBWAtYAf4=
+  dependencies:
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+wbuf@^1.7.3:
+  version "1.7.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wbuf/-/wbuf-1.7.3.tgz#c1d8d149316d3ea852848895cb6a0bfe887b87df"
+  integrity sha512-O84QOnr0icsbFGLS0O3bI5FswxzRr8/gHwWkDlQFskhSPryQXvrTMxjxGP4+iWYoauLoBvfDpkrOauZ+0iZpDA==
+  dependencies:
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+webpack-assets-manifest@^3.1.1:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-assets-manifest/-/webpack-assets-manifest-3.1.1.tgz#39bbc3bf2ee57fcd8ba07cda51c9ba4a3c6ae1de"
+  integrity sha512-JV9V2QKc5wEWQptdIjvXDUL1ucbPLH2f27toAY3SNdGZp+xSaStAgpoMcvMZmqtFrBc9a5pTS1058vxyMPOzRQ==
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^2.0"
+    lodash.get "^4.0"
+    lodash.has "^4.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    tapable "^1.0.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.0.0"
+
+webpack-cli@^3.2.3:
+  version "3.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-cli/-/webpack-cli-3.2.3.tgz#13653549adfd8ccd920ad7be1ef868bacc22e346"
+  integrity sha512-Ik3SjV6uJtWIAN5jp5ZuBMWEAaP5E4V78XJ2nI+paFPh8v4HPSwo/myN0r29Xc/6ZKnd2IdrAlpSgNOu2CDQ6Q==
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^2.4.1"
+    cross-spawn "^6.0.5"
+    enhanced-resolve "^4.1.0"
+    findup-sync "^2.0.0"
+    global-modules "^1.0.0"
+    import-local "^2.0.0"
+    interpret "^1.1.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    supports-color "^5.5.0"
+    v8-compile-cache "^2.0.2"
+    yargs "^12.0.4"
+
+webpack-dev-middleware@^3.5.1:
+  version "3.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-dev-middleware/-/webpack-dev-middleware-3.6.1.tgz#91f2531218a633a99189f7de36045a331a4b9cd4"
+  integrity sha512-XQmemun8QJexMEvNFbD2BIg4eSKrmSIMrTfnl2nql2Sc6OGAYFyb8rwuYrCjl/IiEYYuyTEiimMscu7EXji/Dw==
+  dependencies:
+    memory-fs "^0.4.1"
+    mime "^2.3.1"
+    range-parser "^1.0.3"
+    webpack-log "^2.0.0"
+
+webpack-dev-server@^3.2.1:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-dev-server/-/webpack-dev-server-3.2.1.tgz#1b45ce3ecfc55b6ebe5e36dab2777c02bc508c4e"
+  integrity sha512-sjuE4mnmx6JOh9kvSbPYw3u/6uxCLHNWfhWaIPwcXWsvWOPN+nc5baq4i9jui3oOBRXGonK9+OI0jVkaz6/rCw==
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-html "0.0.7"
+    bonjour "^3.5.0"
+    chokidar "^2.0.0"
+    compression "^1.5.2"
+    connect-history-api-fallback "^1.3.0"
+    debug "^4.1.1"
+    del "^3.0.0"
+    express "^4.16.2"
+    html-entities "^1.2.0"
+    http-proxy-middleware "^0.19.1"
+    import-local "^2.0.0"
+    internal-ip "^4.2.0"
+    ip "^1.1.5"
+    killable "^1.0.0"
+    loglevel "^1.4.1"
+    opn "^5.1.0"
+    portfinder "^1.0.9"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    selfsigned "^1.9.1"
+    semver "^5.6.0"
+    serve-index "^1.7.2"
+    sockjs "0.3.19"
+    sockjs-client "1.3.0"
+    spdy "^4.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.0"
+    supports-color "^6.1.0"
+    url "^0.11.0"
+    webpack-dev-middleware "^3.5.1"
+    webpack-log "^2.0.0"
+    yargs "12.0.2"
+
+webpack-log@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-log/-/webpack-log-2.0.0.tgz#5b7928e0637593f119d32f6227c1e0ac31e1b47f"
+  integrity sha512-cX8G2vR/85UYG59FgkoMamwHUIkSSlV3bBMRsbxVXVUk2j6NleCKjQ/WE9eYg9WY4w25O9w8wKP4rzNZFmUcUg==
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-colors "^3.0.0"
+    uuid "^3.3.2"
+
+webpack-sources@^1.0.0, webpack-sources@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-sources/-/webpack-sources-1.3.0.tgz#2a28dcb9f1f45fe960d8f1493252b5ee6530fa85"
+  integrity sha512-OiVgSrbGu7NEnEvQJJgdSFPl2qWKkWq5lHMhgiToIiN9w34EBnjYzSYs+VbL5KoYiLNtFFa7BZIKxRED3I32pA==
+  dependencies:
+    source-list-map "^2.0.0"
+    source-map "~0.6.1"
+
+webpack-sources@^1.0.1, webpack-sources@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-sources/-/webpack-sources-1.1.0.tgz#a101ebae59d6507354d71d8013950a3a8b7a5a54"
+  integrity sha512-aqYp18kPphgoO5c/+NaUvEeACtZjMESmDChuD3NBciVpah3XpMEU9VAAtIaB1BsfJWWTSdv8Vv1m3T0aRk2dUw==
+  dependencies:
+    source-list-map "^2.0.0"
+    source-map "~0.6.1"
+
+webpack@^4.29.6:
+  version "4.29.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack/-/webpack-4.29.6.tgz#66bf0ec8beee4d469f8b598d3988ff9d8d90e955"
+  integrity sha512-MwBwpiE1BQpMDkbnUUaW6K8RFZjljJHArC6tWQJoFm0oQtfoSebtg4Y7/QHnJ/SddtjYLHaKGX64CFjG5rehJw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.8.5"
+    acorn "^6.0.5"
+    acorn-dynamic-import "^4.0.0"
+    ajv "^6.1.0"
+    ajv-keywords "^3.1.0"
+    chrome-trace-event "^1.0.0"
+    enhanced-resolve "^4.1.0"
+    eslint-scope "^4.0.0"
+    json-parse-better-errors "^1.0.2"
+    loader-runner "^2.3.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    memory-fs "~0.4.1"
+    micromatch "^3.1.8"
+    mkdirp "~0.5.0"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+    node-libs-browser "^2.0.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    tapable "^1.1.0"
+    terser-webpack-plugin "^1.1.0"
+    watchpack "^1.5.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.3.0"
+
+websocket-driver@>=0.5.1:
+  version "0.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/websocket-driver/-/websocket-driver-0.7.0.tgz#0caf9d2d755d93aee049d4bdd0d3fe2cca2a24eb"
+  integrity sha1-DK+dLXVdk67gSdS90NP+LMoqJOs=
+  dependencies:
+    http-parser-js ">=0.4.0"
+    websocket-extensions ">=0.1.1"
+
+websocket-extensions@>=0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/websocket-extensions/-/websocket-extensions-0.1.3.tgz#5d2ff22977003ec687a4b87073dfbbac146ccf29"
+  integrity sha512-nqHUnMXmBzT0w570r2JpJxfiSD1IzoI+HGVdd3aZ0yNi3ngvQ4jv1dtHt5VGxfI2yj5yqImPhOK4vmIh2xMbGg==
+
+which-module@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which-module/-/which-module-1.0.0.tgz#bba63ca861948994ff307736089e3b96026c2a4f"
+  integrity sha1-u6Y8qGGUiZT/MHc2CJ47lgJsKk8=
+
+which-module@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which-module/-/which-module-2.0.0.tgz#d9ef07dce77b9902b8a3a8fa4b31c3e3f7e6e87a"
+  integrity sha1-2e8H3Od7mQK4o6j6SzHD4/fm6Ho=
+
+which@1, which@^1.2.9:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which/-/which-1.3.0.tgz#ff04bdfc010ee547d780bec38e1ac1c2777d253a"
+  integrity sha512-xcJpopdamTuY5duC/KnTTNBraPK54YwpenP4lzxU8H91GudWpFv38u0CKjclE1Wi2EH2EDz5LRcHcKbCIzqGyg==
+  dependencies:
+    isexe "^2.0.0"
+
+which@^1.2.14:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which/-/which-1.3.1.tgz#a45043d54f5805316da8d62f9f50918d3da70b0a"
+  integrity sha512-HxJdYWq1MTIQbJ3nw0cqssHoTNU267KlrDuGZ1WYlxDStUtKUhOaJmh112/TZmHxxUfuJqPXSOm7tDyas0OSIQ==
+  dependencies:
+    isexe "^2.0.0"
+
+wide-align@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wide-align/-/wide-align-1.1.2.tgz#571e0f1b0604636ebc0dfc21b0339bbe31341710"
+  integrity sha512-ijDLlyQ7s6x1JgCLur53osjm/UXUYD9+0PbYKrBsYisYXzCxN+HC3mYDNy/dWdmf3AwqwU3CXwDCvsNgGK1S0w==
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^1.0.2"
+
+worker-farm@^1.5.2:
+  version "1.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/worker-farm/-/worker-farm-1.5.2.tgz#32b312e5dc3d5d45d79ef44acc2587491cd729ae"
+  integrity sha512-XxiQ9kZN5n6mmnW+mFJ+wXjNNI/Nx4DIdaAKLX1Bn6LYBWlN/zaBhu34DQYPZ1AJobQuu67S2OfDdNSVULvXkQ==
+  dependencies:
+    errno "^0.1.4"
+    xtend "^4.0.1"
+
+wrap-ansi@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-2.1.0.tgz#d8fc3d284dd05794fe84973caecdd1cf824fdd85"
+  integrity sha1-2Pw9KE3QV5T+hJc8rs3Rz4JP3YU=
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^1.0.1"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.1"
+
+wrappy@1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz#b5243d8f3ec1aa35f1364605bc0d1036e30ab69f"
+  integrity sha1-tSQ9jz7BqjXxNkYFvA0QNuMKtp8=
+
+xregexp@4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/xregexp/-/xregexp-4.0.0.tgz#e698189de49dd2a18cc5687b05e17c8e43943020"
+  integrity sha512-PHyM+sQouu7xspQQwELlGwwd05mXUFqwFYfqPO0cC7x4fxyHnnuetmQr6CjJiafIDoH4MogHb9dOoJzR/Y4rFg==
+
+xtend@^4.0.0, xtend@^4.0.1, xtend@~4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/xtend/-/xtend-4.0.1.tgz#a5c6d532be656e23db820efb943a1f04998d63af"
+  integrity sha1-pcbVMr5lbiPbgg77lDofBJmNY68=
+
+y18n@^3.2.1:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/y18n/-/y18n-3.2.1.tgz#6d15fba884c08679c0d77e88e7759e811e07fa41"
+  integrity sha1-bRX7qITAhnnA136I53WegR4H+kE=
+
+"y18n@^3.2.1 || ^4.0.0", y18n@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/y18n/-/y18n-4.0.0.tgz#95ef94f85ecc81d007c264e190a120f0a3c8566b"
+  integrity sha512-r9S/ZyXu/Xu9q1tYlpsLIsa3EeLXXk0VwlxqTcFRfg9EhMW+17kbt9G0NrgCmhGb5vT2hyhJZLfDGx+7+5Uj/w==
+
+yallist@^2.1.2:
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yallist/-/yallist-2.1.2.tgz#1c11f9218f076089a47dd512f93c6699a6a81d52"
+  integrity sha1-HBH5IY8HYImkfdUS+TxmmaaoHVI=
+
+yallist@^3.0.0, yallist@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yallist/-/yallist-3.0.3.tgz#b4b049e314be545e3ce802236d6cd22cd91c3de9"
+  integrity sha512-S+Zk8DEWE6oKpV+vI3qWkaK+jSbIK86pCwe2IF/xwIpQ8jEuxpw9NyaGjmp9+BoJv5FV2piqCDcoCtStppiq2A==
+
+yargs-parser@^10.1.0:
+  version "10.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs-parser/-/yargs-parser-10.1.0.tgz#7202265b89f7e9e9f2e5765e0fe735a905edbaa8"
+  integrity sha512-VCIyR1wJoEBZUqk5PA+oOBF6ypbwh5aNB3I50guxAL/quggdfs4TtNHQrSazFA3fYZ+tEqfs0zIGlv0c/rgjbQ==
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^4.1.0"
+
+yargs-parser@^11.1.1:
+  version "11.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs-parser/-/yargs-parser-11.1.1.tgz#879a0865973bca9f6bab5cbdf3b1c67ec7d3bcf4"
+  integrity sha512-C6kB/WJDiaxONLJQnF8ccx9SEeoTTLek8RVbaOIsrAUS8VrBEXfmeSnCZxygc+XC2sNMBIwOOnfcxiynjHsVSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^5.0.0"
+    decamelize "^1.2.0"
+
+yargs-parser@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs-parser/-/yargs-parser-5.0.0.tgz#275ecf0d7ffe05c77e64e7c86e4cd94bf0e1228a"
+  integrity sha1-J17PDX/+Bcd+ZOfIbkzZS/DhIoo=
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^3.0.0"
+
+yargs@12.0.2:
+  version "12.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs/-/yargs-12.0.2.tgz#fe58234369392af33ecbef53819171eff0f5aadc"
+  integrity sha512-e7SkEx6N6SIZ5c5H22RTZae61qtn3PYUE8JYbBFlK9sYmh3DMQ6E5ygtaG/2BW0JZi4WGgTR2IV5ChqlqrDGVQ==
+  dependencies:
+    cliui "^4.0.0"
+    decamelize "^2.0.0"
+    find-up "^3.0.0"
+    get-caller-file "^1.0.1"
+    os-locale "^3.0.0"
+    require-directory "^2.1.1"
+    require-main-filename "^1.0.1"
+    set-blocking "^2.0.0"
+    string-width "^2.0.0"
+    which-module "^2.0.0"
+    y18n "^3.2.1 || ^4.0.0"
+    yargs-parser "^10.1.0"
+
+yargs@^12.0.4:
+  version "12.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs/-/yargs-12.0.5.tgz#05f5997b609647b64f66b81e3b4b10a368e7ad13"
+  integrity sha512-Lhz8TLaYnxq/2ObqHDql8dX8CJi97oHxrjUcYtzKbbykPtVW9WB+poxI+NM2UIzsMgNCZTIf0AQwsjK5yMAqZw==
+  dependencies:
+    cliui "^4.0.0"
+    decamelize "^1.2.0"
+    find-up "^3.0.0"
+    get-caller-file "^1.0.1"
+    os-locale "^3.0.0"
+    require-directory "^2.1.1"
+    require-main-filename "^1.0.1"
+    set-blocking "^2.0.0"
+    string-width "^2.0.0"
+    which-module "^2.0.0"
+    y18n "^3.2.1 || ^4.0.0"
+    yargs-parser "^11.1.1"
+
+yargs@^7.0.0:
+  version "7.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs/-/yargs-7.1.0.tgz#6ba318eb16961727f5d284f8ea003e8d6154d0c8"
+  integrity sha1-a6MY6xaWFyf10oT46gA+jWFU0Mg=
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^3.0.0"
+    cliui "^3.2.0"
+    decamelize "^1.1.1"
+    get-caller-file "^1.0.1"
+    os-locale "^1.4.0"
+    read-pkg-up "^1.0.1"
+    require-directory "^2.1.1"
+    require-main-filename "^1.0.1"
+    set-blocking "^2.0.0"
+    string-width "^1.0.2"
+    which-module "^1.0.0"
+    y18n "^3.2.1"
+    yargs-parser "^5.0.0"
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/avatar1.jpeg b/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/avatar1.jpeg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31111c3bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/avatar1.jpeg
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/avatar2.jpeg b/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/avatar2.jpeg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e844e7f3c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/avatar2.jpeg
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/welcome.eml b/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/welcome.eml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d6b3c1ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/fixtures/files/welcome.eml
@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+From: Jason Fried <jason@37signals.com>
+Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v1244.3)
+Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Apple-Mail=_33A037C7-4BB3-4772-AE52-FCF2D7535F74"
+Subject: Discussion: Let's debate these attachments
+Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2011 15:19:37 -0400
+In-Reply-To: <4e6e35f5a38b4_479f13bb90078178@small-app-01.mail>
+To: "Replies" <replies@example.com>
+References: <4e6e35f5a38b4_479f13bb90078178@small-app-01.mail>
+Message-Id: <0CB459E0-0336-41DA-BC88-E6E28C697DDB@37signals.com>
+X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.1244.3)
+
+--Apple-Mail=_33A037C7-4BB3-4772-AE52-FCF2D7535F74
+Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
+Content-Type: text/plain;
+  charset=utf-8
+
+Let's talk about these images:
+
+
+--Apple-Mail=_33A037C7-4BB3-4772-AE52-FCF2D7535F74
+Content-Type: multipart/related;
+  type="text/html";
+  boundary="Apple-Mail=_83444AF4-343C-4F75-AF8F-14E1E7434FC1"
+
+
+--Apple-Mail=_83444AF4-343C-4F75-AF8F-14E1E7434FC1
+Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
+Content-Disposition: inline;
+  filename=avatar1.jpeg
+Content-Type: image/jpg;
+  name="avatar1.jpeg"
+Content-Id: <7AAEB353-2341-4D46-A054-5CA5CB2363B7>
+
+/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/4gxYSUNDX1BST0ZJTEUAAQEAAAxITGlubwIQAABtbnRyUkdC
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+r/Fxp3Y0d2/4tvsR95f/AAH7Gvwmn9rUHsOgUCg//9k=
+
+--Apple-Mail=_83444AF4-343C-4F75-AF8F-14E1E7434FC1--
+
+--Apple-Mail=_33A037C7-4BB3-4772-AE52-FCF2D7535F74--
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/generators/mailbox_generator_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/generators/mailbox_generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ffa73321b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/generators/mailbox_generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+require "rails/generators/mailbox/mailbox_generator"
+
+class MailboxGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  destination File.expand_path("../../tmp", __dir__)
+  setup :prepare_destination
+  tests Rails::Generators::MailboxGenerator
+
+  arguments ["inbox"]
+
+  def test_mailbox_skeleton_is_created
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file "app/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox.rb" do |mailbox|
+      assert_match(/class InboxMailbox < ApplicationMailbox/, mailbox)
+      assert_match(/def process/, mailbox)
+      assert_no_match(%r{# routing /something/i => :somewhere}, mailbox)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/mailboxes/application_mailbox.rb" do |mailbox|
+      assert_match(/class ApplicationMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base/, mailbox)
+      assert_match(%r{# routing /something/i => :somewhere}, mailbox)
+      assert_no_match(/def process/, mailbox)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mailbox_skeleton_is_created_with_namespace
+    run_generator %w(inceptions/inbox -t=test_unit)
+
+    assert_file "app/mailboxes/inceptions/inbox_mailbox.rb" do |mailbox|
+      assert_match(/class Inceptions::InboxMailbox < ApplicationMailbox/, mailbox)
+      assert_match(/def process/, mailbox)
+      assert_no_match(%r{# routing /something/i => :somewhere}, mailbox)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "test/mailboxes/inceptions/inbox_mailbox_test.rb" do |mailbox|
+      assert_match(/class Inceptions::InboxMailboxTest < ActionMailbox::TestCase/, mailbox)
+      assert_match(/# test "receive mail" do/, mailbox)
+      assert_match(/#     to: '"someone" <someone@example.com>',/, mailbox)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/mailboxes/application_mailbox.rb" do |mailbox|
+      assert_match(/class ApplicationMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base/, mailbox)
+      assert_match(%r{# routing /something/i => :somewhere}, mailbox)
+      assert_no_match(/def process/, mailbox)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_check_class_collision
+    Object.send :const_set, :InboxMailbox, Class.new
+    content = capture(:stderr) { run_generator }
+    assert_match(/The name 'InboxMailbox' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :InboxMailbox
+  end
+
+  def test_invokes_default_test_framework
+    run_generator %w(inbox -t=test_unit)
+
+    assert_file "test/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox_test.rb" do |test|
+      assert_match(/class InboxMailboxTest < ActionMailbox::TestCase/, test)
+      assert_match(/# test "receive mail" do/, test)
+      assert_match(/#     to: '"someone" <someone@example.com>',/, test)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mailbox_on_revoke
+    run_generator
+    run_generator ["inbox"], behavior: :revoke
+
+    assert_no_file "app/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox.rb"
+  end
+
+  def test_mailbox_suffix_is_not_duplicated
+    run_generator %w(inbox_mailbox -t=test_unit)
+
+    assert_no_file "app/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox_mailbox.rb"
+    assert_file "app/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox.rb"
+
+    assert_no_file "test/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox_mailbox_test.rb"
+    assert_file "test/mailboxes/inbox_mailbox_test.rb"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/jobs/incineration_job_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/jobs/incineration_job_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3907898ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/jobs/incineration_job_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionMailbox::IncinerationJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  setup { @inbound_email = receive_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml") }
+
+  test "ignoring a missing inbound email" do
+    @inbound_email.destroy!
+
+    perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob.perform_later @inbound_email
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/test_helper.rb b/actionmailbox/test/test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09f6cc818d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
+ENV["RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD"] = "tbsy84uSV1Kt3ZJZELY2TmShPRs91E3yL4tzf96297vBCkDWgL"
+
+require_relative "../test/dummy/config/environment"
+ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = [File.expand_path("../test/dummy/db/migrate", __dir__)]
+require "rails/test_help"
+
+require "byebug"
+require "webmock/minitest"
+
+Minitest.backtrace_filter = Minitest::BacktraceFilter.new
+
+require "rails/test_unit/reporter"
+Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable = "bin/test"
+
+if ActiveSupport::TestCase.respond_to?(:fixture_path=)
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path = File.expand_path("fixtures", __dir__)
+  ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.file_fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path + "/files"
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixtures :all
+end
+
+require "action_mailbox/test_helper"
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActionMailbox::TestHelper, ActiveJob::TestHelper
+end
+
+class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  private
+    def credentials
+      ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic.encode_credentials "actionmailbox", ENV["RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD"]
+    end
+
+    def switch_password_to(new_password)
+      previous_password, ENV["RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD"] = ENV["RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD"], new_password
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ENV["RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD"] = previous_password
+    end
+end
+
+if ARGV.include?("-v")
+  ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+  ActiveJob::Base.logger    = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+end
+
+class BounceMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def bounce(to:)
+    mail from: "receiver@example.com", to: to, subject: "Your email was not delivered" do |format|
+      format.html { render plain: "Sorry!" }
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email/incineration_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email/incineration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54488349fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email/incineration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+class ActionMailbox::InboundEmail::IncinerationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "incinerating 30 days after delivery" do
+    freeze_time
+
+    assert_enqueued_with job: ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob, at: 30.days.from_now do
+      create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml").delivered!
+    end
+
+    travel 30.days
+
+    assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, -1 do
+      perform_enqueued_jobs only: ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "incinerating 30 days after bounce" do
+    freeze_time
+
+    assert_enqueued_with job: ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob, at: 30.days.from_now do
+      create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml").bounced!
+    end
+
+    travel 30.days
+
+    assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, -1 do
+      perform_enqueued_jobs only: ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "incinerating 30 days after failure" do
+    freeze_time
+
+    assert_enqueued_with job: ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob, at: 30.days.from_now do
+      create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml").failed!
+    end
+
+    travel 30.days
+
+    assert_difference -> { ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.count }, -1 do
+      perform_enqueued_jobs only: ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "skipping incineration" do
+    original, ActionMailbox.incinerate = ActionMailbox.incinerate, false
+
+    assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: ActionMailbox::IncinerationJob do
+      create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml").delivered!
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActionMailbox.incinerate = original
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email/message_id_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email/message_id_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af467a8d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email/message_id_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+class ActionMailbox::InboundEmail::MessageIdTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "message id is extracted from raw email" do
+    inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml")
+    assert_equal "0CB459E0-0336-41DA-BC88-E6E28C697DDB@37signals.com", inbound_email.message_id
+  end
+
+  test "message id is generated if its missing" do
+    inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_source "Date: Fri, 28 Sep 2018 11:08:55 -0700\r\nTo: a@example.com\r\nMime-Version: 1.0\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\r\n\r\nHello!"
+    assert_not_nil inbound_email.message_id
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76f047eb61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/inbound_email_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../test_helper"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  class InboundEmailTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    test "mail provides the parsed source" do
+      assert_equal "Discussion: Let's debate these attachments", create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml").mail.subject
+    end
+
+    test "source returns the contents of the raw email" do
+      assert_equal file_fixture("welcome.eml").read, create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml").source
+    end
+
+    test "email with message id is processed only once when received multiple times" do
+      mail = Mail.from_source(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert mail.message_id
+
+      inbound_email_1 = create_inbound_email_from_source(mail.to_s)
+      assert inbound_email_1
+
+      inbound_email_2 = create_inbound_email_from_source(mail.to_s)
+      assert_nil inbound_email_2
+    end
+
+    test "email with missing message id is processed only once when received multiple times" do
+      mail = Mail.from_source("Date: Fri, 28 Sep 2018 11:08:55 -0700\r\nTo: a@example.com\r\nMime-Version: 1.0\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\r\n\r\nHello!")
+      assert_nil mail.message_id
+
+      inbound_email_1 = create_inbound_email_from_source(mail.to_s)
+      assert inbound_email_1
+
+      inbound_email_2 = create_inbound_email_from_source(mail.to_s)
+      assert_nil inbound_email_2
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/address_equality_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/address_equality_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4426aeae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/address_equality_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+module MailExt
+  class AddressEqualityTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    test "two addresses with the same address are equal" do
+      assert_equal Mail::Address.new("david@basecamp.com"), Mail::Address.new("david@basecamp.com")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/address_wrapping_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/address_wrapping_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4eb1328ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/address_wrapping_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+module MailExt
+  class AddressWrappingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    test "wrap" do
+      needing_wrapping    = Mail::Address.wrap("david@basecamp.com")
+      wrapping_not_needed = Mail::Address.wrap(Mail::Address.new("david@basecamp.com"))
+      assert_equal needing_wrapping.address, wrapping_not_needed.address
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/recipients_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/recipients_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fdcad440e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mail_ext/recipients_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+module MailExt
+  class RecipientsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    setup do
+      @mail = Mail.new \
+        to: "david@basecamp.com",
+        cc: "jason@basecamp.com",
+        bcc: "andrea@basecamp.com",
+        x_original_to: "ryan@basecamp.com"
+    end
+
+    test "recipients include everyone from to, cc, bcc, and x-original-to" do
+      assert_equal %w[ david@basecamp.com jason@basecamp.com andrea@basecamp.com ryan@basecamp.com ], @mail.recipients
+    end
+
+    test "recipients addresses use address objects" do
+      assert_equal "basecamp.com", @mail.recipients_addresses.first.domain
+    end
+
+    test "to addresses use address objects" do
+      assert_equal "basecamp.com", @mail.to_addresses.first.domain
+    end
+
+    test "cc addresses use address objects" do
+      assert_equal "basecamp.com", @mail.cc_addresses.first.domain
+    end
+
+    test "bcc addresses use address objects" do
+      assert_equal "basecamp.com", @mail.bcc_addresses.first.domain
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/bouncing_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/bouncing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4bd6ea6db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/bouncing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+class BouncingWithReplyMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  def process
+    bounce_with BounceMailer.bounce(to: mail.from)
+  end
+end
+
+class ActionMailbox::Base::BouncingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActionMailer::TestHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail \
+      from: "sender@example.com", to: "replies@example.com", subject: "Bounce me"
+  end
+
+  test "bouncing with a reply" do
+    perform_enqueued_jobs only: ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob do
+      BouncingWithReplyMailbox.receive @inbound_email
+    end
+
+    assert @inbound_email.bounced?
+    assert_emails 1
+
+    mail = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last
+    assert_equal %w[ sender@example.com ], mail.to
+    assert_equal "Your email was not delivered", mail.subject
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/callbacks_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/callbacks_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d98a3f3ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+class CallbackMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  before_processing { $before_processing = "Ran that!" }
+  after_processing  { $after_processing = "Ran that too!" }
+  around_processing ->(r, block) { block.call; $around_processing = "Ran that as well!" }
+
+  def process
+    $processed = mail.subject
+  end
+end
+
+class BouncingCallbackMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  before_processing { $before_processing = [ "Pre-bounce" ] }
+
+  before_processing do
+    bounce_with BounceMailer.bounce(to: mail.from)
+    $before_processing << "Bounce"
+  end
+
+  before_processing { $before_processing << "Post-bounce" }
+
+  after_processing { $after_processing = true }
+
+  def process
+    $processed = true
+  end
+end
+
+class DiscardingCallbackMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  before_processing { $before_processing = [ "Pre-discard" ] }
+
+  before_processing do
+    delivered!
+    $before_processing << "Discard"
+  end
+
+  before_processing { $before_processing << "Post-discard" }
+
+  after_processing { $after_processing = true }
+
+  def process
+    $processed = true
+  end
+end
+
+class ActionMailbox::Base::CallbacksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    $before_processing = $after_processing = $around_processing = $processed = false
+    @inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml")
+  end
+
+  test "all callback types" do
+    CallbackMailbox.receive @inbound_email
+    assert_equal "Ran that!", $before_processing
+    assert_equal "Ran that too!", $after_processing
+    assert_equal "Ran that as well!", $around_processing
+  end
+
+  test "bouncing in a callback terminates processing" do
+    BouncingCallbackMailbox.receive @inbound_email
+    assert @inbound_email.bounced?
+    assert_equal [ "Pre-bounce", "Bounce" ], $before_processing
+    assert_not $processed
+    assert_not $after_processing
+  end
+
+  test "marking the inbound email as delivered in a callback terminates processing" do
+    DiscardingCallbackMailbox.receive @inbound_email
+    assert @inbound_email.delivered?
+    assert_equal [ "Pre-discard", "Discard" ], $before_processing
+    assert_not $processed
+    assert_not $after_processing
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/routing_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/routing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8302b1d5cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/routing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+class ApplicationMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  routing "replies@example.com" => :replies
+end
+
+class RepliesMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  def process
+    $processed = mail.subject
+  end
+end
+
+class ActionMailbox::Base::RoutingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    $processed = false
+  end
+
+  test "string routing" do
+    ApplicationMailbox.route create_inbound_email_from_fixture("welcome.eml")
+    assert_equal "Discussion: Let's debate these attachments", $processed
+  end
+
+  test "delayed routing" do
+    perform_enqueued_jobs only: ActionMailbox::RoutingJob do
+      create_inbound_email_from_fixture "welcome.eml", status: :pending
+      assert_equal "Discussion: Let's debate these attachments", $processed
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "mailbox_for" do
+    inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_fixture "welcome.eml", status: :pending
+    assert_equal RepliesMailbox, ApplicationMailbox.mailbox_for(inbound_email)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/state_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/state_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3a58ad667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/mailbox/state_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../../test_helper"
+
+class SuccessfulMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  def process
+    $processed = mail.subject
+  end
+end
+
+class UnsuccessfulMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  rescue_from(RuntimeError) { $processed = :failure }
+
+  def process
+    raise "No way!"
+  end
+end
+
+class BouncingMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  def process
+    $processed = :bounced
+    bounced!
+  end
+end
+
+
+class ActionMailbox::Base::StateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    $processed = false
+    @inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail \
+      to: "replies@example.com", subject: "I was processed"
+  end
+
+  test "successful mailbox processing leaves inbound email in delivered state" do
+    SuccessfulMailbox.receive @inbound_email
+    assert @inbound_email.delivered?
+    assert_equal "I was processed", $processed
+  end
+
+  test "unsuccessful mailbox processing leaves inbound email in failed state" do
+    UnsuccessfulMailbox.receive @inbound_email
+    assert @inbound_email.failed?
+    assert_equal :failure, $processed
+  end
+
+  test "bounced inbound emails are not delivered" do
+    BouncingMailbox.receive @inbound_email
+    assert @inbound_email.bounced?
+    assert_equal :bounced, $processed
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/relayer_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/relayer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb2b48ea16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/relayer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../test_helper"
+
+require "action_mailbox/relayer"
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  class RelayerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    URL = "https://example.com/rails/action_mailbox/relay/inbound_emails"
+    INGRESS_PASSWORD = "secret"
+
+    setup do
+      @relayer = ActionMailbox::Relayer.new(url: URL, password: INGRESS_PASSWORD)
+    end
+
+    test "successfully relaying an email" do
+      stub_request(:post, URL).to_return status: 204
+
+      result = @relayer.relay(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert_equal "2.0.0", result.status_code
+      assert_equal "Successfully relayed message to ingress", result.message
+      assert result.success?
+      assert_not result.failure?
+
+      assert_requested :post, URL, body: file_fixture("welcome.eml").read,
+        basic_auth: [ "actionmailbox", INGRESS_PASSWORD ],
+        headers: { "Content-Type" => "message/rfc822", "User-Agent" => /\AAction Mailbox relayer v\d+\./ }
+    end
+
+    test "unsuccessfully relaying with invalid credentials" do
+      stub_request(:post, URL).to_return status: 401
+
+      result = @relayer.relay(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert_equal "4.7.0", result.status_code
+      assert_equal "Invalid credentials for ingress", result.message
+      assert_not result.success?
+      assert result.failure?
+    end
+
+    test "unsuccessfully relaying due to an unspecified server error" do
+      stub_request(:post, URL).to_return status: 500
+
+      result = @relayer.relay(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert_equal "4.0.0", result.status_code
+      assert_equal "HTTP 500", result.message
+      assert_not result.success?
+      assert result.failure?
+    end
+
+    test "unsuccessfully relaying due to a gateway timeout" do
+      stub_request(:post, URL).to_return status: 504
+
+      result = @relayer.relay(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert_equal "4.0.0", result.status_code
+      assert_equal "HTTP 504", result.message
+      assert_not result.success?
+      assert result.failure?
+    end
+
+    test "unsuccessfully relaying due to ECONNRESET" do
+      stub_request(:post, URL).to_raise Errno::ECONNRESET.new
+
+      result = @relayer.relay(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert_equal "4.4.2", result.status_code
+      assert_equal "Network error relaying to ingress: Connection reset by peer", result.message
+      assert_not result.success?
+      assert result.failure?
+    end
+
+    test "unsuccessfully relaying due to connection failure" do
+      stub_request(:post, URL).to_raise SocketError.new("Failed to open TCP connection to example.com:443")
+
+      result = @relayer.relay(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert_equal "4.4.2", result.status_code
+      assert_equal "Network error relaying to ingress: Failed to open TCP connection to example.com:443", result.message
+      assert_not result.success?
+      assert result.failure?
+    end
+
+    test "unsuccessfully relaying due to client-side timeout" do
+      stub_request(:post, URL).to_timeout
+
+      result = @relayer.relay(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert_equal "4.4.2", result.status_code
+      assert_equal "Timed out relaying to ingress", result.message
+      assert_not result.success?
+      assert result.failure?
+    end
+
+    test "unsuccessfully relaying due to an unhandled exception" do
+      stub_request(:post, URL).to_raise StandardError.new("Something went wrong")
+
+      result = @relayer.relay(file_fixture("welcome.eml").read)
+      assert_equal "4.0.0", result.status_code
+      assert_equal "Error relaying to ingress: Something went wrong", result.message
+      assert_not result.success?
+      assert result.failure?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailbox/test/unit/router_test.rb b/actionmailbox/test/unit/router_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dd3730604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailbox/test/unit/router_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../test_helper"
+
+class RootMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  def process
+    $processed_by   = self.class.to_s
+    $processed_mail = mail
+  end
+end
+
+class FirstMailbox < RootMailbox
+end
+
+class SecondMailbox < RootMailbox
+end
+
+module Nested
+  class FirstMailbox < RootMailbox
+  end
+end
+
+class FirstMailboxAddress
+  def match?(inbound_email)
+    inbound_email.mail.to.include?("replies-class@example.com")
+  end
+end
+
+module ActionMailbox
+  class RouterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    setup do
+      @router = ActionMailbox::Router.new
+      $processed_by = $processed_mail = nil
+    end
+
+    test "single string route" do
+      @router.add_routes("first@example.com" => :first)
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "first@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      @router.route inbound_email
+      assert_equal "FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+      assert_equal inbound_email.mail, $processed_mail
+    end
+
+    test "single string routing on cc" do
+      @router.add_routes("first@example.com" => :first)
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "someone@example.com", cc: "first@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      @router.route inbound_email
+      assert_equal "FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+      assert_equal inbound_email.mail, $processed_mail
+    end
+
+    test "single string routing case-insensitively" do
+      @router.add_routes("first@example.com" => :first)
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "FIRST@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      @router.route inbound_email
+      assert_equal "FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+      assert_equal inbound_email.mail, $processed_mail
+    end
+
+    test "multiple string routes" do
+      @router.add_routes("first@example.com" => :first, "second@example.com" => :second)
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "first@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      @router.route inbound_email
+      assert_equal "FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+      assert_equal inbound_email.mail, $processed_mail
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "second@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      @router.route inbound_email
+      assert_equal "SecondMailbox", $processed_by
+      assert_equal inbound_email.mail, $processed_mail
+    end
+
+    test "single regexp route" do
+      @router.add_routes(/replies-\w+@example.com/ => :first, "replies-nowhere@example.com" => :second)
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "replies-okay@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      @router.route inbound_email
+      assert_equal "FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+    end
+
+    test "single proc route" do
+      @router.add_route \
+        ->(inbound_email) { inbound_email.mail.to.include?("replies-proc@example.com") },
+        to: :second
+
+      @router.route create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "replies-proc@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      assert_equal "SecondMailbox", $processed_by
+    end
+
+    test "address class route" do
+      @router.add_route FirstMailboxAddress.new, to: :first
+      @router.route create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "replies-class@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      assert_equal "FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+    end
+
+    test "string route to nested mailbox" do
+      @router.add_route "first@example.com", to: "nested/first"
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "first@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      @router.route inbound_email
+      assert_equal "Nested::FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+    end
+
+    test "all as the only route" do
+      @router.add_route :all, to: :first
+      @router.route create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "replies-class@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      assert_equal "FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+    end
+
+    test "all as the second route" do
+      @router.add_route FirstMailboxAddress.new, to: :first
+      @router.add_route :all, to: :second
+
+      @router.route create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "replies-class@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      assert_equal "FirstMailbox", $processed_by
+
+      @router.route create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "elsewhere@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      assert_equal "SecondMailbox", $processed_by
+    end
+
+    test "missing route" do
+      assert_raises(ActionMailbox::Router::RoutingError) do
+        inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "going-nowhere@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+        @router.route inbound_email
+        assert inbound_email.bounced?
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "invalid address" do
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        @router.add_route Array.new, to: :first
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "single string mailbox_for" do
+      @router.add_routes("first@example.com" => :first)
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "first@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      assert_equal FirstMailbox, @router.mailbox_for(inbound_email)
+    end
+
+    test "mailbox_for with no matches" do
+      @router.add_routes("first@example.com" => :first)
+
+      inbound_email = create_inbound_email_from_mail(to: "second@example.com", subject: "This is a reply")
+      assert_nil @router.mailbox_for(inbound_email)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
index 35574a2c73..cb22a4e373 100644
--- a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,67 +1,3 @@
-*   Mails with multipart `format` blocks with implicit render now also check for
-    a template name in options hash instead of only using the action name.
 
-    *Marcus Ilgner*
 
-*   Allow ActionMailer classes to configure the parameterized delivery job
-    Example:
-    ```
-    class MyMailer < ApplicationMailer
-      self.parameterized_delivery_job = MyCustomDeliveryJob
-      ...
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *Luke Pearce*
-
-*   `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` includes `ActionMailer::TestHelper` module by default.
-
-    *Ricardo Díaz*
-
-*   Add `perform_deliveries` to a payload of `deliver.action_mailer` notification.
-
-    *Yoshiyuki Kinjo*
-
-*   Change delivery logging message when `perform_deliveries` is false.
-
-    *Yoshiyuki Kinjo*
-
-*   Allow call `assert_enqueued_email_with` with no block.
-
-    Example:
-    ```
-    def test_email
-      ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
-      assert_enqueued_email_with ContactMailer, :welcome
-    end
-
-    def test_email_with_arguments
-      ContactMailer.welcome("Hello", "Goodbye").deliver_later
-      assert_enqueued_email_with ContactMailer, :welcome, args: ["Hello", "Goodbye"]
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *bogdanvlviv*
-
-*   Ensure mail gem is eager autoloaded when eager load is true to prevent thread deadlocks.
-
-    *Samuel Cochran*
-
-*   Perform email jobs in `assert_emails`.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
-
-*   Add `Base.unregister_observer`, `Base.unregister_observers`,
-    `Base.unregister_interceptor`, `Base.unregister_interceptors`,
-    `Base.unregister_preview_interceptor` and `Base.unregister_preview_interceptors`.
-    This makes it possible to dynamically add and remove email observers and
-    interceptors at runtime in the same way they're registered.
-
-    *Claudio Ortolina*, *Kota Miyake*
-
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
-
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE b/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
index 1cb3add0fc..ab7c27c209 100644
--- a/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionmailer/README.rdoc b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
index 14dfb82234..0db4b2668b 100644
--- a/actionmailer/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ Additionally, an Action Mailer class can be used to process incoming email,
 such as allowing a blog to accept new posts from an email (which could even
 have been sent from a phone).
 
+You can read more about Action Mailer in the {Action Mailer Basics}[https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/action_mailer_basics.html] guide.
+
 == Sending emails
 
 The framework works by initializing any instance variables you want to be
@@ -93,42 +95,6 @@ Example:
     .....
   end
 
-== Receiving emails
-
-To receive emails, you need to implement a public instance method called
-+receive+ that takes an email object as its single parameter. The Action Mailer
-framework has a corresponding class method, which is also called +receive+, that
-accepts a raw, unprocessed email as a string, which it then turns into the email
-object and calls the receive instance method.
-
-Example:
-
-  class Mailman < ActionMailer::Base
-    def receive(email)
-      page = Page.find_by(address: email.to.first)
-      page.emails.create(
-        subject: email.subject, body: email.body
-      )
-
-      if email.has_attachments?
-        email.attachments.each do |attachment|
-          page.attachments.create({
-            file: attachment, description: email.subject
-          })
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-This Mailman can be the target for Postfix or other MTAs. In Rails, you would use
-the runner in the trivial case like this:
-
-  rails runner 'Mailman.receive(STDIN.read)'
-
-However, invoking Rails in the runner for each mail to be received is very
-resource intensive. A single instance of Rails should be run within a daemon, if
-it is going to process more than just a limited amount of email.
-
 == Configuration
 
 The Base class has the full list of configuration options. Here's an example:
@@ -164,7 +130,7 @@ Action Mailer is released under the MIT license:
 
 API documentation is at
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
index 6f8d6d0699..cadccb905b 100644
--- a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
+++ b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
   s.name        = "actionmailer"
   s.version     = version
-  s.summary     = "Email composition, delivery, and receiving framework (part of Rails)."
-  s.description = "Email on Rails. Compose, deliver, receive, and test emails using the familiar controller/view pattern. First-class support for multipart email and attachments."
+  s.summary     = "Email composition and delivery framework (part of Rails)."
+  s.description = "Email on Rails. Compose, deliver, and test emails using the familiar controller/view pattern. First-class support for multipart email and attachments."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "README.rdoc", "MIT-LICENSE", "lib/**/*"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
index 69eae65d60..953c5fb508 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   autoload :TestHelper
   autoload :MessageDelivery
   autoload :DeliveryJob
+  autoload :MailDeliveryJob
 
   def self.eager_load!
     super
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index 2bb1078bb8..ba914c4813 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -462,7 +462,6 @@ module ActionMailer
     helper ActionMailer::MailHelper
 
     class_attribute :delivery_job, default: ::ActionMailer::DeliveryJob
-    class_attribute :parameterized_delivery_job, default: ::ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob
     class_attribute :default_params, default: {
       mime_version: "1.0",
       charset:      "UTF-8",
@@ -566,6 +565,11 @@ module ActionMailer
       #     end
       #   end
       def receive(raw_mail)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MESSAGE.squish)
+          ActionMailer::Base.receive is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1.
+          Use Action Mailbox to process inbound email.
+        MESSAGE
+
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("receive.action_mailer") do |payload|
           mail = Mail.new(raw_mail)
           set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail)
@@ -587,8 +591,8 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
     private
-
       def set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail)
+        payload[:mail]               = mail.encoded
         payload[:mailer]             = name
         payload[:message_id]         = mail.message_id
         payload[:subject]            = mail.subject
@@ -597,7 +601,6 @@ module ActionMailer
         payload[:bcc]                = mail.bcc if mail.bcc.present?
         payload[:cc]                 = mail.cc  if mail.cc.present?
         payload[:date]               = mail.date
-        payload[:mail]               = mail.encoded
         payload[:perform_deliveries] = mail.perform_deliveries
       end
 
@@ -869,7 +872,6 @@ module ActionMailer
     end
 
     private
-
       # Used by #mail to set the content type of the message.
       #
       # It will use the given +user_content_type+, or multipart if the mail
@@ -940,9 +942,9 @@ module ActionMailer
         assignable.each { |k, v| message[k] = v }
       end
 
-      def collect_responses(headers)
+      def collect_responses(headers, &block)
         if block_given?
-          collect_responses_from_block(headers, &Proc.new)
+          collect_responses_from_block(headers, &block)
         elsif headers[:body]
           collect_responses_from_text(headers)
         else
@@ -969,10 +971,10 @@ module ActionMailer
         templates_name = headers[:template_name] || action_name
 
         each_template(Array(templates_path), templates_name).map do |template|
-          self.formats = template.formats
+          format = template.format || self.formats.first
           {
-            body: render(template: template),
-            content_type: template.type.to_s
+            body: render(template: template, formats: [format]),
+            content_type: Mime[format].to_s
           }
         end
       end
@@ -982,7 +984,7 @@ module ActionMailer
         if templates.empty?
           raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new(paths, name, paths, false, "mailer")
         else
-          templates.uniq(&:formats).each(&block)
+          templates.uniq(&:format).each(&block)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
index 40f26d8ad1..f228006920 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ module ActionMailer
 
     rescue_from StandardError, with: :handle_exception_with_mailer_class
 
+    before_perform do
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~MSG.squish
+        Sending mail with DeliveryJob and Parameterized::DeliveryJob
+        is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1.
+        Please use MailDeliveryJob instead.
+      MSG
+    end
+
     def perform(mailer, mail_method, delivery_method, *args) #:nodoc:
       mailer.constantize.public_send(mail_method, *args).send(delivery_method)
     end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
index 72eb5d61e8..78235dee14 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActionMailer
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
index 25c99342c2..26910f20f0 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ module ActionMailer
     def deliver(event)
       info do
         perform_deliveries = event.payload[:perform_deliveries]
-        recipients = Array(event.payload[:to]).join(", ")
         if perform_deliveries
-          "Sent mail to #{recipients} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+          "Delivered mail #{event.payload[:message_id]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
         else
-          "Skipped sending mail to #{recipients} as `perform_deliveries` is false"
+          "Skipped delivery of mail #{event.payload[:message_id]} as `perform_deliveries` is false"
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_delivery_job.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_delivery_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..609c6a72d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_delivery_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_job"
+
+module ActionMailer
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob</tt> class is used when you
+  # want to send emails outside of the request-response cycle. It supports
+  # sending either parameterized or normal mail.
+  #
+  # Exceptions are rescued and handled by the mailer class.
+  class MailDeliveryJob < ActiveJob::Base # :nodoc:
+    queue_as { ActionMailer::Base.deliver_later_queue_name }
+
+    rescue_from StandardError, with: :handle_exception_with_mailer_class
+
+    def perform(mailer, mail_method, delivery_method, args:, params: nil) #:nodoc:
+      mailer_class = params ? mailer.constantize.with(params) : mailer.constantize
+      mailer_class.public_send(mail_method, *args).send(delivery_method)
+    end
+
+    private
+      # "Deserialize" the mailer class name by hand in case another argument
+      # (like a Global ID reference) raised DeserializationError.
+      def mailer_class
+        if mailer = Array(@serialized_arguments).first || Array(arguments).first
+          mailer.constantize
+        end
+      end
+
+      def handle_exception_with_mailer_class(exception)
+        if klass = mailer_class
+          klass.handle_exception exception
+        else
+          raise exception
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
index a57980c322..1e5cab6d47 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
@@ -135,10 +135,18 @@ module ActionMailer
             "#deliver_later, 2. only touch the message *within your mailer " \
             "method*, or 3. use a custom Active Job instead of #deliver_later."
         else
-          args = @mailer_class.name, @action.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, *@args
           job = @mailer_class.delivery_job
+          args = arguments_for(job, delivery_method)
           job.set(options).perform_later(*args)
         end
       end
+
+      def arguments_for(delivery_job, delivery_method)
+        if delivery_job <= MailDeliveryJob
+          [@mailer_class.name, @action.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, args: @args]
+        else
+          [@mailer_class.name, @action.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, *@args]
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/parameterized.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/parameterized.rb
index 0fe417affe..0a97af8105 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/parameterized.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/parameterized.rb
@@ -121,6 +121,12 @@ module ActionMailer
         end
     end
 
+    class DeliveryJob < ActionMailer::DeliveryJob # :nodoc:
+      def perform(mailer, mail_method, delivery_method, params, *args)
+        mailer.constantize.with(params).public_send(mail_method, *args).send(delivery_method)
+      end
+    end
+
     class MessageDelivery < ActionMailer::MessageDelivery # :nodoc:
       def initialize(mailer_class, action, params, *args)
         super(mailer_class, action, *args)
@@ -139,17 +145,27 @@ module ActionMailer
           if processed?
             super
           else
-            args = @mailer_class.name, @action.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, @params, *@args
-            job = @mailer_class.parameterized_delivery_job
+            job  = delivery_job_class
+            args = arguments_for(job, delivery_method)
             job.set(options).perform_later(*args)
           end
         end
-    end
 
-    class DeliveryJob < ActionMailer::DeliveryJob # :nodoc:
-      def perform(mailer, mail_method, delivery_method, params, *args)
-        mailer.constantize.with(params).public_send(mail_method, *args).send(delivery_method)
-      end
+        def delivery_job_class
+          if @mailer_class.delivery_job <= MailDeliveryJob
+            @mailer_class.delivery_job
+          else
+            Parameterized::DeliveryJob
+          end
+        end
+
+        def arguments_for(delivery_job, delivery_method)
+          if delivery_job <= MailDeliveryJob
+            [@mailer_class.name, @action.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, params: @params, args: @args]
+          else
+            [@mailer_class.name, @action.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, @params, *@args]
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
index 500b3bede0..a763b9776c 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
       private
-
         def interceptor_class_for(interceptor)
           case interceptor
           when String, Symbol
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
index bb6141b406..893a4a25b1 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ module ActionMailer
         register_preview_interceptors(options.delete(:preview_interceptors))
         register_observers(options.delete(:observers))
 
+        if delivery_job = options.delete(:delivery_job)
+          self.delivery_job = delivery_job.constantize
+        end
+
         options.each { |k, v| send("#{k}=", v) }
       end
 
@@ -55,6 +59,14 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
     end
 
+    initializer "action_mailer.set_autoload_paths" do |app|
+      options = app.config.action_mailer
+
+      if options.show_previews && options.preview_path
+        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths << options.preview_path
+      end
+    end
+
     initializer "action_mailer.compile_config_methods" do
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_mailer) do
         config.compile_methods! if config.respond_to?(:compile_methods!)
@@ -72,12 +84,8 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       if options.show_previews
         app.routes.prepend do
-          get "/rails/mailers"         => "rails/mailers#index", internal: true
-          get "/rails/mailers/*path"   => "rails/mailers#preview", internal: true
-        end
-
-        if options.preview_path
-          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths << options.preview_path
+          get "/rails/mailers"       => "rails/mailers#index", internal: true
+          get "/rails/mailers/*path" => "rails/mailers#preview", internal: true
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
index ee5a864847..97afd87840 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
       private
-
         def clear_test_deliveries
           if ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method == :test
             ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
@@ -76,7 +75,6 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
       private
-
         def initialize_test_deliveries
           set_delivery_method :test
           @old_perform_deliveries = ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
index a4751916af..988db2491c 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActionMailer
     def assert_emails(number, &block)
       if block_given?
         original_count = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
-        perform_enqueued_jobs(only: [ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob], &block)
+        perform_enqueued_jobs(only: ->(job) { delivery_job_filter(job) }, &block)
         new_count = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
         assert_equal number, new_count - original_count, "#{number} emails expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were sent"
       else
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module ActionMailer
     #     end
     #   end
     def assert_enqueued_emails(number, &block)
-      assert_enqueued_jobs number, only: [ ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob ], &block
+      assert_enqueued_jobs(number, only: ->(job) { delivery_job_filter(job) }, &block)
     end
 
     # Asserts that a specific email has been enqueued, optionally
@@ -124,15 +124,12 @@ module ActionMailer
     #     end
     #   end
     def assert_enqueued_email_with(mailer, method, args: nil, queue: "mailers", &block)
-      if args.is_a? Hash
-        job = ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob
-        args = [mailer.to_s, method.to_s, "deliver_now", args]
+      args = if args.is_a?(Hash)
+        [mailer.to_s, method.to_s, "deliver_now", params: args, args: []]
       else
-        job = ActionMailer::DeliveryJob
-        args = [mailer.to_s, method.to_s, "deliver_now", *args]
+        [mailer.to_s, method.to_s, "deliver_now", args: Array(args)]
       end
-
-      assert_enqueued_with(job: job, args: args, queue: queue, &block)
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: mailer.delivery_job, args: args, queue: queue, &block)
     end
 
     # Asserts that no emails are enqueued for later delivery.
@@ -151,7 +148,14 @@ module ActionMailer
     #     end
     #   end
     def assert_no_enqueued_emails(&block)
-      assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: [ ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob ], &block
+      assert_enqueued_emails 0, &block
     end
+
+    private
+      def delivery_job_filter(job)
+        job_class = job.is_a?(Hash) ? job.fetch(:job) : job.class
+
+        Base.descendants.map(&:delivery_job).include?(job_class)
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
index f647896374..a2a603834c 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.expand_path("fixtures", __dir__)
 ActionMailer::Base.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
 
+ActionMailer::Base.delivery_job = ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob
+
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
 
@@ -47,3 +49,5 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
       skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
 end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
index 86c0172772..4ea5634cd0 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
@@ -90,18 +90,18 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "can pass random headers in as a hash to mail" do
     hash = { "X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header" => "SecretValue",
-            "In-Reply-To" => "1234@mikel.me.com" }
+            "In-Reply-To" => "<1234@mikel.me.com>" }
     mail = BaseMailer.welcome(hash)
     assert_equal("SecretValue", mail["X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header"].decoded)
-    assert_equal("1234@mikel.me.com", mail["In-Reply-To"].decoded)
+    assert_equal("<1234@mikel.me.com>", mail["In-Reply-To"].decoded)
   end
 
   test "can pass random headers in as a hash to headers" do
     hash = { "X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header" => "SecretValue",
-            "In-Reply-To" => "1234@mikel.me.com" }
+            "In-Reply-To" => "<1234@mikel.me.com>" }
     mail = BaseMailer.welcome_with_headers(hash)
     assert_equal("SecretValue", mail["X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header"].decoded)
-    assert_equal("1234@mikel.me.com", mail["In-Reply-To"].decoded)
+    assert_equal("<1234@mikel.me.com>", mail["In-Reply-To"].decoded)
   end
 
   # Attachments
@@ -307,6 +307,16 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal("HTML Implicit Multipart", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
   end
 
+  test "implicit multipart formats" do
+    email = BaseMailer.implicit_multipart_formats
+    assert_equal(2, email.parts.size)
+    assert_equal("multipart/alternative", email.mime_type)
+    assert_equal("text/plain", email.parts[0].mime_type)
+    assert_equal("Implicit Multipart [:text]", email.parts[0].body.encoded)
+    assert_equal("text/html", email.parts[1].mime_type)
+    assert_equal("Implicit Multipart [:html]", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
+  end
+
   test "implicit multipart with sort order" do
     order = ["text/html", "text/plain"]
     with_default BaseMailer, parts_order: order do
@@ -897,26 +907,38 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "notification for process" do
-    begin
-      events = []
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("process.action_mailer") do |*args|
-        events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-      end
+    events = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("process.action_mailer") do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+    end
 
-      BaseMailer.welcome(body: "Hello there").deliver_now
+    BaseMailer.welcome(body: "Hello there").deliver_now
 
-      assert_equal 1, events.length
-      assert_equal "process.action_mailer", events[0].name
-      assert_equal "BaseMailer", events[0].payload[:mailer]
-      assert_equal :welcome, events[0].payload[:action]
-      assert_equal [{ body: "Hello there" }], events[0].payload[:args]
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "process.action_mailer"
+    assert_equal 1, events.length
+    assert_equal "process.action_mailer", events[0].name
+    assert_equal "BaseMailer", events[0].payload[:mailer]
+    assert_equal :welcome, events[0].payload[:action]
+    assert_equal [{ body: "Hello there" }], events[0].payload[:args]
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "process.action_mailer"
+  end
+
+  test "notification for deliver" do
+    events = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("deliver.action_mailer") do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
     end
+
+    BaseMailer.welcome(body: "Hello there").deliver_now
+
+    assert_equal 1, events.length
+    assert_equal "deliver.action_mailer", events[0].name
+    assert_not_nil events[0].payload[:message_id]
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "deliver.action_mailer"
   end
 
   private
-
     # Execute the block setting the given values and restoring old values after
     # the block is executed.
     def swap(klass, new_values)
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/caching_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/caching_test.rb
index 22f310f39f..c3a3e418d0 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/caching_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/caching_test.rb
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class FunctionalFragmentCachingTest < BaseCachingTest
 
     assert_match expected_body, email.body.encoded
     assert_match expected_body,
-      @store.read("views/caching_mailer/fragment_cache:#{template_digest("caching_mailer/fragment_cache")}/caching")
+      @store.read("views/caching_mailer/fragment_cache:#{template_digest("caching_mailer/fragment_cache", "html")}/caching")
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching_in_partials
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class FunctionalFragmentCachingTest < BaseCachingTest
     assert_match(expected_body, email.body.encoded)
 
     assert_match(expected_body,
-      @store.read("views/caching_mailer/_partial:#{template_digest("caching_mailer/_partial")}/caching"))
+      @store.read("views/caching_mailer/_partial:#{template_digest("caching_mailer/_partial", "html")}/caching"))
   end
 
   def test_skip_fragment_cache_digesting
@@ -183,15 +183,14 @@ class FunctionalFragmentCachingTest < BaseCachingTest
     end
 
     assert_equal "caching_mailer", payload[:mailer]
-    assert_equal [ :views, "caching_mailer/fragment_cache:#{template_digest("caching_mailer/fragment_cache")}", :caching ], payload[:key]
+    assert_equal [ :views, "caching_mailer/fragment_cache:#{template_digest("caching_mailer/fragment_cache", "html")}", :caching ], payload[:key]
   ensure
     @mailer.enable_fragment_cache_logging = true
   end
 
   private
-
-    def template_digest(name)
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: name, finder: @mailer.lookup_context)
+    def template_digest(name, format)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: name, format: format, finder: @mailer.lookup_context)
     end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_multipart_formats.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_multipart_formats.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0179b070b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_multipart_formats.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Implicit Multipart <%= formats.inspect %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_multipart_formats.text.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_multipart_formats.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0179b070b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_multipart_formats.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Implicit Multipart <%= formats.inspect %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
index 6e75cff347..eea72e06ba 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ class ActionMailerI18nWithControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   private
-
     def with_translation(locale, data)
       I18n.backend.store_translations(locale, data)
       yield
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/legacy_delivery_job_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/legacy_delivery_job_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9b2a160d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/legacy_delivery_job_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+require "active_job"
+require "mailers/params_mailer"
+require "mailers/delayed_mailer"
+
+class LegacyDeliveryJobTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
+  class LegacyDeliveryJob < ActionMailer::DeliveryJob
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @previous_logger = ActiveJob::Base.logger
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = Logger.new(nil)
+
+    @previous_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+
+    @previous_deliver_later_queue_name = ActionMailer::Base.deliver_later_queue_name
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliver_later_queue_name = :test_queue
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = @previous_logger
+    ParamsMailer.deliveries.clear
+
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @previous_delivery_method
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliver_later_queue_name = @previous_deliver_later_queue_name
+  end
+
+  test "should send parameterized mail correctly" do
+    mail = ParamsMailer.with(inviter: "david@basecamp.com", invitee: "jason@basecamp.com").invitation
+    args = [
+      "ParamsMailer",
+      "invitation",
+      "deliver_now",
+      { inviter: "david@basecamp.com", invitee: "jason@basecamp.com" },
+    ]
+
+    with_delivery_job(LegacyDeliveryJob) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob, args: args) do
+          mail.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "should send mail correctly" do
+    mail = DelayedMailer.test_message(1, 2, 3)
+    args = [
+      "DelayedMailer",
+      "test_message",
+      "deliver_now",
+      1,
+      2,
+      3,
+    ]
+
+    with_delivery_job(LegacyDeliveryJob) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_performed_with(job: LegacyDeliveryJob, args: args) do
+          mail.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def with_delivery_job(job)
+      old_params_delivery_job = ParamsMailer.delivery_job
+      old_regular_delivery_job = DelayedMailer.delivery_job
+      ParamsMailer.delivery_job = job
+      DelayedMailer.delivery_job = job
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ParamsMailer.delivery_job = old_params_delivery_job
+      DelayedMailer.delivery_job = old_regular_delivery_job
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 7686fd10c9..f09f1997c0 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deliver_is_notified
-    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+    BaseMailer.welcome(message_id: "123@abc").deliver_now
     wait
 
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:info).size)
-    assert_match(/Sent mail to system@test\.lindsaar\.net/, @logger.logged(:info).first)
+    assert_match(/Delivered mail 123@abc/, @logger.logged(:info).first)
 
     assert_equal(2, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
     assert_match(/BaseMailer#welcome: processed outbound mail in [\d.]+ms/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deliver_message_when_perform_deliveries_is_false
-    BaseMailer.welcome_without_deliveries.deliver_now
+    BaseMailer.welcome_without_deliveries(message_id: "123@abc").deliver_now
     wait
 
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:info).size)
-    assert_match("Skipped sending mail to system@test.lindsaar.net as `perform_deliveries` is false", @logger.logged(:info).first)
+    assert_match("Skipped delivery of mail 123@abc as `perform_deliveries` is false", @logger.logged(:info).first)
 
     assert_equal(2, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
     assert_match(/BaseMailer#welcome_without_deliveries: processed outbound mail in [\d.]+ms/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
 
   def test_receive_is_notified
     fixture = File.read(File.expand_path("fixtures/raw_email", __dir__))
-    TestMailer.receive(fixture)
+    assert_deprecated do
+      TestMailer.receive(fixture)
+    end
     wait
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:info).size)
     assert_match(/Received mail/, @logger.logged(:info).first)
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb
index 51d6ccb10f..a8ab19a95c 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ The second
   end
 
   private
-
     def mail_with_defaults(&block)
       mail(to: "test@localhost", from: "tester@example.com",
             subject: "using helpers", &block)
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
index c1bb48cc96..6bd58304e2 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class BaseMailer < ActionMailer::Base
     mail(template_name: "welcome", template_path: path)
   end
 
-  def welcome_without_deliveries
-    mail(template_name: "welcome")
+  def welcome_without_deliveries(hash = {})
+    mail({ template_name: "welcome" }.merge!(hash))
     mail.perform_deliveries = false
   end
 
@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ class BaseMailer < ActionMailer::Base
     mail(hash)
   end
 
+  def implicit_multipart_formats(hash = {})
+    mail(hash)
+  end
+
   def implicit_with_locale(hash = {})
     mail(hash)
   end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/proc_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/proc_mailer.rb
index 76e730bb79..75ee5dd9b6 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mailers/proc_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/proc_mailer.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ class ProcMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   end
 
   private
-
     def give_a_greeting
       "Thanks for signing up this afternoon"
     end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
index f8dcb3f4ba..46260f6414 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
@@ -64,20 +64,20 @@ class MessageDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should enqueue the email with :deliver_now delivery method" do
-    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", 1, 2, 3]) do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", args: [1, 2, 3]]) do
       @mail.deliver_later
     end
   end
 
   test "should enqueue the email with :deliver_now! delivery method" do
-    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now!", 1, 2, 3]) do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now!", args: [1, 2, 3]]) do
       @mail.deliver_later!
     end
   end
 
   test "should enqueue a delivery with a delay" do
     travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44) do
-      assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, at: Time.current + 10.minutes, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", 1, 2, 3]) do
+      assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, at: Time.current + 10.minutes, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", args: [1, 2, 3]]) do
         @mail.deliver_later wait: 10.minutes
       end
     end
@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ class MessageDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "should enqueue a delivery at a specific time" do
     later_time = Time.current + 1.hour
-    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, at: later_time, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", 1, 2, 3]) do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, at: later_time, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", args: [1, 2, 3]]) do
       @mail.deliver_later wait_until: later_time
     end
   end
 
   test "should enqueue the job on the correct queue" do
-    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", 1, 2, 3], queue: "test_queue") do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", args: [1, 2, 3]], queue: "test_queue") do
       @mail.deliver_later
     end
   end
@@ -100,17 +100,17 @@ class MessageDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     old_delivery_job = DelayedMailer.delivery_job
     DelayedMailer.delivery_job = DummyJob
 
-    assert_performed_with(job: DummyJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", 1, 2, 3]) do
+    assert_performed_with(job: DummyJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", args: [1, 2, 3]]) do
       @mail.deliver_later
     end
 
     DelayedMailer.delivery_job = old_delivery_job
   end
 
-  class DummyJob < ActionMailer::DeliveryJob; end
+  class DummyJob < ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob; end
 
   test "can override the queue when enqueuing mail" do
-    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", 1, 2, 3], queue: "another_queue") do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, args: ["DelayedMailer", "test_message", "deliver_now", args: [1, 2, 3]], queue: "another_queue") do
       @mail.deliver_later(queue: :another_queue)
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/parameterized_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/parameterized_test.rb
index d3b34fc3e3..62dd671f48 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/parameterized_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/parameterized_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ require "mailers/params_mailer"
 class ParameterizedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActiveJob::TestHelper
 
+  class DummyDeliveryJob < ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob
+  end
+
   setup do
     @previous_logger = ActiveJob::Base.logger
     ActiveJob::Base.logger = Logger.new(nil)
@@ -35,7 +38,14 @@ class ParameterizedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "enqueue the email with params" do
-    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob, args: ["ParamsMailer", "invitation", "deliver_now", { inviter: "david@basecamp.com", invitee: "jason@basecamp.com" } ]) do
+    args = [
+      "ParamsMailer",
+      "invitation",
+      "deliver_now",
+      params: { inviter: "david@basecamp.com", invitee: "jason@basecamp.com" },
+      args: [],
+    ]
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, args: args) do
       @mail.deliver_later
     end
   end
@@ -55,15 +65,27 @@ class ParameterizedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should enqueue a parameterized request with the correct delivery job" do
-    old_delivery_job = ParamsMailer.parameterized_delivery_job
-    ParamsMailer.parameterized_delivery_job = ParameterizedDummyJob
-
-    assert_performed_with(job: ParameterizedDummyJob, args: ["ParamsMailer", "invitation", "deliver_now", { inviter: "david@basecamp.com", invitee: "jason@basecamp.com" } ]) do
-      @mail.deliver_later
+    args = [
+      "ParamsMailer",
+      "invitation",
+      "deliver_now",
+      params: { inviter: "david@basecamp.com", invitee: "jason@basecamp.com" },
+      args: [],
+    ]
+
+    with_delivery_job DummyDeliveryJob do
+      assert_performed_with(job: DummyDeliveryJob, args: args) do
+        @mail.deliver_later
+      end
     end
-
-    ParamsMailer.parameterized_delivery_job = old_delivery_job
   end
 
-  class ParameterizedDummyJob < ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob; end
+  private
+    def with_delivery_job(job)
+      old_delivery_job = ParamsMailer.delivery_job
+      ParamsMailer.delivery_job = job
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ParamsMailer.delivery_job = old_delivery_job
+    end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
index d31170706b..60e2389aa8 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,13 @@ class TestHelperMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   end
 end
 
+class CustomDeliveryJob < ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob
+end
+
+class CustomDeliveryMailer < TestHelperMailer
+  self.delivery_job = CustomDeliveryJob
+end
+
 class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
 
@@ -69,6 +76,26 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_emails_with_custom_delivery_job
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_emails(1) do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          CustomDeliveryMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_emails_with_custom_parameterized_delivery_job
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_emails(1) do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          CustomDeliveryMailer.with(foo: "bar").test_parameter_args.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_emails_with_enqueued_emails
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 1 do
@@ -201,6 +228,16 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
   end
 
+  def test_assert_enqueued_emails_with_custom_delivery_job
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_emails(1) do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          CustomDeliveryMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_enqueued_emails_too_many_sent
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_enqueued_emails 1 do
@@ -252,6 +289,16 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_enqueued_email_with_when_mailer_has_custom_delivery_job
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_email_with CustomDeliveryMailer, :test do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          CustomDeliveryMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_enqueued_email_with_with_no_block
     assert_nothing_raised do
       silence_stream($stdout) do
diff --git a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
index 90cf989100..9a6bd4bb45 100644
--- a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,166 +1,70 @@
-*   Allow rescue from parameter parse errors:
+*   Reduced log noise handling ActionController::RoutingErrors.
 
-    ```
-    rescue_from ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters::ParseError do
-      head :unauthorized
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*, *Josh Cheek*
-
-*   Reset Capybara sessions if failed system test screenshot raising an exception.
-
-    Reset Capybara sessions if `take_failed_screenshot` raise exception
-    in system test `after_teardown`.
-
-    *Maxim Perepelitsa*
-
-*   Use request object for context if there's no controller
-
-    There is no controller instance when using a redirect route or a
-    mounted rack application so pass the request object as the context
-    when resolving dynamic CSP sources in this scenario.
-
-    Fixes #34200.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Apply mapping to symbols returned from dynamic CSP sources
-
-    Previously if a dynamic source returned a symbol such as :self it
-    would be converted to a string implicity, e.g:
-
-        policy.default_src -> { :self }
-
-    would generate the header:
-
-        Content-Security-Policy: default-src self
-
-    and now it generates:
-
-        Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Add `ActionController::Parameters#each_value`.
-
-    *Lukáš Zapletal*
-
-*   Deprecate `ActionDispatch::Http::ParameterFilter` in favor of `ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter`.
-
-    *Yoshiyuki Kinjo*
-
-*   Remove undocumented `params` option from `url_for` helper.
-
-    *Ilkka Oksanen*
+    *Alberto Fernández-Capel*
 
-*   Encode Content-Disposition filenames on `send_data` and `send_file`.
-    Previously, `send_data 'data', filename: "\u{3042}.txt"` sends
-    `"filename=\"\u{3042}.txt\""` as Content-Disposition and it can be
-    garbled.
-    Now it follows [RFC 2231](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231) and
-    [RFC 5987](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987) and sends
-    `"filename=\"%3F.txt\"; filename*=UTF-8''%E3%81%82.txt"`.
-    Most browsers can find filename correctly and old browsers fallback to ASCII
-    converted name.
+*   Add DSL for configuring HTTP Feature Policy
 
-    *Fumiaki Matsushima*
+    This new DSL provides a way to configure a HTTP Feature Policy at a
+    global or per-controller level. Full details of HTTP Feature Policy
+    specification and guidelines can be found at MDN:
 
-*   Expose `ActionController::Parameters#each_key` which allows iterating over
-    keys without allocating an array.
+    https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Feature-Policy
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+    Example global policy
 
-*   Purpose metadata for signed/encrypted cookies.
-
-    Rails can now thwart attacks that attempt to copy signed/encrypted value
-    of a cookie and use it as the value of another cookie.
-
-    It does so by stashing the cookie-name in the purpose field which is
-    then signed/encrypted along with the cookie value. Then, on a server-side
-    read, we verify the cookie-names and discard any attacked cookies.
-
-    Enable `action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata` to use this feature, which
-    writes cookies with the new purpose and expiry metadata embedded.
-
-    *Assain Jaleel*
-
-*   Raises `ActionController::RespondToMismatchError` with confliciting `respond_to` invocations.
-
-    `respond_to` can match multiple types and lead to undefined behavior when
-    multiple invocations are made and the types do not match:
-
-        respond_to do |outer_type|
-          outer_type.js do
-            respond_to do |inner_type|
-              inner_type.html { render body: "HTML" }
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-    *Patrick Toomey*
-
-*   `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile` now delegates `to_path` to its tempfile.
-
-    This allows uploaded file objects to be passed directly to `File.read`
-    without raising a `TypeError`:
-
-        uploaded_file = ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tmp_file)
-        File.read(uploaded_file)
-
-    *Aaron Kromer*
-
-*   Pass along arguments to underlying `get` method in `follow_redirect!`.
-
-    Now all arguments passed to `follow_redirect!` are passed to the underlying
-    `get` method. This for example allows to set custom headers for the
-    redirection request to the server.
-
-        follow_redirect!(params: { foo: :bar })
-
-    *Remo Fritzsche*
-
-*   Introduce a new error page to when the implicit render page is accessed in the browser.
-
-    Now instead of showing an error page that with exception and backtraces we now show only
-    one informative page.
+    ```
+    Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |f|
+      f.camera      :none
+      f.gyroscope   :none
+      f.microphone  :none
+      f.usb         :none
+      f.fullscreen  :self
+      f.payment     :self, "https://secure.example.com"
+    end
+    ```
 
-    *Vinicius Stock*
+    Example controller level policy
 
-*   Introduce `ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.register_interceptor`.
+    ```
+    class PagesController < ApplicationController
+      feature_policy do |p|
+        p.geolocation "https://example.com"
+      end
+    end
+    ```
 
-    Exception aware plugin authors can use the newly introduced
-    `.register_interceptor` method to get the processed exception, instead of
-    monkey patching DebugExceptions.
+    *Jacob Bednarz*
 
-        ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.register_interceptor do |request, exception|
-          HypoteticalPlugin.capture_exception(request, exception)
-        end
+*   Add the ability to set the CSP nonce only to the specified directives.
 
-    *Genadi Samokovarov*
+    Fixes #35137.
 
-*   Output only one Content-Security-Policy nonce header value per request.
+    *Yuji Yaginuma*
 
-    Fixes #32597.
+*   Keep part when scope option has value.
 
-    *Andrey Novikov*, *Andrew White*
+    When a route was defined within an optional scope, if that route didn't
+    take parameters the scope was lost when using path helpers. This commit
+    ensures scope is kept both when the route takes parameters or when it
+    doesn't.
 
-*   Move default headers configuration into their own module that can be included in controllers.
+    Fixes #33219.
 
-    *Kevin Deisz*
+    *Alberto Almagro*
 
-*   Add method `dig` to `session`.
+*   Added `deep_transform_keys` and `deep_transform_keys!` methods to ActionController::Parameters.
 
-    *claudiob*, *Takumi Shotoku*
+    *Gustavo Gutierrez*
 
-*   Controller level `force_ssl` has been deprecated in favor of
-    `config.force_ssl`.
+*   Calling `ActionController::Parameters#transform_keys/!` without a block now returns
+    an enumerator for the parameters instead of the underlying hash.
 
-    *Derek Prior*
+    *Eugene Kenny*
 
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
+*   Fix strong parameters blocks all attributes even when only some keys are invalid (non-numerical).
+    It should only block invalid key's values instead.
 
-    *Jeremy Daer*
+    *Stan Lo*
 
 
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE b/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
index 1cb3add0fc..ab7c27c209 100644
--- a/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionpack/README.rdoc b/actionpack/README.rdoc
index f56230ffa0..fe85bc5b7a 100644
--- a/actionpack/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionpack/README.rdoc
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ by default and Action View rendering is implicitly triggered by Action
 Controller. However, these modules are designed to function on their own and
 can be used outside of Rails.
 
+You can read more about Action Pack in the {Action Controller Overview}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html] guide.
 
 == Download and installation
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ Action Pack is released under the MIT license:
 
 API documentation is at:
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
index ec56de18f1..735eb734d0 100644
--- a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
+++ b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "Web-flow and rendering framework putting the VC in MVC (part of Rails)."
   s.description = "Web apps on Rails. Simple, battle-tested conventions for building and testing MVC web applications. Works with any Rack-compatible server."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "README.rdoc", "MIT-LICENSE", "lib/**/*"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
index 0477e7f1c9..d1ff62a032 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "action_pack"
+require "active_support"
 require "active_support/rails"
 require "active_support/i18n"
 
 module AbstractController
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
+  autoload :ActionNotFound, "abstract_controller/base"
   autoload :Base
   autoload :Caching
   autoload :Callbacks
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
index bb42f2e119..3ff922029b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     private
-
       # Returns true if the name can be considered an action because
       # it has a method defined in the controller.
       #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/caching/fragments.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/caching/fragments.rb
index 95078a2a28..18677ddd18 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/caching/fragments.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/caching/fragments.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ module AbstractController
         self.fragment_cache_keys = []
 
         if respond_to?(:helper_method)
-          helper_method :fragment_cache_key
           helper_method :combined_fragment_cache_key
         end
       end
@@ -61,25 +60,6 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       # Given a key (as described in +expire_fragment+), returns
-      # a key suitable for use in reading, writing, or expiring a
-      # cached fragment. All keys begin with <tt>views/</tt>,
-      # followed by any controller-wide key prefix values, ending
-      # with the specified +key+ value. The key is expanded using
-      # ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key.
-      def fragment_cache_key(key)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-          Calling fragment_cache_key directly is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.0.
-          All fragment accessors now use the combined_fragment_cache_key method that retains the key as an array,
-          such that the caching stores can interrogate the parts for cache versions used in
-          recyclable cache keys.
-        MSG
-
-        head = self.class.fragment_cache_keys.map { |k| instance_exec(&k) }
-        tail = key.is_a?(Hash) ? url_for(key).split("://").last : key
-        ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([*head, *tail], :views)
-      end
-
-      # Given a key (as described in +expire_fragment+), returns
       # a key array suitable for use in reading, writing, or expiring a
       # cached fragment. All keys begin with <tt>:views</tt>,
       # followed by <tt>ENV["RAILS_CACHE_ID"]</tt> or <tt>ENV["RAILS_APP_VERSION"]</tt> if set,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
index d4a078ab32..0af546cc96 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
   private
-
     def method_missing(symbol, &block)
       unless mime_constant = Mime[symbol]
         raise NoMethodError, "To respond to a custom format, register it as a MIME type first: " \
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
index 3913259ecc..abb09456e0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module AbstractController
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :_helpers, default: Module.new
+      class_attribute :_helpers, default: define_helpers_module(self)
       class_attribute :_helper_methods, default: Array.new
     end
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module AbstractController
       # independently of the child class's.
       def inherited(klass)
         helpers = _helpers
-        klass._helpers = Module.new { include helpers }
+        klass._helpers = define_helpers_module(klass, helpers)
         klass.class_eval { default_helper_module! } unless klass.anonymous?
         super
       end
@@ -61,12 +61,17 @@ module AbstractController
         meths.flatten!
         self._helper_methods += meths
 
+        location = caller_locations(1, 1).first
+        file, line = location.path, location.lineno
+
         meths.each do |meth|
-          _helpers.class_eval <<-ruby_eval, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def #{meth}(*args, &blk)                               # def current_user(*args, &blk)
-              controller.send(%(#{meth}), *args, &blk)             #   controller.send(:current_user, *args, &blk)
-            end                                                    # end
-          ruby_eval
+          method_def = [
+            "def #{meth}(*args, &blk)",
+            "  controller.send(%(#{meth}), *args, &blk)",
+            "end"
+          ].join(";")
+
+          _helpers.class_eval method_def, file, line
         end
       end
 
@@ -170,6 +175,17 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       private
+        def define_helpers_module(klass, helpers = nil)
+          # In some tests inherited is called explicitly. In that case, just
+          # return the module from the first time it was defined
+          return klass.const_get(:HelperMethods) if klass.const_defined?(:HelperMethods, false)
+
+          mod = Module.new
+          klass.const_set(:HelperMethods, mod)
+          mod.include(helpers) if helpers
+          mod
+        end
+
         # Makes all the (instance) methods in the helper module available to templates
         # rendered through this controller.
         #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
index 666e154e4c..4dad2a2b93 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ module AbstractController
     # to translate many keys within the same controller / action and gives you a
     # simple framework for scoping them consistently.
     def translate(key, options = {})
+      options = options.dup
       if key.to_s.first == "."
         path = controller_path.tr("/", ".")
         defaults = [:"#{path}#{key}"]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
index 29d61c3ceb..22dc229599 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/rails"
 require "abstract_controller"
 require "action_dispatch"
 require "action_controller/metal/live"
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@ module ActionController
     autoload :DefaultHeaders
     autoload :EtagWithTemplateDigest
     autoload :EtagWithFlash
+    autoload :FeaturePolicy
     autoload :Flash
     autoload :ForceSSL
     autoload :Head
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index 2e565d5d44..63c138af55 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ module ActionController
       FormBuilder,
       RequestForgeryProtection,
       ContentSecurityPolicy,
+      FeaturePolicy,
       ForceSSL,
       Streaming,
       DataStreaming,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
index bf3b00a7b7..83e3e0c37c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     private
-
       def instrument_payload(key)
         {
           controller: controller_name,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
index afbd38e7fe..d8b04d8ddb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ module ActionController
     def unpermitted_parameters(event)
       debug do
         unpermitted_keys = event.payload[:keys]
-        "Unpermitted parameter#{'s' if unpermitted_keys.size > 1}: #{unpermitted_keys.map { |e| ":#{e}" }.join(", ")}"
+        color("Unpermitted parameter#{'s' if unpermitted_keys.size > 1}: #{unpermitted_keys.map { |e| ":#{e}" }.join(", ")}", RED)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
index f875aa5e6b..ec2207b8da 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
@@ -26,16 +26,15 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    def build(action, app = Proc.new)
+    def build(action, app = nil, &block)
       action = action.to_s
 
-      middlewares.reverse.inject(app) do |a, middleware|
+      middlewares.reverse.inject(app || block) do |a, middleware|
         middleware.valid?(action) ? middleware.build(a) : a
       end
     end
 
     private
-
       INCLUDE = ->(list, action) { list.include? action }
       EXCLUDE = ->(list, action) { !list.include? action }
       NULL    = ->(list, action) { true }
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ module ActionController
     attr_internal :response, :request
     delegate :session, to: "@_request"
     delegate :headers, :status=, :location=, :content_type=,
-             :status, :location, :content_type, to: "@_response"
+             :status, :location, :content_type, :media_type, to: "@_response"
 
     def initialize
       @_request = nil
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb
index 2dc990f303..f9a758ff0e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActionController
       super.tap { default_render unless performed? }
     end
 
-    def default_render(*args)
+    def default_render
       head :no_content
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
index d6911ee2b5..29d1919ec5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
-
 module ActionController
   module ConditionalGet
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/content_security_policy.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/content_security_policy.rb
index b8fab4ebe3..ebd90f07c8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/content_security_policy.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/content_security_policy.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     end
 
     private
-
       def content_security_policy?
         request.content_security_policy
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
index 9ef4f50df1..879745a895 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       #
       # Show a 404 page in the browser:
       #
-      #   send_file '/path/to/404.html', type: 'text/html; charset=utf-8', status: 404
+      #   send_file '/path/to/404.html', type: 'text/html; charset=utf-8', disposition: 'inline', status: 404
       #
       # Read about the other Content-* HTTP headers if you'd like to
       # provide the user with more information (such as Content-Description) in
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
index 640c75536e..2f1544c69c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def lookup_and_digest_template(template)
-        ActionView::Digestor.digest name: template, finder: lookup_context
+        ActionView::Digestor.digest name: template, format: nil, finder: lookup_context
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
index 30034be018..e1e0c6f456 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ module ActionController
   end
 
   # Raised when a nested respond_to is triggered and the content types of each
-  # are incompatible. For exampe:
+  # are incompatible. For example:
   #
   #  respond_to do |outer_type|
   #    outer_type.js do
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/feature_policy.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/feature_policy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a627eabea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/feature_policy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionController #:nodoc:
+  # HTTP Feature Policy is a web standard for defining a mechanism to
+  # allow and deny the use of browser features in its own context, and
+  # in content within any <iframe> elements in the document.
+  #
+  # Full details of HTTP Feature Policy specification and guidelines can
+  # be found at MDN:
+  #
+  # https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Feature-Policy
+  #
+  # Examples of usage:
+  #
+  #   # Global policy
+  #   Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |f|
+  #     f.camera      :none
+  #     f.gyroscope   :none
+  #     f.microphone  :none
+  #     f.usb         :none
+  #     f.fullscreen  :self
+  #     f.payment     :self, "https://secure.example.com"
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   # Controller level policy
+  #   class PagesController < ApplicationController
+  #     feature_policy do |p|
+  #       p.geolocation "https://example.com"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  module FeaturePolicy
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def feature_policy(**options, &block)
+        before_action(options) do
+          if block_given?
+            policy = request.feature_policy.clone
+            yield policy
+            request.feature_policy = policy
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
index 380f2e9591..a4861dc2c0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
@@ -44,18 +44,18 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     end
 
     private
-      def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status_and_flash = {}) #:doc:
+      def redirect_to(options = {}, response_options_and_flash = {}) #:doc:
         self.class._flash_types.each do |flash_type|
-          if type = response_status_and_flash.delete(flash_type)
+          if type = response_options_and_flash.delete(flash_type)
             flash[flash_type] = type
           end
         end
 
-        if other_flashes = response_status_and_flash.delete(:flash)
+        if other_flashes = response_options_and_flash.delete(:flash)
           flash.update(other_flashes)
         end
 
-        super(options, response_status_and_flash)
+        super(options, response_options_and_flash)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
index 26e6f72b66..93fd57b640 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ module ActionController
           protocol: "https://",
           host: request.host,
           path: request.fullpath,
-          status: :moved_permanently
+          status: :moved_permanently,
         }
 
         if host_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
index 0faaac1ce4..193b488f6c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActionController
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # Then, in any view rendered by <tt>EventController</tt>, the <tt>format_time</tt> method can be called:
+  # Then, in any view rendered by <tt>EventsController</tt>, the <tt>format_time</tt> method can be called:
   #
   #   <% @events.each do |event| -%>
   #     <p>
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ module ActionController
       # Provides a proxy to access helper methods from outside the view.
       def helpers
         @helper_proxy ||= begin
-          proxy = ActionView::Base.new
+          proxy = ActionView::Base.empty
           proxy.config = config.inheritable_copy
           proxy.extend(_helpers)
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
index 7036123d5d..6a274d35cb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
@@ -69,21 +69,20 @@ module ActionController
         extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
         module ClassMethods
-          def http_basic_authenticate_with(options = {})
-            before_action(options.except(:name, :password, :realm)) do
-              authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic(options[:realm] || "Application") do |name, password|
-                # This comparison uses & so that it doesn't short circuit and
-                # uses `secure_compare` so that length information
-                # isn't leaked.
-                ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(name, options[:name]) &
-                  ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(password, options[:password])
-              end
-            end
+          def http_basic_authenticate_with(name:, password:, realm: nil, **options)
+            before_action(options) { http_basic_authenticate_or_request_with name: name, password: password, realm: realm }
+          end
+        end
+
+        def http_basic_authenticate_or_request_with(name:, password:, realm: nil, message: nil)
+          authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic(realm, message) do |given_name, given_password|
+            ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(given_name, name) &
+              ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(given_password, password)
           end
         end
 
-        def authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic(realm = "Application", message = nil, &login_procedure)
-          authenticate_with_http_basic(&login_procedure) || request_http_basic_authentication(realm, message)
+        def authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic(realm = nil, message = nil, &login_procedure)
+          authenticate_with_http_basic(&login_procedure) || request_http_basic_authentication(realm || "Application", message)
         end
 
         def authenticate_with_http_basic(&login_procedure)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
index d3bb58f48b..8365ddca57 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ module ActionController
     # :stopdoc:
     include BasicImplicitRender
 
-    def default_render(*args)
+    def default_render
       if template_exists?(action_name.to_s, _prefixes, variants: request.variant)
-        render(*args)
+        render
       elsif any_templates?(action_name.to_s, _prefixes)
         message = "#{self.class.name}\##{action_name} is missing a template " \
           "for this request format and variant.\n" \
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
index be9449629f..6f7fc0d624 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
@@ -30,13 +30,11 @@ module ActionController
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("start_processing.action_controller", raw_payload.dup)
 
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("process_action.action_controller", raw_payload) do |payload|
-        begin
-          result = super
+        super.tap do
           payload[:status] = response.status
-          result
-        ensure
-          append_info_to_payload(payload)
         end
+      ensure
+        append_info_to_payload(payload)
       end
     end
 
@@ -71,7 +69,6 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
   private
-
     # A hook invoked every time a before callback is halted.
     def halted_callback_hook(filter)
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("halted_callback.action_controller", filter: filter)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
index 083b762f5a..4454ba1e3d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
@@ -107,7 +107,6 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       private
-
         def perform_write(json, options)
           current_options = @options.merge(options).stringify_keys
 
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ module ActionController
 
       def write(string)
         unless @response.committed?
-          @response.set_header "Cache-Control", "no-cache"
+          @response.headers["Cache-Control"] ||= "no-cache"
           @response.delete_header "Content-Length"
         end
 
@@ -205,7 +204,6 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       private
-
         def each_chunk(&block)
           loop do
             str = nil
@@ -220,7 +218,6 @@ module ActionController
 
     class Response < ActionDispatch::Response #:nodoc: all
       private
-
         def before_committed
           super
           jar = request.cookie_jar
@@ -286,7 +283,6 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     private
-
       # Spawn a new thread to serve up the controller in. This is to get
       # around the fact that Rack isn't based around IOs and we need to use
       # a thread to stream data from the response bodies. Nobody should call
@@ -305,7 +301,7 @@ module ActionController
 
         logger.fatal do
           message = +"\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
-          message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
+          message << exception.annotated_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annotated_source_code)
           message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
           "#{message}\n\n"
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
index 118da11990..5c6f7fe396 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
@@ -124,6 +124,14 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #
     #   render json: @people
     #
+    # +any+ can also be used with no arguments, in which case it will be used for any format requested by
+    # the user:
+    #
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html
+    #     format.any { redirect_to support_path }
+    #   end
+    #
     # Formats can have different variants.
     #
     # The request variant is a specialization of the request format, like <tt>:tablet</tt>,
@@ -197,7 +205,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       yield collector if block_given?
 
       if format = collector.negotiate_format(request)
-        if content_type && content_type != format
+        if media_type && media_type != format
           raise ActionController::RespondToMismatchError
         end
         _process_format(format)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
index 7361946de5..150ae2666c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def model
-        super || synchronize { super || self.model = _default_wrap_model }
+        super || self.model = _default_wrap_model
       end
 
       def include
@@ -241,26 +241,11 @@ module ActionController
     # Performs parameters wrapping upon the request. Called automatically
     # by the metal call stack.
     def process_action(*args)
-      if _wrapper_enabled?
-        wrapped_hash = _wrap_parameters request.request_parameters
-        wrapped_keys = request.request_parameters.keys
-        wrapped_filtered_hash = _wrap_parameters request.filtered_parameters.slice(*wrapped_keys)
-
-        # This will make the wrapped hash accessible from controller and view.
-        request.parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
-        request.request_parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
-
-        # This will display the wrapped hash in the log file.
-        request.filtered_parameters.merge! wrapped_filtered_hash
-      end
-    ensure
-      # NOTE: Rescues all exceptions so they
-      # may be caught in ActionController::Rescue.
-      return super
+      _perform_parameter_wrapping if _wrapper_enabled?
+      super
     end
 
     private
-
       # Returns the wrapper key which will be used to store wrapped parameters.
       def _wrapper_key
         _wrapper_options.name
@@ -292,5 +277,20 @@ module ActionController
         ref = request.content_mime_type.ref
         _wrapper_formats.include?(ref) && _wrapper_key && !request.parameters.key?(_wrapper_key)
       end
+
+      def _perform_parameter_wrapping
+        wrapped_hash = _wrap_parameters request.request_parameters
+        wrapped_keys = request.request_parameters.keys
+        wrapped_filtered_hash = _wrap_parameters request.filtered_parameters.slice(*wrapped_keys)
+
+        # This will make the wrapped hash accessible from controller and view.
+        request.parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
+        request.request_parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
+
+        # This will display the wrapped hash in the log file.
+        request.filtered_parameters.merge! wrapped_filtered_hash
+      rescue ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters::ParseError
+        # swallow parse error exception
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
index 2804a06a58..67c198d150 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ module ActionController
     # Statements after +redirect_to+ in our controller get executed, so +redirect_to+ doesn't stop the execution of the function.
     # To terminate the execution of the function immediately after the +redirect_to+, use return.
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post) and return
-    def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status = {})
+    def redirect_to(options = {}, response_options = {})
       raise ActionControllerError.new("Cannot redirect to nil!") unless options
       raise AbstractController::DoubleRenderError if response_body
 
-      self.status        = _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
+      self.status        = _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_options)
       self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(request, options)
       self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(response.location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
     end
@@ -114,11 +114,11 @@ module ActionController
     public :_compute_redirect_to_location
 
     private
-      def _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
+      def _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_options)
         if options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:status)
           Rack::Utils.status_code(options.delete(:status))
-        elsif response_status.key?(:status)
-          Rack::Utils.status_code(response_status[:status])
+        elsif response_options.key?(:status)
+          Rack::Utils.status_code(response_options[:status])
         else
           302
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
index b81d3ef539..a251c29d23 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ module ActionController
       json = json.to_json(options) unless json.kind_of?(String)
 
       if options[:callback].present?
-        if content_type.nil? || content_type == Mime[:json]
+        if media_type.nil? || media_type == Mime[:json]
           self.content_type = Mime[:js]
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
index 7d0a944381..efa5de313c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     private
-
       def _process_variant(options)
         if defined?(request) && !request.nil? && request.variant.present?
           options[:variant] = request.variant
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def _set_rendered_content_type(format)
-        if format && !response.content_type
+        if format && !response.media_type
           self.content_type = format.to_s
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
index cb109c6ad8..5a5c04234b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
@@ -151,7 +151,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       private
-
         def protection_method_class(name)
           ActionController::RequestForgeryProtection::ProtectionMethods.const_get(name.to_s.classify)
         rescue NameError
@@ -175,7 +174,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         end
 
         private
-
           class NullSessionHash < Rack::Session::Abstract::SessionHash #:nodoc:
             def initialize(req)
               super(nil, req)
@@ -431,7 +429,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         The browser returned a 'null' origin for a request with origin-based forgery protection turned on. This usually
         means you have the 'no-referrer' Referrer-Policy header enabled, or that the request came from a site that
         refused to give its origin. This makes it impossible for Rails to verify the source of the requests. Likely the
-        best solution is to change your referrer policy to something less strict like same-origin or strict-same-origin.
+        best solution is to change your referrer policy to something less strict like same-origin or strict-origin.
         If you cannot change the referrer policy, you can disable origin checking with the
         Rails.application.config.action_controller.forgery_protection_origin_check setting.
       MSG
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
index 8dc01a5eb9..94a62e5cab 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
@@ -196,7 +196,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     private
-
       # Set proper cache control and transfer encoding when streaming
       def _process_options(options)
         super
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
index 04922b0715..6fbd52dd51 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/wrap"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/to_query"
-require "active_support/rescuable"
 require "action_dispatch/http/upload"
 require "rack/test"
 require "stringio"
@@ -224,6 +223,12 @@ module ActionController
     #    config.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
     cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters, default: %w( controller action )
 
+    class << self
+      def nested_attribute?(key, value) # :nodoc:
+        key =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && (value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Parameters))
+      end
+    end
+
     # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>.
     # Also, sets the +permitted+ attribute to the default value of
     # <tt>ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters</tt>.
@@ -254,6 +259,11 @@ module ActionController
         @parameters == other
       end
     end
+    alias eql? ==
+
+    def hash
+      [@parameters.hash, @permitted].hash
+    end
 
     # Returns a safe <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt>
     # representation of the parameters with all unpermitted keys removed.
@@ -674,22 +684,37 @@ module ActionController
     # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance with the
     # results of running +block+ once for every key. The values are unchanged.
     def transform_keys(&block)
-      if block
-        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
-          @parameters.transform_keys(&block)
-        )
-      else
-        @parameters.transform_keys
-      end
+      return to_enum(:transform_keys) unless block_given?
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        @parameters.transform_keys(&block)
+      )
     end
 
     # Performs keys transformation and returns the altered
     # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance.
     def transform_keys!(&block)
+      return to_enum(:transform_keys!) unless block_given?
       @parameters.transform_keys!(&block)
       self
     end
 
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance with the
+    # results of running +block+ once for every key. This includes the keys
+    # from the root hash and from all nested hashes and arrays. The values are unchanged.
+    def deep_transform_keys(&block)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        @parameters.deep_transform_keys(&block)
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Returns the <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance changing its keys.
+    # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all nested hashes and arrays.
+    # The values are unchanged.
+    def deep_transform_keys!(&block)
+      @parameters.deep_transform_keys!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+
     # Deletes a key-value pair from +Parameters+ and returns the value. If
     # +key+ is not found, returns +nil+ (or, with optional code block, yields
     # +key+ and returns the result). Cf. +#extract!+, which returns the
@@ -795,7 +820,7 @@ module ActionController
         @permitted  = coder.map["ivars"][:@permitted]
       when "!ruby/object:ActionController::Parameters"
         # YAML's Object format. Only needed because of the format
-        # backwardscompability above, otherwise equivalent to YAML's initialization.
+        # backwards compatibility above, otherwise equivalent to YAML's initialization.
         @parameters, @permitted = coder.map["parameters"], coder.map["permitted"]
       end
     end
@@ -812,8 +837,14 @@ module ActionController
 
       attr_writer :permitted
 
-      def fields_for_style?
-        @parameters.all? { |k, v| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && (v.is_a?(Hash) || v.is_a?(Parameters)) }
+      def nested_attributes?
+        @parameters.any? { |k, v| Parameters.nested_attribute?(k, v) }
+      end
+
+      def each_nested_attribute
+        hash = self.class.new
+        self.each { |k, v| hash[k] = yield v if Parameters.nested_attribute?(k, v) }
+        hash
       end
 
     private
@@ -858,15 +889,13 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      def each_element(object)
+      def each_element(object, &block)
         case object
         when Array
           object.grep(Parameters).map { |el| yield el }.compact
         when Parameters
-          if object.fields_for_style?
-            hash = object.class.new
-            object.each { |k, v| hash[k] = yield v }
-            hash
+          if object.nested_attributes?
+            object.each_nested_attribute(&block)
           else
             yield object
           end
@@ -1092,9 +1121,6 @@ module ActionController
   # See ActionController::Parameters.require and ActionController::Parameters.permit
   # for more information.
   module StrongParameters
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-    include ActiveSupport::Rescuable
-
     # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters object that
     # has been instantiated with the <tt>request.parameters</tt>.
     def params
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb
index 2b4559c760..dadf6d3445 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
-
 module ActionController
   # ActionController::Renderer allows you to render arbitrary templates
   # without requirement of being in controller actions.
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:partial</tt> - See <tt>ActionView::PartialRenderer</tt> for details.
     # * <tt>:file</tt> - Renders an explicit template file. Add <tt>:locals</tt> to pass in, if so desired.
     #   It shouldn’t be used directly with unsanitized user input due to lack of validation.
-    # * <tt>:inline</tt> - Renders a ERB template string.
+    # * <tt>:inline</tt> - Renders an ERB template string.
     # * <tt>:plain</tt> - Renders provided text and sets the content type as <tt>text/plain</tt>.
     # * <tt>:html</tt> - Renders the provided HTML safe string, otherwise
     #   performs HTML escape on the string first. Sets the content type as <tt>text/html</tt>.
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ module ActionController
 
       RACK_VALUE_TRANSLATION = {
         https: ->(v) { v ? "on" : "off" },
-        method: ->(v) { v.upcase },
+        method: ->(v) { -v.upcase },
       }
 
       def rack_key_for(key)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/template_assertions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/template_assertions.rb
index dd83c1a283..ec44dbe157 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/template_assertions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/template_assertions.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module ActionController
-  module TemplateAssertions
+  module TemplateAssertions # :nodoc:
     def assert_template(options = {}, message = nil)
       raise NoMethodError,
         "assert_template has been extracted to a gem. To continue using it,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
index 5d784ceb31..47e0099f20 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
   end
 
-  # ActionController::TestCase will be deprecated and moved to a gem in Rails 5.1.
+  # ActionController::TestCase will be deprecated and moved to a gem in the future.
   # Please use ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest going forward.
   class TestRequest < ActionDispatch::TestRequest #:nodoc:
     DEFAULT_ENV = ActionDispatch::TestRequest::DEFAULT_ENV.dup
@@ -158,7 +158,6 @@ module ActionController
     end.new
 
     private
-
       def params_parsers
         super.merge @custom_param_parsers
       end
@@ -208,7 +207,6 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     private
-
       def load!
         @id
       end
@@ -276,9 +274,6 @@ module ActionController
   #      after calling +post+. If the various assert methods are not sufficient, then you
   #      may use this object to inspect the HTTP response in detail.
   #
-  # (Earlier versions of \Rails required each functional test to subclass
-  # Test::Unit::TestCase and define @controller, @request, @response in +setup+.)
-  #
   # == Controller is automatically inferred
   #
   # ActionController::TestCase will automatically infer the controller under test
@@ -457,7 +452,7 @@ module ActionController
       # respectively which will make tests more expressive.
       #
       # Note that the request method is not verified.
-      def process(action, method: "GET", params: {}, session: nil, body: nil, flash: {}, format: nil, xhr: false, as: nil)
+      def process(action, method: "GET", params: nil, session: nil, body: nil, flash: {}, format: nil, xhr: false, as: nil)
         check_required_ivars
 
         http_method = method.to_s.upcase
@@ -485,7 +480,7 @@ module ActionController
           format ||= as
         end
 
-        parameters = params.symbolize_keys
+        parameters = (params || {}).symbolize_keys
 
         if format
           parameters[:format] = format
@@ -597,7 +592,6 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       private
-
         def scrub_env!(env)
           env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^(action_dispatch|rack)\.request/ }
           env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^action_dispatch\.rescue/ }
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
index 0822cdc0a6..67d303a368 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -43,17 +43,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
   eager_autoload do
     autoload_under "http" do
       autoload :ContentSecurityPolicy
+      autoload :FeaturePolicy
       autoload :Request
       autoload :Response
     end
   end
 
   autoload_under "middleware" do
+    autoload :HostAuthorization
     autoload :RequestId
     autoload :Callbacks
     autoload :Cookies
+    autoload :ActionableExceptions
     autoload :DebugExceptions
     autoload :DebugLocks
+    autoload :DebugView
     autoload :ExceptionWrapper
     autoload :Executor
     autoload :Flash
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
index f67b13f657..7be30be77a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
       private
-
         DATE          = "Date"
         LAST_MODIFIED = "Last-Modified"
         SPECIAL_KEYS  = Set.new(%w[extras no-cache max-age public private must-revalidate])
@@ -197,10 +196,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if control.empty?
             # Let middleware handle default behavior
           elsif control[:no_cache]
-            self._cache_control = NO_CACHE
-            if control[:extras]
-              self._cache_control = _cache_control + ", #{control[:extras].join(', ')}"
-            end
+            options = []
+            options << PUBLIC if control[:public]
+            options << NO_CACHE
+            options.concat(control[:extras]) if control[:extras]
+
+            self._cache_control = options.join(", ")
           else
             extras = control[:extras]
             max_age = control[:max_age]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/content_security_policy.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/content_security_policy.rb
index b1e5a28be5..9c430b57e3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/content_security_policy.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/content_security_policy.rb
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
 
         if policy = request.content_security_policy
           nonce = request.content_security_policy_nonce
+          nonce_directives = request.content_security_policy_nonce_directives
           context = request.controller_instance || request
-          headers[header_name(request)] = policy.build(context, nonce)
+          headers[header_name(request)] = policy.build(context, nonce, nonce_directives)
         end
 
         response
       end
 
       private
-
         def html_response?(headers)
           if content_type = headers[CONTENT_TYPE]
             content_type =~ /html/
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
       POLICY_REPORT_ONLY = "action_dispatch.content_security_policy_report_only"
       NONCE_GENERATOR = "action_dispatch.content_security_policy_nonce_generator"
       NONCE = "action_dispatch.content_security_policy_nonce"
+      NONCE_DIRECTIVES = "action_dispatch.content_security_policy_nonce_directives"
 
       def content_security_policy
         get_header(POLICY)
@@ -80,6 +81,14 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
         set_header(NONCE_GENERATOR, generator)
       end
 
+      def content_security_policy_nonce_directives
+        get_header(NONCE_DIRECTIVES)
+      end
+
+      def content_security_policy_nonce_directives=(generator)
+        set_header(NONCE_DIRECTIVES, generator)
+      end
+
       def content_security_policy_nonce
         if content_security_policy_nonce_generator
           if nonce = get_header(NONCE)
@@ -91,7 +100,6 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
       end
 
       private
-
         def generate_content_security_policy_nonce
           content_security_policy_nonce_generator.call(self)
         end
@@ -129,13 +137,17 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
       object_src:      "object-src",
       prefetch_src:    "prefetch-src",
       script_src:      "script-src",
+      script_src_attr: "script-src-attr",
+      script_src_elem: "script-src-elem",
       style_src:       "style-src",
+      style_src_attr:  "style-src-attr",
+      style_src_elem:  "style-src-elem",
       worker_src:      "worker-src"
     }.freeze
 
-    NONCE_DIRECTIVES = %w[script-src style-src].freeze
+    DEFAULT_NONCE_DIRECTIVES = %w[script-src style-src].freeze
 
-    private_constant :MAPPINGS, :DIRECTIVES, :NONCE_DIRECTIVES
+    private_constant :MAPPINGS, :DIRECTIVES, :DEFAULT_NONCE_DIRECTIVES
 
     attr_reader :directives
 
@@ -204,8 +216,9 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    def build(context = nil, nonce = nil)
-      build_directives(context, nonce).compact.join("; ")
+    def build(context = nil, nonce = nil, nonce_directives = nil)
+      nonce_directives = DEFAULT_NONCE_DIRECTIVES if nonce_directives.nil?
+      build_directives(context, nonce, nonce_directives).compact.join("; ")
     end
 
     private
@@ -228,10 +241,10 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
         end
       end
 
-      def build_directives(context, nonce)
+      def build_directives(context, nonce, nonce_directives)
         @directives.map do |directive, sources|
           if sources.is_a?(Array)
-            if nonce && nonce_directive?(directive)
+            if nonce && nonce_directive?(directive, nonce_directives)
               "#{directive} #{build_directive(sources, context).join(' ')} 'nonce-#{nonce}'"
             else
               "#{directive} #{build_directive(sources, context).join(' ')}"
@@ -266,8 +279,8 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
         end
       end
 
-      def nonce_directive?(directive)
-        NONCE_DIRECTIVES.include?(directive)
+      def nonce_directive?(directive, nonce_directives)
+        nonce_directives.include?(directive)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/feature_policy.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/feature_policy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..592b6e4393
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/feature_policy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup"
+
+module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
+  class FeaturePolicy
+    class Middleware
+      CONTENT_TYPE = "Content-Type"
+      POLICY       = "Feature-Policy"
+
+      def initialize(app)
+        @app = app
+      end
+
+      def call(env)
+        request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+        _, headers, _ = response = @app.call(env)
+
+        return response unless html_response?(headers)
+        return response if policy_present?(headers)
+
+        if policy = request.feature_policy
+          headers[POLICY] = policy.build(request.controller_instance)
+        end
+
+        if policy_empty?(policy)
+          headers.delete(POLICY)
+        end
+
+        response
+      end
+
+      private
+        def html_response?(headers)
+          if content_type = headers[CONTENT_TYPE]
+            content_type =~ /html/
+          end
+        end
+
+        def policy_present?(headers)
+          headers[POLICY]
+        end
+
+        def policy_empty?(policy)
+          policy.try(:directives) && policy.directives.empty?
+        end
+    end
+
+    module Request
+      POLICY = "action_dispatch.feature_policy"
+
+      def feature_policy
+        get_header(POLICY)
+      end
+
+      def feature_policy=(policy)
+        set_header(POLICY, policy)
+      end
+    end
+
+    MAPPINGS = {
+      self: "'self'",
+      none: "'none'",
+    }.freeze
+
+    # List of available features can be found at
+    # https://github.com/WICG/feature-policy/blob/master/features.md#policy-controlled-features
+    DIRECTIVES = {
+      accelerometer:        "accelerometer",
+      ambient_light_sensor: "ambient-light-sensor",
+      autoplay:             "autoplay",
+      camera:               "camera",
+      encrypted_media:      "encrypted-media",
+      fullscreen:           "fullscreen",
+      geolocation:          "geolocation",
+      gyroscope:            "gyroscope",
+      magnetometer:         "magnetometer",
+      microphone:           "microphone",
+      midi:                 "midi",
+      payment:              "payment",
+      picture_in_picture:   "picture-in-picture",
+      speaker:              "speaker",
+      usb:                  "usb",
+      vibrate:              "vibrate",
+      vr:                   "vr",
+    }.freeze
+
+    private_constant :MAPPINGS, :DIRECTIVES
+
+    attr_reader :directives
+
+    def initialize
+      @directives = {}
+      yield self if block_given?
+    end
+
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      @directives = other.directives.deep_dup
+    end
+
+    DIRECTIVES.each do |name, directive|
+      define_method(name) do |*sources|
+        if sources.first
+          @directives[directive] = apply_mappings(sources)
+        else
+          @directives.delete(directive)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build(context = nil)
+      build_directives(context).compact.join("; ")
+    end
+
+    private
+      def apply_mappings(sources)
+        sources.map do |source|
+          case source
+          when Symbol
+            apply_mapping(source)
+          when String, Proc
+            source
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid HTTP feature policy source: #{source.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def apply_mapping(source)
+        MAPPINGS.fetch(source) do
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unknown HTTP feature policy source mapping: #{source.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_directives(context)
+        @directives.map do |directive, sources|
+          if sources.is_a?(Array)
+            "#{directive} #{build_directive(sources, context).join(' ')}"
+          elsif sources
+            directive
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_directive(sources, context)
+        sources.map { |source| resolve_source(source, context) }
+      end
+
+      def resolve_source(source, context)
+        case source
+        when String
+          source
+        when Symbol
+          source.to_s
+        when Proc
+          if context.nil?
+            raise RuntimeError, "Missing context for the dynamic feature policy source: #{source.inspect}"
+          else
+            context.instance_exec(&source)
+          end
+        else
+          raise RuntimeError, "Unexpected feature policy source: #{source.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
index cbb772175c..7a7a493f64 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
     private
-
       def parameter_filter # :doc:
         parameter_filter_for fetch_header("action_dispatch.parameter_filter") {
           return NULL_PARAM_FILTER
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
index 8c4e852235..d780d5f793 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
     private
-
       def location_filters
         if request
           request.get_header("action_dispatch.redirect_filter") || []
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
index 6c7d24d2d0..6ab913bfd0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
@@ -116,7 +116,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def env; @req.env.dup; end
 
       private
-
         # Converts an HTTP header name to an environment variable name if it is
         # not contained within the headers hash.
         def env_name(key)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
index 498b1e6695..a2cac49082 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           else
             [Mime[:html]]
           end
+
+          v = v.select do |format|
+            format.symbol || format.ref == "*/*"
+          end
+
           set_header k, v
         end
       end
@@ -149,7 +154,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         BROWSER_LIKE_ACCEPTS = /,\s*\*\/\*|\*\/\*\s*,/
 
         def valid_accept_header # :doc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
index c3e0ea3c89..ed1d50f3b9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ module Mime
       def parse(accept_header)
         if !accept_header.include?(",")
           accept_header = accept_header.split(PARAMETER_SEPARATOR_REGEXP).first
+          return [] unless accept_header
           parse_trailing_star(accept_header) || [Mime::Type.lookup(accept_header)].compact
         else
           list, index = [], 0
@@ -221,7 +222,18 @@ module Mime
 
     attr_reader :hash
 
+    MIME_NAME = "[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9#{Regexp.escape('!#$&-^_.+')}]{0,126}"
+    MIME_PARAMETER_KEY = "[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9#{Regexp.escape('!#$&-^_.+')}]{0,126}"
+    MIME_PARAMETER_VALUE = "#{Regexp.escape('"')}?[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9#{Regexp.escape('!#$&-^_.+')}]{0,126}#{Regexp.escape('"')}?"
+    MIME_PARAMETER = "\s*\;\s+#{MIME_PARAMETER_KEY}(?:\=#{MIME_PARAMETER_VALUE})?"
+    MIME_REGEXP = /\A(?:\*\/\*|#{MIME_NAME}\/(?:\*|#{MIME_NAME})(?:\s*#{MIME_PARAMETER}\s*)*)\z/
+
+    class InvalidMimeType < StandardError; end
+
     def initialize(string, symbol = nil, synonyms = [])
+      unless MIME_REGEXP.match?(string)
+        raise InvalidMimeType, "#{string.inspect} is not a valid MIME type"
+      end
       @symbol, @synonyms = symbol, synonyms
       @string = string
       @hash = [@string, @synonyms, @symbol].hash
@@ -278,11 +290,9 @@ module Mime
     def all?; false; end
 
     protected
-
       attr_reader :string, :synonyms
 
     private
-
       def to_ary; end
       def to_a; end
 
@@ -303,7 +313,7 @@ module Mime
     include Singleton
 
     def initialize
-      super "*/*", :all
+      super "*/*", nil
     end
 
     def all?; true; end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
index 13d0963a33..3c16817af3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
@@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         def set_binary_encoding(params, controller, action)
           return params unless controller && controller.valid_encoding?
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
index 44f23940d3..4ac7c5c2bd 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     include ActionDispatch::Http::FilterParameters
     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
     include ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Request
+    include ActionDispatch::FeaturePolicy::Request
     include Rack::Request::Env
 
     autoload :Session, "action_dispatch/request/session"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
index 1d38942a31..ea3692951f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
@@ -82,9 +82,11 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     SET_COOKIE   = "Set-Cookie"
     LOCATION     = "Location"
     NO_CONTENT_CODES = [100, 101, 102, 204, 205, 304]
+    CONTENT_TYPE_PARSER = /\A(?<type>[^;\s]+)?(?:.*;\s*charset=(?<quote>"?)(?<charset>[^;\s]+)\k<quote>)?/ # :nodoc:
 
     cattr_accessor :default_charset, default: "utf-8"
     cattr_accessor :default_headers
+    cattr_accessor :return_only_media_type_on_content_type, default: false
 
     include Rack::Response::Helpers
     # Aliasing these off because AD::Http::Cache::Response defines them.
@@ -142,7 +144,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
 
       private
-
         def each_chunk(&block)
           @buf.each(&block)
         end
@@ -242,8 +243,22 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
 
     # Content type of response.
-    # It returns just MIME type and does NOT contain charset part.
     def content_type
+      if self.class.return_only_media_type_on_content_type
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+          "Rails 6.1 will return Content-Type header without modification." \
+          " If you want just the MIME type, please use `#media_type` instead."
+        )
+
+        content_type = super
+        content_type ? content_type.split(/;\s*charset=/)[0].presence : content_type
+      else
+        super.presence
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Media type of response.
+    def media_type
       parsed_content_type_header.mime_type
     end
 
@@ -404,15 +419,12 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
 
   private
-
     ContentTypeHeader = Struct.new :mime_type, :charset
     NullContentTypeHeader = ContentTypeHeader.new nil, nil
 
     def parse_content_type(content_type)
-      if content_type
-        type, charset = content_type.split(/;\s*charset=/)
-        type = nil if type && type.empty?
-        ContentTypeHeader.new(type, charset)
+      if content_type && match = CONTENT_TYPE_PARSER.match(content_type)
+        ContentTypeHeader.new(match[:type], match[:charset])
       else
         NullContentTypeHeader
       end
@@ -459,7 +471,7 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
 
     def assign_default_content_type_and_charset!
-      return if content_type
+      return if media_type
 
       ct = parsed_content_type_header
       set_content_type(ct.mime_type || Mime[:html].to_s,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
index 827f022ca2..0da8f5c14e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # A +Tempfile+ object with the actual uploaded file. Note that some of
       # its interface is available directly.
       attr_accessor :tempfile
-      alias :to_io :tempfile
 
       # A string with the headers of the multipart request.
       attr_accessor :headers
@@ -84,6 +83,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def eof?
         @tempfile.eof?
       end
+
+      def to_io
+        @tempfile.to_io
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
index 3af4c176a7..3b0f6378ea 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
@@ -78,109 +78,108 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
-        def add_params(path, params)
-          params = { params: params } unless params.is_a?(Hash)
-          params.reject! { |_, v| v.to_param.nil? }
-          query = params.to_query
-          path << "?#{query}" unless query.empty?
-        end
-
-        def add_anchor(path, anchor)
-          if anchor
-            path << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(anchor.to_param)}"
+          def add_params(path, params)
+            params = { params: params } unless params.is_a?(Hash)
+            params.reject! { |_, v| v.to_param.nil? }
+            query = params.to_query
+            path << "?#{query}" unless query.empty?
           end
-        end
 
-        def extract_domain_from(host, tld_length)
-          host.split(".").last(1 + tld_length).join(".")
-        end
+          def add_anchor(path, anchor)
+            if anchor
+              path << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(anchor.to_param)}"
+            end
+          end
 
-        def extract_subdomains_from(host, tld_length)
-          parts = host.split(".")
-          parts[0..-(tld_length + 2)]
-        end
+          def extract_domain_from(host, tld_length)
+            host.split(".").last(1 + tld_length).join(".")
+          end
 
-        def add_trailing_slash(path)
-          if path.include?("?")
-            path.sub!(/\?/, '/\&')
-          elsif !path.include?(".")
-            path.sub!(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
+          def extract_subdomains_from(host, tld_length)
+            parts = host.split(".")
+            parts[0..-(tld_length + 2)]
           end
-        end
 
-        def build_host_url(host, port, protocol, options, path)
-          if match = host.match(HOST_REGEXP)
-            protocol ||= match[1] unless protocol == false
-            host       = match[2]
-            port       = match[3] unless options.key? :port
+          def add_trailing_slash(path)
+            if path.include?("?")
+              path.sub!(/\?/, '/\&')
+            elsif !path.include?(".")
+              path.sub!(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
+            end
           end
 
-          protocol = normalize_protocol protocol
-          host     = normalize_host(host, options)
+          def build_host_url(host, port, protocol, options, path)
+            if match = host.match(HOST_REGEXP)
+              protocol ||= match[1] unless protocol == false
+              host       = match[2]
+              port       = match[3] unless options.key? :port
+            end
 
-          result = protocol.dup
+            protocol = normalize_protocol protocol
+            host     = normalize_host(host, options)
 
-          if options[:user] && options[:password]
-            result << "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:user])}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:password])}@"
-          end
+            result = protocol.dup
 
-          result << host
-          normalize_port(port, protocol) { |normalized_port|
-            result << ":#{normalized_port}"
-          }
+            if options[:user] && options[:password]
+              result << "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:user])}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:password])}@"
+            end
 
-          result.concat path
-        end
+            result << host
+            normalize_port(port, protocol) { |normalized_port|
+              result << ":#{normalized_port}"
+            }
 
-        def named_host?(host)
-          IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
-        end
+            result.concat path
+          end
 
-        def normalize_protocol(protocol)
-          case protocol
-          when nil
-            "http://"
-          when false, "//"
-            "//"
-          when PROTOCOL_REGEXP
-            "#{$1}://"
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid :protocol option: #{protocol.inspect}"
+          def named_host?(host)
+            IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
           end
-        end
 
-        def normalize_host(_host, options)
-          return _host unless named_host?(_host)
+          def normalize_protocol(protocol)
+            case protocol
+            when nil
+              "http://"
+            when false, "//"
+              "//"
+            when PROTOCOL_REGEXP
+              "#{$1}://"
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid :protocol option: #{protocol.inspect}"
+            end
+          end
+
+          def normalize_host(_host, options)
+            return _host unless named_host?(_host)
 
-          tld_length = options[:tld_length] || @@tld_length
-          subdomain  = options.fetch :subdomain, true
-          domain     = options[:domain]
+            tld_length = options[:tld_length] || @@tld_length
+            subdomain  = options.fetch :subdomain, true
+            domain     = options[:domain]
 
-          host = +""
-          if subdomain == true
-            return _host if domain.nil?
+            host = +""
+            if subdomain == true
+              return _host if domain.nil?
 
-            host << extract_subdomains_from(_host, tld_length).join(".")
-          elsif subdomain
-            host << subdomain.to_param
+              host << extract_subdomains_from(_host, tld_length).join(".")
+            elsif subdomain
+              host << subdomain.to_param
+            end
+            host << "." unless host.empty?
+            host << (domain || extract_domain_from(_host, tld_length))
+            host
           end
-          host << "." unless host.empty?
-          host << (domain || extract_domain_from(_host, tld_length))
-          host
-        end
 
-        def normalize_port(port, protocol)
-          return unless port
+          def normalize_port(port, protocol)
+            return unless port
 
-          case protocol
-          when "//" then yield port
-          when "https://"
-            yield port unless port.to_i == 443
-          else
-            yield port unless port.to_i == 80
+            case protocol
+            when "//" then yield port
+            when "https://"
+              yield port unless port.to_i == 443
+            else
+              yield port unless port.to_i == 80
+            end
           end
-        end
       end
 
       def initialize
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
index 52396ec901..a4861719f8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
@@ -62,12 +62,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         def extract_parameterized_parts(route, options, recall, parameterize = nil)
           parameterized_parts = recall.merge(options)
 
           keys_to_keep = route.parts.reverse_each.drop_while { |part|
-            !options.key?(part) || (options[part] || recall[part]).nil?
+            !(options.key?(part) || route.scope_options.key?(part)) || (options[part] || recall[part]).nil?
           } | route.required_parts
 
           parameterized_parts.delete_if do |bad_key, _|
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
index 44c31053cb..2600e7fb70 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
@@ -128,7 +128,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def followpos_table
             @followpos ||= build_followpos
           end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
index ea647e051a..5003e92f43 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
@@ -141,7 +141,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def states_hash_for(sym)
             case sym
             when String
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
index fe55861507..b36003089d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def inverted
             return @inverted if @inverted
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
index 32f632800c..086d6a3e07 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
@@ -65,12 +65,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def literal?; false; end
       end
 
-      %w{ Symbol Slash Dot }.each do |t|
-        class_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          class #{t} < Terminal;
-            def type; :#{t.upcase}; end
-          end
-        eoruby
+      class Slash < Terminal # :nodoc:
+        def type; :SLASH; end
+      end
+
+      class Dot < Terminal # :nodoc:
+        def type; :DOT; end
       end
 
       class Symbol < Terminal # :nodoc:
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           regexp == DEFAULT_EXP
         end
 
+        def type; :SYMBOL; end
         def symbol?; true; end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
index 537f479ee5..e4ba82ebdd 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
@@ -119,7 +119,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         class UnanchoredRegexp < AnchoredRegexp # :nodoc:
           def accept(node)
-            %r{\A#{visit node}}
+            path = visit node
+            path == "/" ? %r{\A/} : %r{\A#{path}(?:\b|\Z|/)}
           end
         end
 
@@ -136,6 +137,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
             Array.new(length - 1) { |i| self[i + 1] }
           end
 
+          def named_captures
+            @names.zip(captures).to_h
+          end
+
           def [](x)
             idx = @offsets[x - 1] + x
             @match[idx]
@@ -169,7 +174,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def regexp_visitor
             @anchored ? AnchoredRegexp : UnanchoredRegexp
           end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
index 8165709a3d..4aee7a6f83 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # :stopdoc:
   module Journey
     class Route
-      attr_reader :app, :path, :defaults, :name, :precedence
+      attr_reader :app, :path, :defaults, :name, :precedence, :constraints,
+                  :internal, :scope_options
 
-      attr_reader :constraints, :internal
       alias :conditions :constraints
 
       module VerbMatchers
@@ -49,15 +49,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      def self.build(name, app, path, constraints, required_defaults, defaults)
-        request_method_match = verb_matcher(constraints.delete(:request_method))
-        new name, app, path, constraints, required_defaults, defaults, request_method_match, 0
-      end
-
       ##
       # +path+ is a path constraint.
       # +constraints+ is a hash of constraints to be applied to this route.
-      def initialize(name, app, path, constraints, required_defaults, defaults, request_method_match, precedence, internal = false)
+      def initialize(name:, app: nil, path:, constraints: {}, required_defaults: [], defaults: {}, request_method_match: nil, precedence: 0, scope_options: {}, internal: false)
         @name        = name
         @app         = app
         @path        = path
@@ -72,6 +67,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @decorated_ast     = nil
         @precedence        = precedence
         @path_formatter    = @path.build_formatter
+        @scope_options     = scope_options
         @internal          = internal
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
index 89a164f968..4a6639af74 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         def partitioned_routes
           routes.partition { |r|
             r.path.anchored && r.ast.grep(Nodes::Symbol).all? { |n| n.default_regexp?  }
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb
index c0377459d5..3f055db66d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def simulator
-        return if ast.nil?
         @simulator ||= begin
           gtg = GTG::Builder.new(ast).transition_table
           GTG::Simulator.new(gtg)
@@ -72,7 +71,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         def clear_cache!
           @ast                = nil
           @simulator          = nil
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
index 2a075862e9..eb6fd17aa7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         # takes advantage of String @- deduping capabilities in Ruby 2.5 upwards
         # see: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13077
         def dedup_scan(regex)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
index d2619cbf3a..ff26c9a3b0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def visit(node)
             send(DISPATCH_CACHE[node.type], node)
           end
@@ -168,7 +167,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       class String < FunctionalVisitor # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def binary(node, seed)
             visit(node.right, visit(node.left, seed))
           end
@@ -214,7 +212,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def binary(node, seed)
             seed.last.concat node.children.map { |c|
               "#{node.object_id} -> #{c.object_id};"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/actionable_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/actionable_exceptions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e94cc46603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/actionable_exceptions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "erb"
+require "action_dispatch/http/request"
+require "active_support/actionable_error"
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class ActionableExceptions # :nodoc:
+    cattr_accessor :endpoint, default: "/rails/actions"
+
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+      return @app.call(env) unless actionable_request?(request)
+
+      ActiveSupport::ActionableError.dispatch(request.params[:error].to_s.safe_constantize, request.params[:action])
+
+      redirect_to request.params[:location]
+    end
+
+    private
+      def actionable_request?(request)
+        request.show_exceptions? && request.post? && request.path == endpoint
+      end
+
+      def redirect_to(location)
+        body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
+
+        [302, {
+          "Content-Type" => "text/html; charset=#{Response.default_charset}",
+          "Content-Length" => body.bytesize.to_s,
+          "Location" => location,
+        }, [body]]
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
index 5b2ad36dd5..87fe19225b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
@@ -24,10 +24,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def call(env)
       error = nil
       result = run_callbacks :call do
-        begin
-          @app.call(env)
-        rescue => error
-        end
+        @app.call(env)
+      rescue => error
       end
       raise error if error
       result
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
index 26d3fd936f..642f155085 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
@@ -61,10 +61,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       get_header Cookies::SIGNED_COOKIE_DIGEST
     end
 
-    def secret_token
-      get_header Cookies::SECRET_TOKEN
-    end
-
     def secret_key_base
       get_header Cookies::SECRET_KEY_BASE
     end
@@ -181,7 +177,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     USE_AUTHENTICATED_COOKIE_ENCRYPTION = "action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption"
     ENCRYPTED_COOKIE_CIPHER = "action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_cipher"
     SIGNED_COOKIE_DIGEST = "action_dispatch.signed_cookie_digest"
-    SECRET_TOKEN = "action_dispatch.secret_token"
     SECRET_KEY_BASE = "action_dispatch.secret_key_base"
     COOKIES_SERIALIZER = "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"
     COOKIES_DIGEST = "action_dispatch.cookies_digest"
@@ -215,9 +210,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # the cookie again. This is useful for creating cookies with values that the user is not supposed to change. If a signed
       # cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), +nil+ will be returned.
       #
-      # If +secret_key_base+ and +secrets.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
-      # legacy cookies signed with the old key generator will be transparently upgraded.
-      #
       # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +secret_key_base+.
       #
       # Example:
@@ -233,9 +225,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # Returns a jar that'll automatically encrypt cookie values before sending them to the client and will decrypt them for read.
       # If the cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), +nil+ will be returned.
       #
-      # If +secret_key_base+ and +secrets.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
-      # legacy cookies signed with the old key generator will be transparently upgraded.
-      #
       # If +config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt+ and +config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt+
       # are both set, legacy cookies encrypted with HMAC AES-256-CBC will be transparently upgraded.
       #
@@ -263,11 +252,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
-        def upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies?
-          request.secret_token.present? && request.secret_key_base.present?
-        end
-
         def upgrade_legacy_hmac_aes_cbc_cookies?
           request.secret_key_base.present? &&
             request.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt.present? &&
@@ -302,8 +286,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       DOMAIN_REGEXP = /[^.]*\.([^.]*|..\...|...\...)$/
 
       def self.build(req, cookies)
-        new(req).tap do |hash|
-          hash.update(cookies)
+        new(req).tap do |jar|
+          jar.update(cookies)
         end
       end
 
@@ -353,7 +337,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def update_cookies_from_jar
         request_jar = @request.cookie_jar.instance_variable_get(:@cookies)
-        set_cookies = request_jar.reject { |k, _| @delete_cookies.key?(k) }
+        set_cookies = request_jar.reject { |k, _| @delete_cookies.key?(k) || @set_cookies.key?(k) }
 
         @cookies.update set_cookies if set_cookies
       end
@@ -443,7 +427,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       mattr_accessor :always_write_cookie, default: false
 
       private
-
         def escape(string)
           ::Rack::Utils.escape(string)
         end
@@ -503,13 +486,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def cookie_metadata(name, options)
-          if request.use_cookies_with_metadata
-            metadata = expiry_options(options)
-            metadata[:purpose] = "cookie.#{name}"
-
-            metadata
-          else
-            {}
+          expiry_options(options).tap do |metadata|
+            metadata[:purpose] = "cookie.#{name}" if request.use_cookies_with_metadata
           end
         end
 
@@ -592,10 +570,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         request.cookies_rotations.signed.each do |*secrets, **options|
           @verifier.rotate(*secrets, serializer: SERIALIZER, **options)
         end
-
-        if upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies?
-          @verifier.rotate request.secret_token, serializer: SERIALIZER
-        end
       end
 
       private
@@ -640,10 +614,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           @encryptor.rotate(secret, sign_secret, cipher: legacy_cipher, digest: digest, serializer: SERIALIZER)
         end
-
-        if upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies?
-          @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(request.secret_token, digest: digest, serializer: SERIALIZER)
-        end
       end
 
       private
@@ -652,7 +622,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             @encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message, on_rotation: rotate, purpose: purpose)
           end
         rescue ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::InvalidMessage, ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
-          parse_legacy_signed_message(name, encrypted_message)
+          nil
         end
 
         def commit(name, options)
@@ -660,16 +630,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].bytesize > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
         end
-
-        def parse_legacy_signed_message(name, legacy_signed_message)
-          if defined?(@legacy_verifier)
-            deserialize(name) do |rotate|
-              rotate.call
-
-              @legacy_verifier.verified(legacy_signed_message)
-            end
-          end
-        end
     end
 
     def initialize(app)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
index 5f5fdbc66a..e546d1c11f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
@@ -3,53 +3,14 @@
 require "action_dispatch/http/request"
 require "action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper"
 require "action_dispatch/routing/inspector"
+
 require "action_view"
 require "action_view/base"
 
-require "pp"
-
 module ActionDispatch
   # This middleware is responsible for logging exceptions and
   # showing a debugging page in case the request is local.
   class DebugExceptions
-    RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH = File.expand_path("templates", __dir__)
-
-    class DebugView < ActionView::Base
-      def debug_params(params)
-        clean_params = params.clone
-        clean_params.delete("action")
-        clean_params.delete("controller")
-
-        if clean_params.empty?
-          "None"
-        else
-          PP.pp(clean_params, +"", 200)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def debug_headers(headers)
-        if headers.present?
-          headers.inspect.gsub(",", ",\n")
-        else
-          "None"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def debug_hash(object)
-        object.to_hash.sort_by { |k, _| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
-      end
-
-      def render(*)
-        logger = ActionView::Base.logger
-
-        if logger && logger.respond_to?(:silence)
-          logger.silence { super }
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     cattr_reader :interceptors, instance_accessor: false, default: []
 
     def self.register_interceptor(object = nil, &block)
@@ -81,17 +42,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     private
-
       def invoke_interceptors(request, exception)
         backtrace_cleaner = request.get_header("action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner")
         wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(backtrace_cleaner, exception)
 
         @interceptors.each do |interceptor|
-          begin
-            interceptor.call(request, exception)
-          rescue Exception
-            log_error(request, wrapper)
-          end
+          interceptor.call(request, exception)
+        rescue Exception
+          log_error(request, wrapper)
         end
       end
 
@@ -101,7 +59,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         log_error(request, wrapper)
 
         if request.get_header("action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions")
-          content_type = request.formats.first
+          begin
+            content_type = request.formats.first
+          rescue Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType
+            render_for_api_request(Mime[:text], wrapper)
+          end
 
           if api_request?(content_type)
             render_for_api_request(content_type, wrapper)
@@ -152,7 +114,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def create_template(request, wrapper)
-        DebugView.new([RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH],
+        DebugView.new(
           request: request,
           exception_wrapper: wrapper,
           exception: wrapper.exception,
@@ -175,16 +137,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         return unless logger
 
         exception = wrapper.exception
-
-        trace = wrapper.application_trace
-        trace = wrapper.framework_trace if trace.empty?
+        trace = wrapper.exception_trace
 
         ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-          logger.fatal "  "
-          logger.fatal "#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):"
-          log_array logger, exception.annoted_source_code if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
-          logger.fatal "  "
-          log_array logger, trace
+          message = []
+          message << "  "
+          message << "#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):"
+          message.concat(exception.annotated_source_code) if exception.respond_to?(:annotated_source_code)
+          message << "  "
+          message.concat(trace)
+
+          log_array(logger, message)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_view.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_view.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..148662a48b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_view.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pp"
+
+require "action_view"
+require "action_view/base"
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class DebugView < ActionView::Base # :nodoc:
+    RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH = File.expand_path("templates", __dir__)
+
+    def initialize(assigns)
+      paths = [RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH]
+      lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(paths)
+      super(lookup_context, assigns)
+    end
+
+    def compiled_method_container
+      self.class
+    end
+
+    def debug_params(params)
+      clean_params = params.clone
+      clean_params.delete("action")
+      clean_params.delete("controller")
+
+      if clean_params.empty?
+        "None"
+      else
+        PP.pp(clean_params, +"", 200)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def debug_headers(headers)
+      if headers.present?
+        headers.inspect.gsub(",", ",\n")
+      else
+        "None"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def debug_hash(object)
+      object.to_hash.sort_by { |k, _| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    def render(*)
+      logger = ActionView::Base.logger
+
+      if logger && logger.respond_to?(:silence)
+        logger.silence { super }
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def protect_against_forgery?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def params_valid?
+      @request.parameters
+    rescue ActionController::BadRequest
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
index fb2b2bd3b0..e4a2a51c57 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       "ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod"          => :method_not_allowed,
       "ActionController::NotImplemented"             => :not_implemented,
       "ActionController::UnknownFormat"              => :not_acceptable,
+      "Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType"                  => :not_acceptable,
       "ActionController::MissingExactTemplate"       => :not_acceptable,
       "ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken"   => :unprocessable_entity,
       "ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest"  => :unprocessable_entity,
@@ -31,22 +32,45 @@ module ActionDispatch
       "ActionController::MissingExactTemplate" => "missing_exact_template",
     )
 
+    cattr_accessor :wrapper_exceptions, default: [
+      "ActionView::Template::Error"
+    ]
+
+    cattr_accessor :silent_exceptions, default: [
+      "ActionController::RoutingError"
+    ]
+
     attr_reader :backtrace_cleaner, :exception, :wrapped_causes, :line_number, :file
 
     def initialize(backtrace_cleaner, exception)
       @backtrace_cleaner = backtrace_cleaner
-      @exception = original_exception(exception)
+      @exception = exception
+      @exception_class_name = @exception.class.name
       @wrapped_causes = wrapped_causes_for(exception, backtrace_cleaner)
 
       expand_backtrace if exception.is_a?(SyntaxError) || exception.cause.is_a?(SyntaxError)
     end
 
+    def unwrapped_exception
+      if wrapper_exceptions.include?(@exception_class_name)
+        exception.cause
+      else
+        exception
+      end
+    end
+
     def rescue_template
-      @@rescue_templates[@exception.class.name]
+      @@rescue_templates[@exception_class_name]
     end
 
     def status_code
-      self.class.status_code_for_exception(@exception.class.name)
+      self.class.status_code_for_exception(unwrapped_exception.class.name)
+    end
+
+    def exception_trace
+      trace = application_trace
+      trace = framework_trace if trace.empty? && !silent_exceptions.include?(@exception_class_name)
+      trace
     end
 
     def application_trace
@@ -117,19 +141,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     private
-
       def backtrace
         Array(@exception.backtrace)
       end
 
-      def original_exception(exception)
-        if @@rescue_responses.has_key?(exception.cause.class.name)
-          exception.cause
-        else
-          exception
-        end
-      end
-
       def causes_for(exception)
         return enum_for(__method__, exception) unless block_given?
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/host_authorization.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/host_authorization.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de7739b9b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/host_authorization.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "action_dispatch/http/request"
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  # This middleware guards from DNS rebinding attacks by explicitly permitting
+  # the hosts a request can be sent to.
+  #
+  # When a request comes to an unauthorized host, the +response_app+
+  # application will be executed and rendered. If no +response_app+ is given, a
+  # default one will run, which responds with +403 Forbidden+.
+  class HostAuthorization
+    class Permissions # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(hosts)
+        @hosts = sanitize_hosts(hosts)
+      end
+
+      def empty?
+        @hosts.empty?
+      end
+
+      def allows?(host)
+        @hosts.any? do |allowed|
+          allowed === host
+        rescue
+          # IPAddr#=== raises an error if you give it a hostname instead of
+          # IP. Treat similar errors as blocked access.
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def sanitize_hosts(hosts)
+          Array(hosts).map do |host|
+            case host
+            when Regexp then sanitize_regexp(host)
+            when String then sanitize_string(host)
+            else host
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def sanitize_regexp(host)
+          /\A#{host}\z/
+        end
+
+        def sanitize_string(host)
+          if host.start_with?(".")
+            /\A(.+\.)?#{Regexp.escape(host[1..-1])}\z/
+          else
+            host
+          end
+        end
+    end
+
+    DEFAULT_RESPONSE_APP = -> env do
+      request = Request.new(env)
+
+      format = request.xhr? ? "text/plain" : "text/html"
+      template = DebugView.new(host: request.host)
+      body = template.render(template: "rescues/blocked_host", layout: "rescues/layout")
+
+      [403, {
+        "Content-Type" => "#{format}; charset=#{Response.default_charset}",
+        "Content-Length" => body.bytesize.to_s,
+      }, [body]]
+    end
+
+    def initialize(app, hosts, response_app = nil)
+      @app = app
+      @permissions = Permissions.new(hosts)
+      @response_app = response_app || DEFAULT_RESPONSE_APP
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      return @app.call(env) if @permissions.empty?
+
+      request = Request.new(env)
+
+      if authorized?(request)
+        mark_as_authorized(request)
+        @app.call(env)
+      else
+        @response_app.call(env)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def authorized?(request)
+        origin_host = request.get_header("HTTP_HOST").to_s.sub(/:\d+\z/, "")
+        forwarded_host = request.x_forwarded_host.to_s.split(/,\s?/).last.to_s.sub(/:\d+\z/, "")
+
+        @permissions.allows?(origin_host) &&
+          (forwarded_host.blank? || @permissions.allows?(forwarded_host))
+      end
+
+      def mark_as_authorized(request)
+        request.set_header("action_dispatch.authorized_host", request.host)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
index 3feb3a19f3..3a2a1d7334 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
@@ -21,14 +21,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def call(env)
       request      = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
       status       = request.path_info[1..-1].to_i
-      content_type = request.formats.first
-      body         = { status: status, error: Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.fetch(status, Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[500]) }
+      begin
+        content_type = request.formats.first
+      rescue Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType
+        content_type = Mime[:text]
+      end
+      body = { status: status, error: Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.fetch(status, Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[500]) }
 
       render(status, content_type, body)
     end
 
     private
-
       def render(status, content_type, body)
         format = "to_#{content_type.to_sym}" if content_type
         if format && body.respond_to?(format)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
index 35158f9062..c5d4a0bd31 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
@@ -156,20 +156,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
     private
-
       def ips_from(header) # :doc:
         return [] unless header
         # Split the comma-separated list into an array of strings.
         ips = header.strip.split(/[,\s]+/)
         ips.select do |ip|
-          begin
-            # Only return IPs that are valid according to the IPAddr#new method.
-            range = IPAddr.new(ip).to_range
-            # We want to make sure nobody is sneaking a netmask in.
-            range.begin == range.end
-          rescue ArgumentError
-            nil
-          end
+          # Only return IPs that are valid according to the IPAddr#new method.
+          range = IPAddr.new(ip).to_range
+          # We want to make sure nobody is sneaking a netmask in.
+          range.begin == range.end
+        rescue ArgumentError
+          nil
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
index 5b0be96223..3815971acb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
     private
-
       def initialize_sid # :doc:
         @default_options.delete(:sidbits)
         @default_options.delete(:secure_random)
@@ -83,7 +82,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       include SessionObject
 
       private
-
         def set_cookie(request, session_id, cookie)
           request.cookie_jar[key] = cookie
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
index df680c1c5f..892d88803e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
@@ -16,11 +16,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # The cookie jar used for storage is automatically configured to be the
     # best possible option given your application's configuration.
     #
-    # If you only have secret_token set, your cookies will be signed, but
-    # not encrypted. This means a user cannot alter their +user_id+ without
-    # knowing your app's secret key, but can easily read their +user_id+. This
-    # was the default for Rails 3 apps.
-    #
     # Your cookies will be encrypted using your apps secret_key_base. This
     # goes a step further than signed cookies in that encrypted cookies cannot
     # be altered or read by users. This is the default starting in Rails 4.
@@ -29,9 +24,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #
     #   Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
     #
-    # By default, your secret key base is derived from your application name in
-    # the test and development environments. In all other environments, it is stored
-    # encrypted in the <tt>config/credentials.yml.enc</tt> file.
+    # In the development and test environments your application's secret key base is
+    # generated by Rails and stored in a temporary file in <tt>tmp/development_secret.txt</tt>.
+    # In all other environments, it is stored encrypted in the
+    # <tt>config/credentials.yml.enc</tt> file.
     #
     # If your application was not updated to Rails 5.2 defaults, the secret_key_base
     # will be found in the old <tt>config/secrets.yml</tt> file.
@@ -71,7 +67,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         def extract_session_id(req)
           stale_session_check! do
             unpacked_cookie_data(req)["session_id"]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index 3c88afd4d3..a35c0da3d9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -40,12 +40,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     private
-
       def render_exception(request, exception)
         backtrace_cleaner = request.get_header "action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner"
         wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(backtrace_cleaner, exception)
         status  = wrapper.status_code
-        request.set_header "action_dispatch.exception", wrapper.exception
+        request.set_header "action_dispatch.exception", wrapper.unwrapped_exception
         request.set_header "action_dispatch.original_path", request.path_info
         request.path_info = "/#{status}"
         response = @exceptions_app.call(request.env)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
index b82f8aa3a3..775110d95e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,31 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def build(app)
         klass.new(app, *args, &block)
       end
+
+      def build_instrumented(app)
+        InstrumentationProxy.new(build(app), inspect)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This class is used to instrument the execution of a single middleware.
+    # It proxies the `call` method transparently and instruments the method
+    # call.
+    class InstrumentationProxy
+      EVENT_NAME = "process_middleware.action_dispatch"
+
+      def initialize(middleware, class_name)
+        @middleware = middleware
+
+        @payload = {
+          middleware: class_name,
+        }
+      end
+
+      def call(env)
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(EVENT_NAME, @payload) do
+          @middleware.call(env)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     include Enumerable
@@ -97,12 +122,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
       middlewares.push(build_middleware(klass, args, block))
     end
 
-    def build(app = Proc.new)
-      middlewares.freeze.reverse.inject(app) { |a, e| e.build(a) }
+    def build(app = nil, &block)
+      instrumenting = ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier.listening?(InstrumentationProxy::EVENT_NAME)
+      middlewares.freeze.reverse.inject(app || block) do |a, e|
+        if instrumenting
+          e.build_instrumented(a)
+        else
+          e.build(a)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     private
-
       def assert_index(index, where)
         i = index.is_a?(Integer) ? index : middlewares.index { |m| m.klass == index }
         raise "No such middleware to insert #{where}: #{index.inspect}" unless i
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_actions.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_actions.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6c6d2f50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_actions.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<% actions = ActiveSupport::ActionableError.actions(exception) %>
+
+<% if actions.any? %>
+  <div class="actions">
+    <% actions.each do |action, _| %>
+      <%= button_to action, ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions.endpoint, params: {
+        error: exception.class.name,
+        action: action,
+        location: request.path
+      } %>
+    <% end %>
+  </div>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_actions.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_actions.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_actions.text.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
index 49b1e83551..04271d8e8a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 <% end %>
 
 <h2 style="margin-top: 30px">Request</h2>
-<p><b>Parameters</b>:</p> <pre><%= debug_params(@request.filtered_parameters) %></pre>
+<% if params_valid? %>
+  <p><b>Parameters</b>:</p> <pre><%= debug_params(@request.filtered_parameters) %></pre>
+<% end %>
 
 <div class="details">
   <div class="summary"><a href="#" onclick="return toggleSessionDump()">Toggle session dump</a></div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb
index 396768ecee..ca42a6fa8b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <%
-  clean_params = @request.filtered_parameters.clone
+  clean_params = params_valid? ? @request.filtered_parameters.clone : {}
   clean_params.delete("action")
   clean_params.delete("controller")
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/blocked_host.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/blocked_host.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fbc107e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/blocked_host.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<header>
+  <h1>Blocked host: <%= @host %></h1>
+</header>
+<div id="container">
+  <h2>To allow requests to <%= @host %>, add the following to your environment configuration:</h2>
+  <pre>config.hosts &lt;&lt; "<%= @host %>"</pre>
+</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/blocked_host.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/blocked_host.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a94dd982a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/blocked_host.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Blocked host: <%= @host %>
+
+To allow requests to <%= @host %>, add the following to your environment configuration:
+
+  config.hosts << "<%= @host %>"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
index bde26f46c2..57cdcf9aaf 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 <header>
   <h1>
     <%= @exception.class.to_s %>
-    <% if @request.parameters['controller'] %>
+    <% if params_valid? && @request.parameters['controller'] %>
       in <%= @request.parameters['controller'].camelize %>Controller<% if @request.parameters['action'] %>#<%= @request.parameters['action'] %><% end %>
     <% end %>
   </h1>
 </header>
 
 <div id="container">
-  <h2><%= h @exception.message %></h2>
+  <h2>
+    <%= h @exception.message %>
+
+    <%= render "rescues/actions", exception: @exception, request: @request %>
+  </h2>
 
   <%= render "rescues/source", source_extracts: @source_extracts, show_source_idx: @show_source_idx, error_index: 0 %>
   <%= render "rescues/trace", traces: @traces, trace_to_show: @trace_to_show, error_index: 0 %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
index 603de54b8b..d3265563a8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <%= @exception.class.to_s %><%
-  if @request.parameters['controller']
+  if params_valid? && @request.parameters['controller']
 %> in <%= @request.parameters['controller'].camelize %>Controller<% if @request.parameters['action'] %>#<%= @request.parameters['action'] %><% end %>
 <% end %>
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/invalid_statement.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/invalid_statement.html.erb
index e8454acfad..77cfdd20c8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/invalid_statement.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/invalid_statement.html.erb
@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@
 <div id="container">
   <h2>
     <%= h @exception.message %>
-    <% if @exception.message.match? %r{#{ActiveStorage::Blob.table_name}|#{ActiveStorage::Attachment.table_name}} %>
+    <% if defined?(ActiveStorage) && @exception.message.match?(%r{#{ActiveStorage::Blob.table_name}|#{ActiveStorage::Attachment.table_name}}) %>
       <br />To resolve this issue run: rails active_storage:install
     <% end %>
+    <% if defined?(ActionMailbox) && @exception.message.match?(%r{#{ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.table_name}}) %>
+      <br />To resolve this issue run: rails action_mailbox:install
+    <% end %>
   </h2>
 
   <%= render "rescues/source", source_extracts: @source_extracts, show_source_idx: @show_source_idx %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/invalid_statement.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/invalid_statement.text.erb
index e5e3196710..16c3ecc331 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/invalid_statement.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/invalid_statement.text.erb
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 <% end %>
 
 <%= @exception.message %>
-<% if @exception.message.match? %r{#{ActiveStorage::Blob.table_name}|#{ActiveStorage::Attachment.table_name}} %>
+<% if defined?(ActiveStorage) && @exception.message.match?(%r{#{ActiveStorage::Blob.table_name}|#{ActiveStorage::Attachment.table_name}}) %>
 To resolve this issue run: rails active_storage:install
+<% if defined?(ActionMailbox) && @exception.message.match?(%r{#{ActionMailbox::InboundEmail.table_name}}) %>
+To resolve this issue run: rails action_mailbox:install
 <% end %>
 
 <%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
index 39ea25bdfc..f535822ccf 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
   <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
   <title>Action Controller: Exception caught</title>
   <style>
     body {
       background-color: #FAFAFA;
       color: #333;
+      color-scheme: light dark;
+      supported-color-schemes: light dark;
       margin: 0px;
     }
 
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@
     }
 
     h1 {
+      overflow-wrap: break-word;
       margin: 0.2em 0;
       line-height: 1.1em;
       font-size: 2em;
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@
       border-radius: 4px;
       margin: 1em 0px;
       display: block;
-      width: 978px;
+      max-width: 978px;
     }
 
     .summary {
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@
     .source {
       border: 1px solid #D9D9D9;
       background: #ECECEC;
-      width: 978px;
+      max-width: 978px;
     }
 
     .source pre {
@@ -114,7 +118,13 @@
     }
 
     .line.active {
-      background-color: #FFCCCC;
+      background-color: #FCC;
+    }
+
+    .button_to {
+      display: inline-block;
+      margin-top: 0.5em;
+      margin-bottom: 0.5em;
     }
 
     .hidden {
@@ -123,10 +133,67 @@
 
     a { color: #980905; }
     a:visited { color: #666; }
-    a.trace-frames { color: #666; }
+    a.trace-frames {
+      color: #666;
+      overflow-wrap: break-word;
+    }
     a:hover { color: #C52F24; }
     a.trace-frames.selected { color: #C52F24 }
 
+    @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+      body {
+        background-color: #222;
+        color: #ECECEC;
+      }
+
+      .details {
+        border-color: #666;
+      }
+
+      .summary {
+        border-color: #666;
+      }
+
+      .source {
+        border-color: #555;
+        background-color: #333;
+      }
+
+      .source .data {
+        background: #444;
+      }
+
+      .source .data .line_numbers {
+        background: #333;
+        border-color: #222;
+      }
+
+      .line:hover {
+        background: #666;
+      }
+
+      .line.active {
+        background-color: #977;
+      }
+
+      input[type="submit"] {
+        color: #EEE;
+        background-color: #535353;
+        border: none;
+        border-radius: 3px;
+        box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.15), 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
+        padding: 2px 7px;
+      }
+      input[type="submit"]:active {
+        background-color: #777;
+      }
+
+      a { color: #C52F24; }
+      a.trace-frames { color: #999; }
+      a:hover { color: #E9382B; }
+      a.trace-frames.selected { color: #E9382B; }
+    }
+
     <%= yield :style %>
   </style>
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
index 0242b706b2..2fb4650398 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
@@ -49,6 +49,17 @@
     width: 80%;
     font-size: inherit;
   }
+
+  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+    #route_table tbody tr:nth-child(odd) {
+      background: #333;
+    }
+
+    #route_table tbody.exact_matches,
+    #route_table tbody.fuzzy_matches {
+      color: #333;
+    }
+  }
 <% end %>
 
 <table id='route_table' class='route_table'>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
index efc3988bc3..2e09aed41d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption = false
     config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata = false
     config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge = true
+    config.action_dispatch.return_only_media_type_on_content_type = true
 
     config.action_dispatch.default_headers = {
       "X-Frame-Options" => "SAMEORIGIN",
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = app.config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = app.config.action_dispatch.default_charset || app.config.encoding
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = app.config.action_dispatch.default_headers
+      ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type = app.config.action_dispatch.return_only_media_type_on_content_type
 
       ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.rescue_responses.merge!(config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses)
       ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.rescue_templates.merge!(config.action_dispatch.rescue_templates)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
index bc5e0670e0..8faedf15b9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
@@ -216,7 +216,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         def load_for_read!
           load! if !loaded? && exists?
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
index 5cde677051..d78b1c4f71 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # For routes that don't fit the <tt>resources</tt> mold, you can use the HTTP helper
   # methods <tt>get</tt>, <tt>post</tt>, <tt>patch</tt>, <tt>put</tt> and <tt>delete</tt>.
   #
-  #   get 'post/:id' => 'posts#show'
-  #   post 'post/:id' => 'posts#create_comment'
+  #   get 'post/:id', to: 'posts#show'
+  #   post 'post/:id', to: 'posts#create_comment'
   #
   # Now, if you POST to <tt>/posts/:id</tt>, it will route to the <tt>create_comment</tt> action. A GET on the same
   # URL will route to the <tt>show</tt> action.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # If your route needs to respond to more than one HTTP method (or all methods) then using the
   # <tt>:via</tt> option on <tt>match</tt> is preferable.
   #
-  #   match 'post/:id' => 'posts#show', via: [:get, :post]
+  #   match 'post/:id', to: 'posts#show', via: [:get, :post]
   #
   # == Named routes
   #
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Example:
   #
   #   # In config/routes.rb
-  #   get '/login' => 'accounts#login', as: 'login'
+  #   get '/login', to: 'accounts#login', as: 'login'
   #
   #   # With render, redirect_to, tests, etc.
   #   redirect_to login_url
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   #   # In config/routes.rb
   #   controller :blog do
-  #     get 'blog/show'     => :list
-  #     get 'blog/delete'   => :delete
-  #     get 'blog/edit'     => :edit
+  #     get 'blog/show',    to: :list
+  #     get 'blog/delete',  to: :delete
+  #     get 'blog/edit',    to: :edit
   #   end
   #
   #   # provides named routes for show, delete, and edit
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   # Routes can generate pretty URLs. For example:
   #
-  #   get '/articles/:year/:month/:day' => 'articles#find_by_id', constraints: {
+  #   get '/articles/:year/:month/:day', to: 'articles#find_by_id', constraints: {
   #     year:       /\d{4}/,
   #     month:      /\d{1,2}/,
   #     day:        /\d{1,2}/
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # You can specify a regular expression to define a format for a parameter.
   #
   #   controller 'geocode' do
-  #     get 'geocode/:postalcode' => :show, constraints: {
+  #     get 'geocode/:postalcode', to: :show, constraints: {
   #       postalcode: /\d{5}(-\d{4})?/
   #     }
   #   end
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # expression modifiers:
   #
   #   controller 'geocode' do
-  #     get 'geocode/:postalcode' => :show, constraints: {
+  #     get 'geocode/:postalcode', to: :show, constraints: {
   #       postalcode: /hx\d\d\s\d[a-z]{2}/i
   #     }
   #   end
   #
   #   controller 'geocode' do
-  #     get 'geocode/:postalcode' => :show, constraints: {
+  #     get 'geocode/:postalcode', to: :show, constraints: {
   #       postalcode: /# Postalcode format
   #          \d{5} #Prefix
   #          (-\d{4})? #Suffix
@@ -178,13 +178,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   # You can redirect any path to another path using the redirect helper in your router:
   #
-  #   get "/stories" => redirect("/posts")
+  #   get "/stories", to: redirect("/posts")
   #
   # == Unicode character routes
   #
   # You can specify unicode character routes in your router:
   #
-  #   get "こんにちは" => "welcome#index"
+  #   get "こんにちは", to: "welcome#index"
   #
   # == Routing to Rack Applications
   #
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # index action in the PostsController, you can specify any Rack application
   # as the endpoint for a matcher:
   #
-  #   get "/application.js" => Sprockets
+  #   get "/application.js", to: Sprockets
   #
   # == Reloading routes
   #
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # === +assert_routing+
   #
   #   def test_movie_route_properly_splits
-  #    opts = {controller: "plugin", action: "checkout", id: "2"}
-  #    assert_routing "plugin/checkout/2", opts
+  #     opts = {controller: "plugin", action: "checkout", id: "2"}
+  #     assert_routing "plugin/checkout/2", opts
   #   end
   #
   # +assert_routing+ lets you test whether or not the route properly resolves into options.
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # === +assert_recognizes+
   #
   #   def test_route_has_options
-  #    opts = {controller: "plugin", action: "show", id: "12"}
-  #    assert_recognizes opts, "/plugins/show/12"
+  #     opts = {controller: "plugin", action: "show", id: "12"}
+  #     assert_recognizes opts, "/plugins/show/12"
   #   end
   #
   # Note the subtle difference between the two: +assert_routing+ tests that
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
index 413e524ef6..6e40a18009 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
@@ -177,7 +177,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def draw_section(routes)
             header_lengths = ["Prefix", "Verb", "URI Pattern"].map(&:length)
             name_width, verb_width, path_width = widths(routes).zip(header_lengths).map(&:max)
@@ -210,7 +209,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def draw_expanded_section(routes)
             routes.map.each_with_index do |r, i|
               <<~MESSAGE.chomp
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index 06ce165f76..d1100089b1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -70,17 +70,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
         ANCHOR_CHARACTERS_REGEX = %r{\A(\\A|\^)|(\\Z|\\z|\$)\Z}
         OPTIONAL_FORMAT_REGEX = %r{(?:\(\.:format\)+|\.:format|/)\Z}
 
-        attr_reader :requirements, :defaults
-        attr_reader :to, :default_controller, :default_action
-        attr_reader :required_defaults, :ast
+        attr_reader :requirements, :defaults, :to, :default_controller,
+                    :default_action, :required_defaults, :ast, :scope_options
 
         def self.build(scope, set, ast, controller, default_action, to, via, formatted, options_constraints, anchor, options)
-          options = scope[:options].merge(options) if scope[:options]
-
-          defaults = (scope[:defaults] || {}).dup
-          scope_constraints = scope[:constraints] || {}
+          scope_params = {
+            blocks: scope[:blocks] || [],
+            constraints: scope[:constraints] || {},
+            defaults: (scope[:defaults] || {}).dup,
+            module: scope[:module],
+            options: scope[:options] || {}
+          }
 
-          new set, ast, defaults, controller, default_action, scope[:module], to, formatted, scope_constraints, scope[:blocks] || [], via, options_constraints, anchor, options
+          new set: set, ast: ast, controller: controller, default_action: default_action,
+              to: to, formatted: formatted, via: via, options_constraints: options_constraints,
+              anchor: anchor, scope_params: scope_params, options: scope_params[:options].merge(options)
         end
 
         def self.check_via(via)
@@ -111,33 +115,33 @@ module ActionDispatch
           format != false && path !~ OPTIONAL_FORMAT_REGEX
         end
 
-        def initialize(set, ast, defaults, controller, default_action, modyoule, to, formatted, scope_constraints, blocks, via, options_constraints, anchor, options)
-          @defaults = defaults
-          @set = set
-
-          @to                 = to
-          @default_controller = controller
-          @default_action     = default_action
+        def initialize(set:, ast:, controller:, default_action:, to:, formatted:, via:, options_constraints:, anchor:, scope_params:, options:)
+          @defaults           = scope_params[:defaults]
+          @set                = set
+          @to                 = intern(to)
+          @default_controller = intern(controller)
+          @default_action     = intern(default_action)
           @ast                = ast
           @anchor             = anchor
           @via                = via
           @internal           = options.delete(:internal)
+          @scope_options      = scope_params[:options]
 
           path_params = ast.find_all(&:symbol?).map(&:to_sym)
 
           options = add_wildcard_options(options, formatted, ast)
 
-          options = normalize_options!(options, path_params, modyoule)
+          options = normalize_options!(options, path_params, scope_params[:module])
 
           split_options = constraints(options, path_params)
 
-          constraints = scope_constraints.merge Hash[split_options[:constraints] || []]
+          constraints = scope_params[:constraints].merge Hash[split_options[:constraints] || []]
 
           if options_constraints.is_a?(Hash)
             @defaults = Hash[options_constraints.find_all { |key, default|
               URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Integer === default)
             }].merge @defaults
-            @blocks = blocks
+            @blocks = scope_params[:blocks]
             constraints.merge! options_constraints
           else
             @blocks = blocks(options_constraints)
@@ -160,17 +164,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def make_route(name, precedence)
-          route = Journey::Route.new(name,
-                            application,
-                            path,
-                            conditions,
-                            required_defaults,
-                            defaults,
-                            request_method,
-                            precedence,
-                            @internal)
-
-          route
+          Journey::Route.new(name: name, app: application, path: path, constraints: conditions,
+                             required_defaults: required_defaults, defaults: defaults,
+                             request_method_match: request_method, precedence: precedence,
+                             scope_options: scope_options, internal: @internal)
         end
 
         def application
@@ -231,6 +228,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         private :build_path
 
         private
+          def intern(object)
+            object.is_a?(String) ? -object : object
+          end
+
           def add_wildcard_options(options, formatted, path_ast)
             # Add a constraint for wildcard route to make it non-greedy and match the
             # optional format part of the route by default.
@@ -656,7 +657,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # Query if the following named route was already defined.
         def has_named_route?(name)
-          @set.named_routes.key? name
+          @set.named_routes.key?(name)
         end
 
         private
@@ -1150,6 +1151,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           attr_reader :controller, :path, :param
 
           def initialize(entities, api_only, shallow, options = {})
+            if options[:param].to_s.include?(":")
+              raise ArgumentError, ":param option can't contain colons"
+            end
+
             @name       = entities.to_s
             @path       = (options[:path] || @name).to_s
             @controller = (options[:controller] || @name).to_s
@@ -1407,6 +1412,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   as a comment on a blog post like <tt>/posts/a-long-permalink/comments/1234</tt>
         #   to be shortened to just <tt>/comments/1234</tt>.
         #
+        #   Set <tt>shallow: false</tt> on a child resource to ignore a parent's shallow parameter.
+        #
         # [:shallow_path]
         #   Prefixes nested shallow routes with the specified path.
         #
@@ -1449,6 +1456,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Allows you to specify the default value for optional +format+
         #   segment or disable it by supplying +false+.
         #
+        # [:param]
+        #   Allows you to override the default param name of +:id+ in the URL.
+        #
         # === Examples
         #
         #   # routes call <tt>Admin::PostsController</tt>
@@ -1663,7 +1673,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def parent_resource
             @scope[:scope_level_resource]
           end
@@ -1674,7 +1683,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
               return true
             end
 
-            if options.delete(:shallow)
+            if options[:shallow]
+              options.delete(:shallow)
               shallow do
                 send(method, resources.pop, options, &block)
               end
@@ -1952,9 +1962,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def match_root_route(options)
-            name = has_named_route?(name_for_action(:root, nil)) ? nil : :root
-            args = ["/", { as: name, via: :get }.merge!(options)]
-
+            args = ["/", { as: :root, via: :get }.merge(options)]
             match(*args)
           end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
index 4de5f9e2f7..e3322e99ab 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
@@ -156,7 +156,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         def polymorphic_url_for_action(action, record_or_hash, options)
           polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options.merge(action: action))
         end
@@ -323,7 +322,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           private
-
             def polymorphic_mapping(target, record)
               if record.respond_to?(:to_model)
                 target._routes.polymorphic_mappings[record.to_model.model_name.name]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
index 2ae75b0da8..5b35b68c44 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
       private
-
         def controller(req)
           req.controller_class
         rescue NameError => e
@@ -59,7 +58,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def controller(_); @controller_class; end
       end
 
@@ -90,11 +88,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def clear!
           @path_helpers.each do |helper|
-            @path_helpers_module.send :remove_method, helper
+            @path_helpers_module.remove_method helper
           end
 
           @url_helpers.each do |helper|
-            @url_helpers_module.send  :remove_method, helper
+            @url_helpers_module.remove_method helper
           end
 
           @routes.clear
@@ -108,8 +106,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           url_name  = :"#{name}_url"
 
           if routes.key? key
-            @path_helpers_module.send :undef_method, path_name
-            @url_helpers_module.send  :undef_method, url_name
+            @path_helpers_module.undef_method path_name
+            @url_helpers_module.undef_method url_name
           end
           routes[key] = route
           define_url_helper @path_helpers_module, route, path_name, route.defaults, name, PATH
@@ -215,7 +213,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
 
             private
-
               def optimized_helper(args)
                 params = parameterize_args(args) do
                   raise_generation_error(args)
@@ -317,23 +314,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
           #
           def define_url_helper(mod, route, name, opts, route_key, url_strategy)
             helper = UrlHelper.create(route, opts, route_key, url_strategy)
-            mod.module_eval do
-              define_method(name) do |*args|
-                last = args.last
-                options = \
-                  case last
-                  when Hash
-                    args.pop
-                  when ActionController::Parameters
-                    args.pop.to_h
-                  end
-                helper.call self, args, options
-              end
+            mod.define_method(name) do |*args|
+              last = args.last
+              options = \
+                case last
+                when Hash
+                  args.pop
+                when ActionController::Parameters
+                  args.pop.to_h
+                end
+              helper.call self, args, options
             end
           end
       end
 
-      # strategy for building urls to send to the client
+      # strategy for building URLs to send to the client
       PATH    = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.path_for(options) }
       UNKNOWN = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options) }
 
@@ -593,14 +588,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         if route.segment_keys.include?(:controller)
           ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
             Using a dynamic :controller segment in a route is deprecated and
-            will be removed in Rails 6.0.
+            will be removed in Rails 6.1.
           MSG
         end
 
         if route.segment_keys.include?(:action)
           ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
             Using a dynamic :action segment in a route is deprecated and
-            will be removed in Rails 6.0.
+            will be removed in Rails 6.1.
           MSG
         end
 
@@ -820,6 +815,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         path, params = generate(route_name, path_options, recall)
 
+        if options.key? :params
+          params.merge! options[:params]
+        end
+
         options[:path]        = path
         options[:script_name] = script_name
         options[:params]      = params
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
index 1a31c7dbb8..e02a6541c1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   <tt>ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length</tt>, which in turn defaults to 1.
       # * <tt>:port</tt> - Optionally specify the port to connect to.
       # * <tt>:anchor</tt> - An anchor name to be appended to the path.
+      # * <tt>:params</tt> - The query parameters to be appended to the path.
       # * <tt>:trailing_slash</tt> - If true, adds a trailing slash, as in "/archive/2009/"
       # * <tt>:script_name</tt> - Specifies application path relative to domain root. If provided, prepends application path.
       #
@@ -214,13 +215,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       protected
-
         def optimize_routes_generation?
           _routes.optimize_routes_generation? && default_url_options.empty?
         end
 
       private
-
         def _with_routes(routes) # :doc:
           old_routes, @_routes = @_routes, routes
           yield
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_test_case.rb
index c74c0ccced..4fda2cf44f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_test_case.rb
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ gem "capybara", ">= 2.15"
 
 require "capybara/dsl"
 require "capybara/minitest"
+require "selenium/webdriver"
 require "action_controller"
 require "action_dispatch/system_testing/driver"
 require "action_dispatch/system_testing/browser"
 require "action_dispatch/system_testing/server"
 require "action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper"
 require "action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown"
-require "action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/undef_methods"
 
 module ActionDispatch
   # = System Testing
@@ -89,19 +89,47 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #       { js_errors: true }
   #   end
   #
+  # Some drivers require browser capabilities to be passed as a block instead
+  # of through the +options+ hash.
+  #
+  # As an example, if you want to add mobile emulation on chrome, you'll have to
+  # create an instance of selenium's +Chrome::Options+ object and add
+  # capabilities with a block.
+  #
+  # The block will be passed an instance of <tt><Driver>::Options</tt> where you can
+  # define the capabilities you want. Please refer to your driver documentation
+  # to learn about supported options.
+  #
+  #   class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
+  #     driven_by :selenium, using: :chrome, screen_size: [1024, 768] do |driver_option|
+  #       driver_option.add_emulation(device_name: 'iPhone 6')
+  #       driver_option.add_extension('path/to/chrome_extension.crx')
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
   # Because <tt>ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase</tt> is a shim between Capybara
   # and Rails, any driver that is supported by Capybara is supported by system
   # tests as long as you include the required gems and files.
-  class SystemTestCase < IntegrationTest
+  class SystemTestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include Capybara::DSL
     include Capybara::Minitest::Assertions
     include SystemTesting::TestHelpers::SetupAndTeardown
     include SystemTesting::TestHelpers::ScreenshotHelper
-    include SystemTesting::TestHelpers::UndefMethods
 
     def initialize(*) # :nodoc:
       super
       self.class.driver.use
+      @proxy_route = if ActionDispatch.test_app
+        Class.new do
+          include ActionDispatch.test_app.routes.url_helpers
+
+          def url_options
+            default_url_options.merge(host: Capybara.app_host)
+          end
+        end.new
+      else
+        nil
+      end
     end
 
     def self.start_application # :nodoc:
@@ -134,12 +162,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #   driven_by :selenium, using: :firefox
     #
     #   driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_firefox
-    def self.driven_by(driver, using: :chrome, screen_size: [1400, 1400], options: {})
-      self.driver = SystemTesting::Driver.new(driver, using: using, screen_size: screen_size, options: options)
+    def self.driven_by(driver, using: :chrome, screen_size: [1400, 1400], options: {}, &capabilities)
+      driver_options = { using: using, screen_size: screen_size, options: options }
+
+      self.driver = SystemTesting::Driver.new(driver, driver_options, &capabilities)
     end
 
     driven_by :selenium
 
+    def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
+      if @proxy_route.respond_to?(method)
+        @proxy_route.send(method, *args, &block)
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_dispatch_system_test_case, self)
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/browser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/browser.rb
index 1b0bce6b9e..e861e52f09 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/browser.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/browser.rb
@@ -29,20 +29,51 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      def capabilities
+        @option ||=
+          case type
+          when :chrome
+            ::Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Options.new
+          when :firefox
+            ::Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Options.new
+          end
+      end
+
+      # driver_path can be configured as a proc. The webdrivers gem uses this
+      # proc to update web drivers. Running this proc early allows us to only
+      # update the webdriver once and avoid race conditions when using
+      # parallel tests.
+      def preload
+        case type
+        when :chrome
+          if ::Selenium::WebDriver::Service.respond_to? :driver_path=
+            ::Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Service.driver_path.try(:call)
+          else
+            # Selenium <= v3.141.0
+            ::Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome.driver_path
+          end
+        when :firefox
+          if ::Selenium::WebDriver::Service.respond_to? :driver_path=
+            ::Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Service.driver_path.try(:call)
+          else
+            # Selenium <= v3.141.0
+            ::Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox.driver_path
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       private
         def headless_chrome_browser_options
-          options = Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Options.new
-          options.args << "--headless"
-          options.args << "--disable-gpu" if Gem.win_platform?
+          capabilities.args << "--headless"
+          capabilities.args << "--disable-gpu" if Gem.win_platform?
 
-          options
+          capabilities
         end
 
         def headless_firefox_browser_options
-          options = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Options.new
-          options.args << "-headless"
+          capabilities.args << "-headless"
 
-          options
+          capabilities
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/driver.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/driver.rb
index 5252ff6746..15943a55ea 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/driver.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/driver.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,14 @@
 module ActionDispatch
   module SystemTesting
     class Driver # :nodoc:
-      def initialize(name, **options)
+      def initialize(name, **options, &capabilities)
         @name = name
         @browser = Browser.new(options[:using])
         @screen_size = options[:screen_size]
         @options = options[:options]
+        @capabilities = capabilities
+
+        @browser.preload
       end
 
       def use
@@ -22,6 +25,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def register
+          define_browser_capabilities(@browser.capabilities)
+
           Capybara.register_driver @name do |app|
             case @name
             when :selenium then register_selenium(app)
@@ -31,6 +36,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
+        def define_browser_capabilities(capabilities)
+          @capabilities.call(capabilities) if @capabilities
+        end
+
         def browser_options
           @options.merge(options: @browser.options).compact
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper.rb
index 884fb51d18..056ce51a61 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # * [+inline+]              Display the screenshot in the terminal using the
         #                           iTerm image protocol (https://iterm2.com/documentation-images.html).
         # * [+artifact+]            Display the screenshot in the terminal, using the terminal
-        #                           artifact format (https://buildkite.github.io/terminal/inline-images/).
+        #                           artifact format (https://buildkite.github.io/terminal-to-html/inline-images/).
         def take_screenshot
           save_image
           puts display_image
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         private
           def image_name
-            failed? ? "failures_#{method_name}" : method_name
+            name = method_name[0...225]
+            failed? ? "failures_#{name}" : name
           end
 
           def image_path
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown.rb
index 600e9c733b..20f6a7634f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         DEFAULT_HOST = "http://127.0.0.1"
 
         def host!(host)
-          super
           Capybara.app_host = host
         end
 
@@ -16,12 +15,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
           super
         end
 
+        def before_teardown
+          take_failed_screenshot
+        ensure
+          super
+        end
+
         def after_teardown
-          begin
-            take_failed_screenshot
-          ensure
-            Capybara.reset_sessions!
-          end
+          Capybara.reset_sessions!
         ensure
           super
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/undef_methods.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/undef_methods.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d64be3b3d9..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/undef_methods.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module SystemTesting
-    module TestHelpers
-      module UndefMethods # :nodoc:
-        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-        included do
-          METHODS = %i(get post put patch delete).freeze
-
-          METHODS.each do |verb|
-            undef_method verb
-          end
-
-          def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
-            if METHODS.include?(method)
-              raise NoMethodError, "System tests cannot make direct requests via ##{method}; use #visit and #click_on instead. See http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master#The_DSL for more information."
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertion_response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertion_response.rb
index dc019db6ac..79af372cc1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertion_response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertion_response.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     private
-
       def code_from_name(name)
         GENERIC_RESPONSE_CODES[name] || Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE[name]
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
index 08c2969685..dcaf914ac9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
 
     def html_document
-      @html_document ||= if @response.content_type.to_s.end_with?("xml")
+      @html_document ||= if @response.media_type.to_s.end_with?("xml")
         Nokogiri::XML::Document.parse(@response.body)
       else
         Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(@response.body)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
index af41521c5c..28cde6704e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
@@ -160,9 +160,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @controller.singleton_class.include(_routes.url_helpers)
 
           if @controller.respond_to? :view_context_class
-            @controller.view_context_class = Class.new(@controller.view_context_class) do
+            view_context_class = Class.new(@controller.view_context_class) do
               include _routes.url_helpers
             end
+
+            custom_view_context = Module.new {
+              define_method(:view_context_class) do
+                view_context_class
+              end
+            }
+            @controller.extend(custom_view_context)
           end
         end
         yield @routes
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index 45439a3bb1..c5f8b816a4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 require "stringio"
 require "uri"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 require "rack/test"
 require "minitest"
 
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   Adds request headers characteristic of XMLHttpRequest e.g. HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH.
       #   The headers will be merged into the Rack env hash.
       # - +as+: Used for encoding the request with different content type.
-      #   Supports `:json` by default and will set the approriate request headers.
+      #   Supports `:json` by default and will set the appropriate request headers.
       #   The headers will be merged into the Rack env hash.
       #
       # This method is rarely used directly. Use +#get+, +#post+, or other standard
@@ -335,7 +334,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         klass = APP_SESSIONS[app] ||= Class.new(Integration::Session) {
           # If the app is a Rails app, make url_helpers available on the session.
           # This makes app.url_for and app.foo_path available in the console.
-          if app.respond_to?(:routes)
+          if app.respond_to?(:routes) && app.routes.is_a?(ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet)
             include app.routes.url_helpers
             include app.routes.mounted_helpers
           end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/request_encoder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/request_encoder.rb
index 9889f61951..6c65bec62f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/request_encoder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/request_encoder.rb
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def self.parser(content_type)
-      mime = Mime::Type.lookup(content_type)
-      encoder(mime ? mime.ref : nil).response_parser
+      type = Mime::Type.lookup(content_type).ref if content_type
+      encoder(type).response_parser
     end
 
     def self.encoder(name)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
index 1e6b21f235..f1dd4099c5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
@@ -14,40 +14,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       new response.status, response.headers, response.body
     end
 
-    def initialize(*) # :nodoc:
-      super
-      @response_parser = RequestEncoder.parser(content_type)
-    end
-
-    # Was the response successful?
-    def success?
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-       The success? predicate is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.0.
-       Please use successful? as provided by Rack::Response::Helpers.
-      MSG
-      successful?
-    end
-
-    # Was the URL not found?
-    def missing?
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-       The missing? predicate is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.0.
-       Please use not_found? as provided by Rack::Response::Helpers.
-      MSG
-      not_found?
-    end
-
-    # Was there a server-side error?
-    def error?
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-       The error? predicate is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.0.
-       Please use server_error? as provided by Rack::Response::Helpers.
-      MSG
-      server_error?
+    def parsed_body
+      @parsed_body ||= response_parser.call(body)
     end
 
-    def parsed_body
-      @parsed_body ||= @response_parser.call(body)
+    def response_parser
+      @response_parser ||= RequestEncoder.parser(media_type)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
index 3f69109633..36ee77c693 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
index 37969fcb57..5f8905139d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActionPack
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
index a4770b66e1..6db045fcd7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       test "register mime types on method missing" do
-        AbstractController::Collector.send(:remove_method, :js)
+        AbstractController::Collector.remove_method :js
         begin
           collector = MyCollector.new
           assert_not_respond_to collector, :js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 65dd28b3d7..1decfcee95 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -13,13 +13,6 @@ silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_external = Encoding::UTF_8
 end
 
-require "drb"
-begin
-  require "drb/unix"
-rescue LoadError
-  puts "'drb/unix' is not available"
-end
-
 if ENV["TRAVIS"]
   PROCESS_COUNT = 0
 else
@@ -80,7 +73,7 @@ end
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase
     if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" && PROCESS_COUNT > 0
-      parallelize_me!
+      parallelize(workers: PROCESS_COUNT)
     end
   end
 end
@@ -103,6 +96,7 @@ class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     RoutedRackApp.new(routes || ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new) do |middleware|
       middleware.use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public")
       middleware.use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions
       middleware.use ActionDispatch::Callbacks
       middleware.use ActionDispatch::Cookies
       middleware.use ActionDispatch::Flash
@@ -341,7 +335,6 @@ module RoutingTestHelpers
     end
 
     private
-
       def make_request(env)
         Request.new super, url_helpers, @block, strict
       end
@@ -359,75 +352,6 @@ class ImagesController < ResourcesController; end
 
 require "active_support/testing/method_call_assertions"
 
-class ForkingExecutor
-  class Server
-    include DRb::DRbUndumped
-
-    def initialize
-      @queue = Queue.new
-    end
-
-    def record(reporter, result)
-      reporter.record result
-    end
-
-    def <<(o)
-      o[2] = DRbObject.new(o[2]) if o
-      @queue << o
-    end
-    def pop; @queue.pop; end
-  end
-
-  def initialize(size)
-    @size  = size
-    @queue = Server.new
-    @pool  = nil
-    @url = DRb.start_service("drbunix:", @queue).uri
-  end
-
-  def <<(work); @queue << work; end
-
-  def shutdown
-    pool = @size.times.map {
-      fork {
-        DRb.stop_service
-        queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri @url
-        while job = queue.pop
-          klass    = job[0]
-          method   = job[1]
-          reporter = job[2]
-          result = Minitest.run_one_method klass, method
-          if result.error?
-            translate_exceptions result
-          end
-          queue.record reporter, result
-        end
-      }
-    }
-    @size.times { @queue << nil }
-    pool.each { |pid| Process.waitpid pid }
-  end
-
-  private
-    def translate_exceptions(result)
-      result.failures.map! { |e|
-        begin
-          Marshal.dump e
-          e
-        rescue TypeError
-          ex = Exception.new e.message
-          ex.set_backtrace e.backtrace
-          Minitest::UnexpectedError.new ex
-        end
-      }
-    end
-end
-
-if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" && PROCESS_COUNT > 0
-  # Use N processes (N defaults to 4)
-  Minitest.parallel_executor = ForkingExecutor.new(PROCESS_COUNT)
-end
-
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
 
@@ -458,3 +382,5 @@ end
 class DrivenBySeleniumWithHeadlessFirefox < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
   driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_firefox
 end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
index 763df3a776..51286155b9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
@@ -276,16 +276,14 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_assert_redirect_failure_message_with_protocol_relative_url
-    begin
-      process :redirect_external_protocol_relative
-      assert_redirected_to "/foo"
-    rescue ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion => ex
-      assert_no_match(
-        /#{request.protocol}#{request.host}\/\/www.rubyonrails.org/,
-        ex.message,
-        "protocol relative url was incorrectly normalized"
-      )
-    end
+    process :redirect_external_protocol_relative
+    assert_redirected_to "/foo"
+  rescue ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion => ex
+    assert_no_match(
+      /#{request.protocol}#{request.host}\/\/www.rubyonrails.org/,
+      ex.message,
+      "protocol relative URL was incorrectly normalized"
+    )
   end
 
   def test_template_objects_exist
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/conditional_get_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/conditional_get_test.rb
index e366ce9532..f1cd9e46f9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/api/conditional_get_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/conditional_get_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ class ConditionalGetApiController < ActionController::API
   end
 
   private
-
     def handle_last_modified_and_etags
       fresh_when(last_modified: Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, etag: [ :foo, 123 ])
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
index 558e710df9..d8cea10153 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class UrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
       action: "home",
       controller: "pages",
       only_path: true,
-      token: "secret"
+      params: { "token" => "secret" }
     }
 
     assert_equal "/home?token=secret", rs.url_for(options)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
index 6fe036dd15..f09e812147 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
@@ -60,14 +60,6 @@ class FragmentCachingTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @m2v2 = ModelWithKeyAndVersion.new("model/2", "2")
   end
 
-  def test_fragment_cache_key
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "views/what a key", @controller.fragment_cache_key("what a key")
-      assert_equal "views/test.host/fragment_caching_test/some_action",
-        @controller.fragment_cache_key(controller: "fragment_caching_test", action: "some_action")
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_combined_fragment_cache_key
     assert_equal [ :views, "what a key" ], @controller.combined_fragment_cache_key("what a key")
     assert_equal [ :views, "test.host/fragment_caching_test/some_action" ],
@@ -220,7 +212,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "This bit's fragment cached",
-      @store.read("views/functional_caching/fragment_cached:#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached")}/fragment")
+      @store.read("views/functional_caching/fragment_cached:#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached", "html")}/fragment")
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching_in_partials
@@ -229,7 +221,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Old fragment caching in a partial/, @response.body)
 
     assert_match("Old fragment caching in a partial",
-      @store.read("views/functional_caching/_partial:#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial")}/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial"))
+      @store.read("views/functional_caching/_partial:#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial", "html")}/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial"))
   end
 
   def test_skipping_fragment_cache_digesting
@@ -259,7 +251,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Some inline content/, @response.body)
     assert_match(/Some cached content/, @response.body)
     assert_match("Some cached content",
-      @store.read("views/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached:#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached")}/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached"))
+      @store.read("views/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached:#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached", "html")}/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached"))
   end
 
   def test_fragment_cache_instrumentation
@@ -279,36 +271,39 @@ CACHED
   end
 
   def test_html_formatted_fragment_caching
-    get :formatted_fragment_cached, format: "html"
+    format = "html"
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached, format: format
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n<p>ERB</p>\n</body>\n"
 
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "<p>ERB</p>",
-      @store.read("views/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached:#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}/fragment")
+      @store.read("views/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached:#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", format)}/fragment")
   end
 
   def test_xml_formatted_fragment_caching
-    get :formatted_fragment_cached, format: "xml"
+    format = "xml"
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached, format: format
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n  <p>Builder</p>\n</body>\n"
 
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "  <p>Builder</p>\n",
-      @store.read("views/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached:#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}/fragment")
+      @store.read("views/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached:#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", format)}/fragment")
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching_with_variant
-    get :formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant, format: "html", params: { v: :phone }
+    format = "html"
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant, format: format, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n<p>PHONE</p>\n</body>\n"
 
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "<p>PHONE</p>",
-      @store.read("views/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant:#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant")}/fragment")
+      @store.read("views/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant:#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant", format)}/fragment")
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching_with_html_partials_in_xml
@@ -317,8 +312,8 @@ CACHED
   end
 
   private
-    def template_digest(name)
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: name, finder: @controller.lookup_context)
+    def template_digest(name, format)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: name, format: format, finder: @controller.lookup_context)
     end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
index 636b025f2c..fcf767b706 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
@@ -66,73 +66,72 @@ class ContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_defaults
     get :render_defaults
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
-    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_changed_charset_default
     with_default_charset "utf-16" do
       get :render_defaults
       assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
-      assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.content_type
+      assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.media_type
     end
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_content_type_from_body
     get :render_content_type_from_body
-    assert_equal Mime[:rss], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:rss], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_content_type_from_render
     get :render_content_type_from_render
-    assert_equal Mime[:rss], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:rss], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_charset_from_body
     get :render_charset_from_body
-    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_nil_charset_from_body
     get :render_nil_charset_from_body
-    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
   end
 
   def test_nil_default_for_erb
     with_default_charset nil do
       get :render_default_for_erb
-      assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.content_type
+      assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.media_type
       assert_nil @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
     end
   end
 
   def test_default_for_erb
     get :render_default_for_erb
-    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   def test_default_for_builder
     get :render_default_for_builder
-    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   def test_change_for_builder
     get :render_change_for_builder
-    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   private
-
     def with_default_charset(charset)
       old_default_charset = ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = charset
@@ -148,22 +147,22 @@ class AcceptBasedContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
     @request.accept = Mime[:html].to_s
     get :render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.media_type
 
     @request.accept = Mime[:js].to_s
     get :render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    assert_equal Mime[:js], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:js], @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_default_content_types_for_respond_to_with_template
     @request.accept = Mime[:xml].to_s
     get :render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_default_content_types_for_respond_to_with_overwrite
     @request.accept = Mime[:rss].to_s
     get :render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.media_type
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
index 425a6e25cc..40443a9397 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
@@ -310,7 +310,6 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     after_action  :conditional_in_parent_after, only: [:show, :another_action]
 
     private
-
       def conditional_in_parent_before
         @ran_filter ||= []
         @ran_filter << "conditional_in_parent_before"
@@ -457,6 +456,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     prepend_before_action :before_all
     prepend_after_action :after_all
     before_action :between_before_all_and_after_all
+    after_action :between_before_all_and_after_all
 
     def before_all
       @ran_filter ||= []
@@ -472,6 +472,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       @ran_filter ||= []
       @ran_filter << "between_before_all_and_after_all"
     end
+
     def show
       render plain: "hello"
     end
@@ -506,7 +507,6 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-
       def filter_one
         @filters ||= []
         @filters << "filter_one"
@@ -530,7 +530,6 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     before_action :find_except, except: :edit
 
     private
-
       def find_only
         @only = "Only"
       end
@@ -765,7 +764,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_running_prepended_before_and_after_action
     test_process(PrependingBeforeAndAfterController)
-    assert_equal %w( before_all between_before_all_and_after_all after_all ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+    assert_equal %w( before_all between_before_all_and_after_all between_before_all_and_after_all after_all ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
   def test_skipping_and_limiting_controller
@@ -886,7 +885,7 @@ class ControllerWithSymbolAsFilter < PostsController
       yield
 
       # Do stuff...
-      wtf += 1
+      wtf + 1
     end
 end
 
@@ -998,16 +997,12 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_nested_actions
     controller = ControllerWithNestedFilters
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      begin
-        test_process(controller, "raises_both")
-      rescue Before, After
-      end
+      test_process(controller, "raises_both")
+    rescue Before, After
     end
     assert_raise Before do
-      begin
-        test_process(controller, "raises_both")
-      rescue After
-      end
+      test_process(controller, "raises_both")
+    rescue After
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
index 409a4ec2e6..1f44c7a68e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
@@ -242,8 +242,11 @@ end
 
 class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   SessionKey = "_myapp_session"
-  Generator  = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33")
-  Rotations  = ActiveSupport::Messages::RotationConfiguration.new
+  Generator = ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(
+    ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", iterations: 1000)
+ )
+  Rotations = ActiveSupport::Messages::RotationConfiguration.new
+  SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT = "signed cookie"
 
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     add_flash_types :bar
@@ -358,13 +361,13 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   private
-
     # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
     def get(path, *args)
       args[0] ||= {}
       args[0][:env] ||= {}
       args[0][:env]["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
       args[0][:env]["action_dispatch.cookies_rotations"] = Rotations
+      args[0][:env]["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"] = SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT
       super(path, *args)
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
index de8072a994..93a2ba1071 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_helpers_only
-    assert_equal [JustMeHelper], JustMeController._helpers.ancestors.reject(&:anonymous?)
-    assert_equal [MeTooHelper, JustMeHelper], MeTooController._helpers.ancestors.reject(&:anonymous?)
+    assert_equal %w[JustMeHelper], JustMeController._helpers.ancestors.reject(&:anonymous?).map(&:to_s)
+    assert_equal %w[MeTooController::HelperMethods MeTooHelper JustMeHelper], MeTooController._helpers.ancestors.reject(&:anonymous?).map(&:to_s)
   end
 
   def test_base_helper_methods_after_clear_helpers
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
index 1544a627ee..73524d0443 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-
       def authenticate
         authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic do |username, password|
           username == "lifo" && password == "world"
@@ -172,7 +171,6 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def encode_credentials(username, password)
       "Basic #{::Base64.encode64("#{username}:#{password}")}"
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
index b133afb343..a0f543f607 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-
       def authenticate
         authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest("SuperSecret") do |username|
           # Returns the password
@@ -44,7 +43,10 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
   setup do
     # Used as secret in generating nonce to prevent tampering of timestamp
     @secret = "4fb45da9e4ab4ddeb7580d6a35503d99"
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(@secret)
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(
+      ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(@secret)
+    )
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.http_auth_salt"] = "http authentication"
   end
 
   teardown do
@@ -251,7 +253,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def encode_credentials(options)
       options.reverse_merge!(nc: "00000001", cnonce: "0a4f113b", password_is_ha1: false)
       password = options.delete(:password)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
index 103123f98c..57b78154bc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-
       def authenticate
         authenticate_or_request_with_http_token do |token, _|
           token == "lifo"
@@ -190,7 +189,6 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def sample_request(token, options = { nonce: "def" })
       authorization = options.inject([%{Token token="#{token}"}]) do |arr, (k, v)|
         arr << "#{k}=\"#{v}\""
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
index 39ede1442a..cce229b30d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class IntegrationTestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal "pass", @test.foo
     ensure
       # leave other tests as unaffected as possible
-      mixin.__send__(:remove_method, :method_missing)
+      mixin.remove_method :method_missing
     end
   end
 end
@@ -522,11 +522,11 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     with_test_route_set do
       get "/get", headers: { "Accept" => "application/json" }, xhr: true
       assert_equal "application/json", request.accept
-      assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+      assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
 
       get "/get", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "application/json" }, xhr: true
       assert_equal "application/json", request.accept
-      assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+      assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
     end
   end
 
@@ -808,17 +808,17 @@ class UrlOptionsIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  test "session uses default url options from routes" do
+  test "session uses default URL options from routes" do
     assert_equal "http://foo.com/foo", foos_url
   end
 
-  test "current host overrides default url options from routes" do
+  test "current host overrides default URL options from routes" do
     get "/foo"
     assert_response :success
     assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foos_url
   end
 
-  test "controller can override default url options from request" do
+  test "controller can override default URL options from request" do
     get "/bar"
     assert_response :success
     assert_equal "http://bar.com/foo", foos_url
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ class IntegrationRequestEncodersTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_encoding_as_json
     post_to_foos as: :json do
       assert_response :success
-      assert_equal "application/json", request.content_type
+      assert_equal "application/json", request.media_type
       assert_equal "application/json", request.accepts.first.to_s
       assert_equal :json, request.format.ref
       assert_equal({ "foo" => "fighters" }, request.request_parameters)
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ class IntegrationRequestEncodersTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     post_to_foos as: :wibble do
       assert_response :success
       assert_equal "/foos_wibble", request.path
-      assert_equal "text/wibble", request.content_type
+      assert_equal "text/wibble", request.media_type
       assert_equal "text/wibble", request.accepts.first.to_s
       assert_equal :wibble, request.format.ref
       assert_equal Hash.new, request.request_parameters # Unregistered MIME Type can't be parsed.
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
index d84a76fb46..5c5cef66d5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,6 @@ class LocalizedTemplatesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     I18n.locale = :it
     get :hello_world
     assert_equal "Ciao Mondo", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html",  @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html",  @response.media_type
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 0562c16284..1a7e7f6cbb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     @cache_path = Dir.mktmpdir(%w[tmp cache])
     @controller.cache_store = :file_store, @cache_path
+    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     ActionController::LogSubscriber.attach_to :action_controller
   end
 
@@ -249,19 +250,15 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_with_fragment_cache
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     get :with_fragment_cache
     wait
 
     assert_equal 4, logs.size
     assert_match(/Read fragment views\/foo/, logs[1])
     assert_match(/Write fragment views\/foo/, logs[2])
-  ensure
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
   end
 
   def test_with_fragment_cache_when_log_disabled
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     ActionController::Base.enable_fragment_cache_logging = false
     get :with_fragment_cache
     wait
@@ -269,69 +266,52 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, logs.size
     assert_equal "Processing by Another::LogSubscribersController#with_fragment_cache as HTML", logs[0]
     assert_match(/Completed 200 OK in \d+ms/, logs[1])
-  ensure
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     ActionController::Base.enable_fragment_cache_logging = true
   end
 
   def test_with_fragment_cache_if_with_true
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     get :with_fragment_cache_if_with_true_condition
     wait
 
     assert_equal 4, logs.size
     assert_match(/Read fragment views\/foo/, logs[1])
     assert_match(/Write fragment views\/foo/, logs[2])
-  ensure
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
   end
 
   def test_with_fragment_cache_if_with_false
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     get :with_fragment_cache_if_with_false_condition
     wait
 
     assert_equal 2, logs.size
     assert_no_match(/Read fragment views\/foo/, logs[1])
     assert_no_match(/Write fragment views\/foo/, logs[2])
-  ensure
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
   end
 
   def test_with_fragment_cache_unless_with_true
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     get :with_fragment_cache_unless_with_true_condition
     wait
 
     assert_equal 2, logs.size
     assert_no_match(/Read fragment views\/foo/, logs[1])
     assert_no_match(/Write fragment views\/foo/, logs[2])
-  ensure
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
   end
 
   def test_with_fragment_cache_unless_with_false
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     get :with_fragment_cache_unless_with_false_condition
     wait
 
     assert_equal 4, logs.size
     assert_match(/Read fragment views\/foo/, logs[1])
     assert_match(/Write fragment views\/foo/, logs[2])
-  ensure
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
   end
 
   def test_with_fragment_cache_and_percent_in_key
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
     get :with_fragment_cache_and_percent_in_key
     wait
 
     assert_equal 4, logs.size
     assert_match(/Read fragment views\/foo/, logs[1])
     assert_match(/Write fragment views\/foo/, logs[2])
-  ensure
-    @controller.config.perform_caching = true
   end
 
   def test_process_action_with_exception_includes_http_status_code
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/metal/renderers_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/metal/renderers_test.rb
index 5f0d125128..f6558f1354 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/metal/renderers_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/metal/renderers_test.rb
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ class RenderersMetalTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :one
     assert_response :success
     assert_equal({ a: "b" }.to_json, @response.body)
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_xml
     get :two
     assert_response :success
     assert_equal(" ", @response.body)
-    assert_equal "text/plain", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", @response.media_type
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
index eed671d593..fb038ae158 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ class PostController < AbstractPostController
   end
 
 private
-
   def with_iphone
     request.format = "iphone" if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
     yield
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
index 00e1d5f3b3..fc16c639fb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
   def custom_type_handling
     respond_to do |type|
       type.html { render body: "HTML"    }
-      type.custom("application/crazy-xml")  { render body: "Crazy XML"  }
+      type.custom("application/fancy-xml")  { render body: "Fancy XML"  }
       type.all  { render body: "Nothing" }
     end
   end
@@ -158,6 +158,12 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
     end
   end
 
+  def handle_any_with_template
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.any { render "test/hello_world" }
+    end
+  end
+
   def all_types_with_layout
     respond_to do |type|
       type.html
@@ -314,12 +320,14 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @request.host = "www.example.com"
     Mime::Type.register_alias("text/html", :iphone)
     Mime::Type.register("text/x-mobile", :mobile)
+    Mime::Type.register("application/fancy-xml", :fancy_xml)
   end
 
   def teardown
     super
     Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
     Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:fancy_xml)
   end
 
   def test_html
@@ -415,12 +423,12 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_using_defaults
     @request.accept = "*/*"
     get :using_defaults
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
 
     @request.accept = "application/xml"
     get :using_defaults
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "<p>Hello world!</p>\n", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -441,12 +449,12 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_using_defaults_with_type_list
     @request.accept = "*/*"
     get :using_defaults_with_type_list
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
 
     @request.accept = "application/xml"
     get :using_defaults_with_type_list
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "<p>Hello world!</p>\n", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -460,7 +468,7 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_using_non_conflicting_nested_js_then_js
     @request.accept = "*/*"
     get :using_non_conflicting_nested_js_then_js
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "JS", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -489,14 +497,14 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_custom_types
-    @request.accept = "application/crazy-xml"
+    @request.accept = "application/fancy-xml"
     get :custom_type_handling
-    assert_equal "application/crazy-xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "Crazy XML", @response.body
+    assert_equal "application/fancy-xml", @response.media_type
+    assert_equal "Fancy XML", @response.body
 
     @request.accept = "text/html"
     get :custom_type_handling
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -570,6 +578,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_handle_any_with_template
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+
+    get :handle_any_with_template
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_html_type_with_layout
     @request.accept = "text/html"
     get :all_types_with_layout
@@ -580,7 +595,7 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @request.accept = "application/json"
     get :json_with_callback
     assert_equal "/**/alert(JS)", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_xhr
@@ -590,13 +605,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_custom_constant
     get :custom_constant_handling, format: "mobile"
-    assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_custom_constant_handling_without_block
     get :custom_constant_handling_without_block, format: "mobile"
-    assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -649,7 +664,7 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Hello future from Firefox!</div></html>', @response.body
 
     get :iphone_with_html_response_type, format: "iphone"
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal '<html><div id="iphone">Hello iPhone future from iPhone!</div></html>', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -657,7 +672,7 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @request.accept = "text/iphone"
     get :iphone_with_html_response_type
     assert_equal '<html><div id="iphone">Hello iPhone future from iPhone!</div></html>', @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_invalid_format
@@ -687,7 +702,7 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_variant_with_implicit_template_rendering
     get :variant_with_implicit_template_rendering, params: { v: :mobile }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "mobile", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -741,137 +756,137 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_variant_with_format_and_custom_render
     get :variant_with_format_and_custom_render, params: { v: :phone }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "mobile", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_multiple_variants_for_format
     get :multiple_variants_for_format, params: { v: :tablet }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_no_variant_in_variant_setup
     get :variant_plus_none_for_format
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "none", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_inline_syntax
     get :variant_inline_syntax
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "none", @response.body
 
     get :variant_inline_syntax, params: { v: :phone }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_inline_syntax_with_format
     get :variant_inline_syntax, format: :js
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "js", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_inline_syntax_without_block
     get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block, params: { v: :phone }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_any
     get :variant_any, params: { v: :phone }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
 
     get :variant_any, params: { v: :tablet }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
 
     get :variant_any, params: { v: :phablet }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_any_any
     get :variant_any_any
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
 
     get :variant_any_any, params: { v: :phone }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
 
     get :variant_any_any, params: { v: :yolo }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_inline_any
     get :variant_any, params: { v: :phone }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
 
     get :variant_inline_any, params: { v: :tablet }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
 
     get :variant_inline_any, params: { v: :phablet }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_inline_any_any
     get :variant_inline_any_any, params: { v: :phone }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
 
     get :variant_inline_any_any, params: { v: :yolo }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_any_implicit_render
     get :variant_any_implicit_render, params: { v: :tablet }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
 
     get :variant_any_implicit_render, params: { v: :phablet }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phablet", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_any_with_none
     get :variant_any_with_none
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "none or phone", @response.body
 
     get :variant_any_with_none, params: { v: :phone }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "none or phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_format_any_variant_any
     get :format_any_variant_any, format: :js, params: { v: :tablet }
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_negotiation_inline_syntax
     get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block, params: { v: [:tablet, :phone] }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_negotiation_block_syntax
     get :variant_plus_none_for_format, params: { v: [:tablet, :phone] }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_negotiation_without_block
     get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block, params: { v: [:tablet, :phone] }
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
index 7205e90176..548fa4300d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
@@ -20,9 +20,19 @@ module ContentNegotiation
       assert_body "Hello world */*!"
     end
 
-    test "Not all mimes are converted to symbol" do
+    test "A js or */* Accept header will return HTML" do
+      get "/content_negotiation/basic/hello", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/javascript, */*" }
+      assert_body "Hello world text/html!"
+    end
+
+    test "A js or */* Accept header on xhr will return JavaScript" do
+      get "/content_negotiation/basic/hello", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/javascript, */*" }, xhr: true
+      assert_body "Hello world text/javascript!"
+    end
+
+    test "Unregistered mimes are ignored" do
       get "/content_negotiation/basic/all", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/plain, mime/another" }
-      assert_body '[:text, "mime/another"]'
+      assert_body "[:text]"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_context_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_context_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e570a1d79..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_context_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "abstract_unit"
-
-# This is testing the decoupling of view renderer and view context
-# by allowing the controller to be used as view context. This is
-# similar to the way sinatra renders templates.
-module RenderContext
-  class BasicController < ActionController::Base
-    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
-      "render_context/basic/hello_world.html.erb" => "<%= @value %> from <%= self.__controller_method__ %>",
-      "layouts/basic.html.erb" => "?<%= yield %>?"
-    )]
-
-    # 1) Include ActionView::Context to bring the required dependencies
-    include ActionView::Context
-
-    # 2) Call _prepare_context that will do the required initialization
-    before_action :_prepare_context
-
-    def hello_world
-      @value = "Hello"
-      render action: "hello_world", layout: false
-    end
-
-    def with_layout
-      @value = "Hello"
-      render action: "hello_world", layout: "basic"
-    end
-
-    protected def __controller_method__
-      "controller context!"
-    end
-
-    private
-      # 3) Set view_context to self
-      def view_context
-        self
-      end
-  end
-
-  class RenderContextTest < Rack::TestCase
-    test "rendering using the controller as context" do
-      get "/render_context/basic/hello_world"
-      assert_body "Hello from controller context!"
-      assert_status 200
-    end
-
-    test "rendering using the controller as context with layout" do
-      get "/render_context/basic/with_layout"
-      assert_body "?Hello from controller context!?"
-      assert_status 200
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
index de8af029e0..01d0223519 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ module RenderFile
 
     def relative_path
       @secret = "in the sauce"
-      render file: "../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar"
+      render file: "../actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar"
     end
 
     def relative_path_with_dot
       @secret = "in the sauce"
-      render file: "../../fixtures/test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar"
+      render file: "../actionpack/test/fixtures/test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar"
     end
 
     def pathname
@@ -40,32 +40,44 @@ module RenderFile
     testing RenderFile::BasicController
 
     test "rendering simple template" do
-      get :index
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get :index
+      end
       assert_response "Hello world!"
     end
 
     test "rendering template with ivar" do
-      get :with_instance_variables
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get :with_instance_variables
+      end
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
 
     test "rendering a relative path" do
-      get :relative_path
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get :relative_path
+      end
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
 
     test "rendering a relative path with dot" do
-      get :relative_path_with_dot
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get :relative_path_with_dot
+      end
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
 
     test "rendering a Pathname" do
-      get :pathname
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get :pathname
+      end
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
 
     test "rendering file with locals" do
-      get :with_locals
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get :with_locals
+      end
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
index 14dc958475..270f75eb9e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ module RenderTemplate
     end
 
     private
-
       def show_detailed_exceptions?
         request.local?
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
index eb29203f59..dfeb2e2b15 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ module Render
     end
 
     private
-
       def secretz
         render plain: "FAIL WHALE!"
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
index 7789e654d5..3d1538ff64 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
@@ -203,6 +203,25 @@ class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not_predicate @params.transform_keys { |k| k }, :permitted?
   end
 
+  test "transform_keys without a block returns an enumerator" do
+    assert_kind_of Enumerator, @params.transform_keys
+    assert_kind_of ActionController::Parameters, @params.transform_keys.each { |k| k }
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! without a block returns an enumerator" do
+    assert_kind_of Enumerator, @params.transform_keys!
+    assert_kind_of ActionController::Parameters, @params.transform_keys!.each { |k| k }
+  end
+
+  test "deep_transform_keys retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert_predicate @params.deep_transform_keys { |k| k }, :permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "deep_transform_keys retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not_predicate @params.deep_transform_keys { |k| k }, :permitted?
+  end
+
   test "transform_values retains permitted status" do
     @params.permit!
     assert_predicate @params.transform_values { |v| v }, :permitted?
@@ -219,8 +238,9 @@ class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "transform_values without block yieds an enumerator" do
+  test "transform_values without a block returns an enumerator" do
     assert_kind_of Enumerator, @params.transform_values
+    assert_kind_of ActionController::Parameters, @params.transform_values.each { |v| v }
   end
 
   test "transform_values! converts hashes to parameters" do
@@ -229,8 +249,9 @@ class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "transform_values! without block yields an enumerator" do
+  test "transform_values! without a block returns an enumerator" do
     assert_kind_of Enumerator, @params.transform_values!
+    assert_kind_of ActionController::Parameters, @params.transform_values!.each { |v| v }
   end
 
   test "value? returns true if the given value is present in the params" do
@@ -263,12 +284,14 @@ class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     params1 = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2)
     params2 = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2)
     assert(params1 == params2)
+    assert(params1.hash == params2.hash)
   end
 
   test "is equal to Parameters instance with same permitted params" do
     params1 = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2).permit(:a)
     params2 = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2).permit(:a)
     assert(params1 == params2)
+    assert(params1.hash == params2.hash)
   end
 
   test "is equal to Parameters instance with same different source params, but same permitted params" do
@@ -276,6 +299,8 @@ class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     params2 = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, c: 3).permit(:a)
     assert(params1 == params2)
     assert(params2 == params1)
+    assert(params1.hash == params2.hash)
+    assert(params2.hash == params1.hash)
   end
 
   test "is not equal to an unpermitted Parameters instance with same params" do
@@ -283,6 +308,8 @@ class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     params2 = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1)
     assert(params1 != params2)
     assert(params2 != params1)
+    assert(params1.hash != params2.hash)
+    assert(params2.hash != params1.hash)
   end
 
   test "is not equal to Parameters instance with different permitted params" do
@@ -290,6 +317,8 @@ class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     params2 = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2).permit(:a)
     assert(params1 != params2)
     assert(params2 != params1)
+    assert(params1.hash != params2.hash)
+    assert(params2.hash != params1.hash)
   end
 
   test "equality with simple types works" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
index fc9229ca1d..4fffcf6b10 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ class LogOnUnpermittedParamsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_logged(message)
       old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
       log = StringIO.new
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
index 312b1e5b27..31ee7964f5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
@@ -118,4 +118,13 @@ class ParametersMutatorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "transform_values! retains unpermitted status" do
     assert_not_predicate @params.transform_values! { |v| v }, :permitted?
   end
+
+  test "deep_transform_keys! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert_predicate @params.deep_transform_keys! { |k| k }, :permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "deep_transform_keys! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not_predicate @params.deep_transform_keys! { |k| k }, :permitted?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_permit_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_permit_test.rb
index 1403e224c0..6243b5c51b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_permit_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_permit_test.rb
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class NestedParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_nil permitted[:book][:genre]
   end
 
-  test "fields_for-style nested params" do
+  test "nested params with numeric keys" do
     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
       book: {
         authors_attributes: {
@@ -150,7 +150,33 @@ class NestedParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_filtered_out permitted[:book][:authors_attributes]["0"], :age_of_death
   end
 
-  test "fields_for-style nested params with negative numbers" do
+  test "nested params with non_numeric keys" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      book: {
+        authors_attributes: {
+          '0': { name: "William Shakespeare", age_of_death: "52" },
+          '1': { name: "Unattributed Assistant" },
+          '2': "Not a hash",
+          'new_record': { name: "Some name" }
+        }
+      })
+    permitted = params.permit book: { authors_attributes: [ :name ] }
+
+    assert_not_nil permitted[:book][:authors_attributes]["0"]
+    assert_not_nil permitted[:book][:authors_attributes]["1"]
+
+    assert_nil permitted[:book][:authors_attributes]["2"]
+    assert_nil permitted[:book][:authors_attributes]["new_record"]
+    assert_equal "William Shakespeare", permitted[:book][:authors_attributes]["0"][:name]
+    assert_equal "Unattributed Assistant", permitted[:book][:authors_attributes]["1"][:name]
+
+    assert_equal(
+      { "book" => { "authors_attributes" => { "0" => { "name" => "William Shakespeare" }, "1" => { "name" => "Unattributed Assistant" } } } },
+      permitted.to_h
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "nested params with negative numeric keys" do
     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
       book: {
         authors_attributes: {
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
index d2fa0aa16e..fbfe24059b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
@@ -365,17 +365,15 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "permitted takes a default value when Parameters.permit_all_parameters is set" do
-    begin
-      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
-      params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {
-        age: "32", name: { first: "David", last: "Heinemeier Hansson" }
-      })
-
-      assert_predicate params.slice(:person), :permitted?
-      assert_predicate params[:person][:name], :permitted?
-    ensure
-      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
-    end
+    ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {
+      age: "32", name: { first: "David", last: "Heinemeier Hansson" }
+    })
+
+    assert_predicate params.slice(:person), :permitted?
+    assert_predicate params[:person][:name], :permitted?
+  ensure
+    ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
   end
 
   test "permitting parameters as an array" do
@@ -396,16 +394,14 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "to_h returns converted hash when .permit_all_parameters is set" do
-    begin
-      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
-      params = ActionController::Parameters.new(crab: "Senjougahara Hitagi")
-
-      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, params.to_h
-      assert_not_kind_of ActionController::Parameters, params.to_h
-      assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params.to_h)
-    ensure
-      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
-    end
+    ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(crab: "Senjougahara Hitagi")
+
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, params.to_h
+    assert_not_kind_of ActionController::Parameters, params.to_h
+    assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params.to_h)
+  ensure
+    ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
   end
 
   test "to_hash raises UnfilteredParameters on unfiltered params" do
@@ -429,17 +425,15 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "to_hash returns converted hash when .permit_all_parameters is set" do
-    begin
-      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
-      params = ActionController::Parameters.new(crab: "Senjougahara Hitagi")
-
-      assert_instance_of Hash, params.to_hash
-      assert_not_kind_of ActionController::Parameters, params.to_hash
-      assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params.to_hash)
-      assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params)
-    ensure
-      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
-    end
+    ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(crab: "Senjougahara Hitagi")
+
+    assert_instance_of Hash, params.to_hash
+    assert_not_kind_of ActionController::Parameters, params.to_hash
+    assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params.to_hash)
+    assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params)
+  ensure
+    ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
   end
 
   test "to_unsafe_h returns unfiltered params" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/params_parse_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/params_parse_test.rb
index 440ab06fd7..091b567473 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/params_parse_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/params_parse_test.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ class ParamsParseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def capture_log_output
       output = StringIO.new
       request.set_header "action_dispatch.logger", ActiveSupport::Logger.new(output)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
index c4c74e8f2b..894a3824c0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -411,7 +411,6 @@ class IrregularInflectionParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def with_dup
       original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)[:en]
       ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original.dup)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
index 998498e1b2..7f1c41787a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
@@ -68,10 +68,18 @@ class RedirectController < ActionController::Base
     redirect_back(fallback_location: "/things/stuff", status: 307)
   end
 
+  def redirect_back_with_status_and_fallback_location_to_another_host
+    redirect_back(fallback_location: "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", status: 307)
+  end
+
   def safe_redirect_back_with_status
     redirect_back(fallback_location: "/things/stuff", status: 307, allow_other_host: false)
   end
 
+  def safe_redirect_back_with_status_and_fallback_location_to_another_host
+    redirect_back(fallback_location: "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", status: 307, allow_other_host: false)
+  end
+
   def host_redirect
     redirect_to action: "other_host", only_path: false, host: "other.test.host"
   end
@@ -280,6 +288,13 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "http://test.host/things/stuff", redirect_to_url
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_back_with_no_referer_redirects_to_another_host
+    get :redirect_back_with_status_and_fallback_location_to_another_host
+
+    assert_response 307
+    assert_equal "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", redirect_to_url
+  end
+
   def test_safe_redirect_back_from_other_host
     @request.env["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://another.host/coming/from"
     get :safe_redirect_back_with_status
@@ -297,6 +312,20 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal referer, redirect_to_url
   end
 
+  def test_safe_redirect_back_with_no_referer
+    get :safe_redirect_back_with_status
+
+    assert_response 307
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/things/stuff", redirect_to_url
+  end
+
+  def test_safe_redirect_back_with_no_referer_redirects_to_another_host
+    get :safe_redirect_back_with_status_and_fallback_location_to_another_host
+
+    assert_response 307
+    assert_equal "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", redirect_to_url
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_to_record
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
index 1efc0b9de1..da8f6e8062 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 require "abstract_unit"
 require "controller/fake_models"
-require "pathname"
 
 class RenderJSTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class RenderJSTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_vanilla_js
     get :render_vanilla_js_hello, xhr: true
     assert_equal "alert('hello')", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_should_render_js_partial
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
index 82c1ba26cb..82c6aaafe5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 require "abstract_unit"
 require "controller/fake_models"
 require "active_support/logger"
-require "pathname"
 
 class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class JsonRenderable
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_json_nil
     get :render_json_nil
     assert_equal "null", @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_render_to_string
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_json
     get :render_json_hello_world
     assert_equal '{"hello":"world"}', @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_status
@@ -103,31 +102,31 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_json_with_callback
     get :render_json_hello_world_with_callback, xhr: true
     assert_equal '/**/alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_custom_content_type
     get :render_json_with_custom_content_type, xhr: true
     assert_equal '{"hello":"world"}', @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_symbol_json
     get :render_symbol_json
     assert_equal '{"hello":"world"}', @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_render_to_string
     get :render_json_with_render_to_string
     assert_equal '{"hello":"partial html"}', @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_forwards_extra_options
     get :render_json_with_extra_options
     assert_equal '{"a":"b"}', @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_calls_to_json_from_object
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
index 306b245bd1..a2a6c69dd3 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -183,6 +183,11 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     render action: "hello_world"
   end
 
+  def conditional_hello_without_expires_and_public_header
+    response.headers["Cache-Control"] = "public, no-cache"
+    render action: "hello_world"
+  end
+
   def conditional_hello_with_bangs
     render action: "hello_world"
   end
@@ -260,7 +265,6 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   private
-
     def set_variable_for_layout
       @variable_for_layout = nil
     end
@@ -318,11 +322,12 @@ class ExpiresInRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_render_with_file
-    # This is extremely bad, but should be possible to do.
     assert File.exist?(File.expand_path("../../test/abstract_unit.rb", __dir__))
-    response = get :dynamic_render_with_file, params: { id: '../\\../test/abstract_unit.rb' }
-    assert_equal File.read(File.expand_path("../../test/abstract_unit.rb", __dir__)),
-      response.body
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_raises ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+        get :dynamic_render_with_file, params: { id: '../\\../test/abstract_unit.rb' }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_render_with_absolute_path
@@ -346,9 +351,11 @@ class ExpiresInRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_permitted_dynamic_render_file_hash
     assert File.exist?(File.expand_path("../../test/abstract_unit.rb", __dir__))
-    response = get :dynamic_render_permit, params: { id: { file: '../\\../test/abstract_unit.rb' } }
-    assert_equal File.read(File.expand_path("../../test/abstract_unit.rb", __dir__)),
-      response.body
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_raises ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+        get :dynamic_render_permit, params: { id: { file: '../\\../test/abstract_unit.rb' } }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_render_file_hash
@@ -418,6 +425,11 @@ class ExpiresInRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "no-cache", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
   end
 
+  def test_no_expires_now_with_public
+    get :conditional_hello_without_expires_and_public_header
+    assert_equal "public, no-cache", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+  end
+
   def test_date_header_when_expires_in
     time = Time.mktime(2011, 10, 30)
     Time.stub :now, time do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
index a72d14e4bb..28d8e281ab 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 require "abstract_unit"
 require "controller/fake_models"
-require "pathname"
 
 class RenderXmlTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class XmlRenderable
@@ -92,11 +91,11 @@ class RenderXmlTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_should_render_xml_but_keep_custom_content_type
     get :render_xml_with_custom_content_type
-    assert_equal "application/atomsvc+xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/atomsvc+xml", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_should_use_implicit_content_type
     get :implicit_content_type, format: "atom"
-    assert_equal Mime[:atom], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:atom], @response.media_type
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb
index ae8330e029..ea79f4de85 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class RendererTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "rendering with an instance renderer" do
     renderer = ApplicationController.renderer.new
-    content  = renderer.render file: "test/hello_world"
+    content  = assert_deprecated { renderer.render file: "test/hello_world" }
 
     assert_equal "Hello world!", content
   end
@@ -115,14 +115,14 @@ class RendererTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "true", content
   end
 
-  test "return valid asset url with defaults" do
+  test "return valid asset URL with defaults" do
     renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
     content  = renderer.render inline: "<%= asset_url 'asset.jpg' %>"
 
     assert_equal "http://example.org/asset.jpg", content
   end
 
-  test "return valid asset url when https is true" do
+  test "return valid asset URL when https is true" do
     renderer = ApplicationController.renderer.new https: true
     content  = renderer.render inline: "<%= asset_url 'asset.jpg' %>"
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/renderers_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/renderers_test.rb
index d92de6f5d5..96cce664a4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/renderers_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/renderers_test.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class RenderersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
       get :respond_to_mime, format: "csv"
     end
-    assert_equal Mime[:csv], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:csv], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class RenderersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
     @request.accept = "text/csv"
     get :respond_to_mime, format: "csv"
-    assert_equal Mime[:csv], @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:csv], @response.media_type
     assert_equal "c,s,v", @response.body
   ensure
     ActionController::Renderers.remove :csv
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
index ea94a3e048..01250880f5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ class PrependProtectForgeryBaseController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   private
-
     def add_called_callback(name)
       @called_callbacks ||= []
       @called_callbacks << name
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
index 3c39373e55..538bc15fc9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
@@ -62,14 +62,6 @@ class RescueController < ActionController::Base
     render plain: exception.message
   end
 
-  rescue_from ActionView::TemplateError do
-    render plain: "action_view templater error"
-  end
-
-  rescue_from IOError do
-    render plain: "io error"
-  end
-
   rescue_from ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters::ParseError do
     render plain: "parse error", status: :bad_request
   end
@@ -79,19 +71,6 @@ class RescueController < ActionController::Base
   def before_action_raises
   end
 
-  def raises
-    render plain: "already rendered"
-    raise "don't panic!"
-  end
-
-  def method_not_allowed
-    raise ActionController::MethodNotAllowed.new(:get, :head, :put)
-  end
-
-  def not_implemented
-    raise ActionController::NotImplemented.new(:get, :put)
-  end
-
   def not_authorized
     raise NotAuthorized
   end
@@ -325,7 +304,6 @@ class RescueControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def capture_log_output
       output = StringIO.new
       request.set_header "action_dispatch.logger", ActiveSupport::Logger.new(output)
@@ -351,10 +329,6 @@ class RescueTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       raise RecordInvalid
     end
 
-    def b00m
-      raise "b00m"
-    end
-
     private
       def show_errors(exception)
         render plain: exception.message
@@ -376,13 +350,11 @@ class RescueTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   private
-
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
           get "foo", to: ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:foo)
           get "invalid", to: ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:invalid)
-          get "b00m", to: ::RescueTest::TestController.action(:b00m)
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
index d2146f12a5..339025ec52 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "abstract_unit"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/with_options"
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
 
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         collection: collection_methods,
         member: member_methods,
         path_names: path_names do
-
       assert_restful_routes_for :messages,
           collection: collection_methods,
           member: member_methods,
@@ -58,7 +56,6 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
           collection: collection_methods,
           member: member_methods,
           path_names: path_names do |options|
-
         collection_methods.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/messages/#{path_names[action] || action}", "#{action}_messages_path", action: action
         end
@@ -1251,7 +1248,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       shallow_path = "/#{options[:shallow] ? options[:namespace] : options[:path_prefix]}#{path}"
       full_path = "/#{options[:path_prefix]}#{path}"
       name_prefix = options[:name_prefix]
-      shallow_prefix = options[:shallow] ? options[:namespace].try(:gsub, /\//, "_") : options[:name_prefix]
+      shallow_prefix = options[:shallow] ? options[:namespace]&.gsub(/\//, "_") : options[:name_prefix]
 
       new_action  = "new"
       edit_action = "edit"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
index 30f2a23b33..b378bb80b8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
@@ -355,10 +355,10 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     rs.draw { ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { get "/:controller/:action", action: /auth[-|_].+/ } }
 
     assert_equal({ action: "auth_google", controller: "content" }, rs.recognize_path("/content/auth_google"))
-    assert_equal({ action: "auth-facebook", controller: "content" }, rs.recognize_path("/content/auth-facebook"))
+    assert_equal({ action: "auth-twitter", controller: "content" }, rs.recognize_path("/content/auth-twitter"))
 
     assert_equal "/content/auth_google", url_for(rs, controller: "content", action: "auth_google")
-    assert_equal "/content/auth-facebook", url_for(rs, controller: "content", action: "auth-facebook")
+    assert_equal "/content/auth-twitter", url_for(rs, controller: "content", action: "auth-twitter")
   end
 
   def test_route_with_regexp_for_controller
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
index 2094aa1aed..8e1068fecf 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ module ShowExceptions
 
   class ShowExceptionsOverriddenController < ShowExceptionsController
     private
-
       def show_detailed_exceptions?
         params["detailed"] == "1"
       end
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
       get "/", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "application/json" }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
-      assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type.to_s
+      assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
       assert_equal({ status: 500, error: "Internal Server Error" }.to_json, response.body)
     end
 
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
       get "/", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "application/xml" }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
-      assert_equal "application/xml", response.content_type.to_s
+      assert_equal "application/xml", response.media_type
       assert_equal({ status: 500, error: "Internal Server Error" }.to_xml, response.body)
     end
 
@@ -92,22 +91,23 @@ module ShowExceptions
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
       get "/", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/csv" }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
-      assert_equal "text/html", response.content_type.to_s
+      assert_equal "text/html", response.media_type
     end
   end
 
   class ShowFailsafeExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def test_render_failsafe_exception
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      @exceptions_app = @app.instance_variable_get(:@exceptions_app)
-      @app.instance_variable_set(:@exceptions_app, nil)
+      middleware = @app
+      @exceptions_app = middleware.instance_variable_get(:@exceptions_app)
+      middleware.instance_variable_set(:@exceptions_app, nil)
       $stderr = StringIO.new
 
       get "/", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/json" }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
-      assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type.to_s
+      assert_equal "text/plain", response.media_type
     ensure
-      @app.instance_variable_set(:@exceptions_app, @exceptions_app)
+      middleware.instance_variable_set(:@exceptions_app, @exceptions_app)
       $stderr = STDERR
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
index 6fc70d6248..635a91507d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
@@ -156,12 +156,15 @@ XML
       render html: '<body class="foo"></body>'.html_safe
     end
 
+    def render_json
+      render json: request.raw_post
+    end
+
     def boom
       raise "boom!"
     end
 
     private
-
       def generate_url(opts)
         url_for(opts.merge(action: "test_uri"))
       end
@@ -474,6 +477,18 @@ XML
     )
   end
 
+  def test_nil_params
+    get :test_params, params: nil
+    parsed_params = JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {
+        "action" => "test_params",
+        "controller" => "test_case_test/test"
+      },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_query_param_named_action
     get :test_query_parameters, params: { action: "foobar" }
     parsed_params = JSON.parse(@response.body)
@@ -936,7 +951,7 @@ XML
     get :create
     assert_response :created
 
-    # Redirect url doesn't care that it wasn't a :redirect response.
+    # Redirect URL doesn't care that it wasn't a :redirect response.
     assert_equal "/resource", @response.redirect_url
     assert_equal @response.redirect_url, redirect_to_url
 
@@ -965,6 +980,16 @@ XML
 
     assert_equal "q=test2", @response.body
   end
+
+  def test_parsed_body_without_as_option
+    post :render_json, body: { foo: "heyo" }
+    assert_equal({ "foo" => "heyo" }, response.parsed_body)
+  end
+
+  def test_parsed_body_with_as_option
+    post :render_json, body: { foo: "heyo" }.to_json, as: :json
+    assert_equal({ "foo" => "heyo" }, response.parsed_body)
+  end
 end
 
 class ResponseDefaultHeadersTest < ActionController::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
index e381abee36..9222250b9c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
@@ -354,6 +354,14 @@ module AbstractController
         assert_equal({ p2: "Y2" }.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
+      def test_params_option
+        url = W.new.url_for(only_path: true, controller: "c", action: "a", params: { domain: "foo", id: "1" })
+        params = extract_params(url)
+        assert_equal("/c/a?domain=foo&id=1", url)
+        assert_equal({ domain: "foo" }.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({ id: "1" }.to_query, params[1])
+      end
+
       def test_hash_parameter
         url = W.new.url_for(only_path: true, controller: "c", action: "a", query: { name: "Bob", category: "prof" })
         params = extract_params(url)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
index 4a10637b54..23a46df5cd 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def dump_params_keys(hash = params)
-      hash.keys.sort.inject("") do |s, k|
+      hash.keys.sort.each_with_object(+"") do |k, s|
         value = hash[k]
 
         if value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(ActionController::Parameters)
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
           value = ""
         end
 
-        s += ", " unless s.empty?
-        s += "#{k}#{value}"
+        s << ", " unless s.empty?
+        s << "#{k}#{value}"
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/actionable_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/actionable_exceptions_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9215a91e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/actionable_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+
+class ActionableExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Actions = []
+
+  class ActionError < StandardError
+    include ActiveSupport::ActionableError
+
+    action "Successful action" do
+      Actions << "Action!"
+    end
+
+    action "Failed action" do
+      raise "Inaction!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  Noop = -> env { [200, {}, [""]] }
+
+  setup do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions.new(Noop)
+
+    Actions.clear
+  end
+
+  test "dispatches an actionable error" do
+    post ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions.endpoint, params: {
+      error: ActionError.name,
+      action: "Successful action",
+      location: "/",
+    }
+
+    assert_equal ["Action!"], Actions
+
+    assert_equal 302, response.status
+    assert_equal "/", response.headers["Location"]
+  end
+
+  test "cannot dispatch errors if not allowed" do
+    post ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions.endpoint, params: {
+      error: ActionError.name,
+      action: "Successful action",
+      location: "/",
+    }, headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
+
+    assert_empty Actions
+  end
+
+  test "dispatched action can fail" do
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      post ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions.endpoint, params: {
+        error: ActionError.name,
+        action: "Failed action",
+        location: "/",
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "cannot dispatch non-actionable errors" do
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::ActionableError::NonActionable do
+      post ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions.endpoint, params: {
+        error: RuntimeError.name,
+        action: "Inexistent action",
+        location: "/",
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "cannot dispatch Inexistent errors" do
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::ActionableError::NonActionable do
+      post ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions.endpoint, params: {
+        error: "",
+        action: "Inexistent action",
+        location: "/",
+      }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/callbacks_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/callbacks_test.rb
index fc80191c02..aa8640c506 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ class DispatcherTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def dispatch(&block)
       ActionDispatch::Callbacks.new(block || DummyApp.new).call(
         "rack.input" => StringIO.new("")
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/content_security_policy_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/content_security_policy_test.rb
index c8c885f35c..3d60dc1661 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/content_security_policy_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/content_security_policy_test.rb
@@ -128,12 +128,36 @@ class ContentSecurityPolicyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @policy.script_src false
     assert_no_match %r{script-src}, @policy.build
 
+    @policy.script_src_attr :self
+    assert_match %r{script-src-attr 'self'}, @policy.build
+
+    @policy.script_src_attr false
+    assert_no_match %r{script-src-attr}, @policy.build
+
+    @policy.script_src_elem :self
+    assert_match %r{script-src-elem 'self'}, @policy.build
+
+    @policy.script_src_elem false
+    assert_no_match %r{script-src-elem}, @policy.build
+
     @policy.style_src :self
     assert_match %r{style-src 'self'}, @policy.build
 
     @policy.style_src false
     assert_no_match %r{style-src}, @policy.build
 
+    @policy.style_src_attr :self
+    assert_match %r{style-src-attr 'self'}, @policy.build
+
+    @policy.style_src_attr false
+    assert_no_match %r{style-src-attr}, @policy.build
+
+    @policy.style_src_elem :self
+    assert_match %r{style-src-elem 'self'}, @policy.build
+
+    @policy.style_src_elem false
+    assert_no_match %r{style-src-elem}, @policy.build
+
     @policy.worker_src :self
     assert_match %r{worker-src 'self'}, @policy.build
 
@@ -307,7 +331,6 @@ class DefaultContentSecurityPolicyIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationT
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_policy(expected, report_only: false)
       if report_only
         expected_header = "Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only"
@@ -470,7 +493,6 @@ class ContentSecurityPolicyIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_policy(expected, report_only: false)
       assert_response :success
 
@@ -544,3 +566,57 @@ class DisabledContentSecurityPolicyIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::Integration
     assert_equal "default-src https://example.com", response.headers["Content-Security-Policy"]
   end
 end
+
+class NonceDirectiveContentSecurityPolicyIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class PolicyController < ActionController::Base
+    def index
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  ROUTES = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  ROUTES.draw do
+    scope module: "nonce_directive_content_security_policy_integration_test" do
+      get "/", to: "policy#index"
+    end
+  end
+
+  POLICY = ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy.new do |p|
+    p.default_src -> { :self  }
+    p.script_src -> { :https }
+    p.style_src -> { :https }
+  end
+
+  class PolicyConfigMiddleware
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      env["action_dispatch.content_security_policy"] = POLICY
+      env["action_dispatch.content_security_policy_nonce_generator"] = proc { "iyhD0Yc0W+c=" }
+      env["action_dispatch.content_security_policy_report_only"] = false
+      env["action_dispatch.content_security_policy_nonce_directives"] = %w(script-src)
+      env["action_dispatch.show_exceptions"] = false
+
+      @app.call(env)
+    end
+  end
+
+  APP = build_app(ROUTES) do |middleware|
+    middleware.use PolicyConfigMiddleware
+    middleware.use ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Middleware
+  end
+
+  def app
+    APP
+  end
+
+  def test_generate_nonce_only_specified_in_nonce_directives
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_match "script-src https: 'nonce-iyhD0Yc0W+c='", response.headers["Content-Security-Policy"]
+    assert_no_match "style-src https: 'nonce-iyhD0Yc0W+c='", response.headers["Content-Security-Policy"]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
index 6637c2cae9..d129fa717d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
@@ -123,6 +123,11 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def set_cookie_if_not_present
+      cookies["user_name"] = "alice" unless cookies["user_name"].present?
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def logout
       cookies.delete("user_name")
       head :ok
@@ -312,7 +317,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     def rails_5_2_stable_encrypted_cookie_with_authenticated_encryption_flag_off
-      cookies[:favorite] = "Wmg4amgvcVVvWGcwK3c4WjJEbTdRQUgrWXhBdDliUTR0cVNidXpmVTMrc2RjcitwUzVsWWEwZGtuVGtFUjJwNi0tcVhVMTFMOTQ1d0hIVE1FK0pJc05SQT09--8b2a55c375049a50f7a959b9d42b31ef0b2bb594"
+      cookies[:favorite] = "rTG4zs5UufEFAr+ppKwh+MDMymKyAUMOSaWyYa3uUVmD8sMQqyiyQBxgYeAncDHVZIlo4y+kDVSzp66u1/7BNYpnmFe8ES/YT2m8ckNA23jBDmnRZ9CTNfMIRXjFtfxO9YxEOzzhn0ZiA0/zFtr5wkluXtxplOz959Q7MgLOyvTze2h9p8A=--QHOS3rAEGq/HCxXs--xQNra8dk24Idc2qBtpMLpg=="
 
       head :ok
     end
@@ -336,7 +341,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   SECRET_KEY_BASE = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
   SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT = "signed cookie"
   ENCRYPTED_COOKIE_SALT = "encrypted cookie"
-  ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT = "sigend encrypted cookie"
+  ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT = "signed encrypted cookie"
   AUTHENTICATED_ENCRYPTED_COOKIE_SALT = "authenticated encrypted cookie"
 
   def setup
@@ -525,21 +530,6 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
   end
 
-  def test_signed_cookie_with_legacy_secret_scheme
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
-    old_message = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", digest: "SHA1", serializer: Marshal).generate(45)
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{old_message}"
-    get :get_signed_cookie
-    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
-
-    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
-    secret = key_generator.generate_key("signed cookie")
-    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, digest: "SHA1", serializer: Marshal)
-    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
-  end
-
   def test_tampered_with_signed_cookie
     key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
     secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
@@ -759,175 +749,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal ["user_name", "user_id"], @request.cookie_jar.instance_variable_get(:@cookies).keys
   end
 
-  def test_raises_argument_error_if_missing_secret
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError, nil.inspect) {
-      @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(nil)
-      get :set_signed_cookie
-    }
-
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "".inspect) {
-      @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new("")
-      get :set_signed_cookie
-    }
-  end
-
-  def test_raises_argument_error_if_secret_is_probably_insecure
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "password".inspect) {
-      @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new("password")
-      get :set_signed_cookie
-    }
-
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "secret".inspect) {
-      @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new("secret")
-      get :set_signed_cookie
-    }
-
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "12345678901234567890123456789".inspect) {
-      @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new("12345678901234567890123456789")
-      get :set_signed_cookie
-    }
-  end
-
-  def test_legacy_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
-    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate(45)
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
-    get :get_signed_cookie
-
-    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
-
-    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
-    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
-    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret)
-    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
-  end
-
-  def test_legacy_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
-    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate("bar")
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
-    get :get_encrypted_cookie
-
-    assert_equal "bar", @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
-
-    secret = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"].generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt"], 32)
-    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, cipher: "aes-256-gcm", serializer: Marshal)
-    assert_equal "bar", encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
-  end
-
-  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
-    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
-    get :get_signed_cookie
-
-    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
-
-    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
-    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
-    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
-    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
-  end
-
-  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
-    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate("bar")
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
-    get :get_encrypted_cookie
-
-    assert_equal "bar", @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
-
-    cipher = "aes-256-gcm"
-    salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt"]
-    secret = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"].generate_key(salt)[0, ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.key_len(cipher)]
-    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, cipher: cipher, serializer: JSON)
-    assert_equal "bar", encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
-  end
-
-  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
-    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
-    get :get_signed_cookie
-
-    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
-
-    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
-    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
-    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
-    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
-  end
-
-  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
-    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate("bar")
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
-    get :get_encrypted_cookie
-
-    assert_equal "bar", @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
-
-    salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt"]
-    secret = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"].generate_key(salt)[0, ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.key_len("aes-256-gcm")]
-    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, cipher: "aes-256-gcm", serializer: JSON)
-    assert_equal "bar", encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
-  end
-
-  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
-    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate(45)
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
-    get :get_signed_cookie
-
-    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
-
-    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
-    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
-    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
-    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
-  end
-
-  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
-
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption"] = true
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
-
-    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate("bar")
-
-    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
-    get :get_encrypted_cookie
-
-    assert_equal "bar", @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
-
-    salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt"]
-    secret = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"].generate_key(salt)[0, ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.key_len("aes-256-gcm")]
-    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, cipher: "aes-256-gcm", serializer: JSON)
-    assert_equal "bar", encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
-  end
-
   def test_legacy_signed_cookie_is_treated_as_nil_by_signed_cookie_jar_if_tampered
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
     @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=45"
     get :get_signed_cookie
 
@@ -936,8 +758,6 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_legacy_signed_cookie_is_treated_as_nil_by_encrypted_cookie_jar_if_tampered
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-
     @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=baz"
     get :get_encrypted_cookie
 
@@ -1313,6 +1133,14 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "bar", @controller.encrypted_cookie
   end
 
+  def test_cookie_override
+    get :set_cookie_if_not_present
+    assert_equal "alice", cookies["user_name"]
+    cookies["user_name"] = "bob"
+    get :set_cookie_if_not_present
+    assert_equal "bob", cookies["user_name"]
+  end
+
   def test_signed_cookie_with_expires_set_relatively
     request.env["action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata"] = true
 
@@ -1378,11 +1206,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :encrypted_discount_and_user_id_cookie
 
     travel 2.hours
-    assert_equal 50, cookies.encrypted[:user_id]
-
-    cookies[:discount_percentage] = cookies[:user_id]
-    assert_not_equal 10, cookies.encrypted[:discount_percentage]
-    assert_equal 50, cookies.encrypted[:discount_percentage]
+    assert_nil cookies.signed[:user_id]
   end
 
   def test_switch_off_metadata_for_signed_cookies_if_config_is_false
@@ -1391,11 +1215,8 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :signed_discount_and_user_id_cookie
 
     travel 2.hours
-    assert_equal 50, cookies.signed[:user_id]
 
-    cookies[:discount_percentage] = cookies[:user_id]
-    assert_not_equal 10, cookies.signed[:discount_percentage]
-    assert_equal 50, cookies.signed[:discount_percentage]
+    assert_nil cookies.signed[:user_id]
   end
 
   def test_read_rails_5_2_stable_encrypted_cookies_if_config_is_false
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
index 37399cfd07..fa629bc761 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,22 @@ require "abstract_unit"
 class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   InterceptedErrorInstance = StandardError.new
 
+  class CustomActionableError < StandardError
+    include ActiveSupport::ActionableError
+
+    action "Action 1" do
+      nil
+    end
+
+    action "Action 2" do
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
   class Boomer
     attr_accessor :closed
 
-    def initialize(detailed  = false)
+    def initialize(detailed = false)
       @detailed = detailed
       @closed = false
     end
@@ -27,67 +39,73 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def raise_nested_exceptions
+      raise "First error"
+    rescue
       begin
-        raise "First error"
+        raise "Second error"
       rescue
-        begin
-          raise "Second error"
-        rescue
-          raise "Third error"
-        end
+        raise "Third error"
       end
     end
 
     def call(env)
       env["action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions"] = @detailed
       req = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+      template = ActionView::Template.new(File.read(__FILE__), __FILE__, ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new, format: :html, locals: [])
+
       case req.path
-      when %r{/pass}
+      when "/pass"
         [404, { "X-Cascade" => "pass" }, self]
-      when %r{/not_found}
+      when "/not_found"
         raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound
-      when %r{/runtime_error}
+      when "/runtime_error"
         raise RuntimeError
-      when %r{/method_not_allowed}
+      when "/method_not_allowed"
         raise ActionController::MethodNotAllowed
-      when %r{/intercepted_error}
+      when "/intercepted_error"
         raise InterceptedErrorInstance
-      when %r{/unknown_http_method}
+      when "/unknown_http_method"
         raise ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod
-      when %r{/not_implemented}
+      when "/not_implemented"
         raise ActionController::NotImplemented
-      when %r{/unprocessable_entity}
+      when "/unprocessable_entity"
         raise ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken
-      when %r{/not_found_original_exception}
+      when "/invalid_mimetype"
+        raise Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType
+      when "/not_found_original_exception"
         begin
           raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound.new
         rescue
-          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new("template")
+          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(template)
+        end
+      when "/cause_mapped_to_rescue_responses"
+        begin
+          raise ActionController::ParameterMissing, :missing_param_key
+        rescue
+          raise NameError.new("uninitialized constant Userr")
         end
-      when %r{/missing_template}
+      when "/missing_template"
         raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new(%w(foo), "foo/index", %w(foo), false, "mailer")
-      when %r{/bad_request}
+      when "/bad_request"
         raise ActionController::BadRequest
-      when %r{/missing_keys}
+      when "/missing_keys"
         raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, "No route matches"
-      when %r{/parameter_missing}
+      when "/parameter_missing"
         raise ActionController::ParameterMissing, :missing_param_key
-      when %r{/original_syntax_error}
+      when "/original_syntax_error"
         eval "broke_syntax =" # `eval` need for raise native SyntaxError at runtime
-      when %r{/syntax_error_into_view}
+      when "/syntax_error_into_view"
         begin
           eval "broke_syntax ="
         rescue Exception
-          template = ActionView::Template.new(File.read(__FILE__),
-                                              __FILE__,
-                                              ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new,
-                                              {})
           raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(template)
         end
-      when %r{/framework_raises}
+      when "/framework_raises"
         method_that_raises
-      when %r{/nested_exceptions}
+      when "/nested_exceptions"
         raise_nested_exceptions
+      when %r{/actionable_error}
+        raise CustomActionableError
       else
         raise "puke!"
       end
@@ -176,6 +194,10 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/parameter_missing", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 400
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
+
+    get "/invalid_mimetype", headers: { "Accept" => "text/html,*", "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    assert_response 406
+    assert_match(/Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType/, body)
   end
 
   test "rescue with text error for xhr request" do
@@ -186,7 +208,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_response 500
     assert_no_match(/<header>/, body)
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.media_type
     assert_match(/RuntimeError\npuke/, body)
 
     Rails.stub :root, Pathname.new(".") do
@@ -200,31 +222,31 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/not_found", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 404
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.media_type
     assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
 
     get "/method_not_allowed", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.media_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
 
     get "/unknown_http_method", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.media_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
 
     get "/bad_request", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.media_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
 
     get "/parameter_missing", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.media_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
   end
 
@@ -235,37 +257,37 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_response 500
     assert_no_match(/<header>/, body)
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
     assert_match(/RuntimeError: puke/, body)
 
     get "/not_found", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }, as: :json
     assert_response 404
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
     assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
 
     get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }, as: :json
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
 
     get "/unknown_http_method", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }, as: :json
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
 
     get "/bad_request", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }, as: :json
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
 
     get "/parameter_missing", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }, as: :json
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
   end
 
@@ -276,7 +298,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_response 500
     assert_match(/<header>/, body)
     assert_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal "text/html", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", response.media_type
     assert_match(/puke/, body)
   end
 
@@ -285,27 +307,25 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     get "/index.xml", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 500
-    assert_equal "application/xml", response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/xml", response.media_type
     assert_match(/RuntimeError: puke/, body)
   end
 
   test "rescue with JSON format as fallback if API request format is not supported" do
-    begin
-      Mime::Type.register "text/wibble", :wibble
+    Mime::Type.register "text/wibble", :wibble
 
-      ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.register_encoder(:wibble,
-        param_encoder: -> params { params })
+    ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.register_encoder(:wibble,
+      param_encoder: -> params { params })
 
-      @app = ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.new(Boomer.new(true), RoutesApp, :api)
+    @app = ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.new(Boomer.new(true), RoutesApp, :api)
 
-      get "/index", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }, as: :wibble
-      assert_response 500
-      assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
-      assert_match(/RuntimeError: puke/, body)
+    get "/index", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }, as: :wibble
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.media_type
+    assert_match(/RuntimeError: puke/, body)
 
-    ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister :wibble
-    end
+  ensure
+    Mime::Type.unregister :wibble
   end
 
   test "does not show filtered parameters" do
@@ -317,15 +337,25 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_match("&quot;foo&quot;=&gt;&quot;[FILTERED]&quot;", body)
   end
 
-  test "show registered original exception for wrapped exceptions" do
+  test "show registered original exception if the last exception is TemplateError" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
     get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 404
-    assert_match(/AbstractController::ActionNotFound/, body)
+    assert_match %r{AbstractController::ActionNotFound}, body
+    assert_match %r{Showing <i>.*test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb</i>}, body
   end
 
-  test "named urls missing keys raise 500 level error" do
+  test "show the last exception and cause even when the cause is mapped to resque_responses" do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get "/cause_mapped_to_rescue_responses", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_match %r{ActionController::ParameterMissing}, body
+    assert_match %r{NameError}, body
+  end
+
+  test "named URLs missing keys raise 500 level error" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
     get "/missing_keys", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
@@ -436,6 +466,8 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "logs exception backtrace when all lines silenced" do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
     output = StringIO.new
     backtrace_cleaner = ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new
     backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { true }
@@ -448,6 +480,27 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_operator((output.rewind && output.read).lines.count, :>, 10)
   end
 
+  test "doesn't log the framework backtrace when error type is a routing error" do
+    @app = ProductionApp
+
+    output = StringIO.new
+    backtrace_cleaner = ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new
+    backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { true }
+
+    env = { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions"   => true,
+            "action_dispatch.logger"            => Logger.new(output),
+            "action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner" => backtrace_cleaner }
+
+    assert_raises ActionController::RoutingError do
+      get "/pass", headers: env
+    end
+
+    log = output.rewind && output.read
+
+    assert_includes log, "ActionController::RoutingError (No route matches [GET] \"/pass\")"
+    assert_equal 3, log.lines.count
+  end
+
   test "display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
@@ -484,6 +537,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_select "#Application-Trace-0" do
       assert_select "code", /syntax error, unexpected/
     end
+    assert_match %r{Showing <i>.*test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb</i>}, body
   end
 
   test "debug exceptions app shows user code that caused the error in source view" do
@@ -572,4 +626,40 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       end
     end
   end
+
+  test "shows a buttons for every action in an actionable error" do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+    Rails.stub :root, Pathname.new(".") do
+      cleaner = ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new.tap do |bc|
+        bc.add_silencer { |line| line !~ %r{test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb} }
+      end
+
+      get "/actionable_error", headers: { "action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner" => cleaner }
+
+      # Assert correct error
+      assert_response 500
+
+      assert_select 'input[value="Action 1"]'
+      assert_select 'input[value="Action 2"]'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "debug exceptions app shows diagnostics when malformed query parameters are provided" do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get "/bad_request?x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2"
+
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_match "ActionController::BadRequest", body
+  end
+
+  test "debug exceptions app shows diagnostics when malformed query parameters are provided by XHR" do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+    xhr_request_env = { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true, "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest" }
+
+    get "/bad_request?x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2", headers: xhr_request_env
+
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_match "ActionController::BadRequest", body
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/feature_policy_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/feature_policy_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebcc8a8b6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/feature_policy_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+
+class FeaturePolicyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @policy = ActionDispatch::FeaturePolicy.new
+  end
+
+  def test_mappings
+    @policy.midi :self
+    assert_equal "midi 'self'", @policy.build
+
+    @policy.midi :none
+    assert_equal "midi 'none'", @policy.build
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_sources_for_a_single_directive
+    @policy.geolocation :self, "https://example.com"
+    assert_equal "geolocation 'self' https://example.com", @policy.build
+  end
+
+  def test_single_directive_for_multiple_directives
+    @policy.geolocation :self
+    @policy.usb :none
+    assert_equal "geolocation 'self'; usb 'none'", @policy.build
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_directives_for_multiple_directives
+    @policy.geolocation :self, "https://example.com"
+    @policy.usb :none, "https://example.com"
+    assert_equal "geolocation 'self' https://example.com; usb 'none' https://example.com", @policy.build
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_directive_source
+    exception = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      @policy.vr [:non_existent]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Invalid HTTP feature policy source: [:non_existent]", exception.message
+  end
+end
+
+class FeaturePolicyIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class PolicyController < ActionController::Base
+    feature_policy only: :index do |f|
+      f.gyroscope :none
+    end
+
+    feature_policy only: :sample_controller do |f|
+      f.gyroscope nil
+      f.usb       :self
+    end
+
+    feature_policy only: :multiple_directives do |f|
+      f.gyroscope nil
+      f.usb       :self
+      f.autoplay  "https://example.com"
+      f.payment   "https://secure.example.com"
+    end
+
+    def index
+      head :ok
+    end
+
+    def sample_controller
+      head :ok
+    end
+
+    def multiple_directives
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  ROUTES = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  ROUTES.draw do
+    scope module: "feature_policy_integration_test" do
+      get "/", to: "policy#index"
+      get "/sample_controller", to: "policy#sample_controller"
+      get "/multiple_directives", to: "policy#multiple_directives"
+    end
+  end
+
+  POLICY = ActionDispatch::FeaturePolicy.new do |p|
+    p.gyroscope :self
+  end
+
+  class PolicyConfigMiddleware
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      env["action_dispatch.feature_policy"] = POLICY
+      env["action_dispatch.show_exceptions"] = false
+
+      @app.call(env)
+    end
+  end
+
+  APP = build_app(ROUTES) do |middleware|
+    middleware.use PolicyConfigMiddleware
+    middleware.use ActionDispatch::FeaturePolicy::Middleware
+  end
+
+  def app
+    APP
+  end
+
+  def test_generates_feature_policy_header
+    get "/"
+    assert_policy "gyroscope 'none'"
+  end
+
+  def test_generates_per_controller_feature_policy_header
+    get "/sample_controller"
+    assert_policy "usb 'self'"
+  end
+
+  def test_generates_multiple_directives_feature_policy_header
+    get "/multiple_directives"
+    assert_policy "usb 'self'; autoplay https://example.com; payment https://secure.example.com"
+  end
+
+  private
+    def env_config
+      Rails.application.env_config
+    end
+
+    def feature_policy
+      env_config["action_dispatch.feature_policy"]
+    end
+
+    def feature_policy=(policy)
+      env_config["action_dispatch.feature_policy"] = policy
+    end
+
+    def assert_policy(expected)
+      assert_response :success
+      assert_equal expected, response.headers["Feature-Policy"]
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/host_authorization_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/host_authorization_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5263dd2597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/host_authorization_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+require "ipaddr"
+
+class HostAuthorizationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  App = -> env { [200, {}, %w(Success)] }
+
+  test "blocks requests to unallowed host" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, %w(only.com))
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :forbidden
+    assert_match "Blocked host: www.example.com", response.body
+  end
+
+  test "allows all requests if hosts is empty" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, nil)
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal "Success", body
+  end
+
+  test "hosts can be a single element array" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, %w(www.example.com))
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal "Success", body
+  end
+
+  test "hosts can be a string" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, "www.example.com")
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal "Success", body
+  end
+
+  test "passes requests to allowed hosts with domain name notation" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, ".example.com")
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal "Success", body
+  end
+
+  test "does not allow domain name notation in the HOST header itself" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, ".example.com")
+
+    get "/", env: {
+      "HOST" => ".example.com",
+    }
+
+    assert_response :forbidden
+    assert_match "Blocked host: .example.com", response.body
+  end
+
+  test "checks for requests with #=== to support wider range of host checks" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, [-> input { input == "www.example.com" }])
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal "Success", body
+  end
+
+  test "mark the host when authorized" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, ".example.com")
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_equal "www.example.com", request.get_header("action_dispatch.authorized_host")
+  end
+
+  test "sanitizes regular expressions to prevent accidental matches" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, [/w.example.co/])
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :forbidden
+    assert_match "Blocked host: www.example.com", response.body
+  end
+
+  test "blocks requests to unallowed host supporting custom responses" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, ["w.example.co"], -> env do
+      [401, {}, %w(Custom)]
+    end)
+
+    get "/"
+
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+    assert_equal "Custom", body
+  end
+
+  test "blocks requests with spoofed X-FORWARDED-HOST" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, [IPAddr.new("127.0.0.1")])
+
+    get "/", env: {
+      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" => "127.0.0.1",
+      "HOST" => "www.example.com",
+    }
+
+    assert_response :forbidden
+    assert_match "Blocked host: 127.0.0.1", response.body
+  end
+
+  test "does not consider IP addresses in X-FORWARDED-HOST spoofed when disabled" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, nil)
+
+    get "/", env: {
+      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" => "127.0.0.1",
+      "HOST" => "www.example.com",
+    }
+
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal "Success", body
+  end
+
+  test "detects localhost domain spoofing" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, "localhost")
+
+    get "/", env: {
+      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" => "localhost",
+      "HOST" => "www.example.com",
+    }
+
+    assert_response :forbidden
+    assert_match "Blocked host: localhost", response.body
+  end
+
+  test "forwarded hosts should be permitted" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, "domain.com")
+
+    get "/", env: {
+      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" => "sub.domain.com",
+      "HOST" => "domain.com",
+    }
+
+    assert_response :forbidden
+    assert_match "Blocked host: sub.domain.com", response.body
+  end
+
+  test "forwarded hosts are allowed when permitted" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization.new(App, ".domain.com")
+
+    get "/", env: {
+      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" => "sub.domain.com",
+      "HOST" => "domain.com",
+    }
+
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal "Success", body
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
index a9a56f205f..f2459112b2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
@@ -51,18 +51,24 @@ module ActionController
         assert_equal ["omg"], @response.body_parts
       end
 
-      def test_cache_control_is_set
+      def test_cache_control_is_set_by_default
         @response.stream.write "omg"
         assert_equal "no-cache", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
       end
 
+      def test_cache_control_is_set_manually
+        @response.set_header("Cache-Control", "public")
+        @response.stream.write "omg"
+        assert_equal "public", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+      end
+
       def test_content_length_is_removed
         @response.headers["Content-Length"] = "1234"
         @response.stream.write "omg"
         assert_nil @response.headers["Content-Length"]
       end
 
-      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_webserver_reads
+      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_web_server_reads
         @response.stream.write "omg"
         latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
index 5f43e5a3c5..c534e60c74 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,24 @@
 require "abstract_unit"
 
 class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class FooMiddleware; end
-  class BarMiddleware; end
-  class BazMiddleware; end
-  class HiyaMiddleware; end
-  class BlockMiddleware
+  class Base
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      @app.call(env)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class FooMiddleware < Base; end
+  class BarMiddleware < Base; end
+  class BazMiddleware < Base; end
+  class HiyaMiddleware < Base; end
+  class BlockMiddleware < Base
     attr_reader :block
-    def initialize(&block)
+    def initialize(app, &block)
+      super(app)
       @block = block
     end
   end
@@ -109,6 +120,24 @@ class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @stack.last, @stack.last
   end
 
+  test "instruments the execution of middlewares" do
+    events = []
+
+    subscriber = proc do |*args|
+      events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(subscriber, "process_middleware.action_dispatch") do
+      app = @stack.build(proc { |env| [200, {}, []] })
+
+      env = {}
+      app.call(env)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 2, events.count
+    assert_equal ["MiddlewareStackTest::BarMiddleware", "MiddlewareStackTest::FooMiddleware"], events.map { |e| e.payload[:middleware] }
+  end
+
   test "includes a middleware" do
     assert_equal true, @stack.include?(ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack::Middleware.new(BarMiddleware, nil, nil))
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
index fa264417e1..50f6c06fee 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
@@ -96,57 +96,47 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "custom type" do
-    begin
-      type = Mime::Type.register("image/foo", :foo)
-      assert_equal type, Mime[:foo]
-    ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:foo)
-    end
+    type = Mime::Type.register("image/foo", :foo)
+    assert_equal type, Mime[:foo]
+  ensure
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:foo)
   end
 
   test "custom type with type aliases" do
-    begin
-      Mime::Type.register "text/foobar", :foobar, ["text/foo", "text/bar"]
-      %w[text/foobar text/foo text/bar].each do |type|
-        assert_equal Mime[:foobar], type
-      end
-    ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
+    Mime::Type.register "text/foobar", :foobar, ["text/foo", "text/bar"]
+    %w[text/foobar text/foo text/bar].each do |type|
+      assert_equal Mime[:foobar], type
     end
+  ensure
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
   end
 
   test "register callbacks" do
-    begin
-      registered_mimes = []
-      Mime::Type.register_callback do |mime|
-        registered_mimes << mime
-      end
-
-      mime = Mime::Type.register("text/foo", :foo)
-      assert_equal [mime], registered_mimes
-    ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:foo)
+    registered_mimes = []
+    Mime::Type.register_callback do |mime|
+      registered_mimes << mime
     end
+
+    mime = Mime::Type.register("text/foo", :foo)
+    assert_equal [mime], registered_mimes
+  ensure
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:foo)
   end
 
   test "custom type with extension aliases" do
-    begin
-      Mime::Type.register "text/foobar", :foobar, [], [:foo, "bar"]
-      %w[foobar foo bar].each do |extension|
-        assert_equal Mime[:foobar], Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP[extension]
-      end
-    ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
+    Mime::Type.register "text/foobar", :foobar, [], [:foo, "bar"]
+    %w[foobar foo bar].each do |extension|
+      assert_equal Mime[:foobar], Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP[extension]
     end
+  ensure
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
   end
 
   test "register alias" do
-    begin
-      Mime::Type.register_alias "application/xhtml+xml", :foobar
-      assert_equal Mime[:html], Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP["foobar"]
-    ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
-    end
+    Mime::Type.register_alias "application/xhtml+xml", :foobar
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP["foobar"]
+  ensure
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
   end
 
   test "type should be equal to symbol" do
@@ -184,4 +174,51 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not (Mime[:js] !~ "application/javascript")
     assert Mime[:html] =~ "application/xhtml+xml"
   end
+
+  test "can be initialized with wildcards" do
+    assert_equal "*/*", Mime::Type.new("*/*").to_s
+    assert_equal "text/*", Mime::Type.new("text/*").to_s
+    assert_equal "video/*", Mime::Type.new("video/*").to_s
+  end
+
+  test "can be initialized with parameters" do
+    assert_equal "text/html; parameter", Mime::Type.new("text/html; parameter").to_s
+    assert_equal "text/html; parameter=abc", Mime::Type.new("text/html; parameter=abc").to_s
+    assert_equal 'text/html; parameter="abc"', Mime::Type.new('text/html; parameter="abc"').to_s
+    assert_equal 'text/html; parameter=abc; parameter2="xyz"', Mime::Type.new('text/html; parameter=abc; parameter2="xyz"').to_s
+  end
+
+  test "invalid mime types raise error" do
+    assert_raises Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType do
+      Mime::Type.new("too/many/slash")
+    end
+
+    assert_raises Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType do
+      Mime::Type.new("missingslash")
+    end
+
+    assert_raises Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType do
+      Mime::Type.new("improper/semicolon;")
+    end
+
+    assert_raises Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType do
+      Mime::Type.new('improper/semicolon; parameter=abc; parameter2="xyz";')
+    end
+
+    assert_raises Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType do
+      Mime::Type.new("text/html, text/plain")
+    end
+
+    assert_raises Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType do
+      Mime::Type.new("*/html")
+    end
+
+    assert_raises Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType do
+      Mime::Type.new("")
+    end
+
+    assert_raises Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType do
+      Mime::Type.new(nil)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
index f6cf653980..758cee9930 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     }
 
     mount SprocketsApp, at: "/sprockets"
+    mount SprocketsApp, at: "/star*"
     mount SprocketsApp => "/shorthand"
 
     mount SinatraLikeApp, at: "/fakeengine", as: :fake
@@ -58,6 +59,14 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_mounting_at_root_path
     get "/omg"
     assert_equal " -- /omg", response.body
+
+    get "/~omg"
+    assert_equal " -- /~omg", response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mounting_at_path_with_non_word_character
+    get "/star*/omg"
+    assert_equal "/star* -- /omg", response.body
   end
 
   def test_mounting_sets_script_name
@@ -80,6 +89,12 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "/shorthand -- /omg", response.body
   end
 
+  def test_mounting_does_not_match_similar_paths
+    get "/shorthandomg"
+    assert_not_equal "/shorthand -- /omg", response.body
+    assert_equal " -- /shorthandomg", response.body
+  end
+
   def test_mounting_works_with_via
     get "/getfake"
     assert_equal "OK", response.body
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
index 7a7a201b11..63c147cb1b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
@@ -151,17 +151,17 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
     include BlogEngine.routes.mounted_helpers
 
     # Inside Engine
-    test "[ENGINE] generating engine's url use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+    test "[ENGINE] generating engine's URL use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/pure-awesomeness/blog/posts/1"
       assert_equal "/pure-awesomeness/blog/posts/1", response.body
     end
 
-    test "[ENGINE] generating application's url never uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+    test "[ENGINE] generating application's URL never uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/pure-awesomeness/blog/url_to_application"
       assert_equal "/generate", response.body
     end
 
-    test "[ENGINE] generating engine's url with polymorphic path" do
+    test "[ENGINE] generating engine's URL with polymorphic path" do
       get "/pure-awesomeness/blog/polymorphic_path_for_engine"
       assert_equal "/pure-awesomeness/blog/posts/1", response.body
     end
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       assert_equal "/something/awesome/blog/posts/1", response.body
     end
 
-    test "[APP] generating engine's url with polymorphic path" do
+    test "[APP] generating engine's URL with polymorphic path" do
       get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine"
       assert_equal "/awesome/blog/posts/1", response.body
     end
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       assert_equal "/posts/1", response.body
     end
 
-    test "[APP] generating engine's url with url_for(@post)" do
+    test "[APP] generating engine's URL with url_for(@post)" do
       get "/polymorphic_with_url_for"
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/awesome/blog/posts/1", response.body
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
index beab8e78b5..2a48a12497 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -74,17 +74,15 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "occurring a parse error if parsing unsuccessful" do
     with_test_routing do
-      begin
-        $stderr = StringIO.new # suppress the log
-        json = "[\"person]\": {\"name\": \"David\"}}"
-        exception = assert_raise(ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters::ParseError) do
-          post "/parse", params: json, headers: { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json", "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
-        end
-        assert_equal JSON::ParserError, exception.cause.class
-        assert_equal exception.cause.message, exception.message
-      ensure
-        $stderr = STDERR
+      $stderr = StringIO.new # suppress the log
+      json = "[\"person]\": {\"name\": \"David\"}}"
+      exception = assert_raise(ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters::ParseError) do
+        post "/parse", params: json, headers: { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json", "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
+      assert_equal JSON::ParserError, exception.cause.class
+      assert_equal exception.cause.message, exception.message
+    ensure
+      $stderr = STDERR
     end
   end
 
@@ -157,31 +155,27 @@ class RootLessJSONParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "parses json params after custom json mime type registered" do
-    begin
-      Mime::Type.unregister :json
-      Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w(application/vnd.rails+json)
-      assert_parses(
-        { "user" => { "username" => "meinac" }, "username" => "meinac" },
-        "{\"username\": \"meinac\"}", "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json"
-      )
-    ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister :json
-      Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w( text/x-json application/jsonrequest )
-    end
+    Mime::Type.unregister :json
+    Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w(application/vnd.rails+json)
+    assert_parses(
+      { "user" => { "username" => "meinac" }, "username" => "meinac" },
+      "{\"username\": \"meinac\"}", "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json"
+    )
+  ensure
+    Mime::Type.unregister :json
+    Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w( text/x-json application/jsonrequest )
   end
 
   test "parses json params after custom json mime type registered with synonym" do
-    begin
-      Mime::Type.unregister :json
-      Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w(application/vnd.rails+json)
-      assert_parses(
-        { "user" => { "username" => "meinac" }, "username" => "meinac" },
-        "{\"username\": \"meinac\"}", "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/vnd.rails+json"
-      )
-    ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister :json
-      Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w( text/x-json application/jsonrequest )
-    end
+    Mime::Type.unregister :json
+    Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w(application/vnd.rails+json)
+    assert_parses(
+      { "user" => { "username" => "meinac" }, "username" => "meinac" },
+      "{\"username\": \"meinac\"}", "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/vnd.rails+json"
+    )
+  ensure
+    Mime::Type.unregister :json
+    Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w( text/x-json application/jsonrequest )
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
index 9df4712dab..036180c297 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ class RequestIdTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def stub_request(env = {})
       ActionDispatch::RequestId.new(lambda { |environment| [ 200, environment, [] ] }).call(env)
       ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
@@ -58,7 +57,6 @@ class RequestIdResponseTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   private
-
     def with_test_route_set
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
index 9d1246b3a4..0ec8dd25e0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ class RequestPath < BaseRequestTest
     assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
   end
 
-  test "original_url returns url built using ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
+  test "original_url returns URL built using ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
     request = stub_request("ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" => "/foo?bar",
                            "HTTP_HOST"         => "example.org",
                            "rack.url_scheme"   => "http")
@@ -681,7 +681,6 @@ end
 class RequestMethod < BaseRequestTest
   test "method returns environment's request method when it has not been
     overridden by middleware".squish do
-
     ActionDispatch::Request::HTTP_METHODS.each do |method|
       request = stub_request("REQUEST_METHOD" => method)
 
@@ -763,7 +762,6 @@ class RequestMethod < BaseRequestTest
 
   test "post uneffected by local inflections" do
     existing_acronyms = ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.acronyms.dup
-    assert_deprecated { ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.acronym_regex.dup }
     begin
       ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
         inflect.acronym "POS"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
index 0f37d074af..ed64d89902 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_each_isnt_called_if_str_body_is_written
     # Controller writes and reads response body
     each_counter = 0
-    @response.body = Object.new.tap { |o| o.singleton_class.send(:define_method, :each) { |&block| each_counter += 1; block.call "foo" } }
+    @response.body = Object.new.tap { |o| o.singleton_class.define_method(:each) { |&block| each_counter += 1; block.call "foo" } }
     @response["X-Foo"] = @response.body
 
     assert_equal 1, each_counter, "#each was not called once"
@@ -290,8 +290,8 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     resp.to_a
 
     assert_equal("utf-16", resp.charset)
-    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], resp.content_type)
-
+    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], resp.media_type)
+    assert_equal("application/xml; charset=utf-16", resp.content_type)
     assert_equal("application/xml; charset=utf-16", resp.headers["Content-Type"])
   end
 
@@ -503,8 +503,8 @@ class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_response :success
 
     assert_equal("utf-16", @response.charset)
-    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], @response.content_type)
-
+    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], @response.media_type)
+    assert_equal("application/xml; charset=utf-16", @response.content_type)
     assert_equal("application/xml; charset=utf-16", @response.headers["Content-Type"])
   end
 
@@ -519,8 +519,8 @@ class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_response :success
 
     assert_equal("utf-16", @response.charset)
-    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], @response.content_type)
-
+    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], @response.media_type)
+    assert_equal("application/xml; charset=utf-16", @response.content_type)
     assert_equal("application/xml; charset=utf-16", @response.headers["Content-Type"])
   end
 
@@ -539,4 +539,87 @@ class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal('"202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70"', @response.headers["ETag"])
     assert_equal('"202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70"', @response.etag)
   end
+
+  test "response Content-Type with optional parameters" do
+    @app = lambda { |env|
+      [
+        200,
+        { "Content-Type" => "text/csv; charset=utf-16; header=present" },
+        ["Hello"]
+      ]
+    }
+
+    get "/"
+    assert_response :success
+
+    assert_equal("text/csv; charset=utf-16; header=present", @response.headers["Content-Type"])
+    assert_equal("text/csv; charset=utf-16; header=present", @response.content_type)
+    assert_equal("text/csv", @response.media_type)
+    assert_equal("utf-16", @response.charset)
+  end
+
+  test "response Content-Type with optional parameters that set before charset" do
+    @app = lambda { |env|
+      [
+        200,
+        { "Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16" },
+        ["Hello"]
+      ]
+    }
+
+    get "/"
+    assert_response :success
+
+    assert_equal("text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16", @response.headers["Content-Type"])
+    assert_equal("text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16", @response.content_type)
+    assert_equal("text/csv", @response.media_type)
+    assert_equal("utf-16", @response.charset)
+  end
+
+  test "response Content-Type with quoted-string" do
+    @app = lambda { |env|
+      [
+        200,
+        { "Content-Type" => 'text/csv; header=present; charset="utf-16"' },
+        ["Hello"]
+      ]
+    }
+
+    get "/"
+    assert_response :success
+
+    assert_equal('text/csv; header=present; charset="utf-16"', @response.headers["Content-Type"])
+    assert_equal('text/csv; header=present; charset="utf-16"', @response.content_type)
+    assert_equal("text/csv", @response.media_type)
+    assert_equal("utf-16", @response.charset)
+  end
+
+  test "`content type` returns header that excludes `charset` when specified `return_only_media_type_on_content_type`" do
+    original = ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type
+    ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type = true
+
+    @app = lambda { |env|
+      if env["PATH_INFO"] == "/with_parameters"
+        [200, { "Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16" }, [""]]
+      else
+        [200, { "Content-Type" => "text/csv; charset=utf-16" }, [""]]
+      end
+    }
+
+    get "/"
+    assert_response :success
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal("text/csv", @response.content_type)
+    end
+
+    get "/with_parameters"
+    assert_response :success
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal("text/csv; header=present", @response.content_type)
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type = original
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/non_dispatch_routed_app_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/non_dispatch_routed_app_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..676a8c38d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/non_dispatch_routed_app_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Routing
+    class NonDispatchRoutedAppTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+      # For example, Grape::API
+      class SimpleApp
+        def self.call(env)
+          [ 200, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, [] ]
+        end
+
+        def self.routes
+          []
+        end
+      end
+
+      setup { @app = SimpleApp }
+
+      test "does not except" do
+        get "/foo"
+        assert_response :success
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
index e61d47b160..e6a2c35798 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_not empty?
       end
 
-      test "url helpers are added when route is added" do
+      test "URL helpers are added when route is added" do
         draw do
           get "foo", to: SimpleApp.new("foo#index")
         end
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal "/bar", url_helpers.bar_path
       end
 
-      test "url helpers are updated when route is updated" do
+      test "URL helpers are updated when route is updated" do
         draw do
           get "bar", to: SimpleApp.new("bar#index"), as: :bar
         end
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal "/baz", url_helpers.bar_path
       end
 
-      test "url helpers are removed when route is removed" do
+      test "URL helpers are removed when route is removed" do
         draw do
           get "foo", to: SimpleApp.new("foo#index")
           get "bar", to: SimpleApp.new("bar#index")
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
index affc2d8497..b67b1dd347 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
@@ -2200,6 +2200,37 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "cards#destroy", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_false_inside_nested_shallow_resource
+    draw do
+      resources :blogs, shallow: true do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: false
+          resources :tags
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get "/posts/1/comments"
+    assert_equal "comments#index", @response.body
+    assert_equal "/posts/1/comments", post_comments_path("1")
+
+    get "/posts/1/comments/new"
+    assert_equal "comments#new", @response.body
+    assert_equal "/posts/1/comments/new", new_post_comment_path("1")
+
+    get "/posts/1/comments/2"
+    assert_equal "comments#show", @response.body
+    assert_equal "/posts/1/comments/2", post_comment_path("1", "2")
+
+    get "/posts/1/comments/2/edit"
+    assert_equal "comments#edit", @response.body
+    assert_equal "/posts/1/comments/2/edit", edit_post_comment_path("1", "2")
+
+    get "/tags/3"
+    assert_equal "tags#show", @response.body
+    assert_equal "/tags/3", tag_path("3")
+  end
+
   def test_shallow_deeply_nested_resources
     draw do
       resources :blogs do
@@ -3338,13 +3369,23 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "0c0c0b68-d24b-11e1-a861-001ff3fffe6f", @request.params[:download]
   end
 
-  def test_action_from_path_is_not_frozen
+  def test_colon_containing_custom_param
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        resources :profiles, param: "username/:is_admin"
+      end
+    }
+
+    assert_match(/:param option can't contain colon/, ex.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_action_from_path_is_frozen
     draw do
       get "search" => "search"
     end
 
     get "/search"
-    assert_not_predicate @request.params[:action], :frozen?
+    assert_predicate @request.params[:action], :frozen?
   end
 
   def test_multiple_positional_args_with_the_same_name
@@ -3698,15 +3739,25 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def test_multiple_roots
+  def test_multiple_roots_raises_error
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        root "pages#index", constraints: { host: "www.example.com" }
+        root "admin/pages#index", constraints: { host: "admin.example.com" }
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Invalid route name, already in use: 'root'/, ex.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_named_roots
     draw do
       namespace :foo do
         root "pages#index", constraints: { host: "www.example.com" }
-        root "admin/pages#index", constraints: { host: "admin.example.com" }
+        root "admin/pages#index", constraints: { host: "admin.example.com" }, as: :admin_root
       end
 
       root "pages#index", constraints: { host: "www.example.com" }
-      root "admin/pages#index", constraints: { host: "admin.example.com" }
+      root "admin/pages#index", constraints: { host: "admin.example.com" },  as: :admin_root
     end
 
     get "http://www.example.com/foo"
@@ -3759,7 +3810,6 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
 private
-
   def draw(&block)
     self.class.stub_controllers do |routes|
       routes.default_url_options = { host: "www.example.com" }
@@ -4372,7 +4422,7 @@ class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
 
-  test "url helpers do not ignore nil parameters when using non-optimized routes" do
+  test "URL helpers do not ignore nil parameters when using non-optimized routes" do
     Routes.stub :optimize_routes_generation?, false do
       get "/categories/1"
       assert_response :success
@@ -4744,7 +4794,7 @@ class TestUrlGenerationErrors < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
 
-  test "url helpers raise a 'missing keys' error for a nil param with optimized helpers" do
+  test "URL helpers raise a 'missing keys' error for a nil param with optimized helpers" do
     url, missing = { action: "show", controller: "products", id: nil }, [:id]
     message = "No route matches #{url.inspect}, missing required keys: #{missing.inspect}"
 
@@ -4752,7 +4802,7 @@ class TestUrlGenerationErrors < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal message, error.message
   end
 
-  test "url helpers raise a 'constraint failure' error for a nil param with non-optimized helpers" do
+  test "URL helpers raise a 'constraint failure' error for a nil param with non-optimized helpers" do
     url, missing = { action: "show", controller: "products", id: nil }, [:id]
     message = "No route matches #{url.inspect}, possible unmatched constraints: #{missing.inspect}"
 
@@ -4760,15 +4810,15 @@ class TestUrlGenerationErrors < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal message, error.message
   end
 
-  test "url helpers raise message with mixed parameters when generation fails" do
+  test "URL helpers raise message with mixed parameters when generation fails" do
     url, missing = { action: "show", controller: "products", id: nil, "id" => "url-tested" }, [:id]
     message = "No route matches #{url.inspect}, possible unmatched constraints: #{missing.inspect}"
 
-    # Optimized url helper
+    # Optimized URL helper
     error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) { product_path(nil, "id" => "url-tested") }
     assert_equal message, error.message
 
-    # Non-optimized url helper
+    # Non-optimized URL helper
     error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message) { product_path(id: nil, "id" => "url-tested") }
     assert_equal message, error.message
   end
@@ -4902,12 +4952,52 @@ class TestPartialDynamicPathSegments < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_params(params)
       assert_equal(params, request.path_parameters)
     end
 end
 
+class TestOptionalScopesWithOrWithoutParams < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
+    app.draw do
+      scope module: "test_optional_scopes_with_or_without_params" do
+        scope "(:locale)", locale: /en|es/ do
+          get "home", to: "home#index"
+          get "with_param/:foo", to: "home#with_param", as: "with_param"
+          get "without_param", to: "home#without_param"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HomeController < ActionController::Base
+    include Routes.url_helpers
+
+    def index
+      render inline: "<%= with_param_path(foo: 'bar') %> | <%= without_param_path %>"
+    end
+
+    def with_param; end
+    def without_param; end
+  end
+
+  APP = build_app Routes
+
+  def app
+    APP
+  end
+
+  def test_stays_unscoped_with_or_without_params
+    get "/home"
+    assert_equal "/with_param/bar | /without_param", response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_preserves_scope_with_or_without_params
+    get "/es/home"
+    assert_equal "/es/with_param/bar | /es/without_param", response.body
+  end
+end
+
 class TestPathParameters < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
     app.draw do
@@ -4981,8 +5071,12 @@ end
 
 class FlashRedirectTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   SessionKey = "_myapp_session"
-  Generator  = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33")
-  Rotations  = ActiveSupport::Messages::RotationConfiguration.new
+  Generator = ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(
+    ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", iterations: 1000)
+  )
+  Rotations = ActiveSupport::Messages::RotationConfiguration.new
+  SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT = "signed cookie"
+  ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT = "signed encrypted cookie"
 
   class KeyGeneratorMiddleware
     def initialize(app)
@@ -4992,6 +5086,8 @@ class FlashRedirectTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def call(env)
       env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
       env["action_dispatch.cookies_rotations"] ||= Rotations
+      env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"] = SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT
+      env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT
 
       @app.call(env)
     end
@@ -5086,7 +5182,6 @@ class TestRecognizePath < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   private
-
     def recognize_path(*args)
       Routes.recognize_path(*args)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
index e34426a471..b6f83f4062 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
@@ -379,7 +379,6 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   private
-
     # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
     def get(path, *args)
       args[0] ||= {}
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
index 9b51ee1cad..ac685a7dca 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
@@ -38,8 +38,9 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   begin
     require "dalli"
-    ss = Dalli::Client.new("localhost:11211").stats
-    raise Dalli::DalliError unless ss["localhost:11211"]
+    servers = ENV["MEMCACHE_SERVERS"] || "localhost:11211"
+    ss = Dalli::Client.new(servers).stats
+    raise Dalli::DalliError unless ss[servers]
 
     def test_setting_and_getting_session_value
       with_test_route_set do
@@ -195,7 +196,9 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
-          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore, key: "_session_id", namespace: "mem_cache_store_test:#{SecureRandom.hex(10)}"
+          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore,
+            key: "_session_id", namespace: "mem_cache_store_test:#{SecureRandom.hex(10)}",
+            memcache_server: ENV["MEMCACHE_SERVERS"] || "localhost:11211"
           middleware.delete ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
index b69071b44b..6fafa4e426 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       case req.path
       when "/not_found"
         raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound
+      when "/invalid_mimetype"
+        raise Mime::Type::InvalidMimeType
       when "/bad_params", "/bad_params.json"
         begin
           raise StandardError.new
@@ -36,32 +38,36 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "skip exceptions app if not showing exceptions" do
     @app = ProductionApp
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get "/", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
+      get "/", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
     end
   end
 
   test "rescue with error page" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 500
     assert_equal "500 error fixture\n", body
 
-    get "/bad_params", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/bad_params", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 400
     assert_equal "400 error fixture\n", body
 
-    get "/not_found", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/not_found", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_equal "404 error fixture\n", body
 
-    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/method_not_allowed", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
 
-    get "/unknown_http_method", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/unknown_http_method", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
+
+    get "/invalid_mimetype", headers: { "Accept" => "text/html,*", "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    assert_response 406
+    assert_equal "", body
   end
 
   test "localize rescue error page" do
@@ -70,11 +76,11 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     begin
       @app = ProductionApp
 
-      get "/", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+      get "/", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
       assert_response 500
       assert_equal "500 localized error fixture\n", body
 
-      get "/not_found", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+      get "/not_found", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
       assert_response 404
       assert_equal "404 error fixture\n", body
     ensure
@@ -85,14 +91,14 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "sets the HTTP charset parameter" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
   end
 
   test "show registered original exception for wrapped exceptions" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/not_found_original_exception", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_match(/404 error/, body)
   end
@@ -106,7 +112,7 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     @app = ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions.new(Boomer.new, exceptions_app)
-    get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/not_found_original_exception", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_equal "YOU FAILED", body
   end
@@ -117,7 +123,7 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     @app = ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions.new(Boomer.new, exceptions_app)
-    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/method_not_allowed", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
   end
@@ -125,12 +131,12 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "bad params exception is returned in the correct format" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/bad_params", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/bad_params", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
     assert_response 400
     assert_match(/400 error/, body)
 
-    get "/bad_params.json", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
+    get "/bad_params.json", env: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => true }
     assert_equal "application/json; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
     assert_response 400
     assert_equal("{\"status\":400,\"error\":\"Bad Request\"}", body)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
index d44aa00122..1f93d594a6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
@@ -232,7 +232,6 @@ module StaticTests
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_gzip(file_name, response)
       expected = File.read("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{public_path}" + file_name)
       actual   = ActiveSupport::Gzip.decompress(response.body)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/driver_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/driver_test.rb
index a824ee0c84..d3b16d0328 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/driver_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/driver_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "abstract_unit"
 require "action_dispatch/system_testing/driver"
+require "selenium/webdriver"
 
 class DriverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "initializing the driver" do
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ class DriverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     driver = ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:selenium, using: :headless_chrome, screen_size: [1400, 1400], options: { url: "http://example.com/wd/hub" })
     assert_equal :selenium, driver.instance_variable_get(:@name)
     assert_equal :headless_chrome, driver.instance_variable_get(:@browser).name
+    assert_instance_of Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Options, driver.instance_variable_get(:@browser).options
     assert_equal [1400, 1400], driver.instance_variable_get(:@screen_size)
     assert_equal ({ url: "http://example.com/wd/hub" }), driver.instance_variable_get(:@options)
   end
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ class DriverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     driver = ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:selenium, using: :headless_firefox, screen_size: [1400, 1400], options: { url: "http://example.com/wd/hub" })
     assert_equal :selenium, driver.instance_variable_get(:@name)
     assert_equal :headless_firefox, driver.instance_variable_get(:@browser).name
+    assert_instance_of Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Options, driver.instance_variable_get(:@browser).options
     assert_equal [1400, 1400], driver.instance_variable_get(:@screen_size)
     assert_equal ({ url: "http://example.com/wd/hub" }), driver.instance_variable_get(:@options)
   end
@@ -51,4 +54,83 @@ class DriverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "registerable? returns false if driver is rack_test" do
     assert_not ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:rack_test).send(:registerable?)
   end
+
+  test "define extra capabilities using chrome" do
+    driver_option = nil
+    driver = ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:selenium, screen_size: [1400, 1400], using: :chrome) do |option|
+      option.add_argument("start-maximized")
+      option.add_emulation(device_name: "iphone 6")
+      option.add_preference(:detach, true)
+
+      driver_option = option
+    end
+    driver.use
+
+    expected = { "goog:chromeOptions" => { args: ["start-maximized"], mobileEmulation: { deviceName: "iphone 6" }, prefs: { detach: true } } }
+    assert_equal expected, driver_option.as_json
+  end
+
+  test "define extra capabilities using headless_chrome" do
+    driver_option = nil
+    driver = ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:selenium, screen_size: [1400, 1400], using: :headless_chrome) do |option|
+      option.add_argument("start-maximized")
+      option.add_emulation(device_name: "iphone 6")
+      option.add_preference(:detach, true)
+
+      driver_option = option
+    end
+    driver.use
+
+    expected = { "goog:chromeOptions" => { args: ["start-maximized"], mobileEmulation: { deviceName: "iphone 6" }, prefs: { detach: true } } }
+    assert_equal expected, driver_option.as_json
+  end
+
+  test "define extra capabilities using firefox" do
+    driver_option = nil
+    driver = ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:selenium, screen_size: [1400, 1400], using: :firefox) do |option|
+      option.add_preference("browser.startup.homepage", "http://www.seleniumhq.com/")
+      option.add_argument("--host=127.0.0.1")
+
+      driver_option = option
+    end
+    driver.use
+
+    expected = { "moz:firefoxOptions" => { args: ["--host=127.0.0.1"], prefs: { "browser.startup.homepage" => "http://www.seleniumhq.com/" } } }
+    assert_equal expected, driver_option.as_json
+  end
+
+  test "define extra capabilities using headless_firefox" do
+    driver_option = nil
+    driver = ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:selenium, screen_size: [1400, 1400], using: :headless_firefox) do |option|
+      option.add_preference("browser.startup.homepage", "http://www.seleniumhq.com/")
+      option.add_argument("--host=127.0.0.1")
+
+      driver_option = option
+    end
+    driver.use
+
+    expected = { "moz:firefoxOptions" => { args: ["--host=127.0.0.1"], prefs: { "browser.startup.homepage" => "http://www.seleniumhq.com/" } } }
+    assert_equal expected, driver_option.as_json
+  end
+
+  test "does not define extra capabilities" do
+    driver = ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:selenium, screen_size: [1400, 1400], using: :firefox)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      driver.use
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloads browser's driver_path" do
+    called = false
+
+    original_driver_path = ::Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Service.driver_path
+    ::Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Service.driver_path = -> { called = true }
+
+    ActionDispatch::SystemTesting::Driver.new(:selenium, screen_size: [1400, 1400], using: :chrome)
+
+    assert called
+  ensure
+    ::Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Service.driver_path = original_driver_path
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/screenshot_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/screenshot_helper_test.rb
index de79c05657..b0b36f9d74 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/screenshot_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/screenshot_helper_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require "abstract_unit"
 require "action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper"
 require "capybara/dsl"
+require "selenium/webdriver"
 
 class ScreenshotHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "image path is saved in tmp directory" do
@@ -35,28 +36,34 @@ class ScreenshotHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "image name truncates names over 225 characters" do
+    new_test = DrivenBySeleniumWithChrome.new("x" * 400)
+
+    Rails.stub :root, Pathname.getwd do
+      assert_equal Rails.root.join("tmp/screenshots/#{"x" * 225}.png").to_s, new_test.send(:image_path)
+    end
+  end
+
   test "defaults to simple output for the screenshot" do
     new_test = DrivenBySeleniumWithChrome.new("x")
     assert_equal "simple", new_test.send(:output_type)
   end
 
   test "display_image return artifact format when specify RAILS_SYSTEM_TESTING_SCREENSHOT environment" do
-    begin
-      original_output_type = ENV["RAILS_SYSTEM_TESTING_SCREENSHOT"]
-      ENV["RAILS_SYSTEM_TESTING_SCREENSHOT"] = "artifact"
+    original_output_type = ENV["RAILS_SYSTEM_TESTING_SCREENSHOT"]
+    ENV["RAILS_SYSTEM_TESTING_SCREENSHOT"] = "artifact"
 
-      new_test = DrivenBySeleniumWithChrome.new("x")
+    new_test = DrivenBySeleniumWithChrome.new("x")
 
-      assert_equal "artifact", new_test.send(:output_type)
+    assert_equal "artifact", new_test.send(:output_type)
 
-      Rails.stub :root, Pathname.getwd do
-        new_test.stub :passed?, false do
-          assert_match %r|url=artifact://.+?tmp/screenshots/failures_x\.png|, new_test.send(:display_image)
-        end
+    Rails.stub :root, Pathname.getwd do
+      new_test.stub :passed?, false do
+        assert_match %r|url=artifact://.+?tmp/screenshots/failures_x\.png|, new_test.send(:display_image)
       end
-    ensure
-      ENV["RAILS_SYSTEM_TESTING_SCREENSHOT"] = original_output_type
     end
+  ensure
+    ENV["RAILS_SYSTEM_TESTING_SCREENSHOT"] = original_output_type
   end
 
   test "image path returns the absolute path from root" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/system_test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/system_test_case_test.rb
index b078a5abc5..3319db1665 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/system_test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/system_testing/system_test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "abstract_unit"
+require "selenium/webdriver"
 
 class SetDriverToRackTestTest < DrivenByRackTest
   test "uses rack_test" do
@@ -45,40 +46,3 @@ class SetHostTest < DrivenByRackTest
     assert_equal "http://example.com", Capybara.app_host
   end
 end
-
-class UndefMethodsTest < DrivenBySeleniumWithChrome
-  test "get" do
-    exception = assert_raise NoMethodError do
-      get "http://example.com"
-    end
-    assert_equal "System tests cannot make direct requests via #get; use #visit and #click_on instead. See http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master#The_DSL for more information.", exception.message
-  end
-
-  test "post" do
-    exception = assert_raise NoMethodError do
-      post "http://example.com"
-    end
-    assert_equal "System tests cannot make direct requests via #post; use #visit and #click_on instead. See http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master#The_DSL for more information.", exception.message
-  end
-
-  test "put" do
-    exception = assert_raise NoMethodError do
-      put "http://example.com"
-    end
-    assert_equal "System tests cannot make direct requests via #put; use #visit and #click_on instead. See http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master#The_DSL for more information.", exception.message
-  end
-
-  test "patch" do
-    exception = assert_raise NoMethodError do
-      patch "http://example.com"
-    end
-    assert_equal "System tests cannot make direct requests via #patch; use #visit and #click_on instead. See http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master#The_DSL for more information.", exception.message
-  end
-
-  test "delete" do
-    exception = assert_raise NoMethodError do
-      delete "http://example.com"
-    end
-    assert_equal "System tests cannot make direct requests via #delete; use #visit and #click_on instead. See http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master#The_DSL for more information.", exception.message
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_response_test.rb
index f0b8f7785d..2629a61057 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_response_test.rb
@@ -27,11 +27,4 @@ class TestResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     response = ActionDispatch::TestResponse.create(200, { "Content-Type" => "application/json" }, '{ "foo": "fighters" }')
     assert_equal({ "foo" => "fighters" }, response.parsed_body)
   end
-
-  test "response status aliases deprecated" do
-    response = ActionDispatch::TestResponse.create
-    assert_deprecated { response.success? }
-    assert_deprecated { response.missing? }
-    assert_deprecated { response.error? }
-  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
index 21169fcb5c..03e5274541 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "abstract_unit"
+require "tempfile"
+require "stringio"
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class UploadedFileTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -11,109 +13,118 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def test_original_filename
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: "foo", tempfile: Object.new)
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: "foo", tempfile: Tempfile.new)
       assert_equal "foo", uf.original_filename
     end
 
     def test_filename_is_different_object
       file_str = "foo"
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: file_str, tempfile: Object.new)
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: file_str, tempfile: Tempfile.new)
       assert_not_equal file_str.object_id, uf.original_filename.object_id
     end
 
     def test_filename_should_be_in_utf_8
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: "foo", tempfile: Object.new)
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: "foo", tempfile: Tempfile.new)
       assert_equal "UTF-8", uf.original_filename.encoding.to_s
     end
 
     def test_filename_should_always_be_in_utf_8
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: "foo".encode(Encoding::SHIFT_JIS),
-                                  tempfile: Object.new)
+                                  tempfile: Tempfile.new)
       assert_equal "UTF-8", uf.original_filename.encoding.to_s
     end
 
     def test_content_type
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(type: "foo", tempfile: Object.new)
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(type: "foo", tempfile: Tempfile.new)
       assert_equal "foo", uf.content_type
     end
 
     def test_headers
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(head: "foo", tempfile: Object.new)
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(head: "foo", tempfile: Tempfile.new)
       assert_equal "foo", uf.headers
     end
 
     def test_tempfile
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: "foo")
-      assert_equal "foo", uf.tempfile
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      assert_equal tf, uf.tempfile
     end
 
-    def test_to_io_returns_the_tempfile
-      tf = Object.new
+    def test_to_io_returns_file
+      tf = Tempfile.new
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
-      assert_equal tf, uf.to_io
+      assert_equal tf.to_io, uf.to_io
     end
 
     def test_delegates_path_to_tempfile
-      tf = Class.new { def path; "thunderhorse" end }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_equal "thunderhorse", uf.path
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      assert_equal tf.path, uf.path
     end
 
     def test_delegates_open_to_tempfile
-      tf = Class.new { def open; "thunderhorse" end }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_equal "thunderhorse", uf.open
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      tf.close
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      assert_equal tf, uf.open
+      assert_not tf.closed?
     end
 
     def test_delegates_close_to_tempfile
-      tf = Class.new { def close(unlink_now = false); "thunderhorse" end }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_equal "thunderhorse", uf.close
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      uf.close
+      assert tf.closed?
     end
 
     def test_close_accepts_parameter
-      tf = Class.new { def close(unlink_now = false); "thunderhorse: #{unlink_now}" end }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_equal "thunderhorse: true", uf.close(true)
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      uf.close(true)
+      assert tf.closed?
+      assert_nil tf.path
     end
 
     def test_delegates_read_to_tempfile
-      tf = Class.new { def read(length = nil, buffer = nil); "thunderhorse" end }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      tf << "thunderhorse"
+      tf.rewind
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
       assert_equal "thunderhorse", uf.read
     end
 
     def test_delegates_read_to_tempfile_with_params
-      tf = Class.new { def read(length = nil, buffer = nil); [length, buffer] end }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_equal %w{ thunder horse }, uf.read(*%w{ thunder horse })
-    end
-
-    def test_delegate_respects_respond_to?
-      tf = Class.new { def read; yield end; private :read }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
-        uf.read
-      end
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      tf << "thunderhorse"
+      tf.rewind
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      assert_equal "thunder", uf.read(7)
+      assert_equal "horse",   uf.read(5, String.new)
     end
 
     def test_delegate_eof_to_tempfile
-      tf = Class.new { def eof?; true end; }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_predicate uf, :eof?
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      tf << "thunderhorse"
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      assert_equal true, uf.eof?
+      tf.rewind
+      assert_equal false, uf.eof?
     end
 
     def test_delegate_to_path_to_tempfile
-      tf = Class.new { def to_path; "/any/file/path" end; }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_equal "/any/file/path", uf.to_path
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      assert_equal tf.to_path, uf.to_path
     end
 
-    def test_respond_to?
-      tf = Class.new { def read; yield end }
-      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf.new)
-      assert_respond_to uf, :headers
-      assert_respond_to uf, :read
+    def test_io_copy_stream
+      tf = Tempfile.new
+      tf << "thunderhorse"
+      tf.rewind
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(tempfile: tf)
+      result = StringIO.new
+      IO.copy_stream(uf, result)
+      assert_equal "thunderhorse", result.string
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
index 3e7aea57f1..77c19369b0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
@@ -34,17 +34,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         {
-          "/:controller(/:action)"       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:/([^/.?]+))?},
-          "/:controller/foo"             => %r{\A/(#{x})/foo},
-          "/:controller/:action"         => %r{\A/(#{x})/([^/.?]+)},
-          "/:controller"                 => %r{\A/(#{x})},
-          "/:controller(/:action(/:id))" => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:/([^/.?]+)(?:/([^/.?]+))?)?},
-          "/:controller/:action.xml"     => %r{\A/(#{x})/([^/.?]+)\.xml},
-          "/:controller.:format"         => %r{\A/(#{x})\.([^/.?]+)},
-          "/:controller(.:format)"       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:\.([^/.?]+))?},
-          "/:controller/*foo"            => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)},
-          "/:controller/*foo/bar"        => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)/bar},
-          "/:foo|*bar"                   => %r{\A/(?:([^/.?]+)|(.+))},
+          "/:controller(/:action)"       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:/([^/.?]+))?(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller/foo"             => %r{\A/(#{x})/foo(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller/:action"         => %r{\A/(#{x})/([^/.?]+)(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller"                 => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller(/:action(/:id))" => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:/([^/.?]+)(?:/([^/.?]+))?)?(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller/:action.xml"     => %r{\A/(#{x})/([^/.?]+)\.xml(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller.:format"         => %r{\A/(#{x})\.([^/.?]+)(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller(.:format)"       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:\.([^/.?]+))?(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller/*foo"            => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:controller/*foo/bar"        => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)/bar(?:\b|\Z|/)},
+          "/:foo|*bar"                   => %r{\A/(?:([^/.?]+)|(.+))(?:\b|\Z|/)},
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_to_non_anchored_regexp_#{Regexp.escape(path)}") do
             path = Pattern.build(
@@ -280,6 +280,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
           assert_equal "list", match[1]
           assert_equal "rss", match[2]
         end
+
+        def test_named_captures
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+
+          uri = "/books/list.rss"
+          match = path =~ uri
+          named_captures = { "action" => "list", "format" => "rss" }
+          assert_equal named_captures, match.named_captures
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
index 092177d315..e55ed92cc8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-
           def assert_tokens(expected_tokens, scanner, pattern)
             actual_tokens = []
             while token = scanner.next_token
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
index a8bf4a11e2..8828201e4f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         app      = Object.new
         path     = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))"
         defaults = {}
-        route    = Route.build("name", app, path, {}, [], defaults)
+        route    = Route.new(name: "name", app: app, path: path, defaults: defaults)
 
         assert_equal app, route.app
         assert_equal path, route.path
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_route_adds_itself_as_memo
-        app      = Object.new
-        path     = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))"
-        defaults = {}
-        route    = Route.build("name", app, path, {}, [], defaults)
+        app   = Object.new
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))"
+        route = Route.new(name: "name", app: app, path: path)
 
         route.ast.grep(Nodes::Terminal).each do |node|
           assert_equal route, node.memo
@@ -28,30 +27,30 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_path_requirements_override_defaults
-        path = Path::Pattern.build(":name", { name: /love/ }, "/", true)
-        defaults  = { name: "tender" }
-        route     = Route.build("name", nil, path, {}, [], defaults)
+        path     = Path::Pattern.build(":name", { name: /love/ }, "/", true)
+        defaults = { name: "tender" }
+        route    = Route.new(name: "name", path: path, defaults: defaults)
         assert_equal(/love/, route.requirements[:name])
       end
 
       def test_ip_address
         path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/messages/:id(.:format)"
-        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, { ip: "192.168.1.1" }, [],
-                          controller: "foo", action: "bar")
+        route = Route.new(name: "name", path: path, constraints: { ip: "192.168.1.1" },
+                          defaults: { controller: "foo", action: "bar" })
         assert_equal "192.168.1.1", route.ip
       end
 
       def test_default_ip
         path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/messages/:id(.:format)"
-        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {}, [],
-                          controller: "foo", action: "bar")
+        route = Route.new(name: "name", path: path,
+                          defaults: { controller: "foo", action: "bar" })
         assert_equal(//, route.ip)
       end
 
       def test_format_with_star
         path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller/*extra"
-        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {}, [],
-                          controller: "foo", action: "bar")
+        route = Route.new(name: "name", path: path,
+                          defaults: { controller: "foo", action: "bar" })
         assert_equal "/foo/himom", route.format(
           controller: "foo",
           extra: "himom")
@@ -59,7 +58,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_connects_all_match
         path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))"
-        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, { action: "bar" }, [], controller: "foo")
+        route = Route.new(name: "name", path: path, constraints: { action: "bar" },
+                          defaults: { controller: "foo" })
 
         assert_equal "/foo/bar/10", route.format(
           controller: "foo",
@@ -69,34 +69,33 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional
         path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/page/:id(/:action)"
-        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {}, [], action: "show")
+        route = Route.new(name: "name", path: path, defaults: { action: "show" })
 
         assert_equal "/page/10", route.format(id: 10)
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional_with_parameter
         path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "(/sections/:section)/pages/:id"
-        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {}, [], action: "show")
+        route = Route.new(name: "name", path: path, defaults: { action: "show" })
 
         assert_equal "/pages/10", route.format(id: 10)
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional_parameter_is_nil
         path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "(/sections/:section)/pages/:id"
-        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {}, [], action: "show")
+        route = Route.new(name: "name", path: path, defaults: { action: "show" })
 
         assert_equal "/pages/10", route.format(id: 10, section: nil)
       end
 
       def test_score
-        constraints = {}
         defaults = { controller: "pages", action: "show" }
 
         path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/page/:id(/:action)(.:format)"
-        specific = Route.build "name", nil, path, constraints, [:controller, :action], defaults
+        specific = Route.new name: "name", path: path, required_defaults: [:controller, :action], defaults: defaults
 
         path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)"
-        generic = Route.build "name", nil, path, constraints, [], {}
+        generic = Route.new name: "name", path: path
 
         knowledge = { "id" => true, "controller" => true, "action" => true }
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
index 1f4e14aef6..fe0e3a975b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_generate_missing_keys_no_matches_different_format_keys
         get "/:controller/:action/:name", to: "foo#bar"
-        primarty_parameters = {
+        primary_parameters = {
           id: 1,
           controller: "tasks",
           action: "show",
@@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         missing_parameters = {
           missing_key => "task_1"
         }
-        request_parameters = primarty_parameters.merge(redirection_parameters).merge(missing_parameters)
+        request_parameters = primary_parameters.merge(redirection_parameters).merge(missing_parameters)
 
-        message = "No route matches #{Hash[request_parameters.sort_by { |k, v|k.to_s }].inspect}, missing required keys: #{[missing_key.to_sym].inspect}"
+        message = "No route matches #{Hash[request_parameters.sort_by { |k, _|k.to_s }].inspect}, missing required keys: #{[missing_key.to_sym].inspect}"
 
         error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
           @formatter.generate(
@@ -503,7 +503,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-
         def get(*args)
           ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
             mapper.get(*args)
diff --git a/actiontext/.gitignore b/actiontext/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a67d93d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+/test/dummy/db/*.sqlite3
+/test/dummy/db/*.sqlite3-journal
+/test/dummy/log/*.log
+/test/dummy/public/packs-test
+/test/dummy/tmp/
+/tmp/
diff --git a/actiontext/CHANGELOG.md b/actiontext/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d28799279f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+*   The `fill_in_rich_text_area` system test helper locates a Trix editor and fills it in with the given HTML:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # <trix-editor id="message_content" ...></trix-editor>
+    fill_in_rich_text_area "message_content", with: "Hello <em>world!</em>"
+
+    # <trix-editor placeholder="Your message here" ...></trix-editor>
+    fill_in_rich_text_area "Your message here", with: "Hello <em>world!</em>"
+
+    # <trix-editor aria-label="Message content" ...></trix-editor>
+    fill_in_rich_text_area "Message content", with: "Hello <em>world!</em>"
+
+    # <input id="trix_input_1" name="message[content]" type="hidden">
+    # <trix-editor input="trix_input_1"></trix-editor>
+    fill_in_rich_text_area "message[content]", with: "Hello <em>world!</em>"
+    ```
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/actiontext/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actiontext/MIT-LICENSE b/actiontext/MIT-LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e28efa78e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2019 Basecamp, LLC
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/actiontext/README.md b/actiontext/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa1ad0153b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Action Text
+
+Action Text brings rich text content and editing to Rails. It includes the [Trix editor](https://trix-editor.org) that handles everything from formatting to links to quotes to lists to embedded images and galleries. The rich text content generated by the Trix editor is saved in its own RichText model that's associated with any existing Active Record model in the application. Any embedded images (or other attachments) are automatically stored using Active Storage and associated with the included RichText model.
+
+You can read more about Action Text in the [Action Text Overview](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/action_text_overview.html) guide.
+
+## License
+
+Action Text is released under the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
diff --git a/actiontext/Rakefile b/actiontext/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a759a22190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/setup"
+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+require "rake/testtask"
+
+task :package
+
+Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
+  t.libs << "test"
+  t.test_files = FileList["test/**/*_test.rb"].exclude("test/system/**/*", "test/dummy/**/*")
+  t.verbose = true
+end
+
+Rake::TestTask.new "test:system" do |t|
+  t.libs << "test"
+  t.test_files = FileList["test/system/**/*_test.rb"]
+  t.verbose = true
+end
+
+task default: :test
diff --git a/actiontext/actiontext.gemspec b/actiontext/actiontext.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5583178e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/actiontext.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+version = File.read(File.expand_path("../RAILS_VERSION", __dir__)).strip
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+  s.name        = "actiontext"
+  s.version     = version
+  s.summary     = "Rich text framework."
+  s.description = "Edit and display rich text in Rails applications."
+
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
+
+  s.license  = "MIT"
+
+  s.authors  = ["Javan Makhmali", "Sam Stephenson", "David Heinemeier Hansson"]
+  s.email    = ["javan@javan.us", "sstephenson@gmail.com", "david@loudthinking.com"]
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
+
+  s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.md", "lib/**/*", "app/**/*", "config/**/*", "db/**/*", "package.json"]
+  s.require_path = "lib"
+
+  s.metadata = {
+    "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/v#{version}/actiontext",
+    "changelog_uri"   => "https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/v#{version}/actiontext/CHANGELOG.md"
+  }
+
+  # NOTE: Please read our dependency guidelines before updating versions:
+  # https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#dependency-management-and-cves
+
+  s.add_dependency "activesupport", version
+  s.add_dependency "activerecord",  version
+  s.add_dependency "activestorage", version
+  s.add_dependency "actionpack",    version
+
+  s.add_dependency "nokogiri", ">= 1.8.5"
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/app/helpers/action_text/content_helper.rb b/actiontext/app/helpers/action_text/content_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed2887d865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/helpers/action_text/content_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rails-html-sanitizer"
+
+module ActionText
+  module ContentHelper
+    mattr_accessor(:sanitizer) { Rails::Html::Sanitizer.white_list_sanitizer.new }
+    mattr_accessor(:allowed_tags) { sanitizer.class.allowed_tags + [ ActionText::Attachment::TAG_NAME, "figure", "figcaption" ] }
+    mattr_accessor(:allowed_attributes) { sanitizer.class.allowed_attributes + ActionText::Attachment::ATTRIBUTES }
+    mattr_accessor(:scrubber)
+
+    def render_action_text_content(content)
+      sanitize_action_text_content(render_action_text_attachments(content))
+    end
+
+    def sanitize_action_text_content(content)
+      sanitizer.sanitize(content.to_html, tags: allowed_tags, attributes: allowed_attributes, scrubber: scrubber).html_safe
+    end
+
+    def render_action_text_attachments(content)
+      content.render_attachments do |attachment|
+        unless attachment.in?(content.gallery_attachments)
+          attachment.node.tap do |node|
+            node.inner_html = render(attachment, in_gallery: false).chomp
+          end
+        end
+      end.render_attachment_galleries do |attachment_gallery|
+        render(layout: attachment_gallery, object: attachment_gallery) do
+          attachment_gallery.attachments.map do |attachment|
+            attachment.node.inner_html = render(attachment, in_gallery: true).chomp
+            attachment.to_html
+          end.join("").html_safe
+        end.chomp
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/app/helpers/action_text/tag_helper.rb b/actiontext/app/helpers/action_text/tag_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1dc6202ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/helpers/action_text/tag_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable"
+
+module ActionText
+  module TagHelper
+    cattr_accessor(:id, instance_accessor: false) { 0 }
+
+    # Returns a +trix-editor+ tag that instantiates the Trix JavaScript editor as well as a hidden field
+    # that Trix will write to on changes, so the content will be sent on form submissions.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:class</tt> - Defaults to "trix-content" which ensures default styling is applied.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   rich_text_area_tag "content", message.content
+    #   # <input type="hidden" name="content" id="trix_input_post_1">
+    #   # <trix-editor id="content" input="trix_input_post_1" class="trix-content" ...></trix-editor>
+    def rich_text_area_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+      options[:input] ||= "trix_input_#{ActionText::TagHelper.id += 1}"
+      options[:class] ||= "trix-content"
+
+      options[:data] ||= {}
+      options[:data][:direct_upload_url] = main_app.rails_direct_uploads_url
+      options[:data][:blob_url_template] = main_app.rails_service_blob_url(":signed_id", ":filename")
+
+      editor_tag = content_tag("trix-editor", "", options)
+      input_tag = hidden_field_tag(name, value, id: options[:input])
+
+      input_tag + editor_tag
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module ActionView::Helpers
+  class Tags::ActionText < Tags::Base
+    include Tags::Placeholderable
+
+    delegate :dom_id, to: ActionView::RecordIdentifier
+
+    def render
+      options = @options.stringify_keys
+      add_default_name_and_id(options)
+      options["input"] ||= dom_id(object, [options["id"], :trix_input].compact.join("_")) if object
+      @template_object.rich_text_area_tag(options.delete("name"), editable_value, options)
+    end
+
+    def editable_value
+      value&.body.try(:to_trix_html)
+    end
+  end
+
+  module FormHelper
+    # Returns a +trix-editor+ tag that instantiates the Trix JavaScript editor as well as a hidden field
+    # that Trix will write to on changes, so the content will be sent on form submissions.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:class</tt> - Defaults to "trix-content" which ensures default styling is applied.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #   form_with(model: @message) do |form|
+    #     form.rich_text_area :content
+    #   end
+    #   # <input type="hidden" name="message[content]" id="message_content_trix_input_message_1">
+    #   # <trix-editor id="content" input="message_content_trix_input_message_1" class="trix-content" ...></trix-editor>
+    def rich_text_area(object_name, method, options = {})
+      Tags::ActionText.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+    end
+  end
+
+  class FormBuilder
+    def rich_text_area(method, options = {})
+      @template.rich_text_area(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options))
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/app/javascript/actiontext/attachment_upload.js b/actiontext/app/javascript/actiontext/attachment_upload.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77fbc97df6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/javascript/actiontext/attachment_upload.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { DirectUpload } from "@rails/activestorage"
+
+export class AttachmentUpload {
+  constructor(attachment, element) {
+    this.attachment = attachment
+    this.element = element
+    this.directUpload = new DirectUpload(attachment.file, this.directUploadUrl, this)
+  }
+
+  start() {
+    this.directUpload.create(this.directUploadDidComplete.bind(this))
+  }
+
+  directUploadWillStoreFileWithXHR(xhr) {
+    xhr.upload.addEventListener("progress", event => {
+      const progress = event.loaded / event.total * 100
+      this.attachment.setUploadProgress(progress)
+    })
+  }
+
+  directUploadDidComplete(error, attributes) {
+    if (error) {
+      throw new Error(`Direct upload failed: ${error}`)
+    }
+
+    this.attachment.setAttributes({
+      sgid: attributes.attachable_sgid,
+      url: this.createBlobUrl(attributes.signed_id, attributes.filename)
+    })
+  }
+
+  createBlobUrl(signedId, filename) {
+    return this.blobUrlTemplate
+      .replace(":signed_id", signedId)
+      .replace(":filename", encodeURIComponent(filename))
+  }
+
+  get directUploadUrl() {
+    return this.element.dataset.directUploadUrl
+  }
+
+  get blobUrlTemplate() {
+    return this.element.dataset.blobUrlTemplate
+  }
+}
diff --git a/actiontext/app/javascript/actiontext/index.js b/actiontext/app/javascript/actiontext/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e9251018a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/javascript/actiontext/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { AttachmentUpload } from "./attachment_upload"
+
+addEventListener("trix-attachment-add", event => {
+  const { attachment, target } = event
+
+  if (attachment.file) {
+    const upload = new AttachmentUpload(attachment, target)
+    upload.start()
+  }
+})
diff --git a/actiontext/app/models/action_text/rich_text.rb b/actiontext/app/models/action_text/rich_text.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a3ffdfa27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/models/action_text/rich_text.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  # The RichText record holds the content produced by the Trix editor in a serialized +body+ attribute.
+  # It also holds all the references to the embedded files, which are stored using Active Storage.
+  # This record is then associated with the Active Record model the application desires to have
+  # rich text content using the +has_rich_text+ class method.
+  class RichText < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "action_text_rich_texts"
+
+    serialize :body, ActionText::Content
+    delegate :to_s, :nil?, to: :body
+
+    belongs_to :record, polymorphic: true, touch: true
+    has_many_attached :embeds
+
+    before_save do
+      self.embeds = body.attachables.grep(ActiveStorage::Blob).uniq if body.present?
+    end
+
+    def to_plain_text
+      body&.to_plain_text.to_s
+    end
+
+    delegate :blank?, :empty?, :present?, to: :to_plain_text
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :action_text_rich_text, ActionText::RichText
diff --git a/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachables/_missing_attachable.html.erb b/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachables/_missing_attachable.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ffd93b89e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachables/_missing_attachable.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= "☒" -%>
diff --git a/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachables/_remote_image.html.erb b/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachables/_remote_image.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3372f8d940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachables/_remote_image.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<figure class="attachment attachment--preview">
+  <%= image_tag(remote_image.url, width: remote_image.width, height: remote_image.height) %>
+  <% if caption = remote_image.try(:caption) %>
+    <figcaption class="attachment__caption">
+      <%= caption %>
+    </figcaption>
+  <% end %>
+</figure>
diff --git a/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachment_galleries/_attachment_gallery.html.erb b/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachment_galleries/_attachment_gallery.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6bc8674dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/views/action_text/attachment_galleries/_attachment_gallery.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<div class="attachment-gallery attachment-gallery--<%= attachment_gallery.size %>">
+  <%= yield %>
+</div>
diff --git a/actiontext/app/views/action_text/content/_layout.html.erb b/actiontext/app/views/action_text/content/_layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..55cb708ac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/views/action_text/content/_layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<div class="trix-content">
+  <%= render_action_text_content(content) %>
+</div>
diff --git a/actiontext/app/views/active_storage/blobs/_blob.html.erb b/actiontext/app/views/active_storage/blobs/_blob.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49ba357dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/app/views/active_storage/blobs/_blob.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<figure class="attachment attachment--<%= blob.representable? ? "preview" : "file" %> attachment--<%= blob.filename.extension %>">
+  <% if blob.representable? %>
+    <%= image_tag blob.representation(resize_to_limit: local_assigns[:in_gallery] ? [ 800, 600 ] : [ 1024, 768 ]) %>
+  <% end %>
+
+  <figcaption class="attachment__caption">
+    <% if caption = blob.try(:caption) %>
+      <%= caption %>
+    <% else %>
+      <span class="attachment__name"><%= blob.filename %></span>
+      <span class="attachment__size"><%= number_to_human_size blob.byte_size %></span>
+    <% end %>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
diff --git a/actiontext/bin/test b/actiontext/bin/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..c53377cc97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/bin/test
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+COMPONENT_ROOT = File.expand_path("..", __dir__)
+require_relative "../../tools/test"
diff --git a/actiontext/bin/webpack b/actiontext/bin/webpack
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..ac2adfb6b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/bin/webpack
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application 'webpack' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../../Gemfile",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+bundle_binstub = File.expand_path("../bundle", __FILE__)
+
+if File.file?(bundle_binstub)
+  if /This file was generated by Bundler/.match?(File.read(bundle_binstub, 150))
+    load(bundle_binstub)
+  else
+    abort("Your `bin/bundle` was not generated by Bundler, so this binstub cannot run.
+Replace `bin/bundle` by running `bundle binstubs bundler --force`, then run this command again.")
+  end
+end
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+load Gem.bin_path("webpacker", "webpack")
diff --git a/actiontext/bin/webpack-dev-server b/actiontext/bin/webpack-dev-server
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..c1ac52d675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/bin/webpack-dev-server
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application 'webpack-dev-server' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../../Gemfile",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+bundle_binstub = File.expand_path("../bundle", __FILE__)
+
+if File.file?(bundle_binstub)
+  if /This file was generated by Bundler/.match?(File.read(bundle_binstub, 150))
+    load(bundle_binstub)
+  else
+    abort("Your `bin/bundle` was not generated by Bundler, so this binstub cannot run.
+Replace `bin/bundle` by running `bundle binstubs bundler --force`, then run this command again.")
+  end
+end
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+load Gem.bin_path("webpacker", "webpack-dev-server")
diff --git a/actiontext/db/migrate/20180528164100_create_action_text_tables.rb b/actiontext/db/migrate/20180528164100_create_action_text_tables.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7c66ea6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/db/migrate/20180528164100_create_action_text_tables.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+class CreateActionTextTables < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :action_text_rich_texts do |t|
+      t.string     :name, null: false
+      t.text       :body, size: :long
+      t.references :record, null: false, polymorphic: true, index: false
+
+      t.timestamps
+
+      t.index [ :record_type, :record_id, :name ], name: "index_action_text_rich_texts_uniqueness", unique: true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0dd6318f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support"
+require "active_support/rails"
+
+require "nokogiri"
+
+module ActionText
+  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+  autoload :Attachable
+  autoload :AttachmentGallery
+  autoload :Attachment
+  autoload :Attribute
+  autoload :Content
+  autoload :Fragment
+  autoload :HtmlConversion
+  autoload :PlainTextConversion
+  autoload :Serialization
+  autoload :TrixAttachment
+
+  module Attachables
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :ContentAttachment
+    autoload :MissingAttachable
+    autoload :RemoteImage
+  end
+
+  module Attachments
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :Caching
+    autoload :Minification
+    autoload :TrixConversion
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachable.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3343bcc308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Attachable
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    LOCATOR_NAME = "attachable"
+
+    class << self
+      def from_node(node)
+        if attachable = attachable_from_sgid(node["sgid"])
+          attachable
+        elsif attachable = ActionText::Attachables::ContentAttachment.from_node(node)
+          attachable
+        elsif attachable = ActionText::Attachables::RemoteImage.from_node(node)
+          attachable
+        else
+          ActionText::Attachables::MissingAttachable
+        end
+      end
+
+      def from_attachable_sgid(sgid, options = {})
+        method = sgid.is_a?(Array) ? :locate_many_signed : :locate_signed
+        record = GlobalID::Locator.public_send(method, sgid, options.merge(for: LOCATOR_NAME))
+        record || raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound)
+      end
+
+      private
+        def attachable_from_sgid(sgid)
+          from_attachable_sgid(sgid)
+        rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+          nil
+        end
+    end
+
+    class_methods do
+      def from_attachable_sgid(sgid)
+        ActionText::Attachable.from_attachable_sgid(sgid, only: self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def attachable_sgid
+      to_sgid(expires_in: nil, for: LOCATOR_NAME).to_s
+    end
+
+    def attachable_content_type
+      try(:content_type) || "application/octet-stream"
+    end
+
+    def attachable_filename
+      filename.to_s if respond_to?(:filename)
+    end
+
+    def attachable_filesize
+      try(:byte_size) || try(:filesize)
+    end
+
+    def attachable_metadata
+      try(:metadata) || {}
+    end
+
+    def previewable_attachable?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def as_json(*)
+      super.merge(attachable_sgid: attachable_sgid)
+    end
+
+    def to_trix_content_attachment_partial_path
+      to_partial_path
+    end
+
+    def to_rich_text_attributes(attributes = {})
+      attributes.dup.tap do |attrs|
+        attrs[:sgid] = attachable_sgid
+        attrs[:content_type] = attachable_content_type
+        attrs[:previewable] = true if previewable_attachable?
+        attrs[:filename] = attachable_filename
+        attrs[:filesize] = attachable_filesize
+        attrs[:width] = attachable_metadata[:width]
+        attrs[:height] = attachable_metadata[:height]
+      end.compact
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/content_attachment.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/content_attachment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..804f74713f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/content_attachment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Attachables
+    class ContentAttachment
+      include ActiveModel::Model
+
+      def self.from_node(node)
+        if node["content-type"]
+          if matches = node["content-type"].match(/vnd\.rubyonrails\.(.+)\.html/)
+            attachment = new(name: matches[1])
+            attachment if attachment.valid?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_accessor :name
+      validates_inclusion_of :name, in: %w( horizontal-rule )
+
+      def attachable_plain_text_representation(caption)
+        case name
+        when "horizontal-rule"
+          " ┄ "
+        else
+          " "
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_partial_path
+        "action_text/attachables/content_attachment"
+      end
+
+      def to_trix_content_attachment_partial_path
+        "action_text/attachables/content_attachments/#{name.underscore}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/missing_attachable.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/missing_attachable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f3bd40563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/missing_attachable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Attachables
+    module MissingAttachable
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
+
+      def self.to_partial_path
+        "action_text/attachables/missing_attachable"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/remote_image.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/remote_image.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..650b11862b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachables/remote_image.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Attachables
+    class RemoteImage
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
+
+      class << self
+        def from_node(node)
+          if node["url"] && content_type_is_image?(node["content-type"])
+            new(attributes_from_node(node))
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+          def content_type_is_image?(content_type)
+            content_type.to_s =~ /^image(\/.+|$)/
+          end
+
+          def attributes_from_node(node)
+            { url: node["url"],
+              content_type: node["content-type"],
+              width: node["width"],
+              height: node["height"] }
+          end
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :url, :content_type, :width, :height
+
+      def initialize(attributes = {})
+        @url = attributes[:url]
+        @content_type = attributes[:content_type]
+        @width = attributes[:width]
+        @height = attributes[:height]
+      end
+
+      def attachable_plain_text_representation(caption)
+        "[#{caption || "Image"}]"
+      end
+
+      def to_partial_path
+        "action_text/attachables/remote_image"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachment.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e90a3e7d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  class Attachment
+    include Attachments::TrixConversion, Attachments::Minification, Attachments::Caching
+
+    TAG_NAME = "action-text-attachment"
+    SELECTOR = TAG_NAME
+    ATTRIBUTES = %w( sgid content-type url href filename filesize width height previewable presentation caption )
+
+    class << self
+      def fragment_by_canonicalizing_attachments(content)
+        fragment_by_minifying_attachments(fragment_by_converting_trix_attachments(content))
+      end
+
+      def from_node(node, attachable = nil)
+        new(node, attachable || ActionText::Attachable.from_node(node))
+      end
+
+      def from_attachables(attachables)
+        Array(attachables).map { |attachable| from_attachable(attachable) }.compact
+      end
+
+      def from_attachable(attachable, attributes = {})
+        if node = node_from_attributes(attachable.to_rich_text_attributes(attributes))
+          new(node, attachable)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def from_attributes(attributes, attachable = nil)
+        if node = node_from_attributes(attributes)
+          from_node(node, attachable)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def node_from_attributes(attributes)
+          if attributes = process_attributes(attributes).presence
+            ActionText::HtmlConversion.create_element(TAG_NAME, attributes)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def process_attributes(attributes)
+          attributes.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.underscore.dasherize }.slice(*ATTRIBUTES)
+        end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :node, :attachable
+
+    delegate :to_param, to: :attachable
+    delegate_missing_to :attachable
+
+    def initialize(node, attachable)
+      @node = node
+      @attachable = attachable
+    end
+
+    def caption
+      node_attributes["caption"].presence
+    end
+
+    def full_attributes
+      node_attributes.merge(attachable_attributes).merge(sgid_attributes)
+    end
+
+    def with_full_attributes
+      self.class.from_attributes(full_attributes, attachable)
+    end
+
+    def to_plain_text
+      if respond_to?(:attachable_plain_text_representation)
+        attachable_plain_text_representation(caption)
+      else
+        caption.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_html
+      HtmlConversion.node_to_html(node)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      to_html
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class.name} attachable=#{attachable.inspect}>"
+    end
+
+    private
+      def node_attributes
+        @node_attributes ||= ATTRIBUTES.map { |name| [ name.underscore, node[name] ] }.to_h.compact
+      end
+
+      def attachable_attributes
+        @attachable_attributes ||= (attachable.try(:to_rich_text_attributes) || {}).stringify_keys
+      end
+
+      def sgid_attributes
+        @sgid_attributes ||= node_attributes.slice("sgid").presence || attachable_attributes.slice("sgid")
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachment_gallery.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachment_gallery.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45afbff058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachment_gallery.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  class AttachmentGallery
+    include ActiveModel::Model
+
+    class << self
+      def fragment_by_canonicalizing_attachment_galleries(content)
+        fragment_by_replacing_attachment_gallery_nodes(content) do |node|
+          "<#{TAG_NAME}>#{node.inner_html}</#{TAG_NAME}>"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fragment_by_replacing_attachment_gallery_nodes(content)
+        Fragment.wrap(content).update do |source|
+          find_attachment_gallery_nodes(source).each do |node|
+            node.replace(yield(node).to_s)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_attachment_gallery_nodes(content)
+        Fragment.wrap(content).find_all(SELECTOR).select do |node|
+          node.children.all? do |child|
+            if child.text?
+              child.text =~ /\A(\n|\ )*\z/
+            else
+              child.matches? ATTACHMENT_SELECTOR
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def from_node(node)
+        new(node)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :node
+
+    def initialize(node)
+      @node = node
+    end
+
+    def attachments
+      @attachments ||= node.css(ATTACHMENT_SELECTOR).map do |node|
+        ActionText::Attachment.from_node(node).with_full_attributes
+      end
+    end
+
+    def size
+      attachments.size
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class.name} size=#{size.inspect}>"
+    end
+
+    TAG_NAME = "div"
+    ATTACHMENT_SELECTOR = "#{ActionText::Attachment::SELECTOR}[presentation=gallery]"
+    SELECTOR = "#{TAG_NAME}:has(#{ATTACHMENT_SELECTOR} + #{ATTACHMENT_SELECTOR})"
+
+    private_constant :TAG_NAME, :ATTACHMENT_SELECTOR, :SELECTOR
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/caching.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/caching.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c727bfc26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/caching.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Attachments
+    module Caching
+      def cache_key(*args)
+        [self.class.name, cache_digest, *attachable.cache_key(*args)].join("/")
+      end
+
+      private
+        def cache_digest
+          Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(node.to_s)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/minification.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/minification.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edc8f876d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/minification.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Attachments
+    module Minification
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      class_methods do
+        def fragment_by_minifying_attachments(content)
+          Fragment.wrap(content).replace(ActionText::Attachment::SELECTOR) do |node|
+            node.tap { |n| n.inner_html = "" }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/trix_conversion.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/trix_conversion.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24937d6c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attachments/trix_conversion.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Attachments
+    module TrixConversion
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      class_methods do
+        def fragment_by_converting_trix_attachments(content)
+          Fragment.wrap(content).replace(TrixAttachment::SELECTOR) do |node|
+            from_trix_attachment(TrixAttachment.new(node))
+          end
+        end
+
+        def from_trix_attachment(trix_attachment)
+          from_attributes(trix_attachment.attributes)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_trix_attachment(content = trix_attachment_content)
+        attributes = full_attributes.dup
+        attributes["content"] = content if content
+        TrixAttachment.from_attributes(attributes)
+      end
+
+      private
+        def trix_attachment_content
+          if partial_path = attachable.try(:to_trix_content_attachment_partial_path)
+            ActionText::Content.renderer.render(partial: partial_path, object: self, as: model_name.element)
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/attribute.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attribute.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddc6822a4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/attribute.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Attribute
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    class_methods do
+      # Provides access to a dependent RichText model that holds the body and attachments for a single named rich text attribute.
+      # This dependent attribute is lazily instantiated and will be auto-saved when it's been changed. Example:
+      #
+      #   class Message < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_rich_text :content
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   message = Message.create!(content: "<h1>Funny times!</h1>")
+      #   message.content.to_s # => "<h1>Funny times!</h1>"
+      #   message.content.to_plain_text # => "Funny times!"
+      #
+      # The dependent RichText model will also automatically process attachments links as sent via the Trix-powered editor.
+      # These attachments are associated with the RichText model using Active Storage.
+      #
+      # If you wish to preload the dependent RichText model, you can use the named scope:
+      #
+      #   Message.all.with_rich_text_content # Avoids N+1 queries when you just want the body, not the attachments.
+      #   Message.all.with_rich_text_content_and_embeds # Avoids N+1 queries when you just want the body and attachments.
+      def has_rich_text(name)
+        class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def #{name}
+            rich_text_#{name} || build_rich_text_#{name}
+          end
+
+          def #{name}=(body)
+            self.#{name}.body = body
+          end
+        CODE
+
+        has_one :"rich_text_#{name}", -> { where(name: name) },
+          class_name: "ActionText::RichText", as: :record, inverse_of: :record, autosave: true, dependent: :destroy
+
+        scope :"with_rich_text_#{name}", -> { includes("rich_text_#{name}") }
+        scope :"with_rich_text_#{name}_and_embeds", -> { includes("rich_text_#{name}": { embeds_attachments: :blob }) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/content.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/content.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16bc6fe031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/content.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors_per_thread"
+
+module ActionText
+  class Content
+    include Serialization
+
+    thread_cattr_accessor :renderer
+
+    attr_reader :fragment
+
+    delegate :blank?, :empty?, :html_safe, :present?, to: :to_html # Delegating to to_html to avoid including the layout
+
+    class << self
+      def fragment_by_canonicalizing_content(content)
+        fragment = ActionText::Attachment.fragment_by_canonicalizing_attachments(content)
+        fragment = ActionText::AttachmentGallery.fragment_by_canonicalizing_attachment_galleries(fragment)
+        fragment
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(content = nil, options = {})
+      options.with_defaults! canonicalize: true
+
+      if options[:canonicalize]
+        @fragment = self.class.fragment_by_canonicalizing_content(content)
+      else
+        @fragment = ActionText::Fragment.wrap(content)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def links
+      @links ||= fragment.find_all("a[href]").map { |a| a["href"] }.uniq
+    end
+
+    def attachments
+      @attachments ||= attachment_nodes.map do |node|
+        attachment_for_node(node)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def attachment_galleries
+      @attachment_galleries ||= attachment_gallery_nodes.map do |node|
+        attachment_gallery_for_node(node)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def gallery_attachments
+      @gallery_attachments ||= attachment_galleries.flat_map(&:attachments)
+    end
+
+    def attachables
+      @attachables ||= attachment_nodes.map do |node|
+        ActionText::Attachable.from_node(node)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def append_attachables(attachables)
+      attachments = ActionText::Attachment.from_attachables(attachables)
+      self.class.new([self.to_s.presence, *attachments].compact.join("\n"))
+    end
+
+    def render_attachments(**options, &block)
+      content = fragment.replace(ActionText::Attachment::SELECTOR) do |node|
+        block.call(attachment_for_node(node, **options))
+      end
+      self.class.new(content, canonicalize: false)
+    end
+
+    def render_attachment_galleries(&block)
+      content = ActionText::AttachmentGallery.fragment_by_replacing_attachment_gallery_nodes(fragment) do |node|
+        block.call(attachment_gallery_for_node(node))
+      end
+      self.class.new(content, canonicalize: false)
+    end
+
+    def to_plain_text
+      render_attachments(with_full_attributes: false, &:to_plain_text).fragment.to_plain_text
+    end
+
+    def to_trix_html
+      render_attachments(&:to_trix_attachment).to_html
+    end
+
+    def to_html
+      fragment.to_html
+    end
+
+    def to_rendered_html_with_layout
+      renderer.render(partial: "action_text/content/layout", locals: { content: self })
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      to_rendered_html_with_layout
+    end
+
+    def as_json(*)
+      to_html
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class.name} #{to_s.truncate(25).inspect}>"
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      if other.is_a?(self.class)
+        to_s == other.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def attachment_nodes
+        @attachment_nodes ||= fragment.find_all(ActionText::Attachment::SELECTOR)
+      end
+
+      def attachment_gallery_nodes
+        @attachment_gallery_nodes ||= ActionText::AttachmentGallery.find_attachment_gallery_nodes(fragment)
+      end
+
+      def attachment_for_node(node, with_full_attributes: true)
+        attachment = ActionText::Attachment.from_node(node)
+        with_full_attributes ? attachment.with_full_attributes : attachment
+      end
+
+      def attachment_gallery_for_node(node)
+        ActionText::AttachmentGallery.from_node(node)
+      end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :action_text_content, ActionText::Content
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/engine.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/engine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f55d460a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/engine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rails"
+require "action_controller/railtie"
+require "active_record/railtie"
+require "active_storage/engine"
+
+require "action_text"
+
+module ActionText
+  class Engine < Rails::Engine
+    isolate_namespace ActionText
+    config.eager_load_namespaces << ActionText
+
+    initializer "action_text.attribute" do
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+        include ActionText::Attribute
+      end
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_text.attachable" do
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_storage_blob) do
+        include ActionText::Attachable
+
+        def previewable_attachable?
+          representable?
+        end
+
+        def attachable_plain_text_representation(caption = nil)
+          "[#{caption || filename}]"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_text.helper" do
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller_base) do
+        helper ActionText::Engine.helpers
+      end
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_text.renderer" do |app|
+      app.executor.to_run      { ActionText::Content.renderer = ApplicationController.renderer }
+      app.executor.to_complete { ActionText::Content.renderer = ApplicationController.renderer }
+
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_text_content) do
+        self.renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
+      end
+
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller_base) do
+        before_action { ActionText::Content.renderer = ApplicationController.renderer.new(request.env) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_text.system_test_helper" do
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_dispatch_system_test_case) do
+        require "action_text/system_test_helper"
+        include ActionText::SystemTestHelper
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/fragment.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/fragment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af276b2b26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/fragment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  class Fragment
+    class << self
+      def wrap(fragment_or_html)
+        case fragment_or_html
+        when self
+          fragment_or_html
+        when Nokogiri::HTML::DocumentFragment
+          new(fragment_or_html)
+        else
+          from_html(fragment_or_html)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def from_html(html)
+        new(ActionText::HtmlConversion.fragment_for_html(html.to_s.strip))
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :source
+
+    def initialize(source)
+      @source = source
+    end
+
+    def find_all(selector)
+      source.css(selector)
+    end
+
+    def update
+      yield source = self.source.clone
+      self.class.new(source)
+    end
+
+    def replace(selector)
+      update do |source|
+        source.css(selector).each do |node|
+          node.replace(yield(node).to_s)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_plain_text
+      @plain_text ||= PlainTextConversion.node_to_plain_text(source)
+    end
+
+    def to_html
+      @html ||= HtmlConversion.node_to_html(source)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      to_html
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/gem_version.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b4103712c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  # Returns the currently-loaded version of Action Text as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 6
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/html_conversion.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/html_conversion.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e1062ea3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/html_conversion.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module HtmlConversion
+    extend self
+
+    def node_to_html(node)
+      node.to_html(save_with: Nokogiri::XML::Node::SaveOptions::AS_HTML)
+    end
+
+    def fragment_for_html(html)
+      document.fragment(html)
+    end
+
+    def create_element(tag_name, attributes = {})
+      document.create_element(tag_name, attributes)
+    end
+
+    private
+      def document
+        Nokogiri::HTML::Document.new.tap { |doc| doc.encoding = "UTF-8" }
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/plain_text_conversion.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/plain_text_conversion.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0eb4e2e7da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/plain_text_conversion.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module PlainTextConversion
+    extend self
+
+    def node_to_plain_text(node)
+      remove_trailing_newlines(plain_text_for_node(node))
+    end
+
+    private
+      def plain_text_for_node(node, index = 0)
+        if respond_to?(plain_text_method_for_node(node), true)
+          send(plain_text_method_for_node(node), node, index)
+        else
+          plain_text_for_node_children(node)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_for_node_children(node)
+        node.children.each_with_index.map do |child, index|
+          plain_text_for_node(child, index)
+        end.compact.join("")
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_method_for_node(node)
+        :"plain_text_for_#{node.name}_node"
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_for_block(node, index = 0)
+        "#{remove_trailing_newlines(plain_text_for_node_children(node))}\n\n"
+      end
+
+      %i[ h1 p ul ol ].each do |element|
+        alias_method :"plain_text_for_#{element}_node", :plain_text_for_block
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_for_br_node(node, index)
+        "\n"
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_for_text_node(node, index)
+        remove_trailing_newlines(node.text)
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_for_div_node(node, index)
+        "#{remove_trailing_newlines(plain_text_for_node_children(node))}\n"
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_for_figcaption_node(node, index)
+        "[#{remove_trailing_newlines(plain_text_for_node_children(node))}]"
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_for_blockquote_node(node, index)
+        text = plain_text_for_block(node)
+        text.sub(/\A(\s*)(.+?)(\s*)\Z/m, '\1“\2”\3')
+      end
+
+      def plain_text_for_li_node(node, index)
+        bullet = bullet_for_li_node(node, index)
+        text = remove_trailing_newlines(plain_text_for_node_children(node))
+        "#{bullet} #{text}\n"
+      end
+
+      def remove_trailing_newlines(text)
+        text.chomp("")
+      end
+
+      def bullet_for_li_node(node, index)
+        if list_node_name_for_li_node(node) == "ol"
+          "#{index + 1}."
+        else
+          "•"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def list_node_name_for_li_node(node)
+        node.ancestors.lazy.map(&:name).grep(/^[uo]l$/).first
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/serialization.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/serialization.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ecf8c9157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/serialization.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module Serialization
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    class_methods do
+      def load(content)
+        new(content) if content
+      end
+
+      def dump(content)
+        case content
+        when nil
+          nil
+        when self
+          content.to_html
+        else
+          new(content).to_html
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Marshal compatibility
+
+    class_methods do
+      alias_method :_load, :load
+    end
+
+    def _dump(*)
+      self.class.dump(self)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/system_test_helper.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/system_test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77fc9eb50b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/system_test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  module SystemTestHelper
+    # Locates a Trix editor and fills it in with the given HTML.
+    #
+    # The editor can be found by:
+    # * its +id+
+    # * its +placeholder+
+    # * its +aria-label+
+    # * the +name+ of its input
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   # <trix-editor id="message_content" ...></trix-editor>
+    #   fill_in_rich_text_area "message_content", with: "Hello <em>world!</em>"
+    #
+    #   # <trix-editor placeholder="Your message here" ...></trix-editor>
+    #   fill_in_rich_text_area "Your message here", with: "Hello <em>world!</em>"
+    #
+    #   # <trix-editor aria-label="Message content" ...></trix-editor>
+    #   fill_in_rich_text_area "Message content", with: "Hello <em>world!</em>"
+    #
+    #   # <input id="trix_input_1" name="message[content]" type="hidden">
+    #   # <trix-editor input="trix_input_1"></trix-editor>
+    #   fill_in_rich_text_area "message[content]", with: "Hello <em>world!</em>"
+    def fill_in_rich_text_area(locator = nil, with:)
+      find(:rich_text_area, locator).execute_script("this.editor.loadHTML(arguments[0])", with.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Capybara.add_selector :rich_text_area do
+  label "rich-text area"
+  xpath do |locator|
+    if locator.nil?
+      XPath.descendant(:"trix-editor")
+    else
+      input_located_by_name = XPath.anywhere(:input).where(XPath.attr(:name) == locator).attr(:id)
+
+      XPath.descendant(:"trix-editor").where \
+        XPath.attr(:id).equals(locator) |
+        XPath.attr(:placeholder).equals(locator) |
+        XPath.attr(:"aria-label").equals(locator) |
+        XPath.attr(:input).equals(input_located_by_name)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/trix_attachment.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/trix_attachment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c16c1c090d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/trix_attachment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionText
+  class TrixAttachment
+    TAG_NAME = "figure"
+    SELECTOR = "[data-trix-attachment]"
+
+    COMPOSED_ATTRIBUTES = %w( caption presentation )
+    ATTRIBUTES = %w( sgid contentType url href filename filesize width height previewable content ) + COMPOSED_ATTRIBUTES
+    ATTRIBUTE_TYPES = {
+      "previewable" => ->(value) { value.to_s == "true" },
+      "filesize"    => ->(value) { Integer(value.to_s) rescue value },
+      "width"       => ->(value) { Integer(value.to_s) rescue nil },
+      "height"      => ->(value) { Integer(value.to_s) rescue nil },
+      :default      => ->(value) { value.to_s }
+    }
+
+    class << self
+      def from_attributes(attributes)
+        attributes = process_attributes(attributes)
+
+        trix_attachment_attributes = attributes.except(*COMPOSED_ATTRIBUTES)
+        trix_attributes = attributes.slice(*COMPOSED_ATTRIBUTES)
+
+        node = ActionText::HtmlConversion.create_element(TAG_NAME)
+        node["data-trix-attachment"] = JSON.generate(trix_attachment_attributes)
+        node["data-trix-attributes"] = JSON.generate(trix_attributes) if trix_attributes.any?
+
+        new(node)
+      end
+
+      private
+        def process_attributes(attributes)
+          typecast_attribute_values(transform_attribute_keys(attributes))
+        end
+
+        def transform_attribute_keys(attributes)
+          attributes.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.underscore.camelize(:lower) }
+        end
+
+        def typecast_attribute_values(attributes)
+          attributes.map do |key, value|
+            typecast = ATTRIBUTE_TYPES[key] || ATTRIBUTE_TYPES[:default]
+            [key, typecast.call(value)]
+          end.to_h
+        end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :node
+
+    def initialize(node)
+      @node = node
+    end
+
+    def attributes
+      @attributes ||= attachment_attributes.merge(composed_attributes).slice(*ATTRIBUTES)
+    end
+
+    def to_html
+      ActionText::HtmlConversion.node_to_html(node)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      to_html
+    end
+
+    private
+      def attachment_attributes
+        read_json_object_attribute("data-trix-attachment")
+      end
+
+      def composed_attributes
+        read_json_object_attribute("data-trix-attributes")
+      end
+
+      def read_json_object_attribute(name)
+        read_json_attribute(name) || {}
+      end
+
+      def read_json_attribute(name)
+        if value = node[name]
+          begin
+            JSON.parse(value)
+          rescue => e
+            Rails.logger.error "[#{self.class.name}] Couldn't parse JSON #{value} from NODE #{node.inspect}"
+            Rails.logger.error "[#{self.class.name}] Failed with #{e.class}: #{e.backtrace}"
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/action_text/version.rb b/actiontext/lib/action_text/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed72859fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/action_text/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "gem_version"
+
+module ActionText
+  # Returns the currently-loaded version of Action Text as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
+  def self.version
+    gem_version
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/tasks/actiontext.rake b/actiontext/lib/tasks/actiontext.rake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f90e4930c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/tasks/actiontext.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+namespace :action_text do
+  # Prevent migration installation task from showing up twice.
+  Rake::Task["install:migrations"].clear_comments
+
+  desc "Copy over the migration, stylesheet, and JavaScript files"
+  task install: %w( environment run_installer copy_migrations )
+
+  task :run_installer do
+    installer_template = File.expand_path("../templates/installer.rb", __dir__)
+    system "#{RbConfig.ruby} ./bin/rails app:template LOCATION=#{installer_template}"
+  end
+
+  task :copy_migrations do
+    Rake::Task["active_storage:install:migrations"].invoke
+    Rake::Task["railties:install:migrations"].reenable # Otherwise you can't run 2 migration copy tasks in one invocation
+    Rake::Task["action_text:install:migrations"].invoke
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/templates/actiontext.scss b/actiontext/lib/templates/actiontext.scss
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7cb26e74ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/templates/actiontext.scss
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+// Provides a drop-in pointer for the default Trix stylesheet that will format the toolbar and
+// the trix-editor content (whether displayed or under editing). Feel free to incorporate this
+// inclusion directly in any other asset bundle and remove this file.
+//
+//= require trix/dist/trix
+
+// We need to override trix.css’s image gallery styles to accommodate the
+// <action-text-attachment> element we wrap around attachments. Otherwise,
+// images in galleries will be squished by the max-width: 33%; rule.
+.trix-content {
+  .attachment-gallery {
+    > action-text-attachment,
+    > .attachment {
+      flex: 1 0 33%;
+      padding: 0 0.5em;
+      max-width: 33%;
+    }
+
+    &.attachment-gallery--2,
+    &.attachment-gallery--4 {
+      > action-text-attachment,
+      > .attachment {
+        flex-basis: 50%;
+        max-width: 50%;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  action-text-attachment {
+    .attachment {
+      padding: 0 !important;
+      max-width: 100% !important;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/templates/fixtures.yml b/actiontext/lib/templates/fixtures.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b371ea604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/templates/fixtures.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# one:
+#   record: name_of_fixture (ClassOfFixture)
+#   name: content
+#   body: <p>In a <i>million</i> stars!</p>
diff --git a/actiontext/lib/templates/installer.rb b/actiontext/lib/templates/installer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a15ada92bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/lib/templates/installer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require "pathname"
+require "json"
+
+APPLICATION_PACK_PATH = Pathname.new("app/javascript/packs/application.js")
+JS_PACKAGE_PATH = Pathname.new("#{__dir__}/../../package.json")
+
+JS_PACKAGE = JSON.load(JS_PACKAGE_PATH)
+JS_DEPENDENCIES = JS_PACKAGE["peerDependencies"].dup.merge \
+  JS_PACKAGE["name"] => "^#{JS_PACKAGE["version"]}"
+
+say "Copying actiontext.scss to app/assets/stylesheets"
+copy_file "#{__dir__}/actiontext.scss", "app/assets/stylesheets/actiontext.scss"
+
+say "Copying fixtures to test/fixtures/action_text/rich_texts.yml"
+copy_file "#{__dir__}/fixtures.yml", "test/fixtures/action_text/rich_texts.yml"
+
+say "Copying blob rendering partial to app/views/active_storage/blobs/_blob.html.erb"
+copy_file "#{__dir__}/../../app/views/active_storage/blobs/_blob.html.erb",
+  "app/views/active_storage/blobs/_blob.html.erb"
+
+say "Installing JavaScript dependencies"
+run "yarn add #{JS_DEPENDENCIES.map { |name, version| "#{name}@#{version}" }.join(" ")}"
+
+if APPLICATION_PACK_PATH.exist?
+  JS_DEPENDENCIES.keys.each do |name|
+    line = %[require("#{name}")]
+    unless APPLICATION_PACK_PATH.read.include? line
+      say "Adding #{name} to #{APPLICATION_PACK_PATH}"
+      append_to_file APPLICATION_PACK_PATH, "\n#{line}"
+    end
+  end
+else
+  warn <<~WARNING
+    WARNING: Action Text can't locate your JavaScript bundle to add its package dependencies.
+
+    Add these lines to any bundles:
+
+    require("trix")
+    require("@rails/actiontext")
+
+    Alternatively, install and setup the webpacker gem then rerun `bin/rails action_text:install`
+    to have these dependencies added automatically.
+
+  WARNING
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/package.json b/actiontext/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..594cfe16eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "name": "@rails/actiontext",
+  "version": "6.1.0-alpha",
+  "description": "Edit and display rich text in Rails applications",
+  "main": "app/javascript/actiontext/index.js",
+  "files": [
+    "app/javascript/actiontext/*.js"
+  ],
+  "homepage": "http://rubyonrails.org/",
+  "repository": {
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "git+https://github.com/rails/rails.git"
+  },
+  "bugs": {
+    "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/issues"
+  },
+  "author": "Basecamp, LLC",
+  "contributors": [
+    "Javan Makhmali <javan@javan.us>",
+    "Sam Stephenson <sstephenson@gmail.com>"
+  ],
+  "license": "MIT",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@rails/activestorage": "^6.0.0-alpha"
+  },
+  "peerDependencies": {
+    "trix": "^1.0.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/actiontext/test/application_system_test_case.rb b/actiontext/test/application_system_test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a24f473598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/application_system_test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
+  driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_chrome
+end
+
+Capybara.server = :puma, { Silent: true }
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/.browserslistrc b/actiontext/test/dummy/.browserslistrc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e94f8140cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/.browserslistrc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+defaults
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/.postcssrc.yml b/actiontext/test/dummy/.postcssrc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..150dac3c6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/.postcssrc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+plugins:
+  postcss-import: {}
+  postcss-cssnext: {}
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/Rakefile b/actiontext/test/dummy/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e85f913914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Add your own tasks in files placed in lib/tasks ending in .rake,
+# for example lib/tasks/capistrano.rake, and they will automatically be available to Rake.
+
+require_relative 'config/application'
+
+Rails.application.load_tasks
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/config/manifest.js b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/config/manifest.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b16e53d6d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/config/manifest.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+//= link_tree ../images
+//= link_directory ../javascripts .js
+//= link_directory ../stylesheets .css
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/images/.keep b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/images/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/images/.keep
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4b10eb997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which will include all the files
+ * listed below.
+ *
+ * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
+ * or any plugin's vendor/assets/stylesheets directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
+ *
+ * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
+ * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any other CSS/SCSS
+ * files in this directory. Styles in this file should be added after the last require_* statement.
+ * It is generally better to create a new file per style scope.
+ *
+ *= require trix/dist/trix.css
+ *= require_tree .
+ *= require_self
+ */
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/messages.css b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/messages.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afad32db02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/messages.css
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/*
+  Place all the styles related to the matching controller here.
+  They will automatically be included in application.css.
+*/
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd4f3de38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+body {
+  background-color: #fff;
+  color: #333;
+  margin: 33px;
+}
+
+body, p, ol, ul, td {
+  font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  line-height: 18px;
+}
+
+pre {
+  background-color: #eee;
+  padding: 10px;
+  font-size: 11px;
+}
+
+a {
+  color: #000;
+}
+
+a:visited {
+  color: #666;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #000;
+}
+
+th {
+  padding-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+td {
+  padding: 0 5px 7px;
+}
+
+div.field,
+div.actions {
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+#notice {
+  color: green;
+}
+
+.field_with_errors {
+  padding: 2px;
+  background-color: red;
+  display: table;
+}
+
+#error_explanation {
+  width: 450px;
+  border: 2px solid red;
+  padding: 7px 7px 0;
+  margin-bottom: 20px;
+  background-color: #f0f0f0;
+}
+
+#error_explanation h2 {
+  text-align: left;
+  font-weight: bold;
+  padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  margin: -7px -7px 0;
+  background-color: #c00;
+  color: #fff;
+}
+
+#error_explanation ul li {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  list-style: square;
+}
+
+label {
+  display: block;
+}
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d672697283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+module ApplicationCable
+  class Channel < ActionCable::Channel::Base
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ff5442f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+module ApplicationCable
+  class Connection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09705d12ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/concerns/.keep b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/messages_controller.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/messages_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81c79a2d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/controllers/messages_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+class MessagesController < ApplicationController
+  before_action :set_message, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
+
+  # GET /messages
+  def index
+    @messages = Message.all
+  end
+
+  # GET /messages/1
+  def show
+  end
+
+  # GET /messages/new
+  def new
+    @message = Message.new
+  end
+
+  # GET /messages/1/edit
+  def edit
+  end
+
+  # POST /messages
+  def create
+    @message = Message.new(message_params)
+
+    if @message.save
+      redirect_to @message, notice: 'Message was successfully created.'
+    else
+      render :new
+    end
+  end
+
+  # PATCH/PUT /messages/1
+  def update
+    if @message.update(message_params)
+      redirect_to @message, notice: 'Message was successfully updated.'
+    else
+      render :edit
+    end
+  end
+
+  # DELETE /messages/1
+  def destroy
+    @message.destroy
+    redirect_to messages_url, notice: 'Message was successfully destroyed.'
+  end
+
+  private
+    # Use callbacks to share common setup or constraints between actions.
+    def set_message
+      @message = Message.find(params[:id])
+    end
+
+    # Only allow a trusted parameter "white list" through.
+    def message_params
+      params.require(:message).permit(:subject, :content)
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de6be7945c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module ApplicationHelper
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/helpers/messages_helper.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/helpers/messages_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1bca9f6ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/helpers/messages_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module MessagesHelper
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/javascript/packs/application.js b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/javascript/packs/application.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..091bb5839e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/javascript/packs/application.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import "trix"
+import "@rails/actiontext"
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/jobs/application_job.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/jobs/application_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a009ace51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/jobs/application_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..286b2239d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: 'from@example.com'
+  layout 'mailer'
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10a4cba84d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.abstract_class = true
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/concerns/.keep b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/concerns/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/concerns/.keep
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/message.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/message.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7bce50753c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/message.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class Message < ApplicationRecord
+  has_rich_text :content
+  has_rich_text :body
+
+  has_one :review
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :review
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/page.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/page.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfebf282a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/page.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Page < ApplicationRecord
+  include ActionText::Attachable
+end
+
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/person.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/person.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ded356d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/person.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class Person < ApplicationRecord
+  include ActionText::Attachable
+
+  def to_trix_content_attachment_partial_path
+    "people/trix_content_attachment"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/review.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/review.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e54a37685d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/models/review.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Review < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :message
+
+  has_rich_text :content
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f221f512b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Dummy</title>
+    <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+
+    <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'application', media: 'all' %>
+    <%= javascript_pack_tag 'application' %>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <%= yield %>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cbd34d2e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    <style>
+      /* Email styles need to be inline */
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <%= yield %>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37f0bddbd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= yield %>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/_form.html.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/_form.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cbaf675fff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/_form.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<%= form_with(model: message, local: true) do |form| %>
+  <% if message.errors.any? %>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2><%= pluralize(message.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this message from being saved:</h2>
+
+      <ul>
+      <% message.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
+        <li><%= message %></li>
+      <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+  <% end %>
+
+  <div class="field">
+    <%= form.label :subject %>
+    <%= form.text_field :subject %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="field">
+    <%= form.label :content %>
+    <%= form.rich_text_area :content, class: "trix-content",
+          placeholder: "Your message here", aria: { label: "Message content" } %>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="actions">
+    <%= form.submit %>
+  </div>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/edit.html.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/edit.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90ad68c788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/edit.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<h1>Editing Message</h1>
+
+<%= render 'form', message: @message %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Show', @message %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', messages_path %>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/index.html.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8c97468c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
+
+<h1>Messages</h1>
+
+<table>
+  <thead>
+    <tr>
+      <th>Subject</th>
+      <th>Content</th>
+      <th colspan="3"></th>
+    </tr>
+  </thead>
+
+  <tbody>
+    <% @messages.each do |message| %>
+      <tr>
+        <td><%= message.subject %></td>
+        <td><%= message.content %></td>
+        <td><%= link_to 'Show', message %></td>
+        <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_message_path(message) %></td>
+        <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', message, method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
+      </tr>
+    <% end %>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<br>
+
+<%= link_to 'New Message', new_message_path %>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/new.html.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/new.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cbd3b8ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/new.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<h1>New Message</h1>
+
+<%= render 'form', message: @message %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', messages_path %>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/show.html.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/show.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25fad1efba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/messages/show.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<p id="notice"><%= notice %></p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Subject:</strong>
+  <%= @message.subject %>
+</p>
+
+<div class="trix-content">
+  <%= @message.content.html_safe %>
+</div>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_message_path(@message) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', messages_path %>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/people/_trix_content_attachment.html.erb b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/people/_trix_content_attachment.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7db2334126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/app/views/people/_trix_content_attachment.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<span class="mentionable-person" gid="<%= person.to_gid %>">
+  <%= person.name %>
+</span>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/babel.config.js b/actiontext/test/dummy/babel.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f930f3e0a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/babel.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+module.exports = function(api) {
+  var validEnv = ['development', 'test', 'production']
+  var currentEnv = api.env()
+  var isDevelopmentEnv = api.env('development')
+  var isProductionEnv = api.env('production')
+  var isTestEnv = api.env('test')
+
+  if (!validEnv.includes(currentEnv)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'Please specify a valid `NODE_ENV` or ' +
+        '`BABEL_ENV` environment variables. Valid values are "development", ' +
+        '"test", and "production". Instead, received: ' +
+        JSON.stringify(currentEnv) +
+        '.'
+    )
+  }
+
+  return {
+    presets: [
+      isTestEnv && [
+        require('@babel/preset-env').default,
+        {
+          targets: {
+            node: 'current'
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      (isProductionEnv || isDevelopmentEnv) && [
+        require('@babel/preset-env').default,
+        {
+          forceAllTransforms: true,
+          useBuiltIns: 'entry',
+          modules: false,
+          exclude: ['transform-typeof-symbol']
+        }
+      ]
+    ].filter(Boolean),
+    plugins: [
+      require('babel-plugin-macros'),
+      require('@babel/plugin-syntax-dynamic-import').default,
+      isTestEnv && require('babel-plugin-dynamic-import-node'),
+      require('@babel/plugin-transform-destructuring').default,
+      [
+        require('@babel/plugin-proposal-class-properties').default,
+        {
+          loose: true
+        }
+      ],
+      [
+        require('@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread').default,
+        {
+          useBuiltIns: true
+        }
+      ],
+      [
+        require('@babel/plugin-transform-runtime').default,
+        {
+          helpers: false,
+          regenerator: true
+        }
+      ],
+      [
+        require('@babel/plugin-transform-regenerator').default,
+        {
+          async: false
+        }
+      ]
+    ].filter(Boolean)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/bundle b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/bundle
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..0962d6a66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/bundle
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../../../Gemfile', __dir__)
+load Gem.bin_path('bundler', 'bundle')
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/rails b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/rails
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..0739660237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/rails
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../config/application', __dir__)
+require_relative '../config/boot'
+require 'rails/commands'
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/rake b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/rake
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..17240489f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/rake
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require_relative '../config/boot'
+require 'rake'
+Rake.application.run
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/setup b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/setup
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..94fd4d7977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/setup
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
+
+# path to your application root.
+APP_ROOT = File.expand_path('..', __dir__)
+
+def system!(*args)
+  system(*args) || abort("\n== Command #{args} failed ==")
+end
+
+chdir APP_ROOT do
+  # This script is a starting point to setup your application.
+  # Add necessary setup steps to this file.
+
+  puts '== Installing dependencies =='
+  system! 'gem install bundler --conservative'
+  system('bundle check') || system!('bundle install')
+
+  # Install JavaScript dependencies if using Yarn
+  # system('bin/yarn')
+
+  # puts "\n== Copying sample files =="
+  # unless File.exist?('config/database.yml')
+  #   cp 'config/database.yml.sample', 'config/database.yml'
+  # end
+
+  puts "\n== Preparing database =="
+  system! 'bin/rails db:setup'
+
+  puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
+  system! 'bin/rails log:clear tmp:clear'
+
+  puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
+  system! 'bin/rails restart'
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/update b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/update
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..58bfaed518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/update
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
+
+# path to your application root.
+APP_ROOT = File.expand_path('..', __dir__)
+
+def system!(*args)
+  system(*args) || abort("\n== Command #{args} failed ==")
+end
+
+chdir APP_ROOT do
+  # This script is a way to update your development environment automatically.
+  # Add necessary update steps to this file.
+
+  puts '== Installing dependencies =='
+  system! 'gem install bundler --conservative'
+  system('bundle check') || system!('bundle install')
+
+  # Install JavaScript dependencies if using Yarn
+  # system('bin/yarn')
+
+  puts "\n== Updating database =="
+  system! 'bin/rails db:migrate'
+
+  puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
+  system! 'bin/rails log:clear tmp:clear'
+
+  puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
+  system! 'bin/rails restart'
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/webpack b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/webpack
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..008ecb22f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/webpack
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "development"
+ENV["NODE_ENV"]  ||= "development"
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../../Gemfile",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+require "webpacker"
+require "webpacker/webpack_runner"
+
+APP_ROOT = File.expand_path("..", __dir__)
+Dir.chdir(APP_ROOT) do
+  Webpacker::WebpackRunner.run(ARGV)
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/webpack-dev-server b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/webpack-dev-server
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..a931a9b7fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/webpack-dev-server
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "development"
+ENV["NODE_ENV"]  ||= "development"
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../../Gemfile",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+require "webpacker"
+require "webpacker/dev_server_runner"
+
+APP_ROOT = File.expand_path("..", __dir__)
+Dir.chdir(APP_ROOT) do
+  Webpacker::DevServerRunner.run(ARGV)
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/yarn b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/yarn
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..460dd565b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/bin/yarn
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+APP_ROOT = File.expand_path('..', __dir__)
+Dir.chdir(APP_ROOT) do
+  begin
+    exec "yarnpkg", *ARGV
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    $stderr.puts "Yarn executable was not detected in the system."
+    $stderr.puts "Download Yarn at https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install"
+    exit 1
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config.ru b/actiontext/test/dummy/config.ru
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f7ba0b527b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config.ru
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
+
+require_relative 'config/environment'
+
+run Rails.application
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/application.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/application.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79eeb6ba0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/application.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require_relative 'boot'
+
+require 'rails/all'
+
+Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
+require "action_text"
+
+module Dummy
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    # Initialize configuration defaults for originally generated Rails version.
+    config.load_defaults 6.0
+
+    # Settings in config/environments/* take precedence over those specified here.
+    # Application configuration can go into files in config/initializers
+    # -- all .rb files in that directory are automatically loaded after loading
+    # the framework and any gems in your application.
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/boot.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/boot.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9aef85d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/boot.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../../Gemfile', __dir__)
+
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('../../../lib', __dir__)
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/cable.yml b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/cable.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cd0f8363e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/cable.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+development:
+  adapter: async
+
+test:
+  adapter: async
+
+production:
+  adapter: redis
+  url: <%= ENV.fetch("REDIS_URL") { "redis://localhost:6379/1" } %>
+  channel_prefix: dummy_production
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/database.yml b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/database.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d02f24980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/database.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# SQLite version 3.x
+#   gem install sqlite3
+#
+#   Ensure the SQLite 3 gem is defined in your Gemfile
+#   gem 'sqlite3'
+#
+default: &default
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  pool: <%= ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 5 } %>
+  timeout: 5000
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+
+# Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
+# re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
+# Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
+test:
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/test.sqlite3
+
+production:
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/production.sqlite3
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environment.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..426333bb46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Load the Rails application.
+require_relative 'application'
+
+# Initialize the Rails application.
+Rails.application.initialize!
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f09b9a00c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+Rails.application.configure do
+  # Verifies that versions and hashed value of the package contents in the project's package.json
+  # config.webpacker.check_yarn_integrity = true
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # In the development environment your application's code is reloaded on
+  # every request. This slows down response time but is perfect for development
+  # since you don't have to restart the web server when you make code changes.
+  config.cache_classes = false
+
+  # Do not eager load code on boot.
+  config.eager_load = false
+
+  # Show full error reports.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local = true
+
+  # Enable/disable caching. By default caching is disabled.
+  # Run rails dev:cache to toggle caching.
+  if Rails.root.join('tmp', 'caching-dev.txt').exist?
+    config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+
+    config.cache_store = :memory_store
+    config.public_file_server.headers = {
+      'Cache-Control' => "public, max-age=#{2.days.to_i}"
+    }
+  else
+    config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+
+    config.cache_store = :null_store
+  end
+
+  # Store uploaded files on the local file system (see config/storage.yml for options)
+  config.active_storage.service = :local
+
+  # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
+  config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+
+  config.action_mailer.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+
+  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
+  config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
+
+  # Highlight code that triggered database queries in logs.
+  config.active_record.verbose_query_logs = true
+
+  # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
+  # This option may cause significant delays in view rendering with a large
+  # number of complex assets.
+  config.assets.debug = true
+
+  # Suppress logger output for asset requests.
+  config.assets.quiet = true
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations
+  # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
+
+  # Use an evented file watcher to asynchronously detect changes in source code,
+  # routes, locales, etc. This feature depends on the listen gem.
+  # config.file_watcher = ActiveSupport::EventedFileUpdateChecker
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aaa79f620
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+Rails.application.configure do
+  # Verifies that versions and hashed value of the package contents in the project's package.json
+    config.webpacker.check_yarn_integrity = false
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # Code is not reloaded between requests.
+  config.cache_classes = true
+
+  # Eager load code on boot. This eager loads most of Rails and
+  # your application in memory, allowing both threaded web servers
+  # and those relying on copy on write to perform better.
+  # Rake tasks automatically ignore this option for performance.
+  config.eager_load = true
+
+  # Full error reports are disabled and caching is turned on.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
+  config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+
+  # Ensures that a master key has been made available in either ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]
+  # or in config/master.key. This key is used to decrypt credentials (and other encrypted files).
+  # config.require_master_key = true
+
+  # Disable serving static files from the `/public` folder by default since
+  # Apache or NGINX already handles this.
+  config.public_file_server.enabled = ENV['RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES'].present?
+
+  # Compress JavaScripts and CSS.
+  config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
+  # config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
+
+  # Do not fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
+  config.assets.compile = false
+
+  # `config.assets.precompile` and `config.assets.version` have moved to config/initializers/assets.rb
+
+  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
+  # config.action_controller.asset_host = 'http://assets.example.com'
+
+  # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Sendfile' # for Apache
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
+
+  # Store uploaded files on the local file system (see config/storage.yml for options)
+  config.active_storage.service = :local
+
+  # Mount Action Cable outside main process or domain
+  # config.action_cable.mount_path = nil
+  # config.action_cable.url = 'wss://example.com/cable'
+  # config.action_cable.allowed_request_origins = [ 'http://example.com', /http:\/\/example.*/ ]
+
+  # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
+  # config.force_ssl = true
+
+  # Use the lowest log level to ensure availability of diagnostic information
+  # when problems arise.
+  config.log_level = :debug
+
+  # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
+  config.log_tags = [ :request_id ]
+
+  # Use a different cache store in production.
+  # config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store
+
+  # Use a real queuing backend for Active Job (and separate queues per environment)
+  # config.active_job.queue_adapter     = :resque
+  # config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = "dummy_#{Rails.env}"
+
+  config.action_mailer.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
+  # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
+  # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+
+  # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
+  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation cannot be found).
+  config.i18n.fallbacks = true
+
+  # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
+
+  # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
+  config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
+
+  # Use a different logger for distributed setups.
+  # require 'syslog/logger'
+  # config.logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Syslog::Logger.new 'app-name')
+
+  if ENV["RAILS_LOG_TO_STDOUT"].present?
+    logger           = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
+    logger.formatter = config.log_formatter
+    config.logger    = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(logger)
+  end
+
+  # Do not dump schema after migrations.
+  config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a38fd3ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Rails.application.configure do
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
+  # test suite. You never need to work with it otherwise. Remember that
+  # your test database is "scratch space" for the test suite and is wiped
+  # and recreated between test runs. Don't rely on the data there!
+  config.cache_classes = true
+
+  # Do not eager load code on boot. This avoids loading your whole application
+  # just for the purpose of running a single test. If you are using a tool that
+  # preloads Rails for running tests, you may have to set it to true.
+  config.eager_load = false
+
+  # Configure public file server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
+  config.public_file_server.enabled = true
+  config.public_file_server.headers = {
+    'Cache-Control' => "public, max-age=#{1.hour.to_i}"
+  }
+
+  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
+  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Raise exceptions instead of rendering exception templates.
+  config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false
+
+  # Disable request forgery protection in test environment.
+  config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
+
+  # Store uploaded files on the local file system in a temporary directory
+  config.active_storage.service = :test
+
+  config.action_mailer.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
+  # The :test delivery method accumulates sent emails in the
+  # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
+  config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
+
+  # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations
+  # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89d2efab2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# ActiveSupport::Reloader.to_prepare do
+#   ApplicationController.renderer.defaults.merge!(
+#     http_host: 'example.org',
+#     https: false
+#   )
+# end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/assets.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/assets.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b828e80cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/assets.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
+Rails.application.config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+# Add additional assets to the asset load path.
+# Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Emoji.images_path
+# Add Yarn node_modules folder to the asset load path.
+Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Rails.root.join('node_modules')
+
+# Precompile additional assets.
+# application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in the app/assets
+# folder are already added.
+# Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += %w( admin.js admin.css )
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59385cdf37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# You can add backtrace silencers for libraries that you're using but don't wish to see in your backtraces.
+# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /my_noisy_library/ }
+
+# You can also remove all the silencers if you're trying to debug a problem that might stem from framework code.
+# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edde7f42b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Define an application-wide content security policy
+# For further information see the following documentation
+# https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy
+
+# Rails.application.config.content_security_policy do |policy|
+#   policy.default_src :self, :https
+#   policy.font_src    :self, :https, :data
+#   policy.img_src     :self, :https, :data
+#   policy.object_src  :none
+#   policy.script_src  :self, :https
+#   policy.style_src   :self, :https, :unsafe_inline
+
+#   # Specify URI for violation reports
+#   # policy.report_uri "/csp-violation-report-endpoint"
+# end
+
+# Report CSP violations to a specified URI
+# For further information see the following documentation:
+# https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only
+# Rails.application.config.content_security_policy_report_only = true
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a6a32d371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Specify a serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars.
+# Valid options are :json, :marshal, and :hybrid.
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a994e1e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Configure sensitive parameters which will be filtered from the log file.
+Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:password]
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/inflections.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/inflections.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac033bf9dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/inflections.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Add new inflection rules using the following format. Inflections
+# are locale specific, and you may define rules for as many different
+# locales as you wish. All of these examples are active by default:
+# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
+#   inflect.plural /^(ox)$/i, '\1en'
+#   inflect.singular /^(ox)en/i, '\1'
+#   inflect.irregular 'person', 'people'
+#   inflect.uncountable %w( fish sheep )
+# end
+
+# These inflection rules are supported but not enabled by default:
+# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
+#   inflect.acronym 'RESTful'
+# end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc1899682b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
+# Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbfc3961bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
+# is enabled by default.
+
+# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
+  wrap_parameters format: [:json]
+end
+
+# To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
+# ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+#   self.include_root_in_json = true
+# end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/locales/en.yml b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/locales/en.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf9b342d0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/locales/en.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Files in the config/locales directory are used for internationalization
+# and are automatically loaded by Rails. If you want to use locales other
+# than English, add the necessary files in this directory.
+#
+# To use the locales, use `I18n.t`:
+#
+#     I18n.t 'hello'
+#
+# In views, this is aliased to just `t`:
+#
+#     <%= t('hello') %>
+#
+# To use a different locale, set it with `I18n.locale`:
+#
+#     I18n.locale = :es
+#
+# This would use the information in config/locales/es.yml.
+#
+# The following keys must be escaped otherwise they will not be retrieved by
+# the default I18n backend:
+#
+# true, false, on, off, yes, no
+#
+# Instead, surround them with single quotes.
+#
+# en:
+#   'true': 'foo'
+#
+# To learn more, please read the Rails Internationalization guide
+# available at https://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html.
+
+en:
+  hello: "Hello world"
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/puma.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/puma.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71ed69a895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/puma.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Puma can serve each request in a thread from an internal thread pool.
+# The `threads` method setting takes two numbers: a minimum and maximum.
+# Any libraries that use thread pools should be configured to match
+# the maximum value specified for Puma. Default is set to 5 threads for minimum
+# and maximum; this matches the default thread size of Active Record.
+#
+threads_count = ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 5 }
+threads threads_count, threads_count
+
+# Specifies the `port` that Puma will listen on to receive requests; default is 3000.
+#
+port        ENV.fetch("PORT") { 3000 }
+
+# Specifies the `environment` that Puma will run in.
+#
+environment ENV.fetch("RAILS_ENV") { "development" }
+
+# Specifies the number of `workers` to boot in clustered mode.
+# Workers are forked web server processes. If using threads and workers together
+# the concurrency of the application would be max `threads` * `workers`.
+# Workers do not work on JRuby or Windows (both of which do not support
+# processes).
+#
+# workers ENV.fetch("WEB_CONCURRENCY") { 2 }
+
+# Use the `preload_app!` method when specifying a `workers` number.
+# This directive tells Puma to first boot the application and load code
+# before forking the application. This takes advantage of Copy On Write
+# process behavior so workers use less memory.
+#
+# preload_app!
+
+# Allow puma to be restarted by `rails restart` command.
+plugin :tmp_restart
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/routes.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/routes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fc667e242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/routes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
+  resources :messages
+  # For details on the DSL available within this file, see https://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/spring.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/spring.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fa7863f99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/spring.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+%w[
+  .ruby-version
+  .rbenv-vars
+  tmp/restart.txt
+  tmp/caching-dev.txt
+].each { |path| Spring.watch(path) }
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/storage.yml b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/storage.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53e562e0fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/storage.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+test:
+  service: Disk
+  root: <%= Rails.root.join("tmp/storage") %>
+
+local:
+  service: Disk
+  root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %>
+
+# Use rails credentials:edit to set the AWS secrets (as aws:access_key_id|secret_access_key)
+# amazon:
+#   service: S3
+#   access_key_id: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :access_key_id) %>
+#   secret_access_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :secret_access_key) %>
+#   region: us-east-1
+#   bucket: your_own_bucket
+
+# Remember not to checkin your GCS keyfile to a repository
+# google:
+#   service: GCS
+#   project: your_project
+#   credentials: <%= Rails.root.join("path/to/gcs.keyfile") %>
+#   bucket: your_own_bucket
+
+# Use rails credentials:edit to set the Azure Storage secret (as azure_storage:storage_access_key)
+# microsoft:
+#   service: AzureStorage
+#   path: your_azure_storage_path
+#   storage_account_name: your_account_name
+#   storage_access_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:azure_storage, :storage_access_key) %>
+#   container: your_container_name
+
+# mirror:
+#   service: Mirror
+#   primary: local
+#   mirrors: [ amazon, google, microsoft ]
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/development.js b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/development.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5edff94ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/development.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+process.env.NODE_ENV = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development'
+
+const environment = require('./environment')
+
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/environment.js b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/environment.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d16d9af743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/environment.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const { environment } = require('@rails/webpacker')
+
+module.exports = environment
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/production.js b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/production.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be0f53aacf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/production.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+process.env.NODE_ENV = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'production'
+
+const environment = require('./environment')
+
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/test.js b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5edff94ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpack/test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+process.env.NODE_ENV = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development'
+
+const environment = require('./environment')
+
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpacker.yml b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpacker.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fd531213f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/config/webpacker.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# Note: You must restart bin/webpack-dev-server for changes to take effect
+
+default: &default
+  source_path: app/javascript
+  source_entry_path: packs
+  public_root_path: public
+  public_output_path: packs
+  cache_path: tmp/cache/webpacker
+  check_yarn_integrity: false
+  webpack_compile_output: false
+
+  # Additional paths webpack should lookup modules
+  # ['app/assets', 'engine/foo/app/assets']
+  resolved_paths: []
+
+  # Reload manifest.json on all requests so we reload latest compiled packs
+  cache_manifest: false
+
+  # Extract and emit a css file
+  extract_css: false
+
+  static_assets_extensions:
+    - .jpg
+    - .jpeg
+    - .png
+    - .gif
+    - .tiff
+    - .ico
+    - .svg
+    - .eot
+    - .otf
+    - .ttf
+    - .woff
+    - .woff2
+
+  extensions:
+    - .mjs
+    - .js
+    - .sass
+    - .scss
+    - .css
+    - .module.sass
+    - .module.scss
+    - .module.css
+    - .png
+    - .svg
+    - .gif
+    - .jpeg
+    - .jpg
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  compile: true
+
+  # Verifies that versions and hashed value of the package contents in the project's package.json
+  check_yarn_integrity: true
+
+  # Reference: https://webpack.js.org/configuration/dev-server/
+  dev_server:
+    https: false
+    host: localhost
+    port: 3035
+    public: localhost:3035
+    hmr: false
+    # Inline should be set to true if using HMR
+    inline: true
+    overlay: true
+    compress: true
+    disable_host_check: true
+    use_local_ip: false
+    quiet: false
+    headers:
+      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*'
+    watch_options:
+      ignored: '**/node_modules/**'
+
+
+test:
+  <<: *default
+  compile: true
+
+  # Compile test packs to a separate directory
+  public_output_path: packs-test
+
+production:
+  <<: *default
+
+  # Production depends on precompilation of packs prior to booting for performance.
+  compile: false
+
+  # Extract and emit a css file
+  extract_css: true
+
+  # Cache manifest.json for performance
+  cache_manifest: true
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180208205311_create_messages.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180208205311_create_messages.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3552840824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180208205311_create_messages.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class CreateMessages < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :messages do |t|
+      t.string :subject
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180212164506_create_active_storage_tables.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180212164506_create_active_storage_tables.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b2ce257c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180212164506_create_active_storage_tables.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# This migration comes from active_storage (originally 20170806125915)
+class CreateActiveStorageTables < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
+  def change
+    create_table :active_storage_blobs do |t|
+      t.string   :key,        null: false
+      t.string   :filename,   null: false
+      t.string   :content_type
+      t.text     :metadata
+      t.bigint   :byte_size,  null: false
+      t.string   :checksum,   null: false
+      t.datetime :created_at, null: false
+
+      t.index [ :key ], unique: true
+    end
+
+    create_table :active_storage_attachments do |t|
+      t.string     :name,     null: false
+      t.references :record,   null: false, polymorphic: true, index: false
+      t.references :blob,     null: false
+
+      t.datetime :created_at, null: false
+
+      t.index [ :record_type, :record_id, :name, :blob_id ], name: "index_active_storage_attachments_uniqueness", unique: true
+      t.foreign_key :active_storage_blobs, column: :blob_id
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180528164100_create_action_text_tables.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180528164100_create_action_text_tables.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7c66ea6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20180528164100_create_action_text_tables.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+class CreateActionTextTables < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :action_text_rich_texts do |t|
+      t.string     :name, null: false
+      t.text       :body, size: :long
+      t.references :record, null: false, polymorphic: true, index: false
+
+      t.timestamps
+
+      t.index [ :record_type, :record_id, :name ], name: "index_action_text_rich_texts_uniqueness", unique: true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20181003185713_create_people.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20181003185713_create_people.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6928a8e20d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20181003185713_create_people.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class CreatePeople < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :people do |t|
+      t.string :name
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20190305172303_create_pages.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20190305172303_create_pages.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a71e55d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20190305172303_create_pages.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class CreatePages < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :pages do |t|
+      t.string :title
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20190317200724_create_reviews.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20190317200724_create_reviews.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96e0eab287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/migrate/20190317200724_create_reviews.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class CreateReviews < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :reviews do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :message, null: false
+      t.string :author_name, null: false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/db/schema.rb b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/schema.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03e99b29d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/db/schema.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# This file is auto-generated from the current state of the database. Instead
+# of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
+# incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
+#
+# This file is the source Rails uses to define your schema when running `rails
+# db:schema:load`. When creating a new database, `rails db:schema:load` tends to
+# be faster and is potentially less error prone than running all of your
+# migrations from scratch. Old migrations may fail to apply correctly if those
+# migrations use external dependencies or application code.
+#
+# It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
+
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 2019_03_17_200724) do
+
+  create_table "action_text_rich_texts", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.string "name", null: false
+    t.text "body"
+    t.string "record_type", null: false
+    t.integer "record_id", null: false
+    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
+    t.index ["record_type", "record_id", "name"], name: "index_action_text_rich_texts_uniqueness", unique: true
+  end
+
+  create_table "active_storage_attachments", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.string "name", null: false
+    t.string "record_type", null: false
+    t.integer "record_id", null: false
+    t.integer "blob_id", null: false
+    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
+    t.index ["blob_id"], name: "index_active_storage_attachments_on_blob_id"
+    t.index ["record_type", "record_id", "name", "blob_id"], name: "index_active_storage_attachments_uniqueness", unique: true
+  end
+
+  create_table "active_storage_blobs", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.string "key", null: false
+    t.string "filename", null: false
+    t.string "content_type"
+    t.text "metadata"
+    t.bigint "byte_size", null: false
+    t.string "checksum", null: false
+    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
+    t.index ["key"], name: "index_active_storage_blobs_on_key", unique: true
+  end
+
+  create_table "messages", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.string "subject"
+    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table "pages", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.string "title"
+    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table "people", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.string "name"
+    t.datetime "created_at", precision: 6, null: false
+    t.datetime "updated_at", precision: 6, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table "reviews", force: :cascade do |t|
+    t.integer "message_id", null: false
+    t.string "author_name", null: false
+    t.index ["message_id"], name: "index_reviews_on_message_id"
+  end
+
+  add_foreign_key "active_storage_attachments", "active_storage_blobs", column: "blob_id"
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/lib/assets/.keep b/actiontext/test/dummy/lib/assets/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/lib/assets/.keep
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/log/.keep b/actiontext/test/dummy/log/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/log/.keep
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/package.json b/actiontext/test/dummy/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb3bbbddf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "name": "dummy",
+  "private": true,
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@rails/webpacker": "^4.0.2",
+    "actiontext": "file:../..",
+    "trix": "^1.1.1"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "webpack-dev-server": "^3.3.1"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/postcss.config.js b/actiontext/test/dummy/postcss.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa5998a809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/postcss.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module.exports = {
+  plugins: [
+    require('postcss-import'),
+    require('postcss-flexbugs-fixes'),
+    require('postcss-preset-env')({
+      autoprefixer: {
+        flexbox: 'no-2009'
+      },
+      stage: 3
+    })
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/public/404.html b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/404.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2be3af26fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/404.html
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+  <style>
+  .rails-default-error-page {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog {
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > div {
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body class="rails-default-error-page">
+  <!-- This file lives in public/404.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <div>
+      <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
+      <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/public/422.html b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/422.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c08eac0d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/422.html
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+  <style>
+  .rails-default-error-page {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog {
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > div {
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body class="rails-default-error-page">
+  <!-- This file lives in public/422.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <div>
+      <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
+      <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/public/500.html b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/500.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78a030af22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/500.html
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+  <style>
+  .rails-default-error-page {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog {
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > div {
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  .rails-default-error-page div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body class="rails-default-error-page">
+  <!-- This file lives in public/500.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <div>
+      <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon.png b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/apple-touch-icon.png
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/public/favicon.ico b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/favicon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/public/favicon.ico
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/storage/.keep b/actiontext/test/dummy/storage/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/storage/.keep
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/tmp/.keep b/actiontext/test/dummy/tmp/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/tmp/.keep
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/tmp/storage/.keep b/actiontext/test/dummy/tmp/storage/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/tmp/storage/.keep
diff --git a/actiontext/test/dummy/yarn.lock b/actiontext/test/dummy/yarn.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..891f6e7856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/dummy/yarn.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,7023 @@
+# THIS IS AN AUTOGENERATED FILE. DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY.
+# yarn lockfile v1
+
+
+"@babel/code-frame@^7.0.0":
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.0.0.tgz#06e2ab19bdb535385559aabb5ba59729482800f8"
+  integrity sha512-OfC2uemaknXr87bdLUkWog7nYuliM9Ij5HUcajsVcMCpQrcLmtxRbVFTIqmcSkSeYRBFBRxs2FiUqFJDLdiebA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/highlight" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/core@^7.3.4":
+  version "7.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/core/-/core-7.4.4.tgz#84055750b05fcd50f9915a826b44fa347a825250"
+  integrity sha512-lQgGX3FPRgbz2SKmhMtYgJvVzGZrmjaF4apZ2bLwofAKiSjxU0drPh4S/VasyYXwaTs+A1gvQ45BN8SQJzHsQQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/code-frame" "^7.0.0"
+    "@babel/generator" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/helpers" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/parser" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/template" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/traverse" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/types" "^7.4.4"
+    convert-source-map "^1.1.0"
+    debug "^4.1.0"
+    json5 "^2.1.0"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+    resolve "^1.3.2"
+    semver "^5.4.1"
+    source-map "^0.5.0"
+
+"@babel/generator@^7.4.4":
+  version "7.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/generator/-/generator-7.4.4.tgz#174a215eb843fc392c7edcaabeaa873de6e8f041"
+  integrity sha512-53UOLK6TVNqKxf7RUh8NE851EHRxOOeVXKbK2bivdb+iziMyk03Sr4eaE9OELCbyZAAafAKPDwF2TPUES5QbxQ==
+  dependencies:
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+    jsesc "^2.5.1"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+    source-map "^0.5.0"
+    trim-right "^1.0.1"
+
+"@babel/helper-annotate-as-pure@^7.0.0":
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-annotate-as-pure/-/helper-annotate-as-pure-7.0.0.tgz#323d39dd0b50e10c7c06ca7d7638e6864d8c5c32"
+  integrity sha512-3UYcJUj9kvSLbLbUIfQTqzcy5VX7GRZ/CCDrnOaZorFFM01aXp1+GJwuFGV4NDDoAS+mOUyHcO6UD/RfqOks3Q==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-builder-binary-assignment-operator-visitor@^7.1.0":
+  version "7.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-builder-binary-assignment-operator-visitor/-/helper-builder-binary-assignment-operator-visitor-7.1.0.tgz#6b69628dfe4087798e0c4ed98e3d4a6b2fbd2f5f"
+  integrity sha512-qNSR4jrmJ8M1VMM9tibvyRAHXQs2PmaksQF7c1CGJNipfe3D8p+wgNwgso/P2A2r2mdgBWAXljNWR0QRZAMW8w==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/helper-explode-assignable-expression" "^7.1.0"
+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-call-delegate@^7.4.4":
+  version "7.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-call-delegate/-/helper-call-delegate-7.4.4.tgz#87c1f8ca19ad552a736a7a27b1c1fcf8b1ff1f43"
+  integrity sha512-l79boDFJ8S1c5hvQvG+rc+wHw6IuH7YldmRKsYtpbawsxURu/paVy57FZMomGK22/JckepaikOkY0MoAmdyOlQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/helper-hoist-variables" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/traverse" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/types" "^7.4.4"
+
+"@babel/helper-create-class-features-plugin@^7.4.4":
+  version "7.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-create-class-features-plugin/-/helper-create-class-features-plugin-7.4.4.tgz#fc3d690af6554cc9efc607364a82d48f58736dba"
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+  dependencies:
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+    "@babel/helper-member-expression-to-functions" "^7.0.0"
+    "@babel/helper-optimise-call-expression" "^7.0.0"
+    "@babel/helper-plugin-utils" "^7.0.0"
+    "@babel/helper-replace-supers" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/helper-split-export-declaration" "^7.4.4"
+
+"@babel/helper-define-map@^7.4.4":
+  version "7.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-define-map/-/helper-define-map-7.4.4.tgz#6969d1f570b46bdc900d1eba8e5d59c48ba2c12a"
+  integrity sha512-IX3Ln8gLhZpSuqHJSnTNBWGDE9kdkTEWl21A/K7PQ00tseBwbqCHTvNLHSBd9M0R5rER4h5Rsvj9vw0R5SieBg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/helper-function-name" "^7.1.0"
+    "@babel/types" "^7.4.4"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+
+"@babel/helper-explode-assignable-expression@^7.1.0":
+  version "7.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-explode-assignable-expression/-/helper-explode-assignable-expression-7.1.0.tgz#537fa13f6f1674df745b0c00ec8fe4e99681c8f6"
+  integrity sha512-NRQpfHrJ1msCHtKjbzs9YcMmJZOg6mQMmGRB+hbamEdG5PNpaSm95275VD92DvJKuyl0s2sFiDmMZ+EnnvufqA==
+  dependencies:
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+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-function-name@^7.1.0":
+  version "7.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-function-name/-/helper-function-name-7.1.0.tgz#a0ceb01685f73355d4360c1247f582bfafc8ff53"
+  integrity sha512-A95XEoCpb3TO+KZzJ4S/5uW5fNe26DjBGqf1o9ucyLyCmi1dXq/B3c8iaWTfBk3VvetUxl16e8tIrd5teOCfGw==
+  dependencies:
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+    "@babel/template" "^7.1.0"
+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-get-function-arity@^7.0.0":
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-get-function-arity/-/helper-get-function-arity-7.0.0.tgz#83572d4320e2a4657263734113c42868b64e49c3"
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+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-hoist-variables@^7.4.4":
+  version "7.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-hoist-variables/-/helper-hoist-variables-7.4.4.tgz#0298b5f25c8c09c53102d52ac4a98f773eb2850a"
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+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types" "^7.4.4"
+
+"@babel/helper-member-expression-to-functions@^7.0.0":
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-member-expression-to-functions/-/helper-member-expression-to-functions-7.0.0.tgz#8cd14b0a0df7ff00f009e7d7a436945f47c7a16f"
+  integrity sha512-avo+lm/QmZlv27Zsi0xEor2fKcqWG56D5ae9dzklpIaY7cQMK5N8VSpaNVPPagiqmy7LrEjK1IWdGMOqPu5csg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-module-imports@^7.0.0":
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-module-imports/-/helper-module-imports-7.0.0.tgz#96081b7111e486da4d2cd971ad1a4fe216cc2e3d"
+  integrity sha512-aP/hlLq01DWNEiDg4Jn23i+CXxW/owM4WpDLFUbpjxe4NS3BhLVZQ5i7E0ZrxuQ/vwekIeciyamgB1UIYxxM6A==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-module-transforms@^7.1.0", "@babel/helper-module-transforms@^7.4.4":
+  version "7.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-module-transforms/-/helper-module-transforms-7.4.4.tgz#96115ea42a2f139e619e98ed46df6019b94414b8"
+  integrity sha512-3Z1yp8TVQf+B4ynN7WoHPKS8EkdTbgAEy0nU0rs/1Kw4pDgmvYH3rz3aI11KgxKCba2cn7N+tqzV1mY2HMN96w==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/helper-module-imports" "^7.0.0"
+    "@babel/helper-simple-access" "^7.1.0"
+    "@babel/helper-split-export-declaration" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/template" "^7.4.4"
+    "@babel/types" "^7.4.4"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+
+"@babel/helper-optimise-call-expression@^7.0.0":
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-optimise-call-expression/-/helper-optimise-call-expression-7.0.0.tgz#a2920c5702b073c15de51106200aa8cad20497d5"
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+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-plugin-utils@^7.0.0":
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-plugin-utils/-/helper-plugin-utils-7.0.0.tgz#bbb3fbee98661c569034237cc03967ba99b4f250"
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+
+"@babel/helper-regex@^7.0.0", "@babel/helper-regex@^7.4.4":
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+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-regex/-/helper-regex-7.4.4.tgz#a47e02bc91fb259d2e6727c2a30013e3ac13c4a2"
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+  dependencies:
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+
+"@babel/helper-remap-async-to-generator@^7.1.0":
+  version "7.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-remap-async-to-generator/-/helper-remap-async-to-generator-7.1.0.tgz#361d80821b6f38da75bd3f0785ece20a88c5fe7f"
+  integrity sha512-3fOK0L+Fdlg8S5al8u/hWE6vhufGSn0bN09xm2LXMy//REAF8kDCrYoOBKYmA8m5Nom+sV9LyLCwrFynA8/slg==
+  dependencies:
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+    "@babel/helper-wrap-function" "^7.1.0"
+    "@babel/template" "^7.1.0"
+    "@babel/traverse" "^7.1.0"
+    "@babel/types" "^7.0.0"
+
+"@babel/helper-replace-supers@^7.1.0", "@babel/helper-replace-supers@^7.4.4":
+  version "7.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@babel/helper-replace-supers/-/helper-replace-supers-7.4.4.tgz#aee41783ebe4f2d3ab3ae775e1cc6f1a90cefa27"
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+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer/-/helper-buffer-1.8.5.tgz#fea93e429863dd5e4338555f42292385a653f204"
+  integrity sha512-Ri2R8nOS0U6G49Q86goFIPNgjyl6+oE1abW1pS84BuhP1Qcr5JqMwRFT3Ah3ADDDYGEgGs1iyb1DGX+kAi/c/Q==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame/-/helper-code-frame-1.8.5.tgz#9a740ff48e3faa3022b1dff54423df9aa293c25e"
+  integrity sha512-VQAadSubZIhNpH46IR3yWO4kZZjMxN1opDrzePLdVKAZ+DFjkGD/rf4v1jap744uPVU6yjL/smZbRIIJTOUnKQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-printer" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm/-/helper-fsm-1.8.5.tgz#ba0b7d3b3f7e4733da6059c9332275d860702452"
+  integrity sha512-kRuX/saORcg8se/ft6Q2UbRpZwP4y7YrWsLXPbbmtepKr22i8Z4O3V5QE9DbZK908dh5Xya4Un57SDIKwB9eow==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context/-/helper-module-context-1.8.5.tgz#def4b9927b0101dc8cbbd8d1edb5b7b9c82eb245"
+  integrity sha512-/O1B236mN7UNEU4t9X7Pj38i4VoU8CcMHyy3l2cV/kIF4U5KoHXDVqcDuOs1ltkac90IM4vZdHc52t1x8Yfs3g==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    mamacro "^0.0.3"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode/-/helper-wasm-bytecode-1.8.5.tgz#537a750eddf5c1e932f3744206551c91c1b93e61"
+  integrity sha512-Cu4YMYG3Ddl72CbmpjU/wbP6SACcOPVbHN1dI4VJNJVgFwaKf1ppeFJrwydOG3NDHxVGuCfPlLZNyEdIYlQ6QQ==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section/-/helper-wasm-section-1.8.5.tgz#74ca6a6bcbe19e50a3b6b462847e69503e6bfcbf"
+  integrity sha512-VV083zwR+VTrIWWtgIUpqfvVdK4ff38loRmrdDBgBT8ADXYsEZ5mPQ4Nde90N3UYatHdYoDIFb7oHzMncI02tA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/ieee754@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.8.5.tgz#712329dbef240f36bf57bd2f7b8fb9bf4154421e"
+  integrity sha512-aaCvQYrvKbY/n6wKHb/ylAJr27GglahUO89CcGXMItrOBqRarUMxWLJgxm9PJNuKULwN5n1csT9bYoMeZOGF3g==
+  dependencies:
+    "@xtuc/ieee754" "^1.2.0"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/leb128@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/leb128/-/leb128-1.8.5.tgz#044edeb34ea679f3e04cd4fd9824d5e35767ae10"
+  integrity sha512-plYUuUwleLIziknvlP8VpTgO4kqNaH57Y3JnNa6DLpu/sGcP6hbVdfdX5aHAV716pQBKrfuU26BJK29qY37J7A==
+  dependencies:
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.2"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/utf8@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/utf8/-/utf8-1.8.5.tgz#a8bf3b5d8ffe986c7c1e373ccbdc2a0915f0cedc"
+  integrity sha512-U7zgftmQriw37tfD934UNInokz6yTmn29inT2cAetAsaU9YeVCveWEwhKL1Mg4yS7q//NGdzy79nlXh3bT8Kjw==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit/-/wasm-edit-1.8.5.tgz#962da12aa5acc1c131c81c4232991c82ce56e01a"
+  integrity sha512-A41EMy8MWw5yvqj7MQzkDjU29K7UJq1VrX2vWLzfpRHt3ISftOXqrtojn7nlPsZ9Ijhp5NwuODuycSvfAO/26Q==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-printer" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen/-/wasm-gen-1.8.5.tgz#54840766c2c1002eb64ed1abe720aded714f98bc"
+  integrity sha512-BCZBT0LURC0CXDzj5FXSc2FPTsxwp3nWcqXQdOZE4U7h7i8FqtFK5Egia6f9raQLpEKT1VL7zr4r3+QX6zArWg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/ieee754" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/leb128" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/utf8" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt/-/wasm-opt-1.8.5.tgz#b24d9f6ba50394af1349f510afa8ffcb8a63d264"
+  integrity sha512-HKo2mO/Uh9A6ojzu7cjslGaHaUU14LdLbGEKqTR7PBKwT6LdPtLLh9fPY33rmr5wcOMrsWDbbdCHq4hQUdd37Q==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser/-/wasm-parser-1.8.5.tgz#21576f0ec88b91427357b8536383668ef7c66b8d"
+  integrity sha512-pi0SYE9T6tfcMkthwcgCpL0cM9nRYr6/6fjgDtL6q/ZqKHdMWvxitRi5JcZ7RI4SNJJYnYNaWy5UUrHQy998lw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/ieee754" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/leb128" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/utf8" "1.8.5"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wast-parser@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wast-parser/-/wast-parser-1.8.5.tgz#e10eecd542d0e7bd394f6827c49f3df6d4eefb8c"
+  integrity sha512-daXC1FyKWHF1i11obK086QRlsMsY4+tIOKgBqI1lxAnkp9xe9YMcgOxm9kLe+ttjs5aWV2KKE1TWJCN57/Btsg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/floating-point-hex-parser" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm" "1.8.5"
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.2"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wast-printer@1.8.5":
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wast-printer/-/wast-printer-1.8.5.tgz#114bbc481fd10ca0e23b3560fa812748b0bae5bc"
+  integrity sha512-w0U0pD4EhlnvRyeJzBqaVSJAo9w/ce7/WPogeXLzGkO6hzhr4GnQIZ4W4uUt5b9ooAaXPtnXlj0gzsXEOUNYMg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-parser" "1.8.5"
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.2"
+
+"@xtuc/ieee754@^1.2.0":
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@xtuc/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.2.0.tgz#eef014a3145ae477a1cbc00cd1e552336dceb790"
+  integrity sha512-DX8nKgqcGwsc0eJSqYt5lwP4DH5FlHnmuWWBRy7X0NcaGR0ZtuyeESgMwTYVEtxmsNGY+qit4QYT/MIYTOTPeA==
+
+"@xtuc/long@4.2.2":
+  version "4.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@xtuc/long/-/long-4.2.2.tgz#d291c6a4e97989b5c61d9acf396ae4fe133a718d"
+  integrity sha512-NuHqBY1PB/D8xU6s/thBgOAiAP7HOYDQ32+BFZILJ8ivkUkAHQnWfn6WhL79Owj1qmUnoN/YPhktdIoucipkAQ==
+
+abbrev@1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/abbrev/-/abbrev-1.1.1.tgz#f8f2c887ad10bf67f634f005b6987fed3179aac8"
+  integrity sha512-nne9/IiQ/hzIhY6pdDnbBtz7DjPTKrY00P/zvPSm5pOFkl6xuGrGnXn/VtTNNfNtAfZ9/1RtehkszU9qcTii0Q==
+
+accepts@~1.3.4, accepts@~1.3.5:
+  version "1.3.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/accepts/-/accepts-1.3.7.tgz#531bc726517a3b2b41f850021c6cc15eaab507cd"
+  integrity sha512-Il80Qs2WjYlJIBNzNkK6KYqlVMTbZLXgHx2oT0pU/fjRHyEp+PEfEPY0R3WCwAGVOtauxh1hOxNgIf5bv7dQpA==
+  dependencies:
+    mime-types "~2.1.24"
+    negotiator "0.6.2"
+
+acorn-dynamic-import@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn-dynamic-import/-/acorn-dynamic-import-4.0.0.tgz#482210140582a36b83c3e342e1cfebcaa9240948"
+  integrity sha512-d3OEjQV4ROpoflsnUA8HozoIR504TFxNivYEUi6uwz0IYhBkTDXGuWlNdMtybRt3nqVx/L6XqMt0FxkXuWKZhw==
+
+acorn@^6.0.5:
+  version "6.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn/-/acorn-6.1.1.tgz#7d25ae05bb8ad1f9b699108e1094ecd7884adc1f"
+  integrity sha512-jPTiwtOxaHNaAPg/dmrJ/beuzLRnXtB0kQPQ8JpotKJgTB6rX6c8mlf315941pyjBSaPg8NHXS9fhP4u17DpGA==
+
+"actiontext@file:../..":
+  version "6.1.0-alpha"
+  dependencies:
+    "@rails/activestorage" "^6.0.0-alpha"
+
+ajv-errors@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-errors/-/ajv-errors-1.0.1.tgz#f35986aceb91afadec4102fbd85014950cefa64d"
+  integrity sha512-DCRfO/4nQ+89p/RK43i8Ezd41EqdGIU4ld7nGF8OQ14oc/we5rEntLCUa7+jrn3nn83BosfwZA0wb4pon2o8iQ==
+
+ajv-keywords@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-keywords/-/ajv-keywords-3.4.0.tgz#4b831e7b531415a7cc518cd404e73f6193c6349d"
+  integrity sha512-aUjdRFISbuFOl0EIZc+9e4FfZp0bDZgAdOOf30bJmw8VM9v84SHyVyxDfbWxpGYbdZD/9XoKxfHVNmxPkhwyGw==
+
+ajv@^6.1.0, ajv@^6.5.5:
+  version "6.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv/-/ajv-6.10.0.tgz#90d0d54439da587cd7e843bfb7045f50bd22bdf1"
+  integrity sha512-nffhOpkymDECQyR0mnsUtoCE8RlX38G0rYP+wgLWFyZuUyuuojSSvi/+euOiQBIn63whYwYVIIH1TvE3tu4OEg==
+  dependencies:
+    fast-deep-equal "^2.0.1"
+    fast-json-stable-stringify "^2.0.0"
+    json-schema-traverse "^0.4.1"
+    uri-js "^4.2.2"
+
+alphanum-sort@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/alphanum-sort/-/alphanum-sort-1.0.2.tgz#97a1119649b211ad33691d9f9f486a8ec9fbe0a3"
+  integrity sha1-l6ERlkmyEa0zaR2fn0hqjsn74KM=
+
+amdefine@>=0.0.4:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/amdefine/-/amdefine-1.0.1.tgz#4a5282ac164729e93619bcfd3ad151f817ce91f5"
+  integrity sha1-SlKCrBZHKek2Gbz9OtFR+BfOkfU=
+
+ansi-colors@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-colors/-/ansi-colors-3.2.4.tgz#e3a3da4bfbae6c86a9c285625de124a234026fbf"
+  integrity sha512-hHUXGagefjN2iRrID63xckIvotOXOojhQKWIPUZ4mNUZ9nLZW+7FMNoE1lOkEhNWYsx/7ysGIuJYCiMAA9FnrA==
+
+ansi-html@0.0.7:
+  version "0.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-html/-/ansi-html-0.0.7.tgz#813584021962a9e9e6fd039f940d12f56ca7859e"
+  integrity sha1-gTWEAhliqenm/QOflA0S9WynhZ4=
+
+ansi-regex@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-2.1.1.tgz#c3b33ab5ee360d86e0e628f0468ae7ef27d654df"
+  integrity sha1-w7M6te42DYbg5ijwRorn7yfWVN8=
+
+ansi-regex@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-3.0.0.tgz#ed0317c322064f79466c02966bddb605ab37d998"
+  integrity sha1-7QMXwyIGT3lGbAKWa922Bas32Zg=
+
+ansi-styles@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-2.2.1.tgz#b432dd3358b634cf75e1e4664368240533c1ddbe"
+  integrity sha1-tDLdM1i2NM914eRmQ2gkBTPB3b4=
+
+ansi-styles@^3.2.1:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-3.2.1.tgz#41fbb20243e50b12be0f04b8dedbf07520ce841d"
+  integrity sha512-VT0ZI6kZRdTh8YyJw3SMbYm/u+NqfsAxEpWO0Pf9sq8/e94WxxOpPKx9FR1FlyCtOVDNOQ+8ntlqFxiRc+r5qA==
+  dependencies:
+    color-convert "^1.9.0"
+
+anymatch@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/anymatch/-/anymatch-2.0.0.tgz#bcb24b4f37934d9aa7ac17b4adaf89e7c76ef2eb"
+  integrity sha512-5teOsQWABXHHBFP9y3skS5P3d/WfWXpv3FUpy+LorMrNYaT9pI4oLMQX7jzQ2KklNpGpWHzdCXTDT2Y3XGlZBw==
+  dependencies:
+    micromatch "^3.1.4"
+    normalize-path "^2.1.1"
+
+aproba@^1.0.3, aproba@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aproba/-/aproba-1.2.0.tgz#6802e6264efd18c790a1b0d517f0f2627bf2c94a"
+  integrity sha512-Y9J6ZjXtoYh8RnXVCMOU/ttDmk1aBjunq9vO0ta5x85WDQiQfUF9sIPBITdbiiIVcBo03Hi3jMxigBtsddlXRw==
+
+are-we-there-yet@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/are-we-there-yet/-/are-we-there-yet-1.1.5.tgz#4b35c2944f062a8bfcda66410760350fe9ddfc21"
+  integrity sha512-5hYdAkZlcG8tOLujVDTgCT+uPX0VnpAH28gWsLfzpXYm7wP6mp5Q/gYyR7YQ0cKVJcXJnl3j2kpBan13PtQf6w==
+  dependencies:
+    delegates "^1.0.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.6"
+
+argparse@^1.0.7:
+  version "1.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/argparse/-/argparse-1.0.10.tgz#bcd6791ea5ae09725e17e5ad988134cd40b3d911"
+  integrity sha512-o5Roy6tNG4SL/FOkCAN6RzjiakZS25RLYFrcMttJqbdd8BWrnA+fGz57iN5Pb06pvBGvl5gQ0B48dJlslXvoTg==
+  dependencies:
+    sprintf-js "~1.0.2"
+
+arr-diff@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/arr-diff/-/arr-diff-4.0.0.tgz#d6461074febfec71e7e15235761a329a5dc7c520"
+  integrity sha1-1kYQdP6/7HHn4VI1dhoyml3HxSA=
+
+arr-flatten@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/arr-flatten/-/arr-flatten-1.1.0.tgz#36048bbff4e7b47e136644316c99669ea5ae91f1"
+  integrity sha512-L3hKV5R/p5o81R7O02IGnwpDmkp6E982XhtbuwSe3O4qOtMMMtodicASA1Cny2U+aCXcNpml+m4dPsvsJ3jatg==
+
+arr-union@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/arr-union/-/arr-union-3.1.0.tgz#e39b09aea9def866a8f206e288af63919bae39c4"
+  integrity sha1-45sJrqne+Gao8gbiiK9jkZuuOcQ=
+
+array-find-index@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-find-index/-/array-find-index-1.0.2.tgz#df010aa1287e164bbda6f9723b0a96a1ec4187a1"
+  integrity sha1-3wEKoSh+Fku9pvlyOwqWoexBh6E=
+
+array-flatten@1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-flatten/-/array-flatten-1.1.1.tgz#9a5f699051b1e7073328f2a008968b64ea2955d2"
+  integrity sha1-ml9pkFGx5wczKPKgCJaLZOopVdI=
+
+array-flatten@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-flatten/-/array-flatten-2.1.2.tgz#24ef80a28c1a893617e2149b0c6d0d788293b099"
+  integrity sha512-hNfzcOV8W4NdualtqBFPyVO+54DSJuZGY9qT4pRroB6S9e3iiido2ISIC5h9R2sPJ8H3FHCIiEnsv1lPXO3KtQ==
+
+array-union@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-union/-/array-union-1.0.2.tgz#9a34410e4f4e3da23dea375be5be70f24778ec39"
+  integrity sha1-mjRBDk9OPaI96jdb5b5w8kd47Dk=
+  dependencies:
+    array-uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+array-uniq@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-uniq/-/array-uniq-1.0.3.tgz#af6ac877a25cc7f74e058894753858dfdb24fdb6"
+  integrity sha1-r2rId6Jcx/dOBYiUdThY39sk/bY=
+
+array-unique@^0.3.2:
+  version "0.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/array-unique/-/array-unique-0.3.2.tgz#a894b75d4bc4f6cd679ef3244a9fd8f46ae2d428"
+  integrity sha1-qJS3XUvE9s1nnvMkSp/Y9Gri1Cg=
+
+asn1.js@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.10.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/asn1.js/-/asn1.js-4.10.1.tgz#b9c2bf5805f1e64aadeed6df3a2bfafb5a73f5a0"
+  integrity sha512-p32cOF5q0Zqs9uBiONKYLm6BClCoBCM5O9JfeUSlnQLBTxYdTK+pW+nXflm8UkKd2UYlEbYz5qEi0JuZR9ckSw==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+asn1@~0.2.3:
+  version "0.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/asn1/-/asn1-0.2.4.tgz#8d2475dfab553bb33e77b54e59e880bb8ce23136"
+  integrity sha512-jxwzQpLQjSmWXgwaCZE9Nz+glAG01yF1QnWgbhGwHI5A6FRIEY6IVqtHhIepHqI7/kyEyQEagBC5mBEFlIYvdg==
+  dependencies:
+    safer-buffer "~2.1.0"
+
+assert-plus@1.0.0, assert-plus@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assert-plus/-/assert-plus-1.0.0.tgz#f12e0f3c5d77b0b1cdd9146942e4e96c1e4dd525"
+  integrity sha1-8S4PPF13sLHN2RRpQuTpbB5N1SU=
+
+assert@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assert/-/assert-1.5.0.tgz#55c109aaf6e0aefdb3dc4b71240c70bf574b18eb"
+  integrity sha512-EDsgawzwoun2CZkCgtxJbv392v4nbk9XDD06zI+kQYoBM/3RBWLlEyJARDOmhAAosBjWACEkKL6S+lIZtcAubA==
+  dependencies:
+    object-assign "^4.1.1"
+    util "0.10.3"
+
+assign-symbols@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/assign-symbols/-/assign-symbols-1.0.0.tgz#59667f41fadd4f20ccbc2bb96b8d4f7f78ec0367"
+  integrity sha1-WWZ/QfrdTyDMvCu5a41Pf3jsA2c=
+
+async-each@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/async-each/-/async-each-1.0.3.tgz#b727dbf87d7651602f06f4d4ac387f47d91b0cbf"
+  integrity sha512-z/WhQ5FPySLdvREByI2vZiTWwCnF0moMJ1hK9YQwDTHKh6I7/uSckMetoRGb5UBZPC1z0jlw+n/XCgjeH7y1AQ==
+
+async-foreach@^0.1.3:
+  version "0.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/async-foreach/-/async-foreach-0.1.3.tgz#36121f845c0578172de419a97dbeb1d16ec34542"
+  integrity sha1-NhIfhFwFeBct5Bmpfb6x0W7DRUI=
+
+async@^1.5.2:
+  version "1.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/async/-/async-1.5.2.tgz#ec6a61ae56480c0c3cb241c95618e20892f9672a"
+  integrity sha1-7GphrlZIDAw8skHJVhjiCJL5Zyo=
+
+asynckit@^0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/asynckit/-/asynckit-0.4.0.tgz#c79ed97f7f34cb8f2ba1bc9790bcc366474b4b79"
+  integrity sha1-x57Zf380y48robyXkLzDZkdLS3k=
+
+atob@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/atob/-/atob-2.1.2.tgz#6d9517eb9e030d2436666651e86bd9f6f13533c9"
+  integrity sha512-Wm6ukoaOGJi/73p/cl2GvLjTI5JM1k/O14isD73YML8StrH/7/lRFgmg8nICZgD3bZZvjwCGxtMOD3wWNAu8cg==
+
+autoprefixer@^9.4.9:
+  version "9.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/autoprefixer/-/autoprefixer-9.5.1.tgz#243b1267b67e7e947f28919d786b50d3bb0fb357"
+  integrity sha512-KJSzkStUl3wP0D5sdMlP82Q52JLy5+atf2MHAre48+ckWkXgixmfHyWmA77wFDy6jTHU6mIgXv6hAQ2mf1PjJQ==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.5.4"
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.30000957"
+    normalize-range "^0.1.2"
+    num2fraction "^1.2.2"
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.3.1"
+
+aws-sign2@~0.7.0:
+  version "0.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aws-sign2/-/aws-sign2-0.7.0.tgz#b46e890934a9591f2d2f6f86d7e6a9f1b3fe76a8"
+  integrity sha1-tG6JCTSpWR8tL2+G1+ap8bP+dqg=
+
+aws4@^1.8.0:
+  version "1.8.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aws4/-/aws4-1.8.0.tgz#f0e003d9ca9e7f59c7a508945d7b2ef9a04a542f"
+  integrity sha512-ReZxvNHIOv88FlT7rxcXIIC0fPt4KZqZbOlivyWtXLt8ESx84zd3kMC6iK5jVeS2qt+g7ftS7ye4fi06X5rtRQ==
+
+babel-loader@^8.0.5:
+  version "8.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/babel-loader/-/babel-loader-8.0.5.tgz#225322d7509c2157655840bba52e46b6c2f2fe33"
+  integrity sha512-NTnHnVRd2JnRqPC0vW+iOQWU5pchDbYXsG2E6DMXEpMfUcQKclF9gmf3G3ZMhzG7IG9ji4coL0cm+FxeWxDpnw==
+  dependencies:
+    find-cache-dir "^2.0.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.0.2"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    util.promisify "^1.0.0"
+
+babel-plugin-dynamic-import-node@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/babel-plugin-dynamic-import-node/-/babel-plugin-dynamic-import-node-2.2.0.tgz#c0adfb07d95f4a4495e9aaac6ec386c4d7c2524e"
+  integrity sha512-fP899ELUnTaBcIzmrW7nniyqqdYWrWuJUyPWHxFa/c7r7hS6KC8FscNfLlBNIoPSc55kYMGEEKjPjJGCLbE1qA==
+  dependencies:
+    object.assign "^4.1.0"
+
+babel-plugin-macros@^2.5.0:
+  version "2.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/babel-plugin-macros/-/babel-plugin-macros-2.5.1.tgz#4a119ac2c2e19b458c259b9accd7ee34fd57ec6f"
+  integrity sha512-xN3KhAxPzsJ6OQTktCanNpIFnnMsCV+t8OloKxIL72D6+SUZYFn9qfklPgef5HyyDtzYZqqb+fs1S12+gQY82Q==
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/runtime" "^7.4.2"
+    cosmiconfig "^5.2.0"
+    resolve "^1.10.0"
+
+balanced-match@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/balanced-match/-/balanced-match-1.0.0.tgz#89b4d199ab2bee49de164ea02b89ce462d71b767"
+  integrity sha1-ibTRmasr7kneFk6gK4nORi1xt2c=
+
+base64-js@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/base64-js/-/base64-js-1.3.0.tgz#cab1e6118f051095e58b5281aea8c1cd22bfc0e3"
+  integrity sha512-ccav/yGvoa80BQDljCxsmmQ3Xvx60/UpBIij5QN21W3wBi/hhIC9OoO+KLpu9IJTS9j4DRVJ3aDDF9cMSoa2lw==
+
+base@^0.11.1:
+  version "0.11.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/base/-/base-0.11.2.tgz#7bde5ced145b6d551a90db87f83c558b4eb48a8f"
+  integrity sha512-5T6P4xPgpp0YDFvSWwEZ4NoE3aM4QBQXDzmVbraCkFj8zHM+mba8SyqB5DbZWyR7mYHo6Y7BdQo3MoA4m0TeQg==
+  dependencies:
+    cache-base "^1.0.1"
+    class-utils "^0.3.5"
+    component-emitter "^1.2.1"
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    mixin-deep "^1.2.0"
+    pascalcase "^0.1.1"
+
+batch@0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/batch/-/batch-0.6.1.tgz#dc34314f4e679318093fc760272525f94bf25c16"
+  integrity sha1-3DQxT05nkxgJP8dgJyUl+UvyXBY=
+
+bcrypt-pbkdf@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bcrypt-pbkdf/-/bcrypt-pbkdf-1.0.2.tgz#a4301d389b6a43f9b67ff3ca11a3f6637e360e9e"
+  integrity sha1-pDAdOJtqQ/m2f/PKEaP2Y342Dp4=
+  dependencies:
+    tweetnacl "^0.14.3"
+
+big.js@^5.2.2:
+  version "5.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/big.js/-/big.js-5.2.2.tgz#65f0af382f578bcdc742bd9c281e9cb2d7768328"
+  integrity sha512-vyL2OymJxmarO8gxMr0mhChsO9QGwhynfuu4+MHTAW6czfq9humCB7rKpUjDd9YUiDPU4mzpyupFSvOClAwbmQ==
+
+binary-extensions@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.13.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/binary-extensions/-/binary-extensions-1.13.1.tgz#598afe54755b2868a5330d2aff9d4ebb53209b65"
+  integrity sha512-Un7MIEDdUC5gNpcGDV97op1Ywk748MpHcFTHoYs6qnj1Z3j7I53VG3nwZhKzoBZmbdRNnb6WRdFlwl7tSDuZGw==
+
+block-stream@*:
+  version "0.0.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/block-stream/-/block-stream-0.0.9.tgz#13ebfe778a03205cfe03751481ebb4b3300c126a"
+  integrity sha1-E+v+d4oDIFz+A3UUgeu0szAMEmo=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "~2.0.0"
+
+bluebird@^3.5.3:
+  version "3.5.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bluebird/-/bluebird-3.5.4.tgz#d6cc661595de30d5b3af5fcedd3c0b3ef6ec5714"
+  integrity sha512-FG+nFEZChJrbQ9tIccIfZJBz3J7mLrAhxakAbnrJWn8d7aKOC+LWifa0G+p4ZqKp4y13T7juYvdhq9NzKdsrjw==
+
+bn.js@^4.0.0, bn.js@^4.1.0, bn.js@^4.1.1, bn.js@^4.4.0:
+  version "4.11.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bn.js/-/bn.js-4.11.8.tgz#2cde09eb5ee341f484746bb0309b3253b1b1442f"
+  integrity sha512-ItfYfPLkWHUjckQCk8xC+LwxgK8NYcXywGigJgSwOP8Y2iyWT4f2vsZnoOXTTbo+o5yXmIUJ4gn5538SO5S3gA==
+
+body-parser@1.18.3:
+  version "1.18.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/body-parser/-/body-parser-1.18.3.tgz#5b292198ffdd553b3a0f20ded0592b956955c8b4"
+  integrity sha1-WykhmP/dVTs6DyDe0FkrlWlVyLQ=
+  dependencies:
+    bytes "3.0.0"
+    content-type "~1.0.4"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    depd "~1.1.2"
+    http-errors "~1.6.3"
+    iconv-lite "0.4.23"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    qs "6.5.2"
+    raw-body "2.3.3"
+    type-is "~1.6.16"
+
+bonjour@^3.5.0:
+  version "3.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bonjour/-/bonjour-3.5.0.tgz#8e890a183d8ee9a2393b3844c691a42bcf7bc9f5"
+  integrity sha1-jokKGD2O6aI5OzhExpGkK897yfU=
+  dependencies:
+    array-flatten "^2.1.0"
+    deep-equal "^1.0.1"
+    dns-equal "^1.0.0"
+    dns-txt "^2.0.2"
+    multicast-dns "^6.0.1"
+    multicast-dns-service-types "^1.1.0"
+
+boolbase@^1.0.0, boolbase@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/boolbase/-/boolbase-1.0.0.tgz#68dff5fbe60c51eb37725ea9e3ed310dcc1e776e"
+  integrity sha1-aN/1++YMUes3cl6p4+0xDcwed24=
+
+brace-expansion@^1.1.7:
+  version "1.1.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.11.tgz#3c7fcbf529d87226f3d2f52b966ff5271eb441dd"
+  integrity sha512-iCuPHDFgrHX7H2vEI/5xpz07zSHB00TpugqhmYtVmMO6518mCuRMoOYFldEBl0g187ufozdaHgWKcYFb61qGiA==
+  dependencies:
+    balanced-match "^1.0.0"
+    concat-map "0.0.1"
+
+braces@^2.3.1, braces@^2.3.2:
+  version "2.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/braces/-/braces-2.3.2.tgz#5979fd3f14cd531565e5fa2df1abfff1dfaee729"
+  integrity sha512-aNdbnj9P8PjdXU4ybaWLK2IF3jc/EoDYbC7AazW6to3TRsfXxscC9UXOB5iDiEQrkyIbWp2SLQda4+QAa7nc3w==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-flatten "^1.1.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    fill-range "^4.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    repeat-element "^1.1.2"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    snapdragon-node "^2.0.1"
+    split-string "^3.0.2"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+brorand@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brorand/-/brorand-1.1.0.tgz#12c25efe40a45e3c323eb8675a0a0ce57b22371f"
+  integrity sha1-EsJe/kCkXjwyPrhnWgoM5XsiNx8=
+
+browserify-aes@^1.0.0, browserify-aes@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-aes/-/browserify-aes-1.2.0.tgz#326734642f403dabc3003209853bb70ad428ef48"
+  integrity sha512-+7CHXqGuspUn/Sl5aO7Ea0xWGAtETPXNSAjHo48JfLdPWcMng33Xe4znFvQweqc/uzk5zSOI3H52CYnjCfb5hA==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-xor "^1.0.3"
+    cipher-base "^1.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.3"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+browserify-cipher@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-cipher/-/browserify-cipher-1.0.1.tgz#8d6474c1b870bfdabcd3bcfcc1934a10e94f15f0"
+  integrity sha512-sPhkz0ARKbf4rRQt2hTpAHqn47X3llLkUGn+xEJzLjwY8LRs2p0v7ljvI5EyoRO/mexrNunNECisZs+gw2zz1w==
+  dependencies:
+    browserify-aes "^1.0.4"
+    browserify-des "^1.0.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.0"
+
+browserify-des@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-des/-/browserify-des-1.0.2.tgz#3af4f1f59839403572f1c66204375f7a7f703e9c"
+  integrity sha512-BioO1xf3hFwz4kc6iBhI3ieDFompMhrMlnDFC4/0/vd5MokpuAc3R+LYbwTA9A5Yc9pq9UYPqffKpW2ObuwX5A==
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.1"
+    des.js "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+
+browserify-rsa@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-rsa/-/browserify-rsa-4.0.1.tgz#21e0abfaf6f2029cf2fafb133567a701d4135524"
+  integrity sha1-IeCr+vbyApzy+vsTNWenAdQTVSQ=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.1"
+
+browserify-sign@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-sign/-/browserify-sign-4.0.4.tgz#aa4eb68e5d7b658baa6bf6a57e630cbd7a93d298"
+  integrity sha1-qk62jl17ZYuqa/alfmMMvXqT0pg=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.1"
+    browserify-rsa "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.2"
+    elliptic "^6.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    parse-asn1 "^5.0.0"
+
+browserify-zlib@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-zlib/-/browserify-zlib-0.2.0.tgz#2869459d9aa3be245fe8fe2ca1f46e2e7f54d73f"
+  integrity sha512-Z942RysHXmJrhqk88FmKBVq/v5tqmSkDz7p54G/MGyjMnCFFnC79XWNbg+Vta8W6Wb2qtSZTSxIGkJrRpCFEiA==
+  dependencies:
+    pako "~1.0.5"
+
+browserslist@^4.0.0, browserslist@^4.4.2, browserslist@^4.5.2, browserslist@^4.5.4:
+  version "4.5.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserslist/-/browserslist-4.5.6.tgz#ea42e8581ca2513fa7f371d4dd66da763938163d"
+  integrity sha512-o/hPOtbU9oX507lIqon+UvPYqpx3mHc8cV3QemSBTXwkG8gSQSK6UKvXcE/DcleU3+A59XTUHyCvZ5qGy8xVAg==
+  dependencies:
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.30000963"
+    electron-to-chromium "^1.3.127"
+    node-releases "^1.1.17"
+
+buffer-from@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-from/-/buffer-from-1.1.1.tgz#32713bc028f75c02fdb710d7c7bcec1f2c6070ef"
+  integrity sha512-MQcXEUbCKtEo7bhqEs6560Hyd4XaovZlO/k9V3hjVUF/zwW7KBVdSK4gIt/bzwS9MbR5qob+F5jusZsb0YQK2A==
+
+buffer-indexof@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-indexof/-/buffer-indexof-1.1.1.tgz#52fabcc6a606d1a00302802648ef68f639da268c"
+  integrity sha512-4/rOEg86jivtPTeOUUT61jJO1Ya1TrR/OkqCSZDyq84WJh3LuuiphBYJN+fm5xufIk4XAFcEwte/8WzC8If/1g==
+
+buffer-xor@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-xor/-/buffer-xor-1.0.3.tgz#26e61ed1422fb70dd42e6e36729ed51d855fe8d9"
+  integrity sha1-JuYe0UIvtw3ULm42cp7VHYVf6Nk=
+
+buffer@^4.3.0:
+  version "4.9.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer/-/buffer-4.9.1.tgz#6d1bb601b07a4efced97094132093027c95bc298"
+  integrity sha1-bRu2AbB6TvztlwlBMgkwJ8lbwpg=
+  dependencies:
+    base64-js "^1.0.2"
+    ieee754 "^1.1.4"
+    isarray "^1.0.0"
+
+builtin-status-codes@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/builtin-status-codes/-/builtin-status-codes-3.0.0.tgz#85982878e21b98e1c66425e03d0174788f569ee8"
+  integrity sha1-hZgoeOIbmOHGZCXgPQF0eI9Wnug=
+
+bytes@3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bytes/-/bytes-3.0.0.tgz#d32815404d689699f85a4ea4fa8755dd13a96048"
+  integrity sha1-0ygVQE1olpn4Wk6k+odV3ROpYEg=
+
+cacache@^11.0.2, cacache@^11.2.0:
+  version "11.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cacache/-/cacache-11.3.2.tgz#2d81e308e3d258ca38125b676b98b2ac9ce69bfa"
+  integrity sha512-E0zP4EPGDOaT2chM08Als91eYnf8Z+eH1awwwVsngUmgppfM5jjJ8l3z5vO5p5w/I3LsiXawb1sW0VY65pQABg==
+  dependencies:
+    bluebird "^3.5.3"
+    chownr "^1.1.1"
+    figgy-pudding "^3.5.1"
+    glob "^7.1.3"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.15"
+    lru-cache "^5.1.1"
+    mississippi "^3.0.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    move-concurrently "^1.0.1"
+    promise-inflight "^1.0.1"
+    rimraf "^2.6.2"
+    ssri "^6.0.1"
+    unique-filename "^1.1.1"
+    y18n "^4.0.0"
+
+cache-base@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cache-base/-/cache-base-1.0.1.tgz#0a7f46416831c8b662ee36fe4e7c59d76f666ab2"
+  integrity sha512-AKcdTnFSWATd5/GCPRxr2ChwIJ85CeyrEyjRHlKxQ56d4XJMGym0uAiKn0xbLOGOl3+yRpOTi484dVCEc5AUzQ==
+  dependencies:
+    collection-visit "^1.0.0"
+    component-emitter "^1.2.1"
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    has-value "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    set-value "^2.0.0"
+    to-object-path "^0.3.0"
+    union-value "^1.0.0"
+    unset-value "^1.0.0"
+
+caller-callsite@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caller-callsite/-/caller-callsite-2.0.0.tgz#847e0fce0a223750a9a027c54b33731ad3154134"
+  integrity sha1-hH4PzgoiN1CpoCfFSzNzGtMVQTQ=
+  dependencies:
+    callsites "^2.0.0"
+
+caller-path@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caller-path/-/caller-path-2.0.0.tgz#468f83044e369ab2010fac5f06ceee15bb2cb1f4"
+  integrity sha1-Ro+DBE42mrIBD6xfBs7uFbsssfQ=
+  dependencies:
+    caller-callsite "^2.0.0"
+
+callsites@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/callsites/-/callsites-2.0.0.tgz#06eb84f00eea413da86affefacbffb36093b3c50"
+  integrity sha1-BuuE8A7qQT2oav/vrL/7Ngk7PFA=
+
+camelcase-keys@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase-keys/-/camelcase-keys-2.1.0.tgz#308beeaffdf28119051efa1d932213c91b8f92e7"
+  integrity sha1-MIvur/3ygRkFHvodkyITyRuPkuc=
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^2.0.0"
+    map-obj "^1.0.0"
+
+camelcase@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase/-/camelcase-2.1.1.tgz#7c1d16d679a1bbe59ca02cacecfb011e201f5a1f"
+  integrity sha1-fB0W1nmhu+WcoCys7PsBHiAfWh8=
+
+camelcase@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase/-/camelcase-3.0.0.tgz#32fc4b9fcdaf845fcdf7e73bb97cac2261f0ab0a"
+  integrity sha1-MvxLn82vhF/N9+c7uXysImHwqwo=
+
+camelcase@^5.0.0, camelcase@^5.2.0:
+  version "5.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/camelcase/-/camelcase-5.3.1.tgz#e3c9b31569e106811df242f715725a1f4c494320"
+  integrity sha512-L28STB170nwWS63UjtlEOE3dldQApaJXZkOI1uMFfzf3rRuPegHaHesyee+YxQ+W6SvRDQV6UrdOdRiR153wJg==
+
+caniuse-api@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caniuse-api/-/caniuse-api-3.0.0.tgz#5e4d90e2274961d46291997df599e3ed008ee4c0"
+  integrity sha512-bsTwuIg/BZZK/vreVTYYbSWoe2F+71P7K5QGEX+pT250DZbfU1MQ5prOKpPR+LL6uWKK3KMwMCAS74QB3Um1uw==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.0"
+    lodash.memoize "^4.1.2"
+    lodash.uniq "^4.5.0"
+
+caniuse-lite@^1.0.0, caniuse-lite@^1.0.30000939, caniuse-lite@^1.0.30000957, caniuse-lite@^1.0.30000963:
+  version "1.0.30000967"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caniuse-lite/-/caniuse-lite-1.0.30000967.tgz#a5039577806fccee80a04aaafb2c0890b1ee2f73"
+  integrity sha512-rUBIbap+VJfxTzrM4akJ00lkvVb5/n5v3EGXfWzSH5zT8aJmGzjA8HWhJ4U6kCpzxozUSnB+yvAYDRPY6mRpgQ==
+
+case-sensitive-paths-webpack-plugin@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/case-sensitive-paths-webpack-plugin/-/case-sensitive-paths-webpack-plugin-2.2.0.tgz#3371ef6365ef9c25fa4b81c16ace0e9c7dc58c3e"
+  integrity sha512-u5ElzokS8A1pm9vM3/iDgTcI3xqHxuCao94Oz8etI3cf0Tio0p8izkDYbTIn09uP3yUUr6+veaE6IkjnTYS46g==
+
+caseless@~0.12.0:
+  version "0.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caseless/-/caseless-0.12.0.tgz#1b681c21ff84033c826543090689420d187151dc"
+  integrity sha1-G2gcIf+EAzyCZUMJBolCDRhxUdw=
+
+chalk@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chalk/-/chalk-1.1.3.tgz#a8115c55e4a702fe4d150abd3872822a7e09fc98"
+  integrity sha1-qBFcVeSnAv5NFQq9OHKCKn4J/Jg=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-styles "^2.2.1"
+    escape-string-regexp "^1.0.2"
+    has-ansi "^2.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.0"
+    supports-color "^2.0.0"
+
+chalk@^2.0, chalk@^2.0.0, chalk@^2.4.1, chalk@^2.4.2:
+  version "2.4.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chalk/-/chalk-2.4.2.tgz#cd42541677a54333cf541a49108c1432b44c9424"
+  integrity sha512-Mti+f9lpJNcwF4tWV8/OrTTtF1gZi+f8FqlyAdouralcFWFQWF2+NgCHShjkCb+IFBLq9buZwE1xckQU4peSuQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-styles "^3.2.1"
+    escape-string-regexp "^1.0.5"
+    supports-color "^5.3.0"
+
+chokidar@^2.0.2, chokidar@^2.1.5:
+  version "2.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chokidar/-/chokidar-2.1.5.tgz#0ae8434d962281a5f56c72869e79cb6d9d86ad4d"
+  integrity sha512-i0TprVWp+Kj4WRPtInjexJ8Q+BqTE909VpH8xVhXrJkoc5QC8VO9TryGOqTr+2hljzc1sC62t22h5tZePodM/A==
+  dependencies:
+    anymatch "^2.0.0"
+    async-each "^1.0.1"
+    braces "^2.3.2"
+    glob-parent "^3.1.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    is-binary-path "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^4.0.0"
+    normalize-path "^3.0.0"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+    readdirp "^2.2.1"
+    upath "^1.1.1"
+  optionalDependencies:
+    fsevents "^1.2.7"
+
+chownr@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chownr/-/chownr-1.1.1.tgz#54726b8b8fff4df053c42187e801fb4412df1494"
+  integrity sha512-j38EvO5+LHX84jlo6h4UzmOwi0UgW61WRyPtJz4qaadK5eY3BTS5TY/S1Stc3Uk2lIM6TPevAlULiEJwie860g==
+
+chrome-trace-event@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chrome-trace-event/-/chrome-trace-event-1.0.0.tgz#45a91bd2c20c9411f0963b5aaeb9a1b95e09cc48"
+  integrity sha512-xDbVgyfDTT2piup/h8dK/y4QZfJRSa73bw1WZ8b4XM1o7fsFubUVGYcE+1ANtOzJJELGpYoG2961z0Z6OAld9A==
+  dependencies:
+    tslib "^1.9.0"
+
+cipher-base@^1.0.0, cipher-base@^1.0.1, cipher-base@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cipher-base/-/cipher-base-1.0.4.tgz#8760e4ecc272f4c363532f926d874aae2c1397de"
+  integrity sha512-Kkht5ye6ZGmwv40uUDZztayT2ThLQGfnj/T71N/XzeZeo3nf8foyW7zGTsPYkEya3m5f3cAypH+qe7YOrM1U2Q==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+class-utils@^0.3.5:
+  version "0.3.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/class-utils/-/class-utils-0.3.6.tgz#f93369ae8b9a7ce02fd41faad0ca83033190c463"
+  integrity sha512-qOhPa/Fj7s6TY8H8esGu5QNpMMQxz79h+urzrNYN6mn+9BnxlDGf5QZ+XeCDsxSjPqsSR56XOZOJmpeurnLMeg==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-union "^3.1.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+    static-extend "^0.1.1"
+
+cliui@^3.2.0:
+  version "3.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cliui/-/cliui-3.2.0.tgz#120601537a916d29940f934da3b48d585a39213d"
+  integrity sha1-EgYBU3qRbSmUD5NNo7SNWFo5IT0=
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^1.0.1"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.1"
+    wrap-ansi "^2.0.0"
+
+cliui@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cliui/-/cliui-4.1.0.tgz#348422dbe82d800b3022eef4f6ac10bf2e4d1b49"
+  integrity sha512-4FG+RSG9DL7uEwRUZXZn3SS34DiDPfzP0VOiEwtUWlE+AR2EIg+hSyvrIgUUfhdgR/UkAeW2QHgeP+hWrXs7jQ==
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^2.1.1"
+    strip-ansi "^4.0.0"
+    wrap-ansi "^2.0.0"
+
+clone-deep@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/clone-deep/-/clone-deep-2.0.2.tgz#00db3a1e173656730d1188c3d6aced6d7ea97713"
+  integrity sha512-SZegPTKjCgpQH63E+eN6mVEEPdQBOUzjyJm5Pora4lrwWRFS8I0QAxV/KD6vV/i0WuijHZWQC1fMsPEdxfdVCQ==
+  dependencies:
+    for-own "^1.0.0"
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.4"
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+    shallow-clone "^1.0.0"
+
+coa@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/coa/-/coa-2.0.2.tgz#43f6c21151b4ef2bf57187db0d73de229e3e7ec3"
+  integrity sha512-q5/jG+YQnSy4nRTV4F7lPepBJZ8qBNJJDBuJdoejDyLXgmL7IEo+Le2JDZudFTFt7mrCqIRaSjws4ygRCTCAXA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@types/q" "^1.5.1"
+    chalk "^2.4.1"
+    q "^1.1.2"
+
+code-point-at@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/code-point-at/-/code-point-at-1.1.0.tgz#0d070b4d043a5bea33a2f1a40e2edb3d9a4ccf77"
+  integrity sha1-DQcLTQQ6W+ozovGkDi7bPZpMz3c=
+
+collection-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/collection-visit/-/collection-visit-1.0.0.tgz#4bc0373c164bc3291b4d368c829cf1a80a59dca0"
+  integrity sha1-S8A3PBZLwykbTTaMgpzxqApZ3KA=
+  dependencies:
+    map-visit "^1.0.0"
+    object-visit "^1.0.0"
+
+color-convert@^1.9.0, color-convert@^1.9.1:
+  version "1.9.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-convert/-/color-convert-1.9.3.tgz#bb71850690e1f136567de629d2d5471deda4c1e8"
+  integrity sha512-QfAUtd+vFdAtFQcC8CCyYt1fYWxSqAiK2cSD6zDB8N3cpsEBAvRxp9zOGg6G/SHHJYAT88/az/IuDGALsNVbGg==
+  dependencies:
+    color-name "1.1.3"
+
+color-name@1.1.3:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.3.tgz#a7d0558bd89c42f795dd42328f740831ca53bc25"
+  integrity sha1-p9BVi9icQveV3UIyj3QIMcpTvCU=
+
+color-name@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.4.tgz#c2a09a87acbde69543de6f63fa3995c826c536a2"
+  integrity sha512-dOy+3AuW3a2wNbZHIuMZpTcgjGuLU/uBL/ubcZF9OXbDo8ff4O8yVp5Bf0efS8uEoYo5q4Fx7dY9OgQGXgAsQA==
+
+color-string@^1.5.2:
+  version "1.5.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-string/-/color-string-1.5.3.tgz#c9bbc5f01b58b5492f3d6857459cb6590ce204cc"
+  integrity sha512-dC2C5qeWoYkxki5UAXapdjqO672AM4vZuPGRQfO8b5HKuKGBbKWpITyDYN7TOFKvRW7kOgAn3746clDBMDJyQw==
+  dependencies:
+    color-name "^1.0.0"
+    simple-swizzle "^0.2.2"
+
+color@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color/-/color-3.1.1.tgz#7abf5c0d38e89378284e873c207ae2172dcc8a61"
+  integrity sha512-PvUltIXRjehRKPSy89VnDWFKY58xyhTLyxIg21vwQBI6qLwZNPmC8k3C1uytIgFKEpOIzN4y32iPm8231zFHIg==
+  dependencies:
+    color-convert "^1.9.1"
+    color-string "^1.5.2"
+
+combined-stream@^1.0.6, combined-stream@~1.0.6:
+  version "1.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/combined-stream/-/combined-stream-1.0.7.tgz#2d1d24317afb8abe95d6d2c0b07b57813539d828"
+  integrity sha512-brWl9y6vOB1xYPZcpZde3N9zDByXTosAeMDo4p1wzo6UMOX4vumB+TP1RZ76sfE6Md68Q0NJSrE/gbezd4Ul+w==
+  dependencies:
+    delayed-stream "~1.0.0"
+
+commander@^2.19.0:
+  version "2.20.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/commander/-/commander-2.20.0.tgz#d58bb2b5c1ee8f87b0d340027e9e94e222c5a422"
+  integrity sha512-7j2y+40w61zy6YC2iRNpUe/NwhNyoXrYpHMrSunaMG64nRnaf96zO/KMQR4OyN/UnE5KLyEBnKHd4aG3rskjpQ==
+
+commondir@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/commondir/-/commondir-1.0.1.tgz#ddd800da0c66127393cca5950ea968a3aaf1253b"
+  integrity sha1-3dgA2gxmEnOTzKWVDqloo6rxJTs=
+
+component-emitter@^1.2.1:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/component-emitter/-/component-emitter-1.3.0.tgz#16e4070fba8ae29b679f2215853ee181ab2eabc0"
+  integrity sha512-Rd3se6QB+sO1TwqZjscQrurpEPIfO0/yYnSin6Q/rD3mOutHvUrCAhJub3r90uNb+SESBuE0QYoB90YdfatsRg==
+
+compressible@~2.0.16:
+  version "2.0.17"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/compressible/-/compressible-2.0.17.tgz#6e8c108a16ad58384a977f3a482ca20bff2f38c1"
+  integrity sha512-BGHeLCK1GV7j1bSmQQAi26X+GgWcTjLr/0tzSvMCl3LH1w1IJ4PFSPoV5316b30cneTziC+B1a+3OjoSUcQYmw==
+  dependencies:
+    mime-db ">= 1.40.0 < 2"
+
+compression-webpack-plugin@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/compression-webpack-plugin/-/compression-webpack-plugin-2.0.0.tgz#46476350c1eb27f783dccc79ac2f709baa2cffbc"
+  integrity sha512-bDgd7oTUZC8EkRx8j0sjyCfeiO+e5sFcfgaFcjVhfQf5lLya7oY2BczxcJ7IUuVjz5m6fy8IECFmVFew3xLk8Q==
+  dependencies:
+    cacache "^11.2.0"
+    find-cache-dir "^2.0.0"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    serialize-javascript "^1.4.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.0.1"
+
+compression@^1.7.4:
+  version "1.7.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/compression/-/compression-1.7.4.tgz#95523eff170ca57c29a0ca41e6fe131f41e5bb8f"
+  integrity sha512-jaSIDzP9pZVS4ZfQ+TzvtiWhdpFhE2RDHz8QJkpX9SIpLq88VueF5jJw6t+6CUQcAoA6t+x89MLrWAqpfDE8iQ==
+  dependencies:
+    accepts "~1.3.5"
+    bytes "3.0.0"
+    compressible "~2.0.16"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    on-headers "~1.0.2"
+    safe-buffer "5.1.2"
+    vary "~1.1.2"
+
+concat-map@0.0.1:
+  version "0.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/concat-map/-/concat-map-0.0.1.tgz#d8a96bd77fd68df7793a73036a3ba0d5405d477b"
+  integrity sha1-2Klr13/Wjfd5OnMDajug1UBdR3s=
+
+concat-stream@^1.5.0:
+  version "1.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/concat-stream/-/concat-stream-1.6.2.tgz#904bdf194cd3122fc675c77fc4ac3d4ff0fd1a34"
+  integrity sha512-27HBghJxjiZtIk3Ycvn/4kbJk/1uZuJFfuPEns6LaEvpvG1f0hTea8lilrouyo9mVc2GWdcEZ8OLoGmSADlrCw==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-from "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.2.2"
+    typedarray "^0.0.6"
+
+connect-history-api-fallback@^1.6.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/connect-history-api-fallback/-/connect-history-api-fallback-1.6.0.tgz#8b32089359308d111115d81cad3fceab888f97bc"
+  integrity sha512-e54B99q/OUoH64zYYRf3HBP5z24G38h5D3qXu23JGRoigpX5Ss4r9ZnDk3g0Z8uQC2x2lPaJ+UlWBc1ZWBWdLg==
+
+console-browserify@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/console-browserify/-/console-browserify-1.1.0.tgz#f0241c45730a9fc6323b206dbf38edc741d0bb10"
+  integrity sha1-8CQcRXMKn8YyOyBtvzjtx0HQuxA=
+  dependencies:
+    date-now "^0.1.4"
+
+console-control-strings@^1.0.0, console-control-strings@~1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/console-control-strings/-/console-control-strings-1.1.0.tgz#3d7cf4464db6446ea644bf4b39507f9851008e8e"
+  integrity sha1-PXz0Rk22RG6mRL9LOVB/mFEAjo4=
+
+constants-browserify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/constants-browserify/-/constants-browserify-1.0.0.tgz#c20b96d8c617748aaf1c16021760cd27fcb8cb75"
+  integrity sha1-wguW2MYXdIqvHBYCF2DNJ/y4y3U=
+
+content-disposition@0.5.2:
+  version "0.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/content-disposition/-/content-disposition-0.5.2.tgz#0cf68bb9ddf5f2be7961c3a85178cb85dba78cb4"
+  integrity sha1-DPaLud318r55YcOoUXjLhdunjLQ=
+
+content-type@~1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/content-type/-/content-type-1.0.4.tgz#e138cc75e040c727b1966fe5e5f8c9aee256fe3b"
+  integrity sha512-hIP3EEPs8tB9AT1L+NUqtwOAps4mk2Zob89MWXMHjHWg9milF/j4osnnQLXBCBFBk/tvIG/tUc9mOUJiPBhPXA==
+
+convert-source-map@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/convert-source-map/-/convert-source-map-1.6.0.tgz#51b537a8c43e0f04dec1993bffcdd504e758ac20"
+  integrity sha512-eFu7XigvxdZ1ETfbgPBohgyQ/Z++C0eEhTor0qRwBw9unw+L0/6V8wkSuGgzdThkiS5lSpdptOQPD8Ak40a+7A==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.1"
+
+cookie-signature@1.0.6:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cookie-signature/-/cookie-signature-1.0.6.tgz#e303a882b342cc3ee8ca513a79999734dab3ae2c"
+  integrity sha1-4wOogrNCzD7oylE6eZmXNNqzriw=
+
+cookie@0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cookie/-/cookie-0.3.1.tgz#e7e0a1f9ef43b4c8ba925c5c5a96e806d16873bb"
+  integrity sha1-5+Ch+e9DtMi6klxcWpboBtFoc7s=
+
+copy-concurrently@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/copy-concurrently/-/copy-concurrently-1.0.5.tgz#92297398cae34937fcafd6ec8139c18051f0b5e0"
+  integrity sha512-f2domd9fsVDFtaFcbaRZuYXwtdmnzqbADSwhSWYxYB/Q8zsdUUFMXVRwXGDMWmbEzAn1kdRrtI1T/KTFOL4X2A==
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+    fs-write-stream-atomic "^1.0.8"
+    iferr "^0.1.5"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    rimraf "^2.5.4"
+    run-queue "^1.0.0"
+
+copy-descriptor@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/copy-descriptor/-/copy-descriptor-0.1.1.tgz#676f6eb3c39997c2ee1ac3a924fd6124748f578d"
+  integrity sha1-Z29us8OZl8LuGsOpJP1hJHSPV40=
+
+core-js-compat@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-js-compat/-/core-js-compat-3.0.1.tgz#bff73ba31ca8687431b9c88f78d3362646fb76f0"
+  integrity sha512-2pC3e+Ht/1/gD7Sim/sqzvRplMiRnFQVlPpDVaHtY9l7zZP7knamr3VRD6NyGfHd84MrDC0tAM9ulNxYMW0T3g==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.5.4"
+    core-js "3.0.1"
+    core-js-pure "3.0.1"
+    semver "^6.0.0"
+
+core-js-pure@3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-js-pure/-/core-js-pure-3.0.1.tgz#37358fb0d024e6b86d443d794f4e37e949098cbe"
+  integrity sha512-mSxeQ6IghKW3MoyF4cz19GJ1cMm7761ON+WObSyLfTu/Jn3x7w4NwNFnrZxgl4MTSvYYepVLNuRtlB4loMwJ5g==
+
+core-js@3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-js/-/core-js-3.0.1.tgz#1343182634298f7f38622f95e73f54e48ddf4738"
+  integrity sha512-sco40rF+2KlE0ROMvydjkrVMMG1vYilP2ALoRXcYR4obqbYIuV3Bg+51GEDW+HF8n7NRA+iaA4qD0nD9lo9mew==
+
+core-js@^2.6.5:
+  version "2.6.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-js/-/core-js-2.6.5.tgz#44bc8d249e7fb2ff5d00e0341a7ffb94fbf67895"
+  integrity sha512-klh/kDpwX8hryYL14M9w/xei6vrv6sE8gTHDG7/T/+SEovB/G4ejwcfE/CBzO6Edsu+OETZMZ3wcX/EjUkrl5A==
+
+core-util-is@1.0.2, core-util-is@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-util-is/-/core-util-is-1.0.2.tgz#b5fd54220aa2bc5ab57aab7140c940754503c1a7"
+  integrity sha1-tf1UIgqivFq1eqtxQMlAdUUDwac=
+
+cosmiconfig@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cosmiconfig/-/cosmiconfig-4.0.0.tgz#760391549580bbd2df1e562bc177b13c290972dc"
+  integrity sha512-6e5vDdrXZD+t5v0L8CrurPeybg4Fmf+FCSYxXKYVAqLUtyCSbuyqE059d0kDthTNRzKVjL7QMgNpEUlsoYH3iQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-directory "^0.3.1"
+    js-yaml "^3.9.0"
+    parse-json "^4.0.0"
+    require-from-string "^2.0.1"
+
+cosmiconfig@^5.0.0, cosmiconfig@^5.2.0:
+  version "5.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cosmiconfig/-/cosmiconfig-5.2.0.tgz#45038e4d28a7fe787203aede9c25bca4a08b12c8"
+  integrity sha512-nxt+Nfc3JAqf4WIWd0jXLjTJZmsPLrA9DDc4nRw2KFJQJK7DNooqSXrNI7tzLG50CF8axczly5UV929tBmh/7g==
+  dependencies:
+    import-fresh "^2.0.0"
+    is-directory "^0.3.1"
+    js-yaml "^3.13.0"
+    parse-json "^4.0.0"
+
+create-ecdh@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-ecdh/-/create-ecdh-4.0.3.tgz#c9111b6f33045c4697f144787f9254cdc77c45ff"
+  integrity sha512-GbEHQPMOswGpKXM9kCWVrremUcBmjteUaQ01T9rkKCPDXfUHX0IoP9LpHYo2NPFampa4e+/pFDc3jQdxrxQLaw==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    elliptic "^6.0.0"
+
+create-hash@^1.1.0, create-hash@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-hash/-/create-hash-1.2.0.tgz#889078af11a63756bcfb59bd221996be3a9ef196"
+  integrity sha512-z00bCGNHDG8mHAkP7CtT1qVu+bFQUPjYq/4Iv3C3kWjTFV10zIjfSoeqXo9Asws8gwSHDGj/hl2u4OGIjapeCg==
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.1"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    md5.js "^1.3.4"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.1"
+    sha.js "^2.4.0"
+
+create-hmac@^1.1.0, create-hmac@^1.1.2, create-hmac@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-hmac/-/create-hmac-1.1.7.tgz#69170c78b3ab957147b2b8b04572e47ead2243ff"
+  integrity sha512-MJG9liiZ+ogc4TzUwuvbER1JRdgvUFSB5+VR/g5h82fGaIRWMWddtKBHi7/sVhfjQZ6SehlyhvQYrcYkaUIpLg==
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.3"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+    sha.js "^2.4.8"
+
+cross-spawn@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-3.0.1.tgz#1256037ecb9f0c5f79e3d6ef135e30770184b982"
+  integrity sha1-ElYDfsufDF9549bvE14wdwGEuYI=
+  dependencies:
+    lru-cache "^4.0.1"
+    which "^1.2.9"
+
+cross-spawn@^6.0.0, cross-spawn@^6.0.5:
+  version "6.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-6.0.5.tgz#4a5ec7c64dfae22c3a14124dbacdee846d80cbc4"
+  integrity sha512-eTVLrBSt7fjbDygz805pMnstIs2VTBNkRm0qxZd+M7A5XDdxVRWO5MxGBXZhjY4cqLYLdtrGqRf8mBPmzwSpWQ==
+  dependencies:
+    nice-try "^1.0.4"
+    path-key "^2.0.1"
+    semver "^5.5.0"
+    shebang-command "^1.2.0"
+    which "^1.2.9"
+
+crypto-browserify@^3.11.0:
+  version "3.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/crypto-browserify/-/crypto-browserify-3.12.0.tgz#396cf9f3137f03e4b8e532c58f698254e00f80ec"
+  integrity sha512-fz4spIh+znjO2VjL+IdhEpRJ3YN6sMzITSBijk6FK2UvTqruSQW+/cCZTSNsMiZNvUeq0CqurF+dAbyiGOY6Wg==
+  dependencies:
+    browserify-cipher "^1.0.0"
+    browserify-sign "^4.0.0"
+    create-ecdh "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.0"
+    diffie-hellman "^5.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    pbkdf2 "^3.0.3"
+    public-encrypt "^4.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.0"
+    randomfill "^1.0.3"
+
+css-blank-pseudo@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-blank-pseudo/-/css-blank-pseudo-0.1.4.tgz#dfdefd3254bf8a82027993674ccf35483bfcb3c5"
+  integrity sha512-LHz35Hr83dnFeipc7oqFDmsjHdljj3TQtxGGiNWSOsTLIAubSm4TEz8qCaKFpk7idaQ1GfWscF4E6mgpBysA1w==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+
+css-color-names@0.0.4, css-color-names@^0.0.4:
+  version "0.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-color-names/-/css-color-names-0.0.4.tgz#808adc2e79cf84738069b646cb20ec27beb629e0"
+  integrity sha1-gIrcLnnPhHOAabZGyyDsJ762KeA=
+
+css-declaration-sorter@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-declaration-sorter/-/css-declaration-sorter-4.0.1.tgz#c198940f63a76d7e36c1e71018b001721054cb22"
+  integrity sha512-BcxQSKTSEEQUftYpBVnsH4SF05NTuBokb19/sBt6asXGKZ/6VP7PLG1CBCkFDYOnhXhPh0jMhO6xZ71oYHXHBA==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.1"
+    timsort "^0.3.0"
+
+css-has-pseudo@^0.10.0:
+  version "0.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-has-pseudo/-/css-has-pseudo-0.10.0.tgz#3c642ab34ca242c59c41a125df9105841f6966ee"
+  integrity sha512-Z8hnfsZu4o/kt+AuFzeGpLVhFOGO9mluyHBaA2bA8aCGTwah5sT3WV/fTHH8UNZUytOIImuGPrl/prlb4oX4qQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.6"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.4"
+
+css-loader@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-loader/-/css-loader-2.1.1.tgz#d8254f72e412bb2238bb44dd674ffbef497333ea"
+  integrity sha512-OcKJU/lt232vl1P9EEDamhoO9iKY3tIjY5GU+XDLblAykTdgs6Ux9P1hTHve8nFKy5KPpOXOsVI/hIwi3841+w==
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^5.2.0"
+    icss-utils "^4.1.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.2.3"
+    normalize-path "^3.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+    postcss-modules-extract-imports "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-modules-local-by-default "^2.0.6"
+    postcss-modules-scope "^2.1.0"
+    postcss-modules-values "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.3.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+css-prefers-color-scheme@^3.1.1:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-prefers-color-scheme/-/css-prefers-color-scheme-3.1.1.tgz#6f830a2714199d4f0d0d0bb8a27916ed65cff1f4"
+  integrity sha512-MTu6+tMs9S3EUqzmqLXEcgNRbNkkD/TGFvowpeoWJn5Vfq7FMgsmRQs9X5NXAURiOBmOxm/lLjsDNXDE6k9bhg==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+
+css-select-base-adapter@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-select-base-adapter/-/css-select-base-adapter-0.1.1.tgz#3b2ff4972cc362ab88561507a95408a1432135d7"
+  integrity sha512-jQVeeRG70QI08vSTwf1jHxp74JoZsr2XSgETae8/xC8ovSnL2WF87GTLO86Sbwdt2lK4Umg4HnnwMO4YF3Ce7w==
+
+css-select@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-select/-/css-select-2.0.2.tgz#ab4386cec9e1f668855564b17c3733b43b2a5ede"
+  integrity sha512-dSpYaDVoWaELjvZ3mS6IKZM/y2PMPa/XYoEfYNZePL4U/XgyxZNroHEHReDx/d+VgXh9VbCTtFqLkFbmeqeaRQ==
+  dependencies:
+    boolbase "^1.0.0"
+    css-what "^2.1.2"
+    domutils "^1.7.0"
+    nth-check "^1.0.2"
+
+css-tree@1.0.0-alpha.28:
+  version "1.0.0-alpha.28"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-tree/-/css-tree-1.0.0-alpha.28.tgz#8e8968190d886c9477bc8d61e96f61af3f7ffa7f"
+  integrity sha512-joNNW1gCp3qFFzj4St6zk+Wh/NBv0vM5YbEreZk0SD4S23S+1xBKb6cLDg2uj4P4k/GUMlIm6cKIDqIG+vdt0w==
+  dependencies:
+    mdn-data "~1.1.0"
+    source-map "^0.5.3"
+
+css-tree@1.0.0-alpha.29:
+  version "1.0.0-alpha.29"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-tree/-/css-tree-1.0.0-alpha.29.tgz#3fa9d4ef3142cbd1c301e7664c1f352bd82f5a39"
+  integrity sha512-sRNb1XydwkW9IOci6iB2xmy8IGCj6r/fr+JWitvJ2JxQRPzN3T4AGGVWCMlVmVwM1gtgALJRmGIlWv5ppnGGkg==
+  dependencies:
+    mdn-data "~1.1.0"
+    source-map "^0.5.3"
+
+css-unit-converter@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-unit-converter/-/css-unit-converter-1.1.1.tgz#d9b9281adcfd8ced935bdbaba83786897f64e996"
+  integrity sha1-2bkoGtz9jO2TW9urqDeGiX9k6ZY=
+
+css-url-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-url-regex/-/css-url-regex-1.1.0.tgz#83834230cc9f74c457de59eebd1543feeb83b7ec"
+  integrity sha1-g4NCMMyfdMRX3lnuvRVD/uuDt+w=
+
+css-what@^2.1.2:
+  version "2.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/css-what/-/css-what-2.1.3.tgz#a6d7604573365fe74686c3f311c56513d88285f2"
+  integrity sha512-a+EPoD+uZiNfh+5fxw2nO9QwFa6nJe2Or35fGY6Ipw1R3R4AGz1d1TEZrCegvw2YTmZ0jXirGYlzxxpYSHwpEg==
+
+cssdb@^4.3.0:
+  version "4.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssdb/-/cssdb-4.4.0.tgz#3bf2f2a68c10f5c6a08abd92378331ee803cddb0"
+  integrity sha512-LsTAR1JPEM9TpGhl/0p3nQecC2LJ0kD8X5YARu1hk/9I1gril5vDtMZyNxcEpxxDj34YNck/ucjuoUd66K03oQ==
+
+cssesc@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssesc/-/cssesc-2.0.0.tgz#3b13bd1bb1cb36e1bcb5a4dcd27f54c5dcb35703"
+  integrity sha512-MsCAG1z9lPdoO/IUMLSBWBSVxVtJ1395VGIQ+Fc2gNdkQ1hNDnQdw3YhA71WJCBW1vdwA0cAnk/DnW6bqoEUYg==
+
+cssesc@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssesc/-/cssesc-3.0.0.tgz#37741919903b868565e1c09ea747445cd18983ee"
+  integrity sha512-/Tb/JcjK111nNScGob5MNtsntNM1aCNUDipB/TkwZFhyDrrE47SOx/18wF2bbjgc3ZzCSKW1T5nt5EbFoAz/Vg==
+
+cssnano-preset-default@^4.0.7:
+  version "4.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-preset-default/-/cssnano-preset-default-4.0.7.tgz#51ec662ccfca0f88b396dcd9679cdb931be17f76"
+  integrity sha512-x0YHHx2h6p0fCl1zY9L9roD7rnlltugGu7zXSKQx6k2rYw0Hi3IqxcoAGF7u9Q5w1nt7vK0ulxV8Lo+EvllGsA==
+  dependencies:
+    css-declaration-sorter "^4.0.1"
+    cssnano-util-raw-cache "^4.0.1"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-calc "^7.0.1"
+    postcss-colormin "^4.0.3"
+    postcss-convert-values "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-discard-comments "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-discard-duplicates "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-discard-empty "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-discard-overridden "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-merge-longhand "^4.0.11"
+    postcss-merge-rules "^4.0.3"
+    postcss-minify-font-values "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-minify-gradients "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-minify-params "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-minify-selectors "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-charset "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-normalize-display-values "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-positions "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-repeat-style "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-string "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-timing-functions "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-normalize-unicode "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-normalize-url "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-normalize-whitespace "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-ordered-values "^4.1.2"
+    postcss-reduce-initial "^4.0.3"
+    postcss-reduce-transforms "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-svgo "^4.0.2"
+    postcss-unique-selectors "^4.0.1"
+
+cssnano-util-get-arguments@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-util-get-arguments/-/cssnano-util-get-arguments-4.0.0.tgz#ed3a08299f21d75741b20f3b81f194ed49cc150f"
+  integrity sha1-7ToIKZ8h11dBsg87gfGU7UnMFQ8=
+
+cssnano-util-get-match@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-util-get-match/-/cssnano-util-get-match-4.0.0.tgz#c0e4ca07f5386bb17ec5e52250b4f5961365156d"
+  integrity sha1-wOTKB/U4a7F+xeUiULT1lhNlFW0=
+
+cssnano-util-raw-cache@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-util-raw-cache/-/cssnano-util-raw-cache-4.0.1.tgz#b26d5fd5f72a11dfe7a7846fb4c67260f96bf282"
+  integrity sha512-qLuYtWK2b2Dy55I8ZX3ky1Z16WYsx544Q0UWViebptpwn/xDBmog2TLg4f+DBMg1rJ6JDWtn96WHbOKDWt1WQA==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+cssnano-util-same-parent@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano-util-same-parent/-/cssnano-util-same-parent-4.0.1.tgz#574082fb2859d2db433855835d9a8456ea18bbf3"
+  integrity sha512-WcKx5OY+KoSIAxBW6UBBRay1U6vkYheCdjyVNDm85zt5K9mHoGOfsOsqIszfAqrQQFIIKgjh2+FDgIj/zsl21Q==
+
+cssnano@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cssnano/-/cssnano-4.1.10.tgz#0ac41f0b13d13d465487e111b778d42da631b8b2"
+  integrity sha512-5wny+F6H4/8RgNlaqab4ktc3e0/blKutmq8yNlBFXA//nSFFAqAngjNVRzUvCgYROULmZZUoosL/KSoZo5aUaQ==
+  dependencies:
+    cosmiconfig "^5.0.0"
+    cssnano-preset-default "^4.0.7"
+    is-resolvable "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+csso@^3.5.1:
+  version "3.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/csso/-/csso-3.5.1.tgz#7b9eb8be61628973c1b261e169d2f024008e758b"
+  integrity sha512-vrqULLffYU1Q2tLdJvaCYbONStnfkfimRxXNaGjxMldI0C7JPBC4rB1RyjhfdZ4m1frm8pM9uRPKH3d2knZ8gg==
+  dependencies:
+    css-tree "1.0.0-alpha.29"
+
+currently-unhandled@^0.4.1:
+  version "0.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/currently-unhandled/-/currently-unhandled-0.4.1.tgz#988df33feab191ef799a61369dd76c17adf957ea"
+  integrity sha1-mI3zP+qxke95mmE2nddsF635V+o=
+  dependencies:
+    array-find-index "^1.0.1"
+
+cyclist@~0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cyclist/-/cyclist-0.2.2.tgz#1b33792e11e914a2fd6d6ed6447464444e5fa640"
+  integrity sha1-GzN5LhHpFKL9bW7WRHRkRE5fpkA=
+
+dashdash@^1.12.0:
+  version "1.14.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dashdash/-/dashdash-1.14.1.tgz#853cfa0f7cbe2fed5de20326b8dd581035f6e2f0"
+  integrity sha1-hTz6D3y+L+1d4gMmuN1YEDX24vA=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+
+date-now@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/date-now/-/date-now-0.1.4.tgz#eaf439fd4d4848ad74e5cc7dbef200672b9e345b"
+  integrity sha1-6vQ5/U1ISK105cx9vvIAZyueNFs=
+
+debug@2.6.9, debug@^2.2.0, debug@^2.3.3:
+  version "2.6.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-2.6.9.tgz#5d128515df134ff327e90a4c93f4e077a536341f"
+  integrity sha512-bC7ElrdJaJnPbAP+1EotYvqZsb3ecl5wi6Bfi6BJTUcNowp6cvspg0jXznRTKDjm/E7AdgFBVeAPVMNcKGsHMA==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "2.0.0"
+
+debug@^3.2.5, debug@^3.2.6:
+  version "3.2.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-3.2.6.tgz#e83d17de16d8a7efb7717edbe5fb10135eee629b"
+  integrity sha512-mel+jf7nrtEl5Pn1Qx46zARXKDpBbvzezse7p7LqINmdoIk8PYP5SySaxEmYv6TZ0JyEKA1hsCId6DIhgITtWQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "^2.1.1"
+
+debug@^4.1.0, debug@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-4.1.1.tgz#3b72260255109c6b589cee050f1d516139664791"
+  integrity sha512-pYAIzeRo8J6KPEaJ0VWOh5Pzkbw/RetuzehGM7QRRX5he4fPHx2rdKMB256ehJCkX+XRQm16eZLqLNS8RSZXZw==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "^2.1.1"
+
+decamelize@^1.1.1, decamelize@^1.1.2, decamelize@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/decamelize/-/decamelize-1.2.0.tgz#f6534d15148269b20352e7bee26f501f9a191290"
+  integrity sha1-9lNNFRSCabIDUue+4m9QH5oZEpA=
+
+decode-uri-component@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/decode-uri-component/-/decode-uri-component-0.2.0.tgz#eb3913333458775cb84cd1a1fae062106bb87545"
+  integrity sha1-6zkTMzRYd1y4TNGh+uBiEGu4dUU=
+
+deep-equal@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/deep-equal/-/deep-equal-1.0.1.tgz#f5d260292b660e084eff4cdbc9f08ad3247448b5"
+  integrity sha1-9dJgKStmDghO/0zbyfCK0yR0SLU=
+
+deep-extend@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/deep-extend/-/deep-extend-0.6.0.tgz#c4fa7c95404a17a9c3e8ca7e1537312b736330ac"
+  integrity sha512-LOHxIOaPYdHlJRtCQfDIVZtfw/ufM8+rVj649RIHzcm/vGwQRXFt6OPqIFWsm2XEMrNIEtWR64sY1LEKD2vAOA==
+
+default-gateway@^4.2.0:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/default-gateway/-/default-gateway-4.2.0.tgz#167104c7500c2115f6dd69b0a536bb8ed720552b"
+  integrity sha512-h6sMrVB1VMWVrW13mSc6ia/DwYYw5MN6+exNu1OaJeFac5aSAvwM7lZ0NVfTABuSkQelr4h5oebg3KB1XPdjgA==
+  dependencies:
+    execa "^1.0.0"
+    ip-regex "^2.1.0"
+
+define-properties@^1.1.2, define-properties@^1.1.3:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-properties/-/define-properties-1.1.3.tgz#cf88da6cbee26fe6db7094f61d870cbd84cee9f1"
+  integrity sha512-3MqfYKj2lLzdMSf8ZIZE/V+Zuy+BgD6f164e8K2w7dgnpKArBDerGYpM46IYYcjnkdPNMjPk9A6VFB8+3SKlXQ==
+  dependencies:
+    object-keys "^1.0.12"
+
+define-property@^0.2.5:
+  version "0.2.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-0.2.5.tgz#c35b1ef918ec3c990f9a5bc57be04aacec5c8116"
+  integrity sha1-w1se+RjsPJkPmlvFe+BKrOxcgRY=
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^0.1.0"
+
+define-property@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-1.0.0.tgz#769ebaaf3f4a63aad3af9e8d304c9bbe79bfb0e6"
+  integrity sha1-dp66rz9KY6rTr56NMEybvnm/sOY=
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+
+define-property@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-2.0.2.tgz#d459689e8d654ba77e02a817f8710d702cb16e9d"
+  integrity sha512-jwK2UV4cnPpbcG7+VRARKTZPUWowwXA8bzH5NP6ud0oeAxyYPuGZUAC7hMugpCdz4BeSZl2Dl9k66CHJ/46ZYQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^1.0.2"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+del@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/del/-/del-4.1.1.tgz#9e8f117222ea44a31ff3a156c049b99052a9f0b4"
+  integrity sha512-QwGuEUouP2kVwQenAsOof5Fv8K9t3D8Ca8NxcXKrIpEHjTXK5J2nXLdP+ALI1cgv8wj7KuwBhTwBkOZSJKM5XQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@types/glob" "^7.1.1"
+    globby "^6.1.0"
+    is-path-cwd "^2.0.0"
+    is-path-in-cwd "^2.0.0"
+    p-map "^2.0.0"
+    pify "^4.0.1"
+    rimraf "^2.6.3"
+
+delayed-stream@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/delayed-stream/-/delayed-stream-1.0.0.tgz#df3ae199acadfb7d440aaae0b29e2272b24ec619"
+  integrity sha1-3zrhmayt+31ECqrgsp4icrJOxhk=
+
+delegates@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/delegates/-/delegates-1.0.0.tgz#84c6e159b81904fdca59a0ef44cd870d31250f9a"
+  integrity sha1-hMbhWbgZBP3KWaDvRM2HDTElD5o=
+
+depd@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/depd/-/depd-1.1.2.tgz#9bcd52e14c097763e749b274c4346ed2e560b5a9"
+  integrity sha1-m81S4UwJd2PnSbJ0xDRu0uVgtak=
+
+des.js@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/des.js/-/des.js-1.0.0.tgz#c074d2e2aa6a8a9a07dbd61f9a15c2cd83ec8ecc"
+  integrity sha1-wHTS4qpqipoH29YfmhXCzYPsjsw=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+destroy@~1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/destroy/-/destroy-1.0.4.tgz#978857442c44749e4206613e37946205826abd80"
+  integrity sha1-l4hXRCxEdJ5CBmE+N5RiBYJqvYA=
+
+detect-file@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-file/-/detect-file-1.0.0.tgz#f0d66d03672a825cb1b73bdb3fe62310c8e552b7"
+  integrity sha1-8NZtA2cqglyxtzvbP+YjEMjlUrc=
+
+detect-libc@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-libc/-/detect-libc-1.0.3.tgz#fa137c4bd698edf55cd5cd02ac559f91a4c4ba9b"
+  integrity sha1-+hN8S9aY7fVc1c0CrFWfkaTEups=
+
+detect-node@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-node/-/detect-node-2.0.4.tgz#014ee8f8f669c5c58023da64b8179c083a28c46c"
+  integrity sha512-ZIzRpLJrOj7jjP2miAtgqIfmzbxa4ZOr5jJc601zklsfEx9oTzmmj2nVpIPRpNlRTIh8lc1kyViIY7BWSGNmKw==
+
+diffie-hellman@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/diffie-hellman/-/diffie-hellman-5.0.3.tgz#40e8ee98f55a2149607146921c63e1ae5f3d2875"
+  integrity sha512-kqag/Nl+f3GwyK25fhUMYj81BUOrZ9IuJsjIcDE5icNM9FJHAVm3VcUDxdLPoQtTuUylWm6ZIknYJwwaPxsUzg==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    miller-rabin "^4.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.0"
+
+dns-equal@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dns-equal/-/dns-equal-1.0.0.tgz#b39e7f1da6eb0a75ba9c17324b34753c47e0654d"
+  integrity sha1-s55/HabrCnW6nBcySzR1PEfgZU0=
+
+dns-packet@^1.3.1:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dns-packet/-/dns-packet-1.3.1.tgz#12aa426981075be500b910eedcd0b47dd7deda5a"
+  integrity sha512-0UxfQkMhYAUaZI+xrNZOz/as5KgDU0M/fQ9b6SpkyLbk3GEswDi6PADJVaYJradtRVsRIlF1zLyOodbcTCDzUg==
+  dependencies:
+    ip "^1.1.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+dns-txt@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dns-txt/-/dns-txt-2.0.2.tgz#b91d806f5d27188e4ab3e7d107d881a1cc4642b6"
+  integrity sha1-uR2Ab10nGI5Ks+fRB9iBocxGQrY=
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-indexof "^1.0.0"
+
+dom-serializer@0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dom-serializer/-/dom-serializer-0.1.1.tgz#1ec4059e284babed36eec2941d4a970a189ce7c0"
+  integrity sha512-l0IU0pPzLWSHBcieZbpOKgkIn3ts3vAh7ZuFyXNwJxJXk/c4Gwj9xaTJwIDVQCXawWD0qb3IzMGH5rglQaO0XA==
+  dependencies:
+    domelementtype "^1.3.0"
+    entities "^1.1.1"
+
+domain-browser@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/domain-browser/-/domain-browser-1.2.0.tgz#3d31f50191a6749dd1375a7f522e823d42e54eda"
+  integrity sha512-jnjyiM6eRyZl2H+W8Q/zLMA481hzi0eszAaBUzIVnmYVDBbnLxVNnfu1HgEBvCbL+71FrxMl3E6lpKH7Ge3OXA==
+
+domelementtype@1, domelementtype@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/domelementtype/-/domelementtype-1.3.1.tgz#d048c44b37b0d10a7f2a3d5fee3f4333d790481f"
+  integrity sha512-BSKB+TSpMpFI/HOxCNr1O8aMOTZ8hT3pM3GQ0w/mWRmkhEDSFJkkyzz4XQsBV44BChwGkrDfMyjVD0eA2aFV3w==
+
+domutils@^1.7.0:
+  version "1.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/domutils/-/domutils-1.7.0.tgz#56ea341e834e06e6748af7a1cb25da67ea9f8c2a"
+  integrity sha512-Lgd2XcJ/NjEw+7tFvfKxOzCYKZsdct5lczQ2ZaQY8Djz7pfAD3Gbp8ySJWtreII/vDlMVmxwa6pHmdxIYgttDg==
+  dependencies:
+    dom-serializer "0"
+    domelementtype "1"
+
+dot-prop@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dot-prop/-/dot-prop-4.2.0.tgz#1f19e0c2e1aa0e32797c49799f2837ac6af69c57"
+  integrity sha512-tUMXrxlExSW6U2EXiiKGSBVdYgtV8qlHL+C10TsW4PURY/ic+eaysnSkwB4kA/mBlCyy/IKDJ+Lc3wbWeaXtuQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-obj "^1.0.0"
+
+duplexify@^3.4.2, duplexify@^3.6.0:
+  version "3.7.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/duplexify/-/duplexify-3.7.1.tgz#2a4df5317f6ccfd91f86d6fd25d8d8a103b88309"
+  integrity sha512-07z8uv2wMyS51kKhD1KsdXJg5WQ6t93RneqRxUHnskXVtlYYkLqM0gqStQZ3pj073g687jPCHrqNfCzawLYh5g==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+    stream-shift "^1.0.0"
+
+ecc-jsbn@~0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ecc-jsbn/-/ecc-jsbn-0.1.2.tgz#3a83a904e54353287874c564b7549386849a98c9"
+  integrity sha1-OoOpBOVDUyh4dMVkt1SThoSamMk=
+  dependencies:
+    jsbn "~0.1.0"
+    safer-buffer "^2.1.0"
+
+ee-first@1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ee-first/-/ee-first-1.1.1.tgz#590c61156b0ae2f4f0255732a158b266bc56b21d"
+  integrity sha1-WQxhFWsK4vTwJVcyoViyZrxWsh0=
+
+electron-to-chromium@^1.3.127:
+  version "1.3.133"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/electron-to-chromium/-/electron-to-chromium-1.3.133.tgz#c47639c19b91feee3e22fad69f5556142007008c"
+  integrity sha512-lyoC8aoqbbDqsprb6aPdt9n3DpOZZzdz/T4IZKsR0/dkZIxnJVUjjcpOSwA66jPRIOyDAamCTAUqweU05kKNSg==
+
+elliptic@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/elliptic/-/elliptic-6.4.1.tgz#c2d0b7776911b86722c632c3c06c60f2f819939a"
+  integrity sha512-BsXLz5sqX8OHcsh7CqBMztyXARmGQ3LWPtGjJi6DiJHq5C/qvi9P3OqgswKSDftbu8+IoI/QDTAm2fFnQ9SZSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.4.0"
+    brorand "^1.0.1"
+    hash.js "^1.0.0"
+    hmac-drbg "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+    minimalistic-crypto-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+emojis-list@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/emojis-list/-/emojis-list-2.1.0.tgz#4daa4d9db00f9819880c79fa457ae5b09a1fd389"
+  integrity sha1-TapNnbAPmBmIDHn6RXrlsJof04k=
+
+encodeurl@~1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/encodeurl/-/encodeurl-1.0.2.tgz#ad3ff4c86ec2d029322f5a02c3a9a606c95b3f59"
+  integrity sha1-rT/0yG7C0CkyL1oCw6mmBslbP1k=
+
+end-of-stream@^1.0.0, end-of-stream@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/end-of-stream/-/end-of-stream-1.4.1.tgz#ed29634d19baba463b6ce6b80a37213eab71ec43"
+  integrity sha512-1MkrZNvWTKCaigbn+W15elq2BB/L22nqrSY5DKlo3X6+vclJm8Bb5djXJBmEX6fS3+zCh/F4VBK5Z2KxJt4s2Q==
+  dependencies:
+    once "^1.4.0"
+
+enhanced-resolve@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/enhanced-resolve/-/enhanced-resolve-4.1.0.tgz#41c7e0bfdfe74ac1ffe1e57ad6a5c6c9f3742a7f"
+  integrity sha512-F/7vkyTtyc/llOIn8oWclcB25KdRaiPBpZYDgJHgh/UHtpgT2p2eldQgtQnLtUvfMKPKxbRaQM/hHkvLHt1Vng==
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    memory-fs "^0.4.0"
+    tapable "^1.0.0"
+
+entities@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/entities/-/entities-1.1.2.tgz#bdfa735299664dfafd34529ed4f8522a275fea56"
+  integrity sha512-f2LZMYl1Fzu7YSBKg+RoROelpOaNrcGmE9AZubeDfrCEia483oW4MI4VyFd5VNHIgQ/7qm1I0wUHK1eJnn2y2w==
+
+errno@^0.1.3, errno@~0.1.7:
+  version "0.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/errno/-/errno-0.1.7.tgz#4684d71779ad39af177e3f007996f7c67c852618"
+  integrity sha512-MfrRBDWzIWifgq6tJj60gkAwtLNb6sQPlcFrSOflcP1aFmmruKQ2wRnze/8V6kgyz7H3FF8Npzv78mZ7XLLflg==
+  dependencies:
+    prr "~1.0.1"
+
+error-ex@^1.2.0, error-ex@^1.3.1:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/error-ex/-/error-ex-1.3.2.tgz#b4ac40648107fdcdcfae242f428bea8a14d4f1bf"
+  integrity sha512-7dFHNmqeFSEt2ZBsCriorKnn3Z2pj+fd9kmI6QoWw4//DL+icEBfc0U7qJCisqrTsKTjw4fNFy2pW9OqStD84g==
+  dependencies:
+    is-arrayish "^0.2.1"
+
+es-abstract@^1.12.0, es-abstract@^1.5.1:
+  version "1.13.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es-abstract/-/es-abstract-1.13.0.tgz#ac86145fdd5099d8dd49558ccba2eaf9b88e24e9"
+  integrity sha512-vDZfg/ykNxQVwup/8E1BZhVzFfBxs9NqMzGcvIJrqg5k2/5Za2bWo40dK2J1pgLngZ7c+Shh8lwYtLGyrwPutg==
+  dependencies:
+    es-to-primitive "^1.2.0"
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+    has "^1.0.3"
+    is-callable "^1.1.4"
+    is-regex "^1.0.4"
+    object-keys "^1.0.12"
+
+es-to-primitive@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es-to-primitive/-/es-to-primitive-1.2.0.tgz#edf72478033456e8dda8ef09e00ad9650707f377"
+  integrity sha512-qZryBOJjV//LaxLTV6UC//WewneB3LcXOL9NP++ozKVXsIIIpm/2c13UDiD9Jp2eThsecw9m3jPqDwTyobcdbg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-callable "^1.1.4"
+    is-date-object "^1.0.1"
+    is-symbol "^1.0.2"
+
+escape-html@~1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/escape-html/-/escape-html-1.0.3.tgz#0258eae4d3d0c0974de1c169188ef0051d1d1988"
+  integrity sha1-Aljq5NPQwJdN4cFpGI7wBR0dGYg=
+
+escape-string-regexp@^1.0.2, escape-string-regexp@^1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/escape-string-regexp/-/escape-string-regexp-1.0.5.tgz#1b61c0562190a8dff6ae3bb2cf0200ca130b86d4"
+  integrity sha1-G2HAViGQqN/2rjuyzwIAyhMLhtQ=
+
+eslint-scope@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-scope/-/eslint-scope-4.0.3.tgz#ca03833310f6889a3264781aa82e63eb9cfe7848"
+  integrity sha512-p7VutNr1O/QrxysMo3E45FjYDTeXBy0iTltPFNSqKAIfjDSXC+4dj+qfyuD8bfAXrW/y6lW3O76VaYNPKfpKrg==
+  dependencies:
+    esrecurse "^4.1.0"
+    estraverse "^4.1.1"
+
+esprima@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esprima/-/esprima-4.0.1.tgz#13b04cdb3e6c5d19df91ab6987a8695619b0aa71"
+  integrity sha512-eGuFFw7Upda+g4p+QHvnW0RyTX/SVeJBDM/gCtMARO0cLuT2HcEKnTPvhjV6aGeqrCB/sbNop0Kszm0jsaWU4A==
+
+esrecurse@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esrecurse/-/esrecurse-4.2.1.tgz#007a3b9fdbc2b3bb87e4879ea19c92fdbd3942cf"
+  integrity sha512-64RBB++fIOAXPw3P9cy89qfMlvZEXZkqqJkjqqXIvzP5ezRZjW+lPWjw35UX/3EhUPFYbg5ER4JYgDw4007/DQ==
+  dependencies:
+    estraverse "^4.1.0"
+
+estraverse@^4.1.0, estraverse@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/estraverse/-/estraverse-4.2.0.tgz#0dee3fed31fcd469618ce7342099fc1afa0bdb13"
+  integrity sha1-De4/7TH81GlhjOc0IJn8GvoL2xM=
+
+esutils@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esutils/-/esutils-2.0.2.tgz#0abf4f1caa5bcb1f7a9d8acc6dea4faaa04bac9b"
+  integrity sha1-Cr9PHKpbyx96nYrMbepPqqBLrJs=
+
+etag@~1.8.1:
+  version "1.8.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/etag/-/etag-1.8.1.tgz#41ae2eeb65efa62268aebfea83ac7d79299b0887"
+  integrity sha1-Qa4u62XvpiJorr/qg6x9eSmbCIc=
+
+eventemitter3@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eventemitter3/-/eventemitter3-3.1.2.tgz#2d3d48f9c346698fce83a85d7d664e98535df6e7"
+  integrity sha512-tvtQIeLVHjDkJYnzf2dgVMxfuSGJeM/7UCG17TT4EumTfNtF+0nebF/4zWOIkCreAbtNqhGEboB6BWrwqNaw4Q==
+
+events@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/events/-/events-3.0.0.tgz#9a0a0dfaf62893d92b875b8f2698ca4114973e88"
+  integrity sha512-Dc381HFWJzEOhQ+d8pkNon++bk9h6cdAoAj4iE6Q4y6xgTzySWXlKn05/TVNpjnfRqi/X0EpJEJohPjNI3zpVA==
+
+eventsource@^1.0.7:
+  version "1.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eventsource/-/eventsource-1.0.7.tgz#8fbc72c93fcd34088090bc0a4e64f4b5cee6d8d0"
+  integrity sha512-4Ln17+vVT0k8aWq+t/bF5arcS3EpT9gYtW66EPacdj/mAFevznsnyoHLPy2BA8gbIQeIHoPsvwmfBftfcG//BQ==
+  dependencies:
+    original "^1.0.0"
+
+evp_bytestokey@^1.0.0, evp_bytestokey@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/evp_bytestokey/-/evp_bytestokey-1.0.3.tgz#7fcbdb198dc71959432efe13842684e0525acb02"
+  integrity sha512-/f2Go4TognH/KvCISP7OUsHn85hT9nUkxxA9BEWxFn+Oj9o8ZNLm/40hdlgSLyuOimsrTKLUMEorQexp/aPQeA==
+  dependencies:
+    md5.js "^1.3.4"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.1"
+
+execa@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/execa/-/execa-1.0.0.tgz#c6236a5bb4df6d6f15e88e7f017798216749ddd8"
+  integrity sha512-adbxcyWV46qiHyvSp50TKt05tB4tK3HcmF7/nxfAdhnox83seTDbwnaqKO4sXRy7roHAIFqJP/Rw/AuEbX61LA==
+  dependencies:
+    cross-spawn "^6.0.0"
+    get-stream "^4.0.0"
+    is-stream "^1.1.0"
+    npm-run-path "^2.0.0"
+    p-finally "^1.0.0"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.0"
+    strip-eof "^1.0.0"
+
+expand-brackets@^2.1.4:
+  version "2.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-brackets/-/expand-brackets-2.1.4.tgz#b77735e315ce30f6b6eff0f83b04151a22449622"
+  integrity sha1-t3c14xXOMPa27/D4OwQVGiJEliI=
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^2.3.3"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    posix-character-classes "^0.1.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+expand-tilde@^2.0.0, expand-tilde@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-tilde/-/expand-tilde-2.0.2.tgz#97e801aa052df02454de46b02bf621642cdc8502"
+  integrity sha1-l+gBqgUt8CRU3kawK/YhZCzchQI=
+  dependencies:
+    homedir-polyfill "^1.0.1"
+
+express@^4.16.4:
+  version "4.16.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/express/-/express-4.16.4.tgz#fddef61926109e24c515ea97fd2f1bdbf62df12e"
+  integrity sha512-j12Uuyb4FMrd/qQAm6uCHAkPtO8FDTRJZBDd5D2KOL2eLaz1yUNdUB/NOIyq0iU4q4cFarsUCrnFDPBcnksuOg==
+  dependencies:
+    accepts "~1.3.5"
+    array-flatten "1.1.1"
+    body-parser "1.18.3"
+    content-disposition "0.5.2"
+    content-type "~1.0.4"
+    cookie "0.3.1"
+    cookie-signature "1.0.6"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    depd "~1.1.2"
+    encodeurl "~1.0.2"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    etag "~1.8.1"
+    finalhandler "1.1.1"
+    fresh "0.5.2"
+    merge-descriptors "1.0.1"
+    methods "~1.1.2"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+    path-to-regexp "0.1.7"
+    proxy-addr "~2.0.4"
+    qs "6.5.2"
+    range-parser "~1.2.0"
+    safe-buffer "5.1.2"
+    send "0.16.2"
+    serve-static "1.13.2"
+    setprototypeof "1.1.0"
+    statuses "~1.4.0"
+    type-is "~1.6.16"
+    utils-merge "1.0.1"
+    vary "~1.1.2"
+
+extend-shallow@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend-shallow/-/extend-shallow-2.0.1.tgz#51af7d614ad9a9f610ea1bafbb989d6b1c56890f"
+  integrity sha1-Ua99YUrZqfYQ6huvu5idaxxWiQ8=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extendable "^0.1.0"
+
+extend-shallow@^3.0.0, extend-shallow@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend-shallow/-/extend-shallow-3.0.2.tgz#26a71aaf073b39fb2127172746131c2704028db8"
+  integrity sha1-Jqcarwc7OfshJxcnRhMcJwQCjbg=
+  dependencies:
+    assign-symbols "^1.0.0"
+    is-extendable "^1.0.1"
+
+extend@~3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend/-/extend-3.0.2.tgz#f8b1136b4071fbd8eb140aff858b1019ec2915fa"
+  integrity sha512-fjquC59cD7CyW6urNXK0FBufkZcoiGG80wTuPujX590cB5Ttln20E2UB4S/WARVqhXffZl2LNgS+gQdPIIim/g==
+
+extglob@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extglob/-/extglob-2.0.4.tgz#ad00fe4dc612a9232e8718711dc5cb5ab0285543"
+  integrity sha512-Nmb6QXkELsuBr24CJSkilo6UHHgbekK5UiZgfE6UHD3Eb27YC6oD+bhcT+tJ6cl8dmsgdQxnWlcry8ksBIBLpw==
+  dependencies:
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    expand-brackets "^2.1.4"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+extsprintf@1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extsprintf/-/extsprintf-1.3.0.tgz#96918440e3041a7a414f8c52e3c574eb3c3e1e05"
+  integrity sha1-lpGEQOMEGnpBT4xS48V06zw+HgU=
+
+extsprintf@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extsprintf/-/extsprintf-1.4.0.tgz#e2689f8f356fad62cca65a3a91c5df5f9551692f"
+  integrity sha1-4mifjzVvrWLMplo6kcXfX5VRaS8=
+
+fast-deep-equal@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-deep-equal/-/fast-deep-equal-2.0.1.tgz#7b05218ddf9667bf7f370bf7fdb2cb15fdd0aa49"
+  integrity sha1-ewUhjd+WZ79/Nwv3/bLLFf3Qqkk=
+
+fast-json-stable-stringify@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-json-stable-stringify/-/fast-json-stable-stringify-2.0.0.tgz#d5142c0caee6b1189f87d3a76111064f86c8bbf2"
+  integrity sha1-1RQsDK7msRifh9OnYREGT4bIu/I=
+
+faye-websocket@^0.10.0:
+  version "0.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/faye-websocket/-/faye-websocket-0.10.0.tgz#4e492f8d04dfb6f89003507f6edbf2d501e7c6f4"
+  integrity sha1-TkkvjQTftviQA1B/btvy1QHnxvQ=
+  dependencies:
+    websocket-driver ">=0.5.1"
+
+faye-websocket@~0.11.1:
+  version "0.11.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/faye-websocket/-/faye-websocket-0.11.1.tgz#f0efe18c4f56e4f40afc7e06c719fd5ee6188f38"
+  integrity sha1-8O/hjE9W5PQK/H4Gxxn9XuYYjzg=
+  dependencies:
+    websocket-driver ">=0.5.1"
+
+figgy-pudding@^3.5.1:
+  version "3.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/figgy-pudding/-/figgy-pudding-3.5.1.tgz#862470112901c727a0e495a80744bd5baa1d6790"
+  integrity sha512-vNKxJHTEKNThjfrdJwHc7brvM6eVevuO5nTj6ez8ZQ1qbXTvGthucRF7S4vf2cr71QVnT70V34v0S1DyQsti0w==
+
+file-loader@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/file-loader/-/file-loader-3.0.1.tgz#f8e0ba0b599918b51adfe45d66d1e771ad560faa"
+  integrity sha512-4sNIOXgtH/9WZq4NvlfU3Opn5ynUsqBwSLyM+I7UOwdGigTBYfVVQEwe/msZNX/j4pCJTIM14Fsw66Svo1oVrw==
+  dependencies:
+    loader-utils "^1.0.2"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+fill-range@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fill-range/-/fill-range-4.0.0.tgz#d544811d428f98eb06a63dc402d2403c328c38f7"
+  integrity sha1-1USBHUKPmOsGpj3EAtJAPDKMOPc=
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    repeat-string "^1.6.1"
+    to-regex-range "^2.1.0"
+
+finalhandler@1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/finalhandler/-/finalhandler-1.1.1.tgz#eebf4ed840079c83f4249038c9d703008301b105"
+  integrity sha512-Y1GUDo39ez4aHAw7MysnUD5JzYX+WaIj8I57kO3aEPT1fFRL4sr7mjei97FgnwhAyyzRYmQZaTHb2+9uZ1dPtg==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    encodeurl "~1.0.2"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+    statuses "~1.4.0"
+    unpipe "~1.0.0"
+
+find-cache-dir@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-cache-dir/-/find-cache-dir-2.1.0.tgz#8d0f94cd13fe43c6c7c261a0d86115ca918c05f7"
+  integrity sha512-Tq6PixE0w/VMFfCgbONnkiQIVol/JJL7nRMi20fqzA4NRs9AfeqMGeRdPi3wIhYkxjeBaWh2rxwapn5Tu3IqOQ==
+  dependencies:
+    commondir "^1.0.1"
+    make-dir "^2.0.0"
+    pkg-dir "^3.0.0"
+
+find-up@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-up/-/find-up-1.1.2.tgz#6b2e9822b1a2ce0a60ab64d610eccad53cb24d0f"
+  integrity sha1-ay6YIrGizgpgq2TWEOzK1TyyTQ8=
+  dependencies:
+    path-exists "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+find-up@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-up/-/find-up-3.0.0.tgz#49169f1d7993430646da61ecc5ae355c21c97b73"
+  integrity sha512-1yD6RmLI1XBfxugvORwlck6f75tYL+iR0jqwsOrOxMZyGYqUuDhJ0l4AXdO1iX/FTs9cBAMEk1gWSEx1kSbylg==
+  dependencies:
+    locate-path "^3.0.0"
+
+findup-sync@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/findup-sync/-/findup-sync-2.0.0.tgz#9326b1488c22d1a6088650a86901b2d9a90a2cbc"
+  integrity sha1-kyaxSIwi0aYIhlCoaQGy2akKLLw=
+  dependencies:
+    detect-file "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^3.1.0"
+    micromatch "^3.0.4"
+    resolve-dir "^1.0.1"
+
+flatted@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flatted/-/flatted-2.0.0.tgz#55122b6536ea496b4b44893ee2608141d10d9916"
+  integrity sha512-R+H8IZclI8AAkSBRQJLVOsxwAoHd6WC40b4QTNWIjzAa6BXOBfQcM587MXDTVPeYaopFNWHUFLx7eNmHDSxMWg==
+
+flatten@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flatten/-/flatten-1.0.2.tgz#dae46a9d78fbe25292258cc1e780a41d95c03782"
+  integrity sha1-2uRqnXj74lKSJYzB54CkHZXAN4I=
+
+flush-write-stream@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flush-write-stream/-/flush-write-stream-1.1.1.tgz#8dd7d873a1babc207d94ead0c2e0e44276ebf2e8"
+  integrity sha512-3Z4XhFZ3992uIq0XOqb9AreonueSYphE6oYbpt5+3u06JWklbsPkNv3ZKkP9Bz/r+1MWCaMoSQ28P85+1Yc77w==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.6"
+
+follow-redirects@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/follow-redirects/-/follow-redirects-1.7.0.tgz#489ebc198dc0e7f64167bd23b03c4c19b5784c76"
+  integrity sha512-m/pZQy4Gj287eNy94nivy5wchN3Kp+Q5WgUPNy5lJSZ3sgkVKSYV/ZChMAQVIgx1SqfZ2zBZtPA2YlXIWxxJOQ==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^3.2.6"
+
+for-in@^0.1.3:
+  version "0.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/for-in/-/for-in-0.1.8.tgz#d8773908e31256109952b1fdb9b3fa867d2775e1"
+  integrity sha1-2Hc5COMSVhCZUrH9ubP6hn0ndeE=
+
+for-in@^1.0.1, for-in@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/for-in/-/for-in-1.0.2.tgz#81068d295a8142ec0ac726c6e2200c30fb6d5e80"
+  integrity sha1-gQaNKVqBQuwKxybG4iAMMPttXoA=
+
+for-own@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/for-own/-/for-own-1.0.0.tgz#c63332f415cedc4b04dbfe70cf836494c53cb44b"
+  integrity sha1-xjMy9BXO3EsE2/5wz4NklMU8tEs=
+  dependencies:
+    for-in "^1.0.1"
+
+forever-agent@~0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/forever-agent/-/forever-agent-0.6.1.tgz#fbc71f0c41adeb37f96c577ad1ed42d8fdacca91"
+  integrity sha1-+8cfDEGt6zf5bFd60e1C2P2sypE=
+
+form-data@~2.3.2:
+  version "2.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/form-data/-/form-data-2.3.3.tgz#dcce52c05f644f298c6a7ab936bd724ceffbf3a6"
+  integrity sha512-1lLKB2Mu3aGP1Q/2eCOx0fNbRMe7XdwktwOruhfqqd0rIJWwN4Dh+E3hrPSlDCXnSR7UtZ1N38rVXm+6+MEhJQ==
+  dependencies:
+    asynckit "^0.4.0"
+    combined-stream "^1.0.6"
+    mime-types "^2.1.12"
+
+forwarded@~0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/forwarded/-/forwarded-0.1.2.tgz#98c23dab1175657b8c0573e8ceccd91b0ff18c84"
+  integrity sha1-mMI9qxF1ZXuMBXPozszZGw/xjIQ=
+
+fragment-cache@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fragment-cache/-/fragment-cache-0.2.1.tgz#4290fad27f13e89be7f33799c6bc5a0abfff0d19"
+  integrity sha1-QpD60n8T6Jvn8zeZxrxaCr//DRk=
+  dependencies:
+    map-cache "^0.2.2"
+
+fresh@0.5.2:
+  version "0.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fresh/-/fresh-0.5.2.tgz#3d8cadd90d976569fa835ab1f8e4b23a105605a7"
+  integrity sha1-PYyt2Q2XZWn6g1qx+OSyOhBWBac=
+
+from2@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/from2/-/from2-2.3.0.tgz#8bfb5502bde4a4d36cfdeea007fcca21d7e382af"
+  integrity sha1-i/tVAr3kpNNs/e6gB/zKIdfjgq8=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+
+fs-minipass@^1.2.5:
+  version "1.2.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs-minipass/-/fs-minipass-1.2.5.tgz#06c277218454ec288df77ada54a03b8702aacb9d"
+  integrity sha512-JhBl0skXjUPCFH7x6x61gQxrKyXsxB5gcgePLZCwfyCGGsTISMoIeObbrvVeP6Xmyaudw4TT43qV2Gz+iyd2oQ==
+  dependencies:
+    minipass "^2.2.1"
+
+fs-write-stream-atomic@^1.0.8:
+  version "1.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs-write-stream-atomic/-/fs-write-stream-atomic-1.0.10.tgz#b47df53493ef911df75731e70a9ded0189db40c9"
+  integrity sha1-tH31NJPvkR33VzHnCp3tAYnbQMk=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    iferr "^0.1.5"
+    imurmurhash "^0.1.4"
+    readable-stream "1 || 2"
+
+fs.realpath@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs.realpath/-/fs.realpath-1.0.0.tgz#1504ad2523158caa40db4a2787cb01411994ea4f"
+  integrity sha1-FQStJSMVjKpA20onh8sBQRmU6k8=
+
+fsevents@^1.2.7:
+  version "1.2.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fsevents/-/fsevents-1.2.9.tgz#3f5ed66583ccd6f400b5a00db6f7e861363e388f"
+  integrity sha512-oeyj2H3EjjonWcFjD5NvZNE9Rqe4UW+nQBU2HNeKw0koVLEFIhtyETyAakeAM3de7Z/SW5kcA+fZUait9EApnw==
+  dependencies:
+    nan "^2.12.1"
+    node-pre-gyp "^0.12.0"
+
+fstream@^1.0.0, fstream@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fstream/-/fstream-1.0.11.tgz#5c1fb1f117477114f0632a0eb4b71b3cb0fd3171"
+  integrity sha1-XB+x8RdHcRTwYyoOtLcbPLD9MXE=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    inherits "~2.0.0"
+    mkdirp ">=0.5 0"
+    rimraf "2"
+
+function-bind@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/function-bind/-/function-bind-1.1.1.tgz#a56899d3ea3c9bab874bb9773b7c5ede92f4895d"
+  integrity sha512-yIovAzMX49sF8Yl58fSCWJ5svSLuaibPxXQJFLmBObTuCr0Mf1KiPopGM9NiFjiYBCbfaa2Fh6breQ6ANVTI0A==
+
+gauge@~2.7.3:
+  version "2.7.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/gauge/-/gauge-2.7.4.tgz#2c03405c7538c39d7eb37b317022e325fb018bf7"
+  integrity sha1-LANAXHU4w51+s3sxcCLjJfsBi/c=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.0.3"
+    console-control-strings "^1.0.0"
+    has-unicode "^2.0.0"
+    object-assign "^4.1.0"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.0"
+    string-width "^1.0.1"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.1"
+    wide-align "^1.1.0"
+
+gaze@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/gaze/-/gaze-1.1.3.tgz#c441733e13b927ac8c0ff0b4c3b033f28812924a"
+  integrity sha512-BRdNm8hbWzFzWHERTrejLqwHDfS4GibPoq5wjTPIoJHoBtKGPg3xAFfxmM+9ztbXelxcf2hwQcaz1PtmFeue8g==
+  dependencies:
+    globule "^1.0.0"
+
+get-caller-file@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-caller-file/-/get-caller-file-1.0.3.tgz#f978fa4c90d1dfe7ff2d6beda2a515e713bdcf4a"
+  integrity sha512-3t6rVToeoZfYSGd8YoLFR2DJkiQrIiUrGcjvFX2mDw3bn6k2OtwHN0TNCLbBO+w8qTvimhDkv+LSscbJY1vE6w==
+
+get-stdin@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-stdin/-/get-stdin-4.0.1.tgz#b968c6b0a04384324902e8bf1a5df32579a450fe"
+  integrity sha1-uWjGsKBDhDJJAui/Gl3zJXmkUP4=
+
+get-stream@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-stream/-/get-stream-4.1.0.tgz#c1b255575f3dc21d59bfc79cd3d2b46b1c3a54b5"
+  integrity sha512-GMat4EJ5161kIy2HevLlr4luNjBgvmj413KaQA7jt4V8B4RDsfpHk7WQ9GVqfYyyx8OS/L66Kox+rJRNklLK7w==
+  dependencies:
+    pump "^3.0.0"
+
+get-value@^2.0.3, get-value@^2.0.6:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-value/-/get-value-2.0.6.tgz#dc15ca1c672387ca76bd37ac0a395ba2042a2c28"
+  integrity sha1-3BXKHGcjh8p2vTesCjlbogQqLCg=
+
+getpass@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/getpass/-/getpass-0.1.7.tgz#5eff8e3e684d569ae4cb2b1282604e8ba62149fa"
+  integrity sha1-Xv+OPmhNVprkyysSgmBOi6YhSfo=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+
+glob-parent@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob-parent/-/glob-parent-3.1.0.tgz#9e6af6299d8d3bd2bd40430832bd113df906c5ae"
+  integrity sha1-nmr2KZ2NO9K9QEMIMr0RPfkGxa4=
+  dependencies:
+    is-glob "^3.1.0"
+    path-dirname "^1.0.0"
+
+glob@^7.0.0, glob@^7.0.3, glob@^7.1.2, glob@^7.1.3, glob@~7.1.1:
+  version "7.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob/-/glob-7.1.4.tgz#aa608a2f6c577ad357e1ae5a5c26d9a8d1969255"
+  integrity sha512-hkLPepehmnKk41pUGm3sYxoFs/umurYfYJCerbXEyFIWcAzvpipAgVkBqqT9RBKMGjnq6kMuyYwha6csxbiM1A==
+  dependencies:
+    fs.realpath "^1.0.0"
+    inflight "^1.0.4"
+    inherits "2"
+    minimatch "^3.0.4"
+    once "^1.3.0"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+
+global-modules@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/global-modules/-/global-modules-1.0.0.tgz#6d770f0eb523ac78164d72b5e71a8877265cc3ea"
+  integrity sha512-sKzpEkf11GpOFuw0Zzjzmt4B4UZwjOcG757PPvrfhxcLFbq0wpsgpOqxpxtxFiCG4DtG93M6XRVbF2oGdev7bg==
+  dependencies:
+    global-prefix "^1.0.1"
+    is-windows "^1.0.1"
+    resolve-dir "^1.0.0"
+
+global-prefix@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/global-prefix/-/global-prefix-1.0.2.tgz#dbf743c6c14992593c655568cb66ed32c0122ebe"
+  integrity sha1-2/dDxsFJklk8ZVVoy2btMsASLr4=
+  dependencies:
+    expand-tilde "^2.0.2"
+    homedir-polyfill "^1.0.1"
+    ini "^1.3.4"
+    is-windows "^1.0.1"
+    which "^1.2.14"
+
+globals@^11.1.0:
+  version "11.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/globals/-/globals-11.12.0.tgz#ab8795338868a0babd8525758018c2a7eb95c42e"
+  integrity sha512-WOBp/EEGUiIsJSp7wcv/y6MO+lV9UoncWqxuFfm8eBwzWNgyfBd6Gz+IeKQ9jCmyhoH99g15M3T+QaVHFjizVA==
+
+globby@^6.1.0:
+  version "6.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/globby/-/globby-6.1.0.tgz#f5a6d70e8395e21c858fb0489d64df02424d506c"
+  integrity sha1-9abXDoOV4hyFj7BInWTfAkJNUGw=
+  dependencies:
+    array-union "^1.0.1"
+    glob "^7.0.3"
+    object-assign "^4.0.1"
+    pify "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+globule@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/globule/-/globule-1.2.1.tgz#5dffb1b191f22d20797a9369b49eab4e9839696d"
+  integrity sha512-g7QtgWF4uYSL5/dn71WxubOrS7JVGCnFPEnoeChJmBnyR9Mw8nGoEwOgJL/RC2Te0WhbsEUCejfH8SZNJ+adYQ==
+  dependencies:
+    glob "~7.1.1"
+    lodash "~4.17.10"
+    minimatch "~3.0.2"
+
+graceful-fs@^4.1.11, graceful-fs@^4.1.15, graceful-fs@^4.1.2:
+  version "4.1.15"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/graceful-fs/-/graceful-fs-4.1.15.tgz#ffb703e1066e8a0eeaa4c8b80ba9253eeefbfb00"
+  integrity sha512-6uHUhOPEBgQ24HM+r6b/QwWfZq+yiFcipKFrOFiBEnWdy5sdzYoi+pJeQaPI5qOLRFqWmAXUPQNsielzdLoecA==
+
+handle-thing@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/handle-thing/-/handle-thing-2.0.0.tgz#0e039695ff50c93fc288557d696f3c1dc6776754"
+  integrity sha512-d4sze1JNC454Wdo2fkuyzCr6aHcbL6PGGuFAz0Li/NcOm1tCHGnWDRmJP85dh9IhQErTc2svWFEX5xHIOo//kQ==
+
+har-schema@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/har-schema/-/har-schema-2.0.0.tgz#a94c2224ebcac04782a0d9035521f24735b7ec92"
+  integrity sha1-qUwiJOvKwEeCoNkDVSHyRzW37JI=
+
+har-validator@~5.1.0:
+  version "5.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/har-validator/-/har-validator-5.1.3.tgz#1ef89ebd3e4996557675eed9893110dc350fa080"
+  integrity sha512-sNvOCzEQNr/qrvJgc3UG/kD4QtlHycrzwS+6mfTrrSq97BvaYcPZZI1ZSqGSPR73Cxn4LKTD4PttRwfU7jWq5g==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^6.5.5"
+    har-schema "^2.0.0"
+
+has-ansi@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-ansi/-/has-ansi-2.0.0.tgz#34f5049ce1ecdf2b0649af3ef24e45ed35416d91"
+  integrity sha1-NPUEnOHs3ysGSa8+8k5F7TVBbZE=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^2.0.0"
+
+has-flag@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-flag/-/has-flag-3.0.0.tgz#b5d454dc2199ae225699f3467e5a07f3b955bafd"
+  integrity sha1-tdRU3CGZriJWmfNGfloH87lVuv0=
+
+has-symbols@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-symbols/-/has-symbols-1.0.0.tgz#ba1a8f1af2a0fc39650f5c850367704122063b44"
+  integrity sha1-uhqPGvKg/DllD1yFA2dwQSIGO0Q=
+
+has-unicode@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-unicode/-/has-unicode-2.0.1.tgz#e0e6fe6a28cf51138855e086d1691e771de2a8b9"
+  integrity sha1-4Ob+aijPUROIVeCG0Wkedx3iqLk=
+
+has-value@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-value/-/has-value-0.3.1.tgz#7b1f58bada62ca827ec0a2078025654845995e1f"
+  integrity sha1-ex9YutpiyoJ+wKIHgCVlSEWZXh8=
+  dependencies:
+    get-value "^2.0.3"
+    has-values "^0.1.4"
+    isobject "^2.0.0"
+
+has-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-value/-/has-value-1.0.0.tgz#18b281da585b1c5c51def24c930ed29a0be6b177"
+  integrity sha1-GLKB2lhbHFxR3vJMkw7SmgvmsXc=
+  dependencies:
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    has-values "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+has-values@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-values/-/has-values-0.1.4.tgz#6d61de95d91dfca9b9a02089ad384bff8f62b771"
+  integrity sha1-bWHeldkd/Km5oCCJrThL/49it3E=
+
+has-values@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-values/-/has-values-1.0.0.tgz#95b0b63fec2146619a6fe57fe75628d5a39efe4f"
+  integrity sha1-lbC2P+whRmGab+V/51Yo1aOe/k8=
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    kind-of "^4.0.0"
+
+has@^1.0.0, has@^1.0.1, has@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has/-/has-1.0.3.tgz#722d7cbfc1f6aa8241f16dd814e011e1f41e8796"
+  integrity sha512-f2dvO0VU6Oej7RkWJGrehjbzMAjFp5/VKPp5tTpWIV4JHHZK1/BxbFRtf/siA2SWTe09caDmVtYYzWEIbBS4zw==
+  dependencies:
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+
+hash-base@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hash-base/-/hash-base-3.0.4.tgz#5fc8686847ecd73499403319a6b0a3f3f6ae4918"
+  integrity sha1-X8hoaEfs1zSZQDMZprCj8/auSRg=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+hash.js@^1.0.0, hash.js@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hash.js/-/hash.js-1.1.7.tgz#0babca538e8d4ee4a0f8988d68866537a003cf42"
+  integrity sha512-taOaskGt4z4SOANNseOviYDvjEJinIkRgmp7LbKP2YTTmVxWBl87s/uzK9r+44BclBSp2X7K1hqeNfz9JbBeXA==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.1"
+
+hex-color-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hex-color-regex/-/hex-color-regex-1.1.0.tgz#4c06fccb4602fe2602b3c93df82d7e7dbf1a8a8e"
+  integrity sha512-l9sfDFsuqtOqKDsQdqrMRk0U85RZc0RtOR9yPI7mRVOa4FsR/BVnZ0shmQRM96Ji99kYZP/7hn1cedc1+ApsTQ==
+
+hmac-drbg@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hmac-drbg/-/hmac-drbg-1.0.1.tgz#d2745701025a6c775a6c545793ed502fc0c649a1"
+  integrity sha1-0nRXAQJabHdabFRXk+1QL8DGSaE=
+  dependencies:
+    hash.js "^1.0.3"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+    minimalistic-crypto-utils "^1.0.1"
+
+homedir-polyfill@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/homedir-polyfill/-/homedir-polyfill-1.0.3.tgz#743298cef4e5af3e194161fbadcc2151d3a058e8"
+  integrity sha512-eSmmWE5bZTK2Nou4g0AI3zZ9rswp7GRKoKXS1BLUkvPviOqs4YTN1djQIqrXy9k5gEtdLPy86JjRwsNM9tnDcA==
+  dependencies:
+    parse-passwd "^1.0.0"
+
+hosted-git-info@^2.1.4:
+  version "2.7.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hosted-git-info/-/hosted-git-info-2.7.1.tgz#97f236977bd6e125408930ff6de3eec6281ec047"
+  integrity sha512-7T/BxH19zbcCTa8XkMlbK5lTo1WtgkFi3GvdWEyNuc4Vex7/9Dqbnpsf4JMydcfj9HCg4zUWFTL3Za6lapg5/w==
+
+hpack.js@^2.1.6:
+  version "2.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hpack.js/-/hpack.js-2.1.6.tgz#87774c0949e513f42e84575b3c45681fade2a0b2"
+  integrity sha1-h3dMCUnlE/QuhFdbPEVoH63ioLI=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    obuf "^1.0.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.1"
+    wbuf "^1.1.0"
+
+hsl-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hsl-regex/-/hsl-regex-1.0.0.tgz#d49330c789ed819e276a4c0d272dffa30b18fe6e"
+  integrity sha1-1JMwx4ntgZ4nakwNJy3/owsY/m4=
+
+hsla-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hsla-regex/-/hsla-regex-1.0.0.tgz#c1ce7a3168c8c6614033a4b5f7877f3b225f9c38"
+  integrity sha1-wc56MWjIxmFAM6S194d/OyJfnDg=
+
+html-comment-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/html-comment-regex/-/html-comment-regex-1.1.2.tgz#97d4688aeb5c81886a364faa0cad1dda14d433a7"
+  integrity sha512-P+M65QY2JQ5Y0G9KKdlDpo0zK+/OHptU5AaBwUfAIDJZk1MYf32Frm84EcOytfJE0t5JvkAnKlmjsXDnWzCJmQ==
+
+html-entities@^1.2.1:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/html-entities/-/html-entities-1.2.1.tgz#0df29351f0721163515dfb9e5543e5f6eed5162f"
+  integrity sha1-DfKTUfByEWNRXfueVUPl9u7VFi8=
+
+http-deceiver@^1.2.7:
+  version "1.2.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-deceiver/-/http-deceiver-1.2.7.tgz#fa7168944ab9a519d337cb0bec7284dc3e723d87"
+  integrity sha1-+nFolEq5pRnTN8sL7HKE3D5yPYc=
+
+http-errors@1.6.3, http-errors@~1.6.2, http-errors@~1.6.3:
+  version "1.6.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-errors/-/http-errors-1.6.3.tgz#8b55680bb4be283a0b5bf4ea2e38580be1d9320d"
+  integrity sha1-i1VoC7S+KDoLW/TqLjhYC+HZMg0=
+  dependencies:
+    depd "~1.1.2"
+    inherits "2.0.3"
+    setprototypeof "1.1.0"
+    statuses ">= 1.4.0 < 2"
+
+http-parser-js@>=0.4.0:
+  version "0.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-parser-js/-/http-parser-js-0.5.0.tgz#d65edbede84349d0dc30320815a15d39cc3cbbd8"
+  integrity sha512-cZdEF7r4gfRIq7ezX9J0T+kQmJNOub71dWbgAXVHDct80TKP4MCETtZQ31xyv38UwgzkWPYF/Xc0ge55dW9Z9w==
+
+http-proxy-middleware@^0.19.1:
+  version "0.19.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-proxy-middleware/-/http-proxy-middleware-0.19.1.tgz#183c7dc4aa1479150306498c210cdaf96080a43a"
+  integrity sha512-yHYTgWMQO8VvwNS22eLLloAkvungsKdKTLO8AJlftYIKNfJr3GK3zK0ZCfzDDGUBttdGc8xFy1mCitvNKQtC3Q==
+  dependencies:
+    http-proxy "^1.17.0"
+    is-glob "^4.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+    micromatch "^3.1.10"
+
+http-proxy@^1.17.0:
+  version "1.17.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-proxy/-/http-proxy-1.17.0.tgz#7ad38494658f84605e2f6db4436df410f4e5be9a"
+  integrity sha512-Taqn+3nNvYRfJ3bGvKfBSRwy1v6eePlm3oc/aWVxZp57DQr5Eq3xhKJi7Z4hZpS8PC3H4qI+Yly5EmFacGuA/g==
+  dependencies:
+    eventemitter3 "^3.0.0"
+    follow-redirects "^1.0.0"
+    requires-port "^1.0.0"
+
+http-signature@~1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-signature/-/http-signature-1.2.0.tgz#9aecd925114772f3d95b65a60abb8f7c18fbace1"
+  integrity sha1-muzZJRFHcvPZW2WmCruPfBj7rOE=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    jsprim "^1.2.2"
+    sshpk "^1.7.0"
+
+https-browserify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/https-browserify/-/https-browserify-1.0.0.tgz#ec06c10e0a34c0f2faf199f7fd7fc78fffd03c73"
+  integrity sha1-7AbBDgo0wPL68Zn3/X/Hj//QPHM=
+
+iconv-lite@0.4.23:
+  version "0.4.23"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iconv-lite/-/iconv-lite-0.4.23.tgz#297871f63be507adcfbfca715d0cd0eed84e9a63"
+  integrity sha512-neyTUVFtahjf0mB3dZT77u+8O0QB89jFdnBkd5P1JgYPbPaia3gXXOVL2fq8VyU2gMMD7SaN7QukTB/pmXYvDA==
+  dependencies:
+    safer-buffer ">= 2.1.2 < 3"
+
+iconv-lite@^0.4.4:
+  version "0.4.24"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iconv-lite/-/iconv-lite-0.4.24.tgz#2022b4b25fbddc21d2f524974a474aafe733908b"
+  integrity sha512-v3MXnZAcvnywkTUEZomIActle7RXXeedOR31wwl7VlyoXO4Qi9arvSenNQWne1TcRwhCL1HwLI21bEqdpj8/rA==
+  dependencies:
+    safer-buffer ">= 2.1.2 < 3"
+
+icss-replace-symbols@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/icss-replace-symbols/-/icss-replace-symbols-1.1.0.tgz#06ea6f83679a7749e386cfe1fe812ae5db223ded"
+  integrity sha1-Bupvg2ead0njhs/h/oEq5dsiPe0=
+
+icss-utils@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/icss-utils/-/icss-utils-4.1.0.tgz#339dbbffb9f8729a243b701e1c29d4cc58c52f0e"
+  integrity sha512-3DEun4VOeMvSczifM3F2cKQrDQ5Pj6WKhkOq6HD4QTnDUAq8MQRxy5TX6Sy1iY6WPBe4gQ3p5vTECjbIkglkkQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+
+ieee754@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.1.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.1.13.tgz#ec168558e95aa181fd87d37f55c32bbcb6708b84"
+  integrity sha512-4vf7I2LYV/HaWerSo3XmlMkp5eZ83i+/CDluXi/IGTs/O1sejBNhTtnxzmRZfvOUqj7lZjqHkeTvpgSFDlWZTg==
+
+iferr@^0.1.5:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iferr/-/iferr-0.1.5.tgz#c60eed69e6d8fdb6b3104a1fcbca1c192dc5b501"
+  integrity sha1-xg7taebY/bazEEofy8ocGS3FtQE=
+
+ignore-walk@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ignore-walk/-/ignore-walk-3.0.1.tgz#a83e62e7d272ac0e3b551aaa82831a19b69f82f8"
+  integrity sha512-DTVlMx3IYPe0/JJcYP7Gxg7ttZZu3IInhuEhbchuqneY9wWe5Ojy2mXLBaQFUQmo0AW2r3qG7m1mg86js+gnlQ==
+  dependencies:
+    minimatch "^3.0.4"
+
+import-cwd@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/import-cwd/-/import-cwd-2.1.0.tgz#aa6cf36e722761285cb371ec6519f53e2435b0a9"
+  integrity sha1-qmzzbnInYShcs3HsZRn1PiQ1sKk=
+  dependencies:
+    import-from "^2.1.0"
+
+import-fresh@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/import-fresh/-/import-fresh-2.0.0.tgz#d81355c15612d386c61f9ddd3922d4304822a546"
+  integrity sha1-2BNVwVYS04bGH53dOSLUMEgipUY=
+  dependencies:
+    caller-path "^2.0.0"
+    resolve-from "^3.0.0"
+
+import-from@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/import-from/-/import-from-2.1.0.tgz#335db7f2a7affd53aaa471d4b8021dee36b7f3b1"
+  integrity sha1-M1238qev/VOqpHHUuAId7ja387E=
+  dependencies:
+    resolve-from "^3.0.0"
+
+import-local@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/import-local/-/import-local-2.0.0.tgz#55070be38a5993cf18ef6db7e961f5bee5c5a09d"
+  integrity sha512-b6s04m3O+s3CGSbqDIyP4R6aAwAeYlVq9+WUWep6iHa8ETRf9yei1U48C5MmfJmV9AiLYYBKPMq/W+/WRpQmCQ==
+  dependencies:
+    pkg-dir "^3.0.0"
+    resolve-cwd "^2.0.0"
+
+imurmurhash@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/imurmurhash/-/imurmurhash-0.1.4.tgz#9218b9b2b928a238b13dc4fb6b6d576f231453ea"
+  integrity sha1-khi5srkoojixPcT7a21XbyMUU+o=
+
+in-publish@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/in-publish/-/in-publish-2.0.0.tgz#e20ff5e3a2afc2690320b6dc552682a9c7fadf51"
+  integrity sha1-4g/146KvwmkDILbcVSaCqcf631E=
+
+indent-string@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/indent-string/-/indent-string-2.1.0.tgz#8e2d48348742121b4a8218b7a137e9a52049dc80"
+  integrity sha1-ji1INIdCEhtKghi3oTfppSBJ3IA=
+  dependencies:
+    repeating "^2.0.0"
+
+indexes-of@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/indexes-of/-/indexes-of-1.0.1.tgz#f30f716c8e2bd346c7b67d3df3915566a7c05607"
+  integrity sha1-8w9xbI4r00bHtn0985FVZqfAVgc=
+
+indexof@0.0.1:
+  version "0.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/indexof/-/indexof-0.0.1.tgz#82dc336d232b9062179d05ab3293a66059fd435d"
+  integrity sha1-gtwzbSMrkGIXnQWrMpOmYFn9Q10=
+
+inflight@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inflight/-/inflight-1.0.6.tgz#49bd6331d7d02d0c09bc910a1075ba8165b56df9"
+  integrity sha1-Sb1jMdfQLQwJvJEKEHW6gWW1bfk=
+  dependencies:
+    once "^1.3.0"
+    wrappy "1"
+
+inherits@2, inherits@2.0.3, inherits@^2.0.1, inherits@^2.0.3, inherits@~2.0.0, inherits@~2.0.1, inherits@~2.0.3:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inherits/-/inherits-2.0.3.tgz#633c2c83e3da42a502f52466022480f4208261de"
+  integrity sha1-Yzwsg+PaQqUC9SRmAiSA9CCCYd4=
+
+inherits@2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inherits/-/inherits-2.0.1.tgz#b17d08d326b4423e568eff719f91b0b1cbdf69f1"
+  integrity sha1-sX0I0ya0Qj5Wjv9xn5GwscvfafE=
+
+ini@^1.3.4, ini@~1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ini/-/ini-1.3.5.tgz#eee25f56db1c9ec6085e0c22778083f596abf927"
+  integrity sha512-RZY5huIKCMRWDUqZlEi72f/lmXKMvuszcMBduliQ3nnWbx9X/ZBQO7DijMEYS9EhHBb2qacRUMtC7svLwe0lcw==
+
+internal-ip@^4.2.0:
+  version "4.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/internal-ip/-/internal-ip-4.3.0.tgz#845452baad9d2ca3b69c635a137acb9a0dad0907"
+  integrity sha512-S1zBo1D6zcsyuC6PMmY5+55YMILQ9av8lotMx447Bq6SAgo/sDK6y6uUKmuYhW7eacnIhFfsPmCNYdDzsnnDCg==
+  dependencies:
+    default-gateway "^4.2.0"
+    ipaddr.js "^1.9.0"
+
+interpret@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/interpret/-/interpret-1.2.0.tgz#d5061a6224be58e8083985f5014d844359576296"
+  integrity sha512-mT34yGKMNceBQUoVn7iCDKDntA7SC6gycMAWzGx1z/CMCTV7b2AAtXlo3nRyHZ1FelRkQbQjprHSYGwzLtkVbw==
+
+invariant@^2.2.2:
+  version "2.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/invariant/-/invariant-2.2.4.tgz#610f3c92c9359ce1db616e538008d23ff35158e6"
+  integrity sha512-phJfQVBuaJM5raOpJjSfkiD6BpbCE4Ns//LaXl6wGYtUBY83nWS6Rf9tXm2e8VaK60JEjYldbPif/A2B1C2gNA==
+  dependencies:
+    loose-envify "^1.0.0"
+
+invert-kv@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/invert-kv/-/invert-kv-1.0.0.tgz#104a8e4aaca6d3d8cd157a8ef8bfab2d7a3ffdb6"
+  integrity sha1-EEqOSqym09jNFXqO+L+rLXo//bY=
+
+invert-kv@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/invert-kv/-/invert-kv-2.0.0.tgz#7393f5afa59ec9ff5f67a27620d11c226e3eec02"
+  integrity sha512-wPVv/y/QQ/Uiirj/vh3oP+1Ww+AWehmi1g5fFWGPF6IpCBCDVrhgHRMvrLfdYcwDh3QJbGXDW4JAuzxElLSqKA==
+
+ip-regex@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ip-regex/-/ip-regex-2.1.0.tgz#fa78bf5d2e6913c911ce9f819ee5146bb6d844e9"
+  integrity sha1-+ni/XS5pE8kRzp+BnuUUa7bYROk=
+
+ip@^1.1.0, ip@^1.1.5:
+  version "1.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ip/-/ip-1.1.5.tgz#bdded70114290828c0a039e72ef25f5aaec4354a"
+  integrity sha1-vd7XARQpCCjAoDnnLvJfWq7ENUo=
+
+ipaddr.js@1.9.0, ipaddr.js@^1.9.0:
+  version "1.9.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ipaddr.js/-/ipaddr.js-1.9.0.tgz#37df74e430a0e47550fe54a2defe30d8acd95f65"
+  integrity sha512-M4Sjn6N/+O6/IXSJseKqHoFc+5FdGJ22sXqnjTpdZweHK64MzEPAyQZyEU3R/KRv2GLoa7nNtg/C2Ev6m7z+eA==
+
+is-absolute-url@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-absolute-url/-/is-absolute-url-2.1.0.tgz#50530dfb84fcc9aa7dbe7852e83a37b93b9f2aa6"
+  integrity sha1-UFMN+4T8yap9vnhS6Do3uTufKqY=
+
+is-accessor-descriptor@^0.1.6:
+  version "0.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-accessor-descriptor/-/is-accessor-descriptor-0.1.6.tgz#a9e12cb3ae8d876727eeef3843f8a0897b5c98d6"
+  integrity sha1-qeEss66Nh2cn7u84Q/igiXtcmNY=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-accessor-descriptor@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-accessor-descriptor/-/is-accessor-descriptor-1.0.0.tgz#169c2f6d3df1f992618072365c9b0ea1f6878656"
+  integrity sha512-m5hnHTkcVsPfqx3AKlyttIPb7J+XykHvJP2B9bZDjlhLIoEq4XoK64Vg7boZlVWYK6LUY94dYPEE7Lh0ZkZKcQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+
+is-arrayish@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-arrayish/-/is-arrayish-0.2.1.tgz#77c99840527aa8ecb1a8ba697b80645a7a926a9d"
+  integrity sha1-d8mYQFJ6qOyxqLppe4BkWnqSap0=
+
+is-arrayish@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-arrayish/-/is-arrayish-0.3.2.tgz#4574a2ae56f7ab206896fb431eaeed066fdf8f03"
+  integrity sha512-eVRqCvVlZbuw3GrM63ovNSNAeA1K16kaR/LRY/92w0zxQ5/1YzwblUX652i4Xs9RwAGjW9d9y6X88t8OaAJfWQ==
+
+is-binary-path@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-binary-path/-/is-binary-path-1.0.1.tgz#75f16642b480f187a711c814161fd3a4a7655898"
+  integrity sha1-dfFmQrSA8YenEcgUFh/TpKdlWJg=
+  dependencies:
+    binary-extensions "^1.0.0"
+
+is-buffer@^1.1.5:
+  version "1.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-buffer/-/is-buffer-1.1.6.tgz#efaa2ea9daa0d7ab2ea13a97b2b8ad51fefbe8be"
+  integrity sha512-NcdALwpXkTm5Zvvbk7owOUSvVvBKDgKP5/ewfXEznmQFfs4ZRmanOeKBTjRVjka3QFoN6XJ+9F3USqfHqTaU5w==
+
+is-callable@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-callable/-/is-callable-1.1.4.tgz#1e1adf219e1eeb684d691f9d6a05ff0d30a24d75"
+  integrity sha512-r5p9sxJjYnArLjObpjA4xu5EKI3CuKHkJXMhT7kwbpUyIFD1n5PMAsoPvWnvtZiNz7LjkYDRZhd7FlI0eMijEA==
+
+is-color-stop@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-color-stop/-/is-color-stop-1.1.0.tgz#cfff471aee4dd5c9e158598fbe12967b5cdad345"
+  integrity sha1-z/9HGu5N1cnhWFmPvhKWe1za00U=
+  dependencies:
+    css-color-names "^0.0.4"
+    hex-color-regex "^1.1.0"
+    hsl-regex "^1.0.0"
+    hsla-regex "^1.0.0"
+    rgb-regex "^1.0.1"
+    rgba-regex "^1.0.0"
+
+is-data-descriptor@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-data-descriptor/-/is-data-descriptor-0.1.4.tgz#0b5ee648388e2c860282e793f1856fec3f301b56"
+  integrity sha1-C17mSDiOLIYCgueT8YVv7D8wG1Y=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-data-descriptor@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-data-descriptor/-/is-data-descriptor-1.0.0.tgz#d84876321d0e7add03990406abbbbd36ba9268c7"
+  integrity sha512-jbRXy1FmtAoCjQkVmIVYwuuqDFUbaOeDjmed1tOGPrsMhtJA4rD9tkgA0F1qJ3gRFRXcHYVkdeaP50Q5rE/jLQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+
+is-date-object@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-date-object/-/is-date-object-1.0.1.tgz#9aa20eb6aeebbff77fbd33e74ca01b33581d3a16"
+  integrity sha1-mqIOtq7rv/d/vTPnTKAbM1gdOhY=
+
+is-descriptor@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-descriptor/-/is-descriptor-0.1.6.tgz#366d8240dde487ca51823b1ab9f07a10a78251ca"
+  integrity sha512-avDYr0SB3DwO9zsMov0gKCESFYqCnE4hq/4z3TdUlukEy5t9C0YRq7HLrsN52NAcqXKaepeCD0n+B0arnVG3Hg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-accessor-descriptor "^0.1.6"
+    is-data-descriptor "^0.1.4"
+    kind-of "^5.0.0"
+
+is-descriptor@^1.0.0, is-descriptor@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-descriptor/-/is-descriptor-1.0.2.tgz#3b159746a66604b04f8c81524ba365c5f14d86ec"
+  integrity sha512-2eis5WqQGV7peooDyLmNEPUrps9+SXX5c9pL3xEB+4e9HnGuDa7mB7kHxHw4CbqS9k1T2hOH3miL8n8WtiYVtg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-accessor-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+    is-data-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+
+is-directory@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-directory/-/is-directory-0.3.1.tgz#61339b6f2475fc772fd9c9d83f5c8575dc154ae1"
+  integrity sha1-YTObbyR1/Hcv2cnYP1yFddwVSuE=
+
+is-extendable@^0.1.0, is-extendable@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extendable/-/is-extendable-0.1.1.tgz#62b110e289a471418e3ec36a617d472e301dfc89"
+  integrity sha1-YrEQ4omkcUGOPsNqYX1HLjAd/Ik=
+
+is-extendable@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extendable/-/is-extendable-1.0.1.tgz#a7470f9e426733d81bd81e1155264e3a3507cab4"
+  integrity sha512-arnXMxT1hhoKo9k1LZdmlNyJdDDfy2v0fXjFlmok4+i8ul/6WlbVge9bhM74OpNPQPMGUToDtz+KXa1PneJxOA==
+  dependencies:
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.4"
+
+is-extglob@^2.1.0, is-extglob@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extglob/-/is-extglob-2.1.1.tgz#a88c02535791f02ed37c76a1b9ea9773c833f8c2"
+  integrity sha1-qIwCU1eR8C7TfHahueqXc8gz+MI=
+
+is-finite@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-finite/-/is-finite-1.0.2.tgz#cc6677695602be550ef11e8b4aa6305342b6d0aa"
+  integrity sha1-zGZ3aVYCvlUO8R6LSqYwU0K20Ko=
+  dependencies:
+    number-is-nan "^1.0.0"
+
+is-fullwidth-code-point@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-fullwidth-code-point/-/is-fullwidth-code-point-1.0.0.tgz#ef9e31386f031a7f0d643af82fde50c457ef00cb"
+  integrity sha1-754xOG8DGn8NZDr4L95QxFfvAMs=
+  dependencies:
+    number-is-nan "^1.0.0"
+
+is-fullwidth-code-point@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-fullwidth-code-point/-/is-fullwidth-code-point-2.0.0.tgz#a3b30a5c4f199183167aaab93beefae3ddfb654f"
+  integrity sha1-o7MKXE8ZkYMWeqq5O+764937ZU8=
+
+is-glob@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-glob/-/is-glob-3.1.0.tgz#7ba5ae24217804ac70707b96922567486cc3e84a"
+  integrity sha1-e6WuJCF4BKxwcHuWkiVnSGzD6Eo=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extglob "^2.1.0"
+
+is-glob@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-glob/-/is-glob-4.0.1.tgz#7567dbe9f2f5e2467bc77ab83c4a29482407a5dc"
+  integrity sha512-5G0tKtBTFImOqDnLB2hG6Bp2qcKEFduo4tZu9MT/H6NQv/ghhy30o55ufafxJ/LdH79LLs2Kfrn85TLKyA7BUg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-extglob "^2.1.1"
+
+is-number@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-number/-/is-number-3.0.0.tgz#24fd6201a4782cf50561c810276afc7d12d71195"
+  integrity sha1-JP1iAaR4LPUFYcgQJ2r8fRLXEZU=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-obj@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-obj/-/is-obj-1.0.1.tgz#3e4729ac1f5fde025cd7d83a896dab9f4f67db0f"
+  integrity sha1-PkcprB9f3gJc19g6iW2rn09n2w8=
+
+is-path-cwd@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-path-cwd/-/is-path-cwd-2.1.0.tgz#2e0c7e463ff5b7a0eb60852d851a6809347a124c"
+  integrity sha512-Sc5j3/YnM8tDeyCsVeKlm/0p95075DyLmDEIkSgQ7mXkrOX+uTCtmQFm0CYzVyJwcCCmO3k8qfJt17SxQwB5Zw==
+
+is-path-in-cwd@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-path-in-cwd/-/is-path-in-cwd-2.1.0.tgz#bfe2dca26c69f397265a4009963602935a053acb"
+  integrity sha512-rNocXHgipO+rvnP6dk3zI20RpOtrAM/kzbB258Uw5BWr3TpXi861yzjo16Dn4hUox07iw5AyeMLHWsujkjzvRQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-path-inside "^2.1.0"
+
+is-path-inside@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-path-inside/-/is-path-inside-2.1.0.tgz#7c9810587d659a40d27bcdb4d5616eab059494b2"
+  integrity sha512-wiyhTzfDWsvwAW53OBWF5zuvaOGlZ6PwYxAbPVDhpm+gM09xKQGjBq/8uYN12aDvMxnAnq3dxTyoSoRNmg5YFg==
+  dependencies:
+    path-is-inside "^1.0.2"
+
+is-plain-object@^2.0.1, is-plain-object@^2.0.3, is-plain-object@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-plain-object/-/is-plain-object-2.0.4.tgz#2c163b3fafb1b606d9d17928f05c2a1c38e07677"
+  integrity sha512-h5PpgXkWitc38BBMYawTYMWJHFZJVnBquFE57xFpjB8pJFiF6gZ+bU+WyI/yqXiFR5mdLsgYNaPe8uao6Uv9Og==
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+is-regex@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-regex/-/is-regex-1.0.4.tgz#5517489b547091b0930e095654ced25ee97e9491"
+  integrity sha1-VRdIm1RwkbCTDglWVM7SXul+lJE=
+  dependencies:
+    has "^1.0.1"
+
+is-resolvable@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-resolvable/-/is-resolvable-1.1.0.tgz#fb18f87ce1feb925169c9a407c19318a3206ed88"
+  integrity sha512-qgDYXFSR5WvEfuS5dMj6oTMEbrrSaM0CrFk2Yiq/gXnBvD9pMa2jGXxyhGLfvhZpuMZe18CJpFxAt3CRs42NMg==
+
+is-stream@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-stream/-/is-stream-1.1.0.tgz#12d4a3dd4e68e0b79ceb8dbc84173ae80d91ca44"
+  integrity sha1-EtSj3U5o4Lec6428hBc66A2RykQ=
+
+is-svg@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-svg/-/is-svg-3.0.0.tgz#9321dbd29c212e5ca99c4fa9794c714bcafa2f75"
+  integrity sha512-gi4iHK53LR2ujhLVVj+37Ykh9GLqYHX6JOVXbLAucaG/Cqw9xwdFOjDM2qeifLs1sF1npXXFvDu0r5HNgCMrzQ==
+  dependencies:
+    html-comment-regex "^1.1.0"
+
+is-symbol@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-symbol/-/is-symbol-1.0.2.tgz#a055f6ae57192caee329e7a860118b497a950f38"
+  integrity sha512-HS8bZ9ox60yCJLH9snBpIwv9pYUAkcuLhSA1oero1UB5y9aiQpRA8y2ex945AOtCZL1lJDeIk3G5LthswI46Lw==
+  dependencies:
+    has-symbols "^1.0.0"
+
+is-typedarray@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-typedarray/-/is-typedarray-1.0.0.tgz#e479c80858df0c1b11ddda6940f96011fcda4a9a"
+  integrity sha1-5HnICFjfDBsR3dppQPlgEfzaSpo=
+
+is-utf8@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-utf8/-/is-utf8-0.2.1.tgz#4b0da1442104d1b336340e80797e865cf39f7d72"
+  integrity sha1-Sw2hRCEE0bM2NA6AeX6GXPOffXI=
+
+is-windows@^1.0.1, is-windows@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-windows/-/is-windows-1.0.2.tgz#d1850eb9791ecd18e6182ce12a30f396634bb19d"
+  integrity sha512-eXK1UInq2bPmjyX6e3VHIzMLobc4J94i4AWn+Hpq3OU5KkrRC96OAcR3PRJ/pGu6m8TRnBHP9dkXQVsT/COVIA==
+
+is-wsl@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-wsl/-/is-wsl-1.1.0.tgz#1f16e4aa22b04d1336b66188a66af3c600c3a66d"
+  integrity sha1-HxbkqiKwTRM2tmGIpmrzxgDDpm0=
+
+isarray@1.0.0, isarray@^1.0.0, isarray@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isarray/-/isarray-1.0.0.tgz#bb935d48582cba168c06834957a54a3e07124f11"
+  integrity sha1-u5NdSFgsuhaMBoNJV6VKPgcSTxE=
+
+isexe@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isexe/-/isexe-2.0.0.tgz#e8fbf374dc556ff8947a10dcb0572d633f2cfa10"
+  integrity sha1-6PvzdNxVb/iUehDcsFctYz8s+hA=
+
+isobject@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isobject/-/isobject-2.1.0.tgz#f065561096a3f1da2ef46272f815c840d87e0c89"
+  integrity sha1-8GVWEJaj8dou9GJy+BXIQNh+DIk=
+  dependencies:
+    isarray "1.0.0"
+
+isobject@^3.0.0, isobject@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isobject/-/isobject-3.0.1.tgz#4e431e92b11a9731636aa1f9c8d1ccbcfdab78df"
+  integrity sha1-TkMekrEalzFjaqH5yNHMvP2reN8=
+
+isstream@~0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isstream/-/isstream-0.1.2.tgz#47e63f7af55afa6f92e1500e690eb8b8529c099a"
+  integrity sha1-R+Y/evVa+m+S4VAOaQ64uFKcCZo=
+
+js-base64@^2.1.8:
+  version "2.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-base64/-/js-base64-2.5.1.tgz#1efa39ef2c5f7980bb1784ade4a8af2de3291121"
+  integrity sha512-M7kLczedRMYX4L8Mdh4MzyAMM9O5osx+4FcOQuTvr3A9F2D9S5JXheN0ewNbrvK2UatkTRhL5ejGmGSjNMiZuw==
+
+js-levenshtein@^1.1.3:
+  version "1.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-levenshtein/-/js-levenshtein-1.1.6.tgz#c6cee58eb3550372df8deb85fad5ce66ce01d59d"
+  integrity sha512-X2BB11YZtrRqY4EnQcLX5Rh373zbK4alC1FW7D7MBhL2gtcC17cTnr6DmfHZeS0s2rTHjUTMMHfG7gO8SSdw+g==
+
+"js-tokens@^3.0.0 || ^4.0.0", js-tokens@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-tokens/-/js-tokens-4.0.0.tgz#19203fb59991df98e3a287050d4647cdeaf32499"
+  integrity sha512-RdJUflcE3cUzKiMqQgsCu06FPu9UdIJO0beYbPhHN4k6apgJtifcoCtT9bcxOpYBtpD2kCM6Sbzg4CausW/PKQ==
+
+js-yaml@^3.12.2, js-yaml@^3.13.0, js-yaml@^3.13.1, js-yaml@^3.9.0:
+  version "3.13.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-3.13.1.tgz#aff151b30bfdfa8e49e05da22e7415e9dfa37847"
+  integrity sha512-YfbcO7jXDdyj0DGxYVSlSeQNHbD7XPWvrVWeVUujrQEoZzWJIRrCPoyk6kL6IAjAG2IolMK4T0hNUe0HOUs5Jw==
+  dependencies:
+    argparse "^1.0.7"
+    esprima "^4.0.0"
+
+jsbn@~0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsbn/-/jsbn-0.1.1.tgz#a5e654c2e5a2deb5f201d96cefbca80c0ef2f513"
+  integrity sha1-peZUwuWi3rXyAdls77yoDA7y9RM=
+
+jsesc@^2.5.1:
+  version "2.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsesc/-/jsesc-2.5.2.tgz#80564d2e483dacf6e8ef209650a67df3f0c283a4"
+  integrity sha512-OYu7XEzjkCQ3C5Ps3QIZsQfNpqoJyZZA99wd9aWd05NCtC5pWOkShK2mkL6HXQR6/Cy2lbNdPlZBpuQHXE63gA==
+
+jsesc@~0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsesc/-/jsesc-0.5.0.tgz#e7dee66e35d6fc16f710fe91d5cf69f70f08911d"
+  integrity sha1-597mbjXW/Bb3EP6R1c9p9w8IkR0=
+
+json-parse-better-errors@^1.0.1, json-parse-better-errors@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-parse-better-errors/-/json-parse-better-errors-1.0.2.tgz#bb867cfb3450e69107c131d1c514bab3dc8bcaa9"
+  integrity sha512-mrqyZKfX5EhL7hvqcV6WG1yYjnjeuYDzDhhcAAUrq8Po85NBQBJP+ZDUT75qZQ98IkUoBqdkExkukOU7Ts2wrw==
+
+json-schema-traverse@^0.4.1:
+  version "0.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema-traverse/-/json-schema-traverse-0.4.1.tgz#69f6a87d9513ab8bb8fe63bdb0979c448e684660"
+  integrity sha512-xbbCH5dCYU5T8LcEhhuh7HJ88HXuW3qsI3Y0zOZFKfZEHcpWiHU/Jxzk629Brsab/mMiHQti9wMP+845RPe3Vg==
+
+json-schema@0.2.3:
+  version "0.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema/-/json-schema-0.2.3.tgz#b480c892e59a2f05954ce727bd3f2a4e882f9e13"
+  integrity sha1-tIDIkuWaLwWVTOcnvT8qTogvnhM=
+
+json-stringify-safe@~5.0.1:
+  version "5.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-stringify-safe/-/json-stringify-safe-5.0.1.tgz#1296a2d58fd45f19a0f6ce01d65701e2c735b6eb"
+  integrity sha1-Epai1Y/UXxmg9s4B1lcB4sc1tus=
+
+json3@^3.3.2:
+  version "3.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json3/-/json3-3.3.2.tgz#3c0434743df93e2f5c42aee7b19bcb483575f4e1"
+  integrity sha1-PAQ0dD35Pi9cQq7nsZvLSDV19OE=
+
+json5@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json5/-/json5-1.0.1.tgz#779fb0018604fa854eacbf6252180d83543e3dbe"
+  integrity sha512-aKS4WQjPenRxiQsC93MNfjx+nbF4PAdYzmd/1JIj8HYzqfbu86beTuNgXDzPknWk0n0uARlyewZo4s++ES36Ow==
+  dependencies:
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+
+json5@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json5/-/json5-2.1.0.tgz#e7a0c62c48285c628d20a10b85c89bb807c32850"
+  integrity sha512-8Mh9h6xViijj36g7Dxi+Y4S6hNGV96vcJZr/SrlHh1LR/pEn/8j/+qIBbs44YKl69Lrfctp4QD+AdWLTMqEZAQ==
+  dependencies:
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+
+jsprim@^1.2.2:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsprim/-/jsprim-1.4.1.tgz#313e66bc1e5cc06e438bc1b7499c2e5c56acb6a2"
+  integrity sha1-MT5mvB5cwG5Di8G3SZwuXFastqI=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "1.0.0"
+    extsprintf "1.3.0"
+    json-schema "0.2.3"
+    verror "1.10.0"
+
+killable@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/killable/-/killable-1.0.1.tgz#4c8ce441187a061c7474fb87ca08e2a638194892"
+  integrity sha512-LzqtLKlUwirEUyl/nicirVmNiPvYs7l5n8wOPP7fyJVpUPkvCnW/vuiXGpylGUlnPDnB7311rARzAt3Mhswpjg==
+
+kind-of@^3.0.2, kind-of@^3.0.3, kind-of@^3.2.0:
+  version "3.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-3.2.2.tgz#31ea21a734bab9bbb0f32466d893aea51e4a3c64"
+  integrity sha1-MeohpzS6ubuw8yRm2JOupR5KPGQ=
+  dependencies:
+    is-buffer "^1.1.5"
+
+kind-of@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-4.0.0.tgz#20813df3d712928b207378691a45066fae72dd57"
+  integrity sha1-IIE989cSkosgc3hpGkUGb65y3Vc=
+  dependencies:
+    is-buffer "^1.1.5"
+
+kind-of@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-5.1.0.tgz#729c91e2d857b7a419a1f9aa65685c4c33f5845d"
+  integrity sha512-NGEErnH6F2vUuXDh+OlbcKW7/wOcfdRHaZ7VWtqCztfHri/++YKmP51OdWeGPuqCOba6kk2OTe5d02VmTB80Pw==
+
+kind-of@^6.0.0, kind-of@^6.0.2:
+  version "6.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-6.0.2.tgz#01146b36a6218e64e58f3a8d66de5d7fc6f6d051"
+  integrity sha512-s5kLOcnH0XqDO+FvuaLX8DDjZ18CGFk7VygH40QoKPUQhW4e2rvM0rwUq0t8IQDOwYSeLK01U90OjzBTme2QqA==
+
+last-call-webpack-plugin@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/last-call-webpack-plugin/-/last-call-webpack-plugin-3.0.0.tgz#9742df0e10e3cf46e5c0381c2de90d3a7a2d7555"
+  integrity sha512-7KI2l2GIZa9p2spzPIVZBYyNKkN+e/SQPpnjlTiPhdbDW3F86tdKKELxKpzJ5sgU19wQWsACULZmpTPYHeWO5w==
+  dependencies:
+    lodash "^4.17.5"
+    webpack-sources "^1.1.0"
+
+lcid@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lcid/-/lcid-1.0.0.tgz#308accafa0bc483a3867b4b6f2b9506251d1b835"
+  integrity sha1-MIrMr6C8SDo4Z7S28rlQYlHRuDU=
+  dependencies:
+    invert-kv "^1.0.0"
+
+lcid@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lcid/-/lcid-2.0.0.tgz#6ef5d2df60e52f82eb228a4c373e8d1f397253cf"
+  integrity sha512-avPEb8P8EGnwXKClwsNUgryVjllcRqtMYa49NTsbQagYuT1DcXnl1915oxWjoyGrXR6zH/Y0Zc96xWsPcoDKeA==
+  dependencies:
+    invert-kv "^2.0.0"
+
+load-json-file@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/load-json-file/-/load-json-file-1.1.0.tgz#956905708d58b4bab4c2261b04f59f31c99374c0"
+  integrity sha1-lWkFcI1YtLq0wiYbBPWfMcmTdMA=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    parse-json "^2.2.0"
+    pify "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+    strip-bom "^2.0.0"
+
+loader-runner@^2.3.0:
+  version "2.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loader-runner/-/loader-runner-2.4.0.tgz#ed47066bfe534d7e84c4c7b9998c2a75607d9357"
+  integrity sha512-Jsmr89RcXGIwivFY21FcRrisYZfvLMTWx5kOLc+JTxtpBOG6xML0vzbc6SEQG2FO9/4Fc3wW4LVcB5DmGflaRw==
+
+loader-utils@^1.0.1, loader-utils@^1.0.2, loader-utils@^1.1.0, loader-utils@^1.2.3:
+  version "1.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loader-utils/-/loader-utils-1.2.3.tgz#1ff5dc6911c9f0a062531a4c04b609406108c2c7"
+  integrity sha512-fkpz8ejdnEMG3s37wGL07iSBDg99O9D5yflE9RGNH3hRdx9SOwYfnGYdZOUIZitN8E+E2vkq3MUMYMvPYl5ZZA==
+  dependencies:
+    big.js "^5.2.2"
+    emojis-list "^2.0.0"
+    json5 "^1.0.1"
+
+locate-path@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/locate-path/-/locate-path-3.0.0.tgz#dbec3b3ab759758071b58fe59fc41871af21400e"
+  integrity sha512-7AO748wWnIhNqAuaty2ZWHkQHRSNfPVIsPIfwEOWO22AmaoVrWavlOcMR5nzTLNYvp36X220/maaRsrec1G65A==
+  dependencies:
+    p-locate "^3.0.0"
+    path-exists "^3.0.0"
+
+lodash._reinterpolate@~3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash._reinterpolate/-/lodash._reinterpolate-3.0.0.tgz#0ccf2d89166af03b3663c796538b75ac6e114d9d"
+  integrity sha1-DM8tiRZq8Ds2Y8eWU4t1rG4RTZ0=
+
+lodash.get@^4.0:
+  version "4.4.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.get/-/lodash.get-4.4.2.tgz#2d177f652fa31e939b4438d5341499dfa3825e99"
+  integrity sha1-LRd/ZS+jHpObRDjVNBSZ36OCXpk=
+
+lodash.has@^4.0:
+  version "4.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.has/-/lodash.has-4.5.2.tgz#d19f4dc1095058cccbe2b0cdf4ee0fe4aa37c862"
+  integrity sha1-0Z9NwQlQWMzL4rDN9O4P5Ko3yGI=
+
+lodash.memoize@^4.1.2:
+  version "4.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.memoize/-/lodash.memoize-4.1.2.tgz#bcc6c49a42a2840ed997f323eada5ecd182e0bfe"
+  integrity sha1-vMbEmkKihA7Zl/Mj6tpezRguC/4=
+
+lodash.tail@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.tail/-/lodash.tail-4.1.1.tgz#d2333a36d9e7717c8ad2f7cacafec7c32b444664"
+  integrity sha1-0jM6NtnncXyK0vfKyv7HwytERmQ=
+
+lodash.template@^4.2.4:
+  version "4.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.template/-/lodash.template-4.4.0.tgz#e73a0385c8355591746e020b99679c690e68fba0"
+  integrity sha1-5zoDhcg1VZF0bgILmWecaQ5o+6A=
+  dependencies:
+    lodash._reinterpolate "~3.0.0"
+    lodash.templatesettings "^4.0.0"
+
+lodash.templatesettings@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.templatesettings/-/lodash.templatesettings-4.1.0.tgz#2b4d4e95ba440d915ff08bc899e4553666713316"
+  integrity sha1-K01OlbpEDZFf8IvImeRVNmZxMxY=
+  dependencies:
+    lodash._reinterpolate "~3.0.0"
+
+lodash.uniq@^4.5.0:
+  version "4.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.uniq/-/lodash.uniq-4.5.0.tgz#d0225373aeb652adc1bc82e4945339a842754773"
+  integrity sha1-0CJTc662Uq3BvILklFM5qEJ1R3M=
+
+lodash@^4.0.0, lodash@^4.17.11, lodash@^4.17.5, lodash@~4.17.10:
+  version "4.17.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash/-/lodash-4.17.11.tgz#b39ea6229ef607ecd89e2c8df12536891cac9b8d"
+  integrity sha512-cQKh8igo5QUhZ7lg38DYWAxMvjSAKG0A8wGSVimP07SIUEK2UO+arSRKbRZWtelMtN5V0Hkwh5ryOto/SshYIg==
+
+loglevel@^1.6.1:
+  version "1.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loglevel/-/loglevel-1.6.1.tgz#e0fc95133b6ef276cdc8887cdaf24aa6f156f8fa"
+  integrity sha1-4PyVEztu8nbNyIh82vJKpvFW+Po=
+
+loose-envify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loose-envify/-/loose-envify-1.4.0.tgz#71ee51fa7be4caec1a63839f7e682d8132d30caf"
+  integrity sha512-lyuxPGr/Wfhrlem2CL/UcnUc1zcqKAImBDzukY7Y5F/yQiNdko6+fRLevlw1HgMySw7f611UIY408EtxRSoK3Q==
+  dependencies:
+    js-tokens "^3.0.0 || ^4.0.0"
+
+loud-rejection@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loud-rejection/-/loud-rejection-1.6.0.tgz#5b46f80147edee578870f086d04821cf998e551f"
+  integrity sha1-W0b4AUft7leIcPCG0Eghz5mOVR8=
+  dependencies:
+    currently-unhandled "^0.4.1"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.0"
+
+lru-cache@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-4.1.5.tgz#8bbe50ea85bed59bc9e33dcab8235ee9bcf443cd"
+  integrity sha512-sWZlbEP2OsHNkXrMl5GYk/jKk70MBng6UU4YI/qGDYbgf6YbP4EvmqISbXCoJiRKs+1bSpFHVgQxvJ17F2li5g==
+  dependencies:
+    pseudomap "^1.0.2"
+    yallist "^2.1.2"
+
+lru-cache@^5.1.1:
+  version "5.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-5.1.1.tgz#1da27e6710271947695daf6848e847f01d84b920"
+  integrity sha512-KpNARQA3Iwv+jTA0utUVVbrh+Jlrr1Fv0e56GGzAFOXN7dk/FviaDW8LHmK52DlcH4WP2n6gI8vN1aesBFgo9w==
+  dependencies:
+    yallist "^3.0.2"
+
+make-dir@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/make-dir/-/make-dir-2.1.0.tgz#5f0310e18b8be898cc07009295a30ae41e91e6f5"
+  integrity sha512-LS9X+dc8KLxXCb8dni79fLIIUA5VyZoyjSMCwTluaXA0o27cCK0bhXkpgw+sTXVpPy/lSO57ilRixqk0vDmtRA==
+  dependencies:
+    pify "^4.0.1"
+    semver "^5.6.0"
+
+mamacro@^0.0.3:
+  version "0.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mamacro/-/mamacro-0.0.3.tgz#ad2c9576197c9f1abf308d0787865bd975a3f3e4"
+  integrity sha512-qMEwh+UujcQ+kbz3T6V+wAmO2U8veoq2w+3wY8MquqwVA3jChfwY+Tk52GZKDfACEPjuZ7r2oJLejwpt8jtwTA==
+
+map-age-cleaner@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-age-cleaner/-/map-age-cleaner-0.1.3.tgz#7d583a7306434c055fe474b0f45078e6e1b4b92a"
+  integrity sha512-bJzx6nMoP6PDLPBFmg7+xRKeFZvFboMrGlxmNj9ClvX53KrmvM5bXFXEWjbz4cz1AFn+jWJ9z/DJSz7hrs0w3w==
+  dependencies:
+    p-defer "^1.0.0"
+
+map-cache@^0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-cache/-/map-cache-0.2.2.tgz#c32abd0bd6525d9b051645bb4f26ac5dc98a0dbf"
+  integrity sha1-wyq9C9ZSXZsFFkW7TyasXcmKDb8=
+
+map-obj@^1.0.0, map-obj@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-obj/-/map-obj-1.0.1.tgz#d933ceb9205d82bdcf4886f6742bdc2b4dea146d"
+  integrity sha1-2TPOuSBdgr3PSIb2dCvcK03qFG0=
+
+map-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-visit/-/map-visit-1.0.0.tgz#ecdca8f13144e660f1b5bd41f12f3479d98dfb8f"
+  integrity sha1-7Nyo8TFE5mDxtb1B8S80edmN+48=
+  dependencies:
+    object-visit "^1.0.0"
+
+md5.js@^1.3.4:
+  version "1.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/md5.js/-/md5.js-1.3.5.tgz#b5d07b8e3216e3e27cd728d72f70d1e6a342005f"
+  integrity sha512-xitP+WxNPcTTOgnTJcrhM0xvdPepipPSf3I8EIpGKeFLjt3PlJLIDG3u8EX53ZIubkb+5U2+3rELYpEhHhzdkg==
+  dependencies:
+    hash-base "^3.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+
+mdn-data@~1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mdn-data/-/mdn-data-1.1.4.tgz#50b5d4ffc4575276573c4eedb8780812a8419f01"
+  integrity sha512-FSYbp3lyKjyj3E7fMl6rYvUdX0FBXaluGqlFoYESWQlyUTq8R+wp0rkFxoYFqZlHCvsUXGjyJmLQSnXToYhOSA==
+
+media-typer@0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/media-typer/-/media-typer-0.3.0.tgz#8710d7af0aa626f8fffa1ce00168545263255748"
+  integrity sha1-hxDXrwqmJvj/+hzgAWhUUmMlV0g=
+
+mem@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mem/-/mem-4.3.0.tgz#461af497bc4ae09608cdb2e60eefb69bff744178"
+  integrity sha512-qX2bG48pTqYRVmDB37rn/6PT7LcR8T7oAX3bf99u1Tt1nzxYfxkgqDwUwolPlXweM0XzBOBFzSx4kfp7KP1s/w==
+  dependencies:
+    map-age-cleaner "^0.1.1"
+    mimic-fn "^2.0.0"
+    p-is-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+memory-fs@^0.4.0, memory-fs@^0.4.1, memory-fs@~0.4.1:
+  version "0.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/memory-fs/-/memory-fs-0.4.1.tgz#3a9a20b8462523e447cfbc7e8bb80ed667bfc552"
+  integrity sha1-OpoguEYlI+RHz7x+i7gO1me/xVI=
+  dependencies:
+    errno "^0.1.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.1"
+
+meow@^3.7.0:
+  version "3.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/meow/-/meow-3.7.0.tgz#72cb668b425228290abbfa856892587308a801fb"
+  integrity sha1-cstmi0JSKCkKu/qFaJJYcwioAfs=
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase-keys "^2.0.0"
+    decamelize "^1.1.2"
+    loud-rejection "^1.0.0"
+    map-obj "^1.0.1"
+    minimist "^1.1.3"
+    normalize-package-data "^2.3.4"
+    object-assign "^4.0.1"
+    read-pkg-up "^1.0.1"
+    redent "^1.0.0"
+    trim-newlines "^1.0.0"
+
+merge-descriptors@1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/merge-descriptors/-/merge-descriptors-1.0.1.tgz#b00aaa556dd8b44568150ec9d1b953f3f90cbb61"
+  integrity sha1-sAqqVW3YtEVoFQ7J0blT8/kMu2E=
+
+methods@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/methods/-/methods-1.1.2.tgz#5529a4d67654134edcc5266656835b0f851afcee"
+  integrity sha1-VSmk1nZUE07cxSZmVoNbD4Ua/O4=
+
+micromatch@^3.0.4, micromatch@^3.1.10, micromatch@^3.1.4, micromatch@^3.1.8:
+  version "3.1.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/micromatch/-/micromatch-3.1.10.tgz#70859bc95c9840952f359a068a3fc49f9ecfac23"
+  integrity sha512-MWikgl9n9M3w+bpsY3He8L+w9eF9338xRl8IAO5viDizwSzziFEyUzo2xrrloB64ADbTf8uA8vRqqttDTOmccg==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^4.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    braces "^2.3.1"
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    extglob "^2.0.4"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+    nanomatch "^1.2.9"
+    object.pick "^1.3.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.2"
+
+miller-rabin@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/miller-rabin/-/miller-rabin-4.0.1.tgz#f080351c865b0dc562a8462966daa53543c78a4d"
+  integrity sha512-115fLhvZVqWwHPbClyntxEVfVDfl9DLLTuJvq3g2O/Oxi8AiNouAHvDSzHS0viUJc+V5vm3eq91Xwqn9dp4jRA==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.0.0"
+    brorand "^1.0.1"
+
+mime-db@1.40.0, "mime-db@>= 1.40.0 < 2":
+  version "1.40.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-db/-/mime-db-1.40.0.tgz#a65057e998db090f732a68f6c276d387d4126c32"
+  integrity sha512-jYdeOMPy9vnxEqFRRo6ZvTZ8d9oPb+k18PKoYNYUe2stVEBPPwsln/qWzdbmaIvnhZ9v2P+CuecK+fpUfsV2mA==
+
+mime-types@^2.1.12, mime-types@~2.1.17, mime-types@~2.1.19, mime-types@~2.1.24:
+  version "2.1.24"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-types/-/mime-types-2.1.24.tgz#b6f8d0b3e951efb77dedeca194cff6d16f676f81"
+  integrity sha512-WaFHS3MCl5fapm3oLxU4eYDw77IQM2ACcxQ9RIxfaC3ooc6PFuBMGZZsYpvoXS5D5QTWPieo1jjLdAm3TBP3cQ==
+  dependencies:
+    mime-db "1.40.0"
+
+mime@1.4.1:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime/-/mime-1.4.1.tgz#121f9ebc49e3766f311a76e1fa1c8003c4b03aa6"
+  integrity sha512-KI1+qOZu5DcW6wayYHSzR/tXKCDC5Om4s1z2QJjDULzLcmf3DvzS7oluY4HCTrc+9FiKmWUgeNLg7W3uIQvxtQ==
+
+mime@^2.3.1:
+  version "2.4.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime/-/mime-2.4.2.tgz#ce5229a5e99ffc313abac806b482c10e7ba6ac78"
+  integrity sha512-zJBfZDkwRu+j3Pdd2aHsR5GfH2jIWhmL1ZzBoc+X+3JEti2hbArWcyJ+1laC1D2/U/W1a/+Cegj0/OnEU2ybjg==
+
+mimic-fn@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mimic-fn/-/mimic-fn-2.1.0.tgz#7ed2c2ccccaf84d3ffcb7a69b57711fc2083401b"
+  integrity sha512-OqbOk5oEQeAZ8WXWydlu9HJjz9WVdEIvamMCcXmuqUYjTknH/sqsWvhQ3vgwKFRR1HpjvNBKQ37nbJgYzGqGcg==
+
+mini-css-extract-plugin@^0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mini-css-extract-plugin/-/mini-css-extract-plugin-0.5.0.tgz#ac0059b02b9692515a637115b0cc9fed3a35c7b0"
+  integrity sha512-IuaLjruM0vMKhUUT51fQdQzBYTX49dLj8w68ALEAe2A4iYNpIC4eMac67mt3NzycvjOlf07/kYxJDc0RTl1Wqw==
+  dependencies:
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.1.0"
+
+minimalistic-assert@^1.0.0, minimalistic-assert@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimalistic-assert/-/minimalistic-assert-1.0.1.tgz#2e194de044626d4a10e7f7fbc00ce73e83e4d5c7"
+  integrity sha512-UtJcAD4yEaGtjPezWuO9wC4nwUnVH/8/Im3yEHQP4b67cXlD/Qr9hdITCU1xDbSEXg2XKNaP8jsReV7vQd00/A==
+
+minimalistic-crypto-utils@^1.0.0, minimalistic-crypto-utils@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimalistic-crypto-utils/-/minimalistic-crypto-utils-1.0.1.tgz#f6c00c1c0b082246e5c4d99dfb8c7c083b2b582a"
+  integrity sha1-9sAMHAsIIkblxNmd+4x8CDsrWCo=
+
+minimatch@^3.0.4, minimatch@~3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimatch/-/minimatch-3.0.4.tgz#5166e286457f03306064be5497e8dbb0c3d32083"
+  integrity sha512-yJHVQEhyqPLUTgt9B83PXu6W3rx4MvvHvSUvToogpwoGDOUQ+yDrR0HRot+yOCdCO7u4hX3pWft6kWBBcqh0UA==
+  dependencies:
+    brace-expansion "^1.1.7"
+
+minimist@0.0.8:
+  version "0.0.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimist/-/minimist-0.0.8.tgz#857fcabfc3397d2625b8228262e86aa7a011b05d"
+  integrity sha1-hX/Kv8M5fSYluCKCYuhqp6ARsF0=
+
+minimist@^1.1.3, minimist@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimist/-/minimist-1.2.0.tgz#a35008b20f41383eec1fb914f4cd5df79a264284"
+  integrity sha1-o1AIsg9BOD7sH7kU9M1d95omQoQ=
+
+minipass@^2.2.1, minipass@^2.3.4:
+  version "2.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minipass/-/minipass-2.3.5.tgz#cacebe492022497f656b0f0f51e2682a9ed2d848"
+  integrity sha512-Gi1W4k059gyRbyVUZQ4mEqLm0YIUiGYfvxhF6SIlk3ui1WVxMTGfGdQ2SInh3PDrRTVvPKgULkpJtT4RH10+VA==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    yallist "^3.0.0"
+
+minizlib@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minizlib/-/minizlib-1.2.1.tgz#dd27ea6136243c7c880684e8672bb3a45fd9b614"
+  integrity sha512-7+4oTUOWKg7AuL3vloEWekXY2/D20cevzsrNT2kGWm+39J9hGTCBv8VI5Pm5lXZ/o3/mdR4f8rflAPhnQb8mPA==
+  dependencies:
+    minipass "^2.2.1"
+
+mississippi@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mississippi/-/mississippi-3.0.0.tgz#ea0a3291f97e0b5e8776b363d5f0a12d94c67022"
+  integrity sha512-x471SsVjUtBRtcvd4BzKE9kFC+/2TeWgKCgw0bZcw1b9l2X3QX5vCWgF+KaZaYm87Ss//rHnWryupDrgLvmSkA==
+  dependencies:
+    concat-stream "^1.5.0"
+    duplexify "^3.4.2"
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    flush-write-stream "^1.0.0"
+    from2 "^2.1.0"
+    parallel-transform "^1.1.0"
+    pump "^3.0.0"
+    pumpify "^1.3.3"
+    stream-each "^1.1.0"
+    through2 "^2.0.0"
+
+mixin-deep@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mixin-deep/-/mixin-deep-1.3.1.tgz#a49e7268dce1a0d9698e45326c5626df3543d0fe"
+  integrity sha512-8ZItLHeEgaqEvd5lYBXfm4EZSFCX29Jb9K+lAHhDKzReKBQKj3R+7NOF6tjqYi9t4oI8VUfaWITJQm86wnXGNQ==
+  dependencies:
+    for-in "^1.0.2"
+    is-extendable "^1.0.1"
+
+mixin-object@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mixin-object/-/mixin-object-2.0.1.tgz#4fb949441dab182540f1fe035ba60e1947a5e57e"
+  integrity sha1-T7lJRB2rGCVA8f4DW6YOGUel5X4=
+  dependencies:
+    for-in "^0.1.3"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+
+mkdirp@0.5.x, "mkdirp@>=0.5 0", mkdirp@^0.5, mkdirp@^0.5.0, mkdirp@^0.5.1, mkdirp@~0.5.0, mkdirp@~0.5.1:
+  version "0.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mkdirp/-/mkdirp-0.5.1.tgz#30057438eac6cf7f8c4767f38648d6697d75c903"
+  integrity sha1-MAV0OOrGz3+MR2fzhkjWaX11yQM=
+  dependencies:
+    minimist "0.0.8"
+
+move-concurrently@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/move-concurrently/-/move-concurrently-1.0.1.tgz#be2c005fda32e0b29af1f05d7c4b33214c701f92"
+  integrity sha1-viwAX9oy4LKa8fBdfEszIUxwH5I=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+    copy-concurrently "^1.0.0"
+    fs-write-stream-atomic "^1.0.8"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    rimraf "^2.5.4"
+    run-queue "^1.0.3"
+
+ms@2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ms/-/ms-2.0.0.tgz#5608aeadfc00be6c2901df5f9861788de0d597c8"
+  integrity sha1-VgiurfwAvmwpAd9fmGF4jeDVl8g=
+
+ms@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ms/-/ms-2.1.1.tgz#30a5864eb3ebb0a66f2ebe6d727af06a09d86e0a"
+  integrity sha512-tgp+dl5cGk28utYktBsrFqA7HKgrhgPsg6Z/EfhWI4gl1Hwq8B/GmY/0oXZ6nF8hDVesS/FpnYaD/kOWhYQvyg==
+
+multicast-dns-service-types@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/multicast-dns-service-types/-/multicast-dns-service-types-1.1.0.tgz#899f11d9686e5e05cb91b35d5f0e63b773cfc901"
+  integrity sha1-iZ8R2WhuXgXLkbNdXw5jt3PPyQE=
+
+multicast-dns@^6.0.1:
+  version "6.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/multicast-dns/-/multicast-dns-6.2.3.tgz#a0ec7bd9055c4282f790c3c82f4e28db3b31b229"
+  integrity sha512-ji6J5enbMyGRHIAkAOu3WdV8nggqviKCEKtXcOqfphZZtQrmHKycfynJ2V7eVPUA4NhJ6V7Wf4TmGbTwKE9B6g==
+  dependencies:
+    dns-packet "^1.3.1"
+    thunky "^1.0.2"
+
+nan@^2.12.1, nan@^2.13.2:
+  version "2.13.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nan/-/nan-2.13.2.tgz#f51dc7ae66ba7d5d55e1e6d4d8092e802c9aefe7"
+  integrity sha512-TghvYc72wlMGMVMluVo9WRJc0mB8KxxF/gZ4YYFy7V2ZQX9l7rgbPg7vjS9mt6U5HXODVFVI2bOduCzwOMv/lw==
+
+nanomatch@^1.2.9:
+  version "1.2.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nanomatch/-/nanomatch-1.2.13.tgz#b87a8aa4fc0de8fe6be88895b38983ff265bd119"
+  integrity sha512-fpoe2T0RbHwBTBUOftAfBPaDEi06ufaUai0mE6Yn1kacc3SnTErfb/h+X94VXzI64rKFHYImXSvdwGGCmwOqCA==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^4.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    is-windows "^1.0.2"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+    object.pick "^1.3.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+needle@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/needle/-/needle-2.3.1.tgz#d272f2f4034afb9c4c9ab1379aabc17fc85c9388"
+  integrity sha512-CaLXV3W8Vnbps8ZANqDGz7j4x7Yj1LW4TWF/TQuDfj7Cfx4nAPTvw98qgTevtto1oHDrh3pQkaODbqupXlsWTg==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^4.1.0"
+    iconv-lite "^0.4.4"
+    sax "^1.2.4"
+
+negotiator@0.6.2:
+  version "0.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/negotiator/-/negotiator-0.6.2.tgz#feacf7ccf525a77ae9634436a64883ffeca346fb"
+  integrity sha512-hZXc7K2e+PgeI1eDBe/10Ard4ekbfrrqG8Ep+8Jmf4JID2bNg7NvCPOZN+kfF574pFQI7mum2AUqDidoKqcTOw==
+
+neo-async@^2.5.0:
+  version "2.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/neo-async/-/neo-async-2.6.0.tgz#b9d15e4d71c6762908654b5183ed38b753340835"
+  integrity sha512-MFh0d/Wa7vkKO3Y3LlacqAEeHK0mckVqzDieUKTT+KGxi+zIpeVsFxymkIiRpbpDziHc290Xr9A1O4Om7otoRA==
+
+nice-try@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nice-try/-/nice-try-1.0.5.tgz#a3378a7696ce7d223e88fc9b764bd7ef1089e366"
+  integrity sha512-1nh45deeb5olNY7eX82BkPO7SSxR5SSYJiPTrTdFUVYwAl8CKMA5N9PjTYkHiRjisVcxcQ1HXdLhx2qxxJzLNQ==
+
+node-forge@0.7.5:
+  version "0.7.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-forge/-/node-forge-0.7.5.tgz#6c152c345ce11c52f465c2abd957e8639cd674df"
+  integrity sha512-MmbQJ2MTESTjt3Gi/3yG1wGpIMhUfcIypUCGtTizFR9IiccFwxSpfp0vtIZlkFclEqERemxfnSdZEMR9VqqEFQ==
+
+node-gyp@^3.8.0:
+  version "3.8.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-gyp/-/node-gyp-3.8.0.tgz#540304261c330e80d0d5edce253a68cb3964218c"
+  integrity sha512-3g8lYefrRRzvGeSowdJKAKyks8oUpLEd/DyPV4eMhVlhJ0aNaZqIrNUIPuEWWTAoPqyFkfGrM67MC69baqn6vA==
+  dependencies:
+    fstream "^1.0.0"
+    glob "^7.0.3"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.0"
+    nopt "2 || 3"
+    npmlog "0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4"
+    osenv "0"
+    request "^2.87.0"
+    rimraf "2"
+    semver "~5.3.0"
+    tar "^2.0.0"
+    which "1"
+
+node-libs-browser@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-libs-browser/-/node-libs-browser-2.2.0.tgz#c72f60d9d46de08a940dedbb25f3ffa2f9bbaa77"
+  integrity sha512-5MQunG/oyOaBdttrL40dA7bUfPORLRWMUJLQtMg7nluxUvk5XwnLdL9twQHFAjRx/y7mIMkLKT9++qPbbk6BZA==
+  dependencies:
+    assert "^1.1.1"
+    browserify-zlib "^0.2.0"
+    buffer "^4.3.0"
+    console-browserify "^1.1.0"
+    constants-browserify "^1.0.0"
+    crypto-browserify "^3.11.0"
+    domain-browser "^1.1.1"
+    events "^3.0.0"
+    https-browserify "^1.0.0"
+    os-browserify "^0.3.0"
+    path-browserify "0.0.0"
+    process "^0.11.10"
+    punycode "^1.2.4"
+    querystring-es3 "^0.2.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.3"
+    stream-browserify "^2.0.1"
+    stream-http "^2.7.2"
+    string_decoder "^1.0.0"
+    timers-browserify "^2.0.4"
+    tty-browserify "0.0.0"
+    url "^0.11.0"
+    util "^0.11.0"
+    vm-browserify "0.0.4"
+
+node-pre-gyp@^0.12.0:
+  version "0.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-pre-gyp/-/node-pre-gyp-0.12.0.tgz#39ba4bb1439da030295f899e3b520b7785766149"
+  integrity sha512-4KghwV8vH5k+g2ylT+sLTjy5wmUOb9vPhnM8NHvRf9dHmnW/CndrFXy2aRPaPST6dugXSdHXfeaHQm77PIz/1A==
+  dependencies:
+    detect-libc "^1.0.2"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    needle "^2.2.1"
+    nopt "^4.0.1"
+    npm-packlist "^1.1.6"
+    npmlog "^4.0.2"
+    rc "^1.2.7"
+    rimraf "^2.6.1"
+    semver "^5.3.0"
+    tar "^4"
+
+node-releases@^1.1.17:
+  version "1.1.18"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-releases/-/node-releases-1.1.18.tgz#cc98fd75598a324a77188ebddf6650e9cbd8b1d5"
+  integrity sha512-/mnVgm6u/8OwlIsoyRXtTI0RfQcxZoAZbdwyXap0EeWwcOpDDymyCHM2/aR9XKmHXrvizHoPAOs0pcbiJ6RUaA==
+  dependencies:
+    semver "^5.3.0"
+
+node-sass@^4.11.0:
+  version "4.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-sass/-/node-sass-4.12.0.tgz#0914f531932380114a30cc5fa4fa63233a25f017"
+  integrity sha512-A1Iv4oN+Iel6EPv77/HddXErL2a+gZ4uBeZUy+a8O35CFYTXhgA8MgLCWBtwpGZdCvTvQ9d+bQxX/QC36GDPpQ==
+  dependencies:
+    async-foreach "^0.1.3"
+    chalk "^1.1.1"
+    cross-spawn "^3.0.0"
+    gaze "^1.0.0"
+    get-stdin "^4.0.1"
+    glob "^7.0.3"
+    in-publish "^2.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.17.11"
+    meow "^3.7.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    nan "^2.13.2"
+    node-gyp "^3.8.0"
+    npmlog "^4.0.0"
+    request "^2.88.0"
+    sass-graph "^2.2.4"
+    stdout-stream "^1.4.0"
+    "true-case-path" "^1.0.2"
+
+"nopt@2 || 3":
+  version "3.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nopt/-/nopt-3.0.6.tgz#c6465dbf08abcd4db359317f79ac68a646b28ff9"
+  integrity sha1-xkZdvwirzU2zWTF/eaxopkayj/k=
+  dependencies:
+    abbrev "1"
+
+nopt@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nopt/-/nopt-4.0.1.tgz#d0d4685afd5415193c8c7505602d0d17cd64474d"
+  integrity sha1-0NRoWv1UFRk8jHUFYC0NF81kR00=
+  dependencies:
+    abbrev "1"
+    osenv "^0.1.4"
+
+normalize-package-data@^2.3.2, normalize-package-data@^2.3.4:
+  version "2.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-package-data/-/normalize-package-data-2.5.0.tgz#e66db1838b200c1dfc233225d12cb36520e234a8"
+  integrity sha512-/5CMN3T0R4XTj4DcGaexo+roZSdSFW/0AOOTROrjxzCG1wrWXEsGbRKevjlIL+ZDE4sZlJr5ED4YW0yqmkK+eA==
+  dependencies:
+    hosted-git-info "^2.1.4"
+    resolve "^1.10.0"
+    semver "2 || 3 || 4 || 5"
+    validate-npm-package-license "^3.0.1"
+
+normalize-path@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-path/-/normalize-path-2.1.1.tgz#1ab28b556e198363a8c1a6f7e6fa20137fe6aed9"
+  integrity sha1-GrKLVW4Zg2Oowab35vogE3/mrtk=
+  dependencies:
+    remove-trailing-separator "^1.0.1"
+
+normalize-path@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-path/-/normalize-path-3.0.0.tgz#0dcd69ff23a1c9b11fd0978316644a0388216a65"
+  integrity sha512-6eZs5Ls3WtCisHWp9S2GUy8dqkpGi4BVSz3GaqiE6ezub0512ESztXUwUB6C6IKbQkY2Pnb/mD4WYojCRwcwLA==
+
+normalize-range@^0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-range/-/normalize-range-0.1.2.tgz#2d10c06bdfd312ea9777695a4d28439456b75942"
+  integrity sha1-LRDAa9/TEuqXd2laTShDlFa3WUI=
+
+normalize-url@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-url/-/normalize-url-3.3.0.tgz#b2e1c4dc4f7c6d57743df733a4f5978d18650559"
+  integrity sha512-U+JJi7duF1o+u2pynbp2zXDW2/PADgC30f0GsHZtRh+HOcXHnw137TrNlyxxRvWW5fjKd3bcLHPxofWuCjaeZg==
+
+npm-bundled@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-bundled/-/npm-bundled-1.0.6.tgz#e7ba9aadcef962bb61248f91721cd932b3fe6bdd"
+  integrity sha512-8/JCaftHwbd//k6y2rEWp6k1wxVfpFzB6t1p825+cUb7Ym2XQfhwIC5KwhrvzZRJu+LtDE585zVaS32+CGtf0g==
+
+npm-packlist@^1.1.6:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-packlist/-/npm-packlist-1.4.1.tgz#19064cdf988da80ea3cee45533879d90192bbfbc"
+  integrity sha512-+TcdO7HJJ8peiiYhvPxsEDhF3PJFGUGRcFsGve3vxvxdcpO2Z4Z7rkosRM0kWj6LfbK/P0gu3dzk5RU1ffvFcw==
+  dependencies:
+    ignore-walk "^3.0.1"
+    npm-bundled "^1.0.1"
+
+npm-run-path@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-run-path/-/npm-run-path-2.0.2.tgz#35a9232dfa35d7067b4cb2ddf2357b1871536c5f"
+  integrity sha1-NakjLfo11wZ7TLLd8jV7GHFTbF8=
+  dependencies:
+    path-key "^2.0.0"
+
+"npmlog@0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4", npmlog@^4.0.0, npmlog@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npmlog/-/npmlog-4.1.2.tgz#08a7f2a8bf734604779a9efa4ad5cc717abb954b"
+  integrity sha512-2uUqazuKlTaSI/dC8AzicUck7+IrEaOnN/e0jd3Xtt1KcGpwx30v50mL7oPyr/h9bL3E4aZccVwpwP+5W9Vjkg==
+  dependencies:
+    are-we-there-yet "~1.1.2"
+    console-control-strings "~1.1.0"
+    gauge "~2.7.3"
+    set-blocking "~2.0.0"
+
+nth-check@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nth-check/-/nth-check-1.0.2.tgz#b2bd295c37e3dd58a3bf0700376663ba4d9cf05c"
+  integrity sha512-WeBOdju8SnzPN5vTUJYxYUxLeXpCaVP5i5e0LF8fg7WORF2Wd7wFX/pk0tYZk7s8T+J7VLy0Da6J1+wCT0AtHg==
+  dependencies:
+    boolbase "~1.0.0"
+
+num2fraction@^1.2.2:
+  version "1.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/num2fraction/-/num2fraction-1.2.2.tgz#6f682b6a027a4e9ddfa4564cd2589d1d4e669ede"
+  integrity sha1-b2gragJ6Tp3fpFZM0lidHU5mnt4=
+
+number-is-nan@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/number-is-nan/-/number-is-nan-1.0.1.tgz#097b602b53422a522c1afb8790318336941a011d"
+  integrity sha1-CXtgK1NCKlIsGvuHkDGDNpQaAR0=
+
+oauth-sign@~0.9.0:
+  version "0.9.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/oauth-sign/-/oauth-sign-0.9.0.tgz#47a7b016baa68b5fa0ecf3dee08a85c679ac6455"
+  integrity sha512-fexhUFFPTGV8ybAtSIGbV6gOkSv8UtRbDBnAyLQw4QPKkgNlsH2ByPGtMUqdWkos6YCRmAqViwgZrJc/mRDzZQ==
+
+object-assign@^4.0.1, object-assign@^4.1.0, object-assign@^4.1.1:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-assign/-/object-assign-4.1.1.tgz#2109adc7965887cfc05cbbd442cac8bfbb360863"
+  integrity sha1-IQmtx5ZYh8/AXLvUQsrIv7s2CGM=
+
+object-copy@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-copy/-/object-copy-0.1.0.tgz#7e7d858b781bd7c991a41ba975ed3812754e998c"
+  integrity sha1-fn2Fi3gb18mRpBupde04EnVOmYw=
+  dependencies:
+    copy-descriptor "^0.1.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    kind-of "^3.0.3"
+
+object-keys@^1.0.11, object-keys@^1.0.12:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-keys/-/object-keys-1.1.1.tgz#1c47f272df277f3b1daf061677d9c82e2322c60e"
+  integrity sha512-NuAESUOUMrlIXOfHKzD6bpPu3tYt3xvjNdRIQ+FeT0lNb4K8WR70CaDxhuNguS2XG+GjkyMwOzsN5ZktImfhLA==
+
+object-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-visit/-/object-visit-1.0.1.tgz#f79c4493af0c5377b59fe39d395e41042dd045bb"
+  integrity sha1-95xEk68MU3e1n+OdOV5BBC3QRbs=
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+object.assign@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.assign/-/object.assign-4.1.0.tgz#968bf1100d7956bb3ca086f006f846b3bc4008da"
+  integrity sha512-exHJeq6kBKj58mqGyTQ9DFvrZC/eR6OwxzoM9YRoGBqrXYonaFyGiFMuc9VZrXf7DarreEwMpurG3dd+CNyW5w==
+  dependencies:
+    define-properties "^1.1.2"
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+    has-symbols "^1.0.0"
+    object-keys "^1.0.11"
+
+object.getownpropertydescriptors@^2.0.3:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.getownpropertydescriptors/-/object.getownpropertydescriptors-2.0.3.tgz#8758c846f5b407adab0f236e0986f14b051caa16"
+  integrity sha1-h1jIRvW0B62rDyNuCYbxSwUcqhY=
+  dependencies:
+    define-properties "^1.1.2"
+    es-abstract "^1.5.1"
+
+object.pick@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.pick/-/object.pick-1.3.0.tgz#87a10ac4c1694bd2e1cbf53591a66141fb5dd747"
+  integrity sha1-h6EKxMFpS9Lhy/U1kaZhQftd10c=
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+object.values@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.values/-/object.values-1.1.0.tgz#bf6810ef5da3e5325790eaaa2be213ea84624da9"
+  integrity sha512-8mf0nKLAoFX6VlNVdhGj31SVYpaNFtUnuoOXWyFEstsWRgU837AK+JYM0iAxwkSzGRbwn8cbFmgbyxj1j4VbXg==
+  dependencies:
+    define-properties "^1.1.3"
+    es-abstract "^1.12.0"
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+    has "^1.0.3"
+
+obuf@^1.0.0, obuf@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/obuf/-/obuf-1.1.2.tgz#09bea3343d41859ebd446292d11c9d4db619084e"
+  integrity sha512-PX1wu0AmAdPqOL1mWhqmlOd8kOIZQwGZw6rh7uby9fTc5lhaOWFLX3I6R1hrF9k3zUY40e6igsLGkDXK92LJNg==
+
+on-finished@~2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/on-finished/-/on-finished-2.3.0.tgz#20f1336481b083cd75337992a16971aa2d906947"
+  integrity sha1-IPEzZIGwg811M3mSoWlxqi2QaUc=
+  dependencies:
+    ee-first "1.1.1"
+
+on-headers@~1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/on-headers/-/on-headers-1.0.2.tgz#772b0ae6aaa525c399e489adfad90c403eb3c28f"
+  integrity sha512-pZAE+FJLoyITytdqK0U5s+FIpjN0JP3OzFi/u8Rx+EV5/W+JTWGXG8xFzevE7AjBfDqHv/8vL8qQsIhHnqRkrA==
+
+once@^1.3.0, once@^1.3.1, once@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/once/-/once-1.4.0.tgz#583b1aa775961d4b113ac17d9c50baef9dd76bd1"
+  integrity sha1-WDsap3WWHUsROsF9nFC6753Xa9E=
+  dependencies:
+    wrappy "1"
+
+opn@^5.5.0:
+  version "5.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/opn/-/opn-5.5.0.tgz#fc7164fab56d235904c51c3b27da6758ca3b9bfc"
+  integrity sha512-PqHpggC9bLV0VeWcdKhkpxY+3JTzetLSqTCWL/z/tFIbI6G8JCjondXklT1JinczLz2Xib62sSp0T/gKT4KksA==
+  dependencies:
+    is-wsl "^1.1.0"
+
+optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin@^5.0.1:
+  version "5.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin/-/optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin-5.0.1.tgz#9eb500711d35165b45e7fd60ba2df40cb3eb9159"
+  integrity sha512-Rqm6sSjWtx9FchdP0uzTQDc7GXDKnwVEGoSxjezPkzMewx7gEWE9IMUYKmigTRC4U3RaNSwYVnUDLuIdtTpm0A==
+  dependencies:
+    cssnano "^4.1.0"
+    last-call-webpack-plugin "^3.0.0"
+
+original@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/original/-/original-1.0.2.tgz#e442a61cffe1c5fd20a65f3261c26663b303f25f"
+  integrity sha512-hyBVl6iqqUOJ8FqRe+l/gS8H+kKYjrEndd5Pm1MfBtsEKA038HkkdbAl/72EAXGyonD/PFsvmVG+EvcIpliMBg==
+  dependencies:
+    url-parse "^1.4.3"
+
+os-browserify@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-browserify/-/os-browserify-0.3.0.tgz#854373c7f5c2315914fc9bfc6bd8238fdda1ec27"
+  integrity sha1-hUNzx/XCMVkU/Jv8a9gjj92h7Cc=
+
+os-homedir@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-homedir/-/os-homedir-1.0.2.tgz#ffbc4988336e0e833de0c168c7ef152121aa7fb3"
+  integrity sha1-/7xJiDNuDoM94MFox+8VISGqf7M=
+
+os-locale@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-locale/-/os-locale-1.4.0.tgz#20f9f17ae29ed345e8bde583b13d2009803c14d9"
+  integrity sha1-IPnxeuKe00XoveWDsT0gCYA8FNk=
+  dependencies:
+    lcid "^1.0.0"
+
+os-locale@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-locale/-/os-locale-3.1.0.tgz#a802a6ee17f24c10483ab9935719cef4ed16bf1a"
+  integrity sha512-Z8l3R4wYWM40/52Z+S265okfFj8Kt2cC2MKY+xNi3kFs+XGI7WXu/I309QQQYbRW4ijiZ+yxs9pqEhJh0DqW3Q==
+  dependencies:
+    execa "^1.0.0"
+    lcid "^2.0.0"
+    mem "^4.0.0"
+
+os-tmpdir@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-tmpdir/-/os-tmpdir-1.0.2.tgz#bbe67406c79aa85c5cfec766fe5734555dfa1274"
+  integrity sha1-u+Z0BseaqFxc/sdm/lc0VV36EnQ=
+
+osenv@0, osenv@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/osenv/-/osenv-0.1.5.tgz#85cdfafaeb28e8677f416e287592b5f3f49ea410"
+  integrity sha512-0CWcCECdMVc2Rw3U5w9ZjqX6ga6ubk1xDVKxtBQPK7wis/0F2r9T6k4ydGYhecl7YUBxBVxhL5oisPsNxAPe2g==
+  dependencies:
+    os-homedir "^1.0.0"
+    os-tmpdir "^1.0.0"
+
+p-defer@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-defer/-/p-defer-1.0.0.tgz#9f6eb182f6c9aa8cd743004a7d4f96b196b0fb0c"
+  integrity sha1-n26xgvbJqozXQwBKfU+WsZaw+ww=
+
+p-finally@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-finally/-/p-finally-1.0.0.tgz#3fbcfb15b899a44123b34b6dcc18b724336a2cae"
+  integrity sha1-P7z7FbiZpEEjs0ttzBi3JDNqLK4=
+
+p-is-promise@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-is-promise/-/p-is-promise-2.1.0.tgz#918cebaea248a62cf7ffab8e3bca8c5f882fc42e"
+  integrity sha512-Y3W0wlRPK8ZMRbNq97l4M5otioeA5lm1z7bkNkxCka8HSPjR0xRWmpCmc9utiaLP9Jb1eD8BgeIxTW4AIF45Pg==
+
+p-limit@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-limit/-/p-limit-2.2.0.tgz#417c9941e6027a9abcba5092dd2904e255b5fbc2"
+  integrity sha512-pZbTJpoUsCzV48Mc9Nh51VbwO0X9cuPFE8gYwx9BTCt9SF8/b7Zljd2fVgOxhIF/HDTKgpVzs+GPhyKfjLLFRQ==
+  dependencies:
+    p-try "^2.0.0"
+
+p-locate@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-locate/-/p-locate-3.0.0.tgz#322d69a05c0264b25997d9f40cd8a891ab0064a4"
+  integrity sha512-x+12w/To+4GFfgJhBEpiDcLozRJGegY+Ei7/z0tSLkMmxGZNybVMSfWj9aJn8Z5Fc7dBUNJOOVgPv2H7IwulSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    p-limit "^2.0.0"
+
+p-map@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-map/-/p-map-2.1.0.tgz#310928feef9c9ecc65b68b17693018a665cea175"
+  integrity sha512-y3b8Kpd8OAN444hxfBbFfj1FY/RjtTd8tzYwhUqNYXx0fXx2iX4maP4Qr6qhIKbQXI02wTLAda4fYUbDagTUFw==
+
+p-try@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-try/-/p-try-2.2.0.tgz#cb2868540e313d61de58fafbe35ce9004d5540e6"
+  integrity sha512-R4nPAVTAU0B9D35/Gk3uJf/7XYbQcyohSKdvAxIRSNghFl4e71hVoGnBNQz9cWaXxO2I10KTC+3jMdvvoKw6dQ==
+
+pako@~1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pako/-/pako-1.0.10.tgz#4328badb5086a426aa90f541977d4955da5c9732"
+  integrity sha512-0DTvPVU3ed8+HNXOu5Bs+o//Mbdj9VNQMUOe9oKCwh8l0GNwpTDMKCWbRjgtD291AWnkAgkqA/LOnQS8AmS1tw==
+
+parallel-transform@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parallel-transform/-/parallel-transform-1.1.0.tgz#d410f065b05da23081fcd10f28854c29bda33b06"
+  integrity sha1-1BDwZbBdojCB/NEPKIVMKb2jOwY=
+  dependencies:
+    cyclist "~0.2.2"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.1.5"
+
+parse-asn1@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-asn1/-/parse-asn1-5.1.4.tgz#37f6628f823fbdeb2273b4d540434a22f3ef1fcc"
+  integrity sha512-Qs5duJcuvNExRfFZ99HDD3z4mAi3r9Wl/FOjEOijlxwCZs7E7mW2vjTpgQ4J8LpTF8x5v+1Vn5UQFejmWT11aw==
+  dependencies:
+    asn1.js "^4.0.0"
+    browserify-aes "^1.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.0"
+    pbkdf2 "^3.0.3"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.1"
+
+parse-json@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-json/-/parse-json-2.2.0.tgz#f480f40434ef80741f8469099f8dea18f55a4dc9"
+  integrity sha1-9ID0BDTvgHQfhGkJn43qGPVaTck=
+  dependencies:
+    error-ex "^1.2.0"
+
+parse-json@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-json/-/parse-json-4.0.0.tgz#be35f5425be1f7f6c747184f98a788cb99477ee0"
+  integrity sha1-vjX1Qlvh9/bHRxhPmKeIy5lHfuA=
+  dependencies:
+    error-ex "^1.3.1"
+    json-parse-better-errors "^1.0.1"
+
+parse-passwd@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-passwd/-/parse-passwd-1.0.0.tgz#6d5b934a456993b23d37f40a382d6f1666a8e5c6"
+  integrity sha1-bVuTSkVpk7I9N/QKOC1vFmao5cY=
+
+parseurl@~1.3.2:
+  version "1.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parseurl/-/parseurl-1.3.3.tgz#9da19e7bee8d12dff0513ed5b76957793bc2e8d4"
+  integrity sha512-CiyeOxFT/JZyN5m0z9PfXw4SCBJ6Sygz1Dpl0wqjlhDEGGBP1GnsUVEL0p63hoG1fcj3fHynXi9NYO4nWOL+qQ==
+
+pascalcase@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pascalcase/-/pascalcase-0.1.1.tgz#b363e55e8006ca6fe21784d2db22bd15d7917f14"
+  integrity sha1-s2PlXoAGym/iF4TS2yK9FdeRfxQ=
+
+path-browserify@0.0.0:
+  version "0.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-browserify/-/path-browserify-0.0.0.tgz#a0b870729aae214005b7d5032ec2cbbb0fb4451a"
+  integrity sha1-oLhwcpquIUAFt9UDLsLLuw+0RRo=
+
+path-complete-extname@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-complete-extname/-/path-complete-extname-1.0.0.tgz#f889985dc91000c815515c0bfed06c5acda0752b"
+  integrity sha512-CVjiWcMRdGU8ubs08YQVzhutOR5DEfO97ipRIlOGMK5Bek5nQySknBpuxVAVJ36hseTNs+vdIcv57ZrWxH7zvg==
+
+path-dirname@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-dirname/-/path-dirname-1.0.2.tgz#cc33d24d525e099a5388c0336c6e32b9160609e0"
+  integrity sha1-zDPSTVJeCZpTiMAzbG4yuRYGCeA=
+
+path-exists@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-exists/-/path-exists-2.1.0.tgz#0feb6c64f0fc518d9a754dd5efb62c7022761f4b"
+  integrity sha1-D+tsZPD8UY2adU3V77YscCJ2H0s=
+  dependencies:
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+path-exists@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-exists/-/path-exists-3.0.0.tgz#ce0ebeaa5f78cb18925ea7d810d7b59b010fd515"
+  integrity sha1-zg6+ql94yxiSXqfYENe1mwEP1RU=
+
+path-is-absolute@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-is-absolute/-/path-is-absolute-1.0.1.tgz#174b9268735534ffbc7ace6bf53a5a9e1b5c5f5f"
+  integrity sha1-F0uSaHNVNP+8es5r9TpanhtcX18=
+
+path-is-inside@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-is-inside/-/path-is-inside-1.0.2.tgz#365417dede44430d1c11af61027facf074bdfc53"
+  integrity sha1-NlQX3t5EQw0cEa9hAn+s8HS9/FM=
+
+path-key@^2.0.0, path-key@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-key/-/path-key-2.0.1.tgz#411cadb574c5a140d3a4b1910d40d80cc9f40b40"
+  integrity sha1-QRyttXTFoUDTpLGRDUDYDMn0C0A=
+
+path-parse@^1.0.6:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-parse/-/path-parse-1.0.6.tgz#d62dbb5679405d72c4737ec58600e9ddcf06d24c"
+  integrity sha512-GSmOT2EbHrINBf9SR7CDELwlJ8AENk3Qn7OikK4nFYAu3Ote2+JYNVvkpAEQm3/TLNEJFD/xZJjzyxg3KBWOzw==
+
+path-to-regexp@0.1.7:
+  version "0.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-to-regexp/-/path-to-regexp-0.1.7.tgz#df604178005f522f15eb4490e7247a1bfaa67f8c"
+  integrity sha1-32BBeABfUi8V60SQ5yR6G/qmf4w=
+
+path-type@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-type/-/path-type-1.1.0.tgz#59c44f7ee491da704da415da5a4070ba4f8fe441"
+  integrity sha1-WcRPfuSR2nBNpBXaWkBwuk+P5EE=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    pify "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+pbkdf2@^3.0.3:
+  version "3.0.17"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pbkdf2/-/pbkdf2-3.0.17.tgz#976c206530617b14ebb32114239f7b09336e93a6"
+  integrity sha512-U/il5MsrZp7mGg3mSQfn742na2T+1/vHDCG5/iTI3X9MKUuYUZVLQhyRsg06mCgDBTd57TxzgZt7P+fYfjRLtA==
+  dependencies:
+    create-hash "^1.1.2"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.4"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+    sha.js "^2.4.8"
+
+performance-now@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/performance-now/-/performance-now-2.1.0.tgz#6309f4e0e5fa913ec1c69307ae364b4b377c9e7b"
+  integrity sha1-Ywn04OX6kT7BxpMHrjZLSzd8nns=
+
+pify@^2.0.0, pify@^2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pify/-/pify-2.3.0.tgz#ed141a6ac043a849ea588498e7dca8b15330e90c"
+  integrity sha1-7RQaasBDqEnqWISY59yosVMw6Qw=
+
+pify@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pify/-/pify-3.0.0.tgz#e5a4acd2c101fdf3d9a4d07f0dbc4db49dd28176"
+  integrity sha1-5aSs0sEB/fPZpNB/DbxNtJ3SgXY=
+
+pify@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pify/-/pify-4.0.1.tgz#4b2cd25c50d598735c50292224fd8c6df41e3231"
+  integrity sha512-uB80kBFb/tfd68bVleG9T5GGsGPjJrLAUpR5PZIrhBnIaRTQRjqdJSsIKkOP6OAIFbj7GOrcudc5pNjZ+geV2g==
+
+pinkie-promise@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pinkie-promise/-/pinkie-promise-2.0.1.tgz#2135d6dfa7a358c069ac9b178776288228450ffa"
+  integrity sha1-ITXW36ejWMBprJsXh3YogihFD/o=
+  dependencies:
+    pinkie "^2.0.0"
+
+pinkie@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pinkie/-/pinkie-2.0.4.tgz#72556b80cfa0d48a974e80e77248e80ed4f7f870"
+  integrity sha1-clVrgM+g1IqXToDnckjoDtT3+HA=
+
+pkg-dir@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pkg-dir/-/pkg-dir-3.0.0.tgz#2749020f239ed990881b1f71210d51eb6523bea3"
+  integrity sha512-/E57AYkoeQ25qkxMj5PBOVgF8Kiu/h7cYS30Z5+R7WaiCCBfLq58ZI/dSeaEKb9WVJV5n/03QwrN3IeWIFllvw==
+  dependencies:
+    find-up "^3.0.0"
+
+pnp-webpack-plugin@^1.3.1:
+  version "1.4.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pnp-webpack-plugin/-/pnp-webpack-plugin-1.4.3.tgz#0a100b63f4a1d09cee6ee55a87393b69f03ab5c7"
+  integrity sha512-ExrNwuFH3DudHwWY2uRMqyiCOBEDdhQYHIAsqW/CM6hIZlSgXC/ma/p08FoNOUhVyh9hl1NGnMpR94T5i3SHaQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ts-pnp "^1.1.2"
+
+portfinder@^1.0.20:
+  version "1.0.20"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/portfinder/-/portfinder-1.0.20.tgz#bea68632e54b2e13ab7b0c4775e9b41bf270e44a"
+  integrity sha512-Yxe4mTyDzTd59PZJY4ojZR8F+E5e97iq2ZOHPz3HDgSvYC5siNad2tLooQ5y5QHyQhc3xVqvyk/eNA3wuoa7Sw==
+  dependencies:
+    async "^1.5.2"
+    debug "^2.2.0"
+    mkdirp "0.5.x"
+
+posix-character-classes@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/posix-character-classes/-/posix-character-classes-0.1.1.tgz#01eac0fe3b5af71a2a6c02feabb8c1fef7e00eab"
+  integrity sha1-AerA/jta9xoqbAL+q7jB/vfgDqs=
+
+postcss-attribute-case-insensitive@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-attribute-case-insensitive/-/postcss-attribute-case-insensitive-4.0.1.tgz#b2a721a0d279c2f9103a36331c88981526428cc7"
+  integrity sha512-L2YKB3vF4PetdTIthQVeT+7YiSzMoNMLLYxPXXppOOP7NoazEAy45sh2LvJ8leCQjfBcfkYQs8TtCcQjeZTp8A==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0"
+
+postcss-calc@^7.0.1:
+  version "7.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-calc/-/postcss-calc-7.0.1.tgz#36d77bab023b0ecbb9789d84dcb23c4941145436"
+  integrity sha512-oXqx0m6tb4N3JGdmeMSc/i91KppbYsFZKdH0xMOqK8V1rJlzrKlTdokz8ozUXLVejydRN6u2IddxpcijRj2FqQ==
+  dependencies:
+    css-unit-converter "^1.1.1"
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.4"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.3.1"
+
+postcss-color-functional-notation@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-functional-notation/-/postcss-color-functional-notation-2.0.1.tgz#5efd37a88fbabeb00a2966d1e53d98ced93f74e0"
+  integrity sha512-ZBARCypjEDofW4P6IdPVTLhDNXPRn8T2s1zHbZidW6rPaaZvcnCS2soYFIQJrMZSxiePJ2XIYTlcb2ztr/eT2g==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-color-gray@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-gray/-/postcss-color-gray-5.0.0.tgz#532a31eb909f8da898ceffe296fdc1f864be8547"
+  integrity sha512-q6BuRnAGKM/ZRpfDascZlIZPjvwsRye7UDNalqVz3s7GDxMtqPY6+Q871liNxsonUw8oC61OG+PSaysYpl1bnw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@csstools/convert-colors" "^1.4.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-color-hex-alpha@^5.0.2:
+  version "5.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-hex-alpha/-/postcss-color-hex-alpha-5.0.3.tgz#a8d9ca4c39d497c9661e374b9c51899ef0f87388"
+  integrity sha512-PF4GDel8q3kkreVXKLAGNpHKilXsZ6xuu+mOQMHWHLPNyjiUBOr75sp5ZKJfmv1MCus5/DWUGcK9hm6qHEnXYw==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.1"
+
+postcss-color-mod-function@^3.0.3:
+  version "3.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-mod-function/-/postcss-color-mod-function-3.0.3.tgz#816ba145ac11cc3cb6baa905a75a49f903e4d31d"
+  integrity sha512-YP4VG+xufxaVtzV6ZmhEtc+/aTXH3d0JLpnYfxqTvwZPbJhWqp8bSY3nfNzNRFLgB4XSaBA82OE4VjOOKpCdVQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@csstools/convert-colors" "^1.4.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-color-rebeccapurple@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-color-rebeccapurple/-/postcss-color-rebeccapurple-4.0.1.tgz#c7a89be872bb74e45b1e3022bfe5748823e6de77"
+  integrity sha512-aAe3OhkS6qJXBbqzvZth2Au4V3KieR5sRQ4ptb2b2O8wgvB3SJBsdG+jsn2BZbbwekDG8nTfcCNKcSfe/lEy8g==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-colormin@^4.0.3:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-colormin/-/postcss-colormin-4.0.3.tgz#ae060bce93ed794ac71264f08132d550956bd381"
+  integrity sha512-WyQFAdDZpExQh32j0U0feWisZ0dmOtPl44qYmJKkq9xFWY3p+4qnRzCHeNrkeRhwPHz9bQ3mo0/yVkaply0MNw==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    color "^3.0.0"
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-convert-values@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-convert-values/-/postcss-convert-values-4.0.1.tgz#ca3813ed4da0f812f9d43703584e449ebe189a7f"
+  integrity sha512-Kisdo1y77KUC0Jmn0OXU/COOJbzM8cImvw1ZFsBgBgMgb1iL23Zs/LXRe3r+EZqM3vGYKdQ2YJVQ5VkJI+zEJQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-custom-media@^7.0.7:
+  version "7.0.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-custom-media/-/postcss-custom-media-7.0.8.tgz#fffd13ffeffad73621be5f387076a28b00294e0c"
+  integrity sha512-c9s5iX0Ge15o00HKbuRuTqNndsJUbaXdiNsksnVH8H4gdc+zbLzr/UasOwNG6CTDpLFekVY4672eWdiiWu2GUg==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+
+postcss-custom-properties@^8.0.9:
+  version "8.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-custom-properties/-/postcss-custom-properties-8.0.10.tgz#e8dc969e1e15c555f0b836b7f278ef47e3cdeaff"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.1"
+
+postcss-custom-selectors@^5.1.2:
+  version "5.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-custom-selectors/-/postcss-custom-selectors-5.1.2.tgz#64858c6eb2ecff2fb41d0b28c9dd7b3db4de7fba"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.3"
+
+postcss-dir-pseudo-class@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-dir-pseudo-class/-/postcss-dir-pseudo-class-5.0.0.tgz#6e3a4177d0edb3abcc85fdb6fbb1c26dabaeaba2"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.3"
+
+postcss-discard-comments@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-discard-comments/-/postcss-discard-comments-4.0.2.tgz#1fbabd2c246bff6aaad7997b2b0918f4d7af4033"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-discard-duplicates@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-discard-duplicates/-/postcss-discard-duplicates-4.0.2.tgz#3fe133cd3c82282e550fc9b239176a9207b784eb"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-discard-empty@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-discard-empty/-/postcss-discard-empty-4.0.1.tgz#c8c951e9f73ed9428019458444a02ad90bb9f765"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-discard-overridden@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-discard-overridden/-/postcss-discard-overridden-4.0.1.tgz#652aef8a96726f029f5e3e00146ee7a4e755ff57"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-double-position-gradients@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-double-position-gradients/-/postcss-double-position-gradients-1.0.0.tgz#fc927d52fddc896cb3a2812ebc5df147e110522e"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-env-function@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-env-function/-/postcss-env-function-2.0.2.tgz#0f3e3d3c57f094a92c2baf4b6241f0b0da5365d7"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-flexbugs-fixes@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-flexbugs-fixes/-/postcss-flexbugs-fixes-4.1.0.tgz#e094a9df1783e2200b7b19f875dcad3b3aff8b20"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-focus-visible@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-focus-visible/-/postcss-focus-visible-4.0.0.tgz#477d107113ade6024b14128317ade2bd1e17046e"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-focus-within@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-focus-within/-/postcss-focus-within-3.0.0.tgz#763b8788596cee9b874c999201cdde80659ef680"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-font-variant@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-font-variant/-/postcss-font-variant-4.0.0.tgz#71dd3c6c10a0d846c5eda07803439617bbbabacc"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-gap-properties@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-gap-properties/-/postcss-gap-properties-2.0.0.tgz#431c192ab3ed96a3c3d09f2ff615960f902c1715"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-image-set-function@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-image-set-function/-/postcss-image-set-function-3.0.1.tgz#28920a2f29945bed4c3198d7df6496d410d3f288"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-import@^12.0.1:
+  version "12.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-import/-/postcss-import-12.0.1.tgz#cf8c7ab0b5ccab5649024536e565f841928b7153"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.1"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.2.3"
+    read-cache "^1.0.0"
+    resolve "^1.1.7"
+
+postcss-initial@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-initial/-/postcss-initial-3.0.0.tgz#1772512faf11421b791fb2ca6879df5f68aa0517"
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+  dependencies:
+    lodash.template "^4.2.4"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-lab-function@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-lab-function/-/postcss-lab-function-2.0.1.tgz#bb51a6856cd12289ab4ae20db1e3821ef13d7d2e"
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+  dependencies:
+    "@csstools/convert-colors" "^1.4.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-load-config@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-load-config/-/postcss-load-config-2.0.0.tgz#f1312ddbf5912cd747177083c5ef7a19d62ee484"
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+  dependencies:
+    cosmiconfig "^4.0.0"
+    import-cwd "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-loader@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-loader/-/postcss-loader-3.0.0.tgz#6b97943e47c72d845fa9e03f273773d4e8dd6c2d"
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+  dependencies:
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-load-config "^2.0.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+postcss-logical@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-logical/-/postcss-logical-3.0.0.tgz#2495d0f8b82e9f262725f75f9401b34e7b45d5b5"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-media-minmax@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-media-minmax/-/postcss-media-minmax-4.0.0.tgz#b75bb6cbc217c8ac49433e12f22048814a4f5ed5"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-merge-longhand@^4.0.11:
+  version "4.0.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-merge-longhand/-/postcss-merge-longhand-4.0.11.tgz#62f49a13e4a0ee04e7b98f42bb16062ca2549e24"
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+  dependencies:
+    css-color-names "0.0.4"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+    stylehacks "^4.0.0"
+
+postcss-merge-rules@^4.0.3:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-merge-rules/-/postcss-merge-rules-4.0.3.tgz#362bea4ff5a1f98e4075a713c6cb25aefef9a650"
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+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    caniuse-api "^3.0.0"
+    cssnano-util-same-parent "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^3.0.0"
+    vendors "^1.0.0"
+
+postcss-minify-font-values@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-minify-font-values/-/postcss-minify-font-values-4.0.2.tgz#cd4c344cce474343fac5d82206ab2cbcb8afd5a6"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-minify-gradients@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-minify-gradients/-/postcss-minify-gradients-4.0.2.tgz#93b29c2ff5099c535eecda56c4aa6e665a663471"
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+    cssnano-util-get-arguments "^4.0.0"
+    is-color-stop "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-minify-params@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-minify-params/-/postcss-minify-params-4.0.2.tgz#6b9cef030c11e35261f95f618c90036d680db874"
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+  dependencies:
+    alphanum-sort "^1.0.0"
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    cssnano-util-get-arguments "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+    uniqs "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-minify-selectors@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-minify-selectors/-/postcss-minify-selectors-4.0.2.tgz#e2e5eb40bfee500d0cd9243500f5f8ea4262fbd8"
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+  dependencies:
+    alphanum-sort "^1.0.0"
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-modules-extract-imports@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-modules-extract-imports/-/postcss-modules-extract-imports-2.0.0.tgz#818719a1ae1da325f9832446b01136eeb493cd7e"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.5"
+
+postcss-modules-local-by-default@^2.0.6:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-modules-local-by-default/-/postcss-modules-local-by-default-2.0.6.tgz#dd9953f6dd476b5fd1ef2d8830c8929760b56e63"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.6"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^6.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.3.1"
+
+postcss-modules-scope@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-modules-scope/-/postcss-modules-scope-2.1.0.tgz#ad3f5bf7856114f6fcab901b0502e2a2bc39d4eb"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.6"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^6.0.0"
+
+postcss-modules-values@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-modules-values/-/postcss-modules-values-2.0.0.tgz#479b46dc0c5ca3dc7fa5270851836b9ec7152f64"
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+  dependencies:
+    icss-replace-symbols "^1.1.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.6"
+
+postcss-nesting@^7.0.0:
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-nesting/-/postcss-nesting-7.0.0.tgz#6e26a770a0c8fcba33782a6b6f350845e1a448f6"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-normalize-charset@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-charset/-/postcss-normalize-charset-4.0.1.tgz#8b35add3aee83a136b0471e0d59be58a50285dd4"
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+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-display-values@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-display-values/-/postcss-normalize-display-values-4.0.2.tgz#0dbe04a4ce9063d4667ed2be476bb830c825935a"
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+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-positions@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-positions/-/postcss-normalize-positions-4.0.2.tgz#05f757f84f260437378368a91f8932d4b102917f"
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+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-repeat-style@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-repeat-style/-/postcss-normalize-repeat-style-4.0.2.tgz#c4ebbc289f3991a028d44751cbdd11918b17910c"
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+  dependencies:
+    cssnano-util-get-arguments "^4.0.0"
+    cssnano-util-get-match "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-string@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-string/-/postcss-normalize-string-4.0.2.tgz#cd44c40ab07a0c7a36dc5e99aace1eca4ec2690c"
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+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-timing-functions@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-timing-functions/-/postcss-normalize-timing-functions-4.0.2.tgz#8e009ca2a3949cdaf8ad23e6b6ab99cb5e7d28d9"
+  integrity sha512-acwJY95edP762e++00Ehq9L4sZCEcOPyaHwoaFOhIwWCDfik6YvqsYNxckee65JHLKzuNSSmAdxwD2Cud1Z54A==
+  dependencies:
+    cssnano-util-get-match "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-unicode@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-unicode/-/postcss-normalize-unicode-4.0.1.tgz#841bd48fdcf3019ad4baa7493a3d363b52ae1cfb"
+  integrity sha512-od18Uq2wCYn+vZ/qCOeutvHjB5jm57ToxRaMeNuf0nWVHaP9Hua56QyMF6fs/4FSUnVIw0CBPsU0K4LnBPwYwg==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-url@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-url/-/postcss-normalize-url-4.0.1.tgz#10e437f86bc7c7e58f7b9652ed878daaa95faae1"
+  integrity sha512-p5oVaF4+IHwu7VpMan/SSpmpYxcJMtkGppYf0VbdH5B6hN8YNmVyJLuY9FmLQTzY3fag5ESUUHDqM+heid0UVA==
+  dependencies:
+    is-absolute-url "^2.0.0"
+    normalize-url "^3.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-normalize-whitespace@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-normalize-whitespace/-/postcss-normalize-whitespace-4.0.2.tgz#bf1d4070fe4fcea87d1348e825d8cc0c5faa7d82"
+  integrity sha512-tO8QIgrsI3p95r8fyqKV+ufKlSHh9hMJqACqbv2XknufqEDhDvbguXGBBqxw9nsQoXWf0qOqppziKJKHMD4GtA==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-ordered-values@^4.1.2:
+  version "4.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-ordered-values/-/postcss-ordered-values-4.1.2.tgz#0cf75c820ec7d5c4d280189559e0b571ebac0eee"
+  integrity sha512-2fCObh5UanxvSxeXrtLtlwVThBvHn6MQcu4ksNT2tsaV2Fg76R2CV98W7wNSlX+5/pFwEyaDwKLLoEV7uRybAw==
+  dependencies:
+    cssnano-util-get-arguments "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-overflow-shorthand@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-overflow-shorthand/-/postcss-overflow-shorthand-2.0.0.tgz#31ecf350e9c6f6ddc250a78f0c3e111f32dd4c30"
+  integrity sha512-aK0fHc9CBNx8jbzMYhshZcEv8LtYnBIRYQD5i7w/K/wS9c2+0NSR6B3OVMu5y0hBHYLcMGjfU+dmWYNKH0I85g==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-page-break@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-page-break/-/postcss-page-break-2.0.0.tgz#add52d0e0a528cabe6afee8b46e2abb277df46bf"
+  integrity sha512-tkpTSrLpfLfD9HvgOlJuigLuk39wVTbbd8RKcy8/ugV2bNBUW3xU+AIqyxhDrQr1VUj1RmyJrBn1YWrqUm9zAQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-place@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-place/-/postcss-place-4.0.1.tgz#e9f39d33d2dc584e46ee1db45adb77ca9d1dcc62"
+  integrity sha512-Zb6byCSLkgRKLODj/5mQugyuj9bvAAw9LqJJjgwz5cYryGeXfFZfSXoP1UfveccFmeq0b/2xxwcTEVScnqGxBg==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-values-parser "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-preset-env@^6.6.0:
+  version "6.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-preset-env/-/postcss-preset-env-6.6.0.tgz#642e7d962e2bdc2e355db117c1eb63952690ed5b"
+  integrity sha512-I3zAiycfqXpPIFD6HXhLfWXIewAWO8emOKz+QSsxaUZb9Dp8HbF5kUf+4Wy/AxR33o+LRoO8blEWCHth0ZsCLA==
+  dependencies:
+    autoprefixer "^9.4.9"
+    browserslist "^4.4.2"
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.30000939"
+    css-blank-pseudo "^0.1.4"
+    css-has-pseudo "^0.10.0"
+    css-prefers-color-scheme "^3.1.1"
+    cssdb "^4.3.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.14"
+    postcss-attribute-case-insensitive "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-color-functional-notation "^2.0.1"
+    postcss-color-gray "^5.0.0"
+    postcss-color-hex-alpha "^5.0.2"
+    postcss-color-mod-function "^3.0.3"
+    postcss-color-rebeccapurple "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-custom-media "^7.0.7"
+    postcss-custom-properties "^8.0.9"
+    postcss-custom-selectors "^5.1.2"
+    postcss-dir-pseudo-class "^5.0.0"
+    postcss-double-position-gradients "^1.0.0"
+    postcss-env-function "^2.0.2"
+    postcss-focus-visible "^4.0.0"
+    postcss-focus-within "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-font-variant "^4.0.0"
+    postcss-gap-properties "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-image-set-function "^3.0.1"
+    postcss-initial "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-lab-function "^2.0.1"
+    postcss-logical "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-media-minmax "^4.0.0"
+    postcss-nesting "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-overflow-shorthand "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-page-break "^2.0.0"
+    postcss-place "^4.0.1"
+    postcss-pseudo-class-any-link "^6.0.0"
+    postcss-replace-overflow-wrap "^3.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-matches "^4.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-not "^4.0.0"
+
+postcss-pseudo-class-any-link@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-pseudo-class-any-link/-/postcss-pseudo-class-any-link-6.0.0.tgz#2ed3eed393b3702879dec4a87032b210daeb04d1"
+  integrity sha512-lgXW9sYJdLqtmw23otOzrtbDXofUdfYzNm4PIpNE322/swES3VU9XlXHeJS46zT2onFO7V1QFdD4Q9LiZj8mew==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^5.0.0-rc.3"
+
+postcss-reduce-initial@^4.0.3:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-reduce-initial/-/postcss-reduce-initial-4.0.3.tgz#7fd42ebea5e9c814609639e2c2e84ae270ba48df"
+  integrity sha512-gKWmR5aUulSjbzOfD9AlJiHCGH6AEVLaM0AV+aSioxUDd16qXP1PCh8d1/BGVvpdWn8k/HiK7n6TjeoXN1F7DA==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    caniuse-api "^3.0.0"
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-reduce-transforms@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-reduce-transforms/-/postcss-reduce-transforms-4.0.2.tgz#17efa405eacc6e07be3414a5ca2d1074681d4e29"
+  integrity sha512-EEVig1Q2QJ4ELpJXMZR8Vt5DQx8/mo+dGWSR7vWXqcob2gQLyQGsionYcGKATXvQzMPn6DSN1vTN7yFximdIAg==
+  dependencies:
+    cssnano-util-get-match "^4.0.0"
+    has "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+postcss-replace-overflow-wrap@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-replace-overflow-wrap/-/postcss-replace-overflow-wrap-3.0.0.tgz#61b360ffdaedca84c7c918d2b0f0d0ea559ab01c"
+  integrity sha512-2T5hcEHArDT6X9+9dVSPQdo7QHzG4XKclFT8rU5TzJPDN7RIRTbO9c4drUISOVemLj03aezStHCR2AIcr8XLpw==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-safe-parser@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-safe-parser/-/postcss-safe-parser-4.0.1.tgz#8756d9e4c36fdce2c72b091bbc8ca176ab1fcdea"
+  integrity sha512-xZsFA3uX8MO3yAda03QrG3/Eg1LN3EPfjjf07vke/46HERLZyHrTsQ9E1r1w1W//fWEhtYNndo2hQplN2cVpCQ==
+  dependencies:
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+
+postcss-selector-matches@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-matches/-/postcss-selector-matches-4.0.0.tgz#71c8248f917ba2cc93037c9637ee09c64436fcff"
+  integrity sha512-LgsHwQR/EsRYSqlwdGzeaPKVT0Ml7LAT6E75T8W8xLJY62CE4S/l03BWIt3jT8Taq22kXP08s2SfTSzaraoPww==
+  dependencies:
+    balanced-match "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-selector-not@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-not/-/postcss-selector-not-4.0.0.tgz#c68ff7ba96527499e832724a2674d65603b645c0"
+  integrity sha512-W+bkBZRhqJaYN8XAnbbZPLWMvZD1wKTu0UxtFKdhtGjWYmxhkUneoeOhRJKdAE5V7ZTlnbHfCR+6bNwK9e1dTQ==
+  dependencies:
+    balanced-match "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.2"
+
+postcss-selector-parser@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-parser/-/postcss-selector-parser-3.1.1.tgz#4f875f4afb0c96573d5cf4d74011aee250a7e865"
+  integrity sha1-T4dfSvsMllc9XPTXQBGu4lCn6GU=
+  dependencies:
+    dot-prop "^4.1.1"
+    indexes-of "^1.0.1"
+    uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+postcss-selector-parser@^5.0.0, postcss-selector-parser@^5.0.0-rc.3, postcss-selector-parser@^5.0.0-rc.4:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-parser/-/postcss-selector-parser-5.0.0.tgz#249044356697b33b64f1a8f7c80922dddee7195c"
+  integrity sha512-w+zLE5Jhg6Liz8+rQOWEAwtwkyqpfnmsinXjXg6cY7YIONZZtgvE0v2O0uhQBs0peNomOJwWRKt6JBfTdTd3OQ==
+  dependencies:
+    cssesc "^2.0.0"
+    indexes-of "^1.0.1"
+    uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+postcss-selector-parser@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-selector-parser/-/postcss-selector-parser-6.0.2.tgz#934cf799d016c83411859e09dcecade01286ec5c"
+  integrity sha512-36P2QR59jDTOAiIkqEprfJDsoNrvwFei3eCqKd1Y0tUsBimsq39BLp7RD+JWny3WgB1zGhJX8XVePwm9k4wdBg==
+  dependencies:
+    cssesc "^3.0.0"
+    indexes-of "^1.0.1"
+    uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+postcss-svgo@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-svgo/-/postcss-svgo-4.0.2.tgz#17b997bc711b333bab143aaed3b8d3d6e3d38258"
+  integrity sha512-C6wyjo3VwFm0QgBy+Fu7gCYOkCmgmClghO+pjcxvrcBKtiKt0uCF+hvbMO1fyv5BMImRK90SMb+dwUnfbGd+jw==
+  dependencies:
+    is-svg "^3.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-value-parser "^3.0.0"
+    svgo "^1.0.0"
+
+postcss-unique-selectors@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-unique-selectors/-/postcss-unique-selectors-4.0.1.tgz#9446911f3289bfd64c6d680f073c03b1f9ee4bac"
+  integrity sha512-+JanVaryLo9QwZjKrmJgkI4Fn8SBgRO6WXQBJi7KiAVPlmxikB5Jzc4EvXMT2H0/m0RjrVVm9rGNhZddm/8Spg==
+  dependencies:
+    alphanum-sort "^1.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    uniqs "^2.0.0"
+
+postcss-value-parser@^3.0.0, postcss-value-parser@^3.2.3, postcss-value-parser@^3.3.0, postcss-value-parser@^3.3.1:
+  version "3.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-value-parser/-/postcss-value-parser-3.3.1.tgz#9ff822547e2893213cf1c30efa51ac5fd1ba8281"
+  integrity sha512-pISE66AbVkp4fDQ7VHBwRNXzAAKJjw4Vw7nWI/+Q3vuly7SNfgYXvm6i5IgFylHGK5sP/xHAbB7N49OS4gWNyQ==
+
+postcss-values-parser@^2.0.0, postcss-values-parser@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss-values-parser/-/postcss-values-parser-2.0.1.tgz#da8b472d901da1e205b47bdc98637b9e9e550e5f"
+  integrity sha512-2tLuBsA6P4rYTNKCXYG/71C7j1pU6pK503suYOmn4xYrQIzW+opD+7FAFNuGSdZC/3Qfy334QbeMu7MEb8gOxg==
+  dependencies:
+    flatten "^1.0.2"
+    indexes-of "^1.0.1"
+    uniq "^1.0.1"
+
+postcss@^7.0.0, postcss@^7.0.1, postcss@^7.0.14, postcss@^7.0.2, postcss@^7.0.5, postcss@^7.0.6:
+  version "7.0.16"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/postcss/-/postcss-7.0.16.tgz#48f64f1b4b558cb8b52c88987724359acb010da2"
+  integrity sha512-MOo8zNSlIqh22Uaa3drkdIAgUGEL+AD1ESiSdmElLUmE2uVDo1QloiT/IfW9qRw8Gw+Y/w69UVMGwbufMSftxA==
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^2.4.2"
+    source-map "^0.6.1"
+    supports-color "^6.1.0"
+
+private@^0.1.6:
+  version "0.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/private/-/private-0.1.8.tgz#2381edb3689f7a53d653190060fcf822d2f368ff"
+  integrity sha512-VvivMrbvd2nKkiG38qjULzlc+4Vx4wm/whI9pQD35YrARNnhxeiRktSOhSukRLFNlzg6Br/cJPet5J/u19r/mg==
+
+process-nextick-args@~2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/process-nextick-args/-/process-nextick-args-2.0.0.tgz#a37d732f4271b4ab1ad070d35508e8290788ffaa"
+  integrity sha512-MtEC1TqN0EU5nephaJ4rAtThHtC86dNN9qCuEhtshvpVBkAW5ZO7BASN9REnF9eoXGcRub+pFuKEpOHE+HbEMw==
+
+process@^0.11.10:
+  version "0.11.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/process/-/process-0.11.10.tgz#7332300e840161bda3e69a1d1d91a7d4bc16f182"
+  integrity sha1-czIwDoQBYb2j5podHZGn1LwW8YI=
+
+promise-inflight@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/promise-inflight/-/promise-inflight-1.0.1.tgz#98472870bf228132fcbdd868129bad12c3c029e3"
+  integrity sha1-mEcocL8igTL8vdhoEputEsPAKeM=
+
+proxy-addr@~2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/proxy-addr/-/proxy-addr-2.0.5.tgz#34cbd64a2d81f4b1fd21e76f9f06c8a45299ee34"
+  integrity sha512-t/7RxHXPH6cJtP0pRG6smSr9QJidhB+3kXu0KgXnbGYMgzEnUxRQ4/LDdfOwZEMyIh3/xHb8PX3t+lfL9z+YVQ==
+  dependencies:
+    forwarded "~0.1.2"
+    ipaddr.js "1.9.0"
+
+prr@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/prr/-/prr-1.0.1.tgz#d3fc114ba06995a45ec6893f484ceb1d78f5f476"
+  integrity sha1-0/wRS6BplaRexok/SEzrHXj19HY=
+
+pseudomap@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pseudomap/-/pseudomap-1.0.2.tgz#f052a28da70e618917ef0a8ac34c1ae5a68286b3"
+  integrity sha1-8FKijacOYYkX7wqKw0wa5aaChrM=
+
+psl@^1.1.24:
+  version "1.1.31"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/psl/-/psl-1.1.31.tgz#e9aa86d0101b5b105cbe93ac6b784cd547276184"
+  integrity sha512-/6pt4+C+T+wZUieKR620OpzN/LlnNKuWjy1iFLQ/UG35JqHlR/89MP1d96dUfkf6Dne3TuLQzOYEYshJ+Hx8mw==
+
+public-encrypt@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/public-encrypt/-/public-encrypt-4.0.3.tgz#4fcc9d77a07e48ba7527e7cbe0de33d0701331e0"
+  integrity sha512-zVpa8oKZSz5bTMTFClc1fQOnyyEzpl5ozpi1B5YcvBrdohMjH2rfsBtyXcuNuwjsDIXmBYlF2N5FlJYhR29t8Q==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    browserify-rsa "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    parse-asn1 "^5.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+
+pump@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pump/-/pump-2.0.1.tgz#12399add6e4cf7526d973cbc8b5ce2e2908b3909"
+  integrity sha512-ruPMNRkN3MHP1cWJc9OWr+T/xDP0jhXYCLfJcBuX54hhfIBnaQmAUMfDcG4DM5UMWByBbJY69QSphm3jtDKIkA==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    once "^1.3.1"
+
+pump@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pump/-/pump-3.0.0.tgz#b4a2116815bde2f4e1ea602354e8c75565107a64"
+  integrity sha512-LwZy+p3SFs1Pytd/jYct4wpv49HiYCqd9Rlc5ZVdk0V+8Yzv6jR5Blk3TRmPL1ft69TxP0IMZGJ+WPFU2BFhww==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    once "^1.3.1"
+
+pumpify@^1.3.3:
+  version "1.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pumpify/-/pumpify-1.5.1.tgz#36513be246ab27570b1a374a5ce278bfd74370ce"
+  integrity sha512-oClZI37HvuUJJxSKKrC17bZ9Cu0ZYhEAGPsPUy9KlMUmv9dKX2o77RUmq7f3XjIxbwyGwYzbzQ1L2Ks8sIradQ==
+  dependencies:
+    duplexify "^3.6.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    pump "^2.0.0"
+
+punycode@1.3.2:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-1.3.2.tgz#9653a036fb7c1ee42342f2325cceefea3926c48d"
+  integrity sha1-llOgNvt8HuQjQvIyXM7v6jkmxI0=
+
+punycode@^1.2.4, punycode@^1.4.1:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-1.4.1.tgz#c0d5a63b2718800ad8e1eb0fa5269c84dd41845e"
+  integrity sha1-wNWmOycYgArY4esPpSachN1BhF4=
+
+punycode@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-2.1.1.tgz#b58b010ac40c22c5657616c8d2c2c02c7bf479ec"
+  integrity sha512-XRsRjdf+j5ml+y/6GKHPZbrF/8p2Yga0JPtdqTIY2Xe5ohJPD9saDJJLPvp9+NSBprVvevdXZybnj2cv8OEd0A==
+
+q@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/q/-/q-1.5.1.tgz#7e32f75b41381291d04611f1bf14109ac00651d7"
+  integrity sha1-fjL3W0E4EpHQRhHxvxQQmsAGUdc=
+
+qs@6.5.2, qs@~6.5.2:
+  version "6.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/qs/-/qs-6.5.2.tgz#cb3ae806e8740444584ef154ce8ee98d403f3e36"
+  integrity sha512-N5ZAX4/LxJmF+7wN74pUD6qAh9/wnvdQcjq9TZjevvXzSUo7bfmw91saqMjzGS2xq91/odN2dW/WOl7qQHNDGA==
+
+querystring-es3@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/querystring-es3/-/querystring-es3-0.2.1.tgz#9ec61f79049875707d69414596fd907a4d711e73"
+  integrity sha1-nsYfeQSYdXB9aUFFlv2Qek1xHnM=
+
+querystring@0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/querystring/-/querystring-0.2.0.tgz#b209849203bb25df820da756e747005878521620"
+  integrity sha1-sgmEkgO7Jd+CDadW50cAWHhSFiA=
+
+querystringify@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/querystringify/-/querystringify-2.1.1.tgz#60e5a5fd64a7f8bfa4d2ab2ed6fdf4c85bad154e"
+  integrity sha512-w7fLxIRCRT7U8Qu53jQnJyPkYZIaR4n5151KMfcJlO/A9397Wxb1amJvROTK6TOnp7PfoAmg/qXiNHI+08jRfA==
+
+randombytes@^2.0.0, randombytes@^2.0.1, randombytes@^2.0.5:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/randombytes/-/randombytes-2.1.0.tgz#df6f84372f0270dc65cdf6291349ab7a473d4f2a"
+  integrity sha512-vYl3iOX+4CKUWuxGi9Ukhie6fsqXqS9FE2Zaic4tNFD2N2QQaXOMFbuKK4QmDHC0JO6B1Zp41J0LpT0oR68amQ==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.0"
+
+randomfill@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/randomfill/-/randomfill-1.0.4.tgz#c92196fc86ab42be983f1bf31778224931d61458"
+  integrity sha512-87lcbR8+MhcWcUiQ+9e+Rwx8MyR2P7qnt15ynUlbm3TU/fjbgz4GsvfSUDTemtCCtVCqb4ZcEFlyPNTh9bBTLw==
+  dependencies:
+    randombytes "^2.0.5"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.0"
+
+range-parser@^1.0.3, range-parser@~1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/range-parser/-/range-parser-1.2.1.tgz#3cf37023d199e1c24d1a55b84800c2f3e6468031"
+  integrity sha512-Hrgsx+orqoygnmhFbKaHE6c296J+HTAQXoxEF6gNupROmmGJRoyzfG3ccAveqCBrwr/2yxQ5BVd/GTl5agOwSg==
+
+raw-body@2.3.3:
+  version "2.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/raw-body/-/raw-body-2.3.3.tgz#1b324ece6b5706e153855bc1148c65bb7f6ea0c3"
+  integrity sha512-9esiElv1BrZoI3rCDuOuKCBRbuApGGaDPQfjSflGxdy4oyzqghxu6klEkkVIvBje+FF0BX9coEv8KqW6X/7njw==
+  dependencies:
+    bytes "3.0.0"
+    http-errors "1.6.3"
+    iconv-lite "0.4.23"
+    unpipe "1.0.0"
+
+rc@^1.2.7:
+  version "1.2.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rc/-/rc-1.2.8.tgz#cd924bf5200a075b83c188cd6b9e211b7fc0d3ed"
+  integrity sha512-y3bGgqKj3QBdxLbLkomlohkvsA8gdAiUQlSBJnBhfn+BPxg4bc62d8TcBW15wavDfgexCgccckhcZvywyQYPOw==
+  dependencies:
+    deep-extend "^0.6.0"
+    ini "~1.3.0"
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+    strip-json-comments "~2.0.1"
+
+read-cache@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/read-cache/-/read-cache-1.0.0.tgz#e664ef31161166c9751cdbe8dbcf86b5fb58f774"
+  integrity sha1-5mTvMRYRZsl1HNvo28+GtftY93Q=
+  dependencies:
+    pify "^2.3.0"
+
+read-pkg-up@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/read-pkg-up/-/read-pkg-up-1.0.1.tgz#9d63c13276c065918d57f002a57f40a1b643fb02"
+  integrity sha1-nWPBMnbAZZGNV/ACpX9AobZD+wI=
+  dependencies:
+    find-up "^1.0.0"
+    read-pkg "^1.0.0"
+
+read-pkg@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/read-pkg/-/read-pkg-1.1.0.tgz#f5ffaa5ecd29cb31c0474bca7d756b6bb29e3f28"
+  integrity sha1-9f+qXs0pyzHAR0vKfXVra7KePyg=
+  dependencies:
+    load-json-file "^1.0.0"
+    normalize-package-data "^2.3.2"
+    path-type "^1.0.0"
+
+"readable-stream@1 || 2", readable-stream@^2.0.0, readable-stream@^2.0.1, readable-stream@^2.0.2, readable-stream@^2.0.6, readable-stream@^2.1.5, readable-stream@^2.2.2, readable-stream@^2.3.3, readable-stream@^2.3.6, readable-stream@~2.3.6:
+  version "2.3.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-2.3.6.tgz#b11c27d88b8ff1fbe070643cf94b0c79ae1b0aaf"
+  integrity sha512-tQtKA9WIAhBF3+VLAseyMqZeBjW0AHJoxOtYqSUZNJxauErmLbVm2FW1y+J/YA9dUrAC39ITejlZWhVIwawkKw==
+  dependencies:
+    core-util-is "~1.0.0"
+    inherits "~2.0.3"
+    isarray "~1.0.0"
+    process-nextick-args "~2.0.0"
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.1"
+    string_decoder "~1.1.1"
+    util-deprecate "~1.0.1"
+
+readable-stream@^3.0.6:
+  version "3.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-3.3.0.tgz#cb8011aad002eb717bf040291feba8569c986fb9"
+  integrity sha512-EsI+s3k3XsW+fU8fQACLN59ky34AZ14LoeVZpYwmZvldCFo0r0gnelwF2TcMjLor/BTL5aDJVBMkss0dthToPw==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    string_decoder "^1.1.1"
+    util-deprecate "^1.0.1"
+
+readdirp@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readdirp/-/readdirp-2.2.1.tgz#0e87622a3325aa33e892285caf8b4e846529a525"
+  integrity sha512-1JU/8q+VgFZyxwrJ+SVIOsh+KywWGpds3NTqikiKpDMZWScmAYyKIgqkO+ARvNWJfXeXR1zxz7aHF4u4CyH6vQ==
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.11"
+    micromatch "^3.1.10"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.2"
+
+redent@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/redent/-/redent-1.0.0.tgz#cf916ab1fd5f1f16dfb20822dd6ec7f730c2afde"
+  integrity sha1-z5Fqsf1fHxbfsggi3W7H9zDCr94=
+  dependencies:
+    indent-string "^2.1.0"
+    strip-indent "^1.0.1"
+
+regenerate-unicode-properties@^8.0.2:
+  version "8.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerate-unicode-properties/-/regenerate-unicode-properties-8.0.2.tgz#7b38faa296252376d363558cfbda90c9ce709662"
+  integrity sha512-SbA/iNrBUf6Pv2zU8Ekv1Qbhv92yxL4hiDa2siuxs4KKn4oOoMDHXjAf7+Nz9qinUQ46B1LcWEi/PhJfPWpZWQ==
+  dependencies:
+    regenerate "^1.4.0"
+
+regenerate@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerate/-/regenerate-1.4.0.tgz#4a856ec4b56e4077c557589cae85e7a4c8869a11"
+  integrity sha512-1G6jJVDWrt0rK99kBjvEtziZNCICAuvIPkSiUFIQxVP06RCVpq3dmDo2oi6ABpYaDYaTRr67BEhL8r1wgEZZKg==
+
+regenerator-runtime@^0.13.2:
+  version "0.13.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerator-runtime/-/regenerator-runtime-0.13.2.tgz#32e59c9a6fb9b1a4aff09b4930ca2d4477343447"
+  integrity sha512-S/TQAZJO+D3m9xeN1WTI8dLKBBiRgXBlTJvbWjCThHWZj9EvHK70Ff50/tYj2J/fvBY6JtFVwRuazHN2E7M9BA==
+
+regenerator-transform@^0.13.4:
+  version "0.13.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerator-transform/-/regenerator-transform-0.13.4.tgz#18f6763cf1382c69c36df76c6ce122cc694284fb"
+  integrity sha512-T0QMBjK3J0MtxjPmdIMXm72Wvj2Abb0Bd4HADdfijwMdoIsyQZ6fWC7kDFhk2YinBBEMZDL7Y7wh0J1sGx3S4A==
+  dependencies:
+    private "^0.1.6"
+
+regex-not@^1.0.0, regex-not@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regex-not/-/regex-not-1.0.2.tgz#1f4ece27e00b0b65e0247a6810e6a85d83a5752c"
+  integrity sha512-J6SDjUgDxQj5NusnOtdFxDwN/+HWykR8GELwctJ7mdqhcyy1xEc4SRFHUXvxTp661YaVKAjfRLZ9cCqS6tn32A==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    safe-regex "^1.1.0"
+
+regexp-tree@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regexp-tree/-/regexp-tree-0.1.6.tgz#84900fa12fdf428a2ac25f04300382a7c0148479"
+  integrity sha512-LFrA98Dw/heXqDojz7qKFdygZmFoiVlvE1Zp7Cq2cvF+ZA+03Gmhy0k0PQlsC1jvHPiTUSs+pDHEuSWv6+6D7w==
+
+regexpu-core@^4.5.4:
+  version "4.5.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regexpu-core/-/regexpu-core-4.5.4.tgz#080d9d02289aa87fe1667a4f5136bc98a6aebaae"
+  integrity sha512-BtizvGtFQKGPUcTy56o3nk1bGRp4SZOTYrDtGNlqCQufptV5IkkLN6Emw+yunAJjzf+C9FQFtvq7IoA3+oMYHQ==
+  dependencies:
+    regenerate "^1.4.0"
+    regenerate-unicode-properties "^8.0.2"
+    regjsgen "^0.5.0"
+    regjsparser "^0.6.0"
+    unicode-match-property-ecmascript "^1.0.4"
+    unicode-match-property-value-ecmascript "^1.1.0"
+
+regjsgen@^0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regjsgen/-/regjsgen-0.5.0.tgz#a7634dc08f89209c2049adda3525711fb97265dd"
+  integrity sha512-RnIrLhrXCX5ow/E5/Mh2O4e/oa1/jW0eaBKTSy3LaCj+M3Bqvm97GWDp2yUtzIs4LEn65zR2yiYGFqb2ApnzDA==
+
+regjsparser@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regjsparser/-/regjsparser-0.6.0.tgz#f1e6ae8b7da2bae96c99399b868cd6c933a2ba9c"
+  integrity sha512-RQ7YyokLiQBomUJuUG8iGVvkgOLxwyZM8k6d3q5SAXpg4r5TZJZigKFvC6PpD+qQ98bCDC5YelPeA3EucDoNeQ==
+  dependencies:
+    jsesc "~0.5.0"
+
+remove-trailing-separator@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/remove-trailing-separator/-/remove-trailing-separator-1.1.0.tgz#c24bce2a283adad5bc3f58e0d48249b92379d8ef"
+  integrity sha1-wkvOKig62tW8P1jg1IJJuSN52O8=
+
+repeat-element@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeat-element/-/repeat-element-1.1.3.tgz#782e0d825c0c5a3bb39731f84efee6b742e6b1ce"
+  integrity sha512-ahGq0ZnV5m5XtZLMb+vP76kcAM5nkLqk0lpqAuojSKGgQtn4eRi4ZZGm2olo2zKFH+sMsWaqOCW1dqAnOru72g==
+
+repeat-string@^1.6.1:
+  version "1.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeat-string/-/repeat-string-1.6.1.tgz#8dcae470e1c88abc2d600fff4a776286da75e637"
+  integrity sha1-jcrkcOHIirwtYA//Sndihtp15jc=
+
+repeating@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeating/-/repeating-2.0.1.tgz#5214c53a926d3552707527fbab415dbc08d06dda"
+  integrity sha1-UhTFOpJtNVJwdSf7q0FdvAjQbdo=
+  dependencies:
+    is-finite "^1.0.0"
+
+request@^2.87.0, request@^2.88.0:
+  version "2.88.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/request/-/request-2.88.0.tgz#9c2fca4f7d35b592efe57c7f0a55e81052124fef"
+  integrity sha512-NAqBSrijGLZdM0WZNsInLJpkJokL72XYjUpnB0iwsRgxh7dB6COrHnTBNwN0E+lHDAJzu7kLAkDeY08z2/A0hg==
+  dependencies:
+    aws-sign2 "~0.7.0"
+    aws4 "^1.8.0"
+    caseless "~0.12.0"
+    combined-stream "~1.0.6"
+    extend "~3.0.2"
+    forever-agent "~0.6.1"
+    form-data "~2.3.2"
+    har-validator "~5.1.0"
+    http-signature "~1.2.0"
+    is-typedarray "~1.0.0"
+    isstream "~0.1.2"
+    json-stringify-safe "~5.0.1"
+    mime-types "~2.1.19"
+    oauth-sign "~0.9.0"
+    performance-now "^2.1.0"
+    qs "~6.5.2"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    tough-cookie "~2.4.3"
+    tunnel-agent "^0.6.0"
+    uuid "^3.3.2"
+
+require-directory@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/require-directory/-/require-directory-2.1.1.tgz#8c64ad5fd30dab1c976e2344ffe7f792a6a6df42"
+  integrity sha1-jGStX9MNqxyXbiNE/+f3kqam30I=
+
+require-from-string@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/require-from-string/-/require-from-string-2.0.2.tgz#89a7fdd938261267318eafe14f9c32e598c36909"
+  integrity sha512-Xf0nWe6RseziFMu+Ap9biiUbmplq6S9/p+7w7YXP/JBHhrUDDUhwa+vANyubuqfZWTveU//DYVGsDG7RKL/vEw==
+
+require-main-filename@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/require-main-filename/-/require-main-filename-1.0.1.tgz#97f717b69d48784f5f526a6c5aa8ffdda055a4d1"
+  integrity sha1-l/cXtp1IeE9fUmpsWqj/3aBVpNE=
+
+requires-port@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/requires-port/-/requires-port-1.0.0.tgz#925d2601d39ac485e091cf0da5c6e694dc3dcaff"
+  integrity sha1-kl0mAdOaxIXgkc8NpcbmlNw9yv8=
+
+resolve-cwd@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-cwd/-/resolve-cwd-2.0.0.tgz#00a9f7387556e27038eae232caa372a6a59b665a"
+  integrity sha1-AKn3OHVW4nA46uIyyqNypqWbZlo=
+  dependencies:
+    resolve-from "^3.0.0"
+
+resolve-dir@^1.0.0, resolve-dir@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-dir/-/resolve-dir-1.0.1.tgz#79a40644c362be82f26effe739c9bb5382046f43"
+  integrity sha1-eaQGRMNivoLybv/nOcm7U4IEb0M=
+  dependencies:
+    expand-tilde "^2.0.0"
+    global-modules "^1.0.0"
+
+resolve-from@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-from/-/resolve-from-3.0.0.tgz#b22c7af7d9d6881bc8b6e653335eebcb0a188748"
+  integrity sha1-six699nWiBvItuZTM17rywoYh0g=
+
+resolve-url@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-url/-/resolve-url-0.2.1.tgz#2c637fe77c893afd2a663fe21aa9080068e2052a"
+  integrity sha1-LGN/53yJOv0qZj/iGqkIAGjiBSo=
+
+resolve@^1.1.7, resolve@^1.10.0, resolve@^1.3.2, resolve@^1.8.1:
+  version "1.10.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve/-/resolve-1.10.1.tgz#664842ac960795bbe758221cdccda61fb64b5f18"
+  integrity sha512-KuIe4mf++td/eFb6wkaPbMDnP6kObCaEtIDuHOUED6MNUo4K670KZUHuuvYPZDxNF0WVLw49n06M2m2dXphEzA==
+  dependencies:
+    path-parse "^1.0.6"
+
+ret@~0.1.10:
+  version "0.1.15"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ret/-/ret-0.1.15.tgz#b8a4825d5bdb1fc3f6f53c2bc33f81388681c7bc"
+  integrity sha512-TTlYpa+OL+vMMNG24xSlQGEJ3B/RzEfUlLct7b5G/ytav+wPrplCpVMFuwzXbkecJrb6IYo1iFb0S9v37754mg==
+
+rgb-regex@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rgb-regex/-/rgb-regex-1.0.1.tgz#c0e0d6882df0e23be254a475e8edd41915feaeb1"
+  integrity sha1-wODWiC3w4jviVKR16O3UGRX+rrE=
+
+rgba-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rgba-regex/-/rgba-regex-1.0.0.tgz#43374e2e2ca0968b0ef1523460b7d730ff22eeb3"
+  integrity sha1-QzdOLiyglosO8VI0YLfXMP8i7rM=
+
+rimraf@2, rimraf@^2.5.4, rimraf@^2.6.1, rimraf@^2.6.2, rimraf@^2.6.3:
+  version "2.6.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rimraf/-/rimraf-2.6.3.tgz#b2d104fe0d8fb27cf9e0a1cda8262dd3833c6cab"
+  integrity sha512-mwqeW5XsA2qAejG46gYdENaxXjx9onRNCfn7L0duuP4hCuTIi/QO7PDK07KJfp1d+izWPrzEJDcSqBa0OZQriA==
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^7.1.3"
+
+ripemd160@^2.0.0, ripemd160@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ripemd160/-/ripemd160-2.0.2.tgz#a1c1a6f624751577ba5d07914cbc92850585890c"
+  integrity sha512-ii4iagi25WusVoiC4B4lq7pbXfAp3D9v5CwfkY33vffw2+pkDjY1D8GaN7spsxvCSx8dkPqOZCEZyfxcmJG2IA==
+  dependencies:
+    hash-base "^3.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+
+run-queue@^1.0.0, run-queue@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/run-queue/-/run-queue-1.0.3.tgz#e848396f057d223f24386924618e25694161ec47"
+  integrity sha1-6Eg5bwV9Ij8kOGkkYY4laUFh7Ec=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+
+safe-buffer@5.1.2, safe-buffer@^5.0.1, safe-buffer@^5.1.0, safe-buffer@^5.1.1, safe-buffer@^5.1.2, safe-buffer@~5.1.0, safe-buffer@~5.1.1:
+  version "5.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safe-buffer/-/safe-buffer-5.1.2.tgz#991ec69d296e0313747d59bdfd2b745c35f8828d"
+  integrity sha512-Gd2UZBJDkXlY7GbJxfsE8/nvKkUEU1G38c1siN6QP6a9PT9MmHB8GnpscSmMJSoF8LOIrt8ud/wPtojys4G6+g==
+
+safe-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safe-regex/-/safe-regex-1.1.0.tgz#40a3669f3b077d1e943d44629e157dd48023bf2e"
+  integrity sha1-QKNmnzsHfR6UPURinhV91IAjvy4=
+  dependencies:
+    ret "~0.1.10"
+
+"safer-buffer@>= 2.1.2 < 3", safer-buffer@^2.0.2, safer-buffer@^2.1.0, safer-buffer@~2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safer-buffer/-/safer-buffer-2.1.2.tgz#44fa161b0187b9549dd84bb91802f9bd8385cd6a"
+  integrity sha512-YZo3K82SD7Riyi0E1EQPojLz7kpepnSQI9IyPbHHg1XXXevb5dJI7tpyN2ADxGcQbHG7vcyRHk0cbwqcQriUtg==
+
+sass-graph@^2.2.4:
+  version "2.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sass-graph/-/sass-graph-2.2.4.tgz#13fbd63cd1caf0908b9fd93476ad43a51d1e0b49"
+  integrity sha1-E/vWPNHK8JCLn9k0dq1DpR0eC0k=
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^7.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.0.0"
+    scss-tokenizer "^0.2.3"
+    yargs "^7.0.0"
+
+sass-loader@^7.1.0:
+  version "7.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sass-loader/-/sass-loader-7.1.0.tgz#16fd5138cb8b424bf8a759528a1972d72aad069d"
+  integrity sha512-+G+BKGglmZM2GUSfT9TLuEp6tzehHPjAMoRRItOojWIqIGPloVCMhNIQuG639eJ+y033PaGTSjLaTHts8Kw79w==
+  dependencies:
+    clone-deep "^2.0.1"
+    loader-utils "^1.0.1"
+    lodash.tail "^4.1.1"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+    pify "^3.0.0"
+    semver "^5.5.0"
+
+sax@^1.2.4, sax@~1.2.4:
+  version "1.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sax/-/sax-1.2.4.tgz#2816234e2378bddc4e5354fab5caa895df7100d9"
+  integrity sha512-NqVDv9TpANUjFm0N8uM5GxL36UgKi9/atZw+x7YFnQ8ckwFGKrl4xX4yWtrey3UJm5nP1kUbnYgLopqWNSRhWw==
+
+schema-utils@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/schema-utils/-/schema-utils-1.0.0.tgz#0b79a93204d7b600d4b2850d1f66c2a34951c770"
+  integrity sha512-i27Mic4KovM/lnGsy8whRCHhc7VicJajAjTrYg11K9zfZXnYIt4k5F+kZkwjnrhKzLic/HLU4j11mjsz2G/75g==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^6.1.0"
+    ajv-errors "^1.0.0"
+    ajv-keywords "^3.1.0"
+
+scss-tokenizer@^0.2.3:
+  version "0.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/scss-tokenizer/-/scss-tokenizer-0.2.3.tgz#8eb06db9a9723333824d3f5530641149847ce5d1"
+  integrity sha1-jrBtualyMzOCTT9VMGQRSYR85dE=
+  dependencies:
+    js-base64 "^2.1.8"
+    source-map "^0.4.2"
+
+select-hose@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/select-hose/-/select-hose-2.0.0.tgz#625d8658f865af43ec962bfc376a37359a4994ca"
+  integrity sha1-Yl2GWPhlr0Psliv8N2o3NZpJlMo=
+
+selfsigned@^1.10.4:
+  version "1.10.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/selfsigned/-/selfsigned-1.10.4.tgz#cdd7eccfca4ed7635d47a08bf2d5d3074092e2cd"
+  integrity sha512-9AukTiDmHXGXWtWjembZ5NDmVvP2695EtpgbCsxCa68w3c88B+alqbmZ4O3hZ4VWGXeGWzEVdvqgAJD8DQPCDw==
+  dependencies:
+    node-forge "0.7.5"
+
+"semver@2 || 3 || 4 || 5", semver@^5.3.0, semver@^5.4.1, semver@^5.5.0, semver@^5.5.1, semver@^5.6.0:
+  version "5.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/semver/-/semver-5.7.0.tgz#790a7cf6fea5459bac96110b29b60412dc8ff96b"
+  integrity sha512-Ya52jSX2u7QKghxeoFGpLwCtGlt7j0oY9DYb5apt9nPlJ42ID+ulTXESnt/qAQcoSERyZ5sl3LDIOw0nAn/5DA==
+
+semver@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/semver/-/semver-6.0.0.tgz#05e359ee571e5ad7ed641a6eec1e547ba52dea65"
+  integrity sha512-0UewU+9rFapKFnlbirLi3byoOuhrSsli/z/ihNnvM24vgF+8sNBiI1LZPBSH9wJKUwaUbw+s3hToDLCXkrghrQ==
+
+semver@~5.3.0:
+  version "5.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/semver/-/semver-5.3.0.tgz#9b2ce5d3de02d17c6012ad326aa6b4d0cf54f94f"
+  integrity sha1-myzl094C0XxgEq0yaqa00M9U+U8=
+
+send@0.16.2:
+  version "0.16.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/send/-/send-0.16.2.tgz#6ecca1e0f8c156d141597559848df64730a6bbc1"
+  integrity sha512-E64YFPUssFHEFBvpbbjr44NCLtI1AohxQ8ZSiJjQLskAdKuriYEP6VyGEsRDH8ScozGpkaX1BGvhanqCwkcEZw==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    depd "~1.1.2"
+    destroy "~1.0.4"
+    encodeurl "~1.0.2"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    etag "~1.8.1"
+    fresh "0.5.2"
+    http-errors "~1.6.2"
+    mime "1.4.1"
+    ms "2.0.0"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    range-parser "~1.2.0"
+    statuses "~1.4.0"
+
+serialize-javascript@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/serialize-javascript/-/serialize-javascript-1.7.0.tgz#d6e0dfb2a3832a8c94468e6eb1db97e55a192a65"
+  integrity sha512-ke8UG8ulpFOxO8f8gRYabHQe/ZntKlcig2Mp+8+URDP1D8vJZ0KUt7LYo07q25Z/+JVSgpr/cui9PIp5H6/+nA==
+
+serve-index@^1.9.1:
+  version "1.9.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/serve-index/-/serve-index-1.9.1.tgz#d3768d69b1e7d82e5ce050fff5b453bea12a9239"
+  integrity sha1-03aNabHn2C5c4FD/9bRTvqEqkjk=
+  dependencies:
+    accepts "~1.3.4"
+    batch "0.6.1"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    http-errors "~1.6.2"
+    mime-types "~2.1.17"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+
+serve-static@1.13.2:
+  version "1.13.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/serve-static/-/serve-static-1.13.2.tgz#095e8472fd5b46237db50ce486a43f4b86c6cec1"
+  integrity sha512-p/tdJrO4U387R9oMjb1oj7qSMaMfmOyd4j9hOFoxZe2baQszgHcSWjuya/CiT5kgZZKRudHNOA0pYXOl8rQ5nw==
+  dependencies:
+    encodeurl "~1.0.2"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+    send "0.16.2"
+
+set-blocking@^2.0.0, set-blocking@~2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-blocking/-/set-blocking-2.0.0.tgz#045f9782d011ae9a6803ddd382b24392b3d890f7"
+  integrity sha1-BF+XgtARrppoA93TgrJDkrPYkPc=
+
+set-value@^0.4.3:
+  version "0.4.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-value/-/set-value-0.4.3.tgz#7db08f9d3d22dc7f78e53af3c3bf4666ecdfccf1"
+  integrity sha1-fbCPnT0i3H945Trzw79GZuzfzPE=
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.1"
+    to-object-path "^0.3.0"
+
+set-value@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-value/-/set-value-2.0.0.tgz#71ae4a88f0feefbbf52d1ea604f3fb315ebb6274"
+  integrity sha512-hw0yxk9GT/Hr5yJEYnHNKYXkIA8mVJgd9ditYZCe16ZczcaELYYcfvaXesNACk2O8O0nTiPQcQhGUQj8JLzeeg==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.3"
+    split-string "^3.0.1"
+
+setimmediate@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/setimmediate/-/setimmediate-1.0.5.tgz#290cbb232e306942d7d7ea9b83732ab7856f8285"
+  integrity sha1-KQy7Iy4waULX1+qbg3Mqt4VvgoU=
+
+setprototypeof@1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/setprototypeof/-/setprototypeof-1.1.0.tgz#d0bd85536887b6fe7c0d818cb962d9d91c54e656"
+  integrity sha512-BvE/TwpZX4FXExxOxZyRGQQv651MSwmWKZGqvmPcRIjDqWub67kTKuIMx43cZZrS/cBBzwBcNDWoFxt2XEFIpQ==
+
+sha.js@^2.4.0, sha.js@^2.4.8:
+  version "2.4.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sha.js/-/sha.js-2.4.11.tgz#37a5cf0b81ecbc6943de109ba2960d1b26584ae7"
+  integrity sha512-QMEp5B7cftE7APOjk5Y6xgrbWu+WkLVQwk8JNjZ8nKRciZaByEW6MubieAiToS7+dwvrjGhH8jRXz3MVd0AYqQ==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+shallow-clone@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shallow-clone/-/shallow-clone-1.0.0.tgz#4480cd06e882ef68b2ad88a3ea54832e2c48b571"
+  integrity sha512-oeXreoKR/SyNJtRJMAKPDSvd28OqEwG4eR/xc856cRGBII7gX9lvAqDxusPm0846z/w/hWYjI1NpKwJ00NHzRA==
+  dependencies:
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    kind-of "^5.0.0"
+    mixin-object "^2.0.1"
+
+shebang-command@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shebang-command/-/shebang-command-1.2.0.tgz#44aac65b695b03398968c39f363fee5deafdf1ea"
+  integrity sha1-RKrGW2lbAzmJaMOfNj/uXer98eo=
+  dependencies:
+    shebang-regex "^1.0.0"
+
+shebang-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shebang-regex/-/shebang-regex-1.0.0.tgz#da42f49740c0b42db2ca9728571cb190c98efea3"
+  integrity sha1-2kL0l0DAtC2yypcoVxyxkMmO/qM=
+
+signal-exit@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/signal-exit/-/signal-exit-3.0.2.tgz#b5fdc08f1287ea1178628e415e25132b73646c6d"
+  integrity sha1-tf3AjxKH6hF4Yo5BXiUTK3NkbG0=
+
+simple-swizzle@^0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/simple-swizzle/-/simple-swizzle-0.2.2.tgz#a4da6b635ffcccca33f70d17cb92592de95e557a"
+  integrity sha1-pNprY1/8zMoz9w0Xy5JZLeleVXo=
+  dependencies:
+    is-arrayish "^0.3.1"
+
+snapdragon-node@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon-node/-/snapdragon-node-2.1.1.tgz#6c175f86ff14bdb0724563e8f3c1b021a286853b"
+  integrity sha512-O27l4xaMYt/RSQ5TR3vpWCAB5Kb/czIcqUFOM/C4fYcLnbZUc1PkjTAMjof2pBWaSTwOUd6qUHcFGVGj7aIwnw==
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+    snapdragon-util "^3.0.1"
+
+snapdragon-util@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon-util/-/snapdragon-util-3.0.1.tgz#f956479486f2acd79700693f6f7b805e45ab56e2"
+  integrity sha512-mbKkMdQKsjX4BAL4bRYTj21edOf8cN7XHdYUJEe+Zn99hVEYcMvKPct1IqNe7+AZPirn8BCDOQBHQZknqmKlZQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.2.0"
+
+snapdragon@^0.8.1:
+  version "0.8.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon/-/snapdragon-0.8.2.tgz#64922e7c565b0e14204ba1aa7d6964278d25182d"
+  integrity sha512-FtyOnWN/wCHTVXOMwvSv26d+ko5vWlIDD6zoUJ7LW8vh+ZBC8QdljveRP+crNrtBwioEUWy/4dMtbBjA4ioNlg==
+  dependencies:
+    base "^0.11.1"
+    debug "^2.2.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    map-cache "^0.2.2"
+    source-map "^0.5.6"
+    source-map-resolve "^0.5.0"
+    use "^3.1.0"
+
+sockjs-client@1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sockjs-client/-/sockjs-client-1.3.0.tgz#12fc9d6cb663da5739d3dc5fb6e8687da95cb177"
+  integrity sha512-R9jxEzhnnrdxLCNln0xg5uGHqMnkhPSTzUZH2eXcR03S/On9Yvoq2wyUZILRUhZCNVu2PmwWVoyuiPz8th8zbg==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^3.2.5"
+    eventsource "^1.0.7"
+    faye-websocket "~0.11.1"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    json3 "^3.3.2"
+    url-parse "^1.4.3"
+
+sockjs@0.3.19:
+  version "0.3.19"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sockjs/-/sockjs-0.3.19.tgz#d976bbe800af7bd20ae08598d582393508993c0d"
+  integrity sha512-V48klKZl8T6MzatbLlzzRNhMepEys9Y4oGFpypBFFn1gLI/QQ9HtLLyWJNbPlwGLelOVOEijUbTTJeLLI59jLw==
+  dependencies:
+    faye-websocket "^0.10.0"
+    uuid "^3.0.1"
+
+source-list-map@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-list-map/-/source-list-map-2.0.1.tgz#3993bd873bfc48479cca9ea3a547835c7c154b34"
+  integrity sha512-qnQ7gVMxGNxsiL4lEuJwe/To8UnK7fAnmbGEEH8RpLouuKbeEm0lhbQVFIrNSuB+G7tVrAlVsZgETT5nljf+Iw==
+
+source-map-resolve@^0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-resolve/-/source-map-resolve-0.5.2.tgz#72e2cc34095543e43b2c62b2c4c10d4a9054f259"
+  integrity sha512-MjqsvNwyz1s0k81Goz/9vRBe9SZdB09Bdw+/zYyO+3CuPk6fouTaxscHkgtE8jKvf01kVfl8riHzERQ/kefaSA==
+  dependencies:
+    atob "^2.1.1"
+    decode-uri-component "^0.2.0"
+    resolve-url "^0.2.1"
+    source-map-url "^0.4.0"
+    urix "^0.1.0"
+
+source-map-support@~0.5.10:
+  version "0.5.12"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-support/-/source-map-support-0.5.12.tgz#b4f3b10d51857a5af0138d3ce8003b201613d599"
+  integrity sha512-4h2Pbvyy15EE02G+JOZpUCmqWJuqrs+sEkzewTm++BPi7Hvn/HwcqLAcNxYAyI0x13CpPPn+kMjl+hplXMHITQ==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-from "^1.0.0"
+    source-map "^0.6.0"
+
+source-map-url@^0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-url/-/source-map-url-0.4.0.tgz#3e935d7ddd73631b97659956d55128e87b5084a3"
+  integrity sha1-PpNdfd1zYxuXZZlW1VEo6HtQhKM=
+
+source-map@^0.4.2:
+  version "0.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.4.4.tgz#eba4f5da9c0dc999de68032d8b4f76173652036b"
+  integrity sha1-66T12pwNyZneaAMti092FzZSA2s=
+  dependencies:
+    amdefine ">=0.0.4"
+
+source-map@^0.5.0, source-map@^0.5.3, source-map@^0.5.6:
+  version "0.5.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.5.7.tgz#8a039d2d1021d22d1ea14c80d8ea468ba2ef3fcc"
+  integrity sha1-igOdLRAh0i0eoUyA2OpGi6LvP8w=
+
+source-map@^0.6.0, source-map@^0.6.1, source-map@~0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.6.1.tgz#74722af32e9614e9c287a8d0bbde48b5e2f1a263"
+  integrity sha512-UjgapumWlbMhkBgzT7Ykc5YXUT46F0iKu8SGXq0bcwP5dz/h0Plj6enJqjz1Zbq2l5WaqYnrVbwWOWMyF3F47g==
+
+spark-md5@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spark-md5/-/spark-md5-3.0.0.tgz#3722227c54e2faf24b1dc6d933cc144e6f71bfef"
+  integrity sha1-NyIifFTi+vJLHcbZM8wUTm9xv+8=
+
+spdx-correct@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-correct/-/spdx-correct-3.1.0.tgz#fb83e504445268f154b074e218c87c003cd31df4"
+  integrity sha512-lr2EZCctC2BNR7j7WzJ2FpDznxky1sjfxvvYEyzxNyb6lZXHODmEoJeFu4JupYlkfha1KZpJyoqiJ7pgA1qq8Q==
+  dependencies:
+    spdx-expression-parse "^3.0.0"
+    spdx-license-ids "^3.0.0"
+
+spdx-exceptions@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-exceptions/-/spdx-exceptions-2.2.0.tgz#2ea450aee74f2a89bfb94519c07fcd6f41322977"
+  integrity sha512-2XQACfElKi9SlVb1CYadKDXvoajPgBVPn/gOQLrTvHdElaVhr7ZEbqJaRnJLVNeaI4cMEAgVCeBMKF6MWRDCRA==
+
+spdx-expression-parse@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-expression-parse/-/spdx-expression-parse-3.0.0.tgz#99e119b7a5da00e05491c9fa338b7904823b41d0"
+  integrity sha512-Yg6D3XpRD4kkOmTpdgbUiEJFKghJH03fiC1OPll5h/0sO6neh2jqRDVHOQ4o/LMea0tgCkbMgea5ip/e+MkWyg==
+  dependencies:
+    spdx-exceptions "^2.1.0"
+    spdx-license-ids "^3.0.0"
+
+spdx-license-ids@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-license-ids/-/spdx-license-ids-3.0.4.tgz#75ecd1a88de8c184ef015eafb51b5b48bfd11bb1"
+  integrity sha512-7j8LYJLeY/Yb6ACbQ7F76qy5jHkp0U6jgBfJsk97bwWlVUnUWsAgpyaCvo17h0/RQGnQ036tVDomiwoI4pDkQA==
+
+spdy-transport@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdy-transport/-/spdy-transport-3.0.0.tgz#00d4863a6400ad75df93361a1608605e5dcdcf31"
+  integrity sha512-hsLVFE5SjA6TCisWeJXFKniGGOpBgMLmerfO2aCyCU5s7nJ/rpAepqmFifv/GCbSbueEeAJJnmSQ2rKC/g8Fcw==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^4.1.0"
+    detect-node "^2.0.4"
+    hpack.js "^2.1.6"
+    obuf "^1.1.2"
+    readable-stream "^3.0.6"
+    wbuf "^1.7.3"
+
+spdy@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdy/-/spdy-4.0.0.tgz#81f222b5a743a329aa12cea6a390e60e9b613c52"
+  integrity sha512-ot0oEGT/PGUpzf/6uk4AWLqkq+irlqHXkrdbk51oWONh3bxQmBuljxPNl66zlRRcIJStWq0QkLUCPOPjgjvU0Q==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^4.1.0"
+    handle-thing "^2.0.0"
+    http-deceiver "^1.2.7"
+    select-hose "^2.0.0"
+    spdy-transport "^3.0.0"
+
+split-string@^3.0.1, split-string@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/split-string/-/split-string-3.1.0.tgz#7cb09dda3a86585705c64b39a6466038682e8fe2"
+  integrity sha512-NzNVhJDYpwceVVii8/Hu6DKfD2G+NrQHlS/V/qgv763EYudVwEcMQNxd2lh+0VrUByXN/oJkl5grOhYWvQUYiw==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.0"
+
+sprintf-js@~1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sprintf-js/-/sprintf-js-1.0.3.tgz#04e6926f662895354f3dd015203633b857297e2c"
+  integrity sha1-BOaSb2YolTVPPdAVIDYzuFcpfiw=
+
+sshpk@^1.7.0:
+  version "1.16.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sshpk/-/sshpk-1.16.1.tgz#fb661c0bef29b39db40769ee39fa70093d6f6877"
+  integrity sha512-HXXqVUq7+pcKeLqqZj6mHFUMvXtOJt1uoUx09pFW6011inTMxqI8BA8PM95myrIyyKwdnzjdFjLiE6KBPVtJIg==
+  dependencies:
+    asn1 "~0.2.3"
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    bcrypt-pbkdf "^1.0.0"
+    dashdash "^1.12.0"
+    ecc-jsbn "~0.1.1"
+    getpass "^0.1.1"
+    jsbn "~0.1.0"
+    safer-buffer "^2.0.2"
+    tweetnacl "~0.14.0"
+
+ssri@^6.0.1:
+  version "6.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ssri/-/ssri-6.0.1.tgz#2a3c41b28dd45b62b63676ecb74001265ae9edd8"
+  integrity sha512-3Wge10hNcT1Kur4PDFwEieXSCMCJs/7WvSACcrMYrNp+b8kDL1/0wJch5Ni2WrtwEa2IO8OsVfeKIciKCDx/QA==
+  dependencies:
+    figgy-pudding "^3.5.1"
+
+stable@^0.1.8:
+  version "0.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stable/-/stable-0.1.8.tgz#836eb3c8382fe2936feaf544631017ce7d47a3cf"
+  integrity sha512-ji9qxRnOVfcuLDySj9qzhGSEFVobyt1kIOSkj1qZzYLzq7Tos/oUUWvotUPQLlrsidqsK6tBH89Bc9kL5zHA6w==
+
+static-extend@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/static-extend/-/static-extend-0.1.2.tgz#60809c39cbff55337226fd5e0b520f341f1fb5c6"
+  integrity sha1-YICcOcv/VTNyJv1eC1IPNB8ftcY=
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    object-copy "^0.1.0"
+
+"statuses@>= 1.4.0 < 2":
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/statuses/-/statuses-1.5.0.tgz#161c7dac177659fd9811f43771fa99381478628c"
+  integrity sha1-Fhx9rBd2Wf2YEfQ3cfqZOBR4Yow=
+
+statuses@~1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/statuses/-/statuses-1.4.0.tgz#bb73d446da2796106efcc1b601a253d6c46bd087"
+  integrity sha512-zhSCtt8v2NDrRlPQpCNtw/heZLtfUDqxBM1udqikb/Hbk52LK4nQSwr10u77iopCW5LsyHpuXS0GnEc48mLeew==
+
+stdout-stream@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stdout-stream/-/stdout-stream-1.4.1.tgz#5ac174cdd5cd726104aa0c0b2bd83815d8d535de"
+  integrity sha512-j4emi03KXqJWcIeF8eIXkjMFN1Cmb8gUlDYGeBALLPo5qdyTfA9bOtl8m33lRoC+vFMkP3gl0WsDr6+gzxbbTA==
+  dependencies:
+    readable-stream "^2.0.1"
+
+stream-browserify@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-browserify/-/stream-browserify-2.0.2.tgz#87521d38a44aa7ee91ce1cd2a47df0cb49dd660b"
+  integrity sha512-nX6hmklHs/gr2FuxYDltq8fJA1GDlxKQCz8O/IM4atRqBH8OORmBNgfvW5gG10GT/qQ9u0CzIvr2X5Pkt6ntqg==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "~2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.2"
+
+stream-each@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-each/-/stream-each-1.2.3.tgz#ebe27a0c389b04fbcc233642952e10731afa9bae"
+  integrity sha512-vlMC2f8I2u/bZGqkdfLQW/13Zihpej/7PmSiMQsbYddxuTsJp8vRe2x2FvVExZg7FaOds43ROAuFJwPR4MTZLw==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    stream-shift "^1.0.0"
+
+stream-http@^2.7.2:
+  version "2.8.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-http/-/stream-http-2.8.3.tgz#b2d242469288a5a27ec4fe8933acf623de6514fc"
+  integrity sha512-+TSkfINHDo4J+ZobQLWiMouQYB+UVYFttRA94FpEzzJ7ZdqcL4uUUQ7WkdkI4DSozGmgBUE/a47L+38PenXhUw==
+  dependencies:
+    builtin-status-codes "^3.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.6"
+    to-arraybuffer "^1.0.0"
+    xtend "^4.0.0"
+
+stream-shift@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-shift/-/stream-shift-1.0.0.tgz#d5c752825e5367e786f78e18e445ea223a155952"
+  integrity sha1-1cdSgl5TZ+eG944Y5EXqIjoVWVI=
+
+string-width@^1.0.1, string-width@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string-width/-/string-width-1.0.2.tgz#118bdf5b8cdc51a2a7e70d211e07e2b0b9b107d3"
+  integrity sha1-EYvfW4zcUaKn5w0hHgfisLmxB9M=
+  dependencies:
+    code-point-at "^1.0.0"
+    is-fullwidth-code-point "^1.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.0"
+
+"string-width@^1.0.2 || 2", string-width@^2.0.0, string-width@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string-width/-/string-width-2.1.1.tgz#ab93f27a8dc13d28cac815c462143a6d9012ae9e"
+  integrity sha512-nOqH59deCq9SRHlxq1Aw85Jnt4w6KvLKqWVik6oA9ZklXLNIOlqg4F2yrT1MVaTjAqvVwdfeZ7w7aCvJD7ugkw==
+  dependencies:
+    is-fullwidth-code-point "^2.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^4.0.0"
+
+string_decoder@^1.0.0, string_decoder@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.2.0.tgz#fe86e738b19544afe70469243b2a1ee9240eae8d"
+  integrity sha512-6YqyX6ZWEYguAxgZzHGL7SsCeGx3V2TtOTqZz1xSTSWnqsbWwbptafNyvf/ACquZUXV3DANr5BDIwNYe1mN42w==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.0"
+
+string_decoder@~1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.1.1.tgz#9cf1611ba62685d7030ae9e4ba34149c3af03fc8"
+  integrity sha512-n/ShnvDi6FHbbVfviro+WojiFzv+s8MPMHBczVePfUpDJLwoLT0ht1l4YwBCbi8pJAveEEdnkHyPyTP/mzRfwg==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.0"
+
+strip-ansi@^3.0.0, strip-ansi@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-3.0.1.tgz#6a385fb8853d952d5ff05d0e8aaf94278dc63dcf"
+  integrity sha1-ajhfuIU9lS1f8F0Oiq+UJ43GPc8=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^2.0.0"
+
+strip-ansi@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-4.0.0.tgz#a8479022eb1ac368a871389b635262c505ee368f"
+  integrity sha1-qEeQIusaw2iocTibY1JixQXuNo8=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^3.0.0"
+
+strip-bom@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-bom/-/strip-bom-2.0.0.tgz#6219a85616520491f35788bdbf1447a99c7e6b0e"
+  integrity sha1-YhmoVhZSBJHzV4i9vxRHqZx+aw4=
+  dependencies:
+    is-utf8 "^0.2.0"
+
+strip-eof@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-eof/-/strip-eof-1.0.0.tgz#bb43ff5598a6eb05d89b59fcd129c983313606bf"
+  integrity sha1-u0P/VZim6wXYm1n80SnJgzE2Br8=
+
+strip-indent@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-indent/-/strip-indent-1.0.1.tgz#0c7962a6adefa7bbd4ac366460a638552ae1a0a2"
+  integrity sha1-DHlipq3vp7vUrDZkYKY4VSrhoKI=
+  dependencies:
+    get-stdin "^4.0.1"
+
+strip-json-comments@~2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-json-comments/-/strip-json-comments-2.0.1.tgz#3c531942e908c2697c0ec344858c286c7ca0a60a"
+  integrity sha1-PFMZQukIwml8DsNEhYwobHygpgo=
+
+style-loader@^0.23.1:
+  version "0.23.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/style-loader/-/style-loader-0.23.1.tgz#cb9154606f3e771ab6c4ab637026a1049174d925"
+  integrity sha512-XK+uv9kWwhZMZ1y7mysB+zoihsEj4wneFWAS5qoiLwzW0WzSqMrrsIy+a3zkQJq0ipFtBpX5W3MqyRIBF/WFGg==
+  dependencies:
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+stylehacks@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stylehacks/-/stylehacks-4.0.3.tgz#6718fcaf4d1e07d8a1318690881e8d96726a71d5"
+  integrity sha512-7GlLk9JwlElY4Y6a/rmbH2MhVlTyVmiJd1PfTCqFaIBEGMYNsrO/v3SeGTdhBThLg4Z+NbOk/qFMwCa+J+3p/g==
+  dependencies:
+    browserslist "^4.0.0"
+    postcss "^7.0.0"
+    postcss-selector-parser "^3.0.0"
+
+supports-color@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-2.0.0.tgz#535d045ce6b6363fa40117084629995e9df324c7"
+  integrity sha1-U10EXOa2Nj+kARcIRimZXp3zJMc=
+
+supports-color@^5.3.0, supports-color@^5.5.0:
+  version "5.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-5.5.0.tgz#e2e69a44ac8772f78a1ec0b35b689df6530efc8f"
+  integrity sha512-QjVjwdXIt408MIiAqCX4oUKsgU2EqAGzs2Ppkm4aQYbjm+ZEWEcW4SfFNTr4uMNZma0ey4f5lgLrkB0aX0QMow==
+  dependencies:
+    has-flag "^3.0.0"
+
+supports-color@^6.1.0:
+  version "6.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-6.1.0.tgz#0764abc69c63d5ac842dd4867e8d025e880df8f3"
+  integrity sha512-qe1jfm1Mg7Nq/NSh6XE24gPXROEVsWHxC1LIx//XNlD9iw7YZQGjZNjYN7xGaEG6iKdA8EtNFW6R0gjnVXp+wQ==
+  dependencies:
+    has-flag "^3.0.0"
+
+svgo@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/svgo/-/svgo-1.2.2.tgz#0253d34eccf2aed4ad4f283e11ee75198f9d7316"
+  integrity sha512-rAfulcwp2D9jjdGu+0CuqlrAUin6bBWrpoqXWwKDZZZJfXcUXQSxLJOFJCQCSA0x0pP2U0TxSlJu2ROq5Bq6qA==
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^2.4.1"
+    coa "^2.0.2"
+    css-select "^2.0.0"
+    css-select-base-adapter "^0.1.1"
+    css-tree "1.0.0-alpha.28"
+    css-url-regex "^1.1.0"
+    csso "^3.5.1"
+    js-yaml "^3.13.1"
+    mkdirp "~0.5.1"
+    object.values "^1.1.0"
+    sax "~1.2.4"
+    stable "^0.1.8"
+    unquote "~1.1.1"
+    util.promisify "~1.0.0"
+
+tapable@^1.0.0, tapable@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tapable/-/tapable-1.1.3.tgz#a1fccc06b58db61fd7a45da2da44f5f3a3e67ba2"
+  integrity sha512-4WK/bYZmj8xLr+HUCODHGF1ZFzsYffasLUgEiMBY4fgtltdO6B4WJtlSbPaDTLpYTcGVwM2qLnFTICEcNxs3kA==
+
+tar@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tar/-/tar-2.2.1.tgz#8e4d2a256c0e2185c6b18ad694aec968b83cb1d1"
+  integrity sha1-jk0qJWwOIYXGsYrWlK7JaLg8sdE=
+  dependencies:
+    block-stream "*"
+    fstream "^1.0.2"
+    inherits "2"
+
+tar@^4:
+  version "4.4.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tar/-/tar-4.4.8.tgz#b19eec3fde2a96e64666df9fdb40c5ca1bc3747d"
+  integrity sha512-LzHF64s5chPQQS0IYBn9IN5h3i98c12bo4NCO7e0sGM2llXQ3p2FGC5sdENN4cTW48O915Sh+x+EXx7XW96xYQ==
+  dependencies:
+    chownr "^1.1.1"
+    fs-minipass "^1.2.5"
+    minipass "^2.3.4"
+    minizlib "^1.1.1"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    yallist "^3.0.2"
+
+terser-webpack-plugin@^1.1.0, terser-webpack-plugin@^1.2.3:
+  version "1.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/terser-webpack-plugin/-/terser-webpack-plugin-1.2.3.tgz#3f98bc902fac3e5d0de730869f50668561262ec8"
+  integrity sha512-GOK7q85oAb/5kE12fMuLdn2btOS9OBZn4VsecpHDywoUC/jLhSAKOiYo0ezx7ss2EXPMzyEWFoE0s1WLE+4+oA==
+  dependencies:
+    cacache "^11.0.2"
+    find-cache-dir "^2.0.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    serialize-javascript "^1.4.0"
+    source-map "^0.6.1"
+    terser "^3.16.1"
+    webpack-sources "^1.1.0"
+    worker-farm "^1.5.2"
+
+terser@^3.16.1:
+  version "3.17.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/terser/-/terser-3.17.0.tgz#f88ffbeda0deb5637f9d24b0da66f4e15ab10cb2"
+  integrity sha512-/FQzzPJmCpjAH9Xvk2paiWrFq+5M6aVOf+2KRbwhByISDX/EujxsK+BAvrhb6H+2rtrLCHK9N01wO014vrIwVQ==
+  dependencies:
+    commander "^2.19.0"
+    source-map "~0.6.1"
+    source-map-support "~0.5.10"
+
+through2@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/through2/-/through2-2.0.5.tgz#01c1e39eb31d07cb7d03a96a70823260b23132cd"
+  integrity sha512-/mrRod8xqpA+IHSLyGCQ2s8SPHiCDEeQJSep1jqLYeEUClOFG2Qsh+4FU6G9VeqpZnGW/Su8LQGc4YKni5rYSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    readable-stream "~2.3.6"
+    xtend "~4.0.1"
+
+thunky@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/thunky/-/thunky-1.0.3.tgz#f5df732453407b09191dae73e2a8cc73f381a826"
+  integrity sha512-YwT8pjmNcAXBZqrubu22P4FYsh2D4dxRmnWBOL8Jk8bUcRUtc5326kx32tuTmFDAZtLOGEVNl8POAR8j896Iow==
+
+timers-browserify@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/timers-browserify/-/timers-browserify-2.0.10.tgz#1d28e3d2aadf1d5a5996c4e9f95601cd053480ae"
+  integrity sha512-YvC1SV1XdOUaL6gx5CoGroT3Gu49pK9+TZ38ErPldOWW4j49GI1HKs9DV+KGq/w6y+LZ72W1c8cKz2vzY+qpzg==
+  dependencies:
+    setimmediate "^1.0.4"
+
+timsort@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/timsort/-/timsort-0.3.0.tgz#405411a8e7e6339fe64db9a234de11dc31e02bd4"
+  integrity sha1-QFQRqOfmM5/mTbmiNN4R3DHgK9Q=
+
+to-arraybuffer@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-arraybuffer/-/to-arraybuffer-1.0.1.tgz#7d229b1fcc637e466ca081180836a7aabff83f43"
+  integrity sha1-fSKbH8xjfkZsoIEYCDanqr/4P0M=
+
+to-fast-properties@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-fast-properties/-/to-fast-properties-2.0.0.tgz#dc5e698cbd079265bc73e0377681a4e4e83f616e"
+  integrity sha1-3F5pjL0HkmW8c+A3doGk5Og/YW4=
+
+to-object-path@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-object-path/-/to-object-path-0.3.0.tgz#297588b7b0e7e0ac08e04e672f85c1f4999e17af"
+  integrity sha1-KXWIt7Dn4KwI4E5nL4XB9JmeF68=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+to-regex-range@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-regex-range/-/to-regex-range-2.1.1.tgz#7c80c17b9dfebe599e27367e0d4dd5590141db38"
+  integrity sha1-fIDBe53+vlmeJzZ+DU3VWQFB2zg=
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    repeat-string "^1.6.1"
+
+to-regex@^3.0.1, to-regex@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-regex/-/to-regex-3.0.2.tgz#13cfdd9b336552f30b51f33a8ae1b42a7a7599ce"
+  integrity sha512-FWtleNAtZ/Ki2qtqej2CXTOayOH9bHDQF+Q48VpWyDXjbYxA4Yz8iDB31zXOBUlOHHKidDbqGVrTUvQMPmBGBw==
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    regex-not "^1.0.2"
+    safe-regex "^1.1.0"
+
+tough-cookie@~2.4.3:
+  version "2.4.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tough-cookie/-/tough-cookie-2.4.3.tgz#53f36da3f47783b0925afa06ff9f3b165280f781"
+  integrity sha512-Q5srk/4vDM54WJsJio3XNn6K2sCG+CQ8G5Wz6bZhRZoAe/+TxjWB/GlFAnYEbkYVlON9FMk/fE3h2RLpPXo4lQ==
+  dependencies:
+    psl "^1.1.24"
+    punycode "^1.4.1"
+
+trim-newlines@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/trim-newlines/-/trim-newlines-1.0.0.tgz#5887966bb582a4503a41eb524f7d35011815a613"
+  integrity sha1-WIeWa7WCpFA6QetST301ARgVphM=
+
+trim-right@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/trim-right/-/trim-right-1.0.1.tgz#cb2e1203067e0c8de1f614094b9fe45704ea6003"
+  integrity sha1-yy4SAwZ+DI3h9hQJS5/kVwTqYAM=
+
+trix@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/trix/-/trix-1.1.1.tgz#ca8a3fab4d23d960a17e88441d601cb22a86f5d5"
+  integrity sha512-dNHTcryRK0EmwCyJDOBrG6OznL8HNEVVlecq/xzxLj3M9Eht5DV4yl+eCYX8RKyfrtBcNki+mpKIxESgXaGGZA==
+
+"true-case-path@^1.0.2":
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/true-case-path/-/true-case-path-1.0.3.tgz#f813b5a8c86b40da59606722b144e3225799f47d"
+  integrity sha512-m6s2OdQe5wgpFMC+pAJ+q9djG82O2jcHPOI6RNg1yy9rCYR+WD6Nbpl32fDpfC56nirdRy+opFa/Vk7HYhqaew==
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^7.1.2"
+
+ts-pnp@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ts-pnp/-/ts-pnp-1.1.2.tgz#be8e4bfce5d00f0f58e0666a82260c34a57af552"
+  integrity sha512-f5Knjh7XCyRIzoC/z1Su1yLLRrPrFCgtUAh/9fCSP6NKbATwpOL1+idQVXQokK9GRFURn/jYPGPfegIctwunoA==
+
+tslib@^1.9.0:
+  version "1.9.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tslib/-/tslib-1.9.3.tgz#d7e4dd79245d85428c4d7e4822a79917954ca286"
+  integrity sha512-4krF8scpejhaOgqzBEcGM7yDIEfi0/8+8zDRZhNZZ2kjmHJ4hv3zCbQWxoJGz1iw5U0Jl0nma13xzHXcncMavQ==
+
+tty-browserify@0.0.0:
+  version "0.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tty-browserify/-/tty-browserify-0.0.0.tgz#a157ba402da24e9bf957f9aa69d524eed42901a6"
+  integrity sha1-oVe6QC2iTpv5V/mqadUk7tQpAaY=
+
+tunnel-agent@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tunnel-agent/-/tunnel-agent-0.6.0.tgz#27a5dea06b36b04a0a9966774b290868f0fc40fd"
+  integrity sha1-J6XeoGs2sEoKmWZ3SykIaPD8QP0=
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+tweetnacl@^0.14.3, tweetnacl@~0.14.0:
+  version "0.14.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tweetnacl/-/tweetnacl-0.14.5.tgz#5ae68177f192d4456269d108afa93ff8743f4f64"
+  integrity sha1-WuaBd/GS1EViadEIr6k/+HQ/T2Q=
+
+type-is@~1.6.16:
+  version "1.6.18"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/type-is/-/type-is-1.6.18.tgz#4e552cd05df09467dcbc4ef739de89f2cf37c131"
+  integrity sha512-TkRKr9sUTxEH8MdfuCSP7VizJyzRNMjj2J2do2Jr3Kym598JVdEksuzPQCnlFPW4ky9Q+iA+ma9BGm06XQBy8g==
+  dependencies:
+    media-typer "0.3.0"
+    mime-types "~2.1.24"
+
+typedarray@^0.0.6:
+  version "0.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/typedarray/-/typedarray-0.0.6.tgz#867ac74e3864187b1d3d47d996a78ec5c8830777"
+  integrity sha1-hnrHTjhkGHsdPUfZlqeOxciDB3c=
+
+unicode-canonical-property-names-ecmascript@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unicode-canonical-property-names-ecmascript/-/unicode-canonical-property-names-ecmascript-1.0.4.tgz#2619800c4c825800efdd8343af7dd9933cbe2818"
+  integrity sha512-jDrNnXWHd4oHiTZnx/ZG7gtUTVp+gCcTTKr8L0HjlwphROEW3+Him+IpvC+xcJEFegapiMZyZe02CyuOnRmbnQ==
+
+unicode-match-property-ecmascript@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unicode-match-property-ecmascript/-/unicode-match-property-ecmascript-1.0.4.tgz#8ed2a32569961bce9227d09cd3ffbb8fed5f020c"
+  integrity sha512-L4Qoh15vTfntsn4P1zqnHulG0LdXgjSO035fEpdtp6YxXhMT51Q6vgM5lYdG/5X3MjS+k/Y9Xw4SFCY9IkR0rg==
+  dependencies:
+    unicode-canonical-property-names-ecmascript "^1.0.4"
+    unicode-property-aliases-ecmascript "^1.0.4"
+
+unicode-match-property-value-ecmascript@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unicode-match-property-value-ecmascript/-/unicode-match-property-value-ecmascript-1.1.0.tgz#5b4b426e08d13a80365e0d657ac7a6c1ec46a277"
+  integrity sha512-hDTHvaBk3RmFzvSl0UVrUmC3PuW9wKVnpoUDYH0JDkSIovzw+J5viQmeYHxVSBptubnr7PbH2e0fnpDRQnQl5g==
+
+unicode-property-aliases-ecmascript@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unicode-property-aliases-ecmascript/-/unicode-property-aliases-ecmascript-1.0.5.tgz#a9cc6cc7ce63a0a3023fc99e341b94431d405a57"
+  integrity sha512-L5RAqCfXqAwR3RriF8pM0lU0w4Ryf/GgzONwi6KnL1taJQa7x1TCxdJnILX59WIGOwR57IVxn7Nej0fz1Ny6fw==
+
+union-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/union-value/-/union-value-1.0.0.tgz#5c71c34cb5bad5dcebe3ea0cd08207ba5aa1aea4"
+  integrity sha1-XHHDTLW61dzr4+oM0IIHulqhrqQ=
+  dependencies:
+    arr-union "^3.1.0"
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    set-value "^0.4.3"
+
+uniq@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uniq/-/uniq-1.0.1.tgz#b31c5ae8254844a3a8281541ce2b04b865a734ff"
+  integrity sha1-sxxa6CVIRKOoKBVBzisEuGWnNP8=
+
+uniqs@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uniqs/-/uniqs-2.0.0.tgz#ffede4b36b25290696e6e165d4a59edb998e6b02"
+  integrity sha1-/+3ks2slKQaW5uFl1KWe25mOawI=
+
+unique-filename@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unique-filename/-/unique-filename-1.1.1.tgz#1d69769369ada0583103a1e6ae87681b56573230"
+  integrity sha512-Vmp0jIp2ln35UTXuryvjzkjGdRyf9b2lTXuSYUiPmzRcl3FDtYqAwOnTJkAngD9SWhnoJzDbTKwaOrZ+STtxNQ==
+  dependencies:
+    unique-slug "^2.0.0"
+
+unique-slug@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unique-slug/-/unique-slug-2.0.1.tgz#5e9edc6d1ce8fb264db18a507ef9bd8544451ca6"
+  integrity sha512-n9cU6+gITaVu7VGj1Z8feKMmfAjEAQGhwD9fE3zvpRRa0wEIx8ODYkVGfSc94M2OX00tUFV8wH3zYbm1I8mxFg==
+  dependencies:
+    imurmurhash "^0.1.4"
+
+unpipe@1.0.0, unpipe@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unpipe/-/unpipe-1.0.0.tgz#b2bf4ee8514aae6165b4817829d21b2ef49904ec"
+  integrity sha1-sr9O6FFKrmFltIF4KdIbLvSZBOw=
+
+unquote@~1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unquote/-/unquote-1.1.1.tgz#8fded7324ec6e88a0ff8b905e7c098cdc086d544"
+  integrity sha1-j97XMk7G6IoP+LkF58CYzcCG1UQ=
+
+unset-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unset-value/-/unset-value-1.0.0.tgz#8376873f7d2335179ffb1e6fc3a8ed0dfc8ab559"
+  integrity sha1-g3aHP30jNRef+x5vw6jtDfyKtVk=
+  dependencies:
+    has-value "^0.3.1"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+upath@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/upath/-/upath-1.1.2.tgz#3db658600edaeeccbe6db5e684d67ee8c2acd068"
+  integrity sha512-kXpym8nmDmlCBr7nKdIx8P2jNBa+pBpIUFRnKJ4dr8htyYGJFokkr2ZvERRtUN+9SY+JqXouNgUPtv6JQva/2Q==
+
+uri-js@^4.2.2:
+  version "4.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uri-js/-/uri-js-4.2.2.tgz#94c540e1ff772956e2299507c010aea6c8838eb0"
+  integrity sha512-KY9Frmirql91X2Qgjry0Wd4Y+YTdrdZheS8TFwvkbLWf/G5KNJDCh6pKL5OZctEW4+0Baa5idK2ZQuELRwPznQ==
+  dependencies:
+    punycode "^2.1.0"
+
+urix@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/urix/-/urix-0.1.0.tgz#da937f7a62e21fec1fd18d49b35c2935067a6c72"
+  integrity sha1-2pN/emLiH+wf0Y1Js1wpNQZ6bHI=
+
+url-parse@^1.4.3:
+  version "1.4.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/url-parse/-/url-parse-1.4.7.tgz#a8a83535e8c00a316e403a5db4ac1b9b853ae278"
+  integrity sha512-d3uaVyzDB9tQoSXFvuSUNFibTd9zxd2bkVrDRvF5TmvWWQwqE4lgYJ5m+x1DbecWkw+LK4RNl2CU1hHuOKPVlg==
+  dependencies:
+    querystringify "^2.1.1"
+    requires-port "^1.0.0"
+
+url@^0.11.0:
+  version "0.11.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/url/-/url-0.11.0.tgz#3838e97cfc60521eb73c525a8e55bfdd9e2e28f1"
+  integrity sha1-ODjpfPxgUh63PFJajlW/3Z4uKPE=
+  dependencies:
+    punycode "1.3.2"
+    querystring "0.2.0"
+
+use@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/use/-/use-3.1.1.tgz#d50c8cac79a19fbc20f2911f56eb973f4e10070f"
+  integrity sha512-cwESVXlO3url9YWlFW/TA9cshCEhtu7IKJ/p5soJ/gGpj7vbvFrAY/eIioQ6Dw23KjZhYgiIo8HOs1nQ2vr/oQ==
+
+util-deprecate@^1.0.1, util-deprecate@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util-deprecate/-/util-deprecate-1.0.2.tgz#450d4dc9fa70de732762fbd2d4a28981419a0ccf"
+  integrity sha1-RQ1Nyfpw3nMnYvvS1KKJgUGaDM8=
+
+util.promisify@^1.0.0, util.promisify@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util.promisify/-/util.promisify-1.0.0.tgz#440f7165a459c9a16dc145eb8e72f35687097030"
+  integrity sha512-i+6qA2MPhvoKLuxnJNpXAGhg7HphQOSUq2LKMZD0m15EiskXUkMvKdF4Uui0WYeCUGea+o2cw/ZuwehtfsrNkA==
+  dependencies:
+    define-properties "^1.1.2"
+    object.getownpropertydescriptors "^2.0.3"
+
+util@0.10.3:
+  version "0.10.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util/-/util-0.10.3.tgz#7afb1afe50805246489e3db7fe0ed379336ac0f9"
+  integrity sha1-evsa/lCAUkZInj23/g7TeTNqwPk=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "2.0.1"
+
+util@^0.11.0:
+  version "0.11.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util/-/util-0.11.1.tgz#3236733720ec64bb27f6e26f421aaa2e1b588d61"
+  integrity sha512-HShAsny+zS2TZfaXxD9tYj4HQGlBezXZMZuM/S5PKLLoZkShZiGk9o5CzukI1LVHZvjdvZ2Sj1aW/Ndn2NB/HQ==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "2.0.3"
+
+utils-merge@1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/utils-merge/-/utils-merge-1.0.1.tgz#9f95710f50a267947b2ccc124741c1028427e713"
+  integrity sha1-n5VxD1CiZ5R7LMwSR0HBAoQn5xM=
+
+uuid@^3.0.1, uuid@^3.3.2:
+  version "3.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uuid/-/uuid-3.3.2.tgz#1b4af4955eb3077c501c23872fc6513811587131"
+  integrity sha512-yXJmeNaw3DnnKAOKJE51sL/ZaYfWJRl1pK9dr19YFCu0ObS231AB1/LbqTKRAQ5kw8A90rA6fr4riOUpTZvQZA==
+
+v8-compile-cache@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/v8-compile-cache/-/v8-compile-cache-2.0.3.tgz#00f7494d2ae2b688cfe2899df6ed2c54bef91dbe"
+  integrity sha512-CNmdbwQMBjwr9Gsmohvm0pbL954tJrNzf6gWL3K+QMQf00PF7ERGrEiLgjuU3mKreLC2MeGhUsNV9ybTbLgd3w==
+
+validate-npm-package-license@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/validate-npm-package-license/-/validate-npm-package-license-3.0.4.tgz#fc91f6b9c7ba15c857f4cb2c5defeec39d4f410a"
+  integrity sha512-DpKm2Ui/xN7/HQKCtpZxoRWBhZ9Z0kqtygG8XCgNQ8ZlDnxuQmWhj566j8fN4Cu3/JmbhsDo7fcAJq4s9h27Ew==
+  dependencies:
+    spdx-correct "^3.0.0"
+    spdx-expression-parse "^3.0.0"
+
+vary@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vary/-/vary-1.1.2.tgz#2299f02c6ded30d4a5961b0b9f74524a18f634fc"
+  integrity sha1-IpnwLG3tMNSllhsLn3RSShj2NPw=
+
+vendors@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vendors/-/vendors-1.0.3.tgz#a6467781abd366217c050f8202e7e50cc9eef8c0"
+  integrity sha512-fOi47nsJP5Wqefa43kyWSg80qF+Q3XA6MUkgi7Hp1HQaKDQW4cQrK2D0P7mmbFtsV1N89am55Yru/nyEwRubcw==
+
+verror@1.10.0:
+  version "1.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/verror/-/verror-1.10.0.tgz#3a105ca17053af55d6e270c1f8288682e18da400"
+  integrity sha1-OhBcoXBTr1XW4nDB+CiGguGNpAA=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    core-util-is "1.0.2"
+    extsprintf "^1.2.0"
+
+vm-browserify@0.0.4:
+  version "0.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vm-browserify/-/vm-browserify-0.0.4.tgz#5d7ea45bbef9e4a6ff65f95438e0a87c357d5a73"
+  integrity sha1-XX6kW7755Kb/ZflUOOCofDV9WnM=
+  dependencies:
+    indexof "0.0.1"
+
+watchpack@^1.5.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/watchpack/-/watchpack-1.6.0.tgz#4bc12c2ebe8aa277a71f1d3f14d685c7b446cd00"
+  integrity sha512-i6dHe3EyLjMmDlU1/bGQpEw25XSjkJULPuAVKCbNRefQVq48yXKUpwg538F7AZTf9kyr57zj++pQFltUa5H7yA==
+  dependencies:
+    chokidar "^2.0.2"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+
+wbuf@^1.1.0, wbuf@^1.7.3:
+  version "1.7.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wbuf/-/wbuf-1.7.3.tgz#c1d8d149316d3ea852848895cb6a0bfe887b87df"
+  integrity sha512-O84QOnr0icsbFGLS0O3bI5FswxzRr8/gHwWkDlQFskhSPryQXvrTMxjxGP4+iWYoauLoBvfDpkrOauZ+0iZpDA==
+  dependencies:
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+webpack-assets-manifest@^3.1.1:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-assets-manifest/-/webpack-assets-manifest-3.1.1.tgz#39bbc3bf2ee57fcd8ba07cda51c9ba4a3c6ae1de"
+  integrity sha512-JV9V2QKc5wEWQptdIjvXDUL1ucbPLH2f27toAY3SNdGZp+xSaStAgpoMcvMZmqtFrBc9a5pTS1058vxyMPOzRQ==
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^2.0"
+    lodash.get "^4.0"
+    lodash.has "^4.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    tapable "^1.0.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.0.0"
+
+webpack-cli@^3.2.3:
+  version "3.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-cli/-/webpack-cli-3.3.2.tgz#aed2437b0db0a7faa2ad28484e166a5360014a91"
+  integrity sha512-FLkobnaJJ+03j5eplxlI0TUxhGCOdfewspIGuvDVtpOlrAuKMFC57K42Ukxqs1tn8947/PM6tP95gQc0DCzRYA==
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^2.4.1"
+    cross-spawn "^6.0.5"
+    enhanced-resolve "^4.1.0"
+    findup-sync "^2.0.0"
+    global-modules "^1.0.0"
+    import-local "^2.0.0"
+    interpret "^1.1.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    supports-color "^5.5.0"
+    v8-compile-cache "^2.0.2"
+    yargs "^12.0.5"
+
+webpack-dev-middleware@^3.6.2:
+  version "3.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-dev-middleware/-/webpack-dev-middleware-3.6.2.tgz#f37a27ad7c09cd7dc67cd97655413abaa1f55942"
+  integrity sha512-A47I5SX60IkHrMmZUlB0ZKSWi29TZTcPz7cha1Z75yYOsgWh/1AcPmQEbC8ZIbU3A1ytSv1PMU0PyPz2Lmz2jg==
+  dependencies:
+    memory-fs "^0.4.1"
+    mime "^2.3.1"
+    range-parser "^1.0.3"
+    webpack-log "^2.0.0"
+
+webpack-dev-server@^3.3.1:
+  version "3.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-dev-server/-/webpack-dev-server-3.3.1.tgz#7046e49ded5c1255a82c5d942bcdda552b72a62d"
+  integrity sha512-jY09LikOyGZrxVTXK0mgIq9y2IhCoJ05848dKZqX1gAGLU1YDqgpOT71+W53JH/wI4v6ky4hm+KvSyW14JEs5A==
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-html "0.0.7"
+    bonjour "^3.5.0"
+    chokidar "^2.1.5"
+    compression "^1.7.4"
+    connect-history-api-fallback "^1.6.0"
+    debug "^4.1.1"
+    del "^4.1.0"
+    express "^4.16.4"
+    html-entities "^1.2.1"
+    http-proxy-middleware "^0.19.1"
+    import-local "^2.0.0"
+    internal-ip "^4.2.0"
+    ip "^1.1.5"
+    killable "^1.0.1"
+    loglevel "^1.6.1"
+    opn "^5.5.0"
+    portfinder "^1.0.20"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    selfsigned "^1.10.4"
+    semver "^6.0.0"
+    serve-index "^1.9.1"
+    sockjs "0.3.19"
+    sockjs-client "1.3.0"
+    spdy "^4.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.1"
+    supports-color "^6.1.0"
+    url "^0.11.0"
+    webpack-dev-middleware "^3.6.2"
+    webpack-log "^2.0.0"
+    yargs "12.0.5"
+
+webpack-log@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-log/-/webpack-log-2.0.0.tgz#5b7928e0637593f119d32f6227c1e0ac31e1b47f"
+  integrity sha512-cX8G2vR/85UYG59FgkoMamwHUIkSSlV3bBMRsbxVXVUk2j6NleCKjQ/WE9eYg9WY4w25O9w8wKP4rzNZFmUcUg==
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-colors "^3.0.0"
+    uuid "^3.3.2"
+
+webpack-sources@^1.0.0, webpack-sources@^1.0.1, webpack-sources@^1.1.0, webpack-sources@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-sources/-/webpack-sources-1.3.0.tgz#2a28dcb9f1f45fe960d8f1493252b5ee6530fa85"
+  integrity sha512-OiVgSrbGu7NEnEvQJJgdSFPl2qWKkWq5lHMhgiToIiN9w34EBnjYzSYs+VbL5KoYiLNtFFa7BZIKxRED3I32pA==
+  dependencies:
+    source-list-map "^2.0.0"
+    source-map "~0.6.1"
+
+webpack@^4.29.6:
+  version "4.31.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack/-/webpack-4.31.0.tgz#ae201d45f0571336e42d1c2b5c8ab56c4d3b0c63"
+  integrity sha512-n6RVO3X0LbbipoE62akME9K/JI7qYrwwufs20VvgNNpqUoH4860KkaxJTbGq5bgkVZF9FqyyTG/0WPLH3PVNJA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit" "1.8.5"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.8.5"
+    acorn "^6.0.5"
+    acorn-dynamic-import "^4.0.0"
+    ajv "^6.1.0"
+    ajv-keywords "^3.1.0"
+    chrome-trace-event "^1.0.0"
+    enhanced-resolve "^4.1.0"
+    eslint-scope "^4.0.0"
+    json-parse-better-errors "^1.0.2"
+    loader-runner "^2.3.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    memory-fs "~0.4.1"
+    micromatch "^3.1.8"
+    mkdirp "~0.5.0"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+    node-libs-browser "^2.0.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    tapable "^1.1.0"
+    terser-webpack-plugin "^1.1.0"
+    watchpack "^1.5.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.3.0"
+
+websocket-driver@>=0.5.1:
+  version "0.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/websocket-driver/-/websocket-driver-0.7.0.tgz#0caf9d2d755d93aee049d4bdd0d3fe2cca2a24eb"
+  integrity sha1-DK+dLXVdk67gSdS90NP+LMoqJOs=
+  dependencies:
+    http-parser-js ">=0.4.0"
+    websocket-extensions ">=0.1.1"
+
+websocket-extensions@>=0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/websocket-extensions/-/websocket-extensions-0.1.3.tgz#5d2ff22977003ec687a4b87073dfbbac146ccf29"
+  integrity sha512-nqHUnMXmBzT0w570r2JpJxfiSD1IzoI+HGVdd3aZ0yNi3ngvQ4jv1dtHt5VGxfI2yj5yqImPhOK4vmIh2xMbGg==
+
+which-module@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which-module/-/which-module-1.0.0.tgz#bba63ca861948994ff307736089e3b96026c2a4f"
+  integrity sha1-u6Y8qGGUiZT/MHc2CJ47lgJsKk8=
+
+which-module@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which-module/-/which-module-2.0.0.tgz#d9ef07dce77b9902b8a3a8fa4b31c3e3f7e6e87a"
+  integrity sha1-2e8H3Od7mQK4o6j6SzHD4/fm6Ho=
+
+which@1, which@^1.2.14, which@^1.2.9:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which/-/which-1.3.1.tgz#a45043d54f5805316da8d62f9f50918d3da70b0a"
+  integrity sha512-HxJdYWq1MTIQbJ3nw0cqssHoTNU267KlrDuGZ1WYlxDStUtKUhOaJmh112/TZmHxxUfuJqPXSOm7tDyas0OSIQ==
+  dependencies:
+    isexe "^2.0.0"
+
+wide-align@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wide-align/-/wide-align-1.1.3.tgz#ae074e6bdc0c14a431e804e624549c633b000457"
+  integrity sha512-QGkOQc8XL6Bt5PwnsExKBPuMKBxnGxWWW3fU55Xt4feHozMUhdUMaBCk290qpm/wG5u/RSKzwdAC4i51YigihA==
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^1.0.2 || 2"
+
+worker-farm@^1.5.2:
+  version "1.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/worker-farm/-/worker-farm-1.7.0.tgz#26a94c5391bbca926152002f69b84a4bf772e5a8"
+  integrity sha512-rvw3QTZc8lAxyVrqcSGVm5yP/IJ2UcB3U0graE3LCFoZ0Yn2x4EoVSqJKdB/T5M+FLcRPjz4TDacRf3OCfNUzw==
+  dependencies:
+    errno "~0.1.7"
+
+wrap-ansi@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-2.1.0.tgz#d8fc3d284dd05794fe84973caecdd1cf824fdd85"
+  integrity sha1-2Pw9KE3QV5T+hJc8rs3Rz4JP3YU=
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^1.0.1"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.1"
+
+wrappy@1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz#b5243d8f3ec1aa35f1364605bc0d1036e30ab69f"
+  integrity sha1-tSQ9jz7BqjXxNkYFvA0QNuMKtp8=
+
+xtend@^4.0.0, xtend@~4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/xtend/-/xtend-4.0.1.tgz#a5c6d532be656e23db820efb943a1f04998d63af"
+  integrity sha1-pcbVMr5lbiPbgg77lDofBJmNY68=
+
+y18n@^3.2.1:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/y18n/-/y18n-3.2.1.tgz#6d15fba884c08679c0d77e88e7759e811e07fa41"
+  integrity sha1-bRX7qITAhnnA136I53WegR4H+kE=
+
+"y18n@^3.2.1 || ^4.0.0", y18n@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/y18n/-/y18n-4.0.0.tgz#95ef94f85ecc81d007c264e190a120f0a3c8566b"
+  integrity sha512-r9S/ZyXu/Xu9q1tYlpsLIsa3EeLXXk0VwlxqTcFRfg9EhMW+17kbt9G0NrgCmhGb5vT2hyhJZLfDGx+7+5Uj/w==
+
+yallist@^2.1.2:
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yallist/-/yallist-2.1.2.tgz#1c11f9218f076089a47dd512f93c6699a6a81d52"
+  integrity sha1-HBH5IY8HYImkfdUS+TxmmaaoHVI=
+
+yallist@^3.0.0, yallist@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yallist/-/yallist-3.0.3.tgz#b4b049e314be545e3ce802236d6cd22cd91c3de9"
+  integrity sha512-S+Zk8DEWE6oKpV+vI3qWkaK+jSbIK86pCwe2IF/xwIpQ8jEuxpw9NyaGjmp9+BoJv5FV2piqCDcoCtStppiq2A==
+
+yargs-parser@^11.1.1:
+  version "11.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs-parser/-/yargs-parser-11.1.1.tgz#879a0865973bca9f6bab5cbdf3b1c67ec7d3bcf4"
+  integrity sha512-C6kB/WJDiaxONLJQnF8ccx9SEeoTTLek8RVbaOIsrAUS8VrBEXfmeSnCZxygc+XC2sNMBIwOOnfcxiynjHsVSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^5.0.0"
+    decamelize "^1.2.0"
+
+yargs-parser@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs-parser/-/yargs-parser-5.0.0.tgz#275ecf0d7ffe05c77e64e7c86e4cd94bf0e1228a"
+  integrity sha1-J17PDX/+Bcd+ZOfIbkzZS/DhIoo=
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^3.0.0"
+
+yargs@12.0.5, yargs@^12.0.5:
+  version "12.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs/-/yargs-12.0.5.tgz#05f5997b609647b64f66b81e3b4b10a368e7ad13"
+  integrity sha512-Lhz8TLaYnxq/2ObqHDql8dX8CJi97oHxrjUcYtzKbbykPtVW9WB+poxI+NM2UIzsMgNCZTIf0AQwsjK5yMAqZw==
+  dependencies:
+    cliui "^4.0.0"
+    decamelize "^1.2.0"
+    find-up "^3.0.0"
+    get-caller-file "^1.0.1"
+    os-locale "^3.0.0"
+    require-directory "^2.1.1"
+    require-main-filename "^1.0.1"
+    set-blocking "^2.0.0"
+    string-width "^2.0.0"
+    which-module "^2.0.0"
+    y18n "^3.2.1 || ^4.0.0"
+    yargs-parser "^11.1.1"
+
+yargs@^7.0.0:
+  version "7.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yargs/-/yargs-7.1.0.tgz#6ba318eb16961727f5d284f8ea003e8d6154d0c8"
+  integrity sha1-a6MY6xaWFyf10oT46gA+jWFU0Mg=
+  dependencies:
+    camelcase "^3.0.0"
+    cliui "^3.2.0"
+    decamelize "^1.1.1"
+    get-caller-file "^1.0.1"
+    os-locale "^1.4.0"
+    read-pkg-up "^1.0.1"
+    require-directory "^2.1.1"
+    require-main-filename "^1.0.1"
+    set-blocking "^2.0.0"
+    string-width "^1.0.2"
+    which-module "^1.0.0"
+    y18n "^3.2.1"
+    yargs-parser "^5.0.0"
diff --git a/actiontext/test/fixtures/files/racecar.jpg b/actiontext/test/fixtures/files/racecar.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..934b4caa22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/fixtures/files/racecar.jpg
diff --git a/actiontext/test/system/system_test_helper_test.rb b/actiontext/test/system/system_test_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a57fa8d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/system/system_test_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "application_system_test_case"
+
+class ActionText::SystemTestHelperTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
+  test "filling in a rich-text area by ID" do
+    visit new_message_url
+    assert_selector "trix-editor#message_content"
+    fill_in_rich_text_area "message_content", with: "Hello world!"
+    assert_selector :field, "message[content]", with: /Hello world!/, type: "hidden"
+  end
+
+  test "filling in a rich-text area by placeholder" do
+    visit new_message_url
+    assert_selector "trix-editor[placeholder='Your message here']"
+    fill_in_rich_text_area "Your message here", with: "Hello world!"
+    assert_selector :field, "message[content]", with: /Hello world!/, type: "hidden"
+  end
+
+  test "filling in a rich-text area by aria-label" do
+    visit new_message_url
+    assert_selector "trix-editor[aria-label='Message content']"
+    fill_in_rich_text_area "Message content", with: "Hello world!"
+    assert_selector :field, "message[content]", with: /Hello world!/, type: "hidden"
+  end
+
+  test "filling in a rich-text area by input name" do
+    visit new_message_url
+    assert_selector "trix-editor[input]"
+    fill_in_rich_text_area "message[content]", with: "Hello world!"
+    assert_selector :field, "message[content]", with: /Hello world!/, type: "hidden"
+  end
+
+  test "filling in the only rich-text area" do
+    visit new_message_url
+    fill_in_rich_text_area with: "Hello world!"
+    assert_selector :field, "message[content]", with: /Hello world!/, type: "hidden"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actiontext/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf7e4c0c69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionText::FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionText::TagHelper
+
+  def form_with(*)
+    @output_buffer = super
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    I18n.backend.store_translations("placeholder",
+      activerecord: {
+        attributes: {
+          message: {
+            title: "Story title"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "form with rich text area" do
+    form_with model: Message.new, scope: :message do |form|
+      form.rich_text_area :content
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal \
+      '<form action="/messages" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post">' \
+        '<input type="hidden" name="message[content]" id="message_content_trix_input_message" />' \
+        '<trix-editor id="message_content" input="message_content_trix_input_message" class="trix-content" data-direct-upload-url="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/direct_uploads" data-blob-url-template="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/:filename">' \
+        "</trix-editor>" \
+      "</form>",
+      output_buffer
+  end
+
+  test "form with rich text area having class" do
+    form_with model: Message.new, scope: :message do |form|
+      form.rich_text_area :content, class: "custom-class"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal \
+      '<form action="/messages" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post">' \
+        '<input type="hidden" name="message[content]" id="message_content_trix_input_message" />' \
+        '<trix-editor id="message_content" input="message_content_trix_input_message" class="custom-class" data-direct-upload-url="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/direct_uploads" data-blob-url-template="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/:filename">' \
+        "</trix-editor>" \
+      "</form>",
+      output_buffer
+  end
+
+  test "form with rich text area for non-attribute" do
+    form_with model: Message.new, scope: :message do |form|
+      form.rich_text_area :not_an_attribute
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal \
+      '<form action="/messages" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post">' \
+        '<input type="hidden" name="message[not_an_attribute]" id="message_not_an_attribute_trix_input_message" />' \
+        '<trix-editor id="message_not_an_attribute" input="message_not_an_attribute_trix_input_message" class="trix-content" data-direct-upload-url="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/direct_uploads" data-blob-url-template="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/:filename">' \
+        "</trix-editor>" \
+      "</form>",
+      output_buffer
+  end
+
+  test "modelless form with rich text area" do
+    form_with url: "/messages", scope: :message do |form|
+      form.rich_text_area :content
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal \
+      '<form action="/messages" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post">' \
+        '<input type="hidden" name="message[content]" id="trix_input_1" />' \
+        '<trix-editor id="message_content" input="trix_input_1" class="trix-content" data-direct-upload-url="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/direct_uploads" data-blob-url-template="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/:filename">' \
+        "</trix-editor>" \
+      "</form>",
+      output_buffer
+  end
+
+  test "form with rich text area having placeholder without locale" do
+    form_with model: Message.new, scope: :message do |form|
+      form.rich_text_area :content, placeholder: true
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal \
+      '<form action="/messages" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post">' \
+        '<input type="hidden" name="message[content]" id="message_content_trix_input_message" />' \
+        '<trix-editor placeholder="Content" id="message_content" input="message_content_trix_input_message" class="trix-content" data-direct-upload-url="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/direct_uploads" data-blob-url-template="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/:filename">' \
+        "</trix-editor>" \
+      "</form>",
+      output_buffer
+  end
+
+  test "form with rich text area having placeholder with locale" do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_with model: Message.new, scope: :message do |form|
+        form.rich_text_area :title, placeholder: true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal \
+      '<form action="/messages" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post">' \
+        '<input type="hidden" name="message[title]" id="message_title_trix_input_message" />' \
+        '<trix-editor placeholder="Story title" id="message_title" input="message_title_trix_input_message" class="trix-content" data-direct-upload-url="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/direct_uploads" data-blob-url-template="http://test.host/rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/:filename">' \
+        "</trix-editor>" \
+      "</form>",
+      output_buffer
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/test_helper.rb b/actiontext/test/test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51a207f76a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Configure Rails Environment
+ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
+
+require_relative "../test/dummy/config/environment"
+ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = [File.expand_path("../test/dummy/db/migrate", __dir__)]
+require "rails/test_help"
+
+# Filter out Minitest backtrace while allowing backtrace from other libraries
+# to be shown.
+Minitest.backtrace_filter = Minitest::BacktraceFilter.new
+
+require "rails/test_unit/reporter"
+Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable = "bin/test"
+
+# Disable available locale checks to allow to add locale after initialized.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
+# Load fixtures from the engine
+if ActiveSupport::TestCase.respond_to?(:fixture_path=)
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path = File.expand_path("fixtures", __dir__)
+  ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.file_fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path + "/files"
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixtures :all
+end
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  private
+    def create_file_blob(filename:, content_type:, metadata: nil)
+      ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload! io: file_fixture(filename).open, filename: filename, content_type: content_type, metadata: metadata
+    end
+end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/actiontext/test/unit/attachment_test.rb b/actiontext/test/unit/attachment_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54831a0271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/unit/attachment_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionText::AttachmentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "from_attachable" do
+    attachment = ActionText::Attachment.from_attachable(attachable, caption: "Captioned")
+    assert_equal attachable, attachment.attachable
+    assert_equal "Captioned", attachment.caption
+  end
+
+  test "proxies missing methods to attachable" do
+    attachable.instance_eval { def proxied; "proxied"; end }
+    attachment = ActionText::Attachment.from_attachable(attachable)
+    assert_equal "proxied", attachment.proxied
+  end
+
+  test "proxies #to_param to attachable" do
+    attachment = ActionText::Attachment.from_attachable(attachable)
+    assert_equal attachable.to_param, attachment.to_param
+  end
+
+  test "converts to TrixAttachment" do
+    attachment = attachment_from_html(%Q(<action-text-attachment sgid="#{attachable.attachable_sgid}" caption="Captioned"></action-text-attachment>))
+
+    trix_attachment = attachment.to_trix_attachment
+    assert_kind_of ActionText::TrixAttachment, trix_attachment
+
+    assert_equal attachable.attachable_sgid, trix_attachment.attributes["sgid"]
+    assert_equal attachable.attachable_content_type, trix_attachment.attributes["contentType"]
+    assert_equal attachable.filename.to_s, trix_attachment.attributes["filename"]
+    assert_equal attachable.byte_size, trix_attachment.attributes["filesize"]
+    assert_equal "Captioned", trix_attachment.attributes["caption"]
+
+    assert_not_nil attachable.to_trix_content_attachment_partial_path
+    assert_not_nil trix_attachment.attributes["content"]
+  end
+
+  test "converts to TrixAttachment with content" do
+    attachable = Person.create! name: "Javan"
+    attachment = attachment_from_html(%Q(<action-text-attachment sgid="#{attachable.attachable_sgid}"></action-text-attachment>))
+
+    trix_attachment = attachment.to_trix_attachment
+    assert_kind_of ActionText::TrixAttachment, trix_attachment
+
+    assert_equal attachable.attachable_sgid, trix_attachment.attributes["sgid"]
+    assert_equal attachable.attachable_content_type, trix_attachment.attributes["contentType"]
+
+    assert_not_nil attachable.to_trix_content_attachment_partial_path
+    assert_not_nil trix_attachment.attributes["content"]
+  end
+
+  test "converts to plain text" do
+    assert_equal "[Vroom vroom]", ActionText::Attachment.from_attachable(attachable, caption: "Vroom vroom").to_plain_text
+    assert_equal "[racecar.jpg]", ActionText::Attachment.from_attachable(attachable).to_plain_text
+  end
+
+  test "defaults trix partial to model partial" do
+    attachable = Page.create! title: "Homepage"
+    assert_equal "pages/page", attachable.to_trix_content_attachment_partial_path
+  end
+
+  private
+    def attachment_from_html(html)
+      ActionText::Content.new(html).attachments.first
+    end
+
+    def attachable
+      @attachment ||= create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/unit/content_test.rb b/actiontext/test/unit/content_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f77f48df14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/unit/content_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionText::ContentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "equality" do
+    html = "<div>test</div>"
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal content, content_from_html(html)
+    assert_not_equal content, html
+  end
+
+  test "marshal serialization" do
+    content = content_from_html("Hello!")
+    assert_equal content, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(content))
+  end
+
+  test "roundtrips HTML without additional newlines" do
+    html = "<div>a<br></div>"
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal html, content.to_html
+  end
+
+  test "extracts links" do
+    html = '<a href="http://example.com/1">1</a><br><a href="http://example.com/1">1</a>'
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal ["http://example.com/1"], content.links
+  end
+
+  test "extracts attachables" do
+    attachable = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+    html = %Q(<action-text-attachment sgid="#{attachable.attachable_sgid}" caption="Captioned"></action-text-attachment>)
+
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal 1, content.attachments.size
+
+    attachment = content.attachments.first
+    assert_equal "Captioned", attachment.caption
+    assert_equal attachable, attachment.attachable
+  end
+
+  test "extracts remote image attachables" do
+    html = '<action-text-attachment content-type="image" url="http://example.com/cat.jpg" width="100" height="100" caption="Captioned"></action-text-attachment>'
+
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal 1, content.attachments.size
+
+    attachment = content.attachments.first
+    assert_equal "Captioned", attachment.caption
+
+    attachable = attachment.attachable
+    assert_kind_of ActionText::Attachables::RemoteImage, attachable
+    assert_equal "http://example.com/cat.jpg", attachable.url
+    assert_equal "100", attachable.width
+    assert_equal "100", attachable.height
+  end
+
+  test "identifies destroyed attachables as missing" do
+    attachable = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+    html = %Q(<action-text-attachment sgid="#{attachable.attachable_sgid}"></action-text-attachment>)
+    attachable.destroy!
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal 1, content.attachments.size
+    assert_equal ActionText::Attachables::MissingAttachable, content.attachments.first.attachable
+  end
+
+  test "extracts missing attachables" do
+    html = '<action-text-attachment sgid="missing"></action-text-attachment>'
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal 1, content.attachments.size
+    assert_equal ActionText::Attachables::MissingAttachable, content.attachments.first.attachable
+  end
+
+  test "converts Trix-formatted attachments" do
+    html = %Q(<figure data-trix-attachment='{"sgid":"123","contentType":"text/plain","width":100,"height":100}' data-trix-attributes='{"caption":"Captioned"}'></figure>)
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal 1, content.attachments.size
+    assert_equal '<action-text-attachment sgid="123" content-type="text/plain" width="100" height="100" caption="Captioned"></action-text-attachment>', content.to_html
+  end
+
+  test "ignores Trix-formatted attachments with malformed JSON" do
+    html = %Q(<div data-trix-attachment='{"sgid":"garbage...'></div>)
+    content = content_from_html(html)
+    assert_equal 0, content.attachments.size
+  end
+
+  test "minifies attachment markup" do
+    html = '<action-text-attachment sgid="123"><div>HTML</div></action-text-attachment>'
+    assert_equal '<action-text-attachment sgid="123"></action-text-attachment>', content_from_html(html).to_html
+  end
+
+  test "canonicalizes attachment gallery markup" do
+    attachment_html = '<action-text-attachment sgid="1" presentation="gallery"></action-text-attachment><action-text-attachment sgid="2" presentation="gallery"></action-text-attachment>'
+    html = %Q(<div class="attachment-gallery attachment-gallery--2">#{attachment_html}</div>)
+    assert_equal "<div>#{attachment_html}</div>", content_from_html(html).to_html
+  end
+
+  test "canonicalizes attachment gallery markup with whitespace" do
+    attachment_html = %Q(\n  <action-text-attachment sgid="1" presentation="gallery"></action-text-attachment>\n  <action-text-attachment sgid="2" presentation="gallery"></action-text-attachment>\n)
+    html = %Q(<div class="attachment-gallery attachment-gallery--2">#{attachment_html}</div>)
+    assert_equal "<div>#{attachment_html}</div>", content_from_html(html).to_html
+  end
+
+  test "canonicalizes nested attachment gallery markup" do
+    attachment_html = '<action-text-attachment sgid="1" presentation="gallery"></action-text-attachment><action-text-attachment sgid="2" presentation="gallery"></action-text-attachment>'
+    html = %Q(<blockquote><div class="attachment-gallery attachment-gallery--2">#{attachment_html}</div></blockquote>)
+    assert_equal "<blockquote><div>#{attachment_html}</div></blockquote>", content_from_html(html).to_html
+  end
+
+  private
+    def content_from_html(html)
+      ActionText::Content.new(html).tap do |content|
+        assert_nothing_raised { content.to_s }
+      end
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/unit/model_test.rb b/actiontext/test/unit/model_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2c3ccaaec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/unit/model_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionText::ModelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "html conversion" do
+    message = Message.new(subject: "Greetings", content: "<h1>Hello world</h1>")
+    assert_equal %Q(<div class="trix-content">\n  <h1>Hello world</h1>\n</div>\n), "#{message.content}"
+  end
+
+  test "plain text conversion" do
+    message = Message.new(subject: "Greetings", content: "<h1>Hello world</h1>")
+    assert_equal "Hello world", message.content.to_plain_text
+  end
+
+  test "without content" do
+    message = Message.create!(subject: "Greetings")
+    assert message.content.nil?
+    assert message.content.blank?
+    assert message.content.empty?
+    assert_not message.content.present?
+  end
+
+  test "with blank content" do
+    message = Message.create!(subject: "Greetings", content: "")
+    assert_not message.content.nil?
+    assert message.content.blank?
+    assert message.content.empty?
+    assert_not message.content.present?
+  end
+
+  test "embed extraction" do
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+    message = Message.create!(subject: "Greetings", content: ActionText::Content.new("Hello world").append_attachables(blob))
+    assert_equal "racecar.jpg", message.content.embeds.first.filename.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "embed extraction only extracts file attachments" do
+    remote_image_html = '<action-text-attachment content-type="image" url="http://example.com/cat.jpg"></action-text-attachment>'
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+    content = ActionText::Content.new(remote_image_html).append_attachables(blob)
+    message = Message.create!(subject: "Greetings", content: content)
+    assert_equal [ActionText::Attachables::RemoteImage, ActiveStorage::Blob], message.content.body.attachables.map(&:class)
+    assert_equal [ActiveStorage::Attachment], message.content.embeds.map(&:class)
+  end
+
+  test "embed extraction deduplicates file attachments" do
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+    content = ActionText::Content.new("Hello world").append_attachables([ blob, blob ])
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Message.create!(subject: "Greetings", content: content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "saving content" do
+    message = Message.create!(subject: "Greetings", content: "<h1>Hello world</h1>")
+    assert_equal "Hello world", message.content.to_plain_text
+  end
+
+  test "saving body" do
+    message = Message.create(subject: "Greetings", body: "<h1>Hello world</h1>")
+    assert_equal "Hello world", message.body.to_plain_text
+  end
+
+  test "saving content via nested attributes" do
+    message = Message.create! subject: "Greetings", content: "<h1>Hello world</h1>",
+      review_attributes: { author_name: "Marcia", content: "Nice work!" }
+    assert_equal "Nice work!", message.review.content.to_plain_text
+  end
+
+  test "updating content via nested attributes" do
+    message = Message.create! subject: "Greetings", content: "<h1>Hello world</h1>",
+      review_attributes: { author_name: "Marcia", content: "Nice work!" }
+
+    message.update! review_attributes: { id: message.review.id, content: "Great work!" }
+    assert_equal "Great work!", message.review.reload.content.to_plain_text
+  end
+
+  test "building content lazily on existing record" do
+    message = Message.create!(subject: "Greetings")
+
+    assert_no_difference -> { ActionText::RichText.count } do
+      assert_kind_of ActionText::RichText, message.content
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/unit/plain_text_conversion_test.rb b/actiontext/test/unit/plain_text_conversion_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53a1029caf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/unit/plain_text_conversion_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionText::PlainTextConversionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "<p> tags are separated by two new lines" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello world!\n\nHow are you?",
+      "<p>Hello world!</p><p>How are you?</p>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<blockquote> tags are separated by two new lines" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "“Hello world!”\n\n“How are you?”",
+      "<blockquote>Hello world!</blockquote><blockquote>How are you?</blockquote>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<ol> tags are separated by two new lines" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello world!\n\n1. list1\n\n1. list2\n\nHow are you?",
+      "<p>Hello world!</p><ol><li>list1</li></ol><ol><li>list2</li></ol><p>How are you?</p>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<ul> tags are separated by two new lines" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello world!\n\n• list1\n\n• list2\n\nHow are you?",
+      "<p>Hello world!</p><ul><li>list1</li></ul><ul><li>list2</li></ul><p>How are you?</p>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<h1> tags are separated by two new lines" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello world!\n\nHow are you?",
+      "<h1>Hello world!</h1><div>How are you?</div>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<li> tags are separated by one new line" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "• one\n• two\n• three",
+      "<ul><li>one</li><li>two</li><li>three</li></ul>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<li> tags without a parent list" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "• one\n• two\n• three",
+      "<li>one</li><li>two</li><li>three</li>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<br> tags are separated by one new line" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello world!\none\ntwo\nthree",
+      "<p>Hello world!<br>one<br>two<br>three</p>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<div> tags are separated by one new line" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello world!\nHow are you?",
+      "<div>Hello world!</div><div>How are you?</div>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "<action-text-attachment> tags are converted to their plain-text representation" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello world! [Cat]",
+      'Hello world! <action-text-attachment url="http://example.com/cat.jpg" content-type="image" caption="Cat"></action-text-attachment>'
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "preserves non-linebreak whitespace after text" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello world!",
+      "<div><strong>Hello </strong>world!</div>"
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "preserves trailing linebreaks after text" do
+    assert_converted_to(
+      "Hello\nHow are you?",
+      "<strong>Hello<br></strong>How are you?"
+    )
+  end
+
+  private
+    def assert_converted_to(plain_text, html)
+      assert_equal plain_text, ActionText::Content.new(html).to_plain_text
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actiontext/test/unit/trix_attachment_test.rb b/actiontext/test/unit/trix_attachment_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81d015750e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actiontext/test/unit/trix_attachment_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ActionText::TrixAttachmentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "from_attributes" do
+    attributes = {
+      "data-trix-attachment" => {
+        "sgid" => "123",
+        "contentType" => "text/plain",
+        "href" => "http://example.com/",
+        "filename" => "example.txt",
+        "filesize" => 12345,
+        "previewable" => true
+      },
+      "data-trix-attributes" => {
+        "caption" => "hello"
+      }
+    }
+
+    attachment = attachment(
+      sgid: "123",
+      content_type: "text/plain",
+      href: "http://example.com/",
+      filename: "example.txt",
+      filesize: "12345",
+      previewable: "true",
+      caption: "hello"
+    )
+
+    assert_attachment_json_attributes(attachment, attributes)
+  end
+
+  test "previewable is typecast" do
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(previewable: ""), "previewable", false)
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(previewable: false), "previewable", false)
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(previewable: "false"), "previewable", false)
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(previewable: "garbage"), "previewable", false)
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(previewable: true), "previewable", true)
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(previewable: "true"), "previewable", true)
+  end
+
+  test "filesize is typecast when integer-like" do
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(filesize: 123), "filesize", 123)
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(filesize: "123"), "filesize", 123)
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(filesize: "3.5 MB"), "filesize", "3.5 MB")
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(filesize: nil), "filesize", nil)
+    assert_attachment_attribute(attachment(filesize: ""), "filesize", "")
+  end
+
+  test "#attributes strips unmappable attributes" do
+    attributes = {
+      "sgid" => "123",
+      "caption" => "hello"
+    }
+
+    attachment = attachment(sgid: "123", caption: "hello", nonexistent: "garbage")
+    assert_attachment_attributes(attachment, attributes)
+  end
+
+  def assert_attachment_attribute(attachment, name, value)
+    if value.nil?
+      assert_nil(attachment.attributes[name])
+    else
+      assert_equal(value, attachment.attributes[name])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_attachment_attributes(attachment, attributes)
+    assert_equal(attributes, attachment.attributes)
+  end
+
+  def assert_attachment_json_attributes(attachment, attributes)
+    attributes.each do |name, expected|
+      actual = JSON.parse(attachment.node[name])
+      assert_equal(expected, actual)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attachment(**attributes)
+    ActionText::TrixAttachment.from_attributes(attributes)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
index 237a25ba4f..504b1d3e98 100644
--- a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,164 +1,19 @@
-*   Prevent `ActionView::TextHelper#word_wrap` from unexpectedly stripping white space from the _left_ side of lines.
+*   annotated_source_code returns an empty array so TemplateErrors without a
+    template in the backtrace are surfaced properly by DebugExceptions.
 
-    For example, given input like this:
+    *Guilherme Mansur*, *Kasper Timm Hansen*
 
-    ```
-        This is a paragraph with an initial indent,
-    followed by additional lines that are not indented,
-    and finally terminated with a blockquote:
-      "A pithy saying"
-    ```
+*   Add autoload for SyntaxErrorInTemplate so syntax errors are correctly raised by DebugExceptions.
 
-    Calling `word_wrap` should not trim the indents on the first and last lines.
+    *Guilherme Mansur*, *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-    Fixes #34487
+*   `RenderingHelper` supports rendering objects that `respond_to?` `:render_in`
 
-    *Lyle Mullican*
+    *Joel Hawksley*, *Natasha Umer*, *Aaron Patterson*, *Shawn Allen*, *Emily Plummer*, *Diana Mounter*, *John Hawthorn*, *Nathan Herald*, *Zaid Zawaideh*, *Zach Ahn*
 
+*   Fix `select_tag` so that it doesn't change `options` when `include_blank` is present.
 
-*   Add allocations to template rendering instrumentation.
+    *Younes SERRAJ*
 
-    Adds the allocations for template and partial rendering to the server output on render.
 
-    ```
-      Rendered posts/_form.html.erb (Duration: 7.1ms | Allocations: 6004)
-      Rendered posts/new.html.erb within layouts/application (Duration: 8.3ms | Allocations: 6654)
-    Completed 200 OK in 858ms (Views: 848.4ms | ActiveRecord: 0.4ms | Allocations: 1539564)
-    ```
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
-
-*   Respect the `only_path` option passed to `url_for` when the options are passed in as an array
-
-    Fixes #33237.
-
-    *Joel Ambass*
-
-*   Deprecate calling private model methods from view helpers.
-
-    For example, in methods like `options_from_collection_for_select`
-    and `collection_select` it is possible to call private methods from
-    the objects used.
-
-    Fixes #33546.
-
-    *Ana María Martínez Gómez*
-
-*   Fix issue with `button_to`'s `to_form_params`
-
-    `button_to` was throwing exception when invoked with `params` hash that
-    contains symbol and string keys. The reason for the exception was that
-    `to_form_params` was comparing the given symbol and string keys.
-
-    The issue is fixed by turning all keys to strings inside
-    `to_form_params` before comparing them.
-
-    *Georgi Georgiev*
-
-*   Mark arrays of translations as trusted safe by using the `_html` suffix.
-
-    Example:
-
-        en:
-          foo_html:
-            - "One"
-            - "<strong>Two</strong>"
-            - "Three &#128075; &#128578;"
-
-    *Juan Broullon*
-
-*   Add `year_format` option to date_select tag. This option makes it possible to customize year
-    names. Lambda should be passed to use this option.
-
-    Example:
-
-        date_select('user_birthday', '', start_year: 1998, end_year: 2000, year_format: ->year { "Heisei #{year - 1988}" })
-
-    The HTML produced:
-
-        <select id="user_birthday__1i" name="user_birthday[(1i)]">
-        <option value="1998">Heisei 10</option>
-        <option value="1999">Heisei 11</option>
-        <option value="2000">Heisei 12</option>
-        </select>
-        /* The rest is omitted */
-
-    *Koki Ryu*
-
-*   Fix JavaScript views rendering does not work with Firefox when using
-    Content Security Policy.
-
-    Fixes #32577.
-
-    *Yuji Yaginuma*
-
-*   Add the `nonce: true` option for `javascript_include_tag` helper to
-    support automatic nonce generation for Content Security Policy.
-    Works the same way as `javascript_tag nonce: true` does.
-
-    *Yaroslav Markin*
-
-*   Remove `ActionView::Helpers::RecordTagHelper`.
-
-    *Yoshiyuki Hirano*
-
-*   Disable `ActionView::Template` finalizers in test environment.
-
-    Template finalization can be expensive in large view test suites.
-    Add a configuration option,
-    `action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods`, and turn it off in
-    the test environment.
-
-    *Simon Coffey*
-
-*   Extract the `confirm` call in its own, overridable method in `rails_ujs`.
-
-    Example:
-
-        Rails.confirm = function(message, element) {
-          return (my_bootstrap_modal_confirm(message));
-        }
-
-    *Mathieu Mahé*
-
-*   Enable select tag helper to mark `prompt` option as `selected` and/or `disabled` for `required`
-    field.
-
-    Example:
-
-        select :post,
-               :category,
-               ["lifestyle", "programming", "spiritual"],
-               { selected: "", disabled: "", prompt: "Choose one" },
-               { required: true }
-
-    Placeholder option would be selected and disabled.
-
-    The HTML produced:
-
-        <select required="required" name="post[category]" id="post_category">
-        <option disabled="disabled" selected="selected" value="">Choose one</option>
-        <option value="lifestyle">lifestyle</option>
-        <option value="programming">programming</option>
-        <option value="spiritual">spiritual</option></select>
-
-    *Sergey Prikhodko*
-
-*   Don't enforce UTF-8 by default.
-
-    With the disabling of TLS 1.0 by most major websites, continuing to run
-    IE8 or lower becomes increasingly difficult so default to not enforcing
-    UTF-8 encoding as it's not relevant to other browsers.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Change translation key of `submit_tag` from `module_name_class_name` to `module_name/class_name`.
-
-    *Rui Onodera*
-
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
-
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionview/MIT-LICENSE b/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
index 1cb3add0fc..ab7c27c209 100644
--- a/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionview/README.rdoc b/actionview/README.rdoc
index 03a0723564..ba50c67024 100644
--- a/actionview/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionview/README.rdoc
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ view helpers that assist when building HTML forms, Atom feeds and more.
 Template formats that Action View handles are ERB (embedded Ruby, typically
 used to inline short Ruby snippets inside HTML), and XML Builder.
 
+You can read more about Action View in the {Action View Overview}[https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/action_view_overview.html] guide.
+
 == Download and installation
 
 The latest version of Action View can be installed with RubyGems:
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ Action View is released under the MIT license:
 
 API documentation is at
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/actionview/Rakefile b/actionview/Rakefile
index 7851a2b6bf..237e458b6f 100644
--- a/actionview/Rakefile
+++ b/actionview/Rakefile
@@ -31,9 +31,26 @@ namespace :test do
 
   desc "Run tests for rails-ujs"
   task :ujs do
+    system("npm run lint")
+    exit $?.exitstatus unless $?.success?
+
     begin
+      listen_host = "localhost"
+      listen_port = "4567"
+
+      runner_command = %w(ruby ../ci/qunit-selenium-runner.rb)
+      if ENV["SELENIUM_DRIVER_URL"]
+        require "socket"
+        runner_command += %W(http://#{Socket.gethostname}:#{listen_port}/ #{ENV["SELENIUM_DRIVER_URL"]})
+        listen_host = "0.0.0.0"
+      else
+        runner_command += %W(http://localhost:#{listen_port}/)
+      end
+
       Dir.mkdir("log")
-      pid = spawn("bundle exec rackup test/ujs/config.ru -p 4567 -s puma > log/test.log 2>&1", pgroup: true)
+      pid = File.open("log/test.log", "w") do |f|
+        spawn(*%W(rackup test/ujs/config.ru -o #{listen_host} -p #{listen_port} -s puma), out: f, err: f, pgroup: true)
+      end
 
       start_time = Time.now
 
@@ -41,12 +58,16 @@ namespace :test do
         break if system("lsof -i :4567", 1 => File::NULL)
 
         if Time.now - start_time > 5
-          puts "Timed out after 5 seconds"
+          puts "Failed to start puma after 5 seconds"
+          puts
+          puts File.read("log/test.log")
           exit 1
         end
+
+        sleep 0.2
       end
 
-      system("npm run lint && bundle exec ruby ../ci/qunit-selenium-runner.rb http://localhost:4567/")
+      system(*runner_command)
       status = $?.exitstatus
     ensure
       Process.kill("KILL", -pid) if pid
diff --git a/actionview/actionview.gemspec b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
index 5f1e746421..200c775dcc 100644
--- a/actionview/actionview.gemspec
+++ b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "Rendering framework putting the V in MVC (part of Rails)."
   s.description = "Simple, battle-tested conventions and helpers for building web pages."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "README.rdoc", "MIT-LICENSE", "lib/**/*"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
diff --git a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/MIT-LICENSE b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/MIT-LICENSE
index 28e1b12496..03319ea365 100644
--- a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2007-2018 Rails Core team
+Copyright (c) 2007-2019 Rails Core team
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/README.md b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/README.md
index b74fa1afad..c9282ba76f 100644
--- a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/README.md
+++ b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/README.md
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ Note that the `data` attributes this library adds are a feature of HTML5. If you
 
 ## Installation
 
-### NPM
+### npm
+
+    npm install @rails/ujs --save
 
-    npm install rails-ujs --save
-    
 ### Yarn
-    
-    yarn add rails-ujs
+
+    yarn add @rails/ujs
 
 Ensure that `.yarnclean` does not include `assets` if you use [yarn autoclean](https://yarnpkg.com/lang/en/docs/cli/autoclean/).
 
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@ In a conventional Rails application that uses the asset pipeline, require `rails
 If you're using the Webpacker gem or some other JavaScript bundler, add the following to your main JS file:
 
 ```javascript
-import Rails from 'rails-ujs';
-Rails.start()
+require("@rails/ujs").start()
 ```
 
 ## How to run tests
@@ -53,5 +52,5 @@ Run `bundle exec rake ujs:server` first, and then run the web tests by visiting
 rails-ujs is released under the [MIT License](MIT-LICENSE).
 
 [data]: https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/dom.html#embedding-custom-non-visible-data-with-the-data-attributes "Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes"
-[validator]: http://validator.w3.org/
-[csrf]: http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/RequestForgeryProtection.html
+[validator]: https://validator.w3.org/
+[csrf]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/RequestForgeryProtection.html
diff --git a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/features/disable.coffee b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/features/disable.coffee
index a8c692ee62..4cfaead078 100644
--- a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/features/disable.coffee
+++ b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/features/disable.coffee
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ Rails.disableElement = (e) ->
 #  Replace element's html with the 'data-disable-with' after storing original html
 #  and prevent clicking on it
 disableLinkElement = (element) ->
+  return if getData(element, 'ujs:disabled')
   replacement = element.getAttribute('data-disable-with')
   if replacement?
     setData(element, 'ujs:enable-with', element.innerHTML) # store enabled state
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ disableFormElements = (form) ->
   formElements(form, Rails.formDisableSelector).forEach(disableFormElement)
 
 disableFormElement = (element) ->
+  return if getData(element, 'ujs:disabled')
   replacement = element.getAttribute('data-disable-with')
   if replacement?
     if matches(element, 'button')
diff --git a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/features/remote.coffee b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/features/remote.coffee
index b3448dabac..d1aeef56c7 100644
--- a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/features/remote.coffee
+++ b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/features/remote.coffee
@@ -82,9 +82,12 @@ Rails.formSubmitButtonClick = (e) ->
   setData(form, 'ujs:submit-button-formaction', button.getAttribute('formaction'))
   setData(form, 'ujs:submit-button-formmethod', button.getAttribute('formmethod'))
 
-Rails.handleMetaClick = (e) ->
+Rails.preventInsignificantClick = (e) ->
   link = this
   method = (link.getAttribute('data-method') or 'GET').toUpperCase()
   data = link.getAttribute('data-params')
   metaClick = e.metaKey or e.ctrlKey
-  e.stopImmediatePropagation() if metaClick and method is 'GET' and not data
+  insignificantMetaClick = metaClick and method is 'GET' and not data
+  nonPrimaryMouseClick = e.button? and e.button isnt 0
+  e.stopImmediatePropagation() if nonPrimaryMouseClick or insignificantMetaClick
+
diff --git a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/start.coffee b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/start.coffee
index 32a915ac0b..0347058195 100644
--- a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/start.coffee
+++ b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/start.coffee
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
   fire, delegate
   getData, $
   refreshCSRFTokens, CSRFProtection
+  loadCSPNonce
   enableElement, disableElement, handleDisabledElement
-  handleConfirm
-  handleRemote, formSubmitButtonClick, handleMetaClick
+  handleConfirm, preventInsignificantClick
+  handleRemote, formSubmitButtonClick,
   handleMethod
 } = Rails
 
@@ -35,13 +36,14 @@ Rails.start = ->
   delegate document, Rails.buttonDisableSelector, 'ajax:complete', enableElement
   delegate document, Rails.buttonDisableSelector, 'ajax:stopped', enableElement
 
+  delegate document, Rails.linkClickSelector, 'click', preventInsignificantClick
   delegate document, Rails.linkClickSelector, 'click', handleDisabledElement
   delegate document, Rails.linkClickSelector, 'click', handleConfirm
-  delegate document, Rails.linkClickSelector, 'click', handleMetaClick
   delegate document, Rails.linkClickSelector, 'click', disableElement
   delegate document, Rails.linkClickSelector, 'click', handleRemote
   delegate document, Rails.linkClickSelector, 'click', handleMethod
 
+  delegate document, Rails.buttonClickSelector, 'click', preventInsignificantClick
   delegate document, Rails.buttonClickSelector, 'click', handleDisabledElement
   delegate document, Rails.buttonClickSelector, 'click', handleConfirm
   delegate document, Rails.buttonClickSelector, 'click', disableElement
@@ -60,11 +62,13 @@ Rails.start = ->
   delegate document, Rails.formSubmitSelector, 'ajax:send', disableElement
   delegate document, Rails.formSubmitSelector, 'ajax:complete', enableElement
 
+  delegate document, Rails.formInputClickSelector, 'click', preventInsignificantClick
   delegate document, Rails.formInputClickSelector, 'click', handleDisabledElement
   delegate document, Rails.formInputClickSelector, 'click', handleConfirm
   delegate document, Rails.formInputClickSelector, 'click', formSubmitButtonClick
 
   document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', refreshCSRFTokens)
+  document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', loadCSPNonce)
   window._rails_loaded = true
 
 if window.Rails is Rails and fire(document, 'rails:attachBindings')
diff --git a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/ajax.coffee b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/ajax.coffee
index 019bda635a..5b223d50f6 100644
--- a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/ajax.coffee
+++ b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/ajax.coffee
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ processResponse = (response, type) ->
       script.setAttribute('nonce', cspNonce())
       script.text = response
       document.head.appendChild(script).parentNode.removeChild(script)
-    else if type.match(/\bxml\b/)
+    else if type.match(/\b(xml|html|svg)\b/)
       parser = new DOMParser()
       type = type.replace(/;.+/, '') # remove something like ';charset=utf-8'
       try response = parser.parseFromString(response, type)
diff --git a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/csp.coffee b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/csp.coffee
index 8d2d6ce447..a33f531375 100644
--- a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/csp.coffee
+++ b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/csp.coffee
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-# Content-Security-Policy nonce for inline scripts
-cspNonce = Rails.cspNonce = ->
-  meta = document.querySelector('meta[name=csp-nonce]')
-  meta and meta.content
+nonce = null
+
+Rails.loadCSPNonce = ->
+  nonce = document.querySelector("meta[name=csp-nonce]")?.content
+
+# Returns the Content-Security-Policy nonce for inline scripts.
+Rails.cspNonce = ->
+  nonce ? Rails.loadCSPNonce()
diff --git a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/event.coffee b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/event.coffee
index a7eee52060..768d9683d4 100644
--- a/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/event.coffee
+++ b/actionview/app/assets/javascripts/rails-ujs/utils/event.coffee
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ if typeof CustomEvent isnt 'function'
 # obj::
 #   a native DOM element
 # name::
-#   string that corrspends to the event you want to trigger
+#   string that corresponds to the event you want to trigger
 #   e.g. 'click', 'submit'
 # data::
 #   data you want to pass when you dispatch an event
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
index c1eeda75f5..11b4563548 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ module ActionView
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :Base
     autoload :Context
-    autoload :CompiledTemplates, "action_view/context"
     autoload :Digestor
     autoload :Helpers
     autoload :LookupContext
@@ -45,6 +44,7 @@ module ActionView
     autoload :Rendering
     autoload :RoutingUrlFor
     autoload :Template
+    autoload :UnboundTemplate
     autoload :ViewPaths
 
     autoload_under "renderer" do
@@ -77,10 +77,12 @@ module ActionView
       autoload :ActionViewError
       autoload :EncodingError
       autoload :TemplateError
+      autoload :SyntaxErrorInTemplate
       autoload :WrongEncodingError
     end
   end
 
+  autoload :CacheExpiry
   autoload :TestCase
 
   def self.eager_load!
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
index d41fe2a608..40d5ed36a1 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -179,37 +179,133 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       def xss_safe? #:nodoc:
         true
       end
+
+      def with_empty_template_cache # :nodoc:
+        subclass = Class.new(self) {
+          # We can't implement these as self.class because subclasses will
+          # share the same template cache as superclasses, so "changed?" won't work
+          # correctly.
+          define_method(:compiled_method_container)           { subclass }
+          define_singleton_method(:compiled_method_container) { subclass }
+        }
+      end
+
+      def changed?(other) # :nodoc:
+        compiled_method_container != other.compiled_method_container
+      end
     end
 
-    attr_accessor :view_renderer
+    attr_reader :view_renderer, :lookup_context
     attr_internal :config, :assigns
 
-    delegate :lookup_context, to: :view_renderer
     delegate :formats, :formats=, :locale, :locale=, :view_paths, :view_paths=, to: :lookup_context
 
     def assign(new_assigns) # :nodoc:
       @_assigns = new_assigns.each { |key, value| instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value) }
     end
 
-    def initialize(context = nil, assigns = {}, controller = nil, formats = nil) #:nodoc:
+    # :stopdoc:
+
+    def self.build_lookup_context(context)
+      case context
+      when ActionView::Renderer
+        context.lookup_context
+      when Array
+        ActionView::LookupContext.new(context)
+      when ActionView::PathSet
+        ActionView::LookupContext.new(context)
+      when nil
+        ActionView::LookupContext.new([])
+      else
+        raise NotImplementedError, context.class.name
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.empty
+      with_view_paths([])
+    end
+
+    def self.with_view_paths(view_paths, assigns = {}, controller = nil)
+      with_context ActionView::LookupContext.new(view_paths), assigns, controller
+    end
+
+    def self.with_context(context, assigns = {}, controller = nil)
+      new context, assigns, controller
+    end
+
+    NULL = Object.new
+
+    # :startdoc:
+
+    def initialize(lookup_context = nil, assigns = {}, controller = nil, formats = NULL) #:nodoc:
       @_config = ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new
 
-      if context.is_a?(ActionView::Renderer)
-        @view_renderer = context
+      unless formats == NULL
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~eowarn.squish
+        Passing formats to ActionView::Base.new is deprecated
+        eowarn
+      end
+
+      case lookup_context
+      when ActionView::LookupContext
+        @lookup_context = lookup_context
       else
-        lookup_context = context.is_a?(ActionView::LookupContext) ?
-          context : ActionView::LookupContext.new(context)
-        lookup_context.formats  = formats if formats
-        lookup_context.prefixes = controller._prefixes if controller
-        @view_renderer = ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~eowarn.squish
+        ActionView::Base instances should be constructed with a lookup context,
+        assignments, and a controller.
+        eowarn
+        @lookup_context = self.class.build_lookup_context(lookup_context)
       end
 
+      @view_renderer = ActionView::Renderer.new @lookup_context
+      @current_template = nil
+
       @cache_hit = {}
       assign(assigns)
       assign_controller(controller)
       _prepare_context
     end
 
+    def _run(method, template, locals, buffer, &block)
+      _old_output_buffer, _old_virtual_path, _old_template = @output_buffer, @virtual_path, @current_template
+      @current_template = template
+      @output_buffer = buffer
+      send(method, locals, buffer, &block)
+    ensure
+      @output_buffer, @virtual_path, @current_template = _old_output_buffer, _old_virtual_path, _old_template
+    end
+
+    def compiled_method_container
+      if self.class == ActionView::Base
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~eowarn.squish
+          ActionView::Base instances must implement `compiled_method_container`
+          or use the class method `with_empty_template_cache` for constructing
+          an ActionView::Base instances that has an empty cache.
+        eowarn
+      end
+
+      self.class
+    end
+
+    def in_rendering_context(options)
+      old_view_renderer  = @view_renderer
+      old_lookup_context = @lookup_context
+
+      if !lookup_context.html_fallback_for_js && options[:formats]
+        formats = Array(options[:formats])
+        if formats == [:js]
+          formats << :html
+        end
+        @lookup_context = lookup_context.with_prepended_formats(formats)
+        @view_renderer = ActionView::Renderer.new @lookup_context
+      end
+
+      yield @view_renderer
+    ensure
+      @view_renderer = old_view_renderer
+      @lookup_context = old_lookup_context
+    end
+
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_view, self)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/cache_expiry.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/cache_expiry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27690561b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/cache_expiry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionView
+  class CacheExpiry
+    class Executor
+      def initialize(watcher:)
+        @cache_expiry = CacheExpiry.new(watcher: watcher)
+      end
+
+      def before(target)
+        @cache_expiry.clear_cache_if_necessary
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(watcher:)
+      @watched_dirs = nil
+      @watcher_class = watcher
+      @watcher = nil
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+    end
+
+    def clear_cache_if_necessary
+      @mutex.synchronize do
+        watched_dirs = dirs_to_watch
+        return if watched_dirs.empty?
+
+        if watched_dirs != @watched_dirs
+          @watched_dirs = watched_dirs
+          @watcher = @watcher_class.new([], watched_dirs) do
+            clear_cache
+          end
+          @watcher.execute
+        else
+          @watcher.execute_if_updated
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def clear_cache
+      ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+    end
+
+    private
+      def dirs_to_watch
+        fs_paths = all_view_paths.grep(FileSystemResolver)
+        fs_paths.map(&:path).sort.uniq
+      end
+
+      def all_view_paths
+        ActionView::ViewPaths.all_view_paths.flat_map(&:paths)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/context.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/context.rb
index 3c605c3ee3..2b22c30a3a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/context.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/context.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module ActionView
-  module CompiledTemplates #:nodoc:
-    # holds compiled template code
-  end
-
   # = Action View Context
   #
   # Action View contexts are supplied to Action Controller to render a template.
@@ -16,7 +12,6 @@ module ActionView
   # object that includes this module (although you can call _prepare_context
   # defined below).
   module Context
-    include CompiledTemplates
     attr_accessor :output_buffer, :view_flow
 
     # Prepares the context by setting the appropriate instance variables.
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
index 6d2e471a44..97a6da3634 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
@@ -6,23 +6,17 @@ module ActionView
   class Digestor
     @@digest_mutex = Mutex.new
 
-    module PerExecutionDigestCacheExpiry
-      def self.before(target)
-        ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
-      end
-    end
-
     class << self
       # Supported options:
       #
       # * <tt>name</tt>   - Template name
       # * <tt>finder</tt>  - An instance of <tt>ActionView::LookupContext</tt>
       # * <tt>dependencies</tt>  - An array of dependent views
-      def digest(name:, finder:, dependencies: nil)
+      def digest(name:, format:, finder:, dependencies: nil)
         if dependencies.nil? || dependencies.empty?
-          cache_key = "#{name}.#{finder.rendered_format}"
+          cache_key = "#{name}.#{format}"
         else
-          cache_key = [ name, finder.rendered_format, dependencies ].flatten.compact.join(".")
+          cache_key = [ name, format, dependencies ].flatten.compact.join(".")
         end
 
         # this is a correctly done double-checked locking idiom
@@ -48,8 +42,6 @@ module ActionView
         logical_name = name.gsub(%r|/_|, "/")
 
         if template = find_template(finder, logical_name, [], partial, [])
-          finder.rendered_format ||= template.formats.first
-
           if node = seen[template.identifier] # handle cycles in the tree
             node
           else
@@ -73,9 +65,7 @@ module ActionView
       private
         def find_template(finder, name, prefixes, partial, keys)
           finder.disable_cache do
-            format = finder.rendered_format
-            result = finder.find_all(name, prefixes, partial, keys, formats: [format]).first if format
-            result || finder.find_all(name, prefixes, partial, keys).first
+            finder.find_all(name, prefixes, partial, keys).first
           end
         end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/flows.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/flows.rb
index ff44fa6619..1609777182 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/flows.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/flows.rb
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     private
-
       def inside_fiber?
         Fiber.current.object_id != @root
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
index 77ae444a58..011662d8d1 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActionView
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
index e41a95d2ce..e8f1d4fee5 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       private
-
         def object_has_errors?
           object.respond_to?(:errors) && object.errors.respond_to?(:[]) && error_message.present?
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
index 3d7c8dae75..1e1d97fe75 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 require "action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper"
 require "action_view/helpers/tag_helper"
 
@@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ module ActionView
       def preload_link_tag(source, options = {})
         href = asset_path(source, skip_pipeline: options.delete(:skip_pipeline))
         extname = File.extname(source).downcase.delete(".")
-        mime_type = options.delete(:type) || Template::Types[extname].try(:to_s)
+        mime_type = options.delete(:type) || Template::Types[extname]&.to_s
         as_type = options.delete(:as) || resolve_link_as(extname, mime_type)
         crossorigin = options.delete(:crossorigin)
         crossorigin = "anonymous" if crossorigin == true || (crossorigin.blank? && as_type == "font")
@@ -329,14 +328,14 @@ module ActionView
       #   image_tag("pic.jpg", srcset: [["pic_1024.jpg", "1024w"], ["pic_1980.jpg", "1980w"]], sizes: "100vw")
       #   # => <img src="/assets/pic.jpg" srcset="/assets/pic_1024.jpg 1024w, /assets/pic_1980.jpg 1980w" sizes="100vw">
       #
-      # Active Storage (images that are uploaded by the users of your app):
+      # Active Storage blobs (images that are uploaded by the users of your app):
       #
       #   image_tag(user.avatar)
       #   # => <img src="/rails/active_storage/blobs/.../tiger.jpg" />
-      #   image_tag(user.avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]))
-      #   # => <img src="/rails/active_storage/variants/.../tiger.jpg" />
-      #   image_tag(user.avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]), size: '100')
-      #   # => <img width="100" height="100" src="/rails/active_storage/variants/.../tiger.jpg" />
+      #   image_tag(user.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]))
+      #   # => <img src="/rails/active_storage/representations/.../tiger.jpg" />
+      #   image_tag(user.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]), size: '100')
+      #   # => <img width="100" height="100" src="/rails/active_storage/representations/.../tiger.jpg" />
       def image_tag(source, options = {})
         options = options.symbolize_keys
         check_for_image_tag_errors(options)
@@ -355,29 +354,6 @@ module ActionView
         tag("img", options)
       end
 
-      # Returns a string suitable for an HTML image tag alt attribute.
-      # The +src+ argument is meant to be an image file path.
-      # The method removes the basename of the file path and the digest,
-      # if any. It also removes hyphens and underscores from file names and
-      # replaces them with spaces, returning a space-separated, titleized
-      # string.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   image_alt('rails.png')
-      #   # => Rails
-      #
-      #   image_alt('hyphenated-file-name.png')
-      #   # => Hyphenated file name
-      #
-      #   image_alt('underscored_file_name.png')
-      #   # => Underscored file name
-      def image_alt(src)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("image_alt is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 6.0. You must explicitly set alt text on images.")
-
-        File.basename(src, ".*").sub(/-[[:xdigit:]]{32,64}\z/, "").tr("-_", " ").capitalize
-      end
-
       # Returns an HTML video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
       # a single video tag will be returned. If +sources+ is an array, a video
       # tag with nested source tags for each source will be returned. The
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
index cc62783d60..295f945325 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ module ActionView
       # which is implemented by sprockets-rails.
       #
       #   asset_path("application.js") # => "/assets/application-60aa4fdc5cea14baf5400fba1abf4f2a46a5166bad4772b1effe341570f07de9.js"
+      #   asset_path('application.js', host: 'example.com') # => "//example.com/assets/application.js"
+      #   asset_path("application.js", host: 'example.com', protocol: 'https') # => "https://example.com/assets/application.js"
       #
       # === Without the asset pipeline (<tt>skip_pipeline: true</tt>)
       #
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
index b1a14250c3..5a05f8706a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
@@ -216,25 +216,24 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
-      def digest_path_from_virtual(virtual_path) # :nodoc:
-        digest = Digestor.digest(name: virtual_path, finder: lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies)
+      def digest_path_from_template(template) # :nodoc:
+        digest = Digestor.digest(name: template.virtual_path, format: template.format, finder: lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies)
 
         if digest.present?
-          "#{virtual_path}:#{digest}"
+          "#{template.virtual_path}:#{digest}"
         else
-          virtual_path
+          template.virtual_path
         end
       end
 
     private
-
       def fragment_name_with_digest(name, virtual_path, digest_path)
         virtual_path ||= @virtual_path
 
         if virtual_path || digest_path
           name = controller.url_for(name).split("://").last if name.is_a?(Hash)
 
-          digest_path ||= digest_path_from_virtual(virtual_path)
+          digest_path ||= digest_path_from_template(@current_template)
 
           [ digest_path, name ]
         else
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csp_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csp_helper.rb
index e2e065c218..4415018845 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csp_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csp_helper.rb
@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@ module ActionView
       # This is used by the Rails UJS helper to create dynamically
       # loaded inline <script> elements.
       #
-      def csp_meta_tag
+      def csp_meta_tag(**options)
         if content_security_policy?
-          tag("meta", name: "csp-nonce", content: content_security_policy_nonce)
+          options[:name] = "csp-nonce"
+          options[:content] = content_security_policy_nonce
+          tag("meta", options)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
index 69c59844a6..c0422c6ff5 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActionView
       # "X-CSRF-Token" HTTP header. If you are using rails-ujs this happens automatically.
       #
       def csrf_meta_tags
-        if protect_against_forgery?
+        if defined?(protect_against_forgery?) && protect_against_forgery?
           [
             tag("meta", name: "csrf-param", content: request_forgery_protection_token),
             tag("meta", name: "csrf-token", content: form_authenticity_token)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
index 9d5e5eaba3..f1d9fdc678 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
@@ -688,7 +688,6 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       private
-
         def normalize_distance_of_time_argument_to_time(value)
           if value.is_a?(Numeric)
             Time.at(value)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
index c2caa77afb..5533cef249 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   def labelled_form_with(**options, &block)
       #     form_with(**options.merge(builder: LabellingFormBuilder), &block)
       #   end
-      def form_with(model: nil, scope: nil, url: nil, format: nil, **options)
+      def form_with(model: nil, scope: nil, url: nil, format: nil, **options, &block)
         options[:allow_method_names_outside_object] = true
         options[:skip_default_ids] = !form_with_generates_ids
 
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         if block_given?
           builder = instantiate_builder(scope, model, options)
-          output  = capture(builder, &Proc.new)
+          output  = capture(builder, &block)
           options[:multipart] ||= builder.multipart?
 
           html_options = html_options_for_form_with(url, model, options)
@@ -1680,6 +1680,227 @@ module ActionView
         @index = options[:index] || options[:child_index]
       end
 
+      ##
+      # :method: text_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: text_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#text_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.text_field :name %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: password_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: password_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#password_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.password_field :password %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: text_area
+      #
+      # :call-seq: text_area(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#text_area for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.text_area :detail %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: color_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: color_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#color_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.color_field :favorite_color %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: search_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: search_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#search_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.search_field :name %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: telephone_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: telephone_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#telephone_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.telephone_field :phone %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: phone_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: phone_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#phone_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.phone_field :phone %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: date_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: date_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#date_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.date_field :born_on %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: time_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: time_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#time_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.time_field :borned_at %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: datetime_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: datetime_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#datetime_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.datetime_field :graduation_day %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: datetime_local_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: datetime_local_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#datetime_local_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.datetime_local_field :graduation_day %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: month_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: month_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#month_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.month_field :birthday_month %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: week_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: week_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#week_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.week_field :birthday_week %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: url_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: url_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#url_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.url_field :homepage %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: email_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: email_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#email_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.email_field :address %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: number_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: number_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#number_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.number_field :age %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: range_field
+      #
+      # :call-seq: range_field(method, options = {})
+      #
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper#range_field for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.range_field :age %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+
       (field_helpers - [:label, :check_box, :radio_button, :fields_for, :fields, :hidden_field, :file_field]).each do |selector|
         class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           def #{selector}(method, options = {})  # def text_field(method, options = {})
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
index ebdd96f570..a7747456a4 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Gotcha
       #
-      # The HTML specification says when nothing is select on a collection of radio buttons
+      # The HTML specification says when nothing is selected on a collection of radio buttons
       # web browsers do not send any value to server.
       # Unfortunately this introduces a gotcha:
       # if a +User+ model has a +category_id+ field and in the form no category is selected, no +category_id+ parameter is sent. So,
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
index c0996049f0..c93ead9653 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       mattr_accessor :default_enforce_utf8, default: true
 
-      # Starts a form tag that points the action to a url configured with <tt>url_for_options</tt> just like
+      # Starts a form tag that points the action to a URL configured with <tt>url_for_options</tt> just like
       # ActionController::Base#url_for. The method for the form defaults to POST.
       #
       # ==== Options
@@ -137,7 +137,8 @@ module ActionView
         html_name = (options[:multiple] == true && !name.to_s.ends_with?("[]")) ? "#{name}[]" : name
 
         if options.include?(:include_blank)
-          include_blank = options.delete(:include_blank)
+          include_blank = options[:include_blank]
+          options = options.except(:include_blank)
           options_for_blank_options_tag = { value: "" }
 
           if include_blank == true
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
index 35206b7e48..827e0bd02c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
-      # representation (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.5 KB). This
+      # representation (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.46 KB). This
       # method is useful for reporting file sizes to users. You can
       # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
       #
@@ -403,7 +403,6 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       private
-
         def delegate_number_helper_method(method, number, options)
           return unless number
           options = escape_unsafe_options(options.symbolize_keys)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
index 279cde5e76..52a951b2ca 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
       # Converts the array to a comma-separated sentence where the last element is
       # joined by the connector word. This is the html_safe-aware version of
-      # ActiveSupport's {Array#to_sentence}[http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Array.html#method-i-to_sentence].
+      # ActiveSupport's {Array#to_sentence}[https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Array.html#method-i-to_sentence].
       #
       def to_sentence(array, options = {})
         options.assert_valid_keys(:words_connector, :two_words_connector, :last_word_connector, :locale)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
index 1e12aa2736..4be23b68f3 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
@@ -27,13 +27,19 @@ module ActionView
       def render(options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
         case options
         when Hash
-          if block_given?
-            view_renderer.render_partial(self, options.merge(partial: options[:layout]), &block)
-          else
-            view_renderer.render(self, options)
+          in_rendering_context(options) do |renderer|
+            if block_given?
+              view_renderer.render_partial(self, options.merge(partial: options[:layout]), &block)
+            else
+              view_renderer.render(self, options)
+            end
           end
         else
-          view_renderer.render_partial(self, partial: options, locals: locals, &block)
+          if options.respond_to?(:render_in)
+            options.render_in(self, &block)
+          else
+            view_renderer.render_partial(self, partial: options, locals: locals, &block)
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
index eef527d36f..4ce1f507f3 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def value
             if @allow_method_names_outside_object
               object.public_send @method_name if object && object.respond_to?(@method_name)
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           def tag_name(multiple = false, index = nil)
-            # a little duplication to construct less strings
+            # a little duplication to construct fewer strings
             case
             when @object_name.empty?
               "#{sanitized_method_name}#{multiple ? "[]" : ""}"
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           def tag_id(index = nil)
-            # a little duplication to construct less strings
+            # a little duplication to construct fewer strings
             case
             when @object_name.empty?
               sanitized_method_name.dup
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           def sanitized_value(value)
-            value.to_s.gsub(/\s/, "_").gsub(/[^-[[:word:]]]/, "").mb_chars.downcase.to_s
+            value.to_s.gsub(/[\s\.]/, "_").gsub(/[^-[[:word:]]]/, "").downcase
           end
 
           def select_content_tag(option_tags, options, html_options)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
index 4327e07cae..dbf020e514 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def checked?(value)
             case value
             when TrueClass, FalseClass
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
index 455442178e..d058eb2c72 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def render_component(builder)
             builder.check_box + builder.label
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
index e1ad11bff8..62060547de 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def instantiate_builder(builder_class, item, value, text, html_options)
             builder_class.new(@template_object, @object_name, @method_name, item,
                               sanitize_attribute_name(value), text, value, html_options)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
index 16d37134e5..0c3b899f53 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def render_component(builder)
             builder.radio_button + builder.label
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
index 39ab1285c3..69b190809f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def validate_color_string(string)
             regex = /#[0-9a-fA-F]{6}/
             if regex.match?(string)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
index b17a907651..ceaabfa99c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class DateField < DatetimeField # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def format_date(value)
             value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%d")
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_select.rb
index fe4e3914d7..f222bf2075 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_select.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_select.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def select_type
             self.class.select_type
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
index 5d9b639b1b..e2dbf408c8 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def format_date(value)
             raise NotImplementedError
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb
index d8f8fd00d1..8908bf9948 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def format_date(value)
             value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%dT%T")
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
index 02bd099784..436c4cbda3 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def render_component(builder)
             builder.translation
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb
index 93b2bf11f0..463866a181 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class MonthField < DatetimeField # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def format_date(value)
             value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m")
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/radio_button.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/radio_button.rb
index 621db2b1b5..4ce6c9f6bc 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/radio_button.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/radio_button.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def checked?(value)
             value.to_s == @tag_value.to_s
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
index 790721a0b7..172e3a9226 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           # Grouped choices look like this:
           #
           #   [nil, []]
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
index d92967e212..c579e9e79f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def field_type
             self.class.field_type
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb
index 9384a83a3e..e74c578db9 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class TimeField < DatetimeField # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def format_date(value)
             value.try(:strftime, "%T.%L")
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
index 572535d1d6..5a403ed91d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class WeekField < DatetimeField # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def format_date(value)
             value.try(:strftime, "%Y-W%V")
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
index 3d378dcb2f..8203a43239 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   pluralize(2, 'Person', locale: :de)
       #   # => 2 Personen
       def pluralize(count, singular, plural_arg = nil, plural: plural_arg, locale: I18n.locale)
-        word = if count == 1 || count =~ /^1(\.0+)?$/
+        word = if count == 1 || count.to_s =~ /^1(\.0+)?$/
           singular
         else
           plural || singular.pluralize(locale)
@@ -426,7 +426,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         private
-
           def next_index
             step_index(1)
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
index ae1c93e12f..baa337c62f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ActionView
       def translate(key, options = {})
         options = options.dup
         if options.has_key?(:default)
-          remaining_defaults = Array(options.delete(:default)).compact
+          remaining_defaults = Array.wrap(options.delete(:default)).compact
           options[:default] = remaining_defaults unless remaining_defaults.first.kind_of?(Symbol)
         end
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Delegates to <tt>I18n.localize</tt> with no additional functionality.
       #
-      # See http://rubydoc.info/github/svenfuchs/i18n/master/I18n/Backend/Base:localize
+      # See https://www.rubydoc.info/github/svenfuchs/i18n/master/I18n/Backend/Base:localize
       # for more information.
       def localize(*args)
         I18n.localize(*args)
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def html_safe_translation_key?(key)
-          /(\b|_|\.)html$/.match?(key.to_s)
+          /(?:_|\b)html\z/.match?(key.to_s)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
index 948dd1551f..85fd549177 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Creates an anchor element of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
       # See the valid options in the documentation for +url_for+. It's also possible to
-      # pass a String instead of an options hash, which generates an anchor element that uses the
-      # value of the String as the href for the link. Using a <tt>:back</tt> Symbol instead
+      # pass a \String instead of an options hash, which generates an anchor element that uses the
+      # value of the \String as the href for the link. Using a <tt>:back</tt> \Symbol instead
       # of an options hash will generate a link to the referrer (a JavaScript back link
       # will be used in place of a referrer if none exists). If +nil+ is passed as the name
       # the value of the link itself will become the name.
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ module ActionView
       # The +options+ hash accepts the same options as +url_for+.
       #
       # There are a few special +html_options+:
-      # * <tt>:method</tt> - Symbol of HTTP verb. Supported verbs are <tt>:post</tt>, <tt>:get</tt>,
+      # * <tt>:method</tt> - \Symbol of HTTP verb. Supported verbs are <tt>:post</tt>, <tt>:get</tt>,
       #   <tt>:delete</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, and <tt>:put</tt>. By default it will be <tt>:post</tt>.
       # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, it will generate a disabled button.
       # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:form</tt> - This hash will be form attributes
       # * <tt>:form_class</tt> - This controls the class of the form within which the submit button will
       #   be placed
-      # * <tt>:params</tt> - Hash of parameters to be rendered as hidden fields within the form.
+      # * <tt>:params</tt> - \Hash of parameters to be rendered as hidden fields within the form.
       #
       # ==== Data attributes
       #
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   #      <input value="New" type="submit" />
       #   #    </form>"
       #
-      #   <%= button_to "New", new_articles_path %>
+      #   <%= button_to "New", new_article_path %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/articles/new" class="button_to">
       #   #      <input value="New" type="submit" />
       #   #    </form>"
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ module ActionView
         url_string = URI.parser.unescape(url_for(options)).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
 
         # We ignore any extra parameters in the request_uri if the
-        # submitted url doesn't have any either. This lets the function
+        # submitted URL doesn't have any either. This lets the function
         # work with things like ?order=asc
         # the behaviour can be disabled with check_parameters: true
         request_uri = url_string.index("?") || check_parameters ? request.fullpath : request.path
@@ -571,6 +571,54 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
+      # Creates an SMS anchor link tag to the specified +phone_number+, which is
+      # also used as the name of the link unless +name+ is specified. Additional
+      # HTML attributes for the link can be passed in +html_options+.
+      #
+      # When clicked, an SMS message is prepopulated with the passed phone number
+      # and optional +body+ value.
+      #
+      # +sms_to+ has a +body+ option for customizing the SMS message itself by
+      # passing special keys to +html_options+.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:body</tt> - Preset the body of the message.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   sms_to "5155555785"
+      #   # => <a href="sms:5155555785;">5155555785</a>
+      #
+      #   sms_to "5155555785", "Text me"
+      #   # => <a href="sms:5155555785;">Text me</a>
+      #
+      #   sms_to "5155555785", "Text me",
+      #          body: "Hello Jim I have a question about your product."
+      #   # => <a href="sms:5155555785;?body=Hello%20Jim%20I%20have%20a%20question%20about%20your%20product">Text me</a>
+      #
+      # You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. \ERB example:
+      #
+      #   <%= sms_to "5155555785" do %>
+      #     <strong>Text me:</strong>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => <a href="sms:5155555785;">
+      #          <strong>Text me:</strong>
+      #        </a>
+      def sms_to(phone_number, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
+        html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
+        html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
+
+        extras = %w{ body }.map! { |item|
+          option = html_options.delete(item).presence || next
+          "#{item.dasherize}=#{ERB::Util.url_encode(option)}"
+        }.compact
+        extras = extras.empty? ? "" : "?&" + extras.join("&")
+
+        encoded_phone_number = ERB::Util.url_encode(phone_number)
+        html_options["href"] = "sms:#{encoded_phone_number};#{extras}"
+
+        content_tag("a", name || phone_number, html_options, &block)
+      end
+
       private
         def convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
           if html_options
@@ -618,7 +666,7 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def token_tag(token = nil, form_options: {})
-          if token != false && protect_against_forgery?
+          if token != false && defined?(protect_against_forgery?) && protect_against_forgery?
             token ||= form_authenticity_token(form_options: form_options)
             tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: request_forgery_protection_token.to_s, value: token)
           else
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
index 3e6d352c15..be21ff0e5d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
@@ -224,7 +224,6 @@ module ActionView
       # that if no layout conditions are used, this method is not used
       module LayoutConditions # :nodoc:
         private
-
           # Determines whether the current action has a layout definition by
           # checking the action name against the :only and :except conditions
           # set by the <tt>layout</tt> method.
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
         class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def _layout(formats)
+          def _layout(lookup_context, formats)
             if _conditional_layout?
               #{layout_definition}
             else
@@ -334,7 +333,6 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       private
-
         # If no layout is supplied, look for a template named the return
         # value of this method.
         #
@@ -372,7 +370,6 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
   private
-
     def _conditional_layout?
       true
     end
@@ -388,8 +385,8 @@ module ActionView
       case name
       when String     then _normalize_layout(name)
       when Proc       then name
-      when true       then Proc.new { |formats| _default_layout(formats, true)  }
-      when :default   then Proc.new { |formats| _default_layout(formats, false) }
+      when true       then Proc.new { |lookup_context, formats| _default_layout(lookup_context, formats, true)  }
+      when :default   then Proc.new { |lookup_context, formats| _default_layout(lookup_context, formats, false) }
       when false, nil then nil
       else
         raise ArgumentError,
@@ -411,9 +408,9 @@ module ActionView
     #
     # ==== Returns
     # * <tt>template</tt> - The template object for the default layout (or +nil+)
-    def _default_layout(formats, require_layout = false)
+    def _default_layout(lookup_context, formats, require_layout = false)
       begin
-        value = _layout(formats) if action_has_layout?
+        value = _layout(lookup_context, formats) if action_has_layout?
       rescue NameError => e
         raise e, "Could not render layout: #{e.message}"
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
index 227f025385..02ac0ce477 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
   private
-
     EMPTY = ""
     def from_rails_root(string) # :doc:
       string = string.sub(rails_root, EMPTY)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
index af67ffa12d..211fbc8e6c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ module ActionView
   # only once during the request, it speeds up all cache accesses.
   class LookupContext #:nodoc:
     attr_accessor :prefixes, :rendered_format
+    deprecate :rendered_format
+    deprecate :rendered_format=
 
     mattr_accessor :fallbacks, default: FallbackFileSystemResolver.instances
 
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ module ActionView
       registered_details << name
       Accessors::DEFAULT_PROCS[name] = block
 
-      Accessors.send :define_method, :"default_#{name}", &block
+      Accessors.define_method(:"default_#{name}", &block)
       Accessors.module_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}
           @details.fetch(:#{name}, [])
@@ -57,21 +59,36 @@ module ActionView
       alias :eql? :equal?
 
       @details_keys = Concurrent::Map.new
+      @digest_cache = Concurrent::Map.new
 
-      def self.get(details)
+      def self.digest_cache(details)
+        @digest_cache[details_cache_key(details)] ||= Concurrent::Map.new
+      end
+
+      def self.details_cache_key(details)
         if details[:formats]
           details = details.dup
           details[:formats] &= Template::Types.symbols
         end
-        @details_keys[details] ||= Concurrent::Map.new
+        @details_keys[details] ||= Object.new
       end
 
       def self.clear
+        ActionView::ViewPaths.all_view_paths.each do |path_set|
+          path_set.each(&:clear_cache)
+        end
+        ActionView::LookupContext.fallbacks.each(&:clear_cache)
+        @view_context_class = nil
         @details_keys.clear
+        @digest_cache.clear
       end
 
       def self.digest_caches
-        @details_keys.values
+        @digest_cache.values
+      end
+
+      def self.view_context_class(klass)
+        @view_context_class ||= klass.with_empty_template_cache
       end
     end
 
@@ -82,7 +99,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Calculate the details key. Remove the handlers from calculation to improve performance
       # since the user cannot modify it explicitly.
       def details_key #:nodoc:
-        @details_key ||= DetailsKey.get(@details) if @cache
+        @details_key ||= DetailsKey.details_cache_key(@details) if @cache
       end
 
       # Temporary skip passing the details_key forward.
@@ -94,9 +111,9 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
     private
-
       def _set_detail(key, value) # :doc:
-        @details = @details.dup if @details_key
+        @details = @details.dup if @digest_cache || @details_key
+        @digest_cache = nil
         @details_key = nil
         @details[key] = value
       end
@@ -106,20 +123,13 @@ module ActionView
     module ViewPaths
       attr_reader :view_paths, :html_fallback_for_js
 
-      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so that we can manipulate them in
-      # instance objects as we wish.
-      def view_paths=(paths)
-        @view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
-      end
-
       def find(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
         @view_paths.find(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
       end
       alias :find_template :find
 
-      def find_file(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
-        @view_paths.find_file(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
-      end
+      alias :find_file :find
+      deprecate :find_file
 
       def find_all(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
         @view_paths.find_all(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
@@ -138,18 +148,32 @@ module ActionView
       # Adds fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases when you are rendering
       # a :file.
       def with_fallbacks
-        added_resolvers = 0
-        self.class.fallbacks.each do |resolver|
-          next if view_paths.include?(resolver)
-          view_paths.push(resolver)
-          added_resolvers += 1
+        view_paths = build_view_paths((@view_paths.paths + self.class.fallbacks).uniq)
+
+        if block_given?
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~eowarn.squish
+          Calling `with_fallbacks` with a block is deprecated.  Call methods on
+          the lookup context returned by `with_fallbacks` instead.
+          eowarn
+
+          begin
+            _view_paths = @view_paths
+            @view_paths = view_paths
+            yield
+          ensure
+            @view_paths = _view_paths
+          end
+        else
+          ActionView::LookupContext.new(view_paths, @details, @prefixes)
         end
-        yield
-      ensure
-        added_resolvers.times { view_paths.pop }
       end
 
     private
+      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so that we can manipulate them in
+      # instance objects as we wish.
+      def build_view_paths(paths)
+        ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
+      end
 
       def args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, details_options)
         name, prefixes = normalize_name(name, prefixes)
@@ -163,7 +187,7 @@ module ActionView
         user_details = @details.merge(options)
 
         if @cache
-          details_key = DetailsKey.get(user_details)
+          details_key = DetailsKey.details_cache_key(user_details)
         else
           details_key = nil
         end
@@ -190,7 +214,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           if @cache
-            [details, DetailsKey.get(details)]
+            [details, DetailsKey.details_cache_key(details)]
           else
             [details, nil]
           end
@@ -221,16 +245,23 @@ module ActionView
 
     def initialize(view_paths, details = {}, prefixes = [])
       @details_key = nil
+      @digest_cache = nil
       @cache = true
       @prefixes = prefixes
-      @rendered_format = nil
 
       @details = initialize_details({}, details)
-      self.view_paths = view_paths
+      @view_paths = build_view_paths(view_paths)
     end
 
     def digest_cache
-      details_key
+      @digest_cache ||= DetailsKey.digest_cache(@details)
+    end
+
+    def with_prepended_formats(formats)
+      details = @details.dup
+      details[:formats] = formats
+
+      self.class.new(@view_paths, details, @prefixes)
     end
 
     def initialize_details(target, details)
@@ -245,7 +276,15 @@ module ActionView
     # add :html as fallback to :js.
     def formats=(values)
       if values
+        values = values.dup
         values.concat(default_formats) if values.delete "*/*"
+        values.uniq!
+
+        invalid_values = (values - Template::Types.symbols)
+        unless invalid_values.empty?
+          raise ArgumentError, "Invalid formats: #{invalid_values.map(&:inspect).join(", ")}"
+        end
+
         if values == [:js]
           values << :html
           @html_fallback_for_js = true
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
index 691b53e2da..a6401323db 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
@@ -48,12 +48,11 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       find_all(*args).first || raise(MissingTemplate.new(self, *args))
     end
 
-    def find_file(path, prefixes = [], *args)
-      _find_all(path, prefixes, args, true).first || raise(MissingTemplate.new(self, path, prefixes, *args))
-    end
+    alias :find_file :find
+    deprecate :find_file
 
     def find_all(path, prefixes = [], *args)
-      _find_all path, prefixes, args, false
+      _find_all path, prefixes, args
     end
 
     def exists?(path, prefixes, *args)
@@ -70,16 +69,11 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
     end
 
     private
-
-      def _find_all(path, prefixes, args, outside_app)
+      def _find_all(path, prefixes, args)
         prefixes = [prefixes] if String === prefixes
         prefixes.each do |prefix|
           paths.each do |resolver|
-            if outside_app
-              templates = resolver.find_all_anywhere(path, prefix, *args)
-            else
-              templates = resolver.find_all(path, prefix, *args)
-            end
+            templates = resolver.find_all(path, prefix, *args)
             return templates unless templates.empty?
           end
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
index 12d06bf376..8bd526cdf9 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
@@ -6,11 +6,13 @@ require "rails"
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Railtie
   class Railtie < Rails::Engine # :nodoc:
+    NULL_OPTION = Object.new
+
     config.action_view = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
     config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = nil
     config.action_view.debug_missing_translation = true
     config.action_view.default_enforce_utf8 = nil
-    config.action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods = true
+    config.action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods = NULL_OPTION
 
     config.eager_load_namespaces << ActionView
 
@@ -48,8 +50,11 @@ module ActionView
 
     initializer "action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-        ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods =
-          app.config.action_view.delete(:finalize_compiled_template_methods)
+        option = app.config.action_view.delete(:finalize_compiled_template_methods)
+
+        if option != NULL_OPTION
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods is deprecated and has no effect"
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ module ActionView
     initializer "action_view.per_request_digest_cache" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
         unless ActionView::Resolver.caching?
-          app.executor.to_run ActionView::Digestor::PerExecutionDigestCacheExpiry
+          app.executor.to_run ActionView::CacheExpiry::Executor.new(watcher: app.config.file_watcher)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
index ee39b6050d..7491dbe15a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
   private
-
     # Returns a string representation of the key attribute(s) that is suitable for use in an HTML DOM id.
     # This can be overwritten to customize the default generated string representation if desired.
     # If you need to read back a key from a dom_id in order to query for the underlying database record,
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
index 20b2523cac..a52e5d3aca 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module ActionView
   # that new object is called in turn. This abstracts the setup and rendering
   # into a separate classes for partials and templates.
   class AbstractRenderer #:nodoc:
-    delegate :find_template, :find_file, :template_exists?, :any_templates?, :with_fallbacks, :with_layout_format, :formats, to: :@lookup_context
+    delegate :template_exists?, :any_templates?, :formats, to: :@lookup_context
 
     def initialize(lookup_context)
       @lookup_context = lookup_context
@@ -27,8 +27,53 @@ module ActionView
       raise NotImplementedError
     end
 
-    private
+    class RenderedCollection # :nodoc:
+      def self.empty(format)
+        EmptyCollection.new format
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :rendered_templates
+
+      def initialize(rendered_templates, spacer)
+        @rendered_templates = rendered_templates
+        @spacer = spacer
+      end
+
+      def body
+        @rendered_templates.map(&:body).join(@spacer.body).html_safe
+      end
+
+      def format
+        rendered_templates.first.format
+      end
+
+      class EmptyCollection
+        attr_reader :format
+
+        def initialize(format)
+          @format = format
+        end
+
+        def body; nil; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class RenderedTemplate # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :body, :template
+
+      def initialize(body, template)
+        @body = body
+        @template = template
+      end
+
+      def format
+        template.format
+      end
+
+      EMPTY_SPACER = Struct.new(:body).new
+    end
 
+    private
       def extract_details(options) # :doc:
         @lookup_context.registered_details.each_with_object({}) do |key, details|
           value = options[key]
@@ -38,8 +83,6 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def instrument(name, **options) # :doc:
-        options[:identifier] ||= (@template && @template.identifier) || @path
-
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("render_#{name}.action_view", options) do |payload|
           yield payload
         end
@@ -51,5 +94,13 @@ module ActionView
 
         @lookup_context.formats = formats | @lookup_context.formats
       end
+
+      def build_rendered_template(content, template)
+        RenderedTemplate.new content, template
+      end
+
+      def build_rendered_collection(templates, spacer)
+        RenderedCollection.new templates, spacer
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
index cb850d75ee..46bc4c9d5f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
@@ -295,43 +295,59 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def render(context, options, block)
-      setup(context, options, block)
-      @template = find_partial
+      as = as_variable(options)
+      setup(context, options, as, block)
 
-      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= begin
-        if @template && @template.formats.present?
-          @template.formats.first
+      if @path
+        if @has_object || @collection
+          @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
+          @template_keys = retrieve_template_keys(@variable)
         else
-          formats.first
+          @template_keys = @locals.keys
+        end
+        template = find_template(@path, @template_keys)
+        @variable ||= template.variable
+      else
+        if options[:cached]
+          raise NotImplementedError, "render caching requires a template. Please specify a partial when rendering"
         end
+        template = nil
       end
 
       if @collection
-        render_collection
+        render_collection(context, template)
       else
-        render_partial
+        render_partial(context, template)
       end
     end
 
     private
-
-      def render_collection
-        instrument(:collection, count: @collection.size) do |payload|
-          return nil if @collection.blank?
-
-          if @options.key?(:spacer_template)
-            spacer = find_template(@options[:spacer_template], @locals.keys).render(@view, @locals)
+      def render_collection(view, template)
+        identifier = (template && template.identifier) || @path
+        instrument(:collection, identifier: identifier, count: @collection.size) do |payload|
+          return RenderedCollection.empty(@lookup_context.formats.first) if @collection.blank?
+
+          spacer = if @options.key?(:spacer_template)
+            spacer_template = find_template(@options[:spacer_template], @locals.keys)
+            build_rendered_template(spacer_template.render(view, @locals), spacer_template)
+          else
+            RenderedTemplate::EMPTY_SPACER
           end
 
-          cache_collection_render(payload) do
-            @template ? collection_with_template : collection_without_template
-          end.join(spacer).html_safe
+          collection_body = if template
+            cache_collection_render(payload, view, template) do
+              collection_with_template(view, template)
+            end
+          else
+            collection_without_template(view)
+          end
+          build_rendered_collection(collection_body, spacer)
         end
       end
 
-      def render_partial
-        instrument(:partial) do |payload|
-          view, locals, block = @view, @locals, @block
+      def render_partial(view, template)
+        instrument(:partial, identifier: template.identifier) do |payload|
+          locals, block = @locals, @block
           object, as = @object, @variable
 
           if !block && (layout = @options[:layout])
@@ -341,13 +357,13 @@ module ActionView
           object = locals[as] if object.nil? # Respect object when object is false
           locals[as] = object if @has_object
 
-          content = @template.render(view, locals) do |*name|
+          content = template.render(view, locals) do |*name|
             view._layout_for(*name, &block)
           end
 
           content = layout.render(view, locals) { content } if layout
-          payload[:cache_hit] = view.view_renderer.cache_hits[@template.virtual_path]
-          content
+          payload[:cache_hit] = view.view_renderer.cache_hits[template.virtual_path]
+          build_rendered_template(content, template)
         end
       end
 
@@ -358,16 +374,13 @@ module ActionView
       # If +options[:partial]+ is a string, then the <tt>@path</tt> instance variable is
       # set to that string. Otherwise, the +options[:partial]+ object must
       # respond to +to_partial_path+ in order to setup the path.
-      def setup(context, options, block)
-        @view = context
+      def setup(context, options, as, block)
         @options = options
         @block   = block
 
-        @locals  = options[:locals] ? options[:locals].symbolize_keys : {}
+        @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
         @details = extract_details(options)
 
-        prepend_formats(options[:formats])
-
         partial = options[:partial]
 
         if String === partial
@@ -381,26 +394,26 @@ module ActionView
           @collection = collection_from_object || collection_from_options
 
           if @collection
-            paths = @collection_data = @collection.map { |o| partial_path(o) }
-            @path = paths.uniq.one? ? paths.first : nil
+            paths = @collection_data = @collection.map { |o| partial_path(o, context) }
+            if paths.uniq.length == 1
+              @path = paths.first
+            else
+              paths.map! { |path| retrieve_variable(path, as).unshift(path) }
+              @path = nil
+            end
           else
-            @path = partial_path
+            @path = partial_path(@object, context)
           end
         end
 
+        self
+      end
+
+      def as_variable(options)
         if as = options[:as]
           raise_invalid_option_as(as) unless /\A[a-z_]\w*\z/.match?(as.to_s)
-          as = as.to_sym
-        end
-
-        if @path
-          @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
-          @template_keys = retrieve_template_keys
-        else
-          paths.map! { |path| retrieve_variable(path, as).unshift(path) }
+          as.to_sym
         end
-
-        self
       end
 
       def collection_from_options
@@ -414,17 +427,13 @@ module ActionView
         @object.to_ary if @object.respond_to?(:to_ary)
       end
 
-      def find_partial
-        find_template(@path, @template_keys) if @path
-      end
-
       def find_template(path, locals)
         prefixes = path.include?(?/) ? [] : @lookup_context.prefixes
         @lookup_context.find_template(path, prefixes, true, locals, @details)
       end
 
-      def collection_with_template
-        view, locals, template = @view, @locals, @template
+      def collection_with_template(view, template)
+        locals = @locals
         as, counter, iteration = @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration
 
         if layout = @options[:layout]
@@ -441,12 +450,12 @@ module ActionView
           content = template.render(view, locals)
           content = layout.render(view, locals) { content } if layout
           partial_iteration.iterate!
-          content
+          build_rendered_template(content, template)
         end
       end
 
-      def collection_without_template
-        view, locals, collection_data = @view, @locals, @collection_data
+      def collection_without_template(view)
+        locals, collection_data = @locals, @collection_data
         cache = {}
         keys  = @locals.keys
 
@@ -463,7 +472,7 @@ module ActionView
           template = (cache[path] ||= find_template(path, keys + [as, counter, iteration]))
           content = template.render(view, locals)
           partial_iteration.iterate!
-          content
+          build_rendered_template(content, template)
         end
       end
 
@@ -474,7 +483,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # If +prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace+ is true, then this
       # method will prefix the partial paths with a namespace.
-      def partial_path(object = @object)
+      def partial_path(object, view)
         object = object.to_model if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
 
         path = if object.respond_to?(:to_partial_path)
@@ -483,7 +492,7 @@ module ActionView
           raise ArgumentError.new("'#{object.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.")
         end
 
-        if @view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+        if view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
           prefixed_partial_names[path] ||= merge_prefix_into_object_path(@context_prefix, path.dup)
         else
           path
@@ -511,9 +520,9 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
-      def retrieve_template_keys
+      def retrieve_template_keys(variable)
         keys = @locals.keys
-        keys << @variable if @has_object || @collection
+        keys << variable
         if @collection
           keys << @variable_counter
           keys << @variable_iteration
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer/collection_caching.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer/collection_caching.rb
index 5aa6f77902..ca692699a6 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer/collection_caching.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer/collection_caching.rb
@@ -11,19 +11,19 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     private
-      def cache_collection_render(instrumentation_payload)
+      def cache_collection_render(instrumentation_payload, view, template)
         return yield unless @options[:cached]
 
         # Result is a hash with the key represents the
         # key used for cache lookup and the value is the item
         # on which the partial is being rendered
-        keyed_collection = collection_by_cache_keys
+        keyed_collection, ordered_keys = collection_by_cache_keys(view, template)
 
         # Pull all partials from cache
         # Result is a hash, key matches the entry in
         # `keyed_collection` where the cache was retrieved and the
         # value is the value that was present in the cache
-        cached_partials  = collection_cache.read_multi(*keyed_collection.keys)
+        cached_partials = collection_cache.read_multi(*keyed_collection.keys)
         instrumentation_payload[:cache_hits] = cached_partials.size
 
         # Extract the items for the keys that are not found
@@ -40,34 +40,38 @@ module ActionView
         rendered_partials = @collection.empty? ? [] : yield
 
         index = 0
-        fetch_or_cache_partial(cached_partials, order_by: keyed_collection.each_key) do
+        keyed_partials = fetch_or_cache_partial(cached_partials, template, order_by: keyed_collection.each_key) do
           # This block is called once
           # for every cache miss while preserving order.
           rendered_partials[index].tap { index += 1 }
         end
+
+        ordered_keys.map do |key|
+          keyed_partials[key]
+        end
       end
 
       def callable_cache_key?
         @options[:cached].respond_to?(:call)
       end
 
-      def collection_by_cache_keys
+      def collection_by_cache_keys(view, template)
         seed = callable_cache_key? ? @options[:cached] : ->(i) { i }
 
-        @collection.each_with_object({}) do |item, hash|
-          hash[expanded_cache_key(seed.call(item))] = item
+        digest_path = view.digest_path_from_template(template)
+
+        @collection.each_with_object([{}, []]) do |item, (hash, ordered_keys)|
+          key = expanded_cache_key(seed.call(item), view, template, digest_path)
+          ordered_keys << key
+          hash[key] = item
         end
       end
 
-      def expanded_cache_key(key)
-        key = @view.combined_fragment_cache_key(@view.cache_fragment_name(key, virtual_path: @template.virtual_path, digest_path: digest_path))
+      def expanded_cache_key(key, view, template, digest_path)
+        key = view.combined_fragment_cache_key(view.cache_fragment_name(key, virtual_path: template.virtual_path, digest_path: digest_path))
         key.frozen? ? key.dup : key # #read_multi & #write may require mutability, Dalli 2.6.0.
       end
 
-      def digest_path
-        @digest_path ||= @view.digest_path_from_virtual(@template.virtual_path)
-      end
-
       # `order_by` is an enumerable object containing keys of the cache,
       # all keys are  passed in whether found already or not.
       #
@@ -83,14 +87,17 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # If the partial is not already cached it will also be
       # written back to the underlying cache store.
-      def fetch_or_cache_partial(cached_partials, order_by:)
-        order_by.map do |cache_key|
-          cached_partials.fetch(cache_key) do
-            yield.tap do |rendered_partial|
-              collection_cache.write(cache_key, rendered_partial)
-            end
+      def fetch_or_cache_partial(cached_partials, template, order_by:)
+        order_by.each_with_object({}) do |cache_key, hash|
+            hash[cache_key] =
+              if content = cached_partials[cache_key]
+                build_rendered_template(content, template)
+              else
+                yield.tap do |rendered_partial|
+                  collection_cache.write(cache_key, rendered_partial.body)
+                end
+              end
           end
-        end
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
index 3f3a97529d..485eb1a5b4 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
@@ -19,10 +19,14 @@ module ActionView
 
     # Main render entry point shared by Action View and Action Controller.
     def render(context, options)
+      render_to_object(context, options).body
+    end
+
+    def render_to_object(context, options) # :nodoc:
       if options.key?(:partial)
-        render_partial(context, options)
+        render_partial_to_object(context, options)
       else
-        render_template(context, options)
+        render_template_to_object(context, options)
       end
     end
 
@@ -41,16 +45,24 @@ module ActionView
 
     # Direct access to template rendering.
     def render_template(context, options) #:nodoc:
-      TemplateRenderer.new(@lookup_context).render(context, options)
+      render_template_to_object(context, options).body
     end
 
     # Direct access to partial rendering.
     def render_partial(context, options, &block) #:nodoc:
-      PartialRenderer.new(@lookup_context).render(context, options, block)
+      render_partial_to_object(context, options, &block).body
     end
 
     def cache_hits # :nodoc:
       @cache_hits ||= {}
     end
+
+    def render_template_to_object(context, options) #:nodoc:
+      TemplateRenderer.new(@lookup_context).render(context, options)
+    end
+
+    def render_partial_to_object(context, options, &block) #:nodoc:
+      PartialRenderer.new(@lookup_context).render(context, options, block)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
index bb9db21e32..08a280c7ee 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
@@ -27,14 +27,13 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       private
-
         # This is the same logging logic as in ShowExceptions middleware.
         def log_error(exception)
           logger = ActionView::Base.logger
           return unless logger
 
           message = +"\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
-          message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
+          message << exception.annotated_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annotated_source_code)
           message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
           logger.fatal("#{message}\n\n")
         end
@@ -43,19 +42,18 @@ module ActionView
     # For streaming, instead of rendering a given a template, we return a Body
     # object that responds to each. This object is initialized with a block
     # that knows how to render the template.
-    def render_template(template, layout_name = nil, locals = {}) #:nodoc:
-      return [super] unless layout_name && template.supports_streaming?
+    def render_template(view, template, layout_name = nil, locals = {}) #:nodoc:
+      return [super.body] unless layout_name && template.supports_streaming?
 
       locals ||= {}
       layout   = layout_name && find_layout(layout_name, locals.keys, [formats.first])
 
       Body.new do |buffer|
-        delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, @view, locals)
+        delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, view, locals)
       end
     end
 
     private
-
       def delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, view, locals)
         # Wrap the given buffer in the StreamingBuffer and pass it to the
         # underlying template handler. Now, every time something is concatenated
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
index ce8908924a..b2d7332572 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
@@ -5,19 +5,15 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 module ActionView
   class TemplateRenderer < AbstractRenderer #:nodoc:
     def render(context, options)
-      @view    = context
       @details = extract_details(options)
       template = determine_template(options)
 
-      prepend_formats(template.formats)
+      prepend_formats(template.format)
 
-      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= (template.formats.first || formats.first)
-
-      render_template(template, options[:layout], options[:locals])
+      render_template(context, template, options[:layout], options[:locals] || {})
     end
 
     private
-
       # Determine the template to be rendered using the given options.
       def determine_template(options)
         keys = options.has_key?(:locals) ? options[:locals].keys : []
@@ -29,15 +25,25 @@ module ActionView
         elsif options.key?(:html)
           Template::HTML.new(options[:html], formats.first)
         elsif options.key?(:file)
-          with_fallbacks { find_file(options[:file], nil, false, keys, @details) }
+          if File.exist?(options[:file])
+            Template::RawFile.new(options[:file])
+          else
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "render file: should be given the absolute path to a file"
+            @lookup_context.with_fallbacks.find_template(options[:file], nil, false, keys, @details)
+          end
         elsif options.key?(:inline)
           handler = Template.handler_for_extension(options[:type] || "erb")
-          Template.new(options[:inline], "inline template", handler, locals: keys)
+          format = if handler.respond_to?(:default_format)
+            handler.default_format
+          else
+            @lookup_context.formats.first
+          end
+          Template::Inline.new(options[:inline], "inline template", handler, locals: keys, format: format)
         elsif options.key?(:template)
           if options[:template].respond_to?(:render)
             options[:template]
           else
-            find_template(options[:template], options[:prefixes], false, keys, @details)
+            @lookup_context.find_template(options[:template], options[:prefixes], false, keys, @details)
           end
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file, :plain, :html or :body option."
@@ -46,27 +52,25 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Renders the given template. A string representing the layout can be
       # supplied as well.
-      def render_template(template, layout_name = nil, locals = nil)
-        view, locals = @view, locals || {}
-
-        render_with_layout(layout_name, locals) do |layout|
+      def render_template(view, template, layout_name, locals)
+        render_with_layout(view, template, layout_name, locals) do |layout|
           instrument(:template, identifier: template.identifier, layout: layout.try(:virtual_path)) do
             template.render(view, locals) { |*name| view._layout_for(*name) }
           end
         end
       end
 
-      def render_with_layout(path, locals)
+      def render_with_layout(view, template, path, locals)
         layout  = path && find_layout(path, locals.keys, [formats.first])
         content = yield(layout)
 
-        if layout
-          view = @view
+        body = if layout
           view.view_flow.set(:layout, content)
           layout.render(view, locals) { |*name| view._layout_for(*name) }
         else
           content
         end
+        build_rendered_template(body, template)
       end
 
       # This is the method which actually finds the layout using details in the lookup
@@ -84,16 +88,17 @@ module ActionView
         when String
           begin
             if layout.start_with?("/")
-              with_fallbacks { find_template(layout, nil, false, [], details) }
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Rendering layouts from an absolute path is deprecated."
+              @lookup_context.with_fallbacks.find_template(layout, nil, false, [], details)
             else
-              find_template(layout, nil, false, [], details)
+              @lookup_context.find_template(layout, nil, false, [], details)
             end
           rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
             all_details = @details.merge(formats: @lookup_context.default_formats)
             raise unless template_exists?(layout, nil, false, [], all_details)
           end
         when Proc
-          resolve_layout(layout.call(formats), keys, formats)
+          resolve_layout(layout.call(@lookup_context, formats), keys, formats)
         else
           layout
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
index 4e5fdfbb2d..7247598ac2 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,13 @@ module ActionView
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActionView::ViewPaths
 
+    attr_reader :rendered_format
+
+    def initialize
+      @rendered_format = nil
+      super
+    end
+
     # Overwrite process to setup I18n proxy.
     def process(*) #:nodoc:
       old_config, I18n.config = I18n.config, I18nProxy.new(I18n.config, lookup_context)
@@ -35,47 +42,59 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def view_context_class
-        @view_context_class ||= begin
-          supports_path = supports_path?
-          routes  = respond_to?(:_routes)  && _routes
-          helpers = respond_to?(:_helpers) && _helpers
-
-          Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
-            if routes
-              include routes.url_helpers(supports_path)
-              include routes.mounted_helpers
-            end
-
-            if helpers
-              include helpers
-            end
+      def _routes
+      end
+
+      def _helpers
+      end
+
+      def build_view_context_class(klass, supports_path, routes, helpers)
+        Class.new(klass) do
+          if routes
+            include routes.url_helpers(supports_path)
+            include routes.mounted_helpers
+          end
+
+          if helpers
+            include helpers
           end
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    attr_internal_writer :view_context_class
+      def view_context_class
+        klass = ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.view_context_class(ActionView::Base)
+
+        @view_context_class ||= build_view_context_class(klass, supports_path?, _routes, _helpers)
+
+        if klass.changed?(@view_context_class)
+          @view_context_class = build_view_context_class(klass, supports_path?, _routes, _helpers)
+        end
+
+        @view_context_class
+      end
+    end
 
     def view_context_class
-      @_view_context_class ||= self.class.view_context_class
+      self.class.view_context_class
     end
 
     # An instance of a view class. The default view class is ActionView::Base.
     #
     # The view class must have the following methods:
-    # View.new[lookup_context, assigns, controller]
-    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller and we can also pass the arguments.
-    # View#render(option)
-    #   Returns String with the rendered template
+    #
+    # * <tt>View.new(lookup_context, assigns, controller)</tt> — Create a new
+    #   ActionView instance for a controller and we can also pass the arguments.
+    #
+    # * <tt>View#render(option)</tt> — Returns String with the rendered template.
     #
     # Override this method in a module to change the default behavior.
     def view_context
-      view_context_class.new(view_renderer, view_assigns, self)
+      view_context_class.new(lookup_context, view_assigns, self)
     end
 
     # Returns an object that is able to render templates.
     def view_renderer # :nodoc:
+      # Lifespan: Per controller
       @_view_renderer ||= ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
     end
 
@@ -84,12 +103,7 @@ module ActionView
       _render_template(options)
     end
 
-    def rendered_format
-      Template::Types[lookup_context.rendered_format]
-    end
-
     private
-
       # Find and render a template based on the options given.
       def _render_template(options)
         variant = options.delete(:variant)
@@ -97,17 +111,22 @@ module ActionView
         context = view_context
 
         context.assign assigns if assigns
-        lookup_context.rendered_format = nil if options[:formats]
         lookup_context.variants = variant if variant
 
-        view_renderer.render(context, options)
+        rendered_template = context.in_rendering_context(options) do |renderer|
+          renderer.render_to_object(context, options)
+        end
+
+        rendered_format = rendered_template.format || lookup_context.formats.first
+        @rendered_format = Template::Types[rendered_format]
+
+        rendered_template.body
       end
 
       # Assign the rendered format to look up context.
       def _process_format(format)
         super
-        lookup_context.formats = [format.to_sym]
-        lookup_context.rendered_format = lookup_context.formats.first
+        lookup_context.formats = [format.to_sym] if format.to_sym
       end
 
       # Normalize args by converting render "foo" to render :action => "foo" and
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
index 070d82cf17..3877108fef 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
 require "thread"
+require "delegate"
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Template
   class Template
     extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
-    mattr_accessor :finalize_compiled_template_methods, default: true
+    def self.finalize_compiled_template_methods
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods is deprecated and has no effect"
+    end
+
+    def self.finalize_compiled_template_methods=(_)
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods= is deprecated and has no effect"
+    end
 
     # === Encodings in ActionView::Template
     #
@@ -105,44 +111,60 @@ module ActionView
 
     eager_autoload do
       autoload :Error
+      autoload :RawFile
       autoload :Handlers
       autoload :HTML
+      autoload :Inline
+      autoload :Sources
       autoload :Text
       autoload :Types
     end
 
     extend Template::Handlers
 
-    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :variants, :virtual_path
-
-    attr_reader :source, :identifier, :handler, :original_encoding, :updated_at
+    attr_reader :identifier, :handler, :original_encoding, :updated_at
+    attr_reader :variable, :format, :variant, :locals, :virtual_path
 
-    # This finalizer is needed (and exactly with a proc inside another proc)
-    # otherwise templates leak in development.
-    Finalizer = proc do |method_name, mod| # :nodoc:
-      proc do
-        mod.module_eval do
-          remove_possible_method method_name
-        end
+    def initialize(source, identifier, handler, format: nil, variant: nil, locals: nil, virtual_path: nil, updated_at: nil)
+      unless locals
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionView::Template#initialize requires a locals parameter"
+        locals = []
       end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(source, identifier, handler, details)
-      format = details[:format] || (handler.default_format if handler.respond_to?(:default_format))
 
       @source            = source
       @identifier        = identifier
       @handler           = handler
       @compiled          = false
-      @original_encoding = nil
-      @locals            = details[:locals] || []
-      @virtual_path      = details[:virtual_path]
-      @updated_at        = details[:updated_at] || Time.now
-      @formats           = Array(format).map { |f| f.respond_to?(:ref) ? f.ref : f  }
-      @variants          = [details[:variant]]
+      @locals            = locals
+      @virtual_path      = virtual_path
+
+      @variable = if @virtual_path
+        base = @virtual_path[-1] == "/" ? "" : ::File.basename(@virtual_path)
+        base =~ /\A_?(.*?)(?:\.\w+)*\z/
+        $1.to_sym
+      end
+
+      if updated_at
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionView::Template#updated_at is deprecated"
+        @updated_at        = updated_at
+      else
+        @updated_at        = Time.now
+      end
+      @format            = format
+      @variant           = variant
       @compile_mutex     = Mutex.new
     end
 
+    deprecate :original_encoding
+    deprecate :updated_at
+    deprecate def virtual_path=(_); end
+    deprecate def locals=(_); end
+    deprecate def formats=(_); end
+    deprecate def formats; Array(format); end
+    deprecate def variants=(_); end
+    deprecate def variants; [variant]; end
+    deprecate def refresh(_); self; end
+
     # Returns whether the underlying handler supports streaming. If so,
     # a streaming buffer *may* be passed when it starts rendering.
     def supports_streaming?
@@ -155,40 +177,29 @@ module ActionView
     # This method is instrumented as "!render_template.action_view". Notice that
     # we use a bang in this instrumentation because you don't want to
     # consume this in production. This is only slow if it's being listened to.
-    def render(view, locals, buffer = nil, &block)
+    def render(view, locals, buffer = ActionView::OutputBuffer.new, &block)
       instrument_render_template do
         compile!(view)
-        view.send(method_name, locals, buffer, &block)
+        view._run(method_name, self, locals, buffer, &block)
       end
     rescue => e
       handle_render_error(view, e)
     end
 
     def type
-      @type ||= Types[@formats.first] if @formats.first
+      @type ||= Types[format]
     end
 
-    # Receives a view object and return a template similar to self by using @virtual_path.
-    #
-    # This method is useful if you have a template object but it does not contain its source
-    # anymore since it was already compiled. In such cases, all you need to do is to call
-    # refresh passing in the view object.
-    #
-    # Notice this method raises an error if the template to be refreshed does not have a
-    # virtual path set (true just for inline templates).
-    def refresh(view)
-      raise "A template needs to have a virtual path in order to be refreshed" unless @virtual_path
-      lookup  = view.lookup_context
-      pieces  = @virtual_path.split("/")
-      name    = pieces.pop
-      partial = !!name.sub!(/^_/, "")
-      lookup.disable_cache do
-        lookup.find_template(name, [ pieces.join("/") ], partial, @locals)
-      end
+    def short_identifier
+      @short_identifier ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? identifier.sub("#{Rails.root}/", "") : identifier
     end
 
     def inspect
-      @inspect ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? identifier.sub("#{Rails.root}/", "") : identifier
+      "#<#{self.class.name} #{short_identifier} locals=#{@locals.inspect}>"
+    end
+
+    def source
+      @source.to_s
     end
 
     # This method is responsible for properly setting the encoding of the
@@ -202,7 +213,9 @@ module ActionView
     # before passing the source on to the template engine, leaving a
     # blank line in its stead.
     def encode!
-      return unless source.encoding == Encoding::BINARY
+      source = self.source
+
+      return source unless source.encoding == Encoding::BINARY
 
       # Look for # encoding: *. If we find one, we'll encode the
       # String in that encoding, otherwise, we'll use the
@@ -240,16 +253,15 @@ module ActionView
     # to ensure that references to the template object can be marshalled as well. This means forgoing
     # the marshalling of the compiler mutex and instantiating that again on unmarshalling.
     def marshal_dump # :nodoc:
-      [ @source, @identifier, @handler, @compiled, @original_encoding, @locals, @virtual_path, @updated_at, @formats, @variants ]
+      [ @source, @identifier, @handler, @compiled, @locals, @virtual_path, @updated_at, @format, @variant ]
     end
 
     def marshal_load(array) # :nodoc:
-      @source, @identifier, @handler, @compiled, @original_encoding, @locals, @virtual_path, @updated_at, @formats, @variants = *array
+      @source, @identifier, @handler, @compiled, @locals, @virtual_path, @updated_at, @format, @variant = *array
       @compile_mutex = Mutex.new
     end
 
     private
-
       # Compile a template. This method ensures a template is compiled
       # just once and removes the source after it is compiled.
       def compile!(view)
@@ -264,23 +276,25 @@ module ActionView
           # re-compilation
           return if @compiled
 
-          if view.is_a?(ActionView::CompiledTemplates)
-            mod = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
-          else
-            mod = view.singleton_class
-          end
+          mod = view.compiled_method_container
 
           instrument("!compile_template") do
             compile(mod)
           end
 
-          # Just discard the source if we have a virtual path. This
-          # means we can get the template back.
-          @source = nil if @virtual_path
           @compiled = true
         end
       end
 
+      class LegacyTemplate < DelegateClass(Template) # :nodoc:
+        attr_reader :source
+
+        def initialize(template, source)
+          super(template)
+          @source = source
+        end
+      end
+
       # Among other things, this method is responsible for properly setting
       # the encoding of the compiled template.
       #
@@ -294,16 +308,15 @@ module ActionView
       # In general, this means that templates will be UTF-8 inside of Rails,
       # regardless of the original source encoding.
       def compile(mod)
-        encode!
-        code = @handler.call(self)
+        source = encode!
+        code = @handler.call(self, source)
 
         # Make sure that the resulting String to be eval'd is in the
         # encoding of the code
+        original_source = source
         source = +<<-end_src
           def #{method_name}(local_assigns, output_buffer)
-            _old_virtual_path, @virtual_path = @virtual_path, #{@virtual_path.inspect};_old_output_buffer = @output_buffer;#{locals_code};#{code}
-          ensure
-            @virtual_path, @output_buffer = _old_virtual_path, _old_output_buffer
+            @virtual_path = #{@virtual_path.inspect};#{locals_code};#{code}
           end
         end_src
 
@@ -318,12 +331,16 @@ module ActionView
         # handler is valid in the default_internal. This is for handlers
         # that handle encoding but screw up
         unless source.valid_encoding?
-          raise WrongEncodingError.new(@source, Encoding.default_internal)
+          raise WrongEncodingError.new(source, Encoding.default_internal)
         end
 
-        mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
-        if finalize_compiled_template_methods
-          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
+        begin
+          mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
+        rescue SyntaxError
+          # Account for when code in the template is not syntactically valid; e.g. if we're using
+          # ERB and the user writes <%= foo( %>, attempting to call a helper `foo` and interpolate
+          # the result into the template, but missing an end parenthesis.
+          raise SyntaxErrorInTemplate.new(self, original_source)
         end
       end
 
@@ -332,12 +349,7 @@ module ActionView
           e.sub_template_of(self)
           raise e
         else
-          template = self
-          unless template.source
-            template = refresh(view)
-            template.encode!
-          end
-          raise Template::Error.new(template)
+          raise Template::Error.new(self)
         end
       end
 
@@ -360,7 +372,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def identifier_method_name
-        inspect.tr("^a-z_", "_")
+        short_identifier.tr("^a-z_", "_")
       end
 
       def instrument(action, &block) # :doc:
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
index 4e3c02e05e..7fc74a5502 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
-      def source_extract(indentation = 0, output = :console)
-        return unless num = line_number
+      def source_extract(indentation = 0)
+        return [] unless num = line_number
         num = num.to_i
 
         source_code = @template.source.split("\n")
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ module ActionView
         end_on_line   = [ num + SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS - 1, source_code.length].min
 
         indent = end_on_line.to_s.size + indentation
-        return unless source_code = source_code[start_on_line..end_on_line]
+        return [] unless source_code = source_code[start_on_line..end_on_line]
 
-        formatted_code_for(source_code, start_on_line, indent, output)
+        formatted_code_for(source_code, start_on_line, indent)
       end
 
       def sub_template_of(template_path)
@@ -109,12 +109,11 @@ module ActionView
           end
       end
 
-      def annoted_source_code
+      def annotated_source_code
         source_extract(4)
       end
 
       private
-
         def source_location
           if line_number
             "on line ##{line_number} of "
@@ -123,19 +122,35 @@ module ActionView
           end + file_name
         end
 
-        def formatted_code_for(source_code, line_counter, indent, output)
-          start_value = (output == :html) ? {} : []
-          source_code.inject(start_value) do |result, line|
+        def formatted_code_for(source_code, line_counter, indent)
+          indent_template = "%#{indent}s: %s"
+          source_code.map do |line|
             line_counter += 1
-            if output == :html
-              result.update(line_counter.to_s => "%#{indent}s %s\n" % ["", line])
-            else
-              result << "%#{indent}s: %s" % [line_counter, line]
-            end
+            indent_template % [line_counter, line]
           end
         end
     end
   end
 
   TemplateError = Template::Error
+
+  class SyntaxErrorInTemplate < TemplateError #:nodoc
+    def initialize(template, offending_code_string)
+      @offending_code_string = offending_code_string
+      super(template)
+    end
+
+    def message
+      <<~MESSAGE
+        Encountered a syntax error while rendering template: check #{@offending_code_string}
+      MESSAGE
+    end
+
+    def annotated_source_code
+      @offending_code_string.split("\n").map.with_index(1) { |line, index|
+        indentation = " " * 4
+        "#{index}:#{indentation}#{line}"
+      }
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
index 7ec76dcc3f..c7ef456125 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         base.register_template_handler :erb, ERB.new
         base.register_template_handler :html, Html.new
         base.register_template_handler :builder, Builder.new
-        base.register_template_handler :ruby, :source.to_proc
+        base.register_template_handler :ruby, lambda { |_, source| source }
       end
 
       @@template_handlers = {}
@@ -24,11 +24,35 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         @@template_extensions ||= @@template_handlers.keys
       end
 
+      class LegacyHandlerWrapper < SimpleDelegator # :nodoc:
+        def call(view, source)
+          __getobj__.call(ActionView::Template::LegacyTemplate.new(view, source))
+        end
+      end
+
       # Register an object that knows how to handle template files with the given
       # extensions. This can be used to implement new template types.
       # The handler must respond to +:call+, which will be passed the template
       # and should return the rendered template as a String.
       def register_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
+        params = if handler.is_a?(Proc)
+          handler.parameters
+        else
+          handler.method(:call).parameters
+        end
+
+        unless params.find_all { |type, _| type == :req || type == :opt }.length >= 2
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~eowarn
+          Single arity template handlers are deprecated. Template handlers must
+          now accept two parameters, the view object and the source for the view object.
+          Change:
+            >> #{handler}.call(#{params.map(&:last).join(", ")})
+          To:
+            >> #{handler}.call(#{params.map(&:last).join(", ")}, source)
+          eowarn
+          handler = LegacyHandlerWrapper.new(handler)
+        end
+
         raise(ArgumentError, "Extension is required") if extensions.empty?
         extensions.each do |extension|
           @@template_handlers[extension.to_sym] = handler
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb
index 61492ce448..e5413cd2a0 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ module ActionView
     class Builder
       class_attribute :default_format, default: :xml
 
-      def call(template)
+      def call(template, source)
         require_engine
         "xml = ::Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:indent => 2);" \
           "self.output_buffer = xml.target!;" +
-          template.source +
+          source +
           ";xml.target!;"
       end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
index 270be0a380..69a5a0b1b9 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ module ActionView
         class_attribute :escape_ignore_list, default: ["text/plain"]
 
         [self, singleton_class].each do |base|
-          base.send(:alias_method, :escape_whitelist, :escape_ignore_list)
-          base.send(:alias_method, :escape_whitelist=, :escape_ignore_list=)
+          base.alias_method :escape_whitelist, :escape_ignore_list
+          base.alias_method :escape_whitelist=, :escape_ignore_list=
 
           base.deprecate(
             escape_whitelist: "use #escape_ignore_list instead",
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ module ActionView
 
         ENCODING_TAG = Regexp.new("\\A(<%#{ENCODING_FLAG}-?%>)[ \\t]*")
 
-        def self.call(template)
-          new.call(template)
+        def self.call(template, source)
+          new.call(template, source)
         end
 
         def supports_streaming?
@@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ module ActionView
           true
         end
 
-        def call(template)
+        def call(template, source)
           # First, convert to BINARY, so in case the encoding is
           # wrong, we can still find an encoding tag
           # (<%# encoding %>) inside the String using a regular
           # expression
-          template_source = template.source.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+          template_source = source.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
 
           erb = template_source.gsub(ENCODING_TAG, "")
           encoding = $2
 
-          erb.force_encoding valid_encoding(template.source.dup, encoding)
+          erb.force_encoding valid_encoding(source.dup, encoding)
 
           # Always make sure we return a String in the default_internal
           erb.encode!
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
       private
-
         def valid_encoding(string, encoding)
           # If a magic encoding comment was found, tag the
           # String with this encoding. This is for a case
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb/erubi.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb/erubi.rb
index db75f028ed..e602aa117a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb/erubi.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb/erubi.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionView
 
             # Dup properties so that we don't modify argument
             properties = Hash[properties]
-            properties[:preamble]   = "@output_buffer = output_buffer || ActionView::OutputBuffer.new;"
+            properties[:preamble]   = ""
             properties[:postamble]  = "@output_buffer.to_s"
             properties[:bufvar]     = "@output_buffer"
             properties[:escapefunc] = ""
@@ -22,8 +22,12 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           def evaluate(action_view_erb_handler_context)
-            pr = eval("proc { #{@src} }", binding, @filename || "(erubi)")
-            action_view_erb_handler_context.instance_eval(&pr)
+            src = @src
+            view = Class.new(ActionView::Base) {
+              include action_view_erb_handler_context._routes.url_helpers
+              class_eval("define_method(:_template) { |local_assigns, output_buffer| #{src} }", defined?(@filename) ? @filename : "(erubi)", 0)
+            }.empty
+            view._run(:_template, nil, {}, ActionView::OutputBuffer.new)
           end
 
         private
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/html.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/html.rb
index 27004a318c..65857d8587 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/html.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/html.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 module ActionView
   module Template::Handlers
     class Html < Raw
-      def call(template)
+      def call(template, source)
         "ActionView::OutputBuffer.new #{super}"
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
index 5cd23a0060..57ebb169fc 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 module ActionView
   module Template::Handlers
     class Raw
-      def call(template)
-        "#{template.source.inspect}.html_safe;"
+      def call(template, source)
+        "#{source.inspect}.html_safe;"
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
index a262c6d9ad..563bffd333 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   # = Action View HTML Template
   class Template #:nodoc:
     class HTML #:nodoc:
-      attr_accessor :type
+      attr_reader :type
 
       def initialize(string, type = nil)
+        unless type
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionView::Template::HTML#initialize requires a type parameter"
+          type = :html
+        end
+
         @string = string.to_s
-        @type   = Types[type] || type if type
-        @type ||= Types[:html]
+        @type   = type
       end
 
       def identifier
@@ -26,9 +30,12 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         to_str
       end
 
-      def formats
-        [@type.respond_to?(:ref) ? @type.ref : @type.to_s]
+      def format
+        @type
       end
+
+      def formats; Array(format); end
+      deprecate :formats
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/inline.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44658487ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  class Template #:nodoc:
+    class Inline < Template #:nodoc:
+      # This finalizer is needed (and exactly with a proc inside another proc)
+      # otherwise templates leak in development.
+      Finalizer = proc do |method_name, mod| # :nodoc:
+        proc do
+          mod.module_eval do
+            remove_possible_method method_name
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def compile(mod)
+        super
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/raw_file.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/raw_file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..623351305f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/raw_file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  # = Action View RawFile Template
+  class Template #:nodoc:
+    class RawFile #:nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :type, :format
+
+      def initialize(filename)
+        @filename = filename.to_s
+        extname = ::File.extname(filename).delete(".")
+        @type = Template::Types[extname] || Template::Types[:text]
+        @format = @type.symbol
+      end
+
+      def identifier
+        @filename
+      end
+
+      def render(*args)
+        ::File.read(@filename)
+      end
+
+      def formats; Array(format); end
+      deprecate :formats
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
index 08dd6fb510..bfac4c08a0 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
@@ -63,26 +63,11 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Cache the templates returned by the block
       def cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals)
-        if Resolver.caching?
-          @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] ||= canonical_no_templates(yield)
-        else
-          fresh_templates  = yield
-          cached_templates = @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals]
-
-          if templates_have_changed?(cached_templates, fresh_templates)
-            @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] = canonical_no_templates(fresh_templates)
-          else
-            cached_templates || NO_TEMPLATES
-          end
-        end
+        @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] ||= canonical_no_templates(yield)
       end
 
       def cache_query(query) # :nodoc:
-        if Resolver.caching?
-          @query_cache[query] ||= canonical_no_templates(yield)
-        else
-          yield
-        end
+        @query_cache[query] ||= canonical_no_templates(yield)
       end
 
       def clear
@@ -108,23 +93,9 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       private
-
         def canonical_no_templates(templates)
           templates.empty? ? NO_TEMPLATES : templates
         end
-
-        def templates_have_changed?(cached_templates, fresh_templates)
-          # if either the old or new template list is empty, we don't need to (and can't)
-          # compare modification times, and instead just check whether the lists are different
-          if cached_templates.blank? || fresh_templates.blank?
-            return fresh_templates.blank? != cached_templates.blank?
-          end
-
-          cached_templates_max_updated_at = cached_templates.map(&:updated_at).max
-
-          # if a template has changed, it will be now be newer than all the cached templates
-          fresh_templates.any? { |t| t.updated_at > cached_templates_max_updated_at }
-        end
     end
 
     cattr_accessor :caching, default: true
@@ -143,35 +114,32 @@ module ActionView
 
     # Normalizes the arguments and passes it on to find_templates.
     def find_all(name, prefix = nil, partial = false, details = {}, key = nil, locals = [])
-      cached(key, [name, prefix, partial], details, locals) do
-        find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details)
-      end
-    end
+      locals = locals.map(&:to_s).sort!.freeze
 
-    def find_all_anywhere(name, prefix, partial = false, details = {}, key = nil, locals = [])
       cached(key, [name, prefix, partial], details, locals) do
-        find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details, true)
+        _find_all(name, prefix, partial, details, key, locals)
       end
     end
 
+    alias :find_all_anywhere :find_all
+    deprecate :find_all_anywhere
+
     def find_all_with_query(query) # :nodoc:
       @cache.cache_query(query) { find_template_paths(File.join(@path, query)) }
     end
 
   private
+    def _find_all(name, prefix, partial, details, key, locals)
+      find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details, locals)
+    end
 
     delegate :caching?, to: :class
 
     # This is what child classes implement. No defaults are needed
     # because Resolver guarantees that the arguments are present and
     # normalized.
-    def find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details, outside_app_allowed = false)
-      raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details, outside_app_allowed = false) method"
-    end
-
-    # Helpers that builds a path. Useful for building virtual paths.
-    def build_path(name, prefix, partial)
-      Path.build(name, prefix, partial)
+    def find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details, locals = [])
+      raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details, locals = []) method"
     end
 
     # Handles templates caching. If a key is given and caching is on
@@ -180,25 +148,13 @@ module ActionView
     # resolver is fresher before returning it.
     def cached(key, path_info, details, locals)
       name, prefix, partial = path_info
-      locals = locals.map(&:to_s).sort!
 
       if key
         @cache.cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals) do
-          decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
+          yield
         end
       else
-        decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Ensures all the resolver information is set in the template.
-    def decorate(templates, path_info, details, locals)
-      cached = nil
-      templates.each do |t|
-        t.locals         = locals
-        t.formats        = details[:formats]  || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
-        t.variants       = details[:variants] || []      if t.variants.empty?
-        t.virtual_path ||= (cached ||= build_path(*path_info))
+        yield
       end
     end
   end
@@ -209,34 +165,59 @@ module ActionView
     DEFAULT_PATTERN = ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}"
 
     def initialize(pattern = nil)
-      @pattern = pattern || DEFAULT_PATTERN
+      if pattern
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Specifying a custom path for #{self.class} is deprecated. Implement a custom Resolver subclass instead."
+        @pattern = pattern
+      else
+        @pattern = DEFAULT_PATTERN
+      end
+      @unbound_templates = Concurrent::Map.new
       super()
     end
 
-    private
+    def clear_cache
+      @unbound_templates.clear
+      super()
+    end
 
-      def find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details, outside_app_allowed = false)
+    private
+      def _find_all(name, prefix, partial, details, key, locals)
         path = Path.build(name, prefix, partial)
-        query(path, details, details[:formats], outside_app_allowed)
+        query(path, details, details[:formats], locals, cache: !!key)
       end
 
-      def query(path, details, formats, outside_app_allowed)
+      def query(path, details, formats, locals, cache:)
         template_paths = find_template_paths_from_details(path, details)
-        template_paths = reject_files_external_to_app(template_paths) unless outside_app_allowed
+        template_paths = reject_files_external_to_app(template_paths)
 
         template_paths.map do |template|
-          handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(template)
-          contents = File.binread(template)
-
-          Template.new(contents, File.expand_path(template), handler,
-            virtual_path: path.virtual,
-            format: format,
-            variant: variant,
-            updated_at: mtime(template)
-          )
+          unbound_template =
+            if cache
+              @unbound_templates.compute_if_absent([template, path.virtual]) do
+                build_unbound_template(template, path.virtual)
+              end
+            else
+              build_unbound_template(template, path.virtual)
+            end
+
+          unbound_template.bind_locals(locals)
         end
       end
 
+      def build_unbound_template(template, virtual_path)
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(template)
+        source = Template::Sources::File.new(template)
+
+        UnboundTemplate.new(
+          source,
+          template,
+          handler,
+          virtual_path: virtual_path,
+          format: format,
+          variant: variant,
+        )
+      end
+
       def reject_files_external_to_app(files)
         files.reject { |filename| !inside_path?(@path, filename) }
       end
@@ -285,11 +266,6 @@ module ActionView
         entry.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, '\\\\\\&')
       end
 
-      # Returns the file mtime from the filesystem.
-      def mtime(p)
-        File.mtime(p)
-      end
-
       # Extract handler, formats and variant from path. If a format cannot be found neither
       # from the path, or the handler, we should return the array of formats given
       # to the resolver.
@@ -301,51 +277,21 @@ module ActionView
 
         handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
         format, variant = pieces.last.split(EXTENSIONS[:variants], 2) if pieces.last
-        format &&= Template::Types[format]
+        format = if format
+          Template::Types[format]&.ref
+        elsif handler.respond_to?(:default_format) # default_format can return nil
+          handler.default_format
+        end
 
+        # Template::Types[format] and handler.default_format can return nil
         [handler, format, variant]
       end
   end
 
-  # A resolver that loads files from the filesystem. It allows setting your own
-  # resolving pattern. Such pattern can be a glob string supported by some variables.
-  #
-  # ==== Examples
-  #
-  # Default pattern, loads views the same way as previous versions of rails, eg. when you're
-  # looking for <tt>users/new</tt> it will produce query glob: <tt>users/new{.{en},}{.{html,js},}{.{erb,haml},}</tt>
-  #
-  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}")
-  #
-  # This one allows you to keep files with different formats in separate subdirectories,
-  # eg. <tt>users/new.html</tt> will be loaded from <tt>users/html/new.erb</tt> or <tt>users/new.html.erb</tt>,
-  # <tt>users/new.js</tt> from <tt>users/js/new.erb</tt> or <tt>users/new.js.erb</tt>, etc.
-  #
-  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}")
-  #
-  # If you don't specify a pattern then the default will be used.
-  #
-  # In order to use any of the customized resolvers above in a Rails application, you just need
-  # to configure ActionController::Base.view_paths in an initializer, for example:
-  #
-  #   ActionController::Base.view_paths = FileSystemResolver.new(
-  #     Rails.root.join("app/views"),
-  #     ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}",
-  #   )
-  #
-  # ==== Pattern format and variables
-  #
-  # Pattern has to be a valid glob string, and it allows you to use the
-  # following variables:
-  #
-  # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - usually the controller path
-  # * <tt>:action</tt> - name of the action
-  # * <tt>:locale</tt> - possible locale versions
-  # * <tt>:formats</tt> - possible request formats (for example html, json, xml...)
-  # * <tt>:variants</tt> - possible request variants (for example phone, tablet...)
-  # * <tt>:handlers</tt> - possible handlers (for example erb, haml, builder...)
-  #
+  # A resolver that loads files from the filesystem.
   class FileSystemResolver < PathResolver
+    attr_reader :path
+
     def initialize(path, pattern = nil)
       raise ArgumentError, "path already is a Resolver class" if path.is_a?(Resolver)
       super(pattern)
@@ -365,8 +311,11 @@ module ActionView
 
   # An Optimized resolver for Rails' most common case.
   class OptimizedFileSystemResolver < FileSystemResolver #:nodoc:
-    private
+    def initialize(path)
+      super(path)
+    end
 
+    private
       def find_template_paths_from_details(path, details)
         # Instead of checking for every possible path, as our other globs would
         # do, scan the directory for files with the right prefix.
@@ -378,7 +327,7 @@ module ActionView
           # This regex match does double duty of finding only files which match
           # details (instead of just matching the prefix) and also filtering for
           # case-insensitive file systems.
-          !filename.match(regex) ||
+          !regex.match?(filename) ||
             File.directory?(filename)
         end.sort_by do |filename|
           # Because we scanned the directory, instead of checking for files
@@ -420,12 +369,18 @@ module ActionView
   # The same as FileSystemResolver but does not allow templates to store
   # a virtual path since it is invalid for such resolvers.
   class FallbackFileSystemResolver < FileSystemResolver #:nodoc:
+    private_class_method :new
+
     def self.instances
       [new(""), new("/")]
     end
 
-    def decorate(*)
-      super.each { |t| t.virtual_path = nil }
+    def build_unbound_template(template, _)
+      super(template, nil)
+    end
+
+    def reject_files_external_to_app(files)
+      files
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/sources.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/sources.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b89535741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/sources.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionView
+  class Template
+    module Sources
+      extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+      eager_autoload do
+        autoload :File
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/sources/file.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/sources/file.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d3a7dec7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/sources/file.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionView
+  class Template
+    module Sources
+      class File
+        def initialize(filename)
+          @filename = filename
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          ::File.binread @filename
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
index f8d6c2811f..c5fd55f1b3 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
       def initialize(string)
         @string = string.to_s
-        @type = Types[:text]
       end
 
       def identifier
@@ -25,9 +24,12 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         to_str
       end
 
-      def formats
-        [@type.ref]
+      def format
+        :text
       end
+
+      def formats; Array(format); end
+      deprecate :formats
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
index e14f7aaec7..b08f8b2dfb 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
       private
-
         def include_helper_modules!
           helper(helper_class) if helper_class
           include _helpers
@@ -163,7 +162,6 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
     private
-
       # Need to experiment if this priority is the best one: rendered => output_buffer
       def document_root_element
         Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
@@ -284,7 +282,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       def respond_to_missing?(name, include_private = false)
         begin
-          routes = @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) && @controller._routes
+          routes = defined?(@controller) && @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) && @controller._routes
         rescue
           # Don't call routes, if there is an error on _routes call
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
index 1fad08a689..539bedcdf0 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
@@ -8,36 +8,36 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   # useful for testing extensions that have no way of knowing what the file
   # system will look like at runtime.
   class FixtureResolver < PathResolver
-    attr_reader :hash
-
     def initialize(hash = {}, pattern = nil)
       super(pattern)
       @hash = hash
     end
 
+    def data
+      @hash
+    end
+
     def to_s
       @hash.keys.join(", ")
     end
 
     private
-
-      def query(path, exts, _, _)
+      def query(path, exts, _, locals, cache:)
         query = +""
-        EXTENSIONS.each_key do |ext|
-          query << "(" << exts[ext].map { |e| e && Regexp.escape(".#{e}") }.join("|") << "|)"
+        EXTENSIONS.each do |ext, prefix|
+          query << "(" << exts[ext].map { |e| e && Regexp.escape("#{prefix}#{e}") }.join("|") << "|)"
         end
         query = /^(#{Regexp.escape(path)})#{query}$/
 
         templates = []
-        @hash.each do |_path, array|
-          source, updated_at = array
+        @hash.each do |_path, source|
           next unless query.match?(_path)
           handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(_path)
           templates << Template.new(source, _path, handler,
             virtual_path: path.virtual,
             format: format,
             variant: variant,
-            updated_at: updated_at
+            locals: locals
           )
         end
 
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   end
 
   class NullResolver < PathResolver
-    def query(path, exts, _, _)
+    def query(path, exts, _, locals, cache:)
       handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path)
-      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path.virtual, handler, virtual_path: path.virtual, format: format, variant: variant)]
+      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path.virtual, handler, virtual_path: path.virtual, format: format, variant: variant, locals: locals)]
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/unbound_template.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/unbound_template.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d4434b2e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/unbound_template.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "concurrent/map"
+
+module ActionView
+  class UnboundTemplate
+    def initialize(source, identifier, handler, options)
+      @source = source
+      @identifier = identifier
+      @handler = handler
+      @options = options
+
+      @templates = Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 2)
+    end
+
+    def bind_locals(locals)
+      @templates[locals] ||= build_template(locals)
+    end
+
+    private
+      def build_template(locals)
+        options = @options.merge(locals: locals)
+        Template.new(
+          @source,
+          @identifier,
+          @handler,
+          options
+        )
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
index d5694d77f4..7e05f15648 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
@@ -5,13 +5,21 @@ module ActionView
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :_view_paths, default: ActionView::PathSet.new.freeze
+      ViewPaths.set_view_paths(self, ActionView::PathSet.new.freeze)
     end
 
     delegate :template_exists?, :any_templates?, :view_paths, :formats, :formats=,
              :locale, :locale=, to: :lookup_context
 
     module ClassMethods
+      def _view_paths
+        ViewPaths.get_view_paths(self)
+      end
+
+      def _view_paths=(paths)
+        ViewPaths.set_view_paths(self, paths)
+      end
+
       def _prefixes # :nodoc:
         @_prefixes ||= begin
           return local_prefixes if superclass.abstract?
@@ -21,7 +29,6 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       private
-
         # Override this method in your controller if you want to change paths prefixes for finding views.
         # Prefixes defined here will still be added to parents' <tt>._prefixes</tt>.
         def local_prefixes
@@ -29,6 +36,22 @@ module ActionView
         end
     end
 
+    # :stopdoc:
+    @all_view_paths = {}
+
+    def self.get_view_paths(klass)
+      @all_view_paths[klass] || get_view_paths(klass.superclass)
+    end
+
+    def self.set_view_paths(klass, paths)
+      @all_view_paths[klass] = paths
+    end
+
+    def self.all_view_paths
+      @all_view_paths.values.uniq
+    end
+    # :startdoc:
+
     # The prefixes used in render "foo" shortcuts.
     def _prefixes # :nodoc:
       self.class._prefixes
diff --git a/actionview/package.json b/actionview/package.json
index 1f74df79d3..74cdcfec43 100644
--- a/actionview/package.json
+++ b/actionview/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
-  "name": "rails-ujs",
-  "version": "6.0.0-alpha",
+  "name": "@rails/ujs",
+  "version": "6.1.0-alpha",
   "description": "Ruby on Rails unobtrusive scripting adapter",
   "main": "lib/assets/compiled/rails-ujs.js",
   "files": [
diff --git a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
index f90626ad9e..b652f2e6cb 100644
--- a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ module RenderERBUtils
     @view ||= begin
       path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
       view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
-      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths)
+      view = ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache
+      view.with_view_paths(view_paths)
     end
   end
 
@@ -58,10 +59,11 @@ module RenderERBUtils
     template = ActionView::Template.new(
       string.strip,
       "test template",
-      ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB,
-      {})
+      ActionView::Template.handler_for_extension(:erb),
+      format: :html, locals: [])
 
-    template.render(self, {}).strip
+    view = ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache
+    template.render(view.empty, {}).strip
   end
 end
 
@@ -190,6 +192,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 end
 
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  parallelize
+
   include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
 
   private
@@ -203,3 +207,5 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
       skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
 end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
index 4d4e2b8ef2..2de81596b5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
@@ -229,11 +229,12 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     class ActionMissingRespondToActionController < AbstractController::Base
-    # No actions
-    private
-      def action_missing(action_name)
-        self.response_body = "success"
-      end
+      # No actions
+
+      private
+        def action_missing(action_name)
+          self.response_body = "success"
+        end
     end
 
     class RespondToActionController < AbstractController::Base
@@ -242,7 +243,6 @@ module AbstractController
       def fail()  self.response_body = "fail"    end
 
     private
-
       def method_for_action(action_name)
         action_name.to_s != "fail" && action_name
       end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
index 1146e6f64b..15643c161d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
       def index
         render template: ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello symbol!")
       end
+
     private
       def hello
         "overwrite"
@@ -295,7 +296,7 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
         10.times do |x|
           controller = WithString.new
           controller.define_singleton_method :index do
-            render template: ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!"), locals: { :"x#{x}" => :omg }
+            render template: ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!"), locals: { "x#{x}": :omg }
           end
           controller.process(:index)
         end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
index d863548a5c..e4e8ac93b2 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def file
-        render file: "some/file"
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { render file: "some/file" }
       end
 
       def inline
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
index 6d5c97b7fd..f946e4360d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_third_party_template_library_auto_discovers_layout
-    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template| template.source.inspect } do
+    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template, source| source.inspect } do
       @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
       get :hello
       assert_response :success
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_layout_set_when_using_render
-    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template| template.source.inspect } do
+    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template, source| source.inspect } do
       @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
       get :hello
       assert_includes @response.body, "layouts/third_party_template_library.mab"
@@ -233,7 +233,9 @@ class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_absolute_pathed_layout
     @controller = AbsolutePathLayoutController.new
-    get :hello
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :hello
+    end
     assert_equal "layout_test.erb hello.erb", @response.body.strip
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
index 204903c60c..64070a9542 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -174,6 +174,10 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     render inline: "<%= controller_name %>"
   end
 
+  def inline_rendered_format_without_format
+    render inline: "test"
+  end
+
   # :ported:
   def render_custom_code
     render plain: "hello world", status: 404
@@ -485,8 +489,8 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     render partial: "customer", locals: { customer: Customer.new("david") }
   end
 
-  def partial_with_string_locals
-    render partial: "customer", locals: { "customer" => Customer.new("david") }
+  def partial_with_hashlike_locals
+    render partial: "customer", locals: ActionController::Parameters.new(customer: Customer.new("david"))
   end
 
   def partial_with_form_builder
@@ -603,7 +607,6 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   private
-
     def set_variable_for_layout
       @variable_for_layout = nil
     end
@@ -659,6 +662,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :hello_world_from_rxml_using_action, to: "test#hello_world_from_rxml_using_action"
     get :hello_world_from_rxml_using_template, to: "test#hello_world_from_rxml_using_template"
     get :hello_world_with_layout_false, to: "test#hello_world_with_layout_false"
+    get :inline_rendered_format_without_format, to: "test#inline_rendered_format_without_format"
     get :layout_overriding_layout, to: "test#layout_overriding_layout"
     get :layout_test, to: "test#layout_test"
     get :layout_test_with_different_layout, to: "test#layout_test_with_different_layout"
@@ -691,7 +695,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :partial_with_locals, to: "test#partial_with_locals"
     get :partial_with_nested_object, to: "test#partial_with_nested_object"
     get :partial_with_nested_object_shorthand, to: "test#partial_with_nested_object_shorthand"
-    get :partial_with_string_locals, to: "test#partial_with_string_locals"
+    get :partial_with_hashlike_locals, to: "test#partial_with_hashlike_locals"
     get :partials_list, to: "test#partials_list"
     get :render_action_hello_world, to: "test#render_action_hello_world"
     get :render_action_hello_world_as_string, to: "test#render_action_hello_world_as_string"
@@ -867,48 +871,64 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_file_with_instance_variables
-    get :render_file_with_instance_variables
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :render_file_with_instance_variables
+    end
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_file
-    get :hello_world_file
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :hello_world_file
+    end
     assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_file_not_using_full_path
-    get :render_file_not_using_full_path
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :render_file_not_using_full_path
+    end
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
-    get :render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
+    end
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_file_using_pathname
-    get :render_file_using_pathname
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :render_file_using_pathname
+    end
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_file_with_locals
-    get :render_file_with_locals
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :render_file_with_locals
+    end
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_file_as_string_with_locals
-    get :render_file_as_string_with_locals
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :render_file_as_string_with_locals
+    end
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
   end
 
   # :assessed:
   def test_render_file_from_template
-    get :render_file_from_template
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :render_file_from_template
+    end
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -982,14 +1002,14 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_xml
     get :render_xml_hello
     assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello David</p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.media_type
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_xml_as_string_template
     get :render_xml_hello_as_string_template
     assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello David</p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.media_type
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -1015,6 +1035,12 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "<wrapper>\n<html>\n  <p>Hello </p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n</wrapper>\n", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_rendered_format_without_format
+    get :inline_rendered_format_without_format
+    assert_equal "test", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
+  end
+
   def test_partials_list
     get :partials_list
     assert_equal "goodbyeHello: davidHello: marygoodbye\n", @response.body
@@ -1050,7 +1076,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template
     get :accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template, params: { local_name: "Local David" }
     assert_equal "Goodbye, Local David", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_should_implicitly_render_html_template_from_xhr_request
@@ -1122,11 +1148,19 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_bad_render_to_string_still_throws_exception
-    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { get :render_to_string_with_exception }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
+        get :render_to_string_with_exception
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_that_throws_caught_exception_doesnt_break_assigns
-    assert_nothing_raised { get :render_to_string_with_caught_exception }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        get :render_to_string_with_caught_exception
+      end
+    end
     assert_equal "i'm before the render", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@before)
     assert_equal "i'm after the render", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@after)
   end
@@ -1229,13 +1263,13 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_partial_only
     get :partial_only
     assert_equal "only partial", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_should_render_html_formatted_partial
     get :partial
     assert_equal "partial html", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_html_formatted_partial_even_with_other_mime_time_in_accept
@@ -1244,20 +1278,20 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :partial_html_erb
 
     assert_equal "partial.html.erb", @response.body.strip
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_should_render_html_partial_with_formats
     get :partial_formats_html
     assert_equal "partial html", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_partial
     get :render_to_string_with_partial
     assert_equal "only partial", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@partial_only)
     assert_equal "Hello: david", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@partial_with_locals)
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
@@ -1265,21 +1299,21 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "**only partial**\n", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@text)
     assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@html)
     assert_equal "<strong>only html partial</strong>\n", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
     get :render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
     assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@html)
     assert_equal "**only partial**\n", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/plain", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
     get :render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
     expected = "only html partial<p>This is grand!</p>"
     assert_equal expected, @response.body.strip
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.media_type
   end
 
   def test_partial_with_counter
@@ -1292,8 +1326,8 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello: david", @response.body
   end
 
-  def test_partial_with_string_locals
-    get :partial_with_string_locals
+  def test_partial_with_hashlike_locals
+    get :partial_with_hashlike_locals
     assert_equal "Hello: david", @response.body
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
index 7f3fe0fa08..4449d08496 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class ViewLoadPathsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_template_appends_view_path_correctly
-    @controller.instance_variable_set :@template, ActionView::Base.new(TestController.view_paths, {}, @controller)
+    @controller.instance_variable_set :@template, ActionView::Base.with_view_paths(TestController.view_paths, {}, @controller)
     class_view_paths = TestController.view_paths
 
     @controller.append_view_path "foo"
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class ViewLoadPathsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_template_prepends_view_path_correctly
-    @controller.instance_variable_set :@template, ActionView::Base.new(TestController.view_paths, {}, @controller)
+    @controller.instance_variable_set :@template, ActionView::Base.with_view_paths(TestController.view_paths, {}, @controller)
     class_view_paths = TestController.view_paths
 
     @controller.prepend_view_path "baz"
@@ -143,8 +143,9 @@ class ViewLoadPathsTest < ActionController::TestCase
             "Decorated body",
             template.identifier,
             template.handler,
-              virtual_path: template.virtual_path,
-              format: template.formats
+            virtual_path: template.virtual_path,
+            format: template.format,
+            locals: template.locals
           )
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
index e4ea6a426d..4efb31a360 100644
--- a/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
@@ -42,6 +42,12 @@ class ActiveRecordTestConnector
       self.able_to_connect = false
     end
 
+    def reconnect
+      return unless able_to_connect
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.reconnect!
+      load_schema
+    end
+
     private
       def setup_connection
         if Object.const_defined?(:ActiveRecord)
@@ -102,3 +108,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTestCase < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 ActiveRecordTestConnector.setup
+
+ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization.after_fork_hook do
+  ActiveRecordTestConnector.reconnect
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
index 34655bfe23..1b196ade6d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def hidden_fields(method = nil)
       txt = +%{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/multifetch_cache_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/multifetch_cache_test.rb
index 12be069e69..f56168bda5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/multifetch_cache_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/multifetch_cache_test.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ class MultifetchCacheTest < ActiveRecordTestCase
 
   def setup
     view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+    view_paths.each(&:clear_cache)
+    ActionView::LookupContext.fallbacks.each(&:clear_cache)
 
-    @view = Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
+    @view = Class.new(ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache) do
       def view_cache_dependencies
         []
       end
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ class MultifetchCacheTest < ActiveRecordTestCase
       def combined_fragment_cache_key(key)
         [ :views, key ]
       end
-    end.new(view_paths, {})
+    end.with_view_paths(view_paths, {})
   end
 
   def test_only_preloading_for_records_that_miss_the_cache
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/relation_cache_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/relation_cache_test.rb
index a6befc3ee5..6fe83dcb9a 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/relation_cache_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/relation_cache_test.rb
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@ class RelationCacheTest < ActionView::TestCase
     lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(view_paths, {}, ["test"])
     @view_renderer = ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
     @virtual_path  = "path"
+    @current_template = lookup_context.find "test/hello_world"
 
     controller.cache_store = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
   end
 
   def test_cache_relation_other
     cache(Project.all) { concat("Hello World") }
-    assert_equal "Hello World", controller.cache_store.read("views/path/projects-#{Project.count}")
+    assert_equal "Hello World", controller.cache_store.read("views/test/hello_world:fa9482a68ce25bf7589b8eddad72f736/projects-#{Project.count}")
   end
 
   def view_cache_dependencies; []; end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello.builder
index b8ab17ad5b..4c34ee85f0 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello.builder
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello.builder
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 xml.html do
   xml.p "Hello #{@name}"
-  xml << render(file: "test/greeting")
+  xml << render(template: "test/greeting")
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_set.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_set.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd492fc519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_set.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= cached_set.first %> | <%= cached_set.second %> | <%= cached_set.third %> | <%= cached_set.fourth %> | <%= cached_set.fifth %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e2c825acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"HTML"
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cf4f4ec85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"XML"
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_layer.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_layer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1f1acb410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_layer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"format":"HTML", "children":
+[
+  <%= render(partial: "first").chomp.html_safe %>,
+]}
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_layer.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_layer.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8581bbbfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_layer.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"format":"XML", "children":
+[
+  <%= render(partial: "first").chomp.html_safe %>
+]}
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e2c825acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"HTML"
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cf4f4ec85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"XML"
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_layer.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_layer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..307706abd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_layer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"format":"HTML", "children":
+[
+  <%= render(partial: "first").chomp.html_safe %>
+]}
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_layer.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_layer.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8581bbbfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_layer.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"format":"XML", "children":
+[
+  <%= render(partial: "first").chomp.html_safe %>
+]}
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
index b8ab17ad5b..4c34ee85f0 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 xml.html do
   xml.p "Hello #{@name}"
-  xml << render(file: "test/greeting")
+  xml << render(template: "test/greeting")
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb
index 2f8e921c5f..0477743dc4 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 <% content_for :title do %>title<% end -%>
-<%= render :file => 'layouts/yield' -%>
\ No newline at end of file
+<%= render template: 'layouts/yield' -%>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/mixing_formats.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/mixing_formats.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c65cdd7dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/mixing_formats.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{"format":"HTML", "children":
+[
+  <%= render(partial: "first", formats: :xml).chomp.html_safe %>,
+  <%= render(partial: "second").chomp.html_safe %>
+]}
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/mixing_formats_deep.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/mixing_formats_deep.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e328887eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/mixing_formats_deep.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{"format":"HTML", "children":
+[
+  <%= render(partial: "first_layer", formats: :xml).chomp.html_safe %>,
+  <%= render(partial: "second_layer").chomp.html_safe %>
+]}
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/syntax_error.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/syntax_error.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4004a2b187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/syntax_error.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<%= foo(
+  1,
+  2,
+%>
diff --git a/actionview/test/lib/test_component.rb b/actionview/test/lib/test_component.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d45d6e25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/lib/test_component.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class TestComponent < ActionView::Base
+  include ActiveModel::Validations
+
+  validates :content, :title, presence: true
+  delegate :render, to: :view_context
+
+  def initialize(title:)
+    @title = title
+  end
+
+  # Entrypoint for rendering. Called by ActionView::RenderingHelper#render.
+  #
+  # Returns ActionView::OutputBuffer.
+  def render_in(view_context, &block)
+    self.class.compile
+    @view_context = view_context
+    @content = view_context.capture(&block) if block_given?
+    validate!
+    rendered_template
+  end
+
+  def self.template
+    <<~'erb'
+    <span title="<%= title %>"><%= content %> (<%= render(plain: "Inline render") %>)</span>
+    erb
+  end
+
+  def self.compile
+    @compiled ||= nil
+    return if @compiled
+
+    class_eval(
+      "def rendered_template; @output_buffer = ActionView::OutputBuffer.new; " +
+      ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB.erb_implementation.new(template, trim: true).src +
+      "; end"
+    )
+
+    @compiled = true
+  end
+
+private
+  attr_reader :content, :title, :view_context
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
index 36afed6dd6..c6a3c9064f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ class ActiveModelHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     super
 
     @post = Post.new
-    @post.errors[:author_name] << "can't be empty"
-    @post.errors[:body] << "foo"
-    @post.errors[:category] << "must exist"
-    @post.errors[:published] << "must be accepted"
-    @post.errors[:updated_at] << "bar"
+    assert_deprecated { @post.errors[:author_name] << "can't be empty" }
+    assert_deprecated { @post.errors[:body] << "foo" }
+    assert_deprecated { @post.errors[:category] << "must exist" }
+    assert_deprecated { @post.errors[:published] << "must be accepted" }
+    assert_deprecated { @post.errors[:updated_at] << "bar" }
 
     @post.author_name = ""
     @post.body        = "Back to the hill and over it again!"
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
index e68f03d1f4..e371a87614 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -512,26 +512,6 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     UrlToImageToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
   end
 
-  def test_image_alt
-    [nil, "/", "/foo/bar/", "foo/bar/"].each do |prefix|
-      assert_deprecated do
-        assert_equal "Rails", image_alt("#{prefix}rails.png")
-      end
-      assert_deprecated do
-        assert_equal "Rails", image_alt("#{prefix}rails-9c0a079bdd7701d7e729bd956823d153.png")
-      end
-      assert_deprecated do
-        assert_equal "Rails", image_alt("#{prefix}rails-f56ef62bc41b040664e801a38f068082a75d506d9048307e8096737463503d0b.png")
-      end
-      assert_deprecated do
-        assert_equal "Long file name with hyphens", image_alt("#{prefix}long-file-name-with-hyphens.png")
-      end
-      assert_deprecated do
-        assert_equal "Long file name with underscores", image_alt("#{prefix}long_file_name_with_underscores.png")
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_image_tag
     ImageLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
   end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
index e172497c88..45070674ad 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require "abstract_unit"
 class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def setup
     super
-    @av = ActionView::Base.new
+    @av = ActionView::Base.empty
     @view_flow = ActionView::OutputFlow.new
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
index 3cd6448e38..59fa058bed 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,18 @@
 require "abstract_unit"
 
 class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  teardown do
+  attr_reader :view_class
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+    view_paths.each(&:clear_cache)
+    ActionView::LookupContext.fallbacks.each(&:clear_cache)
+    @view_class = ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
     ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
   end
 
@@ -13,7 +24,7 @@ class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_template_with_ruby_keyword_locals
     assert_equal "The class is foo",
-      render(file: "test/render_file_with_ruby_keyword_locals", locals: { class: "foo" })
+      render(template: "test/render_file_with_ruby_keyword_locals", locals: { class: "foo" })
   end
 
   def test_template_with_invalid_identifier_locals
@@ -23,7 +34,7 @@ class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       "d-a-s-h-e-s": "",
       "white space": "",
     }
-    assert_equal locals.inspect, render(file: "test/render_file_inspect_local_assigns", locals: locals)
+    assert_equal locals.inspect, render(template: "test/render_file_inspect_local_assigns", locals: locals)
   end
 
   def test_template_with_delegation_reserved_keywords
@@ -33,62 +44,24 @@ class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       args: "three",
       block: "four",
     }
-    assert_equal "one two three four", render(file: "test/test_template_with_delegation_reserved_keywords", locals: locals)
+    assert_equal "one two three four", render(template: "test/test_template_with_delegation_reserved_keywords", locals: locals)
   end
 
   def test_template_with_unicode_identifier
-    assert_equal "🎂", render(file: "test/render_file_unicode_local", locals: { 🎃: "🎂" })
+    assert_equal "🎂", render(template: "test/render_file_unicode_local", locals: { 🎃: "🎂" })
   end
 
   def test_template_with_instance_variable_identifier
-    assert_equal "bar", render(file: "test/render_file_instance_variable", locals: { "@foo": "bar" })
+    assert_equal "bar", render(template: "test/render_file_instance_variable", locals: { "@foo": "bar" })
   end
 
   def test_template_gets_recompiled_when_using_different_keys_in_local_assigns
-    assert_equal "one", render(file: "test/render_file_with_locals_and_default")
-    assert_equal "two", render(file: "test/render_file_with_locals_and_default", locals: { secret: "two" })
-  end
-
-  def test_template_changes_are_not_reflected_with_cached_templates
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", render(file: "test/hello_world")
-    modify_template "test/hello_world.erb", "Goodbye world!" do
-      assert_equal "Hello world!", render(file: "test/hello_world")
-    end
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", render(file: "test/hello_world")
-  end
-
-  def test_template_changes_are_reflected_with_uncached_templates
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", render_without_cache(file: "test/hello_world")
-    modify_template "test/hello_world.erb", "Goodbye world!" do
-      assert_equal "Goodbye world!", render_without_cache(file: "test/hello_world")
-    end
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", render_without_cache(file: "test/hello_world")
+    assert_equal "one", render(template: "test/render_file_with_locals_and_default")
+    assert_equal "two", render(template: "test/render_file_with_locals_and_default", locals: { secret: "two" })
   end
 
   private
     def render(*args)
-      render_with_cache(*args)
-    end
-
-    def render_with_cache(*args)
-      view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
-      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, {}).render(*args)
-    end
-
-    def render_without_cache(*args)
-      path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
-      view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
-      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, {}).render(*args)
-    end
-
-    def modify_template(template, content)
-      filename = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{template}"
-      old_content = File.read(filename)
-      begin
-        File.open(filename, "wb+") { |f| f.write(content) }
-        yield
-      ensure
-        File.open(filename, "wb+") { |f| f.write(old_content) }
-      end
+      ActionController::Base.render(*args)
     end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/csp_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/csp_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b7fd4665f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/csp_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+
+class CspHelperWithCspEnabledTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::CspHelper
+
+  def content_security_policy_nonce
+    "iyhD0Yc0W+c="
+  end
+
+  def content_security_policy?
+    true
+  end
+
+  def test_csp_meta_tag
+    assert_equal "<meta name=\"csp-nonce\" content=\"iyhD0Yc0W+c=\" />", csp_meta_tag
+  end
+
+  def test_csp_meta_tag_with_options
+    assert_equal "<meta property=\"csp-nonce\" name=\"csp-nonce\" content=\"iyhD0Yc0W+c=\" />", csp_meta_tag(property: "csp-nonce")
+  end
+end
+
+class CspHelperWithCspDisabledTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::CspHelper
+
+  def content_security_policy?
+    false
+  end
+
+  def test_csp_meta_tag
+    assert_nil csp_meta_tag
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/csrf_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/csrf_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd9821eb6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/csrf_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+
+class CsrfHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  cattr_accessor :request_forgery, default: false
+
+  include ActionView::Helpers::CsrfHelper
+  include ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
+  include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::DomAssertions
+
+  def test_csrf_meta_tags_without_request_forgery_protection
+    assert_dom_equal "", csrf_meta_tags
+  end
+
+  def test_csrf_meta_tags_with_request_forgery_protection
+    self.request_forgery = true
+
+    assert_dom_equal <<~DOM.chomp, csrf_meta_tags
+      <meta name="csrf-param" content="form_token" />
+      <meta name="csrf-token" content="secret" />
+    DOM
+  ensure
+    self.request_forgery = false
+  end
+
+  def test_csrf_meta_tags_without_protect_against_forgery_method
+    self.class.undef_method(:protect_against_forgery?)
+
+    assert_dom_equal "", csrf_meta_tags
+  ensure
+    self.class.define_method(:protect_against_forgery?) { request_forgery }
+  end
+
+  def protect_against_forgery?
+    request_forgery
+  end
+
+  def form_authenticity_token(*args)
+    "secret"
+  end
+
+  def request_forgery_protection_token
+    "form_token"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
index ef7aeac039..42cb14a18a 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ class FakeTemplate
   end
 end
 
-Neckbeard = lambda { |template| template.source }
-Bowtie = lambda { |template| template.source }
+Neckbeard = lambda { |template, source| source }
+Bowtie = lambda { |template, source| source }
 
 class DependencyTrackerTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def tracker
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
index ddaa7febb3..4515afdfff 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ require "action_view/dependency_tracker"
 class FixtureFinder < ActionView::LookupContext
   FIXTURES_DIR = File.expand_path("../fixtures/digestor", __dir__)
 
-  def initialize(details = {})
-    super(ActionView::PathSet.new(["digestor", "digestor/api"]), details, [])
-    @rendered_format = :html
+  def self.build(details = {})
+    new(ActionView::PathSet.new(["digestor", "digestor/api"]), details, [])
   end
 end
 
@@ -146,13 +145,12 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_nested_template_deps_with_non_default_rendered_format
-    finder.rendered_format = nil
     nested_deps = [{ "comments/comments" => ["comments/comment"] }]
     assert_equal nested_deps, nested_dependencies("messages/thread")
   end
 
   def test_template_formats_of_nested_deps_with_non_default_rendered_format
-    finder.rendered_format = nil
+    @finder = finder.with_prepended_formats([:json])
     assert_equal [:json], tree_template_formats("messages/thread").uniq
   end
 
@@ -161,12 +159,10 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_template_dependencies_with_fallback_from_js_to_html_format
-    finder.rendered_format = :js
     assert_equal ["comments/comment"], dependencies("comments/show")
   end
 
   def test_template_digest_with_fallback_from_js_to_html_format
-    finder.rendered_format = :js
     assert_digest_difference("comments/show") do
       change_template("comments/_comment")
     end
@@ -219,14 +215,14 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_details_are_included_in_cache_key
     # Cache the template digest.
-    @finder = FixtureFinder.new(formats: [:html])
+    @finder = FixtureFinder.build(formats: [:html])
     old_digest = digest("events/_event")
 
     # Change the template; the cached digest remains unchanged.
     change_template("events/_event")
 
     # The details are changed, so a new cache key is generated.
-    @finder = FixtureFinder.new
+    @finder = FixtureFinder.build
 
     # The cache is busted.
     assert_not_equal old_digest, digest("events/_event")
@@ -330,12 +326,14 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     def assert_digest_difference(template_name, options = {})
       previous_digest = digest(template_name, options)
+      finder.view_paths.each(&:clear_cache)
       finder.digest_cache.clear
 
       yield
 
       assert_not_equal previous_digest, digest(template_name, options), "digest didn't change"
       finder.digest_cache.clear
+      finder.view_paths.each(&:clear_cache)
     end
 
     def digest(template_name, options = {})
@@ -343,9 +341,14 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
       finder_options = options.extract!(:variants, :format)
 
       finder.variants = finder_options[:variants] || []
-      finder.rendered_format = finder_options[:format] if finder_options[:format]
 
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: template_name, finder: finder, dependencies: (options[:dependencies] || []))
+      finder_with_formats = if finder_options[:format]
+        finder.with_prepended_formats(Array(finder_options[:format]))
+      else
+        finder
+      end
+
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: template_name, format: finder_options[:format], finder: finder_with_formats, dependencies: (options[:dependencies] || []))
     end
 
     def dependencies(template_name)
@@ -360,7 +363,7 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     def tree_template_formats(template_name)
       tree = ActionView::Digestor.tree(template_name, finder)
-      tree.flatten.map(&:template).compact.flat_map(&:formats)
+      tree.flatten.map(&:template).compact.map(&:format)
     end
 
     def disable_resolver_caching
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     def finder
-      @finder ||= FixtureFinder.new
+      @finder ||= FixtureFinder.build
     end
 
     def change_template(template_name, variant = nil)
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/fallback_file_system_resolver_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/fallback_file_system_resolver_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa770f3a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/fallback_file_system_resolver_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+
+class FallbackFileSystemResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @root_resolver = ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.send(:new, "/")
+  end
+
+  def test_should_have_no_virtual_path
+    templates = @root_resolver.find_all("hello_world.erb", "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test", false, locale: [], formats: [:html], variants: [], handlers: [:erb])
+    assert_equal 1, templates.size
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", templates[0].source
+    assert_nil templates[0].virtual_path
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/file_system_resolver_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/file_system_resolver_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa03fdcb13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/file_system_resolver_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+require "template/resolver_shared_tests"
+
+class FileSystemResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ResolverSharedTests
+
+  def resolver
+    ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(tmpdir)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
index 6db55a1447..ca117d4a30 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
@@ -48,8 +48,16 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   test "collection radio should sanitize collection values for labels correctly" do
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :name, ["$0.99", "$1.99"], :to_s, :to_s
-    assert_select "label[for=user_name_099]", "$0.99"
-    assert_select "label[for=user_name_199]", "$1.99"
+    assert_select "label[for=user_name_0_99]", "$0.99"
+    assert_select "label[for=user_name_1_99]", "$1.99"
+  end
+
+  test "collection radio correctly builds unique DOM IDs for float values" do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :name, [1.0, 10], :to_s, :to_s
+    assert_select "label[for=user_name_1_0]", "1.0"
+    assert_select "label[for=user_name_10]", "10"
+    assert_select 'input#user_name_1_0[type=radio][value="1.0"]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_name_10[type=radio][value="10"]'
   end
 
   test "collection radio accepts checked item" do
@@ -302,8 +310,16 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   test "collection check box should sanitize collection values for labels correctly" do
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :name, ["$0.99", "$1.99"], :to_s, :to_s
-    assert_select "label[for=user_name_099]", "$0.99"
-    assert_select "label[for=user_name_199]", "$1.99"
+    assert_select "label[for=user_name_0_99]", "$0.99"
+    assert_select "label[for=user_name_1_99]", "$1.99"
+  end
+
+  test "collection check boxes correctly builds unique DOM IDs for float values" do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :name, [1.0, 10], :to_s, :to_s
+    assert_select "label[for=user_name_1_0]", "1.0"
+    assert_select "label[for=user_name_10]", "10"
+    assert_select 'input#user_name_1_0[type=checkbox][value="1.0"]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_name_10[type=checkbox][value="10"]'
   end
 
   test "collection check boxes generates labels for non-English values correctly" do
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_helper/form_with_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_helper/form_with_test.rb
index f84c9b2b73..42069340f1 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_helper/form_with_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_helper/form_with_test.rb
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ class FormWithActsLikeFormForTest < FormWithTest
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_as_new_record_and_locale_strings
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       @post.persisted = false
       @post.stub(:to_key, nil) do
         form_with(model: @post) do |f|
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ class FormWithActsLikeFormForTest < FormWithTest
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_as_existing_record_and_locale_strings
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       form_with(model: @post) do |f|
         concat f.submit
       end
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ class FormWithActsLikeFormForTest < FormWithTest
   end
 
   def test_submit_without_object_and_locale_strings
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       form_with(scope: :post) do |f|
         concat f.submit class: "extra"
       end
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ class FormWithActsLikeFormForTest < FormWithTest
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_which_is_overwritten_by_scope_option
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       form_with(model: @post, scope: :another_post) do |f|
         concat f.submit
       end
@@ -1054,7 +1054,7 @@ class FormWithActsLikeFormForTest < FormWithTest
 
   def test_submit_with_object_which_is_namespaced
     blog_post = Blog::Post.new("And his name will be forty and four.", 44)
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       form_with(model: blog_post) do |f|
         concat f.submit
       end
@@ -2357,11 +2357,4 @@ class FormWithActsLikeFormForTest < FormWithTest
     def protect_against_forgery?
       false
     end
-
-    def with_locale(testing_locale = :label)
-      old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, testing_locale
-      yield
-    ensure
-      I18n.locale = old_locale
-    end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
index 5972946074..83b089397c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -203,31 +203,31 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_strings
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label("post", "body"))
     end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_human_attribute_name
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>', label(:post, :cost))
     end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_human_attribute_name_and_options
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_language_spanish">Espanol</label>', label(:post, :language, value: "spanish"))
     end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_symbols
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
     end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_options
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal(
         '<label for="post_body" class="post_body">Write entire text here</label>',
         label(:post, :body, class: "post_body")
@@ -236,13 +236,13 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_value
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_color_red">Rojo</label>', label(:post, :color, value: "red"))
     end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       form_for(@post, html: { id: "create-post" }) do |f|
         f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
           concat cf.label(:body)
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       form_for(@post, html: { id: "create-post" }) do |f|
         f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
           concat cf.label(:value)
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_label_with_block_and_builder
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal(
         '<label for="post_body"><b>Write entire text here</b></label>',
         label(:post, :body) { |b| raw("<b>#{b.translation}</b>") }
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_label_with_to_model_and_overridden_model_name
-    with_locale :label do
+    I18n.with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal(
         %{<label for="post_delegator_title">Delegate model_name title</label>},
         label(:post_delegator, :title)
@@ -390,19 +390,19 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_without_locales
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_body" name="post[body]" placeholder="Body" type="text" value="Back to the hill and over it again!" />', text_field(:post, :body, placeholder: true))
     end
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" placeholder="What is this about?" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field(:post, :title, placeholder: true))
     end
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_to_model
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal(
         '<input id="post_delegator_title" name="post_delegator[title]" placeholder="Delegate model_name title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
         text_field(:post_delegator, :title, placeholder: true)
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Total cost" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: true))
     end
   end
@@ -424,25 +424,25 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_with_string_value
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="HOW MUCH?" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: "HOW MUCH?"))
     end
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_value
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Pounds" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: :uk))
     end
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_value
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" placeholder="Escrito en" type="text" value="2004-06-15" />', text_field(:post, :written_on, placeholder: :spanish))
     end
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       form_for(@post, html: { id: "create-post" }) do |f|
         f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
           concat cf.text_field(:body, placeholder: true)
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       form_for(@post, html: { id: "create-post" }) do |f|
         f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
           concat cf.text_field(:value, placeholder: true)
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_area_placeholder_without_locales
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal(
         %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]" placeholder="Body">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
         text_area(:post, :body, placeholder: true)
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal(
         %{<textarea id="post_title" name="post[title]" placeholder="What is this about?">\nHello World</textarea>},
         text_area(:post, :title, placeholder: true)
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_area_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal(
         %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Total cost">\n</textarea>},
         text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: true)
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_area_placeholder_with_string_value
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal(
         %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="HOW MUCH?">\n</textarea>},
         text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: "HOW MUCH?")
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_area_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_value
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal(
         %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Pounds">\n</textarea>},
         text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: :uk)
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_and_value
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       assert_dom_equal(
         %{<textarea id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" placeholder="Escrito en">\n2004-06-15</textarea>},
         text_area(:post, :written_on, placeholder: :spanish)
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       form_for(@post, html: { id: "create-post" }) do |f|
         f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
           concat cf.text_area(:body, placeholder: true)
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
-    with_locale :placeholder do
+    I18n.with_locale :placeholder do
       form_for(@post, html: { id: "create-post" }) do |f|
         f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
           concat cf.text_area(:value, placeholder: true)
@@ -1897,7 +1897,6 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_form_tags_do_not_call_private_properties_on_form_object
     obj = Class.new do
       private
-
         def private_property
           raise "This method should not be called."
         end
@@ -2260,7 +2259,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_as_new_record_and_locale_strings
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       @post.persisted = false
       @post.stub(:to_key, nil) do
         form_for(@post) do |f|
@@ -2277,7 +2276,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_as_existing_record_and_locale_strings
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       form_for(@post) do |f|
         concat f.submit
       end
@@ -2291,7 +2290,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_submit_without_object_and_locale_strings
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       form_for(:post) do |f|
         concat f.submit class: "extra"
       end
@@ -2305,7 +2304,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_which_is_overwritten_by_as_option
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       form_for(@post, as: :another_post) do |f|
         concat f.submit
       end
@@ -2320,7 +2319,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_submit_with_object_which_is_namespaced
     blog_post = Blog::Post.new("And his name will be forty and four.", 44)
-    with_locale :submit do
+    I18n.with_locale :submit do
       form_for(blog_post) do |f|
         concat f.submit
       end
@@ -3554,7 +3553,6 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def hidden_fields(options = {})
       method = options[:method]
 
@@ -3593,13 +3591,6 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       false
     end
 
-    def with_locale(testing_locale = :label)
-      old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, testing_locale
-      yield
-    ensure
-      I18n.locale = old_locale
-    end
-
     def with_default_enforce_utf8(value)
       old_value = ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.default_enforce_utf8
       ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.default_enforce_utf8 = value
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
index a2d1474a94..d7a7b95ab3 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
@@ -29,13 +29,24 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
                   end
     Continent   = Struct.new("Continent", :continent_name, :countries)
     Country     = Struct.new("Country", :country_id, :country_name)
-    Firm        = Struct.new("Firm", :time_zone)
     Album       = Struct.new("Album", :id, :title, :genre)
   end
 
+  class Firm
+    include ActiveModel::Validations
+    extend ActiveModel::Naming
+
+    attr_accessor :time_zone
+
+    def initialize(time_zone = nil)
+      @time_zone = time_zone
+    end
+  end
+
   module FakeZones
     FakeZone = Struct.new(:name) do
       def to_s; name; end
+      def =~(_re); end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -1293,7 +1304,7 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones_and_errors
     @firm = Firm.new("D")
     @firm.extend ActiveModel::Validations
-    @firm.errors[:time_zone] << "invalid"
+    assert_deprecated { @firm.errors[:time_zone] << "invalid" }
     zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new("A"), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new("D") ]
     html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", zones)
     assert_dom_equal "<div class=\"field_with_errors\">" \
@@ -1461,7 +1472,6 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def dummy_posts
       [ Post.new("<Abe> went home", "<Abe>", "To a little house", "shh!"),
         Post.new("Babe went home", "Babe", "To a little house", "shh!"),
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
index 9ece9f3ad1..80afed96e5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -301,6 +301,13 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_select_tag_with_include_blank_doesnt_change_options
+    options = { include_blank: true, prompt: "string" }
+    expected_options = options.dup
+    select_tag "places", raw("<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>"), options
+    expected_options.each { |k, v| assert_equal v, options[k] }
+  end
+
   def test_select_tag_with_include_blank_false
     actual = select_tag "places", raw("<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>"), include_blank: false
     expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
@@ -796,7 +803,6 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def root_elem(rendered_content)
       Nokogiri::HTML::DocumentFragment.parse(rendered_content).children.first # extract from nodeset
     end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
index 5cdff74d60..17f21cbbc5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ require "abstract_unit"
 
 class HTMLTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "formats returns symbol for recognized MIME type" do
-    assert_equal [:html], ActionView::Template::HTML.new("", :html).formats
+    assert_equal :html, ActionView::Template::HTML.new("", :html).format
   end
 
   test "formats returns string for recognized MIME type when MIME does not have symbol" do
-    foo = Mime::Type.lookup("foo")
+    foo = Mime::Type.lookup("text/foo")
     assert_nil foo.to_sym
-    assert_equal ["foo"], ActionView::Template::HTML.new("", foo).formats
+    assert_equal "text/foo", ActionView::Template::HTML.new("", foo).format
   end
 
   test "formats returns string for unknown MIME type" do
-    assert_equal ["foo"], ActionView::Template::HTML.new("", "foo").formats
+    assert_equal "foo", ActionView::Template::HTML.new("", "foo").format
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
index 4c28aeaee1..f974e5ae0c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class JavaScriptHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "foo", output_buffer, "javascript_tag without a block should not concat to output_buffer"
   end
 
-  # Setting the :extname option will control what extension (if any) is appended to the url for assets
+  # Setting the :extname option will control what extension (if any) is appended to the URL for assets
   def test_javascript_include_tag
     assert_dom_equal "<script src='/foo.js'></script>",  javascript_include_tag("/foo")
     assert_dom_equal "<script src='/foo'></script>",     javascript_include_tag("/foo", extname: false)
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 9fcf80bb24..8b160a7336 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ class AVLogSubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     super
 
-    view_paths     = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+
+    view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+
     lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(view_paths, {}, ["test"])
-    renderer       = ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
-    @view          = ActionView::Base.new(renderer, {})
+    @view          = ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache.new(lookup_context, {})
 
     ActionView::LogSubscriber.attach_to :action_view
 
@@ -49,9 +51,20 @@ class AVLogSubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def @view.combined_fragment_cache_key(*); "ahoy `controller` dependency"; end
   end
 
+  def test_render_template_template
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render(template: "test/hello_world")
+      wait
+
+      assert_equal 2, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendering test\/hello_world\.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).first)
+      assert_match(/Rendered test\/hello_world\.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_render_file_template
     Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
-      @view.render(file: "test/hello_world")
+      @view.render(file: "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/hello_world.erb")
       wait
 
       assert_equal 2, @logger.logged(:info).size
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
index 38469cbe3d..72e1f50fdf 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
@@ -5,25 +5,37 @@ require "abstract_controller/rendering"
 
 class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
-    @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH, {})
+    @lookup_context = build_lookup_context(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH, {})
     ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
   end
 
+  def build_lookup_context(paths, details)
+    ActionView::LookupContext.new(paths, details)
+  end
+
   def teardown
     I18n.locale = :en
   end
 
-  test "allows to override default_formats with ActionView::Base.default_formats" do
-    begin
-      formats = ActionView::Base.default_formats
-      ActionView::Base.default_formats = [:foo, :bar]
+  test "rendered_format is deprecated" do
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @lookup_context.rendered_format = "foo"
+    end
 
-      assert_equal [:foo, :bar], ActionView::LookupContext.new([]).default_formats
-    ensure
-      ActionView::Base.default_formats = formats
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "foo", @lookup_context.rendered_format
     end
   end
 
+  test "allows to override default_formats with ActionView::Base.default_formats" do
+    formats = ActionView::Base.default_formats
+    ActionView::Base.default_formats = [:foo, :bar]
+
+    assert_equal [:foo, :bar], ActionView::LookupContext.new([]).default_formats
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.default_formats = formats
+  end
+
   test "process view paths on initialization" do
     assert_kind_of ActionView::PathSet, @lookup_context.view_paths
   end
@@ -55,7 +67,7 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "handles explicitly defined */* formats fallback to :js" do
     @lookup_context.formats = [:js, Mime::ALL]
-    assert_equal [:js, *Mime::SET.symbols], @lookup_context.formats
+    assert_equal [:js, *Mime::SET.symbols].uniq, @lookup_context.formats
   end
 
   test "adds :html fallback to :js formats" do
@@ -63,6 +75,14 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal [:js, :html], @lookup_context.formats
   end
 
+  test "raises on invalid format assignment" do
+    ex = assert_raises ArgumentError do
+      @lookup_context.formats = [:html, :invalid, "also bad"]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'Invalid formats: :invalid, "also bad"', ex.message
+  end
+
   test "provides getters and setters for locale" do
     @lookup_context.locale = :pt
     assert_equal :pt, @lookup_context.locale
@@ -109,30 +129,43 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello texty phone!", template.source
   end
 
-  test "found templates respects given formats if one cannot be found from template or handler" do
+  test "found templates have nil format if one cannot be found from template or handler" do
     assert_called(ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder, :default_format, returns: nil) do
       @lookup_context.formats = [:text]
       template = @lookup_context.find("hello", %w(test))
-      assert_equal [:text], template.formats
+      assert_nil template.format
     end
   end
 
   test "adds fallbacks to view paths when required" do
     assert_equal 1, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
 
-    @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
-      assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
-      assert_includes @lookup_context.view_paths, ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.new("")
-      assert_includes @lookup_context.view_paths, ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.new("/")
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
+        assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
+        assert_includes @lookup_context.view_paths, ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.instances[0]
+        assert_includes @lookup_context.view_paths, ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.instances[1]
+      end
     end
+
+    @lookup_context = @lookup_context.with_fallbacks
+
+    assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
+    assert_includes @lookup_context.view_paths, ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.instances[0]
+    assert_includes @lookup_context.view_paths, ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.instances[1]
   end
 
   test "add fallbacks just once in nested fallbacks calls" do
-    @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
+    assert_deprecated do
       @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
-        assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
+        @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
+          assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
+        end
       end
     end
+
+    @lookup_context = @lookup_context.with_fallbacks.with_fallbacks
+    assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
   end
 
   test "generates a new details key for each details hash" do
@@ -158,13 +191,13 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "gives the key forward to the resolver, so it can be used as cache key" do
-    @lookup_context.view_paths = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => "Foo")
+    @lookup_context = build_lookup_context(ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => "Foo"), {})
     template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
     assert_equal "Foo", template.source
 
     # Now we are going to change the template, but it won't change the returned template
     # since we will hit the cache.
-    @lookup_context.view_paths.first.hash["test/_foo.erb"] = "Bar"
+    @lookup_context.view_paths.first.data["test/_foo.erb"] = "Bar"
     template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
     assert_equal "Foo", template.source
 
@@ -187,7 +220,7 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "can disable the cache on demand" do
-    @lookup_context.view_paths = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => "Foo")
+    @lookup_context = build_lookup_context(ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => "Foo"), {})
     old_template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
 
     template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
@@ -210,56 +243,6 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class LookupContextWithFalseCaching < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)])
-    @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(@resolver, {})
-  end
-
-  test "templates are always found in the resolver but timestamp is checked before being compiled" do
-    ActionView::Resolver.stub(:caching?, false) do
-      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-      assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-      # Now we are going to change the template, but it won't change the returned template
-      # since the timestamp is the same.
-      @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][0] = "Bar"
-      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-      assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-      # Now update the timestamp.
-      @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][1] = Time.now.utc
-      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-      assert_equal "Bar", template.source
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "if no template was found in the second lookup, with no cache, raise error" do
-    ActionView::Resolver.stub(:caching?, false) do
-      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-      assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-      @resolver.hash.clear
-      assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-        @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "if no template was cached in the first lookup, retrieval should work in the second call" do
-    ActionView::Resolver.stub(:caching?, false) do
-      @resolver.hash.clear
-      assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-        @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-      end
-
-      @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"] = ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)]
-      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-      assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 class TestMissingTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new("/Path/to/views", {})
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/optimized_file_system_resolver_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/optimized_file_system_resolver_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0c64357ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/optimized_file_system_resolver_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+require "template/resolver_shared_tests"
+
+class OptimizedFileSystemResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ResolverSharedTests
+
+  def resolver
+    ActionView::OptimizedFileSystemResolver.new(tmpdir)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
index afe68b7ff0..c82264a170 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 require "abstract_unit"
 require "controller/fake_models"
+require "test_component"
+require "active_model/validations"
 
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
 end
@@ -9,15 +11,21 @@ end
 module RenderTestCases
   def setup_view(paths)
     @assigns = { secret: "in the sauce" }
-    @view = Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
+
+    @view = Class.new(ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache) do
       def view_cache_dependencies; []; end
 
       def combined_fragment_cache_key(key)
         [ :views, key ]
       end
-    end.new(paths, @assigns)
+    end.with_view_paths(paths, @assigns)
+
+    controller = TestController.new
 
-    @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
+    @controller_view = controller.view_context_class.with_empty_template_cache.new(
+      controller.lookup_context,
+      controller.view_assigns,
+      controller)
 
     # Reload and register danish language for testing
     I18n.backend.store_translations "da", {}
@@ -27,30 +35,51 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal ORIGINAL_LOCALES, I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
+  def teardown
+    I18n.reload!
+    ActionController::Base.view_paths.map(&:clear_cache)
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_format_comes_from_parent_template
+    rendered_templates = JSON.parse(@controller_view.render(template: "test/mixing_formats"))
+    assert_equal({ "format" => "HTML",
+                   "children" => ["XML", "HTML"] }, rendered_templates)
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_format_comes_from_parent_template_cascading
+    rendered_templates = JSON.parse(@controller_view.render(template: "test/mixing_formats_deep"))
+    assert_equal({ "format" => "HTML",
+                   "children" => [
+                     { "format" => "XML", "children" => ["XML"] },
+                     { "format" => "HTML", "children" => ["HTML"] },
+    ] }, rendered_templates)
+  end
+
   def test_render_without_options
     e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render() }
     assert_match(/You invoked render but did not give any of (.+) option\./, e.message)
   end
 
+  def test_render_template
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @view.render(template: "test/hello_world")
+  end
+
+
   def test_render_file
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", @view.render(file: "test/hello_world")
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "test/hello_world") }
   end
 
   # Test if :formats, :locale etc. options are passed correctly to the resolvers.
   def test_render_file_with_format
-    assert_match "<h1>No Comment</h1>", @view.render(file: "comments/empty", formats: [:html])
-    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(file: "comments/empty", formats: [:xml])
-    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(file: "comments/empty", formats: :xml)
+    assert_match "<h1>No Comment</h1>", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "comments/empty", formats: [:html]) }
+    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "comments/empty", formats: [:xml]) }
+    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "comments/empty", formats: :xml) }
   end
 
   def test_render_template_with_format
     assert_match "<h1>No Comment</h1>", @view.render(template: "comments/empty", formats: [:html])
     assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(template: "comments/empty", formats: [:xml])
-  end
-
-  def test_rendered_format_without_format
-    @view.render(inline: "test")
-    assert_equal :html, @view.lookup_context.rendered_format
+    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(template: "comments/empty", formats: :xml)
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_implicitly_use_format_of_the_rendered_template
@@ -65,7 +94,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_partial_use_last_prepended_format_for_partials_with_the_same_names
     @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
-    assert_equal "\nHTML Template, but JSON partial", @view.render(template: "test/change_priority")
+    assert_equal "\nHTML Template, but HTML partial", @view.render(template: "test/change_priority")
   end
 
   def test_render_template_with_a_missing_partial_of_another_format
@@ -77,8 +106,8 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_file_with_locale
-    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", @view.render(file: "comments/empty", locale: [:de])
-    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", @view.render(file: "comments/empty", locale: :de)
+    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "comments/empty", locale: [:de]) }
+    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "comments/empty", locale: :de) }
   end
 
   def test_render_template_with_locale
@@ -90,8 +119,8 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_file_with_handlers
-    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(file: "comments/empty", handlers: [:builder])
-    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(file: "comments/empty", handlers: :builder)
+    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "comments/empty", handlers: [:builder]) }
+    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "comments/empty", handlers: :builder) }
   end
 
   def test_render_template_with_handlers
@@ -108,7 +137,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_raw_is_html_safe_and_does_not_escape_output
     buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
-    buffer << @view.render(file: "plain_text")
+    buffer << @view.render(template: "plain_text")
     assert_equal true, buffer.html_safe?
     assert_equal buffer, "<%= hello_world %>\n"
   end
@@ -121,40 +150,45 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "4", @view.render(inline: "(2**2).to_s", type: :ruby)
   end
 
-  def test_render_file_with_localization_on_context_level
+  def test_render_template_with_localization_on_context_level
     old_locale, @view.locale = @view.locale, :da
-    assert_equal "Hey verden", @view.render(file: "test/hello_world")
+    assert_equal "Hey verden", @view.render(template: "test/hello_world")
   ensure
     @view.locale = old_locale
   end
 
-  def test_render_file_with_dashed_locale
+  def test_render_template_with_dashed_locale
     old_locale, @view.locale = @view.locale, :"pt-BR"
-    assert_equal "Ola mundo", @view.render(file: "test/hello_world")
+    assert_equal "Ola mundo", @view.render(template: "test/hello_world")
   ensure
     @view.locale = old_locale
   end
 
-  def test_render_file_at_top_level
-    assert_equal "Elastica", @view.render(file: "/shared")
+  def test_render_template_at_top_level
+    assert_equal "Elastica", @view.render(template: "/shared")
   end
 
-  def test_render_file_with_full_path
+  def test_render_file_with_full_path_no_extension
     template_path = File.expand_path("../fixtures/test/hello_world", __dir__)
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: template_path) }
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_full_path
+    template_path = File.expand_path("../fixtures/test/hello_world.erb", __dir__)
     assert_equal "Hello world!", @view.render(file: template_path)
   end
 
   def test_render_file_with_instance_variables
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(file: "test/render_file_with_ivar")
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "test/render_file_with_ivar") }
   end
 
   def test_render_file_with_locals
     locals = { secret: "in the sauce" }
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(file: "test/render_file_with_locals", locals: locals)
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "test/render_file_with_locals", locals: locals) }
   end
 
   def test_render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(file: "test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar")
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: "test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar") }
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_from_default
@@ -242,18 +276,24 @@ module RenderTestCases
       "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
   end
 
+  def test_render_template_with_syntax_error
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(template: "test/syntax_error") }
+    assert_match %r!syntax!, e.message
+    assert_equal "1:    <%= foo(", e.annotated_source_code[0].strip
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_with_errors
     e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(partial: "test/raise") }
     assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
     assert_equal "", e.sub_template_message
     assert_equal "1", e.line_number
-    assert_equal "1: <%= doesnt_exist %>", e.annoted_source_code[0].strip
+    assert_equal "1: <%= doesnt_exist %>", e.annotated_source_code[0].strip
     assert_equal File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/_raise.html.erb"), e.file_name
   end
 
   def test_render_error_indentation
     e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(partial: "test/raise_indentation") }
-    error_lines = e.annoted_source_code
+    error_lines = e.annotated_source_code
     assert_match %r!error\shere!, e.message
     assert_equal "11", e.line_number
     assert_equal "     9: <p>Ninth paragraph</p>", error_lines.second
@@ -269,11 +309,11 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_file_with_errors
-    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(file: File.expand_path("test/_raise", FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) }
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { assert_deprecated { @view.render(file: File.expand_path("test/_raise", FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) } }
     assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
     assert_equal "", e.sub_template_message
     assert_equal "1", e.line_number
-    assert_equal "1: <%= doesnt_exist %>", e.annoted_source_code[0].strip
+    assert_equal "1: <%= doesnt_exist %>", e.annotated_source_code[0].strip
     assert_equal File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/_raise.html.erb"), e.file_name
   end
 
@@ -336,6 +376,27 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: mary", @view.render(partial: "test/customer", collection: customers)
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_constructor
+    assert_deprecated do
+      ActionView::Base.new
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      ActionView::Base.new ["/a"]
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      ActionView::Base.new ActionView::PathSet.new ["/a"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_without_compiled_method_container_is_deprecated
+    view = ActionView::Base.with_view_paths(ActionController::Base.view_paths)
+    assert_deprecated("ActionView::Base instances must implement `compiled_method_container`") do
+      assert_equal "Hello world!", view.render(template: "test/hello_world")
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_without_object_does_not_put_partial_name_to_local_assigns
     assert_equal "false", @view.render(partial: "test/partial_name_in_local_assigns")
   end
@@ -440,13 +501,31 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "Hello, World!", @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :bar)
   end
 
-  CustomHandler = lambda do |template|
+  CustomHandler = lambda do |template, source|
     "@output_buffer = ''.dup\n" \
-      "@output_buffer << 'source: #{template.source.inspect}'\n"
+      "@output_buffer << 'source: #{source.inspect}'\n"
   end
 
   def test_render_inline_with_render_from_to_proc
-    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, :source.to_proc
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, lambda { |_, source| source }
+    assert_equal "3", @view.render(inline: "(1 + 2).to_s", type: :ruby_handler)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :ruby_handler
+  end
+
+  def test_render_inline_with_render_from_to_proc_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, :source.to_proc
+    end
+    assert_equal "3", @view.render(inline: "(1 + 2).to_s", type: :ruby_handler)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :ruby_handler
+  end
+
+  def test_optional_second_arg_works_without_deprecation
+    assert_not_deprecated do
+      ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, ->(view, source = nil) { source }
+    end
     assert_equal "3", @view.render(inline: "(1 + 2).to_s", type: :ruby_handler)
   ensure
     ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :ruby_handler
@@ -494,28 +573,28 @@ module RenderTestCases
   def test_render_ignores_templates_with_malformed_template_handlers
     %w(malformed malformed.erb malformed.html.erb malformed.en.html.erb).each do |name|
       assert File.exist?(File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/malformed/#{name}~")), "Malformed file (#{name}~) which should be ignored does not exists"
-      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(file: "test/malformed/#{name}") }
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(template: "test/malformed/#{name}") }
     end
   end
 
   def test_render_with_layout
     assert_equal %(<title></title>\nHello world!\n),
-      @view.render(file: "test/hello_world", layout: "layouts/yield")
+      @view.render(template: "test/hello_world", layout: "layouts/yield")
   end
 
   def test_render_with_layout_which_has_render_inline
     assert_equal %(welcome\nHello world!\n),
-      @view.render(file: "test/hello_world", layout: "layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside")
+      @view.render(template: "test/hello_world", layout: "layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside")
   end
 
   def test_render_with_layout_which_renders_another_partial
     assert_equal %(partial html\nHello world!\n),
-      @view.render(file: "test/hello_world", layout: "layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside")
+      @view.render(template: "test/hello_world", layout: "layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside")
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_html_only_extension
     assert_equal %(<h1>partial html</h1>\nHello world!\n),
-      @view.render(file: "test/hello_world", layout: "layouts/render_partial_html")
+      @view.render(template: "test/hello_world", layout: "layouts/render_partial_html")
   end
 
   def test_render_layout_with_block_and_yield
@@ -570,17 +649,17 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_with_nested_layout
     assert_equal %(<title>title</title>\n\n<div id="column">column</div>\n<div id="content">content</div>\n),
-      @view.render(file: "test/nested_layout", layout: "layouts/yield")
+      @view.render(template: "test/nested_layout", layout: "layouts/yield")
   end
 
   def test_render_with_file_in_layout
     assert_equal %(\n<title>title</title>\n\n),
-      @view.render(file: "test/layout_render_file")
+      @view.render(template: "test/layout_render_file")
   end
 
   def test_render_layout_with_object
     assert_equal %(<title>David</title>),
-      @view.render(file: "test/layout_render_object")
+      @view.render(template: "test/layout_render_object")
   end
 
   def test_render_with_passing_couple_extensions_to_one_register_template_handler_function_call
@@ -593,6 +672,21 @@ module RenderTestCases
   def test_render_throws_exception_when_no_extensions_passed_to_register_template_handler_function_call
     assert_raises(ArgumentError) { ActionView::Template.register_template_handler CustomHandler }
   end
+
+  def test_render_component
+    assert_equal(
+      %(<span title="my title">Hello, World! (Inline render)</span>),
+      @view.render(TestComponent.new(title: "my title")) { "Hello, World!" }.strip
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_render_component_with_validation_error
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveModel::ValidationError) do
+      @view.render(TestComponent.new(title: "my title")).strip
+    end
+
+    assert_match "Content can't be blank", error.message
+  end
 end
 
 class CachedViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -600,15 +694,11 @@ class CachedViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   # Ensure view path cache is primed
   def setup
+    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
     view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
     assert_equal ActionView::OptimizedFileSystemResolver, view_paths.first.class
     setup_view(view_paths)
   end
-
-  def teardown
-    GC.start
-    I18n.reload!
-  end
 end
 
 class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -617,20 +707,16 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # Test the same thing as above, but make sure the view path
   # is not eager loaded
   def setup
+    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
     path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
     view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
     assert_equal ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH), view_paths.first
     setup_view(view_paths)
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    GC.start
-    I18n.reload!
-  end
-
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_magic_comment
     with_external_encoding Encoding::ASCII_8BIT do
-      result = @view.render(file: "test/utf8_magic", formats: [:html], layouts: "layouts/yield")
+      result = @view.render(template: "test/utf8_magic", formats: [:html], layouts: "layouts/yield")
       assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, result.encoding
       assert_equal "\nРусский \nтекст\n\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\n", result
     end
@@ -638,7 +724,7 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_default_external_encoding
     with_external_encoding Encoding::UTF_8 do
-      result = @view.render(file: "test/utf8", formats: [:html], layouts: "layouts/yield")
+      result = @view.render(template: "test/utf8", formats: [:html], layouts: "layouts/yield")
       assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, result.encoding
       assert_equal "Русский текст\n\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\n", result
     end
@@ -646,14 +732,14 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_incompatible_external_encoding
     with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
-      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(file: "test/utf8", formats: [:html], layouts: "layouts/yield") }
+      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(template: "test/utf8", formats: [:html], layouts: "layouts/yield") }
       assert_match "Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS", e.cause.message
     end
   end
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_partial_with_incompatible_encoding
     with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
-      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(file: "test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial", formats: [:html], layouts: "layouts/yield") }
+      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(template: "test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial", formats: [:html], layouts: "layouts/yield") }
       assert_match "Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS", e.cause.message
     end
   end
@@ -674,6 +760,8 @@ class CachedCollectionViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   # Ensure view path cache is primed
   setup do
+    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+
     view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
     assert_equal ActionView::OptimizedFileSystemResolver, view_paths.first.class
 
@@ -682,9 +770,12 @@ class CachedCollectionViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     setup_view(view_paths)
   end
 
-  teardown do
-    GC.start
-    I18n.reload!
+  test "template body written to cache" do
+    customer = Customer.new("david", 1)
+    key = cache_key(customer, "test/_customer")
+    assert_nil ActionView::PartialRenderer.collection_cache.read(key)
+    @view.render(partial: "test/customer", collection: [customer], cached: true)
+    assert_equal "Hello: david", ActionView::PartialRenderer.collection_cache.read(key)
   end
 
   test "collection caching does not cache by default" do
@@ -717,9 +808,42 @@ class CachedCollectionViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       @view.render(partial: "test/cached_customer", collection: [customer], cached: true)
   end
 
+  test "collection caching does not work on multi-partials" do
+    a = Object.new
+    b = Object.new
+    def a.to_partial_path; "test/partial_iteration_1"; end
+    def b.to_partial_path; "test/partial_iteration_2"; end
+
+    assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
+      @controller_view.render(partial: [a, b], cached: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "collection caching with repeated collection" do
+    sets = [
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 4],
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 4],
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 6]
+    ]
+
+    result = @view.render(partial: "test/cached_set", collection: sets, cached: true)
+
+    splited_result = result.split("\n")
+    assert_equal 5, splited_result.count
+    assert_equal [
+      "1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5",
+      "1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4",
+      "1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5",
+      "1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4",
+      "1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6"
+    ], splited_result
+  end
+
   private
     def cache_key(*names, virtual_path)
-      digest = ActionView::Digestor.digest name: virtual_path, finder: @view.lookup_context, dependencies: []
+      digest = ActionView::Digestor.digest name: virtual_path, format: :html, finder: @view.lookup_context, dependencies: []
       @view.combined_fragment_cache_key([ "#{virtual_path}:#{digest}", *names ])
     end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/resolver_cache_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/resolver_cache_test.rb
index 8a5db1346a..90b61a2aa1 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/resolver_cache_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/resolver_cache_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require "abstract_unit"
 
 class ResolverCacheTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_inspect_shields_cache_internals
+    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
     assert_match %r(#<ActionView::Resolver:0x[0-9a-f]+ @cache=#<ActionView::Resolver::Cache:0x[0-9a-f]+ keys=0 queries=0>>), ActionView::Resolver.new.inspect
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
index 1e1a4c5063..22815c8dbe 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ class ResolverPatternsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     path = File.expand_path("../fixtures", __dir__)
     pattern = ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}"
-    @resolver = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(path, pattern)
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @resolver = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(path, pattern)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_return_empty_list_for_unknown_path
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ class ResolverPatternsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
     assert_equal "Hello custom patterns!", templates.first.source
     assert_equal "custom_pattern/path",    templates.first.virtual_path
-    assert_equal [:html],                  templates.first.formats
+    assert_nil templates.first.format
   end
 
   def test_should_return_all_templates_when_ambiguous_pattern
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/resolver_shared_tests.rb b/actionview/test/template/resolver_shared_tests.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b47c5bc89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/resolver_shared_tests.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ResolverSharedTests
+  attr_reader :tmpdir
+
+  def run(*args)
+    capture_exceptions do
+      Dir.mktmpdir(nil, __dir__) { |dir| @tmpdir = dir; super }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_file(filename, source = "File at #{filename}")
+    path = File.join(tmpdir, filename)
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(path))
+    File.write(path, source)
+  end
+
+  def context
+    @context ||= ActionView::LookupContext.new(resolver)
+  end
+
+  def test_can_find_with_no_extensions
+    with_file "test/hello_world", "Hello default!"
+
+    templates = resolver.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, locale: [:en], formats: [:html], variants: [:phone], handlers: [:erb])
+    assert_equal 1, templates.size
+    assert_equal "Hello default!",   templates[0].source
+    assert_equal "test/hello_world", templates[0].virtual_path
+    assert_nil templates[0].format
+    assert_nil templates[0].variant
+    assert_kind_of ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw, templates[0].handler
+  end
+
+  def test_can_find_with_just_handler
+    with_file "test/hello_world.erb", "Hello erb!"
+
+    templates = resolver.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, locale: [:en], formats: [:html], variants: [:phone], handlers: [:erb])
+    assert_equal 1, templates.size
+    assert_equal "Hello erb!",   templates[0].source
+    assert_equal "test/hello_world", templates[0].virtual_path
+    assert_nil templates[0].format
+    assert_nil templates[0].variant
+    assert_kind_of ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB, templates[0].handler
+  end
+
+  def test_can_find_with_format_and_handler
+    with_file "test/hello_world.text.builder", "Hello plain text!"
+
+    templates = resolver.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, locale: [:en], formats: [:html, :text], variants: [:phone], handlers: [:erb, :builder])
+    assert_equal 1, templates.size
+    assert_equal "Hello plain text!", templates[0].source
+    assert_equal "test/hello_world",  templates[0].virtual_path
+    assert_equal :text, templates[0].format
+    assert_nil templates[0].variant
+    assert_kind_of ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder, templates[0].handler
+  end
+
+  def test_can_find_with_variant_format_and_handler
+    with_file "test/hello_world.html+phone.erb", "Hello plain text!"
+
+    templates = resolver.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, locale: [:en], formats: [:html], variants: [:phone], handlers: [:erb])
+    assert_equal 1, templates.size
+    assert_equal "Hello plain text!", templates[0].source
+    assert_equal "test/hello_world",  templates[0].virtual_path
+    assert_equal :html, templates[0].format
+    assert_equal "phone", templates[0].variant
+    assert_kind_of ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB, templates[0].handler
+  end
+
+  def test_can_find_with_any_variant_format_and_handler
+    with_file "test/hello_world.html+phone.erb", "Hello plain text!"
+
+    templates = resolver.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, locale: [:en], formats: [:html], variants: :any, handlers: [:erb])
+    assert_equal 1, templates.size
+    assert_equal "Hello plain text!", templates[0].source
+    assert_equal "test/hello_world",  templates[0].virtual_path
+    assert_equal :html, templates[0].format
+    assert_equal "phone", templates[0].variant
+    assert_kind_of ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB, templates[0].handler
+  end
+
+  def test_doesnt_find_template_with_wrong_details
+    with_file "test/hello_world.html.erb", "Hello plain text!"
+
+    templates = resolver.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, locale: [], formats: [:xml], variants: :any, handlers: [:builder])
+    assert_equal 0, templates.size
+
+    templates = resolver.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, locale: [], formats: [:xml], variants: :any, handlers: [:erb])
+    assert_equal 0, templates.size
+  end
+
+  def test_found_template_is_cached
+    with_file "test/hello_world.html.erb", "Hello HTML!"
+
+    a = context.find("hello_world", "test", false, [], {})
+    b = context.find("hello_world", "test", false, [], {})
+    assert_same a, b
+  end
+
+  def test_different_templates_when_cache_disabled
+    with_file "test/hello_world.html.erb", "Hello HTML!"
+
+    a = context.find("hello_world", "test", false, [], {})
+    b = context.disable_cache { context.find("hello_world", "test", false, [], {}) }
+    c = context.find("hello_world", "test", false, [], {})
+
+    # disable_cache should give us a new object
+    assert_not_same a, b
+
+    # but it should not clear the cache
+    assert_same a, c
+  end
+
+  def test_same_template_from_different_details_is_same_object
+    with_file "test/hello_world.html.erb", "Hello HTML!"
+
+    a = context.find("hello_world", "test", false, [], locale: [:en])
+    b = context.find("hello_world", "test", false, [], locale: [:fr])
+    assert_same a, b
+  end
+
+  def test_templates_with_optional_locale_shares_common_object
+    with_file "test/hello_world.text.erb", "Generic plain text!"
+    with_file "test/hello_world.fr.text.erb", "Texte en Francais!"
+
+    en = context.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, [], locale: [:en])
+    fr = context.find_all("hello_world", "test", false, [], locale: [:fr])
+
+    assert_equal 1, en.size
+    assert_equal 2, fr.size
+
+    assert_equal "Generic plain text!", en[0].source
+    assert_equal "Texte en Francais!",  fr[0].source
+    assert_equal "Generic plain text!", fr[1].source
+
+    assert_same en[0], fr[1]
+  end
+
+  def test_virtual_path_is_preserved_with_dot
+    with_file "test/hello_world.html.erb", "Hello html!"
+
+    template = context.find("hello_world.html", "test", false, [], {})
+    assert_equal "test/hello_world.html", template.virtual_path
+
+    template = context.find("hello_world", "test", false, [], {})
+    assert_equal "test/hello_world", template.virtual_path
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
index f196c42c4f..a5e673e71e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,12 @@ end
 
 class SetupFiberedBase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
+    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+
     view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+
     @assigns = { secret: "in the sauce", name: nil }
-    @view = ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, @assigns)
+    @view = ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache.with_view_paths(view_paths, @assigns)
     @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
   end
 
@@ -44,12 +47,12 @@ class FiberedTest < SetupFiberedBase
   end
 
   def test_render_file
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", buffered_render(file: "test/hello_world")
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", assert_deprecated { buffered_render(file: "test/hello_world") }
   end
 
   def test_render_file_with_locals
     locals = { secret: "in the sauce" }
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", buffered_render(file: "test/render_file_with_locals", locals: locals)
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", assert_deprecated { buffered_render(file: "test/render_file_with_locals", locals: locals) }
   end
 
   def test_render_partial
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
index c4dc88e4aa..643c29602b 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
@@ -34,4 +34,20 @@ class TemplateErrorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "#<ActionView::Template::Error: original>", error.inspect
   end
+
+  def test_annotated_source_code_returns_empty_array_if_source_cant_be_found
+    template = Class.new do
+      def identifier
+        "something"
+      end
+    end.new
+
+    error = begin
+      raise
+    rescue
+      raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(template) rescue $!
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [], error.annotated_source_code
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb
index b348d1f17b..049e0bc129 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,9 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     attr_accessor :formats
   end
 
-  class Context
-    def initialize
+  class Context < ActionView::Base
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
       @output_buffer = "original"
       @virtual_path = nil
     end
@@ -37,7 +38,9 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         "<%= @virtual_path %>",
         "partial",
         ERBHandler,
-        virtual_path: "partial"
+        virtual_path: "partial",
+        format: :html,
+        locals: []
       )
     end
 
@@ -54,8 +57,9 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def new_template(body = "<%= hello %>", details = { format: :html })
-    ActionView::Template.new(body.dup, "hello template", details.fetch(:handler) { ERBHandler }, { virtual_path: "hello" }.merge!(details))
+  def new_template(body = "<%= hello %>", details = {})
+    details = { format: :html, locals: [] }.merge details
+    ActionView::Template.new(body.dup, "hello template", details.delete(:handler) || ERBHandler, { virtual_path: "hello" }.merge!(details))
   end
 
   def render(locals = {})
@@ -63,7 +67,8 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def setup
-    @context = Context.new
+    @context = Context.with_empty_template_cache.empty
+    super
   end
 
   def test_basic_template
@@ -86,10 +91,10 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "<%= hello %>", render
   end
 
-  def test_template_loses_its_source_after_rendering
+  def test_template_does_not_lose_its_source_after_rendering
     @template = new_template
     render
-    assert_nil @template.source
+    assert_equal "<%= hello %>", @template.source
   end
 
   def test_template_does_not_lose_its_source_after_rendering_if_it_does_not_have_a_virtual_path
@@ -99,8 +104,7 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_locals
-    @template = new_template("<%= my_local %>")
-    @template.locals = [:my_local]
+    @template = new_template("<%= my_local %>", locals: [:my_local])
     assert_equal "I am a local", render(my_local: "I am a local")
   end
 
@@ -117,26 +121,10 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "hellopartialhello", render
   end
 
-  def test_refresh_with_templates
-    @template = new_template("Hello", virtual_path: "test/foo/bar")
-    @template.locals = [:key]
-    assert_called_with(@context.lookup_context, :find_template, ["bar", %w(test/foo), false, [:key]], returns: "template") do
-      assert_equal "template", @template.refresh(@context)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_refresh_with_partials
-    @template = new_template("Hello", virtual_path: "test/_foo")
-    @template.locals = [:key]
-    assert_called_with(@context.lookup_context, :find_template, ["foo", %w(test), true, [:key]], returns: "partial") do
-      assert_equal "partial", @template.refresh(@context)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_refresh_raises_an_error_without_virtual_path
-    @template = new_template("Hello", virtual_path: nil)
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      @template.refresh(@context)
+  def test_refresh_is_deprecated
+    @template = new_template("Hello", virtual_path: "test/foo/bar", locals: [:key])
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_same @template, @template.refresh(@context)
     end
   end
 
@@ -211,4 +199,14 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   ensure
     silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = old }
   end
+
+  def test_short_identifier
+    @template = new_template("hello")
+    assert_equal "hello template", @template.short_identifier
+  end
+
+  def test_template_inspect
+    @template = new_template("hello")
+    assert_equal "#<ActionView::Template hello template locals=[]>", @template.inspect
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
index 976b6bc77e..0b2a2a9911 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ module ActionView
     DeveloperStruct = Struct.new(:name)
 
     module SharedTests
+      def setup
+        ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+        super
+      end
+
       def self.included(test_case)
         test_case.class_eval do
           test "helpers defined on ActionView::TestCase are available" do
@@ -52,7 +57,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     test "retrieve non existing config values" do
-      assert_nil ActionView::Base.new.config.something_odd
+      assert_nil ActionView::Base.empty.config.something_odd
     end
 
     test "works without testing a helper module" do
@@ -279,7 +284,7 @@ module ActionView
       @controller.controller_path = "test"
 
       @customers = [DeveloperStruct.new("Eloy"), DeveloperStruct.new("Manfred")]
-      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(file: "test/list"))
+      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(template: "test/list"))
     end
 
     test "is able to render partials from templates and also use instance variables after view has been referenced" do
@@ -288,7 +293,7 @@ module ActionView
       view
 
       @customers = [DeveloperStruct.new("Eloy"), DeveloperStruct.new("Manfred")]
-      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(file: "test/list"))
+      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(template: "test/list"))
     end
 
     test "is able to use helpers that depend on the view flow" do
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
index 9954e3500d..6d0317e0c9 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,16 @@ class FixtureResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
     assert_equal "this text",      templates.first.source
     assert_equal "arbitrary/path", templates.first.virtual_path
-    assert_equal [:html],          templates.first.formats
+    assert_nil templates.first.format
+  end
+
+  def test_should_match_templates_with_variants
+    resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("arbitrary/path.html+variant.erb" => "this text")
+    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, locale: [], formats: [:html], variants: [:variant], handlers: [:erb])
+    assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
+    assert_equal "this text",       templates.first.source
+    assert_equal "arbitrary/path",  templates.first.virtual_path
+    assert_equal :html,           templates.first.format
+    assert_equal "variant",       templates.first.variant
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
index 53364c1d90..c7c78804c0 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class NullResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
     assert_equal "Template generated by Null Resolver", templates.first.source
     assert_equal "arbitrary/path.erb", templates.first.virtual_path.to_s
-    assert_equal [:html],          templates.first.formats
+    assert_nil templates.first.format
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
index 0c6470df21..c837c53587 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 require "abstract_unit"
 
 class TextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "formats always return :text" do
-    assert_equal [:text], ActionView::Template::Text.new("").formats
+  test "format always return :text" do
+    assert_equal :text, ActionView::Template::Text.new("").format
   end
 
   test "identifier should return 'text template'" do
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
index e756348938..3475a1dada 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,10 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         }
       }
     )
-    @view = ::ActionView::Base.new(ActionController::Base.view_paths, {})
+    view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+    view_paths.each(&:clear_cache)
+    ActionView::LookupContext.fallbacks.each(&:clear_cache)
+    @view = ::ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache.with_view_paths(view_paths, {})
   end
 
   teardown do
@@ -118,26 +121,31 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     I18n.exception_handler = old_exception_handler
   end
 
+  def test_hash_default
+    default = { separator: ".", delimiter: "," }
+    assert_equal default, translate(:'special.number.format', default: default)
+  end
+
   def test_translation_returning_an_array
     expected = %w(foo bar)
     assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.array")
   end
 
   def test_finds_translation_scoped_by_partial
-    assert_equal "Foo", view.render(file: "translations/templates/found").strip
+    assert_equal "Foo", view.render(template: "translations/templates/found").strip
   end
 
   def test_finds_array_of_translations_scoped_by_partial
-    assert_equal "Foo Bar", @view.render(file: "translations/templates/array").strip
+    assert_equal "Foo Bar", @view.render(template: "translations/templates/array").strip
   end
 
   def test_default_lookup_scoped_by_partial
-    assert_equal "Foo", view.render(file: "translations/templates/default").strip
+    assert_equal "Foo", view.render(template: "translations/templates/default").strip
   end
 
   def test_missing_translation_scoped_by_partial
     expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.templates.missing.missing">Missing</span>'
-    assert_equal expected, view.render(file: "translations/templates/missing").strip
+    assert_equal expected, view.render(template: "translations/templates/missing").strip
   end
 
   def test_translate_does_not_mark_plain_text_as_safe_html
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
index 1ab28e4749..bce6e7f370 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
@@ -119,6 +119,16 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_button_to_without_protect_against_forgery_method
+    self.class.undef_method(:protect_against_forgery?)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
+    )
+  ensure
+    self.class.define_method(:protect_against_forgery?) { request_forgery }
+  end
+
   def test_button_to_with_straight_url
     assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
   end
@@ -698,6 +708,68 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({ class: "special" }, options)
   end
 
+  def test_sms_to
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="sms:15155555785;">15155555785</a>}, sms_to("15155555785")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="sms:15155555785;">Jim Jones</a>}, sms_to("15155555785", "Jim Jones")
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a class="admin" href="sms:15155555785;">Jim Jones</a>},
+      sms_to("15155555785", "Jim Jones", "class" => "admin")
+    )
+    assert_equal sms_to("15155555785", "Jim Jones", "class" => "admin"),
+                 sms_to("15155555785", "Jim Jones", class: "admin")
+  end
+
+  def test_sms_to_with_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a class="simple-class" href="sms:15155555785;?&body=Hello%20from%20Jim">Text me</a>},
+      sms_to("15155555785", "Text me", class: "simple-class", body: "Hello from Jim")
+    )
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="sms:15155555785;?&body=This%20is%20the%20body%20of%20the%20message.">Text me</a>},
+      sms_to("15155555785", "Text me", body: "This is the body of the message.")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_sms_with_img
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="sms:15155555785;"><img src="/feedback.png" /></a>},
+      sms_to("15155555785", raw('<img src="/feedback.png" />'))
+  end
+
+  def test_sms_with_html_safe_string
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="sms:1%2B5155555785;">1+5155555785</a>},
+      sms_to(raw("1+5155555785"))
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_sms_with_nil
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="sms:;"></a>},
+      sms_to(nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_sms_returns_html_safe_string
+    assert_predicate sms_to("15155555785"), :html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_sms_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="sms:15155555785;"><span>Text me</span></a>},
+      sms_to("15155555785") { content_tag(:span, "Text me") }
+  end
+
+  def test_sms_with_block_and_options
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a class="special" href="sms:15155555785;?&body=Hello%20from%20Jim"><span>Text me</span></a>},
+      sms_to("15155555785", body: "Hello from Jim", class: "special") { content_tag(:span, "Text me") }
+  end
+
+  def test_sms_does_not_modify_html_options_hash
+    options = { class: "special" }
+    sms_to "15155555785", "ME!", options
+    assert_equal({ class: "special" }, options)
+  end
+
   def protect_against_forgery?
     request_forgery
   end
diff --git a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/call-remote.js b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/call-remote.js
index 778dc1b09a..fb033491f9 100644
--- a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/call-remote.js
+++ b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/call-remote.js
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ asyncTest('form default method is GET', 1, function() {
   })
 })
 
-asyncTest('form url is picked up from "action"', 1, function() {
+asyncTest('form URL is picked up from "action"', 1, function() {
   buildForm({ method: 'post' })
 
   submit(function(e, data, status, xhr) {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ asyncTest('form url is picked up from "action"', 1, function() {
   })
 })
 
-asyncTest('form url is read from "action" not "href"', 1, function() {
+asyncTest('form URL is read from "action" not "href"', 1, function() {
   buildForm({ method: 'post', href: '/echo2' })
 
   submit(function(e, data, status, xhr) {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ asyncTest('form url is read from "action" not "href"', 1, function() {
   })
 })
 
-asyncTest('form url is read from submit button "formaction" if submit is triggered by that button', 1, function() {
+asyncTest('form URL is read from submit button "formaction" if submit is triggered by that button', 1, function() {
   var submitButton = $('<input type="submit" formaction="/echo">')
   buildForm({ method: 'post', href: '/echo2' })
 
@@ -128,14 +128,14 @@ asyncTest('execution of JS code does not modify current DOM', 1, function() {
   })
 })
 
-asyncTest('HTML content should be plain-text', 1, function() {
+asyncTest('HTML document should be parsed', 1, function() {
   buildForm({ method: 'post', 'data-type': 'html' })
 
   $('form').append('<input type="text" name="content_type" value="text/html">')
   $('form').append('<input type="text" name="content" value="<p>hello</p>">')
 
   submit(function(e, data, status, xhr) {
-    ok(data === '<p>hello</p>', 'returned data should be a plain-text string')
+    ok(data instanceof HTMLDocument, 'returned data should be an HTML document')
   })
 })
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-disable-with.js b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-disable-with.js
index 645ad494c3..10b8870171 100644
--- a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-disable-with.js
+++ b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-disable-with.js
@@ -95,6 +95,27 @@ asyncTest('form button with "data-disable-with" attribute', 6, function() {
   App.checkDisabledState(button, 'submitting ...')
 })
 
+asyncTest('a[data-remote][data-disable-with] within a form disables and re-enables', 6, function() {
+  var form = $('form:not([data-remote])'),
+      link = $('<a data-remote="true" data-disable-with="clicking...">Click me</a>')
+  form.append(link)
+
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link
+    .bindNative('ajax:beforeSend', function() {
+      App.checkDisabledState(link, 'clicking...')
+    })
+    .bindNative('ajax:complete', function() {
+      setTimeout( function() {
+        App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+        link.remove()
+        start()
+      }, 15)
+    })
+    .triggerNative('click')
+})
+
 asyncTest('form input[type=submit][data-disable-with] disables', 6, function() {
   var form = $('form:not([data-remote])'), input = form.find('input[type=submit]')
 
@@ -309,7 +330,7 @@ asyncTest('form[data-remote] input|button|textarea[data-disable-with] does not d
   start()
 })
 
-asyncTest('ctrl-clicking on a link does not disables the link', 6, function() {
+asyncTest('ctrl-clicking on a link does not disable the link', 6, function() {
   var link = $('a[data-disable-with]')
 
   App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
@@ -322,6 +343,25 @@ asyncTest('ctrl-clicking on a link does not disables the link', 6, function() {
   start()
 })
 
+asyncTest('right/mouse-wheel-clicking on a link does not disable the link', 10, function() {
+  var link = $('a[data-disable-with]')
+
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 1 })
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 1 })
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 2 })
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 2 })
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+  start()
+})
+
 asyncTest('button[data-remote][data-disable-with] disables and re-enables', 6, function() {
   var button = $('button[data-remote][data-disable-with]')
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-disable.js b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-disable.js
index 88dc801b2f..9f84c4647e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-disable.js
+++ b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-disable.js
@@ -250,6 +250,25 @@ asyncTest('ctrl-clicking on a link does not disables the link', 6, function() {
   start()
 })
 
+asyncTest('right/mouse-wheel-clicking on a link does not disable the link', 10, function() {
+  var link = $('a[data-disable]')
+
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 1 })
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 1 })
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 2 })
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 2 })
+  App.checkEnabledState(link, 'Click me')
+  start()
+})
+
 asyncTest('button[data-remote][data-disable] disables and re-enables', 6, function() {
   var button = $('button[data-remote][data-disable]')
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-remote.js b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-remote.js
index 3503c2cff3..16ea114f3b 100644
--- a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-remote.js
+++ b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/data-remote.js
@@ -63,6 +63,39 @@ asyncTest('ctrl-clicking on a link does not fire ajaxyness', 0, function() {
   setTimeout(function() { start() }, 13)
 })
 
+asyncTest('right/mouse-wheel-clicking on a link does not fire ajaxyness', 0, function() {
+  var link = $('a[data-remote]')
+
+  // Ideally, we'd setup an iframe to intercept normal link clicks
+  // and add a test to make sure the iframe:loaded event is triggered.
+  // However, jquery doesn't actually cause a native `click` event and
+  // follow links using `trigger('click')`, it only fires bindings.
+  link
+    .removeAttr('data-params')
+    .bindNative('ajax:beforeSend', function() {
+      ok(false, 'ajax should not be triggered')
+    })
+
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 1 })
+  link.triggerNative('click', { button: 2 })
+
+  setTimeout(function() { start() }, 13)
+})
+
+asyncTest('clicking on a link via a non-mouse Event (such as from js) works', 1, function() {
+  var link = $('a[data-remote]')
+
+  link
+    .removeAttr('data-params')
+    .bindNative('ajax:beforeSend', function() {
+      ok(true, 'ajax should be triggered')
+    })
+
+  Rails.fire(link[0], 'click')
+
+  setTimeout(function() { start() }, 13)
+})
+
 asyncTest('ctrl-clicking on a link still fires ajax for non-GET links and for links with "data-params"', 2, function() {
   var link = $('a[data-remote]')
 
@@ -102,7 +135,7 @@ asyncTest('clicking on a link with both query string in href and data-params', 4
       App.assertGetRequest(data)
       equal(data.params.data1, 'value1', 'ajax arguments should have key data1 with right value')
       equal(data.params.data2, 'value2', 'ajax arguments should have key data2 with right value')
-      equal(data.params.data3, 'value3', 'query string in url should be passed to server with right value')
+      equal(data.params.data3, 'value3', 'query string in URL should be passed to server with right value')
     })
     .bindNative('ajax:complete', function() { start() })
     .triggerNative('click')
@@ -116,7 +149,7 @@ asyncTest('clicking on a link with both query string in href and data-params wit
       App.assertPostRequest(data)
       equal(data.params.data1, 'value1', 'ajax arguments should have key data1 with right value')
       equal(data.params.data2, 'value2', 'ajax arguments should have key data2 with right value')
-      equal(data.params.data3, 'value3', 'query string in url should be passed to server with right value')
+      equal(data.params.data3, 'value3', 'query string in URL should be passed to server with right value')
     })
     .bindNative('ajax:complete', function() { start() })
     .triggerNative('click')
@@ -148,6 +181,25 @@ asyncTest('clicking on a button with data-remote attribute', 5, function() {
     .triggerNative('click')
 })
 
+asyncTest('right/mouse-wheel-clicking on a button with data-remote attribute does not fire ajaxyness', 0, function() {
+  var button = $('button[data-remote]')
+
+  // Ideally, we'd setup an iframe to intercept normal link clicks
+  // and add a test to make sure the iframe:loaded event is triggered.
+  // However, jquery doesn't actually cause a native `click` event and
+  // follow links using `trigger('click')`, it only fires bindings.
+  button
+    .removeAttr('data-params')
+    .bindNative('ajax:beforeSend', function() {
+      ok(false, 'ajax should not be triggered')
+    })
+
+  button.triggerNative('click', { button: 1 })
+  button.triggerNative('click', { button: 2 })
+
+  setTimeout(function() { start() }, 13)
+})
+
 asyncTest('changing a select option with data-remote attribute', 5, function() {
   buildSelect()
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/settings.js b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/settings.js
index 05677f2595..ff2b057012 100644
--- a/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/settings.js
+++ b/actionview/test/ujs/public/test/settings.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ App.assertPostRequest = function(requestEnv) {
 }
 
 App.assertRequestPath = function(requestEnv, path) {
-  equal(requestEnv['PATH_INFO'], path, 'request should be sent to right url')
+  equal(requestEnv['PATH_INFO'], path, 'request should be sent to right URL')
 }
 
 App.getVal = function(el) {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ try {
 } catch (e) {
   _MouseEvent = function(type, options) {
     var evt = document.createEvent('MouseEvents')
-    evt.initMouseEvent(type, options.bubbles, options.cancelable, window, options.detail, 0, 0, 80, 20, options.ctrlKey, options.altKey, options.shiftKey, options.metaKey, 0, null)
+    evt.initMouseEvent(type, options.bubbles, options.cancelable, window, options.detail, 0, 0, 80, 20, options.ctrlKey, options.altKey, options.shiftKey, options.metaKey, options.button, null)
     return evt
   }
 }
diff --git a/actionview/test/ujs/server.rb b/actionview/test/ujs/server.rb
index 56f436c8b8..d7a6271587 100644
--- a/actionview/test/ujs/server.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/ujs/server.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ module UJS
     config.public_file_server.enabled = true
     config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
     config.log_level = :error
+    config.hosts << proc { true }
 
     config.content_security_policy do |policy|
       policy.default_src :self, :https
diff --git a/activejob/CHANGELOG.md b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
index 8bbecd5a5a..2f0d72ccb9 100644
--- a/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,100 +1,3 @@
-*   Restore HashWithIndifferentAccess support to ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize.
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-*   Include deserialized arguments in job instances returned from
-    `assert_enqueued_with` and `assert_performed_with`
-
-    *Alan Wu*
-
-*   Allow `assert_enqueued_with`/`assert_performed_with` methods to accept
-    a proc for the `args` argument. This is useful to check if only a subset of arguments
-    matches your expectations.
-
-    *Edouard Chin*
-
-*   `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` includes `ActiveJob::TestHelper` module by default.
-
-    *Ricardo Díaz*
-
-*   Added `enqueue_retry.active_job`, `retry_stopped.active_job`, and `discard.active_job` hooks.
-
-    *steves*
-
-*   Allow `assert_performed_with` to be called without a block.
-
-    *bogdanvlviv*
-
-*   Execution of `assert_performed_jobs`, and `assert_no_performed_jobs`
-    without a block should respect passed `:except`, `:only`, and `:queue` options.
-
-    *bogdanvlviv*
-
-*   Allow `:queue` option to job assertions and helpers.
-
-    *bogdanvlviv*
-
-*   Allow `perform_enqueued_jobs` to be called without a block.
-
-    Performs all of the jobs that have been enqueued up to this point in the test.
-
-    *Kevin Deisz*
-
-*   Move `enqueue`/`enqueue_at` notifications to an around callback.
-
-    Improves timing accuracy over the old after callback by including
-    time spent writing to the adapter's IO implementation.
-
-    *Zach Kemp*
-
-*   Allow call `assert_enqueued_with` with no block.
-
-    Example:
-    ```
-    def test_assert_enqueued_with
-      MyJob.perform_later(1,2,3)
-      assert_enqueued_with(job: MyJob, args: [1,2,3], queue: 'low')
-
-      MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
-      assert_enqueued_with(job: MyJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon)
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *bogdanvlviv*
-
-*   Allow passing multiple exceptions to `retry_on`, and `discard_on`.
-
-    *George Claghorn*
-
-*   Pass the error instance as the second parameter of block executed by `discard_on`.
-
-    Fixes #32853.
-
-    *Yuji Yaginuma*
-
-*   Remove support for Qu gem.
-
-    Reasons are that the Qu gem wasn't compatible since Rails 5.1,
-    gem development was stopped in 2014 and maintainers have
-    confirmed its demise. See issue #32273
-
-    *Alberto Almagro*
-
-*   Add support for timezones to Active Job.
-
-    Record what was the current timezone in effect when the job was
-    enqueued and then restore when the job is executed in same way
-    that the current locale is recorded and restored.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
-*   Add support to define custom argument serializers.
-
-    *Evgenii Pecherkin*, *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activejob/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/activejob/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activejob/MIT-LICENSE b/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
index 274211f710..aedc21bca2 100644
--- a/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2014-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2014-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activejob/README.md b/activejob/README.md
index a2a5289ab7..462d319992 100644
--- a/activejob/README.md
+++ b/activejob/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Active Job -- Make work happen later
+# Active Job – Make work happen later
 
 Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety
 of queuing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled
@@ -17,12 +17,13 @@ about API differences between Delayed Job and Resque. Picking your queuing
 backend becomes more of an operational concern, then. And you'll be able to
 switch between them without having to rewrite your jobs.
 
+You can read more about Active Job in the [Active Job Basics](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_job_basics.html) guide.
 
 ## Usage
 
 To learn how to use your preferred queuing backend see its adapter
 documentation at
-[ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+[ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
 
 Declare a job like so:
 
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ by default has been mixed into Active Record classes.
 
 Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queuing backends (Sidekiq,
 Resque, Delayed Job and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters
-see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
 
 **Please note:** We are not accepting pull requests for new adapters. We
 encourage library authors to provide an ActiveJob adapter as part of
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ Active Job is released under the MIT license:
 
 API documentation is at:
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/activejob/Rakefile b/activejob/Rakefile
index 0f88b22e8d..037e84fca9 100644
--- a/activejob/Rakefile
+++ b/activejob/Rakefile
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ namespace :test do
 
   task "env:integration" do
     ENV["AJ_INTEGRATION_TESTS"] = "1"
+    ENV["SKIP_REQUIRE_WEBPACKER"] = "true"
   end
 
   ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
@@ -67,11 +68,9 @@ def run_without_aborting(tasks)
   errors = []
 
   tasks.each do |task|
-    begin
-      Rake::Task[task].invoke
-    rescue Exception
-      errors << task
-    end
+    Rake::Task[task].invoke
+  rescue Exception
+    errors << task
   end
 
   abort "Errors running #{errors.join(', ')}" if errors.any?
diff --git a/activejob/activejob.gemspec b/activejob/activejob.gemspec
index 20b9d4ccdd..aeffe55af6 100644
--- a/activejob/activejob.gemspec
+++ b/activejob/activejob.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "Job framework with pluggable queues."
   s.description = "Declare job classes that can be run by a variety of queuing backends."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.md", "lib/**/*"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
index 01fab4d918..5f20ef9b9f 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2014-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2014-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
index fa58c50ed0..e08e30040b 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ module ActiveJob
     end
 
     private
-
       # :nodoc:
       PERMITTED_TYPES = [ NilClass, String, Integer, Float, BigDecimal, TrueClass, FalseClass ]
       # :nodoc:
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ module ActiveJob
       def deserialize_argument(argument)
         case argument
         when String
-          GlobalID::Locator.locate(argument) || argument
+          argument
         when *PERMITTED_TYPES
           argument
         when Array
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
index 61317c7cfc..6b82ea6cab 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ module ActiveJob
     included do
       define_callbacks :perform
       define_callbacks :enqueue
+
+      class_attribute :return_false_on_aborted_enqueue, instance_accessor: false, instance_predicate: false
+      self.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = false
     end
 
     # These methods will be included into any Active Job object, adding
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
index 698153636b..283125698d 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
@@ -28,12 +28,21 @@ module ActiveJob
     # Number of times this job has been executed (which increments on every retry, like after an exception).
     attr_accessor :executions
 
+    # Hash that contains the number of times this job handled errors for each specific retry_on declaration.
+    # Keys are the string representation of the exceptions listed in the retry_on declaration,
+    # while its associated value holds the number of executions where the corresponding retry_on
+    # declaration handled one of its listed exceptions.
+    attr_accessor :exception_executions
+
     # I18n.locale to be used during the job.
     attr_accessor :locale
 
     # Timezone to be used during the job.
     attr_accessor :timezone
 
+    # Track when a job was enqueued
+    attr_accessor :enqueued_at
+
     # These methods will be included into any Active Job object, adding
     # helpers for de/serialization and creation of job instances.
     module ClassMethods
@@ -75,6 +84,7 @@ module ActiveJob
       @queue_name = self.class.queue_name
       @priority   = self.class.priority
       @executions = 0
+      @exception_executions = {}
     end
 
     # Returns a hash with the job data that can safely be passed to the
@@ -88,8 +98,10 @@ module ActiveJob
         "priority"   => priority,
         "arguments"  => serialize_arguments_if_needed(arguments),
         "executions" => executions,
+        "exception_executions" => exception_executions,
         "locale"     => I18n.locale.to_s,
-        "timezone"   => Time.zone.try(:name)
+        "timezone"   => Time.zone.try(:name),
+        "enqueued_at" => Time.now.utc.iso8601
       }
     end
 
@@ -126,8 +138,10 @@ module ActiveJob
       self.priority             = job_data["priority"]
       self.serialized_arguments = job_data["arguments"]
       self.executions           = job_data["executions"]
+      self.exception_executions = job_data["exception_executions"]
       self.locale               = job_data["locale"] || I18n.locale.to_s
       self.timezone             = job_data["timezone"] || Time.zone.try(:name)
+      self.enqueued_at          = job_data["enqueued_at"]
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
index b5b9f23c00..c5ee76a69e 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
@@ -48,14 +48,33 @@ module ActiveJob
       self.scheduled_at = options[:wait_until].to_f if options[:wait_until]
       self.queue_name   = self.class.queue_name_from_part(options[:queue]) if options[:queue]
       self.priority     = options[:priority].to_i if options[:priority]
+      successfully_enqueued = false
+
       run_callbacks :enqueue do
         if scheduled_at
           self.class.queue_adapter.enqueue_at self, scheduled_at
         else
           self.class.queue_adapter.enqueue self
         end
+
+        successfully_enqueued = true
+      end
+
+      if successfully_enqueued
+        self
+      else
+        if self.class.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue
+          false
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+            "Rails 6.1 will return false when the enqueuing is aborted. Make sure your code doesn't depend on it" \
+            " returning the instance of the job and set `config.active_job.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = true`" \
+            " to remove the deprecations."
+          )
+
+          self
+        end
       end
-      self
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/exceptions.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/exceptions.rb
index bc9e168971..8e83246303 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/exceptions.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/exceptions.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ module ActiveJob
 
     module ClassMethods
       # Catch the exception and reschedule job for re-execution after so many seconds, for a specific number of attempts.
-      # The number of attempts includes the total executions of a job, not just the retried executions.
       # If the exception keeps getting raised beyond the specified number of attempts, the exception is allowed to
       # bubble up to the underlying queuing system, which may have its own retry mechanism or place it in a
       # holding queue for inspection.
@@ -22,8 +21,7 @@ module ActiveJob
       #   as a computing proc that the number of executions so far as an argument, or as a symbol reference of
       #   <tt>:exponentially_longer</tt>, which applies the wait algorithm of <tt>(executions ** 4) + 2</tt>
       #   (first wait 3s, then 18s, then 83s, etc)
-      # * <tt>:attempts</tt> - Re-enqueues the job the specified number of times (default: 5 attempts),
-      #   attempts here refers to the total number of times the job is executed, not just retried executions
+      # * <tt>:attempts</tt> - Re-enqueues the job the specified number of times (default: 5 attempts)
       # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Re-enqueues the job on a different queue
       # * <tt>:priority</tt> - Re-enqueues the job with a different priority
       #
@@ -32,22 +30,29 @@ module ActiveJob
       #  class RemoteServiceJob < ActiveJob::Base
       #    retry_on CustomAppException # defaults to 3s wait, 5 attempts
       #    retry_on AnotherCustomAppException, wait: ->(executions) { executions * 2 }
+      #
+      #    retry_on ActiveRecord::Deadlocked, wait: 5.seconds, attempts: 3
+      #    retry_on Net::OpenTimeout, Timeout::Error, wait: :exponentially_longer, attempts: 10 # retries at most 10 times for Net::OpenTimeout and Timeout::Error combined
+      #    # To retry at most 10 times for each individual exception:
+      #    # retry_on Net::OpenTimeout, wait: :exponentially_longer, attempts: 10
+      #    # retry_on Timeout::Error, wait: :exponentially_longer, attempts: 10
+      #
       #    retry_on(YetAnotherCustomAppException) do |job, error|
       #      ExceptionNotifier.caught(error)
       #    end
-      #    retry_on ActiveRecord::Deadlocked, wait: 5.seconds, attempts: 3
-      #    retry_on Net::OpenTimeout, wait: :exponentially_longer, attempts: 10
       #
       #    def perform(*args)
       #      # Might raise CustomAppException, AnotherCustomAppException, or YetAnotherCustomAppException for something domain specific
       #      # Might raise ActiveRecord::Deadlocked when a local db deadlock is detected
-      #      # Might raise Net::OpenTimeout when the remote service is down
+      #      # Might raise Net::OpenTimeout or Timeout::Error when the remote service is down
       #    end
       #  end
       def retry_on(*exceptions, wait: 3.seconds, attempts: 5, queue: nil, priority: nil)
         rescue_from(*exceptions) do |error|
+          executions = executions_for(exceptions)
+
           if executions < attempts
-            retry_job wait: determine_delay(wait), queue: queue, priority: priority, error: error
+            retry_job wait: determine_delay(seconds_or_duration_or_algorithm: wait, executions: executions), queue: queue, priority: priority, error: error
           else
             if block_given?
               instrument :retry_stopped, error: error do
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ module ActiveJob
     end
 
     private
-      def determine_delay(seconds_or_duration_or_algorithm)
+      def determine_delay(seconds_or_duration_or_algorithm:, executions:)
         case seconds_or_duration_or_algorithm
         when :exponentially_longer
           (executions**4) + 2
@@ -139,5 +144,14 @@ module ActiveJob
 
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{name}.active_job", payload, &block)
       end
+
+      def executions_for(exceptions)
+        if exception_executions
+          exception_executions[exceptions.to_s] = (exception_executions[exceptions.to_s] || 0) + 1
+        else
+          # Guard against jobs that were persisted before we started having individual executions counters per retry_on
+          executions
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
index 770f70dc5e..224ae9072a 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveJob
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
index 416be83c24..1134e718a8 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module ActiveJob
         def perform_start(event)
           info do
             job = event.payload[:job]
-            "Performing #{job.class.name} (Job ID: #{job.job_id}) from #{queue_name(event)}" + args_info(job)
+            "Performing #{job.class.name} (Job ID: #{job.job_id}) from #{queue_name(event)} enqueued at #{job.enqueued_at}" + args_info(job)
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
index 525e79e302..a4b7eb86f1 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ module ActiveJob
   # * {Que}[https://github.com/chanks/que]
   # * {queue_classic}[https://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic]
   # * {Resque}[https://github.com/resque/resque]
-  # * {Sidekiq}[http://sidekiq.org]
+  # * {Sidekiq}[https://sidekiq.org]
   # * {Sneakers}[https://github.com/jondot/sneakers]
   # * {Sucker Punch}[https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch]
-  # * {Active Job Async Job}[http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters/AsyncAdapter.html]
-  # * {Active Job Inline}[http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters/InlineAdapter.html]
+  # * {Active Job Async Job}[https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters/AsyncAdapter.html]
+  # * {Active Job Inline}[https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters/InlineAdapter.html]
   # * Please Note: We are not accepting pull requests for new adapters. See the {README}[link:files/activejob/README_md.html] for more details.
   #
   # === Backends Features
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
index f73ad444ba..c134257ebc 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
@@ -65,11 +65,17 @@ module ActiveJob
 
         def filtered_job_class?(job)
           if filter
-            !Array(filter).include?(job.class)
+            !filter_as_proc(filter).call(job)
           elsif reject
-            Array(reject).include?(job.class)
+            filter_as_proc(reject).call(job)
           end
         end
+
+        def filter_as_proc(filter)
+          return filter if filter.is_a?(Proc)
+
+          ->(job) { Array(filter).include?(job.class) }
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
index 9dc6bc7f2e..de259261de 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,26 @@ module ActiveJob
       #       post.to_feed!
       #     end
       #   end
+      #
+      # Can be given a block that will evaluate in the context of the job
+      # allowing +self.arguments+ to be accessed so that a dynamic queue name
+      # can be applied:
+      #
+      #   class PublishToFeedJob < ApplicationJob
+      #     queue_as do
+      #       post = self.arguments.first
+      #
+      #       if post.paid?
+      #         :paid_feeds
+      #       else
+      #         :feeds
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(post)
+      #       post.to_feed!
+      #     end
+      #   end
       def queue_as(part_name = nil, &block)
         if block_given?
           self.queue_name = block
@@ -34,7 +54,7 @@ module ActiveJob
     end
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :queue_name, instance_accessor: false, default: default_queue_name
+      class_attribute :queue_name, instance_accessor: false, default: -> { self.class.default_queue_name }
       class_attribute :queue_name_delimiter, instance_accessor: false, default: "_"
     end
 
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/date_serializer.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/date_serializer.rb
index e995d30faa..3ec587bc54 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/date_serializer.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/date_serializer.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveJob
       end
 
       private
-
         def klass
           Date
         end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/date_time_serializer.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/date_time_serializer.rb
index fe780a1978..42df338b73 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/date_time_serializer.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/date_time_serializer.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveJob
       end
 
       private
-
         def klass
           DateTime
         end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/duration_serializer.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/duration_serializer.rb
index 715fe27a5c..b35eaf5f60 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/duration_serializer.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/duration_serializer.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module ActiveJob
       end
 
       private
-
         def klass
           ActiveSupport::Duration
         end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/object_serializer.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/object_serializer.rb
index 6d280969be..be69ddf90c 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/object_serializer.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/object_serializer.rb
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ module ActiveJob
       end
 
       private
-
         # The class of the object that will be serialized.
         def klass # :doc:
           raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/symbol_serializer.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/symbol_serializer.rb
index 7e1f9553a2..3f6ee9101f 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/symbol_serializer.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/symbol_serializer.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveJob
       end
 
       private
-
         def klass
           Symbol
         end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/time_serializer.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/time_serializer.rb
index fe20772f35..d385cca6bb 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/time_serializer.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/time_serializer.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveJob
       end
 
       private
-
         def klass
           Time
         end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/time_with_zone_serializer.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/time_with_zone_serializer.rb
index 43017fc75b..0b29012072 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/time_with_zone_serializer.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/serializers/time_with_zone_serializer.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveJob
       end
 
       private
-
         def klass
           ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
         end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
index 0deb68d0d2..463020a332 100644
--- a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses"
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
 
 module ActiveJob
   # Provides helper methods for testing Active Job
@@ -107,6 +106,9 @@ module ActiveJob
     #     end
     #   end
     #
+    # +:only+ and +:except+ options accepts Class, Array of Class or Proc. When passed a Proc,
+    # a hash containing the job's class and it's argument are passed as argument.
+    #
     # Asserts the number of times a job is enqueued to a specific queue by passing +:queue+ option.
     #
     #   def test_logging_job
@@ -163,6 +165,9 @@ module ActiveJob
     #     end
     #   end
     #
+    # +:only+ and +:except+ options accepts Class, Array of Class or Proc. When passed a Proc,
+    # a hash containing the job's class and it's argument are passed as argument.
+    #
     # Asserts that no jobs are enqueued to a specific queue by passing +:queue+ option
     #
     #   def test_no_logging
@@ -243,6 +248,18 @@ module ActiveJob
     #       end
     #     end
     #
+    # A proc may also be specified. When passed a Proc, the job's instance will be passed as argument.
+    #
+    #     def test_hello_and_logging_jobs
+    #       assert_nothing_raised do
+    #         assert_performed_jobs(1, only: ->(job) { job.is_a?(HelloJob) }) do
+    #           HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+    #           LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+    #           RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+    #         end
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #
     # If the +:queue+ option is specified,
     # then only the job(s) enqueued to a specific queue will be performed.
     #
@@ -305,6 +322,9 @@ module ActiveJob
     #     end
     #   end
     #
+    # +:only+ and +:except+ options accepts Class, Array of Class or Proc. When passed a Proc,
+    # an instance of the job will be passed as argument.
+    #
     # If the +:queue+ option is specified,
     # then only the job(s) enqueued to a specific queue will not be performed.
     #
@@ -333,7 +353,7 @@ module ActiveJob
     #
     #
     # The +args+ argument also accepts a proc which will get passed the actual
-    # job's arguments. Your proc needs to returns a boolean value determining if
+    # job's arguments. Your proc needs to return a boolean value determining if
     # the job's arguments matches your expectation. This is useful to check only
     # for a subset of arguments.
     #
@@ -406,7 +426,7 @@ module ActiveJob
     #   end
     #
     # The +args+ argument also accepts a proc which will get passed the actual
-    # job's arguments. Your proc needs to returns a boolean value determining if
+    # job's arguments. Your proc needs to return a boolean value determining if
     # the job's arguments matches your expectation. This is useful to check only
     # for a subset of arguments.
     #
@@ -505,6 +525,9 @@ module ActiveJob
     #     assert_performed_jobs 1
     #   end
     #
+    # +:only+ and +:except+ options accepts Class, Array of Class or Proc. When passed a Proc,
+    # an instance of the job will be passed as argument.
+    #
     # If the +:queue+ option is specified,
     # then only the job(s) enqueued to a specific queue will be performed.
     #
@@ -569,9 +592,9 @@ module ActiveJob
           job_class = job.fetch(:job)
 
           if only
-            next false unless Array(only).include?(job_class)
+            next false unless filter_as_proc(only).call(job)
           elsif except
-            next false if Array(except).include?(job_class)
+            next false if filter_as_proc(except).call(job)
           end
 
           if queue
@@ -584,6 +607,12 @@ module ActiveJob
         end
       end
 
+      def filter_as_proc(filter)
+        return filter if filter.is_a?(Proc)
+
+        ->(job) { Array(filter).include?(job.fetch(:job)) }
+      end
+
       def enqueued_jobs_with(only: nil, except: nil, queue: nil, &block)
         jobs_with(enqueued_jobs, only: only, except: except, queue: queue, &block)
       end
@@ -602,6 +631,20 @@ module ActiveJob
       def prepare_args_for_assertion(args)
         args.dup.tap do |arguments|
           arguments[:at] = arguments[:at].to_f if arguments[:at]
+          arguments[:args] = round_time_arguments(arguments[:args]) if arguments[:args]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def round_time_arguments(argument)
+        case argument
+        when Time, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, DateTime
+          argument.change(usec: 0)
+        when Hash
+          argument.transform_values { |value| round_time_arguments(value) }
+        when Array
+          argument.map { |element| round_time_arguments(element) }
+        else
+          argument
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb
index e4e14016d9..da198abc0b 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ class ArgumentSerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_arguments_roundtrip [@person]
   end
 
+  test "should keep Global IDs strings as they are" do
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip [@person.to_gid.to_s]
+  end
+
   test "should dive deep into arrays and hashes" do
     assert_arguments_roundtrip [3, [@person]]
     assert_arguments_roundtrip [{ "a" => @person }]
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index df6ce16858..895edb34a5 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "helper"
 require "jobs/callback_job"
+require "jobs/abort_before_enqueue_job"
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion"
 
@@ -22,4 +23,28 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_start".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
     assert "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_stop".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
   end
+
+  test "#enqueue returns false when before_enqueue aborts callback chain and return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = true" do
+    prev = ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue
+    ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = true
+    assert_equal false, AbortBeforeEnqueueJob.new.enqueue
+  ensure
+    ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = prev
+  end
+
+  test "#enqueue returns self when before_enqueue aborts callback chain and return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = false" do
+    prev = ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue
+    ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = false
+    job = AbortBeforeEnqueueJob.new
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal job, job.enqueue
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = prev
+  end
+
+  test "#enqueue returns self when the job was enqueued" do
+    job = CallbackJob.new
+    assert_equal job, job.enqueue
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/exceptions_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/exceptions_test.rb
index 37bb65538a..1f07b7b294 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/exceptions_test.rb
@@ -4,139 +4,212 @@ require "helper"
 require "jobs/retry_job"
 require "models/person"
 
-class ExceptionsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+class ExceptionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   setup do
     JobBuffer.clear
-    skip if ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.is_a?(ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::InlineAdapter)
+    skip if adapter_skips_scheduling?(ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter)
   end
 
   test "successfully retry job throwing exception against defaults" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      RetryJob.perform_later "DefaultsError", 5
+    RetryJob.perform_later "DefaultsError", 5
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "Raised DefaultsError for the 1st time",
+      "Raised DefaultsError for the 2nd time",
+      "Raised DefaultsError for the 3rd time",
+      "Raised DefaultsError for the 4th time",
+      "Successfully completed job" ], JobBuffer.values
+  end
+
+  test "successfully retry job throwing exception against higher limit" do
+    RetryJob.perform_later "ShortWaitTenAttemptsError", 9
+    assert_equal 9, JobBuffer.values.count
+  end
+
+  test "keeps the same attempts counter for several exceptions listed in the same retry_on declaration" do
+    exceptions_to_raise = %w(FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo
+                             SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo)
+
+    assert_raises SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo do
+      RetryJob.perform_later(exceptions_to_raise, 5)
+
+      assert_equal [
+        "Raised FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 1st time",
+        "Raised FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 2nd time",
+        "Raised FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 3rd time",
+        "Raised SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 4th time",
+        "Raised SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 5th time",
+      ], JobBuffer.values
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "keeps a separate attempts counter for each individual retry_on declaration" do
+    exceptions_to_raise = %w(DefaultsError DefaultsError DefaultsError DefaultsError
+                             FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      RetryJob.perform_later(exceptions_to_raise, 10)
 
       assert_equal [
         "Raised DefaultsError for the 1st time",
         "Raised DefaultsError for the 2nd time",
         "Raised DefaultsError for the 3rd time",
         "Raised DefaultsError for the 4th time",
-        "Successfully completed job" ], JobBuffer.values
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "successfully retry job throwing exception against higher limit" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      RetryJob.perform_later "ShortWaitTenAttemptsError", 9
-      assert_equal 9, JobBuffer.values.count
+        "Raised FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 5th time",
+        "Raised FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 6th time",
+        "Raised FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 7th time",
+        "Successfully completed job"
+      ], JobBuffer.values
     end
   end
 
   test "failed retry job when exception kept occurring against defaults" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      begin
-        RetryJob.perform_later "DefaultsError", 6
-        assert_equal "Raised DefaultsError for the 5th time", JobBuffer.last_value
-      rescue DefaultsError
-        pass
-      end
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "DefaultsError", 6
+    assert_equal "Raised DefaultsError for the 5th time", JobBuffer.last_value
+  rescue DefaultsError
+    pass
   end
 
   test "failed retry job when exception kept occurring against higher limit" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      begin
-        RetryJob.perform_later "ShortWaitTenAttemptsError", 11
-        assert_equal "Raised ShortWaitTenAttemptsError for the 10th time", JobBuffer.last_value
-      rescue ShortWaitTenAttemptsError
-        pass
-      end
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "ShortWaitTenAttemptsError", 11
+    assert_equal "Raised ShortWaitTenAttemptsError for the 10th time", JobBuffer.last_value
+  rescue ShortWaitTenAttemptsError
+    pass
   end
 
   test "discard job" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      RetryJob.perform_later "DiscardableError", 2
-      assert_equal "Raised DiscardableError for the 1st time", JobBuffer.last_value
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "DiscardableError", 2
+    assert_equal "Raised DiscardableError for the 1st time", JobBuffer.last_value
   end
 
   test "custom handling of discarded job" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      RetryJob.perform_later "CustomDiscardableError", 2
-      assert_equal "Dealt with a job that was discarded in a custom way. Message: CustomDiscardableError", JobBuffer.last_value
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "CustomDiscardableError", 2
+    assert_equal "Dealt with a job that was discarded in a custom way. Message: CustomDiscardableError", JobBuffer.last_value
   end
 
   test "custom handling of job that exceeds retry attempts" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      RetryJob.perform_later "CustomCatchError", 6
-      assert_equal "Dealt with a job that failed to retry in a custom way after 6 attempts. Message: CustomCatchError", JobBuffer.last_value
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "CustomCatchError", 6
+    assert_equal "Dealt with a job that failed to retry in a custom way after 6 attempts. Message: CustomCatchError", JobBuffer.last_value
   end
 
   test "long wait job" do
     travel_to Time.now
 
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 3600.seconds).to_i do
-        RetryJob.perform_later "LongWaitError", 5
-      end
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "LongWaitError", 2, :log_scheduled_at
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "Raised LongWaitError for the 1st time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 3600.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Successfully completed job"
+    ], JobBuffer.values
   end
 
   test "exponentially retrying job" do
     travel_to Time.now
 
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 3.seconds).to_i do
-        assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 18.seconds).to_i do
-          assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 83.seconds).to_i do
-            assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 258.seconds).to_i do
-              RetryJob.perform_later "ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError", 5
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError", 5, :log_scheduled_at
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "Raised ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError for the 1st time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 3.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError for the 2nd time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 18.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError for the 3rd time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 83.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError for the 4th time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 258.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Successfully completed job"
+    ], JobBuffer.values
   end
 
   test "custom wait retrying job" do
     travel_to Time.now
 
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 2.seconds).to_i do
-        assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 4.seconds).to_i do
-          assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 6.seconds).to_i do
-            assert_performed_with at: (Time.now + 8.seconds).to_i do
-              RetryJob.perform_later "CustomWaitTenAttemptsError", 5
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "CustomWaitTenAttemptsError", 5, :log_scheduled_at
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "Raised CustomWaitTenAttemptsError for the 1st time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 2.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised CustomWaitTenAttemptsError for the 2nd time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 4.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised CustomWaitTenAttemptsError for the 3rd time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 6.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised CustomWaitTenAttemptsError for the 4th time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 8.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Successfully completed job"
+    ], JobBuffer.values
+  end
+
+  test "use individual execution timers when calculating retry delay" do
+    travel_to Time.now
+
+    exceptions_to_raise = %w(ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError CustomWaitTenAttemptsError ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError CustomWaitTenAttemptsError)
+
+    RetryJob.perform_later exceptions_to_raise, 5, :log_scheduled_at
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "Raised ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError for the 1st time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 3.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised CustomWaitTenAttemptsError for the 2nd time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 2.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError for the 3rd time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 18.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Raised CustomWaitTenAttemptsError for the 4th time",
+      "Next execution scheduled at #{(Time.now + 4.seconds).to_f}",
+      "Successfully completed job"
+    ], JobBuffer.values
   end
 
   test "successfully retry job throwing one of two retryable exceptions" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      RetryJob.perform_later "SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo", 3
+    RetryJob.perform_later "SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo", 3
 
-      assert_equal [
-        "Raised SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 1st time",
-        "Raised SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 2nd time",
-        "Successfully completed job" ], JobBuffer.values
-    end
+    assert_equal [
+      "Raised SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 1st time",
+      "Raised SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo for the 2nd time",
+      "Successfully completed job" ], JobBuffer.values
   end
 
   test "discard job throwing one of two discardable exceptions" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      RetryJob.perform_later "SecondDiscardableErrorOfTwo", 2
-      assert_equal [ "Raised SecondDiscardableErrorOfTwo for the 1st time" ], JobBuffer.values
-    end
+    RetryJob.perform_later "SecondDiscardableErrorOfTwo", 2
+    assert_equal [ "Raised SecondDiscardableErrorOfTwo for the 1st time" ], JobBuffer.values
   end
 
   test "successfully retry job throwing DeserializationError" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      RetryJob.perform_later Person.new(404), 5
-      assert_equal ["Raised ActiveJob::DeserializationError for the 5 time"], JobBuffer.values
+    RetryJob.perform_later Person.new(404), 5
+    assert_equal ["Raised ActiveJob::DeserializationError for the 5 time"], JobBuffer.values
+  end
+
+  test "running a job enqueued by AJ 5.2" do
+    job = RetryJob.new("DefaultsError", 6)
+    job.exception_executions = nil # This is how jobs from Rails 5.2 will look
+
+    assert_raises DefaultsError do
+      job.enqueue
     end
+
+    assert_equal 5, JobBuffer.values.count
   end
+
+  test "running a job enqueued and attempted under AJ 5.2" do
+    job = RetryJob.new("DefaultsError", 6)
+
+    # Fake 4 previous executions under AJ 5.2
+    job.exception_executions = nil
+    job.executions = 4
+
+    assert_raises DefaultsError do
+      job.enqueue
+    end
+
+    assert_equal ["Raised DefaultsError for the 5th time"], JobBuffer.values
+  end
+
+  private
+    def adapter_skips_scheduling?(queue_adapter)
+      [
+        ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::InlineAdapter,
+        ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::AsyncAdapter,
+        ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::SneakersAdapter
+      ].include?(queue_adapter.class)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
index 86f3651564..c1cec1f1d6 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
@@ -61,4 +61,15 @@ class JobSerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal "Hawaii", job.serialize["timezone"]
     end
   end
+
+  test "serialize stores the enqueued_at time" do
+    h1 = HelloJob.new
+    type = h1.serialize["enqueued_at"].class
+    assert_equal String, type
+
+    h2 = HelloJob.deserialize(h1.serialize)
+    # We should be able to parse a timestamp
+    type = Time.parse(h2.enqueued_at).class
+    assert_equal Time, type
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
index 48ef39aaca..acd37456c9 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ class LoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     perform_enqueued_jobs do
       LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
       assert_match(/Performing LoggingJob \(Job ID: .*?\) from .*? with arguments:.*Dummy/, @logger.messages)
+
+      assert_match(/enqueued at /, @logger.messages)
       assert_match(/Dummy, here is it: Dummy/, @logger.messages)
       assert_match(/Performed LoggingJob \(Job ID: .*?\) from .*? in .*ms/, @logger.messages)
     end
@@ -187,11 +189,9 @@ class LoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_retry_stopped_logging_without_block
     perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      begin
-        RetryJob.perform_later "DefaultsError", 6
-      rescue DefaultsError
-        assert_match(/Stopped retrying RetryJob due to a DefaultsError, which reoccurred on \d+ attempts\./, @logger.messages)
-      end
+      RetryJob.perform_later "DefaultsError", 6
+    rescue DefaultsError
+      assert_match(/Stopped retrying RetryJob due to a DefaultsError, which reoccurred on \d+ attempts\./, @logger.messages)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
index b64a38f91e..4b43c7c3c5 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ require "jobs/nested_job"
 
 class QueueNamingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "name derived from base" do
-    assert_equal "default", HelloJob.queue_name
+    assert_equal "default", HelloJob.new.queue_name
   end
 
   test "uses given queue name job" do
@@ -97,6 +97,33 @@ class QueueNamingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "using a custom default_queue_name" do
+    original_default_queue_name = ActiveJob::Base.default_queue_name
+
+    begin
+      ActiveJob::Base.default_queue_name = "default_queue_name"
+
+      assert_equal "default_queue_name", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      ActiveJob::Base.default_queue_name = original_default_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "queue_name_prefix prepended to the default_queue_name" do
+    original_queue_name_prefix = ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix
+    original_default_queue_name = ActiveJob::Base.default_queue_name
+
+    begin
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = "prefix"
+      ActiveJob::Base.default_queue_name = "default_queue_name"
+
+      assert_equal "prefix_default_queue_name", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = original_queue_name_prefix
+      ActiveJob::Base.default_queue_name = original_default_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
   test "uses queue passed to #set" do
     job = HelloJob.set(queue: :some_queue).perform_later
     assert_equal "some_queue", job.queue_name
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
index 0e843b7215..e7bad83400 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
@@ -20,12 +20,10 @@ class QueuingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "run queued job later" do
-    begin
-      result = HelloJob.set(wait_until: 1.second.ago).perform_later "Jamie"
-      assert result
-    rescue NotImplementedError
-      skip
-    end
+    result = HelloJob.set(wait_until: 1.second.ago).perform_later "Jamie"
+    assert result
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
   end
 
   test "job returned by enqueue has the arguments available" do
@@ -34,11 +32,9 @@ class QueuingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "job returned by perform_at has the timestamp available" do
-    begin
-      job = HelloJob.set(wait_until: Time.utc(2014, 1, 1)).perform_later
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2014, 1, 1).to_f, job.scheduled_at
-    rescue NotImplementedError
-      skip
-    end
+    job = HelloJob.set(wait_until: Time.utc(2014, 1, 1)).perform_later
+    assert_equal Time.utc(2014, 1, 1).to_f, job.scheduled_at
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
   end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/serializers_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/serializers_test.rb
index bee0c061bd..2b9ba75ae0 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/serializers_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/serializers_test.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ class SerializersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-
       def klass
         DummyValueObject
       end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
index 8dc32037ff..32471cfacc 100644
--- a/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -114,6 +114,16 @@ class EnqueuedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_as_proc
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs(1, only: ->(job) { job.fetch(:job).name == "HelloJob" }) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_except_option
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_enqueued_jobs 1, except: LoggingJob do
@@ -124,6 +134,16 @@ class EnqueuedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_except_option_as_proc
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs(1, except: ->(job) { job.fetch(:job).name == "LoggingJob" }) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_and_except_option
     error = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: HelloJob, except: HelloJob do
@@ -561,6 +581,33 @@ class EnqueuedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_enqueued_with_time
+    now = Time.now
+    args = [{ argument1: [now] }]
+
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: MultipleKwargsJob, args: args) do
+      MultipleKwargsJob.perform_later(argument1: [now])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_with_date_time
+    now = DateTime.now
+    args = [{ argument1: [now] }]
+
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: MultipleKwargsJob, args: args) do
+      MultipleKwargsJob.perform_later(argument1: [now])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_with_time_with_zone
+    now = Time.now.in_time_zone("Tokyo")
+    args = [{ argument1: [now] }]
+
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: MultipleKwargsJob, args: args) do
+      MultipleKwargsJob.perform_later(argument1: [now])
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_enqueued_with_with_no_block_args
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
       NestedJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
@@ -911,6 +958,15 @@ class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_as_proc
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs(1, only: ->(job) { job.is_a?(HelloJob) }) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
+        LoggingJob.perform_later("bogdan")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_performed_jobs_without_block_with_only_option
     HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
     LoggingJob.perform_later("bogdan")
@@ -920,6 +976,15 @@ class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob
   end
 
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_without_block_with_only_option_as_proc
+    HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
+    LoggingJob.perform_later("bogdan")
+
+    perform_enqueued_jobs
+
+    assert_performed_jobs(1, only: ->(job) { job.fetch(:job).name == "HelloJob" })
+  end
+
   def test_assert_performed_jobs_without_block_with_only_option_failure
     LoggingJob.perform_later("jeremy")
     LoggingJob.perform_later("bogdan")
@@ -942,6 +1007,15 @@ class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_except_option_as_proc
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs(1, except: ->(job) { job.is_a?(HelloJob) }) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
+        LoggingJob.perform_later("bogdan")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_performed_jobs_without_block_with_except_option
     HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
     LoggingJob.perform_later("bogdan")
@@ -951,6 +1025,15 @@ class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     assert_performed_jobs 1, except: HelloJob
   end
 
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_without_block_with_except_option_as_proc
+    HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
+    LoggingJob.perform_later("bogdan")
+
+    perform_enqueued_jobs
+
+    assert_performed_jobs(1, except: ->(job) { job.fetch(:job).name == "HelloJob" })
+  end
+
   def test_assert_performed_jobs_without_block_with_except_option_failure
     HelloJob.perform_later("jeremy")
     HelloJob.perform_later("bogdan")
@@ -1625,6 +1708,33 @@ class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_performed_with_time
+    now = Time.now
+    args = [{ argument1: { now: now }, argument2: now }]
+
+    assert_performed_with(job: MultipleKwargsJob, args: args) do
+      MultipleKwargsJob.perform_later(argument1: { now: now }, argument2: now)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_with_date_time
+    now = DateTime.now
+    args = [{ argument1: { now: now }, argument2: now }]
+
+    assert_performed_with(job: MultipleKwargsJob, args: args) do
+      MultipleKwargsJob.perform_later(argument1: { now: now }, argument2: now)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_with_time_with_zone
+    now = Time.now.in_time_zone("Tokyo")
+    args = [{ argument1: { now: now }, argument2: now }]
+
+    assert_performed_with(job: MultipleKwargsJob, args: args) do
+      MultipleKwargsJob.perform_later(argument1: { now: now }, argument2: now)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assert_performed_with_with_global_id_args
     ricardo = Person.new(9)
     assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob, args: [ricardo]) do
@@ -1632,7 +1742,7 @@ class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_assert_performed_with_without_bllock_with_global_id_args
+  def test_assert_performed_with_without_block_with_global_id_args
     ricardo = Person.new(9)
     HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
     perform_enqueued_jobs
diff --git a/activejob/test/helper.rb b/activejob/test/helper.rb
index 694232d7ef..d400210fef 100644
--- a/activejob/test/helper.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/helper.rb
@@ -16,3 +16,5 @@ else
 end
 
 require "active_support/testing/autorun"
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb b/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb
index 96253773c7..1fa68a8ad5 100644
--- a/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb
@@ -60,25 +60,21 @@ class QueuingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should not run job enqueued in the future" do
-    begin
-      TestJob.set(wait: 10.minutes).perform_later @id
-      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(5.seconds)
-      assert_not job_executed
-    rescue NotImplementedError
-      skip
-    end
+    TestJob.set(wait: 10.minutes).perform_later @id
+    wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(5.seconds)
+    assert_not job_executed
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
   end
 
   test "should run job enqueued in the future at the specified time" do
-    begin
-      TestJob.set(wait: 5.seconds).perform_later @id
-      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(2.seconds)
-      assert_not job_executed
-      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(10.seconds)
-      assert job_executed
-    rescue NotImplementedError
-      skip
-    end
+    TestJob.set(wait: 5.seconds).perform_later @id
+    wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(2.seconds)
+    assert_not job_executed
+    wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(10.seconds)
+    assert job_executed
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
   end
 
   test "should supply a provider_job_id when available for immediate jobs" do
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/abort_before_enqueue_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/abort_before_enqueue_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd278eccf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/abort_before_enqueue_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class AbortBeforeEnqueueJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  before_enqueue { throw(:abort) }
+
+  def perform
+    raise "This should never be called"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/retry_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/retry_job.rb
index 68dc17e16c..112d672006 100644
--- a/activejob/test/jobs/retry_job.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/retry_job.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class CustomDiscardableError < StandardError; end
 
 class RetryJob < ActiveJob::Base
   retry_on DefaultsError
-  retry_on FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo, SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo
+  retry_on FirstRetryableErrorOfTwo, SecondRetryableErrorOfTwo, attempts: 4
   retry_on LongWaitError, wait: 1.hour, attempts: 10
   retry_on ShortWaitTenAttemptsError, wait: 1.second, attempts: 10
   retry_on ExponentialWaitTenAttemptsError, wait: :exponentially_longer, attempts: 10
@@ -30,8 +30,15 @@ class RetryJob < ActiveJob::Base
   discard_on FirstDiscardableErrorOfTwo, SecondDiscardableErrorOfTwo
   discard_on(CustomDiscardableError) { |job, error| JobBuffer.add("Dealt with a job that was discarded in a custom way. Message: #{error.message}") }
 
-  def perform(raising, attempts)
-    if executions < attempts
+  before_enqueue do |job|
+    if job.arguments.include?(:log_scheduled_at) && job.scheduled_at
+      JobBuffer.add("Next execution scheduled at #{job.scheduled_at}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def perform(raising, attempts, *)
+    raising = raising.shift if raising.is_a?(Array)
+    if raising && executions < attempts
       JobBuffer.add("Raised #{raising} for the #{executions.ordinalize} time")
       raise raising.constantize
     else
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/timezone_dependent_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/timezone_dependent_job.rb
index 41f473d533..f63ff95b95 100644
--- a/activejob/test/jobs/timezone_dependent_job.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/timezone_dependent_job.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ class TimezoneDependentJob < ActiveJob::Base
   end
 
   private
-
     def localtime(*args)
       Time.zone ? Time.zone.local(*args) : Time.utc(*args)
     end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb
index 1163ae8178..0c248dda01 100644
--- a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ module BackburnerJobsManager
   def setup
     ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :backburner
     Backburner.configure do |config|
+      config.beanstalk_url = ENV["BEANSTALK_URL"] if ENV["BEANSTALK_URL"]
       config.logger = Rails.logger
     end
     unless can_run?
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb
index 2ed8302277..cd129e72b2 100644
--- a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 module ResqueJobsManager
   def setup
     ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :resque
-    Resque.redis = Redis::Namespace.new "active_jobs_int_test", redis: Redis.new(url: "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/12", thread_safe: true)
+    Resque.redis = Redis::Namespace.new "active_jobs_int_test", redis: Redis.new(url: ENV["REDIS_URL"] || "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/12", thread_safe: true)
     Resque.logger = Rails.logger
     unless can_run?
       puts "Cannot run integration tests for resque. To be able to run integration tests for resque you need to install and start redis.\n"
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb
index eb8d4cc2d5..89dc61ca28 100644
--- a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module SneakersJobsManager
   def setup
     ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sneakers
     Sneakers.configure  heartbeat: 2,
-                        amqp: "amqp://guest:guest@localhost:5672",
+                        amqp: ENV["RABBITMQ_URL"] || "amqp://guest:guest@localhost:5672",
                         vhost: "/",
                         exchange: "active_jobs_sneakers_int_test",
                         exchange_type: :direct,
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb
index 3d9b265b66..d8931a74ed 100644
--- a/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ module TestCaseHelpers
   end
 
   private
-
     def jobs_manager
       JobsManager.current_manager
     end
@@ -33,14 +32,12 @@ module TestCaseHelpers
     end
 
     def wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(seconds = 60)
-      begin
-        Timeout.timeout(seconds) do
-          while !job_executed do
-            sleep 0.25
-          end
+      Timeout.timeout(seconds) do
+        while !job_executed do
+          sleep 0.25
         end
-      rescue Timeout::Error
       end
+    rescue Timeout::Error
     end
 
     def job_file(id)
diff --git a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
index 6048911217..9d77564c61 100644
--- a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,53 +1,3 @@
-*   Fix numericality validator to still use value before type cast except Active Record.
 
-    Fixes #33651, #33686.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON#as_json` method for timestamps.
-
-    Before:
-    ```
-    contact = Contact.new(created_at: Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))
-    contact.as_json["created_at"] # => 2006-08-01 00:00:00 UTC
-    ```
-
-    After:
-    ```
-    contact = Contact.new(created_at: Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))
-    contact.as_json["created_at"] # => "2006-08-01T00:00:00.000Z"
-    ```
-
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
-
-*   Allows configurable attribute name for `#has_secure_password`. This
-    still defaults to an attribute named 'password', causing no breaking
-    change. There is a new method `#authenticate_XXX` where XXX is the
-    configured attribute name, making the existing `#authenticate` now an
-    alias for this when the attribute is the default 'password'.
-
-    Example:
-
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_secure_password :recovery_password, validations: false
-        end
-
-        user = User.new()
-        user.recovery_password = "42password"
-        user.recovery_password_digest # => "$2a$04$iOfhwahFymCs5weB3BNH/uX..."
-        user.authenticate_recovery_password('42password') # => user
-
-    *Unathi Chonco*
-
-*   Add `config.active_model.i18n_full_message` in order to control whether
-    the `full_message` error format can be overridden at the attribute or model
-    level in the locale files. This is `false` by default.
-
-    *Martin Larochelle*
-
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
-
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE b/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
index 1cb3add0fc..ab7c27c209 100644
--- a/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activemodel/README.rdoc b/activemodel/README.rdoc
index 1aaf4813ea..f9370d8de0 100644
--- a/activemodel/README.rdoc
+++ b/activemodel/README.rdoc
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ They allow for Action Pack helpers to interact with non-Active Record models,
 for example. Active Model also helps with building custom ORMs for use outside of
 the Rails framework.
 
+You can read more about Active Model in the {Active Model Basics}[https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_model_basics.html] guide.
+
 Prior to Rails 3.0, if a plugin or gem developer wanted to have an object
 interact with Action Pack helpers, it was required to either copy chunks of
 code from Rails, or monkey patch entire helpers to make them handle objects
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ Active Model is released under the MIT license:
 
 API documentation is at:
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
index 493fca698a..e681654439 100644
--- a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
+++ b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "A toolkit for building modeling frameworks (part of Rails)."
   s.description = "A toolkit for building modeling frameworks like Active Record. Rich support for attributes, callbacks, validations, serialization, internationalization, and testing."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.rdoc", "lib/**/*"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
index bc10d6b4b9..756473e38d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :Errors
+    autoload :Error
     autoload :RangeError, "active_model/errors"
     autoload :StrictValidationFailed, "active_model/errors"
     autoload :UnknownAttributeError, "active_model/errors"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb
index f0e3458f51..9bdec0dfda 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     alias attributes= assign_attributes
 
     private
-
       def _assign_attributes(attributes)
         attributes.each do |k, v|
           _assign_attribute(k, v)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
index d8352343e9..415f1f679b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ module ActiveModel
           method_name = matcher.method_name(attr_name)
 
           unless instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name)
-            generate_method = "define_method_#{matcher.method_missing_target}"
+            generate_method = "define_method_#{matcher.target}"
 
             if respond_to?(generate_method, true)
               send(generate_method, attr_name.to_s)
             else
-              define_proxy_call true, generated_attribute_methods, method_name, matcher.method_missing_target, attr_name.to_s
+              define_proxy_call true, generated_attribute_methods, method_name, matcher.target, attr_name.to_s
             end
           end
         end
@@ -352,17 +352,18 @@ module ActiveModel
 
         def attribute_method_matchers_matching(method_name)
           attribute_method_matchers_cache.compute_if_absent(method_name) do
-            # Must try to match prefixes/suffixes first, or else the matcher with no prefix/suffix
-            # will match every time.
+            # Bump plain matcher to last place so that only methods that do not
+            # match any other pattern match the actual attribute name.
+            # This is currently only needed to support legacy usage.
             matchers = attribute_method_matchers.partition(&:plain?).reverse.flatten(1)
-            matchers.map { |method| method.match(method_name) }.compact
+            matchers.map { |matcher| matcher.match(method_name) }.compact
           end
         end
 
         # Define a method `name` in `mod` that dispatches to `send`
         # using the given `extra` args. This falls back on `define_method`
         # and `send` if the given names cannot be compiled.
-        def define_proxy_call(include_private, mod, name, send, *extra)
+        def define_proxy_call(include_private, mod, name, target, *extra)
           defn = if NAME_COMPILABLE_REGEXP.match?(name)
             "def #{name}(*args)"
           else
@@ -371,34 +372,34 @@ module ActiveModel
 
           extra = (extra.map!(&:inspect) << "*args").join(", ")
 
-          target = if CALL_COMPILABLE_REGEXP.match?(send)
-            "#{"self." unless include_private}#{send}(#{extra})"
+          body = if CALL_COMPILABLE_REGEXP.match?(target)
+            "#{"self." unless include_private}#{target}(#{extra})"
           else
-            "send(:'#{send}', #{extra})"
+            "send(:'#{target}', #{extra})"
           end
 
           mod.module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
             #{defn}
-              #{target}
+              #{body}
             end
           RUBY
         end
 
         class AttributeMethodMatcher #:nodoc:
-          attr_reader :prefix, :suffix, :method_missing_target
+          attr_reader :prefix, :suffix, :target
 
-          AttributeMethodMatch = Struct.new(:target, :attr_name, :method_name)
+          AttributeMethodMatch = Struct.new(:target, :attr_name)
 
           def initialize(options = {})
             @prefix, @suffix = options.fetch(:prefix, ""), options.fetch(:suffix, "")
             @regex = /^(?:#{Regexp.escape(@prefix)})(.*)(?:#{Regexp.escape(@suffix)})$/
-            @method_missing_target = "#{@prefix}attribute#{@suffix}"
+            @target = "#{@prefix}attribute#{@suffix}"
             @method_name = "#{prefix}%s#{suffix}"
           end
 
           def match(method_name)
             if @regex =~ method_name
-              AttributeMethodMatch.new(method_missing_target, $1, method_name)
+              AttributeMethodMatch.new(target, $1)
             end
           end
 
@@ -507,8 +508,8 @@ module ActiveModel
             temp_method_name = "__temp__#{safe_name}#{'=' if writer}"
             attr_name_expr = "::ActiveModel::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::#{const_name}"
             yield temp_method_name, attr_name_expr
-            mod.send(:alias_method, method_name, temp_method_name)
-            mod.send(:undef_method, temp_method_name)
+            mod.alias_method method_name, temp_method_name
+            mod.undef_method temp_method_name
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_mutation_tracker.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_mutation_tracker.rb
index 6abf37bd44..d8cd48a53b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_mutation_tracker.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_mutation_tracker.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable"
 
 module ActiveModel
   class AttributeMutationTracker # :nodoc:
     OPTION_NOT_GIVEN = Object.new
 
-    def initialize(attributes)
+    def initialize(attributes, forced_changes = Set.new)
       @attributes = attributes
-      @forced_changes = Set.new
+      @forced_changes = forced_changes
     end
 
     def changed_attribute_names
@@ -18,24 +19,22 @@ module ActiveModel
     def changed_values
       attr_names.each_with_object({}.with_indifferent_access) do |attr_name, result|
         if changed?(attr_name)
-          result[attr_name] = attributes[attr_name].original_value
+          result[attr_name] = original_value(attr_name)
         end
       end
     end
 
     def changes
       attr_names.each_with_object({}.with_indifferent_access) do |attr_name, result|
-        change = change_to_attribute(attr_name)
-        if change
+        if change = change_to_attribute(attr_name)
           result.merge!(attr_name => change)
         end
       end
     end
 
     def change_to_attribute(attr_name)
-      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
       if changed?(attr_name)
-        [attributes[attr_name].original_value, attributes.fetch_value(attr_name)]
+        [original_value(attr_name), fetch_value(attr_name)]
       end
     end
 
@@ -44,29 +43,26 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     def changed?(attr_name, from: OPTION_NOT_GIVEN, to: OPTION_NOT_GIVEN)
-      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
-      forced_changes.include?(attr_name) ||
-        attributes[attr_name].changed? &&
-        (OPTION_NOT_GIVEN == from || attributes[attr_name].original_value == from) &&
-        (OPTION_NOT_GIVEN == to || attributes[attr_name].value == to)
+      attribute_changed?(attr_name) &&
+        (OPTION_NOT_GIVEN == from || original_value(attr_name) == from) &&
+        (OPTION_NOT_GIVEN == to || fetch_value(attr_name) == to)
     end
 
     def changed_in_place?(attr_name)
-      attributes[attr_name.to_s].changed_in_place?
+      attributes[attr_name].changed_in_place?
     end
 
     def forget_change(attr_name)
-      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
       attributes[attr_name] = attributes[attr_name].forgetting_assignment
       forced_changes.delete(attr_name)
     end
 
     def original_value(attr_name)
-      attributes[attr_name.to_s].original_value
+      attributes[attr_name].original_value
     end
 
     def force_change(attr_name)
-      forced_changes << attr_name.to_s
+      forced_changes << attr_name
     end
 
     private
@@ -75,45 +71,108 @@ module ActiveModel
       def attr_names
         attributes.keys
       end
+
+      def attribute_changed?(attr_name)
+        forced_changes.include?(attr_name) || !!attributes[attr_name].changed?
+      end
+
+      def fetch_value(attr_name)
+        attributes.fetch_value(attr_name)
+      end
+  end
+
+  class ForcedMutationTracker < AttributeMutationTracker # :nodoc:
+    def initialize(attributes, forced_changes = {})
+      super
+      @finalized_changes = nil
+    end
+
+    def changed_in_place?(attr_name)
+      false
+    end
+
+    def change_to_attribute(attr_name)
+      if finalized_changes&.include?(attr_name)
+        finalized_changes[attr_name].dup
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def forget_change(attr_name)
+      forced_changes.delete(attr_name)
+    end
+
+    def original_value(attr_name)
+      if changed?(attr_name)
+        forced_changes[attr_name]
+      else
+        fetch_value(attr_name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def force_change(attr_name)
+      forced_changes[attr_name] = clone_value(attr_name) unless attribute_changed?(attr_name)
+    end
+
+    def finalize_changes
+      @finalized_changes = changes
+    end
+
+    private
+      attr_reader :finalized_changes
+
+      def attr_names
+        forced_changes.keys
+      end
+
+      def attribute_changed?(attr_name)
+        forced_changes.include?(attr_name)
+      end
+
+      def fetch_value(attr_name)
+        attributes.send(:_read_attribute, attr_name)
+      end
+
+      def clone_value(attr_name)
+        value = fetch_value(attr_name)
+        value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
+      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
+        value
+      end
   end
 
   class NullMutationTracker # :nodoc:
     include Singleton
 
-    def changed_attribute_names(*)
+    def changed_attribute_names
       []
     end
 
-    def changed_values(*)
+    def changed_values
       {}
     end
 
-    def changes(*)
+    def changes
       {}
     end
 
     def change_to_attribute(attr_name)
     end
 
-    def any_changes?(*)
+    def any_changes?
       false
     end
 
-    def changed?(*)
+    def changed?(attr_name, **)
       false
     end
 
-    def changed_in_place?(*)
+    def changed_in_place?(attr_name)
       false
     end
 
-    def forget_change(*)
-    end
-
-    def original_value(*)
-    end
-
-    def force_change(*)
+    def original_value(attr_name)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_set.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_set.rb
index a890ee3932..2f5437ceda 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_set.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_set.rb
@@ -37,16 +37,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       attributes.each_key.select { |name| self[name].initialized? }
     end
 
-    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      # This form is significantly faster on JRuby, and this is one of our biggest hotspots.
-      # https://github.com/jruby/jruby/pull/2562
-      def fetch_value(name, &block)
-        self[name].value(&block)
-      end
-    else
-      def fetch_value(name)
-        self[name].value { |n| yield n if block_given? }
-      end
+    def fetch_value(name, &block)
+      self[name].value(&block)
     end
 
     def write_from_database(name, value)
@@ -102,11 +94,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     protected
-
       attr_reader :attributes
 
     private
-
       def initialized_attributes
         attributes.select { |_, attr| attr.initialized? }
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attributes.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attributes.rb
index c3a446098c..c586f52b78 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attributes.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attributes.rb
@@ -26,8 +26,22 @@ module ActiveModel
         define_attribute_method(name)
       end
 
-      private
+      # Returns an array of attribute names as strings
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     include ActiveModel::Attributes
+      #
+      #     attribute :name, :string
+      #     attribute :age, :integer
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Person.attribute_names
+      #   # => ["name", "age"]
+      def attribute_names
+        attribute_types.keys
+      end
 
+      private
         def define_method_attribute=(name)
           ActiveModel::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.define_attribute_accessor_method(
             generated_attribute_methods, name, writer: true,
@@ -65,33 +79,56 @@ module ActiveModel
       super
     end
 
+    # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values.
+    #
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Model
+    #     include ActiveModel::Attributes
+    #
+    #     attribute :name, :string
+    #     attribute :age, :integer
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Person.new(name: 'Francesco', age: 22)
+    #   person.attributes
+    #   # => {"name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
     def attributes
       @attributes.to_hash
     end
 
-    private
+    # Returns an array of attribute names as strings
+    #
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Attributes
+    #
+    #     attribute :name, :string
+    #     attribute :age, :integer
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Person.new
+    #   person.attribute_names
+    #   # => ["name", "age"]
+    def attribute_names
+      @attributes.keys
+    end
 
+    private
       def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-        name = if self.class.attribute_alias?(attr_name)
-          self.class.attribute_alias(attr_name).to_s
-        else
-          attr_name.to_s
-        end
+        name = attr_name.to_s
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
 
         @attributes.write_from_user(name, value)
         value
       end
 
       def attribute(attr_name)
-        name = if self.class.attribute_alias?(attr_name)
-          self.class.attribute_alias(attr_name).to_s
-        else
-          attr_name.to_s
-        end
+        name = attr_name.to_s
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+
         @attributes.fetch_value(name)
       end
 
-      # Handle *= for method_missing.
+      # Dispatch target for <tt>*=</tt> attribute methods.
       def attribute=(attribute_name, value)
         write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
index fde3381df2..7a544395cb 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
 
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Callbacks
@@ -125,7 +126,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     private
-
       def _define_before_model_callback(klass, callback)
         klass.define_singleton_method("before_#{callback}") do |*args, **options, &block|
           options.assert_valid_keys(:if, :unless, :prepend)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
index 0d9e761b1e..aaefe00c83 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable"
 require "active_model/attribute_mutation_tracker"
 
 module ActiveModel
@@ -122,9 +120,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
 
-    OPTION_NOT_GIVEN = Object.new # :nodoc:
-    private_constant :OPTION_NOT_GIVEN
-
     included do
       attribute_method_suffix "_changed?", "_change", "_will_change!", "_was"
       attribute_method_suffix "_previously_changed?", "_previous_change"
@@ -141,14 +136,13 @@ module ActiveModel
       @mutations_from_database = nil
     end
 
-    # Clears dirty data and moves +changes+ to +previously_changed+ and
+    # Clears dirty data and moves +changes+ to +previous_changes+ and
     # +mutations_from_database+ to +mutations_before_last_save+ respectively.
     def changes_applied
       unless defined?(@attributes)
-        @previously_changed = changes
+        mutations_from_database.finalize_changes
       end
       @mutations_before_last_save = mutations_from_database
-      @attributes_changed_by_setter = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
       forget_attribute_assignments
       @mutations_from_database = nil
     end
@@ -159,7 +153,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.name = 'bob'
     #   person.changed? # => true
     def changed?
-      changed_attributes.present?
+      mutations_from_database.any_changes?
     end
 
     # Returns an array with the name of the attributes with unsaved changes.
@@ -168,42 +162,37 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.name = 'bob'
     #   person.changed # => ["name"]
     def changed
-      changed_attributes.keys
+      mutations_from_database.changed_attribute_names
     end
 
-    # Handles <tt>*_changed?</tt> for +method_missing+.
-    def attribute_changed?(attr, from: OPTION_NOT_GIVEN, to: OPTION_NOT_GIVEN) # :nodoc:
-      !!changes_include?(attr) &&
-        (to == OPTION_NOT_GIVEN || to == _read_attribute(attr)) &&
-        (from == OPTION_NOT_GIVEN || from == changed_attributes[attr])
+    # Dispatch target for <tt>*_changed?</tt> attribute methods.
+    def attribute_changed?(attr_name, **options) # :nodoc:
+      mutations_from_database.changed?(attr_name.to_s, options)
     end
 
-    # Handles <tt>*_was</tt> for +method_missing+.
-    def attribute_was(attr) # :nodoc:
-      attribute_changed?(attr) ? changed_attributes[attr] : _read_attribute(attr)
+    # Dispatch target for <tt>*_was</tt> attribute methods.
+    def attribute_was(attr_name) # :nodoc:
+      mutations_from_database.original_value(attr_name.to_s)
     end
 
-    # Handles <tt>*_previously_changed?</tt> for +method_missing+.
-    def attribute_previously_changed?(attr) #:nodoc:
-      previous_changes_include?(attr)
+    # Dispatch target for <tt>*_previously_changed?</tt> attribute methods.
+    def attribute_previously_changed?(attr_name) # :nodoc:
+      mutations_before_last_save.changed?(attr_name.to_s)
     end
 
     # Restore all previous data of the provided attributes.
-    def restore_attributes(attributes = changed)
-      attributes.each { |attr| restore_attribute! attr }
+    def restore_attributes(attr_names = changed)
+      attr_names.each { |attr_name| restore_attribute!(attr_name) }
     end
 
     # Clears all dirty data: current changes and previous changes.
     def clear_changes_information
-      @previously_changed = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
       @mutations_before_last_save = nil
-      @attributes_changed_by_setter = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
       forget_attribute_assignments
       @mutations_from_database = nil
     end
 
     def clear_attribute_changes(attr_names)
-      attributes_changed_by_setter.except!(*attr_names)
       attr_names.each do |attr_name|
         clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
       end
@@ -216,13 +205,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.name = 'robert'
     #   person.changed_attributes # => {"name" => "bob"}
     def changed_attributes
-      # This should only be set by methods which will call changed_attributes
-      # multiple times when it is known that the computed value cannot change.
-      if defined?(@cached_changed_attributes)
-        @cached_changed_attributes
-      else
-        attributes_changed_by_setter.reverse_merge(mutations_from_database.changed_values).freeze
-      end
+      mutations_from_database.changed_values
     end
 
     # Returns a hash of changed attributes indicating their original
@@ -232,9 +215,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.name = 'bob'
     #   person.changes # => { "name" => ["bill", "bob"] }
     def changes
-      cache_changed_attributes do
-        ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess[changed.map { |attr| [attr, attribute_change(attr)] }]
-      end
+      mutations_from_database.changes
     end
 
     # Returns a hash of attributes that were changed before the model was saved.
@@ -244,27 +225,23 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.save
     #   person.previous_changes # => {"name" => ["bob", "robert"]}
     def previous_changes
-      @previously_changed ||= ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
-      @previously_changed.merge(mutations_before_last_save.changes)
+      mutations_before_last_save.changes
     end
 
     def attribute_changed_in_place?(attr_name) # :nodoc:
-      mutations_from_database.changed_in_place?(attr_name)
+      mutations_from_database.changed_in_place?(attr_name.to_s)
     end
 
     private
       def clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
-        mutations_from_database.forget_change(attr_name)
+        mutations_from_database.forget_change(attr_name.to_s)
       end
 
       def mutations_from_database
-        unless defined?(@mutations_from_database)
-          @mutations_from_database = nil
-        end
         @mutations_from_database ||= if defined?(@attributes)
           ActiveModel::AttributeMutationTracker.new(@attributes)
         else
-          NullMutationTracker.instance
+          ActiveModel::ForcedMutationTracker.new(self)
         end
       end
 
@@ -276,68 +253,28 @@ module ActiveModel
         @mutations_before_last_save ||= ActiveModel::NullMutationTracker.instance
       end
 
-      def cache_changed_attributes
-        @cached_changed_attributes = changed_attributes
-        yield
-      ensure
-        clear_changed_attributes_cache
-      end
-
-      def clear_changed_attributes_cache
-        remove_instance_variable(:@cached_changed_attributes) if defined?(@cached_changed_attributes)
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if attr_name is changed, +false+ otherwise.
-      def changes_include?(attr_name)
-        attributes_changed_by_setter.include?(attr_name) || mutations_from_database.changed?(attr_name)
-      end
-      alias attribute_changed_by_setter? changes_include?
-
-      # Returns +true+ if attr_name were changed before the model was saved,
-      # +false+ otherwise.
-      def previous_changes_include?(attr_name)
-        previous_changes.include?(attr_name)
-      end
-
-      # Handles <tt>*_change</tt> for +method_missing+.
-      def attribute_change(attr)
-        [changed_attributes[attr], _read_attribute(attr)] if attribute_changed?(attr)
+      # Dispatch target for <tt>*_change</tt> attribute methods.
+      def attribute_change(attr_name)
+        mutations_from_database.change_to_attribute(attr_name.to_s)
       end
 
-      # Handles <tt>*_previous_change</tt> for +method_missing+.
-      def attribute_previous_change(attr)
-        previous_changes[attr]
+      # Dispatch target for <tt>*_previous_change</tt> attribute methods.
+      def attribute_previous_change(attr_name)
+        mutations_before_last_save.change_to_attribute(attr_name.to_s)
       end
 
-      # Handles <tt>*_will_change!</tt> for +method_missing+.
-      def attribute_will_change!(attr)
-        unless attribute_changed?(attr)
-          begin
-            value = _read_attribute(attr)
-            value = value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
-          rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
-          end
-
-          set_attribute_was(attr, value)
-        end
-        mutations_from_database.force_change(attr)
+      # Dispatch target for <tt>*_will_change!</tt> attribute methods.
+      def attribute_will_change!(attr_name)
+        mutations_from_database.force_change(attr_name.to_s)
       end
 
-      # Handles <tt>restore_*!</tt> for +method_missing+.
-      def restore_attribute!(attr)
-        if attribute_changed?(attr)
-          __send__("#{attr}=", changed_attributes[attr])
-          clear_attribute_changes([attr])
+      # Dispatch target for <tt>restore_*!</tt> attribute methods.
+      def restore_attribute!(attr_name)
+        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        if attribute_changed?(attr_name)
+          __send__("#{attr_name}=", attribute_was(attr_name))
+          clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
         end
       end
-
-      def attributes_changed_by_setter
-        @attributes_changed_by_setter ||= ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
-      end
-
-      # Force an attribute to have a particular "before" value
-      def set_attribute_was(attr, old_value)
-        attributes_changed_by_setter[attr] = old_value
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/error.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6deab3578d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  # == Active \Model \Error
+  #
+  # Represents one single error
+  class Error
+    CALLBACKS_OPTIONS = [:if, :unless, :on, :allow_nil, :allow_blank, :strict]
+    MESSAGE_OPTIONS = [:message]
+
+    class_attribute :i18n_customize_full_message, default: false
+
+    def self.full_message(attribute, message, base_class) # :nodoc:
+      return message if attribute == :base
+      attribute = attribute.to_s
+
+      if i18n_customize_full_message && base_class.respond_to?(:i18n_scope)
+        attribute = attribute.remove(/\[\d\]/)
+        parts = attribute.split(".")
+        attribute_name = parts.pop
+        namespace = parts.join("/") unless parts.empty?
+        attributes_scope = "#{base_class.i18n_scope}.errors.models"
+
+        if namespace
+          defaults = base_class.lookup_ancestors.map do |klass|
+            [
+              :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}/#{namespace}.attributes.#{attribute_name}.format",
+              :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}/#{namespace}.format",
+            ]
+          end
+        else
+          defaults = base_class.lookup_ancestors.map do |klass|
+            [
+              :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.attributes.#{attribute_name}.format",
+              :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.format",
+            ]
+          end
+        end
+
+        defaults.flatten!
+      else
+        defaults = []
+      end
+
+      defaults << :"errors.format"
+      defaults << "%{attribute} %{message}"
+
+      attr_name = attribute.tr(".", "_").humanize
+      attr_name = base_class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name)
+
+      I18n.t(defaults.shift,
+        default:  defaults,
+        attribute: attr_name,
+        message:   message)
+    end
+
+    def self.generate_message(attribute, type, base, options) # :nodoc:
+      type = options.delete(:message) if options[:message].is_a?(Symbol)
+      value = (attribute != :base ? base.send(:read_attribute_for_validation, attribute) : nil)
+
+      options = {
+        model: base.model_name.human,
+        attribute: base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute),
+        value: value,
+        object: base
+      }.merge!(options)
+
+      if base.class.respond_to?(:i18n_scope)
+        i18n_scope = base.class.i18n_scope.to_s
+        defaults = base.class.lookup_ancestors.flat_map do |klass|
+          [ :"#{i18n_scope}.errors.models.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.attributes.#{attribute}.#{type}",
+            :"#{i18n_scope}.errors.models.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.#{type}" ]
+        end
+        defaults << :"#{i18n_scope}.errors.messages.#{type}"
+
+        catch(:exception) do
+          translation = I18n.translate(defaults.first, options.merge(default: defaults.drop(1), throw: true))
+          return translation unless translation.nil?
+        end unless options[:message]
+      else
+        defaults = []
+      end
+
+      defaults << :"errors.attributes.#{attribute}.#{type}"
+      defaults << :"errors.messages.#{type}"
+
+      key = defaults.shift
+      defaults = options.delete(:message) if options[:message]
+      options[:default] = defaults
+
+      I18n.translate(key, options)
+    end
+
+    def initialize(base, attribute, type = :invalid, **options)
+      @base = base
+      @attribute = attribute
+      @raw_type = type
+      @type = type || :invalid
+      @options = options
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dup(other)
+      @attribute = @attribute.dup
+      @raw_type = @raw_type.dup
+      @type = @type.dup
+      @options = @options.deep_dup
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :base, :attribute, :type, :raw_type, :options
+
+    def message
+      case raw_type
+      when Symbol
+        self.class.generate_message(attribute, raw_type, @base, options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS))
+      else
+        raw_type
+      end
+    end
+
+    def detail
+      { error: raw_type }.merge(options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS + MESSAGE_OPTIONS))
+    end
+
+    def full_message
+      self.class.full_message(attribute, message, @base.class)
+    end
+
+    # See if error matches provided +attribute+, +type+ and +options+.
+    def match?(attribute, type = nil, **options)
+      if @attribute != attribute || (type && @type != type)
+        return false
+      end
+
+      options.each do |key, value|
+        if @options[key] != value
+          return false
+        end
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    def strict_match?(attribute, type, **options)
+      return false unless match?(attribute, type)
+
+      options == @options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS + MESSAGE_OPTIONS)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      other.is_a?(self.class) && attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+    end
+    alias eql? ==
+
+    def hash
+      attributes_for_hash.hash
+    end
+
+    protected
+      def attributes_for_hash
+        [@base, @attribute, @raw_type, @options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS)]
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
index 9de6b609a3..42c004ce31 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/array/conversions"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/inflections"
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
+require "active_model/error"
+require "active_model/nested_error"
+require "forwardable"
 
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Errors
@@ -59,15 +62,15 @@ module ActiveModel
   class Errors
     include Enumerable
 
-    CALLBACKS_OPTIONS = [:if, :unless, :on, :allow_nil, :allow_blank, :strict]
-    MESSAGE_OPTIONS = [:message]
+    extend Forwardable
+    def_delegators :@errors, :size, :clear, :blank?, :empty?, :uniq!, :any?
+    # TODO: forward all enumerable methods after `each` deprecation is removed.
+    def_delegators :@errors, :count
 
-    class << self
-      attr_accessor :i18n_full_message # :nodoc:
-    end
-    self.i18n_full_message = false
+    LEGACY_ATTRIBUTES = [:messages, :details].freeze
 
-    attr_reader :messages, :details
+    attr_reader :errors
+    alias :objects :errors
 
     # Pass in the instance of the object that is using the errors object.
     #
@@ -77,18 +80,17 @@ module ActiveModel
     #     end
     #   end
     def initialize(base)
-      @base     = base
-      @messages = apply_default_array({})
-      @details = apply_default_array({})
+      @base = base
+      @errors = []
     end
 
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
-      @messages = other.messages.dup
-      @details  = other.details.deep_dup
+      @errors = other.errors.deep_dup
       super
     end
 
     # Copies the errors from <tt>other</tt>.
+    # For copying errors but keep <tt>@base</tt> as is.
     #
     # other - The ActiveModel::Errors instance.
     #
@@ -96,11 +98,31 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     #   person.errors.copy!(other)
     def copy!(other) # :nodoc:
-      @messages = other.messages.dup
-      @details  = other.details.dup
+      @errors = other.errors.deep_dup
+      @errors.each { |error|
+        error.instance_variable_set("@base", @base)
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Imports one error
+    # Imported errors are wrapped as a NestedError,
+    # providing access to original error object.
+    # If attribute or type needs to be overriden, use `override_options`.
+    #
+    # override_options - Hash
+    # @option override_options [Symbol] :attribute Override the attribute the error belongs to
+    # @option override_options [Symbol] :type Override type of the error.
+    def import(error, override_options = {})
+      [:attribute, :type].each do |key|
+        if override_options.key?(key)
+          override_options[key] = override_options[key].to_sym
+        end
+      end
+      @errors.append(NestedError.new(@base, error, override_options))
     end
 
-    # Merges the errors from <tt>other</tt>.
+    # Merges the errors from <tt>other</tt>,
+    # each <tt>Error</tt> wrapped as <tt>NestedError</tt>.
     #
     # other - The ActiveModel::Errors instance.
     #
@@ -108,18 +130,42 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     #   person.errors.merge!(other)
     def merge!(other)
-      @messages.merge!(other.messages) { |_, ary1, ary2| ary1 + ary2 }
-      @details.merge!(other.details) { |_, ary1, ary2| ary1 + ary2 }
+      other.errors.each { |error|
+        import(error)
+      }
     end
 
-    # Clear the error messages.
+    # Removes all errors except the given keys. Returns a hash containing the removed errors.
     #
-    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
-    #   person.errors.clear
-    #   person.errors.full_messages # => []
-    def clear
-      messages.clear
-      details.clear
+    #   person.errors.keys                  # => [:name, :age, :gender, :city]
+    #   person.errors.slice!(:age, :gender) # => { :name=>["cannot be nil"], :city=>["cannot be nil"] }
+    #   person.errors.keys                  # => [:age, :gender]
+    def slice!(*keys)
+      deprecation_removal_warning(:slice!)
+
+      keys = keys.map(&:to_sym)
+
+      results = messages.dup.slice!(*keys)
+
+      @errors.keep_if do |error|
+        keys.include?(error.attribute)
+      end
+
+      results
+    end
+
+    # Search for errors matching +attribute+, +type+ or +options+.
+    #
+    # Only supplied params will be matched.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.where(:name) # => all name errors.
+    #   person.errors.where(:name, :too_short) # => all name errors being too short
+    #   person.errors.where(:name, :too_short, minimum: 2) # => all name errors being too short and minimum is 2
+    def where(attribute, type = nil, **options)
+      attribute, type, options = normalize_arguments(attribute, type, options)
+      @errors.select { |error|
+        error.match?(attribute, type, options)
+      }
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if the error messages include an error for the given key
@@ -129,8 +175,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.include?(:name) # => true
     #   person.errors.include?(:age)  # => false
     def include?(attribute)
-      attribute = attribute.to_sym
-      messages.key?(attribute) && messages[attribute].present?
+      @errors.any? { |error|
+        error.match?(attribute.to_sym)
+      }
     end
     alias :has_key? :include?
     alias :key? :include?
@@ -140,10 +187,13 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors[:name]        # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.delete(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors[:name]        # => []
-    def delete(key)
-      attribute = key.to_sym
-      details.delete(attribute)
-      messages.delete(attribute)
+    def delete(attribute, type = nil, **options)
+      attribute, type, options = normalize_arguments(attribute, type, options)
+      matches = where(attribute, type, options)
+      matches.each do |error|
+        @errors.delete(error)
+      end
+      matches.map(&:message).presence
     end
 
     # When passed a symbol or a name of a method, returns an array of errors
@@ -152,7 +202,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors[:name]  # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors['name'] # => ["cannot be nil"]
     def [](attribute)
-      messages[attribute.to_sym]
+      DeprecationHandlingMessageArray.new(messages_for(attribute), self, attribute)
     end
 
     # Iterates through each error key, value pair in the error messages hash.
@@ -169,31 +219,37 @@ module ActiveModel
     #     # Will yield :name and "can't be blank"
     #     # then yield :name and "must be specified"
     #   end
-    def each
-      messages.each_key do |attribute|
-        messages[attribute].each { |error| yield attribute, error }
-      end
-    end
+    def each(&block)
+      if block.arity <= 1
+        @errors.each(&block)
+      else
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG)
+          Enumerating ActiveModel::Errors as a hash has been deprecated.
+          In Rails 6.1, `errors` is an array of Error objects,
+          therefore it should be accessed by a block with a single block
+          parameter like this:
+
+          person.errors.each do |error|
+            error.full_message
+          end
 
-    # Returns the number of error messages.
-    #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
-    #   person.errors.size # => 1
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
-    #   person.errors.size # => 2
-    def size
-      values.flatten.size
+          You are passing a block expecting two parameters,
+          so the old hash behavior is simulated. As this is deprecated,
+          this will result in an ArgumentError in Rails 6.2.
+        MSG
+        @errors.
+          sort { |a, b| a.attribute <=> b.attribute }.
+          each { |error| yield error.attribute, error.message }
+      end
     end
-    alias :count :size
 
     # Returns all message values.
     #
     #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]}
     #   person.errors.values   # => [["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]]
     def values
-      messages.select do |key, value|
-        !value.empty?
-      end.values
+      deprecation_removal_warning(:values)
+      @errors.map(&:message).freeze
     end
 
     # Returns all message keys.
@@ -201,21 +257,12 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]}
     #   person.errors.keys     # => [:name]
     def keys
-      messages.select do |key, value|
-        !value.empty?
-      end.keys
+      deprecation_removal_warning(:keys)
+      keys = @errors.map(&:attribute)
+      keys.uniq!
+      keys.freeze
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if no errors are found, +false+ otherwise.
-    # If the error message is a string it can be empty.
-    #
-    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
-    #   person.errors.empty?        # => false
-    def empty?
-      size.zero?
-    end
-    alias :blank? :empty?
-
     # Returns an xml formatted representation of the Errors hash.
     #
     #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
@@ -228,6 +275,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   #    <error>name must be specified</error>
     #   #  </errors>
     def to_xml(options = {})
+      deprecation_removal_warning(:to_xml)
       to_a.to_xml({ root: "errors", skip_types: true }.merge!(options))
     end
 
@@ -247,13 +295,38 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.to_hash       # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
     #   person.errors.to_hash(true) # => {:name=>["name cannot be nil"]}
     def to_hash(full_messages = false)
-      if full_messages
-        messages.each_with_object({}) do |(attribute, array), messages|
-          messages[attribute] = array.map { |message| full_message(attribute, message) }
-        end
-      else
-        without_default_proc(messages)
+      hash = {}
+      message_method = full_messages ? :full_message : :message
+      group_by_attribute.each do |attribute, errors|
+        hash[attribute] = errors.map(&message_method)
       end
+      hash
+    end
+
+    def to_h
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~EOM)
+        ActiveModel::Errors#to_h is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.2
+        Please use `ActiveModel::Errors.to_hash` instead. The values in the hash
+        returned by `ActiveModel::Errors.to_hash` is an array of error messages.
+      EOM
+
+      to_hash.transform_values { |values| values.last }
+    end
+
+    def messages
+      DeprecationHandlingMessageHash.new(self)
+    end
+
+    def details
+      hash = {}
+      group_by_attribute.each do |attribute, errors|
+        hash[attribute] = errors.map(&:detail)
+      end
+      DeprecationHandlingDetailsHash.new(hash)
+    end
+
+    def group_by_attribute
+      @errors.group_by(&:attribute)
     end
 
     # Adds +message+ to the error messages and used validator type to +details+ on +attribute+.
@@ -297,17 +370,20 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   # => {:base=>["either name or email must be present"]}
     #   person.errors.details
     #   # => {:base=>[{error: :name_or_email_blank}]}
-    def add(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
-      message = message.call if message.respond_to?(:call)
-      detail  = normalize_detail(message, options)
-      message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
+    def add(attribute, type = :invalid, **options)
+      error = Error.new(
+        @base,
+        *normalize_arguments(attribute, type, options)
+      )
+
       if exception = options[:strict]
         exception = ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed if exception == true
-        raise exception, full_message(attribute, message)
+        raise exception, error.full_message
       end
 
-      details[attribute.to_sym]  << detail
-      messages[attribute.to_sym] << message
+      @errors.append(error)
+
+      error
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if an error on the attribute with the given message is
@@ -317,22 +393,45 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.added? :name, :blank           # => true
     #   person.errors.added? :name, "can't be blank" # => true
     #
-    # If the error message requires an option, then it returns +true+ with
-    # the correct option, or +false+ with an incorrect or missing option.
+    # If the error message requires options, then it returns +true+ with
+    # the correct options, or +false+ with incorrect or missing options.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add :name, :too_long, { count: 25 }
+    #   person.errors.added? :name, :too_long, count: 25                     # => true
+    #   person.errors.added? :name, "is too long (maximum is 25 characters)" # => true
+    #   person.errors.added? :name, :too_long, count: 24                     # => false
+    #   person.errors.added? :name, :too_long                                # => false
+    #   person.errors.added? :name, "is too long"                            # => false
+    def added?(attribute, type = :invalid, options = {})
+      attribute, type, options = normalize_arguments(attribute, type, options)
+
+      if type.is_a? Symbol
+        @errors.any? { |error|
+          error.strict_match?(attribute, type, options)
+        }
+      else
+        messages_for(attribute).include?(type)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if an error on the attribute with the given message is
+    # present, or +false+ otherwise. +message+ is treated the same as for +add+.
     #
-    #  person.errors.add :name, :too_long, { count: 25 }
-    #  person.errors.added? :name, :too_long, count: 25                     # => true
-    #  person.errors.added? :name, "is too long (maximum is 25 characters)" # => true
-    #  person.errors.added? :name, :too_long, count: 24                     # => false
-    #  person.errors.added? :name, :too_long                                # => false
-    #  person.errors.added? :name, "is too long"                            # => false
-    def added?(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
-      message = message.call if message.respond_to?(:call)
+    #   person.errors.add :age
+    #   person.errors.add :name, :too_long, { count: 25 }
+    #   person.errors.of_kind? :age                                            # => true
+    #   person.errors.of_kind? :name                                           # => false
+    #   person.errors.of_kind? :name, :too_long                                # => true
+    #   person.errors.of_kind? :name, "is too long (maximum is 25 characters)" # => true
+    #   person.errors.of_kind? :name, :not_too_long                            # => false
+    #   person.errors.of_kind? :name, "is too long"                            # => false
+    def of_kind?(attribute, message = :invalid)
+      attribute, message = normalize_arguments(attribute, message)
 
       if message.is_a? Symbol
-        details[attribute.to_sym].include? normalize_detail(message, options)
+        !where(attribute, message).empty?
       else
-        self[attribute].include? message
+        messages_for(attribute).include?(message)
       end
     end
 
@@ -347,7 +446,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.full_messages
     #   # => ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank", "Email can't be blank"]
     def full_messages
-      map { |attribute, message| full_message(attribute, message) }
+      @errors.map(&:full_message)
     end
     alias :to_a :full_messages
 
@@ -362,63 +461,18 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
     #   # => ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank"]
     def full_messages_for(attribute)
-      attribute = attribute.to_sym
-      messages[attribute].map { |message| full_message(attribute, message) }
+      where(attribute).map(&:full_message).freeze
+    end
+
+    def messages_for(attribute)
+      where(attribute).map(&:message)
     end
 
     # Returns a full message for a given attribute.
     #
     #   person.errors.full_message(:name, 'is invalid') # => "Name is invalid"
-    #
-    # The `"%{attribute} %{message}"` error format can be overridden with either
-    #
-    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.models.person/contacts/addresses.attributes.street.format</tt>
-    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.models.person/contacts/addresses.format</tt>
-    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.models.person.attributes.name.format</tt>
-    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.models.person.format</tt>
-    # * <tt>errors.format</tt>
     def full_message(attribute, message)
-      return message if attribute == :base
-      attribute = attribute.to_s
-
-      if self.class.i18n_full_message && @base.class.respond_to?(:i18n_scope)
-        attribute = attribute.remove(/\[\d\]/)
-        parts = attribute.split(".")
-        attribute_name = parts.pop
-        namespace = parts.join("/") unless parts.empty?
-        attributes_scope = "#{@base.class.i18n_scope}.errors.models"
-
-        if namespace
-          defaults = @base.class.lookup_ancestors.map do |klass|
-            [
-              :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}/#{namespace}.attributes.#{attribute_name}.format",
-              :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}/#{namespace}.format",
-            ]
-          end
-        else
-          defaults = @base.class.lookup_ancestors.map do |klass|
-            [
-              :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.attributes.#{attribute_name}.format",
-              :"#{attributes_scope}.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.format",
-            ]
-          end
-        end
-
-        defaults.flatten!
-      else
-        defaults = []
-      end
-
-      defaults << :"errors.format"
-      defaults << "%{attribute} %{message}"
-
-      attr_name = attribute.tr(".", "_").humanize
-      attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name)
-
-      I18n.t(defaults.shift,
-        default:  defaults,
-        attribute: attr_name,
-        message:   message)
+      Error.full_message(attribute, message, @base.class)
     end
 
     # Translates an error message in its default scope
@@ -446,77 +500,112 @@ module ActiveModel
     # * <tt>errors.attributes.title.blank</tt>
     # * <tt>errors.messages.blank</tt>
     def generate_message(attribute, type = :invalid, options = {})
-      type = options.delete(:message) if options[:message].is_a?(Symbol)
+      Error.generate_message(attribute, type, @base, options)
+    end
+
+    def marshal_load(array) # :nodoc:
+      # Rails 5
+      @errors = []
+      @base = array[0]
+      add_from_legacy_details_hash(array[2])
+    end
 
-      if @base.class.respond_to?(:i18n_scope)
-        i18n_scope = @base.class.i18n_scope.to_s
-        defaults = @base.class.lookup_ancestors.flat_map do |klass|
-          [ :"#{i18n_scope}.errors.models.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.attributes.#{attribute}.#{type}",
-            :"#{i18n_scope}.errors.models.#{klass.model_name.i18n_key}.#{type}" ]
+    def init_with(coder) # :nodoc:
+      data = coder.map
+
+      data.each { |k, v|
+        next if LEGACY_ATTRIBUTES.include?(k.to_sym)
+        instance_variable_set(:"@#{k}", v)
+      }
+
+      @errors ||= []
+
+      # Legacy support Rails 5.x details hash
+      add_from_legacy_details_hash(data["details"]) if data.key?("details")
+    end
+
+    private
+      def normalize_arguments(attribute, type, **options)
+        # Evaluate proc first
+        if type.respond_to?(:call)
+          type = type.call(@base, options)
         end
-        defaults << :"#{i18n_scope}.errors.messages.#{type}"
-      else
-        defaults = []
+
+        [attribute.to_sym, type, options]
       end
 
-      defaults << :"errors.attributes.#{attribute}.#{type}"
-      defaults << :"errors.messages.#{type}"
+      def add_from_legacy_details_hash(details)
+        details.each { |attribute, errors|
+          errors.each { |error|
+            type = error.delete(:error)
+            add(attribute, type, error)
+          }
+        }
+      end
 
-      key = defaults.shift
-      defaults = options.delete(:message) if options[:message]
-      value = (attribute != :base ? @base.send(:read_attribute_for_validation, attribute) : nil)
+      def deprecation_removal_warning(method_name)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveModel::Errors##{method_name} is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.2")
+      end
 
-      options = {
-        default: defaults,
-        model: @base.model_name.human,
-        attribute: @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute),
-        value: value,
-        object: @base
-      }.merge!(options)
+      def deprecation_rename_warning(old_method_name, new_method_name)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveModel::Errors##{old_method_name} is deprecated. Please call ##{new_method_name} instead.")
+      end
+  end
 
-      I18n.translate(key, options)
+  class DeprecationHandlingMessageHash < SimpleDelegator
+    def initialize(errors)
+      @errors = errors
+      super(prepare_content)
     end
 
-    def marshal_dump # :nodoc:
-      [@base, without_default_proc(@messages), without_default_proc(@details)]
-    end
+    def []=(attribute, value)
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Calling `[]=` to an ActiveModel::Errors is deprecated. Please call `ActiveModel::Errors#add` instead.")
 
-    def marshal_load(array) # :nodoc:
-      @base, @messages, @details = array
-      apply_default_array(@messages)
-      apply_default_array(@details)
-    end
+      @errors.delete(attribute)
+      Array(value).each do |message|
+        @errors.add(attribute, message)
+      end
 
-    def init_with(coder) # :nodoc:
-      coder.map.each { |k, v| instance_variable_set(:"@#{k}", v) }
-      @details ||= {}
-      apply_default_array(@messages)
-      apply_default_array(@details)
+      __setobj__ prepare_content
     end
 
-  private
-    def normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
-      case message
-      when Symbol
-        generate_message(attribute, message, options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS))
-      else
-        message
+    private
+      def prepare_content
+        content = @errors.to_hash
+        content.each do |attribute, value|
+          content[attribute] = DeprecationHandlingMessageArray.new(value, @errors, attribute)
+        end
+        content.default_proc = proc do |hash, attribute|
+          hash = hash.dup
+          hash[attribute] = DeprecationHandlingMessageArray.new([], @errors, attribute)
+          __setobj__ hash.freeze
+          hash[attribute]
+        end
+        content.freeze
       end
-    end
+  end
 
-    def normalize_detail(message, options)
-      { error: message }.merge(options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS + MESSAGE_OPTIONS))
+  class DeprecationHandlingMessageArray < SimpleDelegator
+    def initialize(content, errors, attribute)
+      @errors = errors
+      @attribute = attribute
+      super(content.freeze)
     end
 
-    def without_default_proc(hash)
-      hash.dup.tap do |new_h|
-        new_h.default_proc = nil
-      end
+    def <<(message)
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Calling `<<` to an ActiveModel::Errors message array in order to add an error is deprecated. Please call `ActiveModel::Errors#add` instead.")
+
+      @errors.add(@attribute, message)
+      __setobj__ @errors.messages_for(@attribute)
+      self
     end
+  end
 
-    def apply_default_array(hash)
-      hash.default_proc = proc { |h, key| h[key] = [] }
-      hash
+  class DeprecationHandlingDetailsHash < SimpleDelegator
+    def initialize(details)
+      details.default = []
+      details.freeze
+      super(details)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
index cef5441e4a..5475c1eda7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
index b7ceabb59a..f9bfed95f1 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # locale. If no error is present, the method should return an empty array.
       def test_errors_aref
         assert_respond_to model, :errors
-        assert model.errors[:hello].is_a?(Array), "errors#[] should return an Array"
+        assert_equal [], model.errors[:hello], "errors#[] should return an empty Array"
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
index bf23fa3c05..6a02d5dbf7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
@@ -207,7 +207,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     private
-
       def _singularize(string)
         ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(string).tr("/", "_")
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/nested_error.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/nested_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93348c7771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/nested_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_model/error"
+require "forwardable"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  # Represents one single error
+  # @!attribute [r] base
+  #   @return [ActiveModel::Base] the object which the error belongs to
+  # @!attribute [r] attribute
+  #   @return [Symbol] attribute of the object which the error belongs to
+  # @!attribute [r] type
+  #   @return [Symbol] error's type
+  # @!attribute [r] options
+  #   @return [Hash] additional options
+  # @!attribute [r] inner_error
+  #   @return [Error] inner error
+  class NestedError < Error
+    def initialize(base, inner_error, override_options = {})
+      @base = base
+      @inner_error = inner_error
+      @attribute = override_options.fetch(:attribute) { inner_error.attribute }
+      @type = override_options.fetch(:type) { inner_error.type }
+      @raw_type = inner_error.raw_type
+      @options = inner_error.options
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :inner_error
+
+    extend Forwardable
+    def_delegators :@inner_error, :message
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/railtie.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/railtie.rb
index 0ed70bd473..65e20b9791 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/railtie.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/railtie.rb
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = Rails.env.test?
     end
 
-    initializer "active_model.i18n_full_message" do
-      ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = config.active_model.delete(:i18n_full_message) || false
+    initializer "active_model.i18n_customize_full_message" do
+      ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = config.active_model.delete(:i18n_customize_full_message) || false
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
index 51d54f34f3..5f409326bd 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
@@ -69,6 +69,27 @@ module ActiveModel
           raise
         end
 
+        include InstanceMethodsOnActivation.new(attribute)
+
+        if validations
+          include ActiveModel::Validations
+
+          # This ensures the model has a password by checking whether the password_digest
+          # is present, so that this works with both new and existing records. However,
+          # when there is an error, the message is added to the password attribute instead
+          # so that the error message will make sense to the end-user.
+          validate do |record|
+            record.errors.add(attribute, :blank) unless record.send("#{attribute}_digest").present?
+          end
+
+          validates_length_of attribute, maximum: ActiveModel::SecurePassword::MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH_ALLOWED
+          validates_confirmation_of attribute, allow_blank: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class InstanceMethodsOnActivation < Module
+      def initialize(attribute)
         attr_reader attribute
 
         define_method("#{attribute}=") do |unencrypted_password|
@@ -101,21 +122,6 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
 
         alias_method :authenticate, :authenticate_password if attribute == :password
-
-        if validations
-          include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-          # This ensures the model has a password by checking whether the password_digest
-          # is present, so that this works with both new and existing records. However,
-          # when there is an error, the message is added to the password attribute instead
-          # so that the error message will make sense to the end-user.
-          validate do |record|
-            record.errors.add(attribute, :blank) unless record.send("#{attribute}_digest").present?
-          end
-
-          validates_length_of attribute, maximum: ActiveModel::SecurePassword::MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH_ALLOWED
-          validates_confirmation_of attribute, allow_blank: true
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
index c4b7b32291..168dfa0dd2 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
@@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     private
-
       # Hook method defining how an attribute value should be retrieved for
       # serialization. By default this is assumed to be an instance named after
       # the attribute. Override this method in subclasses should you need to
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
index f77fb98c32..09dcae889b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
@@ -42,6 +42,13 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   # => { "user" => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
       #   #                  "created_at" => "2006-08-01T17:27:13.000Z", "awesome" => true } }
       #
+      # If you prefer, <tt>:root</tt> may also be set to a custom string key instead as in:
+      #
+      #   user = User.find(1)
+      #   user.as_json(root: "author")
+      #   # => { "author" => { "id" => 1, "name" => "Konata Izumi", "age" => 16,
+      #   #                  "created_at" => "2006-08-01T17:27:13.000Z", "awesome" => true } }
+      #
       # Without any +options+, the returned Hash will include all the model's
       # attributes.
       #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/big_integer.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/big_integer.rb
index 89e43bcc5f..b2c3ee50aa 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/big_integer.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/big_integer.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Type
     class BigInteger < Integer # :nodoc:
       private
-
         def max_value
           ::Float::INFINITY
         end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/boolean.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/boolean.rb
index f6c6efbc87..1214e9319b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/boolean.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/boolean.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,16 @@ module ActiveModel
     # - Empty strings are coerced to +nil+
     # - All other values will be coerced to +true+
     class Boolean < Value
-      FALSE_VALUES = [false, 0, "0", "f", "F", "false", "FALSE", "off", "OFF"].to_set
+      FALSE_VALUES = [
+        false, 0,
+        "0", :"0",
+        "f", :f,
+        "F", :F,
+        "false", :false,
+        "FALSE", :FALSE,
+        "off", :off,
+        "OFF", :OFF,
+      ].to_set.freeze
 
       def type # :nodoc:
         :boolean
@@ -25,7 +34,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       private
-
         def cast_value(value)
           if value == ""
             nil
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date.rb
index 8ec5deedc4..0e96d2c8a4 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date.rb
@@ -3,22 +3,18 @@
 module ActiveModel
   module Type
     class Date < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Timezone
       include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new
 
       def type
         :date
       end
 
-      def serialize(value)
-        cast(value)
-      end
-
       def type_cast_for_schema(value)
         value.to_s(:db).inspect
       end
 
       private
-
         def cast_value(value)
           if value.is_a?(::String)
             return if value.empty?
@@ -49,7 +45,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
         def value_from_multiparameter_assignment(*)
           time = super
-          time && time.to_date
+          time && new_date(time.year, time.mon, time.mday)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date_time.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date_time.rb
index d48598376e..ba705be9b2 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date_time.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date_time.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 module ActiveModel
   module Type
     class DateTime < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Timezone
       include Helpers::TimeValue
       include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new(
         defaults: { 4 => 0, 5 => 0 }
@@ -12,12 +13,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         :datetime
       end
 
-      def serialize(value)
-        super(cast(value))
-      end
-
       private
-
         def cast_value(value)
           return apply_seconds_precision(value) unless value.is_a?(::String)
           return if value.empty?
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal.rb
index b37dad1c41..6aa51ff2ac 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal.rb
@@ -12,16 +12,11 @@ module ActiveModel
         :decimal
       end
 
-      def serialize(value)
-        cast(value)
-      end
-
       def type_cast_for_schema(value)
         value.to_s.inspect
       end
 
       private
-
         def cast_value(value)
           casted_value = \
             case value
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/float.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/float.rb
index 9dbe32e5a6..36c7a5103c 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/float.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/float.rb
@@ -18,10 +18,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
       end
 
-      alias serialize cast
-
       private
-
         def cast_value(value)
           case value
           when ::Float then value
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers.rb
index 403f0a9e6b..20145d5f0d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers.rb
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ require "active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time"
 require "active_model/type/helpers/numeric"
 require "active_model/type/helpers/mutable"
 require "active_model/type/helpers/time_value"
+require "active_model/type/helpers/timezone"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb
index ad891f841e..e15d7b013f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     module Helpers # :nodoc: all
       class AcceptsMultiparameterTime < Module
         def initialize(defaults: {})
+          define_method(:serialize) do |value|
+            super(cast(value))
+          end
+
           define_method(:cast) do |value|
             if value.is_a?(Hash)
               value_from_multiparameter_assignment(value)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/numeric.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/numeric.rb
index 473cdb0c67..074316b559 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/numeric.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/numeric.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Type
     module Helpers # :nodoc: all
       module Numeric
+        def serialize(value)
+          cast(value)
+        end
+
         def cast(value)
           value = \
             case value
@@ -20,17 +24,19 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
 
         private
-
           def number_to_non_number?(old_value, new_value_before_type_cast)
-            old_value != nil && non_numeric_string?(new_value_before_type_cast)
+            old_value != nil && non_numeric_string?(new_value_before_type_cast.to_s)
           end
 
           def non_numeric_string?(value)
             # 'wibble'.to_i will give zero, we want to make sure
             # that we aren't marking int zero to string zero as
             # changed.
-            !/\A[-+]?\d+/.match?(value.to_s)
+            !NUMERIC_REGEX.match?(value)
           end
+
+          NUMERIC_REGEX = /\A\s*[+-]?\d/
+          private_constant :NUMERIC_REGEX
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/time_value.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/time_value.rb
index da56073436..075e906034 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/time_value.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/time_value.rb
@@ -11,35 +11,30 @@ module ActiveModel
           value = apply_seconds_precision(value)
 
           if value.acts_like?(:time)
-            zone_conversion_method = is_utc? ? :getutc : :getlocal
-
-            if value.respond_to?(zone_conversion_method)
-              value = value.send(zone_conversion_method)
+            if is_utc?
+              value = value.getutc if value.respond_to?(:getutc) && !value.utc?
+            else
+              value = value.getlocal if value.respond_to?(:getlocal)
             end
           end
 
           value
         end
 
-        def is_utc?
-          ::Time.zone_default.nil? || ::Time.zone_default =~ "UTC"
-        end
+        def apply_seconds_precision(value)
+          return value unless precision && value.respond_to?(:nsec)
+
+          number_of_insignificant_digits = 9 - precision
+          round_power = 10**number_of_insignificant_digits
+          rounded_off_nsec = value.nsec % round_power
 
-        def default_timezone
-          if is_utc?
-            :utc
+          if rounded_off_nsec > 0
+            value.change(nsec: value.nsec - rounded_off_nsec)
           else
-            :local
+            value
           end
         end
 
-        def apply_seconds_precision(value)
-          return value unless precision && value.respond_to?(:usec)
-          number_of_insignificant_digits = 6 - precision
-          round_power = 10**number_of_insignificant_digits
-          value.change(usec: value.usec - value.usec % round_power)
-        end
-
         def type_cast_for_schema(value)
           value.to_s(:db).inspect
         end
@@ -49,7 +44,6 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
 
         private
-
           def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec, offset = nil)
             # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
             return if year.nil? || (year == 0 && mon == 0 && mday == 0)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/timezone.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/timezone.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf87b9715b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/timezone.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/time/zones"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    module Helpers # :nodoc: all
+      module Timezone
+        def is_utc?
+          ::Time.zone_default.nil? || ::Time.zone_default =~ "UTC"
+        end
+
+        def default_timezone
+          is_utc? ? :utc : :local
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/immutable_string.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/immutable_string.rb
index 826bd7038f..18e12c54d1 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/immutable_string.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/immutable_string.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       private
-
         def cast_value(value)
           result = \
             case value
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb
index da74aaa3c5..e9bbdf4b7b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb
@@ -19,34 +19,27 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       def deserialize(value)
-        return if value.nil?
+        return if value.blank?
         value.to_i
       end
 
       def serialize(value)
-        result = cast(value)
-        if result
-          ensure_in_range(result)
-        end
-        result
+        return if value.is_a?(::String) && non_numeric_string?(value)
+        ensure_in_range(super)
       end
 
       private
         attr_reader :range
 
         def cast_value(value)
-          case value
-          when true then 1
-          when false then 0
-          else
-            value.to_i rescue nil
-          end
+          value.to_i rescue nil
         end
 
         def ensure_in_range(value)
-          unless range.cover?(value)
+          if value && !range.cover?(value)
             raise ActiveModel::RangeError, "#{value} is out of range for #{self.class} with limit #{_limit} bytes"
           end
+          value
         end
 
         def max_value
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/string.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/string.rb
index a9c9bfadb6..0d9f4a63b4 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/string.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/string.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       private
-
         def cast_value(value)
           case value
           when ::String then ::String.new(value)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/time.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/time.rb
index b3056b1333..f230bd4257 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/time.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/time.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@
 module ActiveModel
   module Type
     class Time < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Timezone
       include Helpers::TimeValue
       include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new(
-        defaults: { 1 => 1970, 2 => 1, 3 => 1, 4 => 0, 5 => 0 }
+        defaults: { 1 => 2000, 2 => 1, 3 => 1, 4 => 0, 5 => 0 }
       )
 
       def type
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       private
-
         def cast_value(value)
           return apply_seconds_precision(value) unless value.is_a?(::String)
           return if value.empty?
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/value.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/value.rb
index b6914dd63c..788ded3e96 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/value.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/value.rb
@@ -110,11 +110,10 @@ module ActiveModel
         [self.class, precision, scale, limit].hash
       end
 
-      def assert_valid_value(*)
+      def assert_valid_value(_)
       end
 
       private
-
         # Convenience method for types which do not need separate type casting
         # behavior for user and database inputs. Called by Value#cast for
         # values except +nil+.
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
index 7f14d102dd..4a6b464131 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/except"
 
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Validations
@@ -404,7 +402,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     alias :read_attribute_for_validation :send
 
   private
-
     def run_validations!
       _run_validate_callbacks
       errors.empty?
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
index ea3a6b52ab..1b96575a10 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       private
-
         def setup!(klass)
           klass.include(LazilyDefineAttributes.new(AttributeDefinition.new(attributes)))
         end
@@ -54,8 +53,9 @@ module ActiveModel
           def define_on(klass)
             attr_readers = attributes.reject { |name| klass.attribute_method?(name) }
             attr_writers = attributes.reject { |name| klass.attribute_method?("#{name}=") }
-            klass.send(:attr_reader, *attr_readers)
-            klass.send(:attr_writer, *attr_writers)
+            klass.define_attribute_methods
+            klass.attr_reader(*attr_readers)
+            klass.attr_writer(*attr_writers)
           end
 
           private
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
index 887d31ae2a..7178ba99e9 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
     private
-
       # Overwrite run validations to include callbacks.
       def run_validations!
         _run_validation_callbacks { super }
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
index bafb8e2106..fb9f48301c 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
     private
-
       def include?(record, value)
         members = if delimiter.respond_to?(:call)
           delimiter.call(record)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
index 1b5d5b09ab..b549755ba4 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       private
         def setup!(klass)
-          klass.send(:attr_reader, *attributes.map do |attribute|
+          klass.attr_reader(*attributes.map do |attribute|
             :"#{attribute}_confirmation" unless klass.method_defined?(:"#{attribute}_confirmation")
           end.compact)
 
-          klass.send(:attr_writer, *attributes.map do |attribute|
+          klass.attr_writer(*attributes.map do |attribute|
             :"#{attribute}_confirmation" unless klass.method_defined?(:"#{attribute}_confirmation=")
           end.compact)
         end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
index 7c3f091473..bea57415b0 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       private
-
         def option_call(record, name)
           option = options[name]
           option.respond_to?(:call) ? option.call(record) : option
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
index d6c80b2c5d..02759b4ccb 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           value = options[key]
 
           unless (value.is_a?(Integer) && value >= 0) || value == Float::INFINITY || value.is_a?(Symbol) || value.is_a?(Proc)
-            raise ArgumentError, ":#{key} must be a nonnegative Integer, Infinity, Symbol, or Proc"
+            raise ArgumentError, ":#{key} must be a non-negative Integer, Infinity, Symbol, or Proc"
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
index 126a87ac6e..e7be668e9d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "bigdecimal/util"
+
 module ActiveModel
   module Validations
     class NumericalityValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
@@ -9,6 +11,8 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       RESERVED_OPTIONS = CHECKS.keys + [:only_integer]
 
+      INTEGER_REGEX = /\A[+-]?\d+\z/
+
       def check_validity!
         keys = CHECKS.keys - [:odd, :even]
         options.slice(*keys).each do |option, value|
@@ -49,11 +53,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           return
         end
 
-        if raw_value.is_a?(Numeric)
-          value = raw_value
-        else
-          value = parse_raw_value_as_a_number(raw_value)
-        end
+        value = parse_as_number(raw_value)
 
         options.slice(*CHECKS.keys).each do |option, option_value|
           case option
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ module ActiveModel
               option_value = record.send(option_value)
             end
 
+            option_value = parse_as_number(option_value)
+
             unless value.send(CHECKS[option], option_value)
               record.errors.add(attr_name, option, filtered_options(value).merge!(count: option_value))
             end
@@ -77,20 +79,30 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
     private
-
       def is_number?(raw_value)
-        !parse_raw_value_as_a_number(raw_value).nil?
+        !parse_as_number(raw_value).nil?
       rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
         false
       end
 
-      def parse_raw_value_as_a_number(raw_value)
-        return raw_value.to_i if is_integer?(raw_value)
-        Kernel.Float(raw_value) if raw_value !~ /\A0[xX]/
+      def parse_as_number(raw_value)
+        if raw_value.is_a?(Float)
+          raw_value.to_d
+        elsif raw_value.is_a?(Numeric)
+          raw_value
+        elsif is_integer?(raw_value)
+          raw_value.to_i
+        elsif !is_hexadecimal_literal?(raw_value)
+          Kernel.Float(raw_value).to_d
+        end
       end
 
       def is_integer?(raw_value)
-        /\A[+-]?\d+\z/ === raw_value.to_s
+        INTEGER_REGEX.match?(raw_value.to_s)
+      end
+
+      def is_hexadecimal_literal?(raw_value)
+        /\A0[xX]/.match?(raw_value.to_s)
       end
 
       def filtered_options(value)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
index 21c4ce0dfe..97612d474d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
@@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
     private
-
       # When creating custom validators, it might be useful to be able to specify
       # additional default keys. This can be done by overwriting this method.
       def _validates_default_keys
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
index e17c3ca7b3..3ba6acea15 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
   #     def initialize(options={})
   #       super
-  #       options[:class].send :attr_accessor, :custom_attribute
+  #       options[:class].attr_accessor :custom_attribute
   #     end
   #   end
   class Validator
@@ -175,7 +175,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     private
-
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         @block.call(record, attribute, value)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 0cfc6f4b6b..e3b3b15f25 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ private
   end
 
 protected
-
   def protected_method
     "O_o O_o"
   end
@@ -106,14 +105,12 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "#define_attribute_method generates attribute method" do
-    begin
-      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_method(:foo)
+    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_method(:foo)
 
-      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
-      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
-    ensure
-      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
-    end
+    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
+    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+  ensure
+    ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
   end
 
   test "#define_attribute_method does not generate attribute method if already defined in attribute module" do
@@ -140,36 +137,30 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "#define_attribute_method generates attribute method with invalid identifier characters" do
-    begin
-      ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.define_attribute_method(:'a?b')
+    ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.define_attribute_method(:'a?b')
 
-      assert_respond_to ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new, :'a?b'
-      assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send("a?b")
-    ensure
-      ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
-    end
+    assert_respond_to ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new, :'a?b'
+    assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send("a?b")
+  ensure
+    ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
   end
 
   test "#define_attribute_methods works passing multiple arguments" do
-    begin
-      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
+    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
 
-      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
-      assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
-    ensure
-      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
-    end
+    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+    assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
+  ensure
+    ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
   end
 
   test "#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods" do
-    begin
-      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
+    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
 
-      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
-      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
-    ensure
-      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
-    end
+    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
+    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+  ensure
+    ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
   end
 
   test "#alias_attribute generates attribute_aliases lookup hash" do
@@ -182,38 +173,32 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods with spaces in their names" do
-    begin
-      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
+    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
 
-      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
-      assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
-    ensure
-      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
-    end
+    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
+    assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
+  ensure
+    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
   end
 
   test "#alias_attribute works with attributes with spaces in their names" do
-    begin
-      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
-      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
+    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
+    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
 
-      assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
-    ensure
-      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
-    end
+    assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
+  ensure
+    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
   end
 
   test "#alias_attribute works with attributes named as a ruby keyword" do
-    begin
-      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
-      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
-      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
-
-      assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
-      assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
-    ensure
-      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
-    end
+    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
+    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
+    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
+
+    assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
+    assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
+  ensure
+    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
   end
 
   test "#undefine_attribute_methods removes attribute methods" do
@@ -278,6 +263,5 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "foo",            match.attr_name
     assert_equal "attribute_test", match.target
-    assert_equal "foo_test",       match.method_name
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
index 20c02e689c..097db2e923 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       assert_not_predicate unchanged, :changed?
     end
 
-    test "an attribute can not be mutated if it has not been read,
+    test "an attribute cannot be mutated if it has not been read,
       and skips expensive calculations" do
       type_which_raises_from_all_methods = Object.new
       attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, "bar", type_which_raises_from_all_methods)
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attributes_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
index 5483fb101d..af0ddcb92f 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
@@ -67,6 +67,20 @@ module ActiveModel
       assert_equal expected_attributes, data.attributes
     end
 
+    test "reading attribute names" do
+      names = [
+        "integer_field",
+        "string_field",
+        "decimal_field",
+        "string_with_default",
+        "date_field",
+        "boolean_field"
+      ]
+
+      assert_equal names, ModelForAttributesTest.attribute_names
+      assert_equal names, ModelForAttributesTest.new.attribute_names
+    end
+
     test "nonexistent attribute" do
       assert_raise ActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError do
         ModelForAttributesTest.new(nonexistent: "nonexistent")
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/error_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/error_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d74321fee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/error_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_model/error"
+
+class ErrorTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+  class Person
+    extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    def initialize
+      @errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :name, :age
+    attr_reader   :errors
+
+    def read_attribute_for_validation(attr)
+      send(attr)
+    end
+
+    def self.human_attribute_name(attr, options = {})
+      attr
+    end
+
+    def self.lookup_ancestors
+      [self]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_initialize
+    base = Person.new
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(base, :name, :too_long, foo: :bar)
+    assert_equal base, error.base
+    assert_equal :name, error.attribute
+    assert_equal :too_long, error.type
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, error.options)
+  end
+
+  test "initialize without type" do
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name)
+    assert_equal :invalid, error.type
+    assert_equal({}, error.options)
+  end
+
+  test "initialize without type but with options" do
+    options = { message: "bar" }
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, options)
+    assert_equal(options, error.options)
+  end
+
+  # match?
+
+  test "match? handles mixed condition" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :mineral, :not_enough, count: 2)
+    assert_not subject.match?(:mineral, :too_coarse)
+    assert subject.match?(:mineral, :not_enough)
+    assert subject.match?(:mineral, :not_enough, count: 2)
+    assert_not subject.match?(:mineral, :not_enough, count: 1)
+  end
+
+  test "match? handles attribute match" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :mineral, :not_enough, count: 2)
+    assert_not subject.match?(:foo)
+    assert subject.match?(:mineral)
+  end
+
+  test "match? handles error type match" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :mineral, :not_enough, count: 2)
+    assert_not subject.match?(:mineral, :too_coarse)
+    assert subject.match?(:mineral, :not_enough)
+  end
+
+  test "match? handles extra options match" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :mineral, :not_enough, count: 2)
+    assert_not subject.match?(:mineral, :not_enough, count: 1)
+    assert subject.match?(:mineral, :not_enough, count: 2)
+  end
+
+  # message
+
+  test "message with type as a symbol" do
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :blank)
+    assert_equal "can't be blank", error.message
+  end
+
+  test "message with custom interpolation" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :inclusion, message: "custom message %{value}", value: "name")
+    assert_equal "custom message name", subject.message
+  end
+
+  test "message returns plural interpolation" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :too_long, count: 10)
+    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 10 characters)", subject.message
+  end
+
+  test "message returns singular interpolation" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :too_long, count: 1)
+    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 1 character)", subject.message
+  end
+
+  test "message returns count interpolation" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :too_long, message: "custom message %{count}", count: 10)
+    assert_equal "custom message 10", subject.message
+  end
+
+  test "message handles lambda in messages and option values, and i18n interpolation" do
+    subject = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :invalid,
+      foo: "foo",
+      bar: "bar",
+      baz: Proc.new { "baz" },
+      message: Proc.new { |model, options|
+        "%{attribute} %{foo} #{options[:bar]} %{baz}"
+      }
+    )
+    assert_equal "name foo bar baz", subject.message
+  end
+
+  test "generate_message works without i18n_scope" do
+    person = Person.new
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :name, :blank)
+    assert_not_respond_to Person, :i18n_scope
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      error.message
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "message with type as custom message" do
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, message: "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal "cannot be blank", error.message
+  end
+
+  test "message with options[:message] as custom message" do
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :blank, message: "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal "cannot be blank", error.message
+  end
+
+  test "message renders lazily using current locale" do
+    error = nil
+
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:pl, errors: { messages: { invalid: "jest nieprawidłowe" } })
+
+    I18n.with_locale(:en) { error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :invalid) }
+    I18n.with_locale(:pl) {
+      assert_equal "jest nieprawidłowe", error.message
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "message uses current locale" do
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, errors: { messages: { inadequate: "Inadequate %{attribute} found!" } })
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :inadequate)
+    assert_equal "Inadequate name found!", error.message
+  end
+
+  # full_message
+
+  test "full_message returns the given message when attribute is :base" do
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :base, message: "press the button")
+    assert_equal "press the button", error.full_message
+  end
+
+  test "full_message returns the given message with the attribute name included" do
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, :blank)
+    assert_equal "name can't be blank", error.full_message
+  end
+
+  test "full_message uses default format" do
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, message: "can't be blank")
+
+    # Use a locale without errors.format
+    I18n.with_locale(:unknown) {
+      assert_equal "name can't be blank", error.full_message
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "equality by base attribute, type and options" do
+    person = Person.new
+
+    e1 = ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :name, foo: :bar)
+    e2 = ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :name, foo: :bar)
+    e2.instance_variable_set(:@_humanized_attribute, "Name")
+
+    assert_equal(e1, e2)
+  end
+
+  test "inequality" do
+    person = Person.new
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :name, foo: :bar)
+
+    assert error != ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :name, foo: :baz)
+    assert error != ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :name)
+    assert error != ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :title, foo: :bar)
+    assert error != ActiveModel::Error.new(Person.new, :name, foo: :bar)
+  end
+
+  test "comparing against different class would not raise error" do
+    person = Person.new
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :name, foo: :bar)
+
+    assert error != person
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index 185b5a24ae..a6cd1da717 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       @errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
     end
 
-    attr_accessor :name, :age
+    attr_accessor :name, :age, :gender, :city
     attr_reader   :errors
 
     def validate!
@@ -31,48 +31,66 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_delete
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] << "omg"
-    errors.delete("foo")
-    assert_empty errors[:foo]
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :blank)
+    errors.delete("name")
+    assert_empty errors[:name]
   end
 
   def test_include?
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] << "omg"
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    assert_deprecated { errors[:foo] << "omg" }
     assert_includes errors, :foo, "errors should include :foo"
     assert_includes errors, "foo", "errors should include 'foo' as :foo"
   end
 
+  def test_each_when_arity_is_negative
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :blank)
+    errors.add(:gender, :blank)
+
+    assert_equal([:name, :gender], errors.map(&:attribute))
+  end
+
+  def test_any?
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name)
+    assert_not_deprecated {
+      assert errors.any?, "any? should return true"
+    }
+    assert_not_deprecated {
+      assert errors.any? { |_| true }, "any? should return true"
+    }
+  end
+
   def test_dup
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] << "bar"
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name)
     errors_dup = errors.dup
-    errors_dup[:bar] << "omg"
-    assert_not_same errors_dup.messages, errors.messages
+    assert_not_same errors_dup.errors, errors.errors
   end
 
   def test_has_key?
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] << "omg"
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:foo, "omg")
     assert_equal true, errors.has_key?(:foo), "errors should have key :foo"
     assert_equal true, errors.has_key?("foo"), "errors should have key 'foo' as :foo"
   end
 
   def test_has_no_key
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     assert_equal false, errors.has_key?(:name), "errors should not have key :name"
   end
 
   def test_key?
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] << "omg"
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:foo, "omg")
     assert_equal true, errors.key?(:foo), "errors should have key :foo"
     assert_equal true, errors.key?("foo"), "errors should have key 'foo' as :foo"
   end
 
   def test_no_key
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     assert_equal false, errors.key?(:name), "errors should not have key :name"
   end
 
@@ -86,42 +104,58 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "error access is indifferent" do
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] << "omg"
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, "omg")
 
-    assert_equal ["omg"], errors["foo"]
+    assert_equal ["omg"], errors["name"]
   end
 
   test "values returns an array of messages" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    assert_deprecated { errors.messages[:foo] = "omg" }
+    assert_deprecated { errors.messages[:baz] = "zomg" }
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal ["omg", "zomg"], errors.values
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "[]= overrides values" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors.messages[:foo] = "omg"
-    errors.messages[:baz] = "zomg"
+    assert_deprecated { errors.messages[:foo] = "omg" }
+    assert_deprecated { errors.messages[:foo] = "zomg" }
 
-    assert_equal ["omg", "zomg"], errors.values
+    assert_equal ["zomg"], errors[:foo]
   end
 
   test "values returns an empty array after try to get a message only" do
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     errors.messages[:foo]
     errors.messages[:baz]
 
-    assert_equal [], errors.values
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal [], errors.values
+    end
   end
 
   test "keys returns the error keys" do
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors.messages[:foo] << "omg"
-    errors.messages[:baz] << "zomg"
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    assert_deprecated { errors.messages[:foo] << "omg" }
+    assert_deprecated { errors.messages[:baz] << "zomg" }
 
-    assert_equal [:foo, :baz], errors.keys
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal [:foo, :baz], errors.keys
+    end
   end
 
   test "keys returns an empty array after try to get a message only" do
-    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     errors.messages[:foo]
     errors.messages[:baz]
 
-    assert_equal [], errors.keys
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal [], errors.keys
+    end
   end
 
   test "detecting whether there are errors with empty?, blank?, include?" do
@@ -146,32 +180,130 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["cannot be nil"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
-  test "add an error message on a specific attribute" do
+  test "add an error message on a specific attribute (deprecated)" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
-  test "add an error message on a specific attribute with a defined type" do
+  test "add an error message on a specific attribute with a defined type (deprecated)" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
-  test "add an error with a symbol" do
+  test "add an error with a symbol (deprecated)" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, :blank)
     message = person.errors.generate_message(:name, :blank)
     assert_equal [message], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
-  test "add an error with a proc" do
+  test "add an error with a proc (deprecated)" do
     person = Person.new
     message = Proc.new { "cannot be blank" }
     person.errors.add(:name, message)
     assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
+  test "add creates an error object and returns it" do
+    person = Person.new
+    error = person.errors.add(:name, :blank)
+
+    assert_equal :name, error.attribute
+    assert_equal :blank, error.type
+    assert_equal error, person.errors.objects.first
+  end
+
+  test "add, with type as symbol" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :blank)
+
+    assert_equal :blank, person.errors.objects.first.type
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], person.errors[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "add, with type as String" do
+    msg = "custom msg"
+
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, msg)
+
+    assert_equal [msg], person.errors[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "add, with type as nil" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name)
+
+    assert_equal :invalid, person.errors.objects.first.type
+    assert_equal ["is invalid"], person.errors[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "add, with type as Proc, which evaluates to String" do
+    msg = "custom msg"
+    type = Proc.new { msg }
+
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, type)
+
+    assert_equal [msg], person.errors[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "add, type being Proc, which evaluates to Symbol" do
+    type = Proc.new { :blank }
+
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, type)
+
+    assert_equal :blank, person.errors.objects.first.type
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], person.errors[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "initialize options[:message] as Proc, which evaluates to String" do
+    msg = "custom msg"
+    type = Proc.new { msg }
+
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: type)
+
+    assert_equal :blank, person.errors.objects.first.type
+    assert_equal [msg], person.errors[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "add, with options[:message] as Proc, which evaluates to String, where type is nil" do
+    msg = "custom msg"
+    type = Proc.new { msg }
+
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, message: type)
+
+    assert_equal :invalid, person.errors.objects.first.type
+    assert_equal [msg], person.errors[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "added? when attribute was added through a collection" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:"family_members.name", :too_long, count: 25)
+    assert person.errors.added?(:"family_members.name", :too_long, count: 25)
+    assert_not person.errors.added?(:"family_members.name", :too_long)
+    assert_not person.errors.added?(:"family_members.name", :too_long, name: "hello")
+  end
+
+  test "added? ignores callback option" do
+    person = Person.new
+
+    person.errors.add(:name, :too_long, if: -> { true })
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, :too_long)
+  end
+
+  test "added? ignores message option" do
+    person = Person.new
+
+    person.errors.add(:name, :too_long, message: proc { "foo" })
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, :too_long)
+  end
+
   test "added? detects indifferent if a specific error was added to the object" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
@@ -209,6 +341,8 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     person.errors.add(:name, "is invalid")
     assert person.errors.added?(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "is invalid")
+    assert_not person.errors.added?(:name, "incorrect")
   end
 
   test "added? returns false when no errors are present" do
@@ -222,7 +356,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_not person.errors.added?(:name, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
-  test "added? returns false when checking for an error, but not providing message arguments" do
+  test "added? returns false when checking for an error, but not providing message argument" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_not person.errors.added?(:name)
@@ -233,6 +367,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     person.errors.add :name, :too_long, count: 25
 
     assert person.errors.added? :name, :too_long, count: 25
+    assert person.errors.added? :name, "is too long (maximum is 25 characters)"
     assert_not person.errors.added? :name, :too_long, count: 24
     assert_not person.errors.added? :name, :too_long
     assert_not person.errors.added? :name, "is too long"
@@ -243,6 +378,81 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, :wrong)
     assert_not person.errors.added?(:name, :used)
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, :wrong)
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? returns false when checking for an error, but not providing message argument" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_not person.errors.of_kind?(:name)
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? returns false when checking a nonexisting error and other errors are present for the given attribute" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, "is invalid")
+    assert_not person.errors.of_kind?(:name, "cannot be blank")
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? returns false when no errors are present" do
+    person = Person.new
+    assert_not person.errors.of_kind?(:name)
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? matches the given message when several errors are present for the same attribute" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "is invalid")
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?(:name, "is invalid")
+    assert_not person.errors.of_kind?(:name, "incorrect")
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? defaults message to :invalid" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name)
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?(:name)
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? handles proc messages" do
+    person = Person.new
+    message = Proc.new { "cannot be blank" }
+    person.errors.add(:name, message)
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?(:name, message)
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? returns true when string attribute is used with a symbol message" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :blank)
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?("name", :blank)
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? handles symbol message" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :blank)
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?(:name, :blank)
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? detects indifferent if a specific error was added to the object" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?("name", "cannot be blank")
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? ignores options" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add :name, :too_long, count: 25
+
+    assert person.errors.of_kind? :name, :too_long
+    assert person.errors.of_kind? :name, "is too long (maximum is 25 characters)"
+  end
+
+  test "of_kind? returns false when checking for an error by symbol and a different error with same message is present" do
+    I18n.backend.store_translations("en", errors: { attributes: { name: { wrong: "is wrong", used: "is wrong" } } })
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :wrong)
+    assert_not person.errors.of_kind?(:name, :used)
+    assert person.errors.of_kind?(:name, :wrong)
   end
 
   test "size calculates the number of error messages" do
@@ -264,6 +474,17 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["name cannot be blank", "name cannot be nil"], person.errors.to_a
   end
 
+  test "to_h is deprecated" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "too long")
+
+    expected_deprecation = "ActiveModel::Errors#to_h is deprecated"
+    assert_deprecated(expected_deprecation) do
+      assert_equal({ name: "too long" }, person.errors.to_h)
+    end
+  end
+
   test "to_hash returns the error messages hash" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
@@ -280,6 +501,27 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_nil person.errors.as_json.default_proc
   end
 
+  test "full_messages doesn't require the base object to respond to `:errors" do
+    model = Class.new do
+      def initialize
+        @errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+        @errors.add(:name, "bar")
+      end
+
+      def self.human_attribute_name(attr, options = {})
+        "foo"
+      end
+
+      def call
+        error_wrapper = Struct.new(:model_errors)
+
+        error_wrapper.new(@errors)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(["foo bar"], model.new.call.model_errors.full_messages)
+  end
+
   test "full_messages creates a list of error messages with the attribute name included" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
@@ -359,6 +601,32 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :invalid }] }, person.errors.details)
   end
 
+  test "details retains original type as error" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    errors.add("foo", "bar")
+    errors.add(:baz, nil)
+    errors.add(:age, :invalid, count: 3, message: "%{count} is too low")
+
+    assert_equal(
+      {
+        name: [{ error: "cannot be nil" }],
+        foo: [{ error: "bar" }],
+        baz: [{ error: nil }],
+        age: [{ error: :invalid, count: 3 }]
+      },
+      errors.details
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "group_by_attribute" do
+    person = Person.new
+    error = person.errors.add(:name, :invalid, message: "is bad")
+    hash = person.errors.group_by_attribute
+
+    assert_equal({ name: [error] }, hash)
+  end
+
   test "dup duplicates details" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     errors.add(:name, :invalid)
@@ -367,11 +635,17 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_not_equal errors_dup.details, errors.details
   end
 
+  test "delete returns nil when no errors were deleted" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+
+    assert_nil(errors.delete(:name))
+  end
+
   test "delete removes details on given attribute" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     errors.add(:name, :invalid)
     errors.delete(:name)
-    assert_empty errors.details[:name]
+    assert_not errors.added?(:name)
   end
 
   test "delete returns the deleted messages" do
@@ -389,7 +663,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_empty person.errors.details
   end
 
-  test "copy errors" do
+  test "copy errors (deprecated)" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     errors.add(:name, :invalid)
     person = Person.new
@@ -399,7 +673,25 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal [:name], person.errors.details.keys
   end
 
-  test "merge errors" do
+  test "details returns empty array when accessed with non-existent attribute" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+
+    assert_equal [], errors.details[:foo]
+  end
+
+  test "copy errors" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.copy!(errors)
+
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, :invalid)
+    person.errors.each do |error|
+      assert_same person, error.base
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "merge errors (deprecated)" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     errors.add(:name, :invalid)
 
@@ -411,15 +703,64 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :blank }, { error: :invalid }] }, person.errors.details)
   end
 
+  test "merge errors" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :blank)
+    person.errors.merge!(errors)
+
+    assert(person.errors.added?(:name, :invalid))
+    assert(person.errors.added?(:name, :blank))
+  end
+
+  test "slice! removes all errors except the given keys" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    person.errors.add(:age, "cannot be nil")
+    person.errors.add(:gender, "cannot be nil")
+    person.errors.add(:city, "cannot be nil")
+
+    assert_deprecated { person.errors.slice!(:age, "gender") }
+
+    assert_equal [:age, :gender], assert_deprecated { person.errors.keys }
+  end
+
+  test "slice! returns the deleted errors" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    person.errors.add(:age, "cannot be nil")
+    person.errors.add(:gender, "cannot be nil")
+    person.errors.add(:city, "cannot be nil")
+
+    removed_errors = assert_deprecated { person.errors.slice!(:age, "gender") }
+
+    assert_equal({ name: ["cannot be nil"], city: ["cannot be nil"] }, removed_errors)
+  end
+
   test "errors are marshalable" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
     errors.add(:name, :invalid)
     serialized = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(errors))
 
+    assert_equal Person, serialized.instance_variable_get(:@base).class
     assert_equal errors.messages, serialized.messages
     assert_equal errors.details, serialized.details
   end
 
+  test "errors are compatible with marshal dumped from Rails 5.x" do
+    # Derived from
+    # errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    # errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    dump = "\x04\bU:\x18ActiveModel::Errors[\bo:\x17ErrorsTest::Person\x06:\f@errorsU;\x00[\b@\a{\x00{\x00{\x06:\tname[\x06I\"\x0Fis invalid\x06:\x06ET{\x06;\b[\x06{\x06:\nerror:\finvalid"
+    serialized = Marshal.load(dump)
+
+    assert_equal Person, serialized.instance_variable_get(:@base).class
+    assert_equal({ name: ["is invalid"] }, serialized.messages)
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :invalid }] }, serialized.details)
+  end
+
   test "errors are backward compatible with the Rails 4.2 format" do
     yaml = <<~CODE
     --- !ruby/object:ActiveModel::Errors
@@ -439,4 +780,54 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal({}, errors.messages)
     assert_equal({}, errors.details)
   end
+
+  test "errors are compatible with YAML dumped from Rails 5.x" do
+    yaml = <<~CODE
+    --- !ruby/object:ActiveModel::Errors
+    base: &1 !ruby/object:ErrorsTest::Person
+      errors: !ruby/object:ActiveModel::Errors
+        base: *1
+        messages: {}
+        details: {}
+    messages:
+      :name:
+      - is invalid
+    details:
+      :name:
+      - :error: :invalid
+    CODE
+
+    errors = YAML.load(yaml)
+    assert_equal({ name: ["is invalid"] }, errors.messages)
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :invalid }] }, errors.details)
+
+    errors.clear
+    assert_equal({}, errors.messages)
+    assert_equal({}, errors.details)
+  end
+
+  test "errors are compatible with YAML dumped from Rails 6.x" do
+    yaml = <<~CODE
+    --- !ruby/object:ActiveModel::Errors
+    base: &1 !ruby/object:ErrorsTest::Person
+      errors: !ruby/object:ActiveModel::Errors
+        base: *1
+        errors: []
+    errors:
+    - !ruby/object:ActiveModel::Error
+      base: *1
+      attribute: :name
+      type: :invalid
+      raw_type: :invalid
+      options: {}
+    CODE
+
+    errors = YAML.load(yaml)
+    assert_equal({ name: ["is invalid"] }, errors.messages)
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :invalid }] }, errors.details)
+
+    errors.clear
+    assert_equal({}, errors.messages)
+    assert_equal({}, errors.details)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
index 138b1d1bb9..a4cb472ffc 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -25,3 +25,5 @@ class ActiveModel::TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
 end
+
+require_relative "../../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/nested_error_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/nested_error_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c2458ba83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/nested_error_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_model/nested_error"
+require "models/topic"
+require "models/reply"
+
+class NestedErrorTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+  def test_initialize
+    topic = Topic.new
+    inner_error = ActiveModel::Error.new(topic, :title, :not_enough, count: 2)
+    reply = Reply.new
+    error = ActiveModel::NestedError.new(reply, inner_error)
+
+    assert_equal reply, error.base
+    assert_equal inner_error.attribute, error.attribute
+    assert_equal inner_error.type, error.type
+    assert_equal(inner_error.options, error.options)
+  end
+
+  test "initialize with overriding attribute and type" do
+    topic = Topic.new
+    inner_error = ActiveModel::Error.new(topic, :title, :not_enough, count: 2)
+    reply = Reply.new
+    error = ActiveModel::NestedError.new(reply, inner_error, attribute: :parent, type: :foo)
+
+    assert_equal reply, error.base
+    assert_equal :parent, error.attribute
+    assert_equal :foo, error.type
+    assert_equal(inner_error.options, error.options)
+  end
+
+  def test_message
+    topic = Topic.new(author_name: "Bruce")
+    inner_error = ActiveModel::Error.new(topic, :title, :not_enough, message: Proc.new { |model, options|
+      "not good enough for #{model.author_name}"
+    })
+    reply = Reply.new(author_name: "Mark")
+    error = ActiveModel::NestedError.new(reply, inner_error)
+
+    assert_equal "not good enough for Bruce", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_full_message
+    topic = Topic.new(author_name: "Bruce")
+    inner_error = ActiveModel::Error.new(topic, :title, :not_enough, message: Proc.new { |model, options|
+      "not good enough for #{model.author_name}"
+    })
+    reply = Reply.new(author_name: "Mark")
+    error = ActiveModel::NestedError.new(reply, inner_error)
+
+    assert_equal "Title not good enough for Bruce", error.full_message
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/railtie_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/railtie_test.rb
index ab60285e2a..f5ff1a3fd7 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/railtie_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/railtie_test.rb
@@ -32,23 +32,23 @@ class RailtieTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal true, ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost
   end
 
-  test "i18n full message defaults to false" do
+  test "i18n customize full message defaults to false" do
     @app.initialize!
 
-    assert_equal false, ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message
+    assert_equal false, ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message
   end
 
-  test "i18n full message can be disabled" do
-    @app.config.active_model.i18n_full_message = false
+  test "i18n customize full message can be disabled" do
+    @app.config.active_model.i18n_customize_full_message = false
     @app.initialize!
 
-    assert_equal false, ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message
+    assert_equal false, ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message
   end
 
-  test "i18n full message can be enabled" do
-    @app.config.active_model.i18n_full_message = true
+  test "i18n customize full message can be enabled" do
+    @app.config.active_model.i18n_customize_full_message = true
     @app.initialize!
 
-    assert_equal true, ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message
+    assert_equal true, ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
index 9ef1148be8..0aca714bd2 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
@@ -184,6 +184,20 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_nil @existing_user.password_digest
   end
 
+  test "override secure password attribute" do
+    assert_nil @user.password_called
+
+    @user.password = "secret"
+
+    assert_equal "secret", @user.password
+    assert_equal 1, @user.password_called
+
+    @user.password = "terces"
+
+    assert_equal "terces", @user.password
+    assert_equal 2, @user.password_called
+  end
+
   test "authenticate" do
     @user.password = "secret"
     @user.recovery_password = "42password"
@@ -206,16 +220,14 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "Password digest cost honors bcrypt cost attribute when min_cost is false" do
-    begin
-      original_bcrypt_cost = BCrypt::Engine.cost
-      ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
-      BCrypt::Engine.cost = 5
-
-      @user.password = "secret"
-      assert_equal BCrypt::Engine.cost, @user.password_digest.cost
-    ensure
-      BCrypt::Engine.cost = original_bcrypt_cost
-    end
+    original_bcrypt_cost = BCrypt::Engine.cost
+    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+    BCrypt::Engine.cost = 5
+
+    @user.password = "secret"
+    assert_equal BCrypt::Engine.cost, @user.password_digest.cost
+  ensure
+    BCrypt::Engine.cost = original_bcrypt_cost
   end
 
   test "Password digest cost can be set to bcrypt min cost to speed up tests" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
index 625e0a427a..84efc8de0d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -26,20 +26,18 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should include root in json if include_root_in_json is true" do
-    begin
-      original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-      json = @contact.to_json
-
-      assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
-      assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
-      assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
-      assert_includes json, %("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))})
-      assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
-      assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
-    ensure
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
-    end
+    original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
+    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+    json = @contact.to_json
+
+    assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
+    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+    assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
+    assert_includes json, %("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))})
+    assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
+    assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
+  ensure
+    Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
   end
 
   test "should include root in json (option) even if the default is set to false" do
@@ -134,19 +132,17 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "as_json should return a hash if include_root_in_json is true" do
-    begin
-      original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-      json = @contact.as_json
-
-      assert_kind_of Hash, json
-      assert_kind_of Hash, json["contact"]
-      %w(name age created_at awesome preferences).each do |field|
-        assert_equal @contact.send(field).as_json, json["contact"][field]
-      end
-    ensure
-      Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
+    original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
+    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+    json = @contact.as_json
+
+    assert_kind_of Hash, json
+    assert_kind_of Hash, json["contact"]
+    %w(name age created_at awesome preferences).each do |field|
+      assert_equal @contact.send(field).as_json, json["contact"][field]
     end
+  ensure
+    Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
   end
 
   test "from_json should work without a root (class attribute)" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/boolean_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/boolean_test.rb
index 2de0f53640..7f8490b2fe 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/type/boolean_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/boolean_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@ module ActiveModel
         assert type.cast("\u3000\r\n")
         assert type.cast("\u0000")
         assert type.cast("SOMETHING RANDOM")
+        assert type.cast(:"1")
+        assert type.cast(:t)
+        assert type.cast(:T)
+        assert type.cast(:true)
+        assert type.cast(:TRUE)
+        assert type.cast(:on)
+        assert type.cast(:ON)
 
         # explicitly check for false vs nil
         assert_equal false, type.cast(false)
@@ -34,6 +41,13 @@ module ActiveModel
         assert_equal false, type.cast("FALSE")
         assert_equal false, type.cast("off")
         assert_equal false, type.cast("OFF")
+        assert_equal false, type.cast(:"0")
+        assert_equal false, type.cast(:f)
+        assert_equal false, type.cast(:F)
+        assert_equal false, type.cast(:false)
+        assert_equal false, type.cast(:FALSE)
+        assert_equal false, type.cast(:off)
+        assert_equal false, type.cast(:OFF)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/date_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/date_test.rb
index e8cf178612..2dd1a55616 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/type/date_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/date_test.rb
@@ -12,8 +12,22 @@ module ActiveModel
         assert_nil type.cast(" ")
         assert_nil type.cast("ABC")
 
-        date_string = ::Time.now.utc.strftime("%F")
+        now = ::Time.now.utc
+        values_hash = { 1 => now.year, 2 => now.mon, 3 => now.mday }
+        date_string = now.strftime("%F")
         assert_equal date_string, type.cast(date_string).strftime("%F")
+        assert_equal date_string, type.cast(values_hash).strftime("%F")
+      end
+
+      def test_returns_correct_year
+        type = Type::Date.new
+
+        time = ::Time.utc(1, 1, 1)
+        date = ::Date.new(time.year, time.mon, time.mday)
+
+        values_hash_for_multiparameter_assignment = { 1 => 1, 2 => 1, 3 => 1 }
+
+        assert_equal date, type.cast(values_hash_for_multiparameter_assignment)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
index 74b47d1b4d..4a63eee0cf 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_timezone_config(default:)
           old_zone_default = ::Time.zone_default
           ::Time.zone_default = ::Time.find_zone(default)
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
index df12098974..6c02c01237 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,21 @@ module ActiveModel
         assert_equal 7200, type.cast(2.hours)
       end
 
+      test "casting string for database" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.serialize("wibble")
+        assert_equal 5, type.serialize("5wibble")
+        assert_equal 5, type.serialize(" +5")
+        assert_equal(-5, type.serialize(" -5"))
+      end
+
+      test "casting empty string" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.cast("")
+        assert_nil type.serialize("")
+        assert_nil type.deserialize("")
+      end
+
       test "changed?" do
         type = Type::Integer.new
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/string_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
index 2d85556d20..9cc530e8db 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ module ActiveModel
         assert_equal "123", type.cast(123)
       end
 
+      test "type casting for database" do
+        type = Type::String.new
+        object, array, hash = Object.new, [true], { a: :b }
+        assert_equal object, type.serialize(object)
+        assert_equal array, type.serialize(array)
+        assert_equal hash, type.serialize(hash)
+      end
+
       test "cast strings are mutable" do
         type = Type::String.new
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/time_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/time_test.rb
index 3fbae1a169..5c6271241d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/type/time_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/time_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
         assert_equal ::Time.utc(2000,  1,  1, 16, 45, 54), type.cast("2015-06-13T19:45:54+03:00")
         assert_equal ::Time.utc(1999, 12, 31, 21,  7,  8), type.cast("06:07:08+09:00")
+        assert_equal ::Time.utc(2000,  1,  1, 16, 45, 54), type.cast(4 => 16, 5 => 45, 6 => 54)
       end
 
       def test_user_input_in_time_zone
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
index 7662f996ae..6bd3d292f8 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
@@ -7,21 +7,23 @@ require "models/reply"
 require "models/person"
 
 class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-  def teardown
-    Topic.clear_validators!
+  teardown do
+    self.class.send(:remove_const, :TestClass)
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_no_acceptance
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
+    klass = define_test_class(Topic)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
 
-    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should not be confirmed")
+    t = klass.new("title" => "We should not be confirmed")
     assert_predicate t, :valid?
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
+    klass = define_test_class(Topic)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
 
-    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
+    t = klass.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
     assert_predicate t, :invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be accepted"], t.errors[:terms_of_service]
 
@@ -30,9 +32,10 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eula
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:eula, message: "must be abided")
+    klass = define_test_class(Topic)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of(:eula, message: "must be abided")
 
-    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "eula" => "")
+    t = klass.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "eula" => "")
     assert_predicate t, :invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be abided"], t.errors[:eula]
 
@@ -41,9 +44,10 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_with_accept_value
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, accept: "I agree.")
+    klass = define_test_class(Topic)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, accept: "I agree.")
 
-    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
+    t = klass.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
     assert_predicate t, :invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be accepted"], t.errors[:terms_of_service]
 
@@ -52,9 +56,10 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_with_multiple_accept_values
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, accept: [1, "I concur."])
+    klass = define_test_class(Topic)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, accept: [1, "I concur."])
 
-    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
+    t = klass.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
     assert_predicate t, :invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be accepted"], t.errors[:terms_of_service]
 
@@ -66,9 +71,10 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_acceptance_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_acceptance_of :karma
+    klass = define_test_class(Person)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of :karma
 
-    p = Person.new
+    p = klass.new
     p.karma = ""
 
     assert_predicate p, :invalid?
@@ -76,13 +82,20 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     p.karma = "1"
     assert_predicate p, :valid?
-  ensure
-    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_acceptance_of_true
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
+    klass = define_test_class(Topic)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
 
-    assert_predicate Topic.new(terms_of_service: true), :valid?
+    assert_predicate klass.new(terms_of_service: true), :valid?
   end
+
+  private
+    # Acceptance validator includes anonymous module into class, which cannot
+    # be cleared, so to avoid multiple inclusions we use a named subclass which
+    # we can remove in teardown.
+    def define_test_class(parent)
+      self.class.const_set(:TestClass, Class.new(parent))
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
index 1704db9a48..9674068aff 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
-  def test_unless_validation_using_array_of_true_and_felse_methods
+  def test_unless_validation_using_array_of_true_and_false_methods
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: [:condition_is_true, :condition_is_false])
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert_predicate t, :valid?
@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
 
-  def test_validation_using_conbining_if_true_and_unless_true_conditions
+  def test_validation_using_combining_if_true_and_unless_true_conditions
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: :condition_is_true, unless: :condition_is_true)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert_predicate t, :valid?
     assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
-  def test_validation_using_conbining_if_true_and_unless_false_conditions
+  def test_validation_using_combining_if_true_and_unless_false_conditions
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: :condition_is_true, unless: :condition_is_false)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert_predicate t, :invalid?
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
index 8603a8ac5c..7bf15e4bee 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
@@ -66,24 +66,22 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_title_confirmation_with_i18n_attribute
-    begin
-      @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
-      I18n.load_path.clear
-      I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
-      I18n.backend.store_translations("en",
-        errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
-        activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: "Test Title" } } })
-
-      Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
-
-      t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "title_confirmation" => "")
-      assert_predicate t, :invalid?
-      assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
-    ensure
-      I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
-      I18n.backend = @old_backend
-      I18n.backend.reload!
-    end
+    @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
+    I18n.load_path.clear
+    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+    I18n.backend.store_translations("en",
+      errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
+      activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: "Test Title" } } })
+
+    Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
+
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "title_confirmation" => "")
+    assert_predicate t, :invalid?
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
+  ensure
+    I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
+    I18n.backend = @old_backend
+    I18n.backend.reload!
   end
 
   test "does not override confirmation reader if present" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index ccb565c5bd..c81649f493 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,36 +6,38 @@ require "models/person"
 class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def setup
     Person.clear_validators!
-    @person = Person.new
+    @person = person_class.new
 
     @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
     I18n.load_path.clear
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", errors: { messages: { custom: nil } })
 
-    @original_i18n_full_message = ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = true
+    @original_i18n_customize_full_message = ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
   end
 
   def teardown
-    Person.clear_validators!
+    person_class.clear_validators!
+    self.class.send(:remove_const, :Person)
+    @person_stub = nil
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
     I18n.backend.reload!
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = @original_i18n_full_message
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = @original_i18n_customize_full_message
   end
 
   def test_full_message_encoding
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", errors: {
       messages: { too_short: "猫舌" } })
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, within: 3..5
+    person_class.validates_length_of :title, within: 3..5
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["Title 猫舌"], @person.errors.full_messages
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_translates_human_attribute_name_for_model_attributes
     @person.errors.add(:name, "not found")
-    assert_called_with(Person, :human_attribute_name, ["name", default: "Name"], returns: "Person's name") do
+    assert_called_with(person_class, :human_attribute_name, ["name", default: "Name"], returns: "Person's name") do
       assert_equal ["Person's name not found"], @person.errors.full_messages
     end
   end
@@ -47,113 +49,126 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_doesnt_use_attribute_format_without_config
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = false
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = false
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { name: { format: "%{message}" } } } } } })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "Name cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "Name test cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name_test, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
+  def test_errors_full_messages_on_nested_error_uses_attribute_format
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
+    I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
+      errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { gender: "Gender" } } } },
+      attributes: { "person/contacts": { gender: "Gender" } }
+    })
+
+    person = person_class.new
+    error = ActiveModel::Error.new(person, :gender, "can't be blank")
+    person.errors.import(error, attribute: "person[0].contacts.gender")
+    assert_equal ["Gender can't be blank"], person.errors.full_messages
+  end
+
   def test_errors_full_messages_uses_attribute_format
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = true
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { name: { format: "%{message}" } } } } } })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "Name test cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name_test, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_uses_model_format
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = true
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       errors: { models: { person: { format: "%{message}" } } } })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name_test, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_uses_deeply_nested_model_attributes_format
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = true
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       errors: { models: { 'person/contacts/addresses': { attributes: { street: { format: "%{message}" } } } } } })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts/addresses.street', "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "Contacts/addresses country cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts/addresses.country', "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_uses_deeply_nested_model_model_format
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = true
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       errors: { models: { 'person/contacts/addresses': { format: "%{message}" } } } })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts/addresses.street', "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts/addresses.country', "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_with_indexed_deeply_nested_attributes_and_attributes_format
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = true
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       errors: { models: { 'person/contacts/addresses': { attributes: { street: { format: "%{message}" } } } } } })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].street', "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "Contacts/addresses country cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].country', "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_with_indexed_deeply_nested_attributes_and_model_format
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = true
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       errors: { models: { 'person/contacts/addresses': { format: "%{message}" } } } })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].street', "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].country', "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_with_indexed_deeply_nested_attributes_and_i18n_attribute_name
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = true
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = true
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       attributes: { 'person/contacts/addresses': { country: "Country" } }
     })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "Contacts/addresses street cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].street', "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "Country cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].country', "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_with_indexed_deeply_nested_attributes_without_i18n_config
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = false
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = false
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       errors: { models: { 'person/contacts/addresses': { attributes: { street: { format: "%{message}" } } } } } })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "Contacts[0]/addresses[0] street cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].street', "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "Contacts[0]/addresses[0] country cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].country', "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_with_i18n_attribute_name_without_i18n_config
-    ActiveModel::Errors.i18n_full_message = false
+    ActiveModel::Error.i18n_customize_full_message = false
 
     I18n.backend.store_translations("en", activemodel: {
       attributes: { 'person/contacts[0]/addresses[0]': { country: "Country" } }
     })
 
-    person = Person.new
+    person = person_class.new
     assert_equal "Contacts[0]/addresses[0] street cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].street', "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal "Country cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:'contacts[0]/addresses[0].country', "cannot be blank")
   end
@@ -167,168 +182,183 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     # [ case,                              validation_options,            generate_message_options]
     [ "given no options",                  {},                            {}],
     [ "given custom message",              { message: "custom" },         { message: "custom" }],
-    [ "given if condition",                { if:                          lambda { true } },  {}],
-    [ "given unless condition",            { unless:                      lambda { false } }, {}],
+    [ "given if condition",                { if: lambda { true } },       {}],
+    [ "given unless condition",            { unless: lambda { false } },  {}],
     [ "given option that is not reserved", { format: "jpg" },             { format: "jpg" }]
   ]
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_confirmation_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_confirmation_of :title, validation_options
+      person_class.validates_confirmation_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title_confirmation = "foo"
-      call = [:title_confirmation, :confirmation, generate_message_options.merge(attribute: "Title")]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title_confirmation, :confirmation, @person, generate_message_options.merge(attribute: "Title")]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_acceptance_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, validation_options.merge(allow_nil: false)
-      call = [:title, :accepted, generate_message_options]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      person_class.validates_acceptance_of :title, validation_options.merge(allow_nil: false)
+      call = [:title, :accepted, @person, generate_message_options]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_presence_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_presence_of :title, validation_options
-      call = [:title, :blank, generate_message_options]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      person_class.validates_presence_of :title, validation_options
+      call = [:title, :blank, @person, generate_message_options]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :within on generated message when too short #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
-      call = [:title, :too_short, generate_message_options.merge(count: 3)]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      person_class.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
+      call = [:title, :too_short, @person, generate_message_options.merge(count: 3)]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :too_long generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
+      person_class.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
       @person.title = "this title is too long"
-      call = [:title, :too_long, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5)]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :too_long, @person, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5)]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :is on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(is: 5)
-      call = [:title, :wrong_length, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5)]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      person_class.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(is: 5)
+      call = [:title, :wrong_length, @person, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5)]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_format_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
+      person_class.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
       @person.title = "72x"
-      call = [:title, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(value: "72x")]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :invalid, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: "72x")]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_inclusion_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
+      person_class.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = "z"
-      call = [:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: "z")]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :inclusion, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: "z")]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_inclusion_of using :within on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
+      person_class.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = "z"
-      call = [:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: "z")]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :inclusion, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: "z")]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_exclusion_of generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
+      person_class.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = "a"
-      call = [:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: "a")]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :exclusion, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: "a")]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_exclusion_of using :within generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
+      person_class.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = "a"
-      call = [:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: "a")]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :exclusion, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: "a")]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options
+      person_class.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title = "a"
-      call = [:title, :not_a_number, generate_message_options.merge(value: "a")]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :not_a_number, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: "a")]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :only_integer on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true)
+      person_class.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true)
       @person.title = "0.0"
-      call = [:title, :not_an_integer, generate_message_options.merge(value: "0.0")]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :not_an_integer, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: "0.0")]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :odd on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
+      person_class.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
       @person.title = 0
-      call = [:title, :odd, generate_message_options.merge(value: 0)]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :odd, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: 0)]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :less_than on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
+      person_class.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
       @person.title = 1
-      call = [:title, :less_than, generate_message_options.merge(value: 1, count: 0)]
-      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+      call = [:title, :less_than, @person, generate_message_options.merge(value: 1, count: 0)]
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, call) do
         @person.valid?
+        @person.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
@@ -369,67 +399,67 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_confirmation_of", :confirmation do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_confirmation_of :title, options_to_merge
+    person.class.validates_confirmation_of :title, options_to_merge
     person.title_confirmation = "foo"
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_acceptance_of", :accepted do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(allow_nil: false)
+    person.class.validates_acceptance_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(allow_nil: false)
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_presence_of", :blank do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, options_to_merge
+    person.class.validates_presence_of :title, options_to_merge
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :too_short do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
+    person.class.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :too_long do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
+    person.class.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
     person.title = "too long"
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :wrong_length do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(is: 5)
+    person.class.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(is: 5)
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_format_of", :invalid do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
+    person.class.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_inclusion_of", :inclusion do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
+    person.class.validates_inclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_exclusion_of", :exclusion do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
+    person.class.validates_exclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
     person.title = "a"
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :not_a_number do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge
+    person.class.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge
     person.title = "a"
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :not_an_integer do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true)
+    person.class.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true)
     person.title = "1.0"
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :odd do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
+    person.class.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
     person.title = 0
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :less_than do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
+    person.class.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
     person.title = 1
   end
 
   def test_validations_with_message_symbol_must_translate
     I18n.backend.store_translations "en", errors: { messages: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } }
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
+    person_class.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
@@ -437,7 +467,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_with_message_symbol_must_translate_per_attribute
     I18n.backend.store_translations "en", activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { title: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } } } } } }
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
+    person_class.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
@@ -445,16 +475,20 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_with_message_symbol_must_translate_per_model
     I18n.backend.store_translations "en", activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } } } }
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
+    person_class.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_message_string
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: "I am a custom error"
+    person_class.validates_presence_of :title, message: "I am a custom error"
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
+
+  def person_class
+    @person_stub ||= self.class.const_set(:Person, Class.new(Person))
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
index 774a2cde74..37e10f783c 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_using_proc_as_maximum_with_model_method
-    Topic.send(:define_method, :max_title_length, lambda { 5 })
+    Topic.define_method(:max_title_length) { 5 }
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, maximum: Proc.new(&:max_title_length)
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
index ca3c3bc40d..191af033df 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_proc_as_value
-    Topic.send(:define_method, :allow_only_integers?, lambda { false })
+    Topic.define_method(:allow_only_integers?) { false }
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: Proc.new(&:allow_only_integers?)
 
     invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK)
@@ -214,23 +214,23 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_proc
-    Topic.send(:define_method, :min_approved, lambda { 5 })
+    Topic.define_method(:min_approved) { 5 }
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: Proc.new(&:min_approved)
 
     invalid!([3, 4])
     valid!([5, 6])
   ensure
-    Topic.send(:remove_method, :min_approved)
+    Topic.remove_method :min_approved
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_symbol
-    Topic.send(:define_method, :max_approved, lambda { 5 })
+    Topic.define_method(:max_approved) { 5 }
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: :max_approved
 
     invalid!([6])
     valid!([4, 5])
   ensure
-    Topic.send(:remove_method, :max_approved)
+    Topic.remove_method :max_approved
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_numeric_message
@@ -281,6 +281,19 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_predicate topic, :invalid?
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_with_object_acting_as_numeric
+    klass = Class.new do
+      def to_f
+        123.54
+      end
+    end
+
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :price
+    topic = Topic.new(price: klass.new)
+
+    assert_predicate topic, :valid?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_invalid_args
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: "foo" }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: "foo" }
@@ -289,8 +302,14 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, equal_to: "foo" }
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_validates_numericality_equality_for_float_and_big_decimal
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, equal_to: BigDecimal("65.6")
 
+    invalid!([Float("65.5"), BigDecimal("65.7")], "must be equal to 65.6")
+    valid!([Float("65.6"), BigDecimal("65.6")])
+  end
+
+  private
     def invalid!(values, error = nil)
       with_each_topic_approved_value(values) do |topic, value|
         assert topic.invalid?, "#{value.inspect} not rejected as a number"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
index 024eb1882f..3d2dea9828 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   class ValidatorThatAddsErrors < ActiveModel::Validator
     def validate(record)
-      record.errors[:base] << ERROR_MESSAGE
+      record.errors.add(:base, ERROR_MESSAGE)
     end
   end
 
   class AnotherValidatorThatAddsErrors < ActiveModel::Validator
     def validate(record)
-      record.errors[:base] << ANOTHER_ERROR_MESSAGE
+      record.errors.add(:base, ANOTHER_ERROR_MESSAGE)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
index 8239792c79..e6ae6603f2 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   class ValidatorThatAddsErrors < ActiveModel::Validator
     def validate(record)
-      record.errors[:base] << ERROR_MESSAGE
+      record.errors.add(:base, message: ERROR_MESSAGE)
     end
   end
 
   class OtherValidatorThatAddsErrors < ActiveModel::Validator
     def validate(record)
-      record.errors[:base] << OTHER_ERROR_MESSAGE
+      record.errors.add(:base, message: OTHER_ERROR_MESSAGE)
     end
   end
 
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   class ValidatorThatValidatesOptions < ActiveModel::Validator
     def validate(record)
       if options[:field] == :first_name
-        record.errors[:base] << ERROR_MESSAGE
+        record.errors.add(:base, message: ERROR_MESSAGE)
       end
     end
   end
 
   class ValidatorPerEachAttribute < ActiveModel::EachValidator
     def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-      record.errors[attribute] << "Value is #{value}"
+      record.errors.add(attribute, message: "Value is #{value}")
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 7776233db5..0b9e1b7005 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     r = Reply.new
     r.valid?
 
-    errors = r.errors.collect { |attr, messages| [attr.to_s, messages] }
+    errors = assert_deprecated { r.errors.collect { |attr, messages| [attr.to_s, messages] } }
 
     assert_includes errors, ["title", "is Empty"]
     assert_includes errors, ["content", "is Empty"]
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_errors_on_nested_attributes_expands_name
     t = Topic.new
-    t.errors["replies.name"] << "can't be blank"
+    assert_deprecated { t.errors["replies.name"] << "can't be blank" }
     assert_equal ["Replies name can't be blank"], t.errors.full_messages
   end
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     t = Topic.new
     assert_predicate t, :invalid?
 
-    xml = t.errors.to_xml
+    xml = assert_deprecated { t.errors.to_xml }
     assert_match %r{<errors>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<error>Title can't be blank</error>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<error>Content can't be blank</error>}, xml
@@ -241,14 +241,14 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     t = Topic.new title: ""
     assert_predicate t, :invalid?
 
-    assert_equal :title, key = t.errors.keys[0]
+    assert_equal :title, key = assert_deprecated { t.errors.keys[0] }
     assert_equal "can't be blank", t.errors[key][0]
     assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 2 characters)", t.errors[key][1]
-    assert_equal :author_name, key = t.errors.keys[1]
+    assert_equal :author_name, key = assert_deprecated { t.errors.keys[1] }
     assert_equal "can't be blank", t.errors[key][0]
-    assert_equal :author_email_address, key = t.errors.keys[2]
+    assert_equal :author_email_address, key = assert_deprecated { t.errors.keys[2] }
     assert_equal "will never be valid", t.errors[key][0]
-    assert_equal :content, key = t.errors.keys[3]
+    assert_equal :content, key = assert_deprecated { t.errors.keys[3] }
     assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 2 characters)", t.errors[key][0]
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/person_with_validator.rb b/activemodel/test/models/person_with_validator.rb
index 44e78cbc29..fbb28d2a0f 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/person_with_validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/person_with_validator.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class PersonWithValidator
 
   class PresenceValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
     def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-      record.errors[attribute] << "Local validator#{options[:custom]}" if value.blank?
+      record.errors.add(attribute, message: "Local validator#{options[:custom]}") if value.blank?
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb b/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
index 6bb18f95fe..f340b6fb14 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
@@ -11,24 +11,24 @@ class Reply < Topic
   validate :check_wrong_update,     on: :update
 
   def check_empty_title
-    errors[:title] << "is Empty" unless title && title.size > 0
+    errors.add(:title, "is Empty") unless title && title.size > 0
   end
 
   def errors_on_empty_content
-    errors[:content] << "is Empty" unless content && content.size > 0
+    errors.add(:content, "is Empty") unless content && content.size > 0
   end
 
   def check_content_mismatch
     if title && content && content == "Mismatch"
-      errors[:title] << "is Content Mismatch"
+      errors.add(:title, "is Content Mismatch")
     end
   end
 
   def title_is_wrong_create
-    errors[:title] << "is Wrong Create" if title && title == "Wrong Create"
+    errors.add(:title, "is Wrong Create") if title && title == "Wrong Create"
   end
 
   def check_wrong_update
-    errors[:title] << "is Wrong Update" if title && title == "Wrong Update"
+    errors.add(:title, "is Wrong Update") if title && title == "Wrong Update"
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
index bb1b187694..fc4a9e4334 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
@@ -10,4 +10,11 @@ class User
   has_secure_password :recovery_password, validations: false
 
   attr_accessor :password_digest, :recovery_password_digest
+  attr_accessor :password_called
+
+  def password=(unencrypted_password)
+    self.password_called ||= 0
+    self.password_called += 1
+    super
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/validators/email_validator.rb b/activemodel/test/validators/email_validator.rb
index 0c634d8659..774a10b2ba 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/validators/email_validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/validators/email_validator.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
 class EmailValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
   def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-    record.errors[attribute] << (options[:message] || "is not an email") unless
-      /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\z/i.match?(value)
+    unless /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\z/i.match?(value)
+      record.errors.add(attribute, message: options[:message] || "is not an email")
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
index 2a237f86cf..727ddd6bb7 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,371 +1,52 @@
-*   Add an `:if_not_exists` option to `create_table`.
+*   Make currency symbols optional for money column type in PostgreSQL
 
-    Example:
+    *Joel Schneider*
 
-        create_table :posts, if_not_exists: true do |t|
-          t.string :title
-        end
+*   Add support for beginless ranges, introduced in Ruby 2.7.
 
-    That would execute:
+    *Josh Goodall*
 
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS posts (
-          ...
-        )
+*   Add database_exists? method to connection adapters to check if a database exists.
 
-    If the table already exists, `if_not_exists: false` (the default) raises an
-    exception whereas `if_not_exists: true` does nothing.
+    *Guilherme Mansur*
 
-    *fatkodima*, *Stefan Kanev*
+*   Loading the schema for a model that has no `table_name` raises a `TableNotSpecified` error.
 
-*   Defining an Enum as a Hash with blank key, or as an Array with a blank value, now raises an `ArgumentError`.
+    *Guilherme Mansur*, *Eugene Kenny*
 
-    *Christophe Maximin*
+*   PostgreSQL: Fix GROUP BY with ORDER BY virtual count attribute.
 
-*   Adds support for multiple databases to `rails db:schema:cache:dump` and `rails db:schema:cache:clear`.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
-
-*   `update_columns` now correctly raises `ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError`
-    if the attribute does not exist.
-
-    *Sean Griffin*
-
-*   Add support for hash and url configs in database hash of `ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to`.
-
-    ````
-    User.connected_to(database: { writing: "postgres://foo" }) do
-      User.create!(name: "Gannon")
-    end
-
-    config = { "adapter" => "sqlite3", "database" => "db/readonly.sqlite3" }
-    User.connected_to(database: { reading: config }) do
-      User.count
-    end
-    ````
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
-
-*   Support default expression for MySQL.
-
-    MySQL 8.0.13 and higher supports default value to be a function or expression.
-
-    https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Support expression indexes for MySQL.
-
-    MySQL 8.0.13 and higher supports functional key parts that index
-    expression values rather than column or column prefix values.
-
-    https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-index.html
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix collection cache key with limit and custom select to avoid ambiguous timestamp column error.
-
-    Fixes #33056.
-
-    *Federico Martinez*
-
-*   Add basic API for connection switching to support multiple databases.
-
-    1) Adds a `connects_to` method for models to connect to multiple databases. Example:
-
-    ```
-    class AnimalsModel < ApplicationRecord
-      self.abstract_class = true
-
-      connects_to database: { writing: :animals_primary, reading: :animals_replica }
-    end
-
-    class Dog < AnimalsModel
-      # connected to both the animals_primary db for writing and the animals_replica for reading
-    end
-    ```
-
-    2) Adds a `connected_to` block method for switching connection roles or connecting to
-    a database that the model didn't connect to. Connecting to the database in this block is
-    useful when you have another defined connection, for example `slow_replica` that you don't
-    want to connect to by default but need in the console, or a specific code block.
-
-    ```
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
-      Dog.first # finds dog from replica connected to AnimalsBase
-      Book.first # doesn't have a reading connection, will raise an error
-    end
-    ```
-
-    ```
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: :slow_replica) do
-      SlowReplicaModel.first # if the db config has a slow_replica configuration this will be used to do the lookup, otherwise this will throw an exception
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Enum raises on invalid definition values
-
-    When defining a Hash enum it can be easy to use [] instead of {}. This
-    commit checks that only valid definition values are provided, those can
-    be a Hash, an array of Symbols or an array of Strings. Otherwise it
-    raises an ArgumentError.
-
-    Fixes #33961
-
-    *Alberto Almagro*
-
-*   Reloading associations now clears the Query Cache like `Persistence#reload` does.
-
-    ```
-    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      has_one :category
-      belongs_to :author
-      has_many :comments
-    end
-
-    # Each of the following will now clear the query cache.
-    post.reload_category
-    post.reload_author
-    post.comments.reload
-    ```
-
-    *Christophe Maximin*
-
-*   Added `index` option for `change_table` migration helpers.
-    With this change you can create indexes while adding new
-    columns into the existing tables.
-
-    Example:
-
-        change_table(:languages) do |t|
-          t.string :country_code, index: true
-        end
-
-    *Mehmet Emin İNAÇ*
-
-*   Fix `transaction` reverting for migrations.
-
-    Before: Commands inside a `transaction` in a reverted migration ran uninverted.
-    Now: This change fixes that by reverting commands inside `transaction` block.
-
-    *fatkodima*, *David Verhasselt*
-
-*   Raise an error instead of scanning the filesystem root when `fixture_path` is blank.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*, *Max Albrecht*
-
-*   Allow `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations=` to be set with a symbolized hash.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
-
-*   Don't update counter cache unless the record is actually saved.
-
-    Fixes #31493, #33113, #33117.
+    Fixes #36022.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Deprecate `ActiveRecord::Result#to_hash` in favor of `ActiveRecord::Result#to_a`.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*, *Kevin Cheng*
-
-*   SQLite3 adapter supports expression indexes.
-
-    ```
-    create_table :users do |t|
-      t.string :email
-    end
-
-    add_index :users, 'lower(email)', name: 'index_users_on_email', unique: true
-    ```
-
-    *Gray Kemmey*
-
-*   Allow subclasses to redefine autosave callbacks for associated records.
-
-    Fixes #33305.
-
-    *Andrey Subbota*
-
-*   Bump minimum MySQL version to 5.5.8.
-
-    *Yasuo Honda*
-
-*   Use MySQL utf8mb4 character set by default.
-
-    `utf8mb4` character set with 4-Byte encoding supports supplementary characters including emoji.
-    The previous default 3-Byte encoding character set `utf8` is not enough to support them.
-
-    *Yasuo Honda*
-
-*   Fix duplicated record creation when using nested attributes with `create_with`.
-
-    *Darwin Wu*
-
-*   Configuration item `config.filter_parameters` could also filter out
-    sensitive values of database columns when call `#inspect`.
-    We also added `ActiveRecord::Base::filter_attributes`/`=` in order to
-    specify sensitive attributes to specific model.
-
-    ```
-    Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:credit_card_number, /phone/]
-    Account.last.inspect # => #<Account id: 123, name: "DHH", credit_card_number: [FILTERED], telephone_number: [FILTERED] ...>
-    SecureAccount.filter_attributes += [:name]
-    SecureAccount.last.inspect # => #<SecureAccount id: 42, name: [FILTERED], credit_card_number: [FILTERED] ...>
-    ```
-
-    *Zhang Kang*, *Yoshiyuki Kinjo*
-
-*   Deprecate `column_name_length`, `table_name_length`, `columns_per_table`,
-    `indexes_per_table`, `columns_per_multicolumn_index`, `sql_query_length`,
-    and `joins_per_query` methods in `DatabaseLimits`.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` now returns an object.
-
-    `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` used to return a hash, but this
-    is an inflexible data model. In order to improve multiple-database
-    handling in Rails, we've changed this to return an object. Some methods
-    are provided to make the object behave hash-like in order to ease the
-    transition process. Since most applications don't manipulate the hash
-    we've decided to add backwards-compatible functionality that will throw
-    a deprecation warning if used, however calling `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations`
-    will use the new version internally and externally.
-
-    For example, the following `database.yml`:
-
-    ```
-    development:
-      adapter: sqlite3
-      database: db/development.sqlite3
-    ```
-
-    Used to become a hash:
-
-    ```
-    { "development" => { "adapter" => "sqlite3", "database" => "db/development.sqlite3" } }
-    ```
-
-    Is now converted into the following object:
-
-    ```
-    #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations:0x00007fd1acbdf800 @configurations=[
-      #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10 @env_name="development",
-        @spec_name="primary", @config={"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"db/development.sqlite3"}>
-      ]
-    ```
-
-    Iterating over the database configurations has also changed. Instead of
-    calling hash methods on the `configurations` hash directly, a new method `configs_for` has
-    been provided that allows you to select the correct configuration. `env_name`, and
-    `spec_name` arguments are optional. For example these return an array of
-    database config objects for the requested environment and a single database config object
-    will be returned for the requested environment and specification name respectively.
-
-    ```
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "development")
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "development", spec_name: "primary")
-    ```
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
-
-*   Add database configuration to disable advisory locks.
-
-    ```
-    production:
-      adapter: postgresql
-      advisory_locks: false
-    ```
-
-    *Guo Xiang*
-
-*   SQLite3 adapter `alter_table` method restores foreign keys.
-
-    *Yasuo Honda*
-
-*   Allow `:to_table` option to `invert_remove_foreign_key`.
-
-    Example:
-
-       remove_foreign_key :accounts, to_table: :owners
-
-    *Nikolay Epifanov*, *Rich Chen*
-
-*   Add environment & load_config dependency to `bin/rake db:seed` to enable
-    seed load in environments without Rails and custom DB configuration
-
-    *Tobias Bielohlawek*
-
-*   Fix default value for mysql time types with specified precision.
-
-    *Nikolay Kondratyev*
-
-*   Fix `touch` option to behave consistently with `Persistence#touch` method.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Migrations raise when duplicate column definition.
-
-    Fixes #33024.
-
-    *Federico Martinez*
-
-*   Bump minimum SQLite version to 3.8
-
-    *Yasuo Honda*
-
-*   Fix parent record should not get saved with duplicate children records.
-
-    Fixes #32940.
-
-    *Santosh Wadghule*
-
-*   Fix logic on disabling commit callbacks so they are not called unexpectedly when errors occur.
-
-    *Brian Durand*
-
-*   Ensure `Associations::CollectionAssociation#size` and `Associations::CollectionAssociation#empty?`
-    use loaded association ids if present.
-
-    *Graham Turner*
-
-*   Add support to preload associations of polymorphic associations when not all the records have the requested associations.
-
-    *Dana Sherson*
-
-*   Add `touch_all` method to `ActiveRecord::Relation`.
-
-    Example:
-
-        Person.where(name: "David").touch_all(time: Time.new(2020, 5, 16, 0, 0, 0))
+*   Make ActiveRecord `ConnectionPool.connections` method thread-safe.
 
-    *fatkodima*, *duggiefresh*
+    Fixes #36465.
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.base_class?` predicate.
+    *Jeff Doering*
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Add support for multiple databases to `rails db:abort_if_pending_migrations`.
 
-*   Add custom prefix/suffix options to `ActiveRecord::Store.store_accessor`.
+    *Mark Lee*
 
-    *Tan Huynh*, *Yukio Mizuta*
+*   Fix sqlite3 collation parsing when using decimal columns.
 
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
+    *Martin R. Schuster*
 
-    *Jeremy Daer*
+*   Fix invalid schema when primary key column has a comment.
 
-*   Deprecate `update_attributes`/`!` in favor of `update`/`!`.
+    Fixes #29966.
 
-    *Eddie Lebow*
+    *Guilherme Goettems Schneider*
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.create_or_find_by`/`!` to deal with the SELECT/INSERT race condition in
-    `ActiveRecord::Base.find_or_create_by`/`!` by leaning on unique constraints in the database.
+*   Fix table comment also being applied to the primary key column.
 
-    *DHH*
+    *Guilherme Goettems Schneider*
 
-*   Add `Relation#pick` as short-hand for single-value plucks.
+*   Allow generated `create_table` migrations to include or skip timestamps.
 
-    *DHH*
+    *Michael Duchemin*
 
 
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE b/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
index 04ba107c48..79e52c53af 100644
--- a/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Arel originally copyright (c) 2007-2016 Nick Kallen, Bryan Helmkamp, Emilio Tagua, Aaron Patterson
 
diff --git a/activerecord/README.rdoc b/activerecord/README.rdoc
index 19650b82ae..be573af4ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/README.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/README.rdoc
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ columns. Although these mappings can be defined explicitly, it's recommended
 to follow naming conventions, especially when getting started with the
 library.
 
+You can read more about Active Record in the {Active Record Basics}[https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_basics.html] guide.
+
 A short rundown of some of the major features:
 
 * Automated mapping between classes and tables, attributes and columns.
@@ -206,7 +208,7 @@ Active Record is released under the MIT license:
 
 API documentation is at:
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index 60561e2c0f..37473c37c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 == Setup
 
 If you don't have an environment for running tests, read
-http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#setting-up-a-development-environment
+https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#setting-up-a-development-environment
 
 == Running the Tests
 
diff --git a/activerecord/Rakefile b/activerecord/Rakefile
index fae56a51bb..f259ae7e12 100644
--- a/activerecord/Rakefile
+++ b/activerecord/Rakefile
@@ -9,11 +9,9 @@ def run_without_aborting(*tasks)
   errors = []
 
   tasks.each do |task|
-    begin
-      Rake::Task[task].invoke
-    rescue Exception
-      errors << task
-    end
+    Rake::Task[task].invoke
+  rescue Exception
+    errors << task
   end
 
   abort "Errors running #{errors.join(', ')}" if errors.any?
@@ -67,11 +65,90 @@ end
       task adapter => "#{adapter}:env" do
         adapter_short = adapter == "db2" ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
         puts [adapter, adapter_short].inspect
-        (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
+
+        dash_i = [
+          "test",
+          "lib",
+          "../activesupport/lib",
+          "../activemodel/lib"
+        ].map { |dir| File.expand_path(dir, __dir__) }
+
+        dash_i.reverse_each do |x|
+          $:.unshift(x) unless $:.include?(x)
+        end
+        $-w = true
+
+        require "bundler/setup" unless defined?(Bundler)
+
+        # Every test file loads "cases/helper" first, so doing it
+        # post-fork gains us nothing.
+
+        # We need to dance around minitest autorun, though.
+        require "minitest"
+        Minitest.instance_eval do
+          alias _original_autorun autorun
+          def autorun
+            # no-op
+          end
+          require "cases/helper"
+          alias autorun _original_autorun
+        end
+
+        failing_files = []
+
+        test_options = ENV["TESTOPTS"].to_s.split(/[\s]+/)
+
+        test_files = (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
           |x| x.include?("/adapters/")
-        } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).all? do |file|
-          sh(Gem.ruby, "-w", "-Itest", file)
-        end || raise("Failures")
+        } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).sort
+
+        if ENV["BUILDKITE_PARALLEL_JOB_COUNT"]
+          n = ENV["BUILDKITE_PARALLEL_JOB"].to_i
+          m = ENV["BUILDKITE_PARALLEL_JOB_COUNT"].to_i
+
+          test_files = test_files.each_slice(m).map { |slice| slice[n] }.compact
+        end
+
+        test_files.each do |file|
+          puts "--- #{file}"
+          fake_command = Shellwords.join([
+            FileUtils::RUBY,
+            "-w",
+            *dash_i.map { |dir| "-I#{Pathname.new(dir).relative_path_from(Pathname.pwd)}" },
+            file,
+          ])
+          puts fake_command
+
+          # We could run these in parallel, but pretty much all of the
+          # railties tests already run in parallel, so ¯\_(⊙︿⊙)_/¯
+          Process.waitpid fork {
+            ARGV.clear.concat test_options
+            Rake.application = nil
+
+            Minitest.autorun
+
+            load file
+          }
+
+          unless $?.success?
+            failing_files << file
+            puts "^^^ +++"
+          end
+          puts
+        end
+
+        puts "--- All tests completed"
+        unless failing_files.empty?
+          puts "^^^ +++"
+          puts
+          puts "Failed in:"
+          failing_files.each do |file|
+            puts "  #{file}"
+          end
+          puts
+
+          exit 1
+        end
       end
     end
   end
@@ -91,18 +168,23 @@ end
 
 namespace :db do
   namespace :mysql do
+    connection_arguments = lambda do |connection_name|
+      config = ARTest.config["connections"]["mysql2"][connection_name]
+      ["--user=#{config["username"]}", "--password=#{config["password"]}", ("--host=#{config["host"]}" if config["host"])].join(" ")
+    end
+
     desc "Build the MySQL test databases"
     task :build do
       config = ARTest.config["connections"]["mysql2"]
-      %x( mysql --user=#{config["arunit"]["username"]} --password=#{config["arunit"]["password"]} -e "create DATABASE #{config["arunit"]["database"]} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" )
-      %x( mysql --user=#{config["arunit2"]["username"]} --password=#{config["arunit2"]["password"]} -e "create DATABASE #{config["arunit2"]["database"]} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" )
+      %x( mysql #{connection_arguments["arunit"]} -e "create DATABASE #{config["arunit"]["database"]} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" )
+      %x( mysql #{connection_arguments["arunit2"]} -e "create DATABASE #{config["arunit2"]["database"]} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" )
     end
 
     desc "Drop the MySQL test databases"
     task :drop do
       config = ARTest.config["connections"]["mysql2"]
-      %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config["arunit"]["username"]} --password=#{config["arunit"]["password"]} -f drop #{config["arunit"]["database"]} )
-      %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config["arunit2"]["username"]} --password=#{config["arunit2"]["password"]} -f drop #{config["arunit2"]["database"]} )
+      %x( mysqladmin #{connection_arguments["arunit"]} -f drop #{config["arunit"]["database"]} )
+      %x( mysqladmin #{connection_arguments["arunit2"]} -f drop #{config["arunit2"]["database"]} )
     end
 
     desc "Rebuild the MySQL test databases"
diff --git a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
index bcdd82052c..f73233c38b 100644
--- a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
+++ b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "Object-relational mapper framework (part of Rails)."
   s.description = "Databases on Rails. Build a persistent domain model by mapping database tables to Ruby classes. Strong conventions for associations, validations, aggregations, migrations, and testing come baked-in."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.rdoc", "examples/**/*", "lib/**/*"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index d43378c64f..fd8d2edf28 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   autoload :Persistence
   autoload :QueryCache
   autoload :Querying
-  autoload :CollectionCacheKey
   autoload :ReadonlyAttributes
   autoload :RecordInvalid, "active_record/validations"
   autoload :Reflection
@@ -74,6 +73,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   autoload :Translation
   autoload :Validations
   autoload :SecureToken
+  autoload :DatabaseSelector, "active_record/middleware/database_selector"
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :ActiveRecordError, "active_record/errors"
@@ -153,6 +153,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  module Middleware
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :DatabaseSelector, "active_record/middleware/database_selector"
+  end
+
   module Tasks
     extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
index 3250e29b82..aa08124158 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def clear_aggregation_cache
         @aggregation_cache.clear if persisted?
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
index 4c538ef2bd..de9892e48d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def exec_queries
         super do |record|
           @association.set_inverse_instance_from_queries(record)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index fb1df00dc8..64c20adc87 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -703,8 +703,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # #belongs_to associations.
       #
       # Extra options on the associations, as defined in the
-      # <tt>AssociationReflection::INVALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_OPTIONS</tt> constant, will
-      # also prevent the association's inverse from being found automatically.
+      # <tt>AssociationReflection::INVALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_OPTIONS</tt>
+      # constant, or a custom scope, will also prevent the association's inverse
+      # from being found automatically.
       #
       # The automatic guessing of the inverse association uses a heuristic based
       # on the name of the class, so it may not work for all associations,
@@ -1293,7 +1294,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #
         #   * <tt>:destroy</tt> causes all the associated objects to also be destroyed.
         #   * <tt>:delete_all</tt> causes all the associated objects to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not be executed).
-        #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign keys to be set to +NULL+. Callbacks are not executed.
+        #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign keys to be set to +NULL+. Polymorphic type will also be nullified
+        #     on polymorphic associations. Callbacks are not executed.
         #   * <tt>:restrict_with_exception</tt> causes an <tt>ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError</tt> exception to be raised if there are any associated records.
         #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects.
         #
@@ -1436,7 +1438,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #
         #   * <tt>:destroy</tt> causes the associated object to also be destroyed
         #   * <tt>:delete</tt> causes the associated object to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not execute)
-        #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign key to be set to +NULL+. Callbacks are not executed.
+        #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign key to be set to +NULL+. Polymorphic type column is also nullified
+        #     on polymorphic associations. Callbacks are not executed.
         #   * <tt>:restrict_with_exception</tt> causes an <tt>ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError</tt> exception to be raised if there is an associated record
         #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
         #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
index 272eede824..ac90ba0137 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       attr_reader :aliases
 
       private
-
         def truncate(name)
           name.slice(0, @connection.table_alias_length - 2)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
index bf4942aac8..cf22b850b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     CollectionAssociation
     #       HasManyAssociation + ForeignAssociation
     #         HasManyThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation
+    #
+    # Associations in Active Record are middlemen between the object that
+    # holds the association, known as the <tt>owner</tt>, and the associated
+    # result set, known as the <tt>target</tt>. Association metadata is available in
+    # <tt>reflection</tt>, which is an instance of <tt>ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection</tt>.
+    #
+    # For example, given
+    #
+    #   class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :posts
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   blog = Blog.first
+    #
+    # The association of <tt>blog.posts</tt> has the object +blog+ as its
+    # <tt>owner</tt>, the collection of its posts as <tt>target</tt>, and
+    # the <tt>reflection</tt> object represents a <tt>:has_many</tt> macro.
     class Association #:nodoc:
       attr_reader :owner, :target, :reflection
 
@@ -179,6 +196,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+        def find_target
+          scope = self.scope
+          return scope.to_a if skip_statement_cache?(scope)
+
+          conn = klass.connection
+          sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do |params|
+            as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
+            target_scope.merge!(as.scope(self))
+          end
+
+          binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
+          sc.execute(binds, conn) { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) } || []
+        end
+
         # The scope for this association.
         #
         # Note that the association_scope is merged into the target_scope only when the
@@ -194,7 +225,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Can be overridden (i.e. in ThroughAssociation) to merge in other scopes (i.e. the
         # through association's scope)
         def target_scope
-          AssociationRelation.create(klass, self).merge!(klass.all)
+          AssociationRelation.create(klass, self).merge!(klass.scope_for_association)
         end
 
         def scope_for_create
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
index 0a90a6104a..9e38380611 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         chain = get_chain(reflection, association, scope.alias_tracker)
 
         scope.extending! reflection.extensions
-        add_constraints(scope, owner, chain)
+        scope = add_constraints(scope, owner, chain)
+        scope.limit!(1) unless reflection.collection?
+        scope
       end
 
       def self.get_bind_values(owner, chain)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
index 7c69cd65ee..0c61094d6c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
@@ -27,40 +27,32 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
                              "Please choose a different association name."
       end
 
-      extension = define_extensions model, name, &block
-      reflection = create_reflection model, name, scope, options, extension
+      reflection = create_reflection(model, name, scope, options, &block)
       define_accessors model, reflection
       define_callbacks model, reflection
       define_validations model, reflection
       reflection
     end
 
-    def self.create_reflection(model, name, scope, options, extension = nil)
+    def self.create_reflection(model, name, scope, options, &block)
       raise ArgumentError, "association names must be a Symbol" unless name.kind_of?(Symbol)
 
       validate_options(options)
 
-      scope = build_scope(scope, extension)
+      extension = define_extensions(model, name, &block)
+      options[:extend] = [*options[:extend], extension] if extension
+
+      scope = build_scope(scope)
 
       ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(macro, name, scope, options, model)
     end
 
-    def self.build_scope(scope, extension)
-      new_scope = scope
-
+    def self.build_scope(scope)
       if scope && scope.arity == 0
-        new_scope = proc { instance_exec(&scope) }
-      end
-
-      if extension
-        new_scope = wrap_scope new_scope, extension
+        proc { instance_exec(&scope) }
+      else
+        scope
       end
-
-      new_scope
-    end
-
-    def self.wrap_scope(scope, extension)
-      scope
     end
 
     def self.macro
@@ -136,5 +128,9 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
       name = reflection.name
       model.before_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(name).handle_dependency }
     end
+
+    private_class_method :build_scope, :macro, :valid_options, :validate_options, :define_extensions,
+      :define_callbacks, :define_accessors, :define_readers, :define_writers, :define_validations,
+      :valid_dependent_options, :check_dependent_options, :add_destroy_callbacks
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
index fc00f1e900..321ccba918 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
 
     def self.add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)
       foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-      n           = reflection.name
+      name        = reflection.name
       touch       = reflection.options[:touch]
 
       callback = lambda { |changes_method| lambda { |record|
-        BelongsTo.touch_record(record, record.send(changes_method), foreign_key, n, touch, belongs_to_touch_method)
+        BelongsTo.touch_record(record, record.send(changes_method), foreign_key, name, touch, belongs_to_touch_method)
       }}
 
       if reflection.counter_cache_column
@@ -123,5 +123,8 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
         model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
       end
     end
+
+    private_class_method :macro, :valid_options, :valid_dependent_options, :define_callbacks, :define_validations,
+      :add_counter_cache_callbacks, :add_touch_callbacks, :add_default_callbacks, :add_destroy_callbacks
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
index ff57c40121..e78d25441b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
       }
     end
 
-    def self.define_extensions(model, name)
+    def self.define_extensions(model, name, &block)
       if block_given?
-        extension_module_name = "#{model.name.demodulize}#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
-        extension = Module.new(&Proc.new)
-        model.module_parent.const_set(extension_module_name, extension)
+        extension_module_name = "#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
+        extension = Module.new(&block)
+        model.const_set(extension_module_name, extension)
       end
     end
 
@@ -67,16 +67,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
       CODE
     end
 
-    def self.wrap_scope(scope, mod)
-      if scope
-        if scope.arity > 0
-          proc { |owner| instance_exec(owner, &scope).extending(mod) }
-        else
-          proc { instance_exec(&scope).extending(mod) }
-        end
-      else
-        proc { extending(mod) }
-      end
-    end
+    private_class_method :valid_options, :define_callback, :define_extensions, :define_readers, :define_writers
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
index 0140aa15c8..6ad4c75fb5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
         end
 
         private
-
           def self.suppress_composite_primary_key(pk)
             pk unless pk.is_a?(Array)
           end
@@ -73,7 +72,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
     end
 
     private
-
       def middle_options(join_model)
         middle_options = {}
         middle_options[:class_name] = "#{lhs_model.name}::#{join_model.name}"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
index 5b9617bc6d..556e2988f5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
@@ -13,5 +13,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
     def self.valid_dependent_options
       [:destroy, :delete_all, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
+
+    private_class_method :macro, :valid_options, :valid_dependent_options
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
index bfb37d6eee..27ebe8cb71 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
     end
 
     def self.valid_options(options)
-      valid = super + [:as]
+      valid = super + [:as, :touch]
       valid += [:through, :source, :source_type] if options[:through]
       valid
     end
@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
       [:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
 
+    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      super
+      add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection) if reflection.options[:touch]
+    end
+
     def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
       super unless reflection.options[:through]
     end
@@ -26,5 +31,34 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
         model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
       end
     end
+
+    def self.touch_record(o, name, touch)
+      record = o.send name
+
+      return unless record && record.persisted?
+
+      if touch != true
+        record.touch(touch)
+      else
+        record.touch
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      name  = reflection.name
+      touch = reflection.options[:touch]
+
+      callback = lambda { |record|
+        HasOne.touch_record(record, name, touch)
+      }
+
+      model.after_create callback, if: :saved_changes?
+      model.after_update callback, if: :saved_changes?
+      model.after_destroy callback
+      model.after_touch callback
+    end
+
+    private_class_method :macro, :valid_options, :valid_dependent_options, :add_destroy_callbacks,
+      :define_callbacks, :define_validations, :add_touch_callbacks
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
index 0a02ef4cc1..0e22563b41 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
@@ -38,5 +38,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
         end
       CODE
     end
+
+    private_class_method :valid_options, :define_accessors, :define_constructors
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
index 840d900bbc..c3d4eab562 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
@@ -109,9 +109,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Add +records+ to this association. Returns +self+ so method calls may
-      # be chained. Since << flattens its argument list and inserts each record,
-      # +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
+      # Add +records+ to this association. Since +<<+ flattens its argument list
+      # and inserts each record, +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
       def concat(*records)
         records = records.flatten
         if owner.new_record?
@@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway it is better to
       # check <tt>collection.length.zero?</tt>.
       def empty?
-        if loaded? || @association_ids
+        if loaded? || @association_ids || reflection.has_cached_counter?
           size.zero?
         else
           target.empty? && !scope.exists?
@@ -303,23 +302,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
-        def find_target
-          scope = self.scope
-          return scope.to_a if skip_statement_cache?(scope)
-
-          conn = klass.connection
-          sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do |params|
-            as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
-            target_scope.merge!(as.scope(self))
-          end
-
-          binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
-          sc.execute(binds, conn) do |record|
-            set_inverse_instance(record)
-          end
-        end
-
         # We have some records loaded from the database (persisted) and some that are
         # in-memory (memory). The same record may be represented in the persisted array
         # and in the memory array.
@@ -364,7 +346,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
               add_to_target(record) do
                 result = insert_record(record, true, raise) {
                   @_was_loaded = loaded?
-                  @association_ids = nil
                 }
               end
               raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless result
@@ -401,6 +382,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           delete_records(existing_records, method) if existing_records.any?
           @target -= records
+          @association_ids = nil
 
           records.each { |record| callback(:after_remove, record) }
         end
@@ -413,9 +395,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def replace_records(new_target, original_target)
-          delete(target - new_target)
+          delete(difference(target, new_target))
 
-          unless concat(new_target - target)
+          unless concat(difference(new_target, target))
             @target = original_target
             raise RecordNotSaved, "Failed to replace #{reflection.name} because one or more of the " \
                                   "new records could not be saved."
@@ -425,7 +407,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def replace_common_records_in_memory(new_target, original_target)
-          common_records = new_target & original_target
+          common_records = intersection(new_target, original_target)
           common_records.each do |record|
             skip_callbacks = true
             replace_on_target(record, @target.index(record), skip_callbacks)
@@ -441,7 +423,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
               unless owner.new_record?
                 result &&= insert_record(record, true, raise) {
                   @_was_loaded = loaded?
-                  @association_ids = nil
                 }
               end
             end
@@ -464,6 +445,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if index
             target[index] = record
           elsif @_was_loaded || !loaded?
+            @association_ids = nil
             target << record
           end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
index 811fbfd927..0db0ad8595 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,8 @@
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
-    # Association proxies in Active Record are middlemen between the object that
-    # holds the association, known as the <tt>@owner</tt>, and the actual associated
-    # object, known as the <tt>@target</tt>. The kind of association any proxy is
-    # about is available in <tt>@reflection</tt>. That's an instance of the class
-    # ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.
+    # Collection proxies in Active Record are middlemen between an
+    # <tt>association</tt>, and its <tt>target</tt> result set.
     #
     # For example, given
     #
@@ -16,14 +13,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   blog = Blog.first
     #
-    # the association proxy in <tt>blog.posts</tt> has the object in +blog+ as
-    # <tt>@owner</tt>, the collection of its posts as <tt>@target</tt>, and
-    # the <tt>@reflection</tt> object represents a <tt>:has_many</tt> macro.
+    # The collection proxy returned by <tt>blog.posts</tt> is built from a
+    # <tt>:has_many</tt> <tt>association</tt>, and delegates to a collection
+    # of posts as the <tt>target</tt>.
     #
-    # This class delegates unknown methods to <tt>@target</tt> via
-    # <tt>method_missing</tt>.
+    # This class delegates unknown methods to the <tt>association</tt>'s
+    # relation class via a delegate cache.
     #
-    # The <tt>@target</tt> object is not \loaded until needed. For example,
+    # The <tt>target</tt> result set is not loaded until needed. For example,
     #
     #   blog.posts.count
     #
@@ -366,34 +363,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.create!(attributes, &block)
       end
 
-      # Add one or more records to the collection by setting their foreign keys
-      # to the association's primary key. Since #<< flattens its argument list and
-      # inserts each record, +push+ and #concat behave identically. Returns +self+
-      # so method calls may be chained.
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :pets
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   person.pets.size # => 0
-      #   person.pets.concat(Pet.new(name: 'Fancy-Fancy'))
-      #   person.pets.concat(Pet.new(name: 'Spook'), Pet.new(name: 'Choo-Choo'))
-      #   person.pets.size # => 3
-      #
-      #   person.id # => 1
-      #   person.pets
-      #   # => [
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
-      #   #    ]
-      #
-      #   person.pets.concat([Pet.new(name: 'Brain'), Pet.new(name: 'Benny')])
-      #   person.pets.size # => 5
-      def concat(*records)
-        @association.concat(*records)
-      end
-
       # Replaces this collection with +other_array+. This will perform a diff
       # and delete/add only records that have changed.
       #
@@ -500,7 +469,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
       #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with 'id': (1, 2, 3)
       def delete_all(dependent = nil)
-        @association.delete_all(dependent)
+        @association.delete_all(dependent).tap { reset_scope }
       end
 
       # Deletes the records of the collection directly from the database
@@ -527,7 +496,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   Pet.find(1) # => Couldn't find Pet with id=1
       def destroy_all
-        @association.destroy_all
+        @association.destroy_all.tap { reset_scope }
       end
 
       # Deletes the +records+ supplied from the collection according to the strategy
@@ -646,7 +615,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
       #   #    ]
       def delete(*records)
-        @association.delete(*records)
+        @association.delete(*records).tap { reset_scope }
       end
 
       # Destroys the +records+ supplied and removes them from the collection.
@@ -718,7 +687,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   Pet.find(4, 5, 6) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with 'id': (4, 5, 6)
       def destroy(*records)
-        @association.destroy(*records)
+        @association.destroy(*records).tap { reset_scope }
       end
 
       ##
@@ -1033,8 +1002,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Adds one or more +records+ to the collection by setting their foreign keys
-      # to the association's primary key. Returns +self+, so several appends may be
-      # chained together.
+      # to the association's primary key. Since <tt><<</tt> flattens its argument list and
+      # inserts each record, +push+ and +concat+ behave identically. Returns +self+
+      # so several appends may be chained together.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -1057,8 +1027,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias_method :push, :<<
       alias_method :append, :<<
+      alias_method :concat, :<<
 
-      def prepend(*args)
+      def prepend(*args) # :nodoc:
         raise NoMethodError, "prepend on association is not defined. Please use <<, push or append"
       end
 
@@ -1130,7 +1101,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       delegate(*delegate_methods, to: :scope)
 
       private
-
         def find_nth_with_limit(index, limit)
           load_target if find_from_target?
           super
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb
index 40010cde03..59af6f54c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb
@@ -9,5 +9,12 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations
         false
       end
     end
+
+    def nullified_owner_attributes
+      Hash.new.tap do |attrs|
+        attrs[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
+        attrs[reflection.type] = nil if reflection.type.present?
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
index cf85a87fa7..dd2ed55279 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
@@ -36,16 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
-      def empty?
-        if reflection.has_cached_counter?
-          size.zero?
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
       private
-
         # Returns the number of records in this collection.
         #
         # If the association has a counter cache it gets that value. Otherwise
@@ -69,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # If there's nothing in the database and @target has no new records
           # we are certain the current target is an empty array. This is a
           # documented side-effect of the method that may avoid an extra SELECT.
-          (@target ||= []) && loaded! if count == 0
+          loaded! if count == 0
 
           [association_scope.limit_value, count].compact.min
         end
@@ -92,13 +83,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if method == :delete_all
             scope.delete_all
           else
-            scope.update_all(reflection.foreign_key => nil)
+            scope.update_all(nullified_owner_attributes)
           end
         end
 
         def delete_or_nullify_all_records(method)
           count = delete_count(method, scope)
           update_counter(-count)
+          count
         end
 
         # Deletes the records according to the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
@@ -130,6 +122,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
           saved_successfully
         end
+
+        def difference(a, b)
+          a - b
+        end
+
+        def intersection(a, b)
+          a & b
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
index f84ac65fa2..0d384950fe 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
@@ -57,21 +57,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @through_records[record.object_id] ||= begin
             ensure_mutable
 
-            through_record = through_association.build(*options_for_through_record)
-            through_record.send("#{source_reflection.name}=", record)
+            attributes = through_scope_attributes
+            attributes[source_reflection.name] = record
+            attributes[source_reflection.foreign_type] = options[:source_type] if options[:source_type]
 
-            if options[:source_type]
-              through_record.send("#{source_reflection.foreign_type}=", options[:source_type])
-            end
-
-            through_record
+            through_association.build(attributes)
           end
         end
 
-        def options_for_through_record
-          [through_scope_attributes]
-        end
-
         def through_scope_attributes
           scope.where_values_hash(through_association.reflection.name.to_s).
             except!(through_association.reflection.foreign_key,
@@ -161,6 +154,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             update_counter(-count)
           end
+
+          count
+        end
+
+        def difference(a, b)
+          distribution = distribution(b)
+
+          a.reject { |record| mark_occurrence(distribution, record) }
+        end
+
+        def intersection(a, b)
+          distribution = distribution(b)
+
+          a.select { |record| mark_occurrence(distribution, record) }
+        end
+
+        def mark_occurrence(distribution, record)
+          distribution[record] > 0 && distribution[record] -= 1
+        end
+
+        def distribution(array)
+          array.each_with_object(Hash.new(0)) do |record, distribution|
+            distribution[record] += 1
+          end
         end
 
         def through_records_for(record)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
index 390bfd8b08..99971286a3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             target.destroy
             throw(:abort) unless target.destroyed?
           when :nullify
-            target.update_columns(reflection.foreign_key => nil) if target.persisted?
+            target.update_columns(nullified_owner_attributes) if target.persisted?
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
index b76005b587..f35a40fb2f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
@@ -64,16 +64,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def initialize(base, table, associations)
+      def initialize(base, table, associations, join_type)
         tree = self.class.make_tree associations
         @join_root = JoinBase.new(base, table, build(tree, base))
+        @join_type = join_type
       end
 
       def reflections
         join_root.drop(1).map!(&:reflection)
       end
 
-      def join_constraints(joins_to_add, join_type, alias_tracker)
+      def join_constraints(joins_to_add, alias_tracker)
         @alias_tracker = alias_tracker
 
         construct_tables!(join_root)
@@ -82,9 +83,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         joins.concat joins_to_add.flat_map { |oj|
           construct_tables!(oj.join_root)
           if join_root.match? oj.join_root
-            walk join_root, oj.join_root
+            walk(join_root, oj.join_root, oj.join_type)
           else
-            make_join_constraints(oj.join_root, join_type)
+            make_join_constraints(oj.join_root, oj.join_type)
           end
         }
       end
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-        attr_reader :join_root
+        attr_reader :join_root, :join_type
 
       private
         attr_reader :alias_tracker
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def make_constraints(parent, child, join_type = Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin)
+        def make_constraints(parent, child, join_type)
           foreign_table = parent.table
           foreign_klass = parent.base_klass
           joins = child.join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, join_type, alias_tracker)
@@ -173,13 +174,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           join ? "#{name}_join" : name
         end
 
-        def walk(left, right)
+        def walk(left, right, join_type)
           intersection, missing = right.children.map { |node1|
             [left.children.find { |node2| node1.match? node2 }, node1]
           }.partition(&:first)
 
-          joins = intersection.flat_map { |l, r| r.table = l.table; walk(l, r) }
-          joins.concat missing.flat_map { |_, n| make_constraints(left, n) }
+          joins = intersection.flat_map { |l, r| r.table = l.table; walk(l, r, join_type) }
+          joins.concat missing.flat_map { |_, n| make_constraints(left, n, join_type) }
         end
 
         def find_reflection(klass, name)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
index 4583d89cba..6a7e92dc28 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part"
+require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
@@ -30,17 +31,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
             table = tables[-i]
             klass = reflection.klass
 
-            constraint = reflection.build_join_constraint(table, foreign_table)
+            join_scope = reflection.join_scope(table, foreign_table, foreign_klass)
 
-            joins << table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
-
-            join_scope = reflection.join_scope(table, foreign_klass)
             arel = join_scope.arel(alias_tracker.aliases)
+            nodes = arel.constraints.first
+
+            others = nodes.children.extract! do |node|
+              Arel.fetch_attribute(node) { |attr| attr.relation.name != table.name }
+            end
+
+            joins << table.create_join(table, table.create_on(nodes), join_type)
 
-            if arel.constraints.any?
+            unless others.empty?
               joins.concat arel.join_sources
-              right = joins.last.right
-              right.expr = right.expr.and(arel.constraints)
+              append_constraints(joins.last, others)
             end
 
             # The current table in this iteration becomes the foreign table in the next
@@ -60,6 +64,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           @readonly = reflection.scope && reflection.scope_for(base_klass.unscoped).readonly_value
         end
+
+        private
+          def append_constraints(join, constraints)
+            if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+              join_string = table.create_and(constraints.unshift(join.left))
+              join.left = Arel.sql(base_klass.connection.visitor.compile(join_string))
+            else
+              join.right.expr.children.concat(constraints)
+            end
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
index 8997579527..d4e8b364e1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         # Loads all the given data into +records+ for the +association+.
         def preloaders_on(association, records, scope, polymorphic_parent = false)
           case association
@@ -143,16 +142,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def preloaders_for_reflection(reflection, records, scope)
           records.group_by { |record| record.association(reflection.name).klass }.map do |rhs_klass, rs|
-            loader = preloader_for(reflection, rs).new(rhs_klass, rs, reflection, scope)
-            loader.run self
-            loader
+            preloader_for(reflection, rs).new(rhs_klass, rs, reflection, scope).run
           end
         end
 
         def grouped_records(association, records, polymorphic_parent)
           h = {}
           records.each do |record|
-            next unless record
             reflection = record.class._reflect_on_association(association)
             next if polymorphic_parent && !reflection || !record.association(association).klass
             (h[reflection] ||= []) << record
@@ -166,10 +162,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
             @reflection = reflection
           end
 
-          def run(preloader); end
+          def run
+            self
+          end
 
           def preloaded_records
-            owners.flat_map { |owner| owner.association(reflection.name).target }
+            @preloaded_records ||= records_by_owner.flat_map(&:last)
+          end
+
+          def records_by_owner
+            @records_by_owner ||= owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner, result|
+              result[owner] = Array(owner.association(reflection.name).target)
+            end
           end
 
           private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
index d6f7359055..4c7b0e6f07 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
@@ -4,29 +4,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class Preloader
       class Association #:nodoc:
-        attr_reader :preloaded_records
-
         def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope)
           @klass         = klass
           @owners        = owners
           @reflection    = reflection
           @preload_scope = preload_scope
           @model         = owners.first && owners.first.class
-          @preloaded_records = []
         end
 
-        def run(preloader)
-          records = load_records do |record|
-            owner = owners_by_key[convert_key(record[association_key_name])]
-            association = owner.association(reflection.name)
-            association.set_inverse_instance(record)
+        def run
+          if !preload_scope || preload_scope.empty_scope?
+            owners.each do |owner|
+              associate_records_to_owner(owner, records_by_owner[owner] || [])
+            end
+          else
+            # Custom preload scope is used and
+            # the association can not be marked as loaded
+            # Loading into a Hash instead
+            records_by_owner
           end
+          self
+        end
 
-          owners.each do |owner|
-            associate_records_to_owner(owner, records[convert_key(owner[owner_key_name])] || [])
+        def records_by_owner
+          # owners can be duplicated when a relation has a collection association join
+          # #compare_by_identity makes such owners different hash keys
+          @records_by_owner ||= preloaded_records.each_with_object({}.compare_by_identity) do |record, result|
+            owners_by_key[convert_key(record[association_key_name])].each do |owner|
+              (result[owner] ||= []) << record
+            end
           end
         end
 
+        def preloaded_records
+          return @preloaded_records if defined?(@preloaded_records)
+          @preloaded_records = owner_keys.empty? ? [] : records_for(owner_keys)
+        end
+
         private
           attr_reader :owners, :reflection, :preload_scope, :model, :klass
 
@@ -42,11 +56,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           def associate_records_to_owner(owner, records)
             association = owner.association(reflection.name)
-            association.loaded!
             if reflection.collection?
-              association.target.concat(records)
+              association.target = records
             else
-              association.target = records.first unless records.empty?
+              association.target = records.first
             end
           end
 
@@ -55,13 +68,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def owners_by_key
-            unless defined?(@owners_by_key)
-              @owners_by_key = owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner, h|
-                key = convert_key(owner[owner_key_name])
-                h[key] = owner if key
-              end
+            @owners_by_key ||= owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner, result|
+              key = convert_key(owner[owner_key_name])
+              (result[key] ||= []) << owner if key
             end
-            @owners_by_key
           end
 
           def key_conversion_required?
@@ -88,23 +98,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
             @model.type_for_attribute(owner_key_name).type
           end
 
-          def load_records(&block)
-            return {} if owner_keys.empty?
-            # Some databases impose a limit on the number of ids in a list (in Oracle it's 1000)
-            # Make several smaller queries if necessary or make one query if the adapter supports it
-            slices = owner_keys.each_slice(klass.connection.in_clause_length || owner_keys.size)
-            @preloaded_records = slices.flat_map do |slice|
-              records_for(slice, &block)
-            end
-            @preloaded_records.group_by do |record|
-              convert_key(record[association_key_name])
+          def records_for(ids)
+            scope.where(association_key_name => ids).load do |record|
+              # Processing only the first owner
+              # because the record is modified but not an owner
+              owner = owners_by_key[convert_key(record[association_key_name])].first
+              association = owner.association(reflection.name)
+              association.set_inverse_instance(record)
             end
           end
 
-          def records_for(ids, &block)
-            scope.where(association_key_name => ids).load(&block)
-          end
-
           def scope
             @scope ||= build_scope
           end
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           def build_scope
             scope = klass.scope_for_association
 
-            if reflection.type
+            if reflection.type && !reflection.through_reflection?
               scope.where!(reflection.type => model.polymorphic_name)
             end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
index a6b7ab80a2..bec1c4c94a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
@@ -4,42 +4,57 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class Preloader
       class ThroughAssociation < Association # :nodoc:
-        def run(preloader)
-          already_loaded     = owners.first.association(through_reflection.name).loaded?
-          through_scope      = through_scope()
-          reflection_scope   = target_reflection_scope
-          through_preloaders = preloader.preload(owners, through_reflection.name, through_scope)
-          middle_records     = through_preloaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records)
-          preloaders         = preloader.preload(middle_records, source_reflection.name, reflection_scope)
-          @preloaded_records = preloaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records)
-
-          owners.each do |owner|
-            through_records = Array(owner.association(through_reflection.name).target)
-            if already_loaded
+        PRELOADER = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new
+
+        def initialize(*)
+          super
+          @already_loaded = owners.first.association(through_reflection.name).loaded?
+        end
+
+        def preloaded_records
+          @preloaded_records ||= source_preloaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records)
+        end
+
+        def records_by_owner
+          return @records_by_owner if defined?(@records_by_owner)
+          source_records_by_owner = source_preloaders.map(&:records_by_owner).reduce(:merge)
+          through_records_by_owner = through_preloaders.map(&:records_by_owner).reduce(:merge)
+
+          @records_by_owner = owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner, result|
+            through_records = through_records_by_owner[owner] || []
+
+            if @already_loaded
               if source_type = reflection.options[:source_type]
                 through_records = through_records.select do |record|
                   record[reflection.foreign_type] == source_type
                 end
               end
-            else
-              owner.association(through_reflection.name).reset if through_scope
-            end
-            result = through_records.flat_map do |record|
-              association = record.association(source_reflection.name)
-              target = association.target
-              association.reset if preload_scope
-              target
             end
-            result.compact!
-            if reflection_scope
-              result.sort_by! { |rhs| preload_index[rhs] } if reflection_scope.order_values.any?
-              result.uniq! if reflection_scope.distinct_value
+
+            records = through_records.flat_map do |record|
+              source_records_by_owner[record]
             end
-            associate_records_to_owner(owner, result)
+
+            records.compact!
+            records.sort_by! { |rhs| preload_index[rhs] } if scope.order_values.any?
+            records.uniq! if scope.distinct_value
+            result[owner] = records
           end
         end
 
         private
+          def source_preloaders
+            @source_preloaders ||= PRELOADER.preload(middle_records, source_reflection.name, scope)
+          end
+
+          def middle_records
+            through_preloaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records)
+          end
+
+          def through_preloaders
+            @through_preloaders ||= PRELOADER.preload(owners, through_reflection.name, through_scope)
+          end
+
           def through_reflection
             reflection.through_reflection
           end
@@ -49,8 +64,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def preload_index
-            @preload_index ||= @preloaded_records.each_with_object({}).with_index do |(id, result), index|
-              result[id] = index
+            @preload_index ||= preloaded_records.each_with_object({}).with_index do |(record, result), index|
+              result[record] = index
             end
           end
 
@@ -58,11 +73,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
             scope = through_reflection.klass.unscoped
             options = reflection.options
 
+            values = reflection_scope.values
+            if annotations = values[:annotate]
+              scope.annotate!(*annotations)
+            end
+
             if options[:source_type]
               scope.where! reflection.foreign_type => options[:source_type]
             elsif !reflection_scope.where_clause.empty?
               scope.where_clause = reflection_scope.where_clause
-              values = reflection_scope.values
 
               if includes = values[:includes]
                 scope.includes!(source_reflection.name => includes)
@@ -89,17 +108,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               end
             end
 
-            scope unless scope.empty_scope?
-          end
-
-          def target_reflection_scope
-            if preload_scope
-              reflection_scope.merge(preload_scope)
-            elsif reflection.scope
-              reflection_scope
-            else
-              nil
-            end
+            scope
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
index 8e50cce102..a92932fa4b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
@@ -36,21 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def find_target
-          scope = self.scope
-          return scope.take if skip_statement_cache?(scope)
-
-          conn = klass.connection
-          sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do |params|
-            as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
-            target_scope.merge!(as.scope(self)).limit(1)
-          end
-
-          binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
-          sc.execute(binds, conn) do |record|
-            set_inverse_instance record
-          end.first
-        rescue ::RangeError
-          nil
+          super.first
         end
 
         def replace(record)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
index b6f0e18764..acb8ba7e5a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
 
     private
-
       def _assign_attributes(attributes)
         multi_parameter_attributes  = {}
         nested_parameter_attributes = {}
@@ -45,16 +44,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
         errors = []
         callstack.each do |name, values_with_empty_parameters|
-          begin
-            if values_with_empty_parameters.each_value.all?(&:nil?)
-              values = nil
-            else
-              values = values_with_empty_parameters
-            end
-            send("#{name}=", values)
-          rescue => ex
-            errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values_with_empty_parameters.values.inspect} to #{name} (#{ex.message})", ex, name)
+          if values_with_empty_parameters.each_value.all?(&:nil?)
+            values = nil
+          else
+            values = values_with_empty_parameters
           end
+          send("#{name}=", values)
+        rescue => ex
+          errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values_with_empty_parameters.values.inspect} to #{name} (#{ex.message})", ex, name)
         end
         unless errors.empty?
           error_descriptions = errors.map(&:message).join(",")
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
index 98b7805c0a..0b66043d2a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def load_schema!
           super
           attribute_types.each do |name, type|
@@ -75,7 +74,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def decorators_for(name, type)
           matching(name, type).map(&:last)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
index fd8c1da842..21f72bb6c7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
-        @generated_attribute_methods = GeneratedAttributeMethods.new
+        @generated_attribute_methods = const_set(:GeneratedAttributeMethods, GeneratedAttributeMethods.new)
+        private_constant :GeneratedAttributeMethods
         @attribute_methods_generated = false
         include @generated_attribute_methods
 
@@ -158,57 +159,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Regexp for column names (with or without a table name prefix). Matches
-      # the following:
-      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-      #   "#{column_name}"
-      COLUMN_NAME = /\A(?:\w+\.)?\w+\z/i
-
-      # Regexp for column names with order (with or without a table name
-      # prefix, with or without various order modifiers). Matches the following:
-      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name} #{direction}"
-      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name} #{direction} NULLS FIRST"
-      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name} NULLS LAST"
-      #   "#{column_name}"
-      #   "#{column_name} #{direction}"
-      #   "#{column_name} #{direction} NULLS FIRST"
-      #   "#{column_name} NULLS LAST"
-      COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER = /
-        \A
-        (?:\w+\.)?
-        \w+
-        (?:\s+asc|\s+desc)?
-        (?:\s+nulls\s+(?:first|last))?
-        \z
-      /ix
-
-      def disallow_raw_sql!(args, permit: COLUMN_NAME) # :nodoc:
-        unexpected = args.reject do |arg|
-          Arel.arel_node?(arg) ||
-            arg.to_s.split(/\s*,\s*/).all? { |part| permit.match?(part) }
-        end
-
-        return if unexpected.none?
-
-        if allow_unsafe_raw_sql == :deprecated
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-            "Dangerous query method (method whose arguments are used as raw " \
-            "SQL) called with non-attribute argument(s): " \
-            "#{unexpected.map(&:inspect).join(", ")}. Non-attribute " \
-            "arguments will be disallowed in Rails 6.0. This method should " \
-            "not be called with user-provided values, such as request " \
-            "parameters or model attributes. Known-safe values can be passed " \
-            "by wrapping them in Arel.sql()."
-          )
-        else
-          raise(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeReference,
-            "Query method called with non-attribute argument(s): " +
-            unexpected.map(&:inspect).join(", ")
-          )
-        end
-      end
-
       # Returns true if the given attribute exists, otherwise false.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -436,7 +386,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def attributes_for_update(attribute_names)
         attribute_names &= self.class.column_names
         attribute_names.delete_if do |name|
-          readonly_attribute?(name)
+          self.class.readonly_attribute?(name)
         end
       end
 
@@ -459,12 +409,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def readonly_attribute?(name)
-        self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)
-      end
-
       def pk_attribute?(name)
-        name == self.class.primary_key
+        name == @primary_key
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
index 5941f51a1a..4a7b6c60e5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('completed_on') # => "2012-10-21"
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:completed_on)  # => "2012-10-21"
       def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
+        sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
         @attributes[attr_name.to_s].value_before_type_cast
       end
 
@@ -60,17 +61,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.attributes_before_type_cast
       #   # => {"id"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "is_done"=>true, "completed_on"=>"2012-10-21", "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
       def attributes_before_type_cast
+        sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
         @attributes.values_before_type_cast
       end
 
       private
-
-        # Handle *_before_type_cast for method_missing.
+        # Dispatch target for <tt>*_before_type_cast</tt> attribute methods.
         def attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
           read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
         end
 
         def attribute_came_from_user?(attribute_name)
+          sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
           @attributes[attribute_name].came_from_user?
         end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
index ebc2252c50..45341765c1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # <tt>reload</tt> the record and clears changed attributes.
       def reload(*)
         super.tap do
-          @previously_changed = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
           @mutations_before_last_save = nil
-          @attributes_changed_by_setter = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
           @mutations_from_database = nil
         end
       end
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # +to+ When passed, this method will return false unless the value was
       # changed to the given value
       def saved_change_to_attribute?(attr_name, **options)
-        mutations_before_last_save.changed?(attr_name, **options)
+        mutations_before_last_save.changed?(attr_name.to_s, options)
       end
 
       # Returns the change to an attribute during the last save. If the
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # invoked as +saved_change_to_name+ instead of
       # <tt>saved_change_to_attribute("name")</tt>.
       def saved_change_to_attribute(attr_name)
-        mutations_before_last_save.change_to_attribute(attr_name)
+        mutations_before_last_save.change_to_attribute(attr_name.to_s)
       end
 
       # Returns the original value of an attribute before the last save.
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # invoked as +name_before_last_save+ instead of
       # <tt>attribute_before_last_save("name")</tt>.
       def attribute_before_last_save(attr_name)
-        mutations_before_last_save.original_value(attr_name)
+        mutations_before_last_save.original_value(attr_name.to_s)
       end
 
       # Did the last call to +save+ have any changes to change?
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # +to+ When passed, this method will return false unless the value will be
       # changed to the given value
       def will_save_change_to_attribute?(attr_name, **options)
-        mutations_from_database.changed?(attr_name, **options)
+        mutations_from_database.changed?(attr_name.to_s, options)
       end
 
       # Returns the change to an attribute that will be persisted during the
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # If the attribute will change, the result will be an array containing the
       # original value and the new value about to be saved.
       def attribute_change_to_be_saved(attr_name)
-        mutations_from_database.change_to_attribute(attr_name)
+        mutations_from_database.change_to_attribute(attr_name.to_s)
       end
 
       # Returns the value of an attribute in the database, as opposed to the
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # saved. It can be invoked as +name_in_database+ instead of
       # <tt>attribute_in_database("name")</tt>.
       def attribute_in_database(attr_name)
-        mutations_from_database.original_value(attr_name)
+        mutations_from_database.original_value(attr_name.to_s)
       end
 
       # Will the next call to +save+ have any changes to persist?
@@ -158,12 +156,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-        def write_attribute_without_type_cast(attr_name, _)
+        def mutations_from_database
+          sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
+          super
+        end
+
+        def mutations_before_last_save
+          sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
+          super
+        end
+
+        def write_attribute_without_type_cast(attr_name, value)
           result = super
           clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
           result
         end
 
+        def _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
+          @_touch_attr_names = Set.new(attribute_names)
+
+          affected_rows = super
+
+          if @_skip_dirty_tracking ||= false
+            clear_attribute_changes(@_touch_attr_names)
+            return affected_rows
+          end
+
+          changes = {}
+          @attributes.keys.each do |attr_name|
+            next if @_touch_attr_names.include?(attr_name)
+
+            if attribute_changed?(attr_name)
+              changes[attr_name] = _read_attribute(attr_name)
+              _write_attribute(attr_name, attribute_was(attr_name))
+              clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
+            end
+          end
+
+          changes_applied
+          changes.each { |attr_name, value| _write_attribute(attr_name, value) }
+
+          affected_rows
+        ensure
+          @_touch_attr_names, @_skip_dirty_tracking = nil, nil
+        end
+
         def _update_record(attribute_names = attribute_names_for_partial_writes)
           affected_rows = super
           changes_applied
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
index 9b267bb7c0..768c5f8c05 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
@@ -14,45 +14,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         [key] if key
       end
 
-      # Returns the primary key value.
+      # Returns the primary key column's value.
       def id
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        primary_key = self.class.primary_key
-        _read_attribute(primary_key) if primary_key
+        _read_attribute(@primary_key)
       end
 
-      # Sets the primary key value.
+      # Sets the primary key column's value.
       def id=(value)
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        primary_key = self.class.primary_key
-        _write_attribute(primary_key, value) if primary_key
+        _write_attribute(@primary_key, value)
       end
 
-      # Queries the primary key value.
+      # Queries the primary key column's value.
       def id?
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        query_attribute(self.class.primary_key)
+        query_attribute(@primary_key)
       end
 
-      # Returns the primary key value before type cast.
+      # Returns the primary key column's value before type cast.
       def id_before_type_cast
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        read_attribute_before_type_cast(self.class.primary_key)
+        read_attribute_before_type_cast(@primary_key)
       end
 
-      # Returns the primary key previous value.
+      # Returns the primary key column's previous value.
       def id_was
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        attribute_was(self.class.primary_key)
+        attribute_was(@primary_key)
       end
 
+      # Returns the primary key column's value from the database.
       def id_in_database
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        attribute_in_database(self.class.primary_key)
+        attribute_in_database(@primary_key)
       end
 
       private
-
         def attribute_method?(attr_name)
           attr_name == "id" || super
         end
@@ -121,13 +113,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           #
           #   Project.primary_key # => "foo_id"
           def primary_key=(value)
-            @primary_key        = value && value.to_s
+            @primary_key        = value && -value.to_s
             @quoted_primary_key = nil
             @attributes_builder = nil
           end
 
           private
-
             def suppress_composite_primary_key(pk)
               return pk unless pk.is_a?(Array)
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
index 6757e9b66a..0cf67644af 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         when true        then true
         when false, nil  then false
         else
-          column = self.class.columns_hash[attr_name]
-          if column.nil?
+          if !type_for_attribute(attr_name) { false }
             if Numeric === value || value !~ /[^0-9]/
               !value.to_i.zero?
             else
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-        # Handle *? for method_missing.
+        # Dispatch target for <tt>*?</tt> attribute methods.
         def attribute?(attribute_name)
           query_attribute(attribute_name)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
index 6e1275e990..0f0e721b24 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
@@ -7,16 +7,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def define_method_attribute(name)
-            sync_with_transaction_state = "sync_with_transaction_state" if name == primary_key
-
             ActiveModel::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.define_attribute_accessor_method(
               generated_attribute_methods, name
             ) do |temp_method_name, attr_name_expr|
               generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
                 def #{temp_method_name}
-                  #{sync_with_transaction_state}
                   name = #{attr_name_expr}
                   _read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
                 end
@@ -30,28 +26,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
       def read_attribute(attr_name, &block)
         name = attr_name.to_s
-        if self.class.attribute_alias?(name)
-          name = self.class.attribute_alias(name)
-        end
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
 
-        primary_key = self.class.primary_key
-        name = primary_key if name == "id" && primary_key
-        sync_with_transaction_state if name == primary_key
+        name = @primary_key if name == "id" && @primary_key
         _read_attribute(name, &block)
       end
 
       # This method exists to avoid the expensive primary_key check internally, without
       # breaking compatibility with the read_attribute API
-      if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-        # This form is significantly faster on JRuby, and this is one of our biggest hotspots.
-        # https://github.com/jruby/jruby/pull/2562
-        def _read_attribute(attr_name, &block) # :nodoc:
-          @attributes.fetch_value(attr_name.to_s, &block)
-        end
-      else
-        def _read_attribute(attr_name) # :nodoc:
-          @attributes.fetch_value(attr_name.to_s) { |n| yield n if block_given? }
-        end
+      def _read_attribute(attr_name, &block) # :nodoc
+        sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
+        @attributes.fetch_value(attr_name.to_s, &block)
       end
 
       alias :attribute :_read_attribute
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
index 6e0e90f39c..7bc03b9eed 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
@@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           def type_incompatible_with_serialize?(type, class_name)
             type.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Type::Json) && class_name == ::JSON ||
               type.respond_to?(:type_cast_array, true) && class_name == ::Array
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
index 294a3dc32c..fb44232dff 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           def convert_time_to_time_zone(value)
             return if value.nil?
 
@@ -64,7 +63,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def inherited(subclass)
             super
             # We need to apply this decorator here, rather than on module inclusion. The closure
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
index 455e67e19b..66536a8ddf 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
@@ -11,17 +11,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def define_method_attribute=(name)
-            sync_with_transaction_state = "sync_with_transaction_state" if name == primary_key
-
             ActiveModel::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.define_attribute_accessor_method(
               generated_attribute_methods, name, writer: true,
             ) do |temp_method_name, attr_name_expr|
               generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
                 def #{temp_method_name}(value)
                   name = #{attr_name_expr}
-                  #{sync_with_transaction_state}
                   _write_attribute(name, value)
                 end
               RUBY
@@ -34,31 +30,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # turned into +nil+.
       def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
         name = attr_name.to_s
-        if self.class.attribute_alias?(name)
-          name = self.class.attribute_alias(name)
-        end
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
 
-        primary_key = self.class.primary_key
-        name = primary_key if name == "id" && primary_key
-        sync_with_transaction_state if name == primary_key
+        name = @primary_key if name == "id" && @primary_key
         _write_attribute(name, value)
       end
 
       # This method exists to avoid the expensive primary_key check internally, without
       # breaking compatibility with the write_attribute API
       def _write_attribute(attr_name, value) # :nodoc:
+        sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
         @attributes.write_from_user(attr_name.to_s, value)
         value
       end
 
       private
         def write_attribute_without_type_cast(attr_name, value)
-          name = attr_name.to_s
-          @attributes.write_cast_value(name, value)
+          sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
+          @attributes.write_cast_value(attr_name.to_s, value)
           value
         end
 
-        # Handle *= for method_missing.
+        # Dispatch target for <tt>*=</tt> attribute methods.
         def attribute=(attribute_name, value)
           _write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
index 35150889d9..c7846dbe7a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # +range+ (PostgreSQL only) specifies that the type should be a range (see the
       # examples below).
       #
+      # When using a symbol for +cast_type+, extra options are forwarded to the
+      # constructor of the type object.
+      #
       # ==== Examples
       #
       # The type detected by Active Record can be overridden.
@@ -112,6 +115,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #       my_float_range: 1.0..3.5
       #     }
       #
+      # Passing options to the type constructor
+      #
+      #   # app/models/my_model.rb
+      #   class MyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :small_int, :integer, limit: 2
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   MyModel.create(small_int: 65537)
+      #   # => Error: 65537 is out of range for the limit of two bytes
+      #
       # ==== Creating Custom Types
       #
       # Users may also define their own custom types, as long as they respond
@@ -242,7 +255,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED = Object.new # :nodoc:
         private_constant :NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
index d77d76cb1e..94d8134b55 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
       private
-
         def define_non_cyclic_method(name, &block)
           return if instance_methods(false).include?(name)
           define_method(name) do |*args|
@@ -267,7 +266,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       # Returns the record for an association collection that should be validated
       # or saved. If +autosave+ is +false+ only new records will be returned,
       # unless the parent is/was a new record itself.
@@ -330,21 +328,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if reflection.options[:autosave]
             indexed_attribute = !index.nil? && (reflection.options[:index_errors] || ActiveRecord::Base.index_nested_attribute_errors)
 
-            record.errors.each do |attribute, message|
+            record.errors.group_by_attribute.each { |attribute, errors|
               attribute = normalize_reflection_attribute(indexed_attribute, reflection, index, attribute)
-              errors[attribute] << message
-              errors[attribute].uniq!
-            end
 
-            record.errors.details.each_key do |attribute|
-              reflection_attribute =
-                normalize_reflection_attribute(indexed_attribute, reflection, index, attribute).to_sym
-
-              record.errors.details[attribute].each do |error|
-                errors.details[reflection_attribute] << error
-                errors.details[reflection_attribute].uniq!
-              end
-            end
+              errors.each { |error|
+                self.errors.import(
+                  error,
+                  attribute: attribute
+                )
+              }
+            }
           else
             errors.add(reflection.name)
           end
@@ -382,10 +375,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
           autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
 
+          # By saving the instance variable in a local variable,
+          # we make the whole callback re-entrant.
+          new_record_before_save = @new_record_before_save
+
           # reconstruct the scope now that we know the owner's id
           association.reset_scope
 
-          if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, @new_record_before_save, autosave)
+          if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record_before_save, autosave)
             if autosave
               records_to_destroy = records.select(&:marked_for_destruction?)
               records_to_destroy.each { |record| association.destroy(record) }
@@ -397,7 +394,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
               saved = true
 
-              if autosave != false && (@new_record_before_save || record.new_record?)
+              if autosave != false && (new_record_before_save || record.new_record?)
                 if autosave
                   saved = association.insert_record(record, false)
                 elsif !reflection.nested?
@@ -412,7 +409,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 saved = record.save(validate: false)
               end
 
-              raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless saved
+              raise(RecordInvalid.new(association.owner)) unless saved
             end
           end
         end
@@ -457,10 +454,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # If the record is new or it has changed, returns true.
       def record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
         record.new_record? ||
-          (record.has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key) && record[reflection.foreign_key] != key) ||
+          association_foreign_key_changed?(reflection, record, key) ||
           record.will_save_change_to_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key)
       end
 
+      def association_foreign_key_changed?(reflection, record, key)
+        return false if reflection.through_reflection?
+
+        record.has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key) && record[reflection.foreign_key] != key
+      end
+
       # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled.
       #
       # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for destruction.
@@ -490,9 +493,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def _ensure_no_duplicate_errors
-        errors.messages.each_key do |attribute|
-          errors[attribute].uniq!
-        end
+        errors.uniq!
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index db097cb930..282c9fcf30 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/hash/slice"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/behavior"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/introspection"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable"
 require "active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses"
 require "active_record/attribute_decorators"
 require "active_record/define_callbacks"
@@ -288,7 +287,6 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     extend Explain
     extend Enum
     extend Delegation::DelegateCache
-    extend CollectionCacheKey
     extend Aggregations::ClassMethods
 
     include Core
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
index 5407af85ea..a9ab9ab7a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   #     private
   #       def delete_parents
-  #         self.class.where(parent_id: id).delete_all
+  #         self.class.delete_by(parent_id: id)
   #       end
   #   end
   #
@@ -323,8 +323,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
   private
-
-    def create_or_update(*)
+    def create_or_update(**)
       _run_save_callbacks { super }
     end
 
@@ -332,7 +331,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       _run_create_callbacks { super }
     end
 
-    def _update_record(*)
+    def _update_record
       _run_update_callbacks { super }
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
index 11559141c7..881f0bcdb0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def check_arity_of_constructor
           load(nil)
         rescue ArgumentError
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/collection_cache_key.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/collection_cache_key.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b6db8a96c..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/collection_cache_key.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module CollectionCacheKey
-    def collection_cache_key(collection = all, timestamp_column = :updated_at) # :nodoc:
-      query_signature = ActiveSupport::Digest.hexdigest(collection.to_sql)
-      key = "#{collection.model_name.cache_key}/query-#{query_signature}"
-
-      if collection.loaded? || collection.distinct_value
-        size = collection.records.size
-        if size > 0
-          timestamp = collection.max_by(&timestamp_column)._read_attribute(timestamp_column)
-        end
-      else
-        if collection.eager_loading?
-          collection = collection.send(:apply_join_dependency)
-        end
-        column_type = type_for_attribute(timestamp_column)
-        column = connection.visitor.compile(collection.arel_attribute(timestamp_column))
-        select_values = "COUNT(*) AS #{connection.quote_column_name("size")}, MAX(%s) AS timestamp"
-
-        if collection.has_limit_or_offset?
-          query = collection.select("#{column} AS collection_cache_key_timestamp")
-          subquery_alias = "subquery_for_cache_key"
-          subquery_column = "#{subquery_alias}.collection_cache_key_timestamp"
-          subquery = query.arel.as(subquery_alias)
-          arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(subquery).project(select_values % subquery_column)
-        else
-          query = collection.unscope(:order)
-          query.select_values = [select_values % column]
-          arel = query.arel
-        end
-
-        result = connection.select_one(arel, nil)
-
-        if result.blank?
-          size = 0
-          timestamp = nil
-        else
-          size = result["size"]
-          timestamp = column_type.deserialize(result["timestamp"])
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      if timestamp
-        "#{key}-#{size}-#{timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)}"
-      else
-        "#{key}-#{size}"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
index 99934a0e31..36001efdd5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require "thread"
 require "concurrent/map"
 require "monitor"
+require "weakref"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # Raised when a connection could not be obtained within the connection
@@ -19,6 +20,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
+    module AbstractPool # :nodoc:
+      def get_schema_cache(connection)
+        @schema_cache ||= SchemaCache.new(connection)
+        @schema_cache.connection = connection
+        @schema_cache
+      end
+
+      def set_schema_cache(cache)
+        @schema_cache = cache
+      end
+    end
+
+    class NullPool # :nodoc:
+      include ConnectionAdapters::AbstractPool
+
+      def initialize
+        @schema_cache = nil
+      end
+    end
+
     # Connection pool base class for managing Active Record database
     # connections.
     #
@@ -146,7 +167,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           def internal_poll(timeout)
             no_wait_poll || (timeout && wait_poll(timeout))
           end
@@ -185,7 +205,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           def wait_poll(timeout)
             @num_waiting += 1
 
-            t0 = Time.now
+            t0 = Concurrent.monotonic_time
             elapsed = 0
             loop do
               ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
@@ -194,7 +214,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
               return remove if any?
 
-              elapsed = Time.now - t0
+              elapsed = Concurrent.monotonic_time - t0
               if elapsed >= timeout
                 msg = "could not obtain a connection from the pool within %0.3f seconds (waited %0.3f seconds); all pooled connections were in use" %
                   [timeout, elapsed]
@@ -294,23 +314,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @frequency = frequency
         end
 
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        @pools = {}
+
+        class << self
+          def register_pool(pool, frequency) # :nodoc:
+            @mutex.synchronize do
+              unless @pools.key?(frequency)
+                @pools[frequency] = []
+                spawn_thread(frequency)
+              end
+              @pools[frequency] << WeakRef.new(pool)
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+            def spawn_thread(frequency)
+              Thread.new(frequency) do |t|
+                loop do
+                  sleep t
+                  @mutex.synchronize do
+                    @pools[frequency].select!(&:weakref_alive?)
+                    @pools[frequency].each do |p|
+                      p.reap
+                      p.flush
+                    rescue WeakRef::RefError
+                    end
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+        end
+
         def run
           return unless frequency && frequency > 0
-          Thread.new(frequency, pool) { |t, p|
-            loop do
-              sleep t
-              p.reap
-              p.flush
-            end
-          }
+          self.class.register_pool(pool, frequency)
         end
       end
 
       include MonitorMixin
       include QueryCache::ConnectionPoolConfiguration
+      include ConnectionAdapters::AbstractPool
 
       attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout, :schema_cache
-      attr_reader :spec, :connections, :size, :reaper
+      attr_reader :spec, :size, :reaper
 
       # Creates a new ConnectionPool object. +spec+ is a ConnectionSpecification
       # object which describes database connection information (e.g. adapter,
@@ -379,7 +426,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # #connection can be called any number of times; the connection is
       # held in a cache keyed by a thread.
       def connection
-        @thread_cached_conns[connection_cache_key(@lock_thread || Thread.current)] ||= checkout
+        @thread_cached_conns[connection_cache_key(current_thread)] ||= checkout
       end
 
       # Returns true if there is an open connection being used for the current thread.
@@ -388,7 +435,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # #connection or #with_connection methods. Connections obtained through
       # #checkout will not be detected by #active_connection?
       def active_connection?
-        @thread_cached_conns[connection_cache_key(Thread.current)]
+        @thread_cached_conns[connection_cache_key(current_thread)]
       end
 
       # Signal that the thread is finished with the current connection.
@@ -423,6 +470,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         synchronize { @connections.any? }
       end
 
+      # Returns an array containing the connections currently in the pool.
+      # Access to the array does not require synchronization on the pool because
+      # the array is newly created and not retained by the pool.
+      #
+      # However; this method bypasses the ConnectionPool's thread-safe connection
+      # access pattern. A returned connection may be owned by another thread,
+      # unowned, or by happen-stance owned by the calling thread.
+      #
+      # Calling methods on a connection without ownership is subject to the
+      # thread-safety guarantees of the underlying method. Many of the methods
+      # on connection adapter classes are inherently multi-thread unsafe.
+      def connections
+        synchronize { @connections.dup }
+      end
+
       # Disconnects all connections in the pool, and clears the pool.
       #
       # Raises:
@@ -668,6 +730,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           thread
         end
 
+        def current_thread
+          @lock_thread || Thread.current
+        end
+
         # Take control of all existing connections so a "group" action such as
         # reload/disconnect can be performed safely. It is no longer enough to
         # wrap it in +synchronize+ because some pool's actions are allowed
@@ -686,13 +752,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           newly_checked_out = []
-          timeout_time      = Time.now + (@checkout_timeout * 2)
+          timeout_time      = Concurrent.monotonic_time + (@checkout_timeout * 2)
 
           @available.with_a_bias_for(Thread.current) do
             loop do
               synchronize do
                 return if collected_conns.size == @connections.size && @now_connecting == 0
-                remaining_timeout = timeout_time - Time.now
+                remaining_timeout = timeout_time - Concurrent.monotonic_time
                 remaining_timeout = 0 if remaining_timeout < 0
                 conn = checkout_for_exclusive_access(remaining_timeout)
                 collected_conns   << conn
@@ -809,7 +875,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def new_connection
           Base.send(spec.adapter_method, spec.config).tap do |conn|
-            conn.schema_cache = schema_cache.dup if schema_cache
+            conn.check_version
           end
         end
 
@@ -915,6 +981,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # about the model. The model needs to pass a specification name to the handler,
     # in order to look up the correct connection pool.
     class ConnectionHandler
+      def self.create_owner_to_pool # :nodoc:
+        Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 2) do |h, k|
+          # Discard the parent's connection pools immediately; we have no need
+          # of them
+          discard_unowned_pools(h)
+
+          h[k] = Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 2)
+        end
+      end
+
       def self.unowned_pool_finalizer(pid_map) # :nodoc:
         lambda do |_|
           discard_unowned_pools(pid_map)
@@ -927,21 +1003,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      attr_reader :prevent_writes
+
       def initialize
         # These caches are keyed by spec.name (ConnectionSpecification#name).
-        @owner_to_pool = Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 2) do |h, k|
-          # Discard the parent's connection pools immediately; we have no need
-          # of them
-          ConnectionHandler.discard_unowned_pools(h)
-
-          h[k] = Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 2)
-        end
+        @owner_to_pool = ConnectionHandler.create_owner_to_pool
+        @prevent_writes = false
 
         # Backup finalizer: if the forked child never needed a pool, the above
         # early discard has not occurred
         ObjectSpace.define_finalizer self, ConnectionHandler.unowned_pool_finalizer(@owner_to_pool)
       end
 
+      # Prevent writing to the database regardless of role.
+      #
+      # In some cases you may want to prevent writes to the database
+      # even if you are on a database that can write. `while_preventing_writes`
+      # will prevent writes to the database for the duration of the block.
+      def while_preventing_writes
+        original, @prevent_writes = @prevent_writes, true
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @prevent_writes = original
+      end
+
       def connection_pool_list
         owner_to_pool.values.compact
       end
@@ -1006,7 +1091,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # for (not necessarily the current class).
       def retrieve_connection(spec_name) #:nodoc:
         pool = retrieve_connection_pool(spec_name)
-        raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection pool with '#{spec_name}' found." unless pool
+
+        unless pool
+          # multiple database application
+          if ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler != ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler
+            raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection pool with '#{spec_name}' found for the '#{ActiveRecord::Base.current_role}' role."
+          else
+            raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection pool with '#{spec_name}' found."
+          end
+        end
+
         pool.connection
       end
 
@@ -1050,7 +1144,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def owner_to_pool
           @owner_to_pool[Process.pid]
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb
index 1305216be2..d932f068f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/deprecation"
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
     module DatabaseLimits
+      def max_identifier_length # :nodoc:
+        64
+      end
+
       # Returns the maximum length of a table alias.
       def table_alias_length
-        255
+        max_identifier_length
       end
 
       # Returns the maximum length of a column name.
       def column_name_length
-        64
+        max_identifier_length
       end
       deprecate :column_name_length
 
       # Returns the maximum length of a table name.
       def table_name_length
-        64
+        max_identifier_length
       end
       deprecate :table_name_length
 
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the maximum length of an index name.
       def index_name_length
-        64
+        max_identifier_length
       end
 
       # Returns the maximum number of columns per table.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
index 0059f0b773..044272ea51 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
@@ -20,9 +20,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
             raise "Passing bind parameters with an arel AST is forbidden. " \
               "The values must be stored on the AST directly"
           end
-          sql, binds = visitor.compile(arel_or_sql_string.ast, collector)
-          [sql.freeze, binds || []]
+
+          if prepared_statements
+            sql, binds = visitor.compile(arel_or_sql_string.ast, collector)
+
+            if binds.length > bind_params_length
+              unprepared_statement do
+                sql, binds = to_sql_and_binds(arel_or_sql_string)
+                visitor.preparable = false
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            sql = visitor.compile(arel_or_sql_string.ast, collector)
+          end
+          [sql.freeze, binds]
         else
+          visitor.preparable = false if prepared_statements
           [arel_or_sql_string.dup.freeze, binds]
         end
       end
@@ -47,13 +60,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         arel = arel_from_relation(arel)
         sql, binds = to_sql_and_binds(arel, binds)
 
-        if !prepared_statements || (arel.is_a?(String) && preparable.nil?)
-          preparable = false
-        elsif binds.length > bind_params_length
-          sql, binds = unprepared_statement { to_sql_and_binds(arel) }
-          preparable = false
-        else
-          preparable = visitor.preparable
+        if preparable.nil?
+          preparable = prepared_statements ? visitor.preparable : false
         end
 
         if prepared_statements && preparable
@@ -98,6 +106,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_query(sql, name).rows
       end
 
+      # Determines whether the SQL statement is a write query.
+      def write_query?(sql)
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection and returns
       # the raw result from the connection adapter.
       # Note: depending on your database connector, the result returned by this
@@ -118,7 +131,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is logged along with
       # the executed +sql+ statement.
       def exec_insert(sql, name = nil, binds = [], pk = nil, sequence_name = nil)
-        sql, binds = sql_for_insert(sql, pk, nil, sequence_name, binds)
+        sql, binds = sql_for_insert(sql, pk, binds)
         exec_query(sql, name, binds)
       end
 
@@ -129,11 +142,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_query(sql, name, binds)
       end
 
-      # Executes the truncate statement.
-      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
-        raise NotImplementedError
-      end
-
       # Executes update +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
       # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is logged along with
       # the executed +sql+ statement.
@@ -168,12 +176,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_delete(sql, name, binds)
       end
 
-      # Returns +true+ when the connection adapter supports prepared statement
-      # caching, otherwise returns +false+
-      def supports_statement_cache? # :nodoc:
-        true
+      # Executes the truncate statement.
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        execute(build_truncate_statements(table_name), name)
+      end
+
+      def truncate_tables(*table_names) # :nodoc:
+        return if table_names.empty?
+
+        with_multi_statements do
+          disable_referential_integrity do
+            Array(build_truncate_statements(*table_names)).each do |sql|
+              execute_batch(sql, "Truncate Tables")
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
-      deprecate :supports_statement_cache?
 
       # Runs the given block in a database transaction, and returns the result
       # of the block.
@@ -187,8 +205,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # In order to get around this problem, #transaction will emulate the effect
       # of nested transactions, by using savepoints:
       # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/savepoint.html
-      # Savepoints are supported by MySQL and PostgreSQL. SQLite3 version >= '3.6.8'
-      # supports savepoints.
       #
       # It is safe to call this method if a database transaction is already open,
       # i.e. if #transaction is called within another #transaction block. In case
@@ -331,62 +347,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Inserts the given fixture into the table. Overridden in adapters that require
       # something beyond a simple insert (eg. Oracle).
-      # Most of adapters should implement `insert_fixtures` that leverages bulk SQL insert.
+      # Most of adapters should implement `insert_fixtures_set` that leverages bulk SQL insert.
       # We keep this method to provide fallback
       # for databases like sqlite that do not support bulk inserts.
       def insert_fixture(fixture, table_name)
-        fixture = fixture.stringify_keys
-
-        columns = schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
-        binds = fixture.map do |name, value|
-          if column = columns[name]
-            type = lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
-            Relation::QueryAttribute.new(name, value, type)
-          else
-            raise Fixture::FixtureError, %(table "#{table_name}" has no column named #{name.inspect}.)
-          end
-        end
-
-        table = Arel::Table.new(table_name)
-
-        values = binds.map do |bind|
-          value = with_yaml_fallback(bind.value_for_database)
-          [table[bind.name], value]
-        end
-
-        manager = Arel::InsertManager.new
-        manager.into(table)
-        manager.insert(values)
-        execute manager.to_sql, "Fixture Insert"
-      end
-
-      # Inserts a set of fixtures into the table. Overridden in adapters that require
-      # something beyond a simple insert (eg. Oracle).
-      def insert_fixtures(fixtures, table_name)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-          `insert_fixtures` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails.
-          Consider using `insert_fixtures_set` for performance improvement.
-        MSG
-        return if fixtures.empty?
-
-        execute(build_fixture_sql(fixtures, table_name), "Fixtures Insert")
+        execute(build_fixture_sql(Array.wrap(fixture), table_name), "Fixture Insert")
       end
 
       def insert_fixtures_set(fixture_set, tables_to_delete = [])
-        fixture_inserts = fixture_set.map do |table_name, fixtures|
-          next if fixtures.empty?
-
-          build_fixture_sql(fixtures, table_name)
-        end.compact
-
-        table_deletes = tables_to_delete.map { |table| +"DELETE FROM #{quote_table_name table}" }
-        total_sql = Array.wrap(combine_multi_statements(table_deletes + fixture_inserts))
-
-        disable_referential_integrity do
-          transaction(requires_new: true) do
-            total_sql.each do |sql|
-              execute sql, "Fixtures Load"
-              yield if block_given?
+        fixture_inserts = build_fixture_statements(fixture_set)
+        table_deletes = tables_to_delete.map { |table| "DELETE FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}" }
+        total_sql = Array(combine_multi_statements(table_deletes + fixture_inserts))
+
+        with_multi_statements do
+          disable_referential_integrity do
+            transaction(requires_new: true) do
+              total_sql.each do |sql|
+                execute_batch(sql, "Fixtures Load")
+              end
             end
           end
         end
@@ -410,15 +388,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Fixture value is quoted by Arel, however scalar values
+      # are not quotable. In this case we want to convert
+      # the column value to YAML.
+      def with_yaml_fallback(value) # :nodoc:
+        if value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Array)
+          YAML.dump(value)
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
       private
+        def execute_batch(sql, name = nil)
+          execute(sql, name)
+        end
+
+        DEFAULT_INSERT_VALUE = Arel.sql("DEFAULT").freeze
+        private_constant :DEFAULT_INSERT_VALUE
+
         def default_insert_value(column)
-          Arel.sql("DEFAULT")
+          DEFAULT_INSERT_VALUE
         end
 
         def build_fixture_sql(fixtures, table_name)
           columns = schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
 
-          values = fixtures.map do |fixture|
+          values_list = fixtures.map do |fixture|
             fixture = fixture.stringify_keys
 
             unknown_columns = fixture.keys - columns.keys
@@ -429,8 +425,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             columns.map do |name, column|
               if fixture.key?(name)
                 type = lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
-                bind = Relation::QueryAttribute.new(name, fixture[name], type)
-                with_yaml_fallback(bind.value_for_database)
+                with_yaml_fallback(type.serialize(fixture[name]))
               else
                 default_insert_value(column)
               end
@@ -440,12 +435,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
           table = Arel::Table.new(table_name)
           manager = Arel::InsertManager.new
           manager.into(table)
-          columns.each_key { |column| manager.columns << table[column] }
-          manager.values = manager.create_values_list(values)
 
+          if values_list.size == 1
+            values = values_list.shift
+            new_values = []
+            columns.each_key.with_index { |column, i|
+              unless values[i].equal?(DEFAULT_INSERT_VALUE)
+                new_values << values[i]
+                manager.columns << table[column]
+              end
+            }
+            values_list << new_values
+          else
+            columns.each_key { |column| manager.columns << table[column] }
+          end
+
+          manager.values = manager.create_values_list(values_list)
           manager.to_sql
         end
 
+        def build_fixture_statements(fixture_set)
+          fixture_set.map do |table_name, fixtures|
+            next if fixtures.empty?
+            build_fixture_sql(fixtures, table_name)
+          end.compact
+        end
+
+        def build_truncate_statements(*table_names)
+          truncate_tables = table_names.map do |table_name|
+            "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+          end
+          combine_multi_statements(truncate_tables)
+        end
+
+        def with_multi_statements
+          yield
+        end
+
         def combine_multi_statements(total_sql)
           total_sql.join(";\n")
         end
@@ -459,7 +485,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           exec_query(sql, name, binds, prepare: true)
         end
 
-        def sql_for_insert(sql, pk, id_value, sequence_name, binds)
+        def sql_for_insert(sql, pk, binds)
           [sql, binds]
         end
 
@@ -479,17 +505,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
             relation
           end
         end
-
-        # Fixture value is quoted by Arel, however scalar values
-        # are not quotable. In this case we want to convert
-        # the column value to YAML.
-        def with_yaml_fallback(value)
-          if value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Array)
-            YAML.dump(value)
-          else
-            value
-          end
-        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
index 8aeb934ec2..768122b4d2 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module QueryCache
       class << self
         def included(base) #:nodoc:
-          dirties_query_cache base, :insert, :update, :delete, :rollback_to_savepoint, :rollback_db_transaction
+          dirties_query_cache base, :insert, :update, :delete, :truncate, :truncate_tables,
+            :rollback_to_savepoint, :rollback_db_transaction
 
           base.set_callback :checkout, :after, :configure_query_cache!
           base.set_callback :checkin, :after, :disable_query_cache!
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           method_names.each do |method_name|
             base.class_eval <<-end_code, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
               def #{method_name}(*)
-                clear_query_cache if @query_cache_enabled
+                ActiveRecord::Base.clear_query_caches_for_current_thread if @query_cache_enabled
                 super
               end
             end_code
@@ -32,17 +33,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def enable_query_cache!
-          @query_cache_enabled[connection_cache_key(Thread.current)] = true
+          @query_cache_enabled[connection_cache_key(current_thread)] = true
           connection.enable_query_cache! if active_connection?
         end
 
         def disable_query_cache!
-          @query_cache_enabled.delete connection_cache_key(Thread.current)
+          @query_cache_enabled.delete connection_cache_key(current_thread)
           connection.disable_query_cache! if active_connection?
         end
 
         def query_cache_enabled
-          @query_cache_enabled[connection_cache_key(Thread.current)]
+          @query_cache_enabled[connection_cache_key(current_thread)]
         end
       end
 
@@ -96,6 +97,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if @query_cache_enabled && !locked?(arel)
           arel = arel_from_relation(arel)
           sql, binds = to_sql_and_binds(arel, binds)
+
+          if preparable.nil?
+            preparable = prepared_statements ? visitor.preparable : false
+          end
+
           cache_sql(sql, name, binds) { super(sql, name, binds, preparable: preparable) }
         else
           super
@@ -103,7 +109,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def cache_sql(sql, name, binds)
           @lock.synchronize do
             result =
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
index 07e86afe9a..93273f6cf6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
@@ -114,16 +114,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
       def quoted_date(value)
         if value.acts_like?(:time)
-          zone_conversion_method = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? :getutc : :getlocal
-
-          if value.respond_to?(zone_conversion_method)
-            value = value.send(zone_conversion_method)
+          if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
+            value = value.getutc if value.respond_to?(:getutc) && !value.utc?
+          else
+            value = value.getlocal if value.respond_to?(:getlocal)
           end
         end
 
         result = value.to_s(:db)
         if value.respond_to?(:usec) && value.usec > 0
-          "#{result}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+          result << "." << sprintf("%06d", value.usec)
         else
           result
         end
@@ -138,15 +138,72 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
       end
 
-      def type_casted_binds(binds) # :nodoc:
-        if binds.first.is_a?(Array)
-          binds.map { |column, value| type_cast(value, column) }
-        else
-          binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
-        end
+      def sanitize_as_sql_comment(value) # :nodoc:
+        value.to_s.gsub(%r{ (/ (?: | \g<1>) \*) \+? \s* | \s* (\* (?: | \g<2>) /) }x, "")
+      end
+
+      def column_name_matcher # :nodoc:
+        COLUMN_NAME
+      end
+
+      def column_name_with_order_matcher # :nodoc:
+        COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
       end
 
+      # Regexp for column names (with or without a table name prefix).
+      # Matches the following:
+      #
+      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+      #   "#{column_name}"
+      COLUMN_NAME = /
+        \A
+        (
+          (?:
+            # table_name.column_name | function(one or no argument)
+            ((?:\w+\.)?\w+) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
+          )
+          (?:(?:\s+AS)?\s+\w+)?
+        )
+        (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
+        \z
+      /ix
+
+      # Regexp for column names with order (with or without a table name prefix,
+      # with or without various order modifiers). Matches the following:
+      #
+      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name} #{direction}"
+      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name} #{direction} NULLS FIRST"
+      #   "#{table_name}.#{column_name} NULLS LAST"
+      #   "#{column_name}"
+      #   "#{column_name} #{direction}"
+      #   "#{column_name} #{direction} NULLS FIRST"
+      #   "#{column_name} NULLS LAST"
+      COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER = /
+        \A
+        (
+          (?:
+            # table_name.column_name | function(one or no argument)
+            ((?:\w+\.)?\w+) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
+          )
+          (?:\s+ASC|\s+DESC)?
+          (?:\s+NULLS\s+(?:FIRST|LAST))?
+        )
+        (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
+        \z
+      /ix
+
+      private_constant :COLUMN_NAME, :COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
+
       private
+        def type_casted_binds(binds)
+          if binds.first.is_a?(Array)
+            binds.map { |column, value| type_cast(value, column) }
+          else
+            binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
+          end
+        end
+
         def lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
           type_map.lookup(sql_type)
         end
@@ -157,13 +214,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def types_which_need_no_typecasting
-          [nil, Numeric, String]
-        end
-
         def _quote(value)
           case value
-          when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
+          when String, Symbol, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
             "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
           when true       then quoted_true
           when false      then quoted_false
@@ -174,7 +227,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when Type::Binary::Data then quoted_binary(value)
           when Type::Time::Value then "'#{quoted_time(value)}'"
           when Date, Time then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
-          when Symbol     then "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
           when Class      then "'#{value}'"
           else raise TypeError, "can't quote #{value.class.name}"
           end
@@ -188,10 +240,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when false      then unquoted_false
           # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
           when BigDecimal then value.to_s("F")
+          when nil, Numeric, String then value
           when Type::Time::Value then quoted_time(value)
           when Date, Time then quoted_date(value)
-          when *types_which_need_no_typecasting
-            value
           else raise TypeError
           end
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
index 52a796b926..d6dbef3fc8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
-        execute("SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+        execute("SAVEPOINT #{name}", "TRANSACTION")
       end
 
       def exec_rollback_to_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
-        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{name}", "TRANSACTION")
       end
 
       def release_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
-        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{name}", "TRANSACTION")
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
index 2cb0a2a4df..23c993cfc3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
@@ -15,11 +15,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         delegate :quote_column_name, :quote_table_name, :quote_default_expression, :type_to_sql,
-          :options_include_default?, :supports_indexes_in_create?, :supports_foreign_keys_in_create?, :foreign_key_options,
+          :options_include_default?, :supports_indexes_in_create?, :supports_foreign_keys?, :foreign_key_options,
           to: :@conn, private: true
 
         private
-
           def visit_AlterTable(o)
             sql = +"ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
             sql << o.adds.map { |col| accept col }.join(" ")
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               statements.concat(o.indexes.map { |column_name, options| index_in_create(o.name, column_name, options) })
             end
 
-            if supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
+            if supports_foreign_keys?
               statements.concat(o.foreign_keys.map { |to_table, options| foreign_key_in_create(o.name, to_table, options) })
             end
 
@@ -127,6 +126,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def foreign_key_in_create(from_table, to_table, options)
+            prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
+            suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
+            to_table = "#{prefix}#{to_table}#{suffix}"
             options = foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options)
             accept ForeignKeyDefinition.new(from_table, to_table, options)
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
index db489143af..dbd533b4b3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/deprecation"
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
     # Abstract representation of an index definition on a table. Instances of
@@ -104,16 +102,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias validated? validate?
 
       def export_name_on_schema_dump?
-        name !~ ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.fk_ignore_pattern
+        !ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.fk_ignore_pattern.match?(name) if name
       end
 
-      def defined_for?(to_table_ord = nil, to_table: nil, **options)
-        if to_table_ord
-          self.to_table == to_table_ord.to_s
-        else
-          (to_table.nil? || to_table.to_s == self.to_table) &&
-            options.all? { |k, v| self.options[k].to_s == v.to_s }
-        end
+      def defined_for?(to_table: nil, **options)
+        (to_table.nil? || to_table.to_s == self.to_table) &&
+          options.all? { |k, v| self.options[k].to_s == v.to_s }
       end
 
       private
@@ -200,41 +194,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     module ColumnMethods
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
       # Appends a primary key definition to the table definition.
       # Can be called multiple times, but this is probably not a good idea.
       def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, **options)
         column(name, type, options.merge(primary_key: true))
       end
 
+      ##
+      # :method: column
+      # :call-seq: column(name, type, **options)
+      #
       # Appends a column or columns of a specified type.
       #
       #  t.string(:goat)
       #  t.string(:goat, :sheep)
       #
       # See TableDefinition#column
-      [
-        :bigint,
-        :binary,
-        :boolean,
-        :date,
-        :datetime,
-        :decimal,
-        :float,
-        :integer,
-        :json,
-        :string,
-        :text,
-        :time,
-        :timestamp,
-        :virtual,
-      ].each do |column_type|
-        module_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def #{column_type}(*args, **options)
-            args.each { |name| column(name, :#{column_type}, options) }
+
+      included do
+        define_column_methods :bigint, :binary, :boolean, :date, :datetime, :decimal,
+          :float, :integer, :json, :string, :text, :time, :timestamp, :virtual
+
+        alias :numeric :decimal
+      end
+
+      class_methods do
+        private def define_column_methods(*column_types) # :nodoc:
+          column_types.each do |column_type|
+            module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+              def #{column_type}(*names, **options)
+                raise ArgumentError, "Missing column name(s) for #{column_type}" if names.empty?
+                names.each { |name| column(name, :#{column_type}, options) }
+              end
+            RUBY
           end
-        CODE
+        end
       end
-      alias_method :numeric, :decimal
     end
 
     # Represents the schema of an SQL table in an abstract way. This class
@@ -259,18 +256,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include ColumnMethods
 
       attr_reader :name, :temporary, :if_not_exists, :options, :as, :comment, :indexes, :foreign_keys
-      attr_writer :indexes
-      deprecate :indexes=
 
       def initialize(
+        conn,
         name,
         temporary: false,
         if_not_exists: false,
         options: nil,
         as: nil,
-        comment: nil,
-        **
+        comment: nil
       )
+        @conn = conn
         @columns_hash = {}
         @indexes = []
         @foreign_keys = []
@@ -363,7 +359,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     t.references :tagger, polymorphic: true
       #     t.references :taggable, polymorphic: { default: 'Photo' }, index: false
       #   end
-      def column(name, type, options = {})
+      def column(name, type, **options)
         name = name.to_s
         type = type.to_sym if type
         options = options.dup
@@ -397,10 +393,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def foreign_key(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
-        table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
-        table_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
-        table_name = "#{table_name_prefix}#{table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
-        foreign_keys.push([table_name, options])
+        foreign_keys << [table_name, options]
       end
 
       # Appends <tt>:datetime</tt> columns <tt>:created_at</tt> and
@@ -410,6 +403,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def timestamps(**options)
         options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
 
+        if !options.key?(:precision) && @conn.supports_datetime_with_precision?
+          options[:precision] = 6
+        end
+
         column(:created_at, :datetime, options)
         column(:updated_at, :datetime, options)
       end
@@ -418,6 +415,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #  t.references(:user)
       #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, foreign_key: true)
+      #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, foreign_key: true, type: :integer)
       #
       # See {connection.add_reference}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#add_reference] for details of the options you can use.
       def references(*args, **options)
@@ -517,6 +515,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     t.json
     #     t.virtual
     #     t.remove
+    #     t.remove_foreign_key
     #     t.remove_references
     #     t.remove_belongs_to
     #     t.remove_index
@@ -538,7 +537,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  t.column(:name, :string)
       #
       # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
-      def column(column_name, type, options = {})
+      def column(column_name, type, **options)
         index_options = options.delete(:index)
         @base.add_column(name, column_name, type, options)
         index(column_name, index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
@@ -680,15 +679,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_references
 
-      # Adds a foreign key.
+      # Adds a foreign key to the table using a supplied table name.
       #
       #  t.foreign_key(:authors)
+      #  t.foreign_key(:authors, column: :author_id, primary_key: "id")
       #
       # See {connection.add_foreign_key}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#add_foreign_key]
       def foreign_key(*args)
         @base.add_foreign_key(name, *args)
       end
 
+      # Removes the given foreign key from the table.
+      #
+      #  t.remove_foreign_key(:authors)
+      #  t.remove_foreign_key(column: :author_id)
+      #
+      # See {connection.remove_foreign_key}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#remove_foreign_key]
+      def remove_foreign_key(*args)
+        @base.remove_foreign_key(name, *args)
+      end
+
       # Checks to see if a foreign key exists.
       #
       #  t.foreign_key(:authors) unless t.foreign_key_exists?(:authors)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
index 622e00fffb..fb56e712be 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def column_spec_for_primary_key(column)
           return {} if default_primary_key?(column)
           spec = { id: schema_type(column).inspect }
-          spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).except!(:null))
+          spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).except!(:null, :comment))
           spec[:default] ||= "nil" if explicit_primary_key_default?(column)
           spec
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
index 38cfc3a241..13f94a4722 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
@@ -129,11 +129,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, null: false)
       #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :tax, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2)
       #
-      def column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
+      def column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, **options)
         column_name = column_name.to_s
         checks = []
         checks << lambda { |c| c.name == column_name }
-        checks << lambda { |c| c.type == type } if type
+        checks << lambda { |c| c.type == type.to_sym rescue nil } if type
         column_options_keys.each do |attr|
           checks << lambda { |c| c.send(attr) == options[attr] } if options.key?(attr)
         end
@@ -290,25 +290,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id
       #
       # See also TableDefinition#column for details on how to create columns.
-      def create_table(table_name, **options)
-        td = create_table_definition(table_name, options)
+      def create_table(table_name, id: :primary_key, primary_key: nil, force: nil, **options)
+        td = create_table_definition(
+          table_name, options.extract!(:temporary, :if_not_exists, :options, :as, :comment)
+        )
 
-        if options[:id] != false && !options[:as]
-          pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) do
-            Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
-          end
+        if id && !td.as
+          pk = primary_key || Base.get_primary_key(table_name.to_s.singularize)
 
           if pk.is_a?(Array)
             td.primary_keys pk
           else
-            td.primary_key pk, options.fetch(:id, :primary_key), options
+            td.primary_key pk, id, options
           end
         end
 
         yield td if block_given?
 
-        if options[:force]
-          drop_table(table_name, options.merge(if_exists: true))
+        if force
+          drop_table(table_name, force: force, if_exists: true)
+        else
+          schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
         end
 
         result = execute schema_creation.accept td
@@ -320,7 +322,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         if supports_comments? && !supports_comments_in_create?
-          if table_comment = options[:comment].presence
+          if table_comment = td.comment.presence
             change_table_comment(table_name, table_comment)
           end
 
@@ -498,6 +500,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
       # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by #create_table.
       def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
+        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
         execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
       end
 
@@ -517,14 +520,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Available options are (none of these exists by default):
       # * <tt>:limit</tt> -
       #   Requests a maximum column length. This is the number of characters for a <tt>:string</tt> column
-      #   and number of bytes for <tt>:text</tt>, <tt>:binary</tt> and <tt>:integer</tt> columns.
+      #   and number of bytes for <tt>:text</tt>, <tt>:binary</tt>, and <tt>:integer</tt> columns.
       #   This option is ignored by some backends.
       # * <tt>:default</tt> -
       #   The column's default value. Use +nil+ for +NULL+.
       # * <tt>:null</tt> -
       #   Allows or disallows +NULL+ values in the column.
       # * <tt>:precision</tt> -
-      #   Specifies the precision for the <tt>:decimal</tt> and <tt>:numeric</tt> columns.
+      #   Specifies the precision for the <tt>:decimal</tt>, <tt>:numeric</tt>,
+      #   <tt>:datetime</tt>, and <tt>:time</tt> columns.
       # * <tt>:scale</tt> -
       #   Specifies the scale for the <tt>:decimal</tt> and <tt>:numeric</tt> columns.
       # * <tt>:collation</tt> -
@@ -583,7 +587,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  # Defines a column with a database-specific type.
       #  add_column(:shapes, :triangle, 'polygon')
       #  # ALTER TABLE "shapes" ADD "triangle" polygon
-      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, **options)
         at = create_alter_table table_name
         at.add_column(column_name, type, options)
         execute schema_creation.accept at
@@ -734,7 +738,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_accounts_on_branch_id_and_party_id ON accounts(branch_id, party_id) WHERE active
       #
-      # Note: Partial indexes are only supported for PostgreSQL and SQLite 3.8.0+.
+      # Note: Partial indexes are only supported for PostgreSQL and SQLite.
       #
       # ====== Creating an index with a specific method
       #
@@ -769,6 +773,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX index_developers_on_name ON developers (name) -- MySQL
       #
       # Note: only supported by MySQL.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index with a specific algorithm
+      #
+      #  add_index(:developers, :name, algorithm: :concurrently)
+      #  # CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY developers_on_name on developers (name)
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by PostgreSQL.
+      #
+      # Concurrently adding an index is not supported in a transaction.
+      #
+      # For more information see the {"Transactional Migrations" section}[rdoc-ref:Migration].
       def add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {})
         index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
         execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{index_columns})#{index_options}"
@@ -792,6 +807,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   remove_index :accounts, name: :by_branch_party
       #
+      # Removes the index named +by_branch_party+ in the +accounts+ table +concurrently+.
+      #
+      #   remove_index :accounts, name: :by_branch_party, algorithm: :concurrently
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by PostgreSQL.
+      #
+      # Concurrently removing an index is not supported in a transaction.
+      #
+      # For more information see the {"Transactional Migrations" section}[rdoc-ref:Migration].
       def remove_index(table_name, options = {})
         index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
         execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
@@ -851,7 +875,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [<tt>:null</tt>]
       #   Whether the column allows nulls. Defaults to true.
       #
-      # ====== Create a user_id bigint column without a index
+      # ====== Create a user_id bigint column without an index
       #
       #   add_reference(:products, :user, index: false)
       #
@@ -965,7 +989,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [<tt>:on_update</tt>]
       #   Action that happens <tt>ON UPDATE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade+ and +:restrict+
       # [<tt>:validate</tt>]
-      #   (Postgres only) Specify whether or not the constraint should be validated. Defaults to +true+.
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) Specify whether or not the constraint should be validated. Defaults to +true+.
       def add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options = {})
         return unless supports_foreign_keys?
 
@@ -1001,10 +1025,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # with an addition of
       # [<tt>:to_table</tt>]
       #   The name of the table that contains the referenced primary key.
-      def remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
+      def remove_foreign_key(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)
         return unless supports_foreign_keys?
 
-        fk_name_to_delete = foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table).name
+        fk_name_to_delete = foreign_key_for!(from_table, to_table: to_table, **options).name
 
         at = create_alter_table from_table
         at.drop_foreign_key fk_name_to_delete
@@ -1023,14 +1047,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # Checks to see if a foreign key with a custom name exists.
       #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, name: "special_fk_name")
       #
-      def foreign_key_exists?(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
-        foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table).present?
+      def foreign_key_exists?(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)
+        foreign_key_for(from_table, to_table: to_table, **options).present?
       end
 
       def foreign_key_column_for(table_name) # :nodoc:
-        prefix = Base.table_name_prefix
-        suffix = Base.table_name_suffix
-        name = table_name.to_s =~ /#{prefix}(.+)#{suffix}/ ? $1 : table_name.to_s
+        name = strip_table_name_prefix_and_suffix(table_name)
         "#{name.singularize}_id"
       end
 
@@ -1041,8 +1063,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         options
       end
 
-      def dump_schema_information #:nodoc:
-        versions = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions
+      def dump_schema_information # :nodoc:
+        versions = schema_migration.all_versions
         insert_versions_sql(versions) if versions.any?
       end
 
@@ -1050,15 +1072,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         { primary_key: true }
       end
 
-      def assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths)
-        migrations_paths = Array(migrations_paths)
+      def assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths = nil)
+        unless migrations_paths.nil?
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG.squish)
+            Passing migrations_paths to #assume_migrated_upto_version is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1.
+          MSG
+        end
+
         version = version.to_i
-        sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)
+        sm_table = quote_table_name(schema_migration.table_name)
 
-        migrated = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions.map(&:to_i)
-        versions = migration_context.migration_files.map do |file|
-          migration_context.parse_migration_filename(file).first.to_i
-        end
+        migrated = migration_context.get_all_versions
+        versions = migration_context.migrations.map(&:version)
 
         unless migrated.include?(version)
           execute "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(version)})"
@@ -1095,7 +1120,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if (0..6) === precision
               column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
             else
-              raise(ActiveRecordError, "No #{native[:name]} type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
+              raise ArgumentError, "No #{native[:name]} type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6"
             end
           elsif (type != :primary_key) && (limit ||= native.is_a?(Hash) && native[:limit])
             column_type_sql << "(#{limit})"
@@ -1125,6 +1150,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
         options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
 
+        if !options.key?(:precision) && supports_datetime_with_precision?
+          options[:precision] = 6
+        end
+
         add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options
         add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options
       end
@@ -1179,12 +1208,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Changes the comment for a table or removes it if +nil+.
-      def change_table_comment(table_name, comment)
+      #
+      # Passing a hash containing +:from+ and +:to+ will make this change
+      # reversible in migration:
+      #
+      #   change_table_comment(:posts, from: "old_comment", to: "new_comment")
+      def change_table_comment(table_name, comment_or_changes)
         raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing table comments"
       end
 
       # Changes the comment for a column or removes it if +nil+.
-      def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment)
+      #
+      # Passing a hash containing +:from+ and +:to+ will make this change
+      # reversible in migration:
+      #
+      #   change_column_comment(:posts, :state, from: "old_comment", to: "new_comment")
+      def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment_or_changes)
         raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing column comments"
       end
 
@@ -1286,7 +1325,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def create_table_definition(*args)
-          TableDefinition.new(*args)
+          TableDefinition.new(self, *args)
         end
 
         def create_alter_table(name)
@@ -1320,6 +1359,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           { column: column_names }
         end
 
+        def strip_table_name_prefix_and_suffix(table_name)
+          prefix = Base.table_name_prefix
+          suffix = Base.table_name_suffix
+          table_name.to_s =~ /#{prefix}(.+)#{suffix}/ ? $1 : table_name.to_s
+        end
+
         def foreign_key_name(table_name, options)
           options.fetch(:name) do
             identifier = "#{table_name}_#{options.fetch(:column)}_fk"
@@ -1329,14 +1374,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
+        def foreign_key_for(from_table, **options)
           return unless supports_foreign_keys?
-          foreign_keys(from_table).detect { |fk| fk.defined_for? options_or_to_table }
+          foreign_keys(from_table).detect { |fk| fk.defined_for?(options) }
         end
 
-        def foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
-          foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table) || \
-            raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{options_or_to_table}")
+        def foreign_key_for!(from_table, to_table: nil, **options)
+          foreign_key_for(from_table, to_table: to_table, **options) ||
+            raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{to_table || options}")
         end
 
         def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
@@ -1362,11 +1407,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
             default_or_changes
           end
         end
+        alias :extract_new_comment_value :extract_new_default_value
 
         def can_remove_index_by_name?(options)
           options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:name) && options.except(:name, :algorithm).empty?
         end
 
+        def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations)
+          sql_fragments = []
+          non_combinable_operations = []
+
+          operations.each do |command, args|
+            table, arguments = args.shift, args
+            method = :"#{command}_for_alter"
+
+            if respond_to?(method, true)
+              sqls, procs = Array(send(method, table, *arguments)).partition { |v| v.is_a?(String) }
+              sql_fragments << sqls
+              non_combinable_operations.concat(procs)
+            else
+              execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sql_fragments.join(", ")}" unless sql_fragments.empty?
+              non_combinable_operations.each(&:call)
+              sql_fragments = []
+              non_combinable_operations = []
+              send(command, table, *arguments)
+            end
+          end
+
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sql_fragments.join(", ")}" unless sql_fragments.empty?
+          non_combinable_operations.each(&:call)
+        end
+
         def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
           td = create_table_definition(table_name)
           cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
@@ -1382,7 +1453,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def insert_versions_sql(versions)
-          sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)
+          sm_table = quote_table_name(schema_migration.table_name)
 
           if versions.is_a?(Array)
             sql = +"INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES\n"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
index 0f2b1e85ff..53ce8df491 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class TransactionState
       def initialize(state = nil)
         @state = state
-        @children = []
+        @children = nil
       end
 
       def add_child(state)
+        @children ||= []
         @children << state
       end
 
@@ -40,31 +41,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         committed? || rolledback?
       end
 
-      def set_state(state)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-          The set_state method is deprecated and will be removed in
-          Rails 6.0. Please use rollback! or commit! to set transaction
-          state directly.
-        MSG
-        case state
-        when :rolledback
-          rollback!
-        when :committed
-          commit!
-        when nil
-          nullify!
-        else
-          raise ArgumentError, "Invalid transaction state: #{state}"
-        end
-      end
-
       def rollback!
-        @children.each { |c| c.rollback! }
+        @children&.each { |c| c.rollback! }
         @state = :rolledback
       end
 
       def full_rollback!
-        @children.each { |c| c.rollback! }
+        @children&.each { |c| c.rollback! }
         @state = :fully_rolledback
       end
 
@@ -93,18 +76,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class Transaction #:nodoc:
       attr_reader :connection, :state, :records, :savepoint_name, :isolation_level
 
-      def initialize(connection, options, run_commit_callbacks: false)
+      def initialize(connection, isolation: nil, joinable: true, run_commit_callbacks: false)
         @connection = connection
         @state = TransactionState.new
-        @records = []
-        @isolation_level = options[:isolation]
+        @records = nil
+        @isolation_level = isolation
         @materialized = false
-        @joinable = options.fetch(:joinable, true)
+        @joinable = joinable
         @run_commit_callbacks = run_commit_callbacks
       end
 
       def add_record(record)
-        records << record
+        @records ||= []
+        @records << record
       end
 
       def materialize!
@@ -116,32 +100,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def rollback_records
-        ite = records.uniq
+        return unless records
+        ite = records.uniq(&:object_id)
+        already_run_callbacks = {}
         while record = ite.shift
-          record.rolledback!(force_restore_state: full_rollback?)
+          trigger_callbacks = record.trigger_transactional_callbacks?
+          should_run_callbacks = !already_run_callbacks[record] && trigger_callbacks
+          already_run_callbacks[record] ||= trigger_callbacks
+          record.rolledback!(force_restore_state: full_rollback?, should_run_callbacks: should_run_callbacks)
         end
       ensure
-        ite.each do |i|
+        ite&.each do |i|
           i.rolledback!(force_restore_state: full_rollback?, should_run_callbacks: false)
         end
       end
 
       def before_commit_records
-        records.uniq.each(&:before_committed!) if @run_commit_callbacks
+        records.uniq.each(&:before_committed!) if records && @run_commit_callbacks
       end
 
       def commit_records
-        ite = records.uniq
+        return unless records
+        ite = records.uniq(&:object_id)
+        already_run_callbacks = {}
         while record = ite.shift
           if @run_commit_callbacks
-            record.committed!
+            trigger_callbacks = record.trigger_transactional_callbacks?
+            should_run_callbacks = !already_run_callbacks[record] && trigger_callbacks
+            already_run_callbacks[record] ||= trigger_callbacks
+            record.committed!(should_run_callbacks: should_run_callbacks)
           else
             # if not running callbacks, only adds the record to the parent transaction
             connection.add_transaction_record(record)
           end
         end
       ensure
-        ite.each { |i| i.committed!(should_run_callbacks: false) }
+        ite&.each { |i| i.committed!(should_run_callbacks: false) }
       end
 
       def full_rollback?; true; end
@@ -151,8 +145,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     class SavepointTransaction < Transaction
-      def initialize(connection, savepoint_name, parent_transaction, *args)
-        super(connection, *args)
+      def initialize(connection, savepoint_name, parent_transaction, **options)
+        super(connection, options)
 
         parent_transaction.state.add_child(@state)
 
@@ -212,20 +206,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @lazy_transactions_enabled = true
       end
 
-      def begin_transaction(options = {})
+      def begin_transaction(isolation: nil, joinable: true, _lazy: true)
         @connection.lock.synchronize do
           run_commit_callbacks = !current_transaction.joinable?
           transaction =
             if @stack.empty?
-              RealTransaction.new(@connection, options, run_commit_callbacks: run_commit_callbacks)
+              RealTransaction.new(
+                @connection,
+                isolation: isolation,
+                joinable: joinable,
+                run_commit_callbacks: run_commit_callbacks
+              )
             else
-              SavepointTransaction.new(@connection, "active_record_#{@stack.size}", @stack.last, options,
-                                       run_commit_callbacks: run_commit_callbacks)
+              SavepointTransaction.new(
+                @connection,
+                "active_record_#{@stack.size}",
+                @stack.last,
+                isolation: isolation,
+                joinable: joinable,
+                run_commit_callbacks: run_commit_callbacks
+              )
             end
 
-          transaction.materialize! unless @connection.supports_lazy_transactions? && lazy_transactions_enabled?
+          if @connection.supports_lazy_transactions? && lazy_transactions_enabled? && _lazy
+            @has_unmaterialized_transactions = true
+          else
+            transaction.materialize!
+          end
           @stack.push(transaction)
-          @has_unmaterialized_transactions = true if @connection.supports_lazy_transactions?
           transaction
         end
       end
@@ -281,28 +289,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def within_new_transaction(options = {})
+      def within_new_transaction(isolation: nil, joinable: true)
         @connection.lock.synchronize do
-          begin
-            transaction = begin_transaction options
-            yield
-          rescue Exception => error
-            if transaction
+          transaction = begin_transaction(isolation: isolation, joinable: joinable)
+          yield
+        rescue Exception => error
+          if transaction
+            rollback_transaction
+            after_failure_actions(transaction, error)
+          end
+          raise
+        ensure
+          if !error && transaction
+            if Thread.current.status == "aborting"
               rollback_transaction
-              after_failure_actions(transaction, error)
-            end
-            raise
-          ensure
-            unless error
-              if Thread.current.status == "aborting"
-                rollback_transaction if transaction
-              else
-                begin
-                  commit_transaction if transaction
-                rescue Exception
-                  rollback_transaction(transaction) unless transaction.state.completed?
-                  raise
-                end
+            else
+              begin
+                commit_transaction
+              rescue Exception
+                rollback_transaction(transaction) unless transaction.state.completed?
+                raise
               end
             end
           end
@@ -318,7 +324,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         NULL_TRANSACTION = NullTransaction.new
 
         # Deallocate invalidated prepared statements outside of the transaction
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index 0fe868478c..dc970c384b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       SIMPLE_INT = /\A\d+\z/
 
-      attr_accessor :visitor, :pool
-      attr_reader :schema_cache, :owner, :logger, :prepared_statements, :lock
+      attr_accessor :pool
+      attr_reader :visitor, :owner, :logger, :lock, :prepared_statements
       alias :in_use? :owner
 
       set_callback :checkin, :after, :enable_lazy_transactions!
@@ -100,6 +100,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def self.build_read_query_regexp(*parts) # :nodoc:
+        parts = parts.map { |part| /\A[\(\s]*#{part}/i }
+        Regexp.union(*parts)
+      end
+
+      def self.quoted_column_names # :nodoc:
+        @quoted_column_names ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def self.quoted_table_names # :nodoc:
+        @quoted_table_names ||= {}
+      end
+
       def initialize(connection, logger = nil, config = {}) # :nodoc:
         super()
 
@@ -108,11 +121,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @instrumenter        = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
         @logger              = logger
         @config              = config
-        @pool                = nil
+        @pool                = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullPool.new
         @idle_since          = Concurrent.monotonic_time
-        @schema_cache        = SchemaCache.new self
-        @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}
         @visitor = arel_visitor
+        @statements = build_statement_pool
         @lock = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::LoadInterlockAwareMonitor.new
 
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
@@ -125,27 +137,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @advisory_locks_enabled = self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(
           config.fetch(:advisory_locks, true)
         )
-
-        check_version
       end
 
       def replica?
         @config[:replica] || false
       end
 
+      # Determines whether writes are currently being prevents.
+      #
+      # Returns true if the connection is a replica, or if +prevent_writes+
+      # is set to true.
+      def preventing_writes?
+        replica? || ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.prevent_writes
+      end
+
       def migrations_paths # :nodoc:
         @config[:migrations_paths] || Migrator.migrations_paths
       end
 
       def migration_context # :nodoc:
-        MigrationContext.new(migrations_paths)
+        MigrationContext.new(migrations_paths, schema_migration)
+      end
+
+      def schema_migration # :nodoc:
+        @schema_migration ||= begin
+                                conn = self
+                                spec_name = conn.pool.spec.name
+                                name = "#{spec_name}::SchemaMigration"
+
+                                Class.new(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration) do
+                                  define_singleton_method(:name) { name }
+                                  define_singleton_method(:to_s) { name }
+
+                                  self.connection_specification_name = spec_name
+                                end
+                              end
       end
 
       class Version
         include Comparable
 
-        def initialize(version_string)
+        attr_reader :full_version_string
+
+        def initialize(version_string, full_version_string = nil)
           @version = version_string.split(".").map(&:to_i)
+          @full_version_string = full_version_string
         end
 
         def <=>(version_string)
@@ -177,9 +213,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @owner = Thread.current
       end
 
+      def schema_cache
+        @pool.get_schema_cache(self)
+      end
+
       def schema_cache=(cache)
         cache.connection = self
-        @schema_cache = cache
+        @pool.set_schema_cache(cache)
       end
 
       # this method must only be called while holding connection pool's mutex
@@ -230,6 +270,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
       end
 
+      # Does the database for this adapter exist?
+      def self.database_exists?(config)
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
       # Does this adapter support DDL rollbacks in transactions? That is, would
       # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction?
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
@@ -308,12 +353,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
         supports_foreign_keys?
       end
+      deprecate :supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
 
       # Does this adapter support views?
       def supports_views?
         false
       end
 
+      # Does this adapter support materialized views?
+      def supports_materialized_views?
+        false
+      end
+
       # Does this adapter support datetime with precision?
       def supports_datetime_with_precision?
         false
@@ -350,10 +401,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
+      # Does this adapter support optimizer hints?
+      def supports_optimizer_hints?
+        false
+      end
+
       def supports_lazy_transactions?
         false
       end
 
+      def supports_insert_returning?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_conflict_target?
+        false
+      end
+
       # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support extensions
       def disable_extension(name)
       end
@@ -431,6 +503,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #
         # Prevent @connection's finalizer from touching the socket, or
         # otherwise communicating with its server, when it is collected.
+        if schema_cache.connection == self
+          schema_cache.connection = nil
+        end
       end
 
       # Reset the state of this connection, directing the DBMS to clear
@@ -443,11 +518,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # this should be overridden by concrete adapters
       end
 
-      ###
-      # Clear any caching the database adapter may be doing, for example
-      # clearing the prepared statement cache. This is database specific.
+      # Clear any caching the database adapter may be doing.
       def clear_cache!
-        # this should be overridden by concrete adapters
+        @lock.synchronize { @statements.clear } if @statements
       end
 
       # Returns true if its required to reload the connection between requests for development mode.
@@ -473,15 +546,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value) # :nodoc:
-        table[attribute].eq(value)
+      def default_uniqueness_comparison(attribute, value, klass) # :nodoc:
+        attribute.eq(value)
       end
 
-      def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value) # :nodoc:
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(attribute, value) # :nodoc:
+        attribute.eq(value)
+      end
+
+      def case_insensitive_comparison(attribute, value) # :nodoc:
+        column = column_for_attribute(attribute)
+
         if can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
-          table[attribute].lower.eq(table.lower(value))
+          attribute.lower.eq(attribute.relation.lower(value))
         else
-          table[attribute].eq(value)
+          attribute.eq(value)
         end
       end
 
@@ -503,10 +582,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         index.using.nil?
       end
 
-      private
-        def check_version
+      # Called by ActiveRecord::InsertAll,
+      # Passed an instance of ActiveRecord::InsertAll::Builder,
+      # This method implements standard bulk inserts for all databases, but
+      # should be overridden by adapters to implement common features with
+      # non-standard syntax like handling duplicates or returning values.
+      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
+        if insert.skip_duplicates? || insert.update_duplicates?
+          raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} should define `build_insert_sql` to implement adapter-specific logic for handling duplicates during INSERT"
         end
 
+        "INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"
+      end
+
+      def get_database_version # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      def database_version # :nodoc:
+        schema_cache.database_version
+      end
+
+      def check_version # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      private
         def type_map
           @type_map ||= Type::TypeMap.new.tap do |mapping|
             initialize_type_map(mapping)
@@ -580,14 +679,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((.*)\)/
         end
 
-        def translate_exception_class(e, sql)
-          begin
-            message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
-          rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
-            message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message.force_encoding sql.encoding}: #{sql}"
-          end
+        def translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
+          message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}"
 
-          exception = translate_exception(e, message)
+          exception = translate_exception(
+            e, message: message, sql: sql, binds: binds
+          )
           exception.set_backtrace e.backtrace
           exception
         end
@@ -600,24 +697,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
             binds:             binds,
             type_casted_binds: type_casted_binds,
             statement_name:    statement_name,
-            connection_id:     object_id) do
-            begin
-              @lock.synchronize do
-                yield
-              end
-            rescue => e
-              raise translate_exception_class(e, sql)
+            connection_id:     object_id,
+            connection:        self) do
+            @lock.synchronize do
+              yield
             end
+          rescue => e
+            raise translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
           end
         end
 
-        def translate_exception(exception, message)
+        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
           # override in derived class
           case exception
           when RuntimeError
             exception
           else
-            ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message)
+            ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           end
         end
 
@@ -631,6 +727,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
             raise(ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}")
         end
 
+        def column_for_attribute(attribute)
+          table_name = attribute.relation.name
+          schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)[attribute.name.to_s]
+        end
+
         def collector
           if prepared_statements
             Arel::Collectors::Composite.new(
@@ -648,6 +749,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def arel_visitor
           Arel::Visitors::ToSql.new(self)
         end
+
+        def build_statement_pool
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
index 13c799b64a..405fecb603 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key: "bigint auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
         string:      { name: "varchar", limit: 255 },
-        text:        { name: "text", limit: 65535 },
+        text:        { name: "text" },
         integer:     { name: "int", limit: 4 },
         float:       { name: "float", limit: 24 },
         decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         timestamp:   { name: "timestamp" },
         time:        { name: "time" },
         date:        { name: "date" },
-        binary:      { name: "blob", limit: 65535 },
+        binary:      { name: "blob" },
+        blob:        { name: "blob" },
         boolean:     { name: "tinyint", limit: 1 },
         json:        { name: "json" },
       }
 
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def dealloc(stmt)
             stmt.close
           end
@@ -52,28 +52,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super(connection, logger, config)
-
-        @statements = StatementPool.new(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config[:statement_limit]))
       end
 
-      def version #:nodoc:
-        @version ||= Version.new(version_string)
+      def get_database_version #:nodoc:
+        full_version_string = get_full_version
+        version_string = version_string(full_version_string)
+        Version.new(version_string, full_version_string)
       end
 
       def mariadb? # :nodoc:
         /mariadb/i.match?(full_version)
       end
 
-      def supports_bulk_alter? #:nodoc:
+      def supports_bulk_alter?
         true
       end
 
       def supports_index_sort_order?
-        !mariadb? && version >= "8.0.1"
+        !mariadb? && database_version >= "8.0.1"
       end
 
       def supports_expression_index?
-        !mariadb? && version >= "8.0.13"
+        !mariadb? && database_version >= "8.0.13"
       end
 
       def supports_transaction_isolation?
@@ -97,31 +97,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def supports_datetime_with_precision?
-        if mariadb?
-          version >= "5.3.0"
-        else
-          version >= "5.6.4"
-        end
+        mariadb? || database_version >= "5.6.4"
       end
 
       def supports_virtual_columns?
-        if mariadb?
-          version >= "5.2.0"
-        else
-          version >= "5.7.5"
-        end
+        mariadb? || database_version >= "5.7.5"
+      end
+
+      # See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/optimizer-hints.html for more details.
+      def supports_optimizer_hints?
+        !mariadb? && database_version >= "5.7.7"
       end
 
       def supports_advisory_locks?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_longer_index_key_prefix?
-        if mariadb?
-          version >= "10.2.2"
-        else
-          version >= "5.7.9"
-        end
+      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
+        true
       end
 
       def get_advisory_lock(lock_name, timeout = 0) # :nodoc:
@@ -169,25 +166,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================
 
-      # Clears the prepared statements cache.
-      def clear_cache!
+      def clear_cache! # :nodoc:
         reload_type_map
-        @statements.clear
+        super
       end
 
       #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
       #++
 
-      def explain(arel, binds = [])
-        sql     = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
-        start   = Time.now
-        result  = exec_query(sql, "EXPLAIN", binds)
-        elapsed = Time.now - start
-
-        MySQL::ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(result, elapsed)
-      end
-
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
       def execute(sql, name = nil)
         materialize_transactions
@@ -207,7 +194,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def begin_db_transaction
-        execute "BEGIN"
+        execute("BEGIN", "TRANSACTION")
       end
 
       def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation)
@@ -216,11 +203,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        execute "COMMIT"
+        execute("COMMIT", "TRANSACTION")
       end
 
       def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        execute "ROLLBACK"
+        execute("ROLLBACK", "TRANSACTION")
       end
 
       def empty_insert_statement_value(primary_key = nil)
@@ -250,7 +237,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT COLLATE #{quote_table_name(options[:collation])}"
         elsif options[:charset]
           execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET #{quote_table_name(options[:charset])}"
-        elsif supports_longer_index_key_prefix?
+        elsif row_format_dynamic_by_default?
           execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4`"
         else
           raise "Configure a supported :charset and ensure innodb_large_prefix is enabled to support indexes on varchar(255) string columns."
@@ -279,10 +266,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         show_variable "collation_database"
       end
 
-      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
-        execute "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name
-      end
-
       def table_comment(table_name) # :nodoc:
         scope = quoted_scope(table_name)
 
@@ -294,22 +277,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         SQL
       end
 
-      def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations) #:nodoc:
-        sqls = operations.flat_map do |command, args|
-          table, arguments = args.shift, args
-          method = :"#{command}_for_alter"
-
-          if respond_to?(method, true)
-            send(method, table, *arguments)
-          else
-            raise "Unknown method called : #{method}(#{arguments.inspect})"
-          end
-        end.join(", ")
-
-        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sqls}")
-      end
-
-      def change_table_comment(table_name, comment) #:nodoc:
+      def change_table_comment(table_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+        comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
         comment = "" if comment.nil?
         execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} COMMENT #{quote(comment)}")
       end
@@ -319,6 +288,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Example:
       #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
       def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
+        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
+        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(new_name.to_s)
         execute "RENAME TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
         rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
       end
@@ -339,6 +310,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
       # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by create_table.
       def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
+        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
         execute "DROP#{' TEMPORARY' if options[:temporary]} TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
       end
 
@@ -365,7 +337,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         change_column table_name, column_name, nil, null: null
       end
 
-      def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment) #:nodoc:
+      def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+        comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
         change_column table_name, column_name, nil, comment: comment
       end
 
@@ -446,30 +419,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         table_options
       end
 
-      # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
-      def type_to_sql(type, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil, unsigned: nil, **) # :nodoc:
-        sql = \
-          case type.to_s
-          when "integer"
-            integer_to_sql(limit)
-          when "text"
-            text_to_sql(limit)
-          when "blob"
-            binary_to_sql(limit)
-          when "binary"
-            if (0..0xfff) === limit
-              "varbinary(#{limit})"
-            else
-              binary_to_sql(limit)
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
-
-        sql = "#{sql} unsigned" if unsigned && type != :primary_key
-        sql
-      end
-
       # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
       def show_variable(name)
         query_value("SELECT @@#{name}", "SCHEMA")
@@ -492,9 +441,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         SQL
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value) # :nodoc:
+      def default_uniqueness_comparison(attribute, value, klass) # :nodoc:
+        column = column_for_attribute(attribute)
+
+        if column.collation && !column.case_sensitive? && !value.nil?
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG.squish)
+            Uniqueness validator will no longer enforce case sensitive comparison in Rails 6.1.
+            To continue case sensitive comparison on the :#{attribute.name} attribute in #{klass} model,
+            pass `case_sensitive: true` option explicitly to the uniqueness validator.
+          MSG
+          attribute.eq(Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(value))
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(attribute, value) # :nodoc:
+        column = column_for_attribute(attribute)
+
         if column.collation && !column.case_sensitive?
-          table[attribute].eq(Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(value))
+          attribute.eq(Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(value))
         else
           super
         end
@@ -528,46 +494,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         index.using == :btree || super
       end
 
-      def insert_fixtures_set(fixture_set, tables_to_delete = [])
-        with_multi_statements do
-          super { discard_remaining_results }
-        end
-      end
+      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
+        sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"
 
-      private
-        def check_version
-          if version < "5.5.8"
-            raise "Your version of MySQL (#{version_string}) is too old. Active Record supports MySQL >= 5.5.8."
-          end
+        if insert.skip_duplicates?
+          no_op_column = quote_column_name(insert.keys.first)
+          sql << " ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE #{no_op_column}=#{no_op_column}"
+        elsif insert.update_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE "
+          sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=VALUES(#{column})" }.join(",")
         end
 
-        def combine_multi_statements(total_sql)
-          total_sql.each_with_object([]) do |sql, total_sql_chunks|
-            previous_packet = total_sql_chunks.last
-            sql << ";\n"
-            if max_allowed_packet_reached?(sql, previous_packet) || total_sql_chunks.empty?
-              total_sql_chunks << sql
-            else
-              previous_packet << sql
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def max_allowed_packet_reached?(current_packet, previous_packet)
-          if current_packet.bytesize > max_allowed_packet
-            raise ActiveRecordError, "Fixtures set is too large #{current_packet.bytesize}. Consider increasing the max_allowed_packet variable."
-          elsif previous_packet.nil?
-            false
-          else
-            (current_packet.bytesize + previous_packet.bytesize) > max_allowed_packet
-          end
-        end
+        sql
+      end
 
-        def max_allowed_packet
-          bytes_margin = 2
-          @max_allowed_packet ||= (show_variable("max_allowed_packet") - bytes_margin)
+      def check_version # :nodoc:
+        if database_version < "5.5.8"
+          raise "Your version of MySQL (#{database_version}) is too old. Active Record supports MySQL >= 5.5.8."
         end
+      end
 
+      private
         def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
           super
 
@@ -595,13 +542,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           m.alias_type %r(bit)i,           "binary"
 
           m.register_type(%r(enum)i) do |sql_type|
-            limit = sql_type[/^enum\((.+)\)/i, 1]
+            limit = sql_type[/^enum\s*\((.+)\)/i, 1]
               .split(",").map { |enum| enum.strip.length - 2 }.max
             MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
           end
 
           m.register_type(%r(^set)i) do |sql_type|
-            limit = sql_type[/^set\((.+)\)/i, 1]
+            limit = sql_type[/^set\s*\((.+)\)/i, 1]
               .split(",").map { |set| set.strip.length - 1 }.sum - 1
             MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
           end
@@ -641,37 +588,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ER_LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT    = 1205
         ER_QUERY_INTERRUPTED    = 1317
         ER_QUERY_TIMEOUT        = 3024
+        ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS = 3780
 
-        def translate_exception(exception, message)
+        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
           case error_number(exception)
           when ER_DUP_ENTRY
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message)
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW, ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED, ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED_2, ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW_2
-            InvalidForeignKey.new(message)
-          when ER_CANNOT_ADD_FOREIGN
-            mismatched_foreign_key(message)
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_CANNOT_ADD_FOREIGN, ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS
+            mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when ER_CANNOT_CREATE_TABLE
             if message.include?("errno: 150")
-              mismatched_foreign_key(message)
+              mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
             else
               super
             end
           when ER_DATA_TOO_LONG
-            ValueTooLong.new(message)
+            ValueTooLong.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when ER_OUT_OF_RANGE
-            RangeError.new(message)
+            RangeError.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when ER_NOT_NULL_VIOLATION, ER_DO_NOT_HAVE_DEFAULT
-            NotNullViolation.new(message)
+            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK
-            Deadlocked.new(message)
+            Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when ER_LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT
-            LockWaitTimeout.new(message)
+            LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when ER_QUERY_TIMEOUT
-            StatementTimeout.new(message)
+            StatementTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when ER_QUERY_INTERRUPTED
-            QueryCanceled.new(message)
+            QueryCanceled.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           else
-            super
+            if exception.is_a?(Mysql2::Error::TimeoutError)
+              ActiveRecord::AdapterTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           end
         end
 
@@ -722,6 +674,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def add_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, options = {})
+          options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
+          if !options.key?(:precision) && supports_datetime_with_precision?
+            options[:precision] = 6
+          end
+
           [add_column_for_alter(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options), add_column_for_alter(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options)]
         end
 
@@ -730,7 +688,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def supports_rename_index?
-          mariadb? ? false : version >= "5.7.6"
+          mariadb? ? false : database_version >= "5.7.6"
         end
 
         def configure_connection
@@ -783,7 +741,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end.compact.join(", ")
 
           # ...and send them all in one query
-          execute "SET #{encoding} #{sql_mode_assignment} #{variable_assignments}"
+          execute("SET #{encoding} #{sql_mode_assignment} #{variable_assignments}", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         def column_definitions(table_name) # :nodoc:
@@ -800,51 +758,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
           Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new(self)
         end
 
-        def mismatched_foreign_key(message)
-          parts = message.scan(/`(\w+)`[ $)]/).flatten
-          MismatchedForeignKey.new(
-            self,
-            message: message,
-            table: parts[0],
-            foreign_key: parts[1],
-            target_table: parts[2],
-            primary_key: parts[3],
-          )
+        def build_statement_pool
+          StatementPool.new(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
         end
 
-        def integer_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
-          case limit
-          when 1; "tinyint"
-          when 2; "smallint"
-          when 3; "mediumint"
-          when nil, 4; "int"
-          when 5..8; "bigint"
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a decimal with scale 0 instead.")
-          end
-        end
+        def mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql:, binds:)
+          match = %r/
+            (?:CREATE|ALTER)\s+TABLE\s*(?:`?\w+`?\.)?`?(?<table>\w+)`?.+?
+            FOREIGN\s+KEY\s*\(`?(?<foreign_key>\w+)`?\)\s*
+            REFERENCES\s*(`?(?<target_table>\w+)`?)\s*\(`?(?<primary_key>\w+)`?\)
+          /xmi.match(sql)
 
-        def text_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
-          case limit
-          when 0..0xff;               "tinytext"
-          when nil, 0x100..0xffff;    "text"
-          when 0x10000..0xffffff;     "mediumtext"
-          when 0x1000000..0xffffffff; "longtext"
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No text type has byte length #{limit}")
-          end
-        end
+          options = {
+            message: message,
+            sql: sql,
+            binds: binds,
+          }
 
-        def binary_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
-          case limit
-          when 0..0xff;               "tinyblob"
-          when nil, 0x100..0xffff;    "blob"
-          when 0x10000..0xffffff;     "mediumblob"
-          when 0x1000000..0xffffffff; "longblob"
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte length #{limit}")
+          if match
+            options[:table] = match[:table]
+            options[:foreign_key] = match[:foreign_key]
+            options[:target_table] = match[:target_table]
+            options[:primary_key] = match[:primary_key]
+            options[:primary_key_column] = column_for(match[:target_table], match[:primary_key])
           end
+
+          MismatchedForeignKey.new(options)
         end
 
-        def version_string
-          full_version.match(/^(?:5\.5\.5-)?(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)/)[1]
+        def version_string(full_version_string)
+          full_version_string.match(/^(?:5\.5\.5-)?(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)/)[1]
         end
 
         class MysqlString < Type::String # :nodoc:
@@ -857,7 +800,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           private
-
             def cast_value(value)
               case value
               when true then "1"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
index 5d81de9fe1..2708d2756b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     # An abstract definition of a column in a table.
     class Column
-      attr_reader :name, :default, :sql_type_metadata, :null, :table_name, :default_function, :collation, :comment
+      include Deduplicable
+
+      attr_reader :name, :default, :sql_type_metadata, :null, :default_function, :collation, :comment
 
       delegate :precision, :scale, :limit, :type, :sql_type, to: :sql_type_metadata, allow_nil: true
 
@@ -15,9 +17,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # +default+ is the type-casted default value, such as +new+ in <tt>sales_stage varchar(20) default 'new'</tt>.
       # +sql_type_metadata+ is various information about the type of the column
       # +null+ determines if this column allows +NULL+ values.
-      def initialize(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, table_name = nil, default_function = nil, collation = nil, comment: nil, **)
+      def initialize(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil, collation: nil, comment: nil, **)
         @name = name.freeze
-        @table_name = table_name
         @sql_type_metadata = sql_type_metadata
         @null = null
         @default = default
@@ -44,7 +45,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def init_with(coder)
         @name = coder["name"]
-        @table_name = coder["table_name"]
         @sql_type_metadata = coder["sql_type_metadata"]
         @null = coder["null"]
         @default = coder["default"]
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def encode_with(coder)
         coder["name"] = @name
-        coder["table_name"] = @table_name
         coder["sql_type_metadata"] = @sql_type_metadata
         coder["null"] = @null
         coder["default"] = @default
@@ -66,18 +65,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def ==(other)
         other.is_a?(Column) &&
-          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+          name == other.name &&
+          default == other.default &&
+          sql_type_metadata == other.sql_type_metadata &&
+          null == other.null &&
+          default_function == other.default_function &&
+          collation == other.collation &&
+          comment == other.comment
       end
       alias :eql? :==
 
       def hash
-        attributes_for_hash.hash
+        Column.hash ^
+          name.hash ^
+          name.encoding.hash ^
+          default.hash ^
+          sql_type_metadata.hash ^
+          null.hash ^
+          default_function.hash ^
+          collation.hash ^
+          comment.hash
       end
 
-      protected
-
-        def attributes_for_hash
-          [self.class, name, default, sql_type_metadata, null, table_name, default_function, collation]
+      private
+        def deduplicated
+          @name = -name
+          @sql_type_metadata = sql_type_metadata.deduplicate if sql_type_metadata
+          @default = -default if default
+          @default_function = -default_function if default_function
+          @collation = -collation if collation
+          @comment = -comment if comment
+          super
         end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
index 2e7a78215a..df26f67c6e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           attr_reader :uri
 
           def uri_parser
@@ -174,12 +173,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if e.path == path_to_adapter
               # We can assume that a non-builtin adapter was specified, so it's
               # either misspelled or missing from Gemfile.
-              raise e.class, "Could not load the '#{spec[:adapter]}' Active Record adapter. Ensure that the adapter is spelled correctly in config/database.yml and that you've added the necessary adapter gem to your Gemfile.", e.backtrace
+              raise LoadError, "Could not load the '#{spec[:adapter]}' Active Record adapter. Ensure that the adapter is spelled correctly in config/database.yml and that you've added the necessary adapter gem to your Gemfile.", e.backtrace
 
             # Bubbled up from the adapter require. Prefix the exception message
             # with some guidance about how to address it and reraise.
             else
-              raise e.class, "Error loading the '#{spec[:adapter]}' Active Record adapter. Missing a gem it depends on? #{e.message}", e.backtrace
+              raise LoadError, "Error loading the '#{spec[:adapter]}' Active Record adapter. Missing a gem it depends on? #{e.message}", e.backtrace
             end
           end
 
@@ -248,10 +247,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if db_config
               resolve_connection(db_config.config).merge("name" => pool_name.to_s)
             else
-              raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{env_name}' database is not configured. Available: #{configurations.configurations.map(&:env_name).join(", ")}")
+              raise AdapterNotSpecified, <<~MSG
+                The `#{env_name}` database is not configured for the `#{ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::DEFAULT_ENV.call}` environment.
+
+                Available databases configurations are:
+
+                #{build_configuration_sentence}
+              MSG
             end
           end
 
+          def build_configuration_sentence # :nodoc:
+            configs = configurations.configs_for(include_replicas: true)
+
+            configs.group_by(&:env_name).map do |env, config|
+              namespaces = config.map(&:spec_name)
+              if namespaces.size > 1
+                "#{env}: #{namespaces.join(", ")}"
+              else
+                env
+              end
+            end.join("\n")
+          end
+
           # Accepts a hash. Expands the "url" key that contains a
           # URL database connection to a full connection
           # hash and merges with the rest of the hash.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/deduplicable.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/deduplicable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb2fd60bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/deduplicable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
+    module Deduplicable
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      module ClassMethods
+        def registry
+          @registry ||= {}
+        end
+
+        def new(*)
+          super.deduplicate
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deduplicate
+        self.class.registry[self] ||= deduplicated
+      end
+      alias :-@ :deduplicate
+
+      private
+        def deduplicated
+          freeze
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/determine_if_preparable_visitor.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/determine_if_preparable_visitor.rb
index 883747b84b..97d74df529 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/determine_if_preparable_visitor.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/determine_if_preparable_visitor.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module DetermineIfPreparableVisitor
-      attr_reader :preparable
+      attr_accessor :preparable
 
-      def accept(*)
+      def accept(object, collector)
         @preparable = true
         super
       end
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
-      def visit_Arel_Nodes_SqlLiteral(*)
+      def visit_Arel_Nodes_SqlLiteral(o, collector)
         @preparable = false
         super
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/database_statements.rb
index 684c7042a7..bbcdc96cdc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/database_statements.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             super
           end
-          discard_remaining_results
+          @connection.abandon_results!
           result
         end
 
@@ -19,8 +19,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
           execute(sql, name).to_a
         end
 
+        READ_QUERY = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter.build_read_query_regexp(:begin, :commit, :explain, :select, :set, :show, :release, :savepoint, :rollback) # :nodoc:
+        private_constant :READ_QUERY
+
+        def write_query?(sql) # :nodoc:
+          !READ_QUERY.match?(sql)
+        end
+
+        def explain(arel, binds = [])
+          sql     = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
+          start   = Concurrent.monotonic_time
+          result  = exec_query(sql, "EXPLAIN", binds)
+          elapsed = Concurrent.monotonic_time - start
+
+          MySQL::ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(result, elapsed)
+        end
+
         # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
         def execute(sql, name = nil)
+          if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+            raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+          end
+
           # make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone that have been
           # made since we established the connection
           @connection.query_options[:database_timezone] = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
@@ -29,24 +49,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def exec_query(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], prepare: false)
-          materialize_transactions
-
           if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
             execute_and_free(sql, name) do |result|
-              ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result.to_a) if result
+              if result
+                ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result.to_a)
+              else
+                ActiveRecord::Result.new([], [])
+              end
             end
           else
             exec_stmt_and_free(sql, name, binds, cache_stmt: prepare) do |_, result|
-              ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result.to_a) if result
+              if result
+                ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result.to_a)
+              else
+                ActiveRecord::Result.new([], [])
+              end
             end
           end
         end
 
         def exec_delete(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-          materialize_transactions
-
           if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
-            execute_and_free(sql, name) { @connection.affected_rows }
+            @lock.synchronize do
+              execute_and_free(sql, name) { @connection.affected_rows }
+            end
           else
             exec_stmt_and_free(sql, name, binds) { |stmt| stmt.affected_rows }
           end
@@ -54,22 +80,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         alias :exec_update :exec_delete
 
         private
+          def execute_batch(sql, name = nil)
+            super
+            @connection.abandon_results!
+          end
+
           def default_insert_value(column)
-            Arel.sql("DEFAULT") unless column.auto_increment?
+            super unless column.auto_increment?
           end
 
           def last_inserted_id(result)
             @connection.last_id
           end
 
-          def discard_remaining_results
-            @connection.abandon_results!
-          end
-
           def supports_set_server_option?
             @connection.respond_to?(:set_server_option)
           end
 
+          def build_truncate_statements(*table_names)
+            if table_names.size == 1
+              super.first
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
           def multi_statements_enabled?(flags)
             if flags.is_a?(Array)
               flags.include?("MULTI_STATEMENTS")
@@ -102,7 +137,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
+          def combine_multi_statements(total_sql)
+            total_sql.each_with_object([]) do |sql, total_sql_chunks|
+              previous_packet = total_sql_chunks.last
+              if max_allowed_packet_reached?(sql, previous_packet)
+                total_sql_chunks << +sql
+              else
+                previous_packet << ";\n"
+                previous_packet << sql
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def max_allowed_packet_reached?(current_packet, previous_packet)
+            if current_packet.bytesize > max_allowed_packet
+              raise ActiveRecordError,
+                "Fixtures set is too large #{current_packet.bytesize}. Consider increasing the max_allowed_packet variable."
+            elsif previous_packet.nil?
+              true
+            else
+              (current_packet.bytesize + previous_packet.bytesize + 2) > max_allowed_packet
+            end
+          end
+
+          def max_allowed_packet
+            @max_allowed_packet ||= show_variable("max_allowed_packet")
+          end
+
           def exec_stmt_and_free(sql, name, binds, cache_stmt: false)
+            if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+              raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+            end
+
+            materialize_transactions
+
             # make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone that have been
             # made since we established the connection
             @connection.query_options[:database_timezone] = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/explain_pretty_printer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/explain_pretty_printer.rb
index 20c3c83664..edd5ea0542 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/explain_pretty_printer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/explain_pretty_printer.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           def compute_column_widths(result)
             [].tap do |widths|
               result.columns.each_with_index do |column, i|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/quoting.rb
index 75564a61d6..0069f5871c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/quoting.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module MySQL
       module Quoting # :nodoc:
         def quote_column_name(name)
-          @quoted_column_names[name] ||= "`#{super.gsub('`', '``')}`"
+          self.class.quoted_column_names[name] ||= "`#{super.gsub('`', '``')}`"
         end
 
         def quote_table_name(name)
-          @quoted_table_names[name] ||= super.gsub(".", "`.`").freeze
+          self.class.quoted_table_names[name] ||= super.gsub(".", "`.`").freeze
         end
 
         def unquoted_true
@@ -32,12 +32,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
           "x'#{value.hex}'"
         end
 
-        def _type_cast(value)
-          case value
-          when Date, Time then value
-          else super
-          end
+        def column_name_matcher
+          COLUMN_NAME
+        end
+
+        def column_name_with_order_matcher
+          COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
         end
+
+        COLUMN_NAME = /
+          \A
+          (
+            (?:
+              # `table_name`.`column_name` | function(one or no argument)
+              ((?:\w+\.|`\w+`\.)?(?:\w+|`\w+`)) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
+            )
+            (?:(?:\s+AS)?\s+(?:\w+|`\w+`))?
+          )
+          (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
+          \z
+        /ix
+
+        COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER = /
+          \A
+          (
+            (?:
+              # `table_name`.`column_name` | function(one or no argument)
+              ((?:\w+\.|`\w+`\.)?(?:\w+|`\w+`)) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
+            )
+            (?:\s+ASC|\s+DESC)?
+          )
+          (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
+          \z
+        /ix
+
+        private_constant :COLUMN_NAME, :COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
+
+        private
+          def _type_cast(value)
+            case value
+            when Date, Time then value
+            else super
+            end
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation.rb
index 82ed320617..0f5ab7562a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         delegate :add_sql_comment!, :mariadb?, to: :@conn, private: true
 
         private
-
           def visit_DropForeignKey(name)
             "DROP FOREIGN KEY #{name}"
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions.rb
index 2ed4ad16ae..d21535a709 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -4,48 +4,56 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module MySQL
       module ColumnMethods
-        def blob(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :blob, options) }
-        end
+        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-        def tinyblob(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :tinyblob, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: blob
+        # :call-seq: blob(*names, **options)
 
-        def mediumblob(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :mediumblob, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: tinyblob
+        # :call-seq: tinyblob(*names, **options)
 
-        def longblob(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :longblob, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: mediumblob
+        # :call-seq: mediumblob(*names, **options)
 
-        def tinytext(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :tinytext, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: longblob
+        # :call-seq: longblob(*names, **options)
 
-        def mediumtext(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :mediumtext, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: tinytext
+        # :call-seq: tinytext(*names, **options)
 
-        def longtext(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :longtext, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: mediumtext
+        # :call-seq: mediumtext(*names, **options)
 
-        def unsigned_integer(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_integer, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: longtext
+        # :call-seq: longtext(*names, **options)
 
-        def unsigned_bigint(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_bigint, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: unsigned_integer
+        # :call-seq: unsigned_integer(*names, **options)
 
-        def unsigned_float(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_float, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: unsigned_bigint
+        # :call-seq: unsigned_bigint(*names, **options)
+
+        ##
+        # :method: unsigned_float
+        # :call-seq: unsigned_float(*names, **options)
+
+        ##
+        # :method: unsigned_decimal
+        # :call-seq: unsigned_decimal(*names, **options)
 
-        def unsigned_decimal(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_decimal, options) }
+        included do
+          define_column_methods :blob, :tinyblob, :mediumblob, :longblob,
+            :tinytext, :mediumtext, :longtext, :unsigned_integer, :unsigned_bigint,
+            :unsigned_float, :unsigned_decimal
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper.rb
index d23178e43c..bcd300f3db 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
             spec[:unsigned] = "true" if column.unsigned?
             spec[:auto_increment] = "true" if column.auto_increment?
 
+            if /\A(?<size>tiny|medium|long)(?:text|blob)/ =~ column.sql_type
+              spec = { size: size.to_sym.inspect }.merge!(spec)
+            end
+
             if @connection.supports_virtual_columns? && column.virtual?
               spec[:as] = extract_expression_for_virtual_column(column)
               spec[:stored] = "true" if /\b(?:STORED|PERSISTENT)\b/.match?(column.extra)
@@ -37,19 +41,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
             case column.sql_type
             when /\Atimestamp\b/
               :timestamp
-            when "tinyblob"
-              :blob
+            when /\A(?:enum|set)\b/
+              column.sql_type
             else
               super
             end
           end
 
+          def schema_limit(column)
+            super unless /\A(?:enum|set|(?:tiny|medium|long)?(?:text|blob))\b/.match?(column.sql_type)
+          end
+
           def schema_precision(column)
             super unless /\A(?:date)?time(?:stamp)?\b/.match?(column.sql_type) && column.precision == 0
           end
 
           def schema_collation(column)
-            if column.collation && table_name = column.table_name
+            if column.collation
               @table_collation_cache ||= {}
               @table_collation_cache[table_name] ||=
                 @connection.exec_query("SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE #{@connection.quote(table_name)}", "SCHEMA").first["Collation"]
@@ -58,14 +66,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def extract_expression_for_virtual_column(column)
-            if @connection.mariadb? && @connection.version < "10.2.5"
-              create_table_info = @connection.send(:create_table_info, column.table_name)
+            if @connection.mariadb? && @connection.database_version < "10.2.5"
+              create_table_info = @connection.send(:create_table_info, table_name)
               column_name = @connection.quote_column_name(column.name)
               if %r/#{column_name} #{Regexp.quote(column.sql_type)}(?: COLLATE \w+)? AS \((?<expression>.+?)\) #{column.extra}/ =~ create_table_info
                 $~[:expression].inspect
               end
             else
-              scope = @connection.send(:quoted_scope, column.table_name)
+              scope = @connection.send(:quoted_scope, table_name)
               column_name = @connection.quote(column.name)
               sql = "SELECT generation_expression FROM information_schema.columns" \
                     " WHERE table_schema = #{scope[:schema]}" \
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_statements.rb
index 4894fd1c08..25a1fb234a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_statements.rb
@@ -77,9 +77,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super
         end
 
+        def create_table(table_name, options: default_row_format, **)
+          super
+        end
+
         def internal_string_options_for_primary_key
           super.tap do |options|
-            if CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN.include?(charset) && (mariadb? || version < "8.0.0")
+            if !row_format_dynamic_by_default? && CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN.include?(charset)
               options[:collation] = collation.sub(/\A[^_]+/, "utf8")
             end
           end
@@ -93,15 +97,65 @@ module ActiveRecord
           MySQL::SchemaDumper.create(self, options)
         end
 
+        # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
+        def type_to_sql(type, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil, size: limit_to_size(limit, type), unsigned: nil, **)
+          sql =
+            case type.to_s
+            when "integer"
+              integer_to_sql(limit)
+            when "text"
+              type_with_size_to_sql("text", size)
+            when "blob"
+              type_with_size_to_sql("blob", size)
+            when "binary"
+              if (0..0xfff) === limit
+                "varbinary(#{limit})"
+              else
+                type_with_size_to_sql("blob", size)
+              end
+            else
+              super
+            end
+
+          sql = "#{sql} unsigned" if unsigned && type != :primary_key
+          sql
+        end
+
+        def table_alias_length
+          256 # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/identifiers.html
+        end
+
         private
           CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN = ["utf8mb4", "utf16", "utf16le", "utf32"]
 
+          def row_format_dynamic_by_default?
+            if mariadb?
+              database_version >= "10.2.2"
+            else
+              database_version >= "5.7.9"
+            end
+          end
+
+          def default_row_format
+            return if row_format_dynamic_by_default?
+
+            unless defined?(@default_row_format)
+              if query_value("SELECT @@innodb_file_per_table = 1 AND @@innodb_file_format = 'Barracuda'") == 1
+                @default_row_format = "ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC"
+              else
+                @default_row_format = nil
+              end
+            end
+
+            @default_row_format
+          end
+
           def schema_creation
             MySQL::SchemaCreation.new(self)
           end
 
           def create_table_definition(*args)
-            MySQL::TableDefinition.new(*args)
+            MySQL::TableDefinition.new(self, *args)
           end
 
           def new_column_from_field(table_name, field)
@@ -120,9 +174,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
               default,
               type_metadata,
               field[:Null] == "YES",
-              table_name,
               default_function,
-              field[:Collation],
+              collation: field[:Collation],
               comment: field[:Comment].presence
             )
           end
@@ -171,6 +224,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
             schema, name = nil, schema unless name
             [schema, name]
           end
+
+          def type_with_size_to_sql(type, size)
+            case size&.to_s
+            when nil, "tiny", "medium", "long"
+              "#{size}#{type}"
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError,
+                "#{size.inspect} is invalid :size value. Only :tiny, :medium, and :long are allowed."
+            end
+          end
+
+          def limit_to_size(limit, type)
+            case type.to_s
+            when "text", "blob", "binary"
+              case limit
+              when 0..0xff;               "tiny"
+              when nil, 0x100..0xffff;    nil
+              when 0x10000..0xffffff;     "medium"
+              when 0x1000000..0xffffffff; "long"
+              else raise ArgumentError, "No #{type} type has byte size #{limit}"
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def integer_to_sql(limit)
+            case limit
+            when 1; "tinyint"
+            when 2; "smallint"
+            when 3; "mediumint"
+            when nil, 4; "int"
+            when 5..8; "bigint"
+            else raise ArgumentError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a decimal with scale 0 instead."
+            end
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/type_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/type_metadata.rb
index 7ad0944d51..a7232fa249 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/type_metadata.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/type_metadata.rb
@@ -6,28 +6,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class TypeMetadata < DelegateClass(SqlTypeMetadata) # :nodoc:
         undef to_yaml if method_defined?(:to_yaml)
 
+        include Deduplicable
+
         attr_reader :extra
 
-        def initialize(type_metadata, extra: "")
+        def initialize(type_metadata, extra: nil)
           super(type_metadata)
-          @type_metadata = type_metadata
           @extra = extra
         end
 
         def ==(other)
-          other.is_a?(MySQL::TypeMetadata) &&
-            attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+          other.is_a?(TypeMetadata) &&
+            __getobj__ == other.__getobj__ &&
+            extra == other.extra
         end
         alias eql? ==
 
         def hash
-          attributes_for_hash.hash
+          TypeMetadata.hash ^
+            __getobj__.hash ^
+            extra.hash
         end
 
-        protected
-
-          def attributes_for_hash
-            [self.class, @type_metadata, extra]
+        private
+          def deduplicated
+            __setobj__(__getobj__.deduplicate)
+            @extra = -extra if extra
+            super
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
index 9bdaa00336..1df9ac32c9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ require "mysql2"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling # :nodoc:
+    ER_BAD_DB_ERROR = 1049
+
     # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects.
     def mysql2_connection(config)
       config = config.symbolize_keys
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       client = Mysql2::Client.new(config)
       ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.new(client, logger, nil, config)
     rescue Mysql2::Error => error
-      if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
+      if error.error_number == ER_BAD_DB_ERROR
         raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
       else
         raise
@@ -42,8 +44,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         configure_connection
       end
 
+      def self.database_exists?(config)
+        !!ActiveRecord::Base.mysql2_connection(config)
+      rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+        false
+      end
+
       def supports_json?
-        !mariadb? && version >= "5.7.8"
+        !mariadb? && database_version >= "5.7.8"
       end
 
       def supports_comments?
@@ -109,12 +117,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def discard! # :nodoc:
+        super
         @connection.automatic_close = false
         @connection = nil
       end
 
       private
-
         def connect
           @connection = Mysql2::Client.new(@config)
           configure_connection
@@ -126,7 +134,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def full_version
-          @full_version ||= @connection.server_info[:version]
+          schema_cache.database_version.full_version_string
+        end
+
+        def get_full_version
+          @connection.server_info[:version]
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
index 3ccc7271ab..f1ecf6df30 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
@@ -2,42 +2,52 @@
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
-      delegate :array, :oid, :fmod, to: :sql_type_metadata
-      alias :array? :array
-
-      def initialize(*, max_identifier_length: 63, **)
-        super
-        @max_identifier_length = max_identifier_length
-      end
+    module PostgreSQL
+      class Column < ConnectionAdapters::Column # :nodoc:
+        delegate :oid, :fmod, to: :sql_type_metadata
 
-      def serial?
-        return unless default_function
+        def initialize(*, serial: nil, **)
+          super
+          @serial = serial
+        end
 
-        if %r{\Anextval\('"?(?<sequence_name>.+_(?<suffix>seq\d*))"?'::regclass\)\z} =~ default_function
-          sequence_name_from_parts(table_name, name, suffix) == sequence_name
+        def serial?
+          @serial
         end
-      end
 
-      private
-        attr_reader :max_identifier_length
+        def array
+          sql_type_metadata.sql_type.end_with?("[]")
+        end
+        alias :array? :array
+
+        def sql_type
+          super.sub(/\[\]\z/, "")
+        end
 
-        def sequence_name_from_parts(table_name, column_name, suffix)
-          over_length = [table_name, column_name, suffix].map(&:length).sum + 2 - max_identifier_length
+        def init_with(coder)
+          @serial = coder["serial"]
+          super
+        end
 
-          if over_length > 0
-            column_name_length = [(max_identifier_length - suffix.length - 2) / 2, column_name.length].min
-            over_length -= column_name.length - column_name_length
-            column_name = column_name[0, column_name_length - [over_length, 0].min]
-          end
+        def encode_with(coder)
+          coder["serial"] = @serial
+          super
+        end
 
-          if over_length > 0
-            table_name = table_name[0, table_name.length - over_length]
-          end
+        def ==(other)
+          other.is_a?(Column) &&
+            super &&
+            serial? == other.serial?
+        end
+        alias :eql? :==
 
-          "#{table_name}_#{column_name}_#{suffix}"
+        def hash
+          Column.hash ^
+            super.hash ^
+            serial?.hash
         end
+      end
     end
+    PostgreSQLColumn = PostgreSQL::Column # :nodoc:
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
index 6bd6b67165..45ec79ca78 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
@@ -67,11 +67,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        READ_QUERY = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter.build_read_query_regexp(:begin, :commit, :explain, :select, :set, :show, :release, :savepoint, :rollback) # :nodoc:
+        private_constant :READ_QUERY
+
+        def write_query?(sql) # :nodoc:
+          !READ_QUERY.match?(sql)
+        end
+
         # Executes an SQL statement, returning a PG::Result object on success
         # or raising a PG::Error exception otherwise.
         # Note: the PG::Result object is manually memory managed; if you don't
         # need it specifically, you may want consider the <tt>exec_query</tt> wrapper.
         def execute(sql, name = nil)
+          if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+            raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+          end
+
           materialize_transactions
 
           log(sql, name) do
@@ -99,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
         alias :exec_update :exec_delete
 
-        def sql_for_insert(sql, pk, id_value, sequence_name, binds) # :nodoc:
+        def sql_for_insert(sql, pk, binds) # :nodoc:
           if pk.nil?
             # Extract the table from the insert sql. Yuck.
             table_ref = extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
@@ -134,7 +145,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Begins a transaction.
         def begin_db_transaction
-          execute "BEGIN"
+          execute("BEGIN", "TRANSACTION")
         end
 
         def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation)
@@ -144,15 +155,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Commits a transaction.
         def commit_db_transaction
-          execute "COMMIT"
+          execute("COMMIT", "TRANSACTION")
         end
 
         # Aborts a transaction.
         def exec_rollback_db_transaction
-          execute "ROLLBACK"
+          execute("ROLLBACK", "TRANSACTION")
         end
 
         private
+          def build_truncate_statements(*table_names)
+            "TRUNCATE TABLE #{table_names.map(&method(:quote_table_name)).join(", ")}"
+          end
+
           # Returns the current ID of a table's sequence.
           def last_insert_id_result(sequence_name)
             exec_query("SELECT currval(#{quote(sequence_name)})", "SQL")
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
index 6fbeaa2b9e..0bbe98145a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module PostgreSQL
       module OID # :nodoc:
         class Array < Type::Value # :nodoc:
-          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+          include ActiveModel::Type::Helpers::Mutable
 
           Data = Struct.new(:encoder, :values) # :nodoc:
 
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           private
-
             def type_cast_array(value, method)
               if value.is_a?(::Array)
                 value.map { |item| type_cast_array(item, method) }
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
index f70f09ad95..bae34472e1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           private
-
             def cast_value(value)
               value.to_s
             end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
index aabe83b85d..8d4dacbd64 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module PostgreSQL
       module OID # :nodoc:
         class Hstore < Type::Value # :nodoc:
-          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+          include ActiveModel::Type::Helpers::Mutable
 
           def type
             :hstore
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           private
-
             HstorePair = begin
               quoted_string = /"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"/
               unquoted_string = /(?:\\.|[^\s,])[^\s=,\\]*(?:\\.[^\s=,\\]*|=[^,>])*/
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/legacy_point.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/legacy_point.rb
index 7b057a8452..e52d4385ef 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/legacy_point.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/legacy_point.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module PostgreSQL
       module OID # :nodoc:
         class LegacyPoint < Type::Value # :nodoc:
-          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+          include ActiveModel::Type::Helpers::Mutable
 
           def type
             :point
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           private
-
             def number_for_point(number)
               number.to_s.gsub(/\.0$/, "")
             end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
index 6434377b57..357493dfc0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             value = value.sub(/^\((.+)\)$/, '-\1') # (4)
             case value
-            when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
+            when /^-?\D*[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
               value.gsub!(/[^-\d.]/, "")
-            when /^-?\D+[\d.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
+            when /^-?\D*[\d.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
               value.gsub!(/[^-\d,]/, "").sub!(/,/, ".")
             end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
index 02a9c506f6..e81e18ff70 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module PostgreSQL
       module OID # :nodoc:
         class Point < Type::Value # :nodoc:
-          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+          include ActiveModel::Type::Helpers::Mutable
 
           def type
             :point
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           private
-
             def number_for_point(number)
               number.to_s.gsub(/\.0$/, "")
             end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
index d85f9ab3ef..d19f1f9cf8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
@@ -58,13 +58,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           private
-
             def type_cast_single(value)
               infinity?(value) ? value : @subtype.deserialize(value)
             end
 
             def type_cast_single_for_database(value)
-              infinity?(value) ? value : @subtype.serialize(value)
+              infinity?(value) ? value : @subtype.serialize(@subtype.cast(value))
             end
 
             def extract_bounds(value)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
index 83c21ba6ea..203087bc36 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           def query_conditions_for_initial_load
             known_type_names = @store.keys.map { |n| "'#{n}'" }
             known_type_types = %w('r' 'e' 'd')
-            <<-SQL % [known_type_names.join(", "), known_type_types.join(", ")]
+            <<~SQL % [known_type_names.join(", "), known_type_types.join(", ")]
               WHERE
                 t.typname IN (%s)
                 OR t.typtype IN (%s)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
index bc9b8dbfcf..74a28eef58 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
             :uuid
           end
 
-          def cast(value)
-            value.to_s[ACCEPTABLE_UUID, 0]
-          end
+          private
+            def cast_value(value)
+              casted = value.to_s
+              casted if casted.match?(ACCEPTABLE_UUID)
+            end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
index 0895d06356..07b66de366 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # - "schema.name".table_name
         # - "schema.name"."table.name"
         def quote_table_name(name) # :nodoc:
-          @quoted_table_names[name] ||= Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s).quoted.freeze
+          self.class.quoted_table_names[name] ||= Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s).quoted.freeze
         end
 
         # Quotes schema names for use in SQL queries.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Quotes column names for use in SQL queries.
         def quote_column_name(name) # :nodoc:
-          @quoted_column_names[name] ||= PG::Connection.quote_ident(super).freeze
+          self.class.quoted_column_names[name] ||= PG::Connection.quote_ident(super).freeze
         end
 
         # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input.
@@ -78,6 +78,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
           type_map.lookup(column.oid, column.fmod, column.sql_type)
         end
 
+        def column_name_matcher
+          COLUMN_NAME
+        end
+
+        def column_name_with_order_matcher
+          COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
+        end
+
+        COLUMN_NAME = /
+          \A
+          (
+            (?:
+              # "table_name"."column_name"::type_name | function(one or no argument)::type_name
+              ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+")(?:::\w+)?) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)(?:::\w+)?
+            )
+            (?:(?:\s+AS)?\s+(?:\w+|"\w+"))?
+          )
+          (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
+          \z
+        /ix
+
+        COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER = /
+          \A
+          (
+            (?:
+              # "table_name"."column_name"::type_name | function(one or no argument)::type_name
+              ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+")(?:::\w+)?) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)(?:::\w+)?
+            )
+            (?:\s+ASC|\s+DESC)?
+            (?:\s+NULLS\s+(?:FIRST|LAST))?
+          )
+          (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
+          \z
+        /ix
+
+        private_constant :COLUMN_NAME, :COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
+
         private
           def lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
             super(query_value("SELECT #{quote(sql_type)}::regtype::oid", "SCHEMA").to_i)
@@ -138,7 +175,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def encode_range(range)
-            "[#{type_cast_range_value(range.first)},#{type_cast_range_value(range.last)}#{range.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
+            "[#{type_cast_range_value(range.begin)},#{type_cast_range_value(range.end)}#{range.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
           end
 
           def determine_encoding_of_strings_in_array(value)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_creation.rb
index ceb8b40bd9..84dd28907b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_creation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_creation.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
             "VALIDATE CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(name)}"
           end
 
+          def visit_ChangeColumnDefinition(o)
+            column = o.column
+            column.sql_type = type_to_sql(column.type, column.options)
+            quoted_column_name = quote_column_name(o.name)
+
+            change_column_sql = +"ALTER COLUMN #{quoted_column_name} TYPE #{column.sql_type}"
+
+            options = column_options(column)
+
+            if options[:collation]
+              change_column_sql << " COLLATE \"#{options[:collation]}\""
+            end
+
+            if options[:using]
+              change_column_sql << " USING #{options[:using]}"
+            elsif options[:cast_as]
+              cast_as_type = type_to_sql(options[:cast_as], options)
+              change_column_sql << " USING CAST(#{quoted_column_name} AS #{cast_as_type})"
+            end
+
+            if options.key?(:default)
+              if options[:default].nil?
+                change_column_sql << ", ALTER COLUMN #{quoted_column_name} DROP DEFAULT"
+              else
+                quoted_default = quote_default_expression(options[:default], column)
+                change_column_sql << ", ALTER COLUMN #{quoted_column_name} SET DEFAULT #{quoted_default}"
+              end
+            end
+
+            if options.key?(:null)
+              change_column_sql << ", ALTER COLUMN #{quoted_column_name} #{options[:null] ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL"
+            end
+
+            change_column_sql
+          end
+
           def add_column_options!(sql, options)
             if options[:collation]
               sql << " COLLATE \"#{options[:collation]}\""
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
index dc4a0bb26e..3bb7c52899 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module PostgreSQL
       module ColumnMethods
+        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
         # Defines the primary key field.
         # Use of the native PostgreSQL UUID type is supported, and can be used
         # by defining your tables as such:
@@ -51,124 +53,131 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super
         end
 
-        def bigserial(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :bigserial, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: bigserial
+        # :call-seq: bigserial(*names, **options)
 
-        def bit(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :bit, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: bit
+        # :call-seq: bit(*names, **options)
 
-        def bit_varying(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :bit_varying, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: bit_varying
+        # :call-seq: bit_varying(*names, **options)
 
-        def cidr(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :cidr, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: cidr
+        # :call-seq: cidr(*names, **options)
 
-        def citext(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :citext, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: citext
+        # :call-seq: citext(*names, **options)
 
-        def daterange(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :daterange, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: daterange
+        # :call-seq: daterange(*names, **options)
 
-        def hstore(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :hstore, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: hstore
+        # :call-seq: hstore(*names, **options)
 
-        def inet(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :inet, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: inet
+        # :call-seq: inet(*names, **options)
 
-        def interval(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :interval, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: interval
+        # :call-seq: interval(*names, **options)
 
-        def int4range(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :int4range, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: int4range
+        # :call-seq: int4range(*names, **options)
 
-        def int8range(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :int8range, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: int8range
+        # :call-seq: int8range(*names, **options)
 
-        def jsonb(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :jsonb, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: jsonb
+        # :call-seq: jsonb(*names, **options)
 
-        def ltree(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :ltree, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: ltree
+        # :call-seq: ltree(*names, **options)
 
-        def macaddr(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :macaddr, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: macaddr
+        # :call-seq: macaddr(*names, **options)
 
-        def money(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :money, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: money
+        # :call-seq: money(*names, **options)
 
-        def numrange(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :numrange, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: numrange
+        # :call-seq: numrange(*names, **options)
 
-        def oid(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :oid, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: oid
+        # :call-seq: oid(*names, **options)
 
-        def point(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :point, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: point
+        # :call-seq: point(*names, **options)
 
-        def line(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :line, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: line
+        # :call-seq: line(*names, **options)
 
-        def lseg(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :lseg, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: lseg
+        # :call-seq: lseg(*names, **options)
 
-        def box(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :box, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: box
+        # :call-seq: box(*names, **options)
 
-        def path(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :path, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: path
+        # :call-seq: path(*names, **options)
 
-        def polygon(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :polygon, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: polygon
+        # :call-seq: polygon(*names, **options)
 
-        def circle(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :circle, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: circle
+        # :call-seq: circle(*names, **options)
 
-        def serial(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :serial, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: serial
+        # :call-seq: serial(*names, **options)
 
-        def tsrange(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :tsrange, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: tsrange
+        # :call-seq: tsrange(*names, **options)
 
-        def tstzrange(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :tstzrange, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: tstzrange
+        # :call-seq: tstzrange(*names, **options)
 
-        def tsvector(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :tsvector, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: tsvector
+        # :call-seq: tsvector(*names, **options)
 
-        def uuid(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :uuid, options) }
-        end
+        ##
+        # :method: uuid
+        # :call-seq: uuid(*names, **options)
+
+        ##
+        # :method: xml
+        # :call-seq: xml(*names, **options)
 
-        def xml(*args, **options)
-          args.each { |name| column(name, :xml, options) }
+        included do
+          define_column_methods :bigserial, :bit, :bit_varying, :cidr, :citext, :daterange,
+            :hstore, :inet, :interval, :int4range, :int8range, :jsonb, :ltree, :macaddr,
+            :money, :numrange, :oid, :point, :line, :lseg, :box, :path, :polygon, :circle,
+            :serial, :tsrange, :tstzrange, :tsvector, :uuid, :xml
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper.rb
index 84643d20da..d201e40190 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module PostgreSQL
       class SchemaDumper < ConnectionAdapters::SchemaDumper # :nodoc:
         private
-
           def extensions(stream)
             extensions = @connection.extensions
             if extensions.any?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
index fae3ddbad4..0062952667 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def create_database(name, options = {})
           options = { encoding: "utf8" }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-          option_string = options.inject("") do |memo, (key, value)|
-            memo += case key
+          option_string = options.each_with_object(+"") do |(key, value), memo|
+            memo << case key
                     when :owner
                       " OWNER = \"#{value}\""
                     when :template
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def drop_table(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
+          schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
           execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
         end
 
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           table = quoted_scope(table_name)
           index = quoted_scope(index_name)
 
-          query_value(<<-SQL, "SCHEMA").to_i > 0
+          query_value(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA").to_i > 0
             SELECT COUNT(*)
             FROM pg_class t
             INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def indexes(table_name) # :nodoc:
           scope = quoted_scope(table_name)
 
-          result = query(<<-SQL, "SCHEMA")
+          result = query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
             SELECT distinct i.relname, d.indisunique, d.indkey, pg_get_indexdef(d.indexrelid), t.oid,
                             pg_catalog.obj_description(i.oid, 'pg_class') AS comment
             FROM pg_class t
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
               # add info on sort order (only desc order is explicitly specified, asc is the default)
               # and non-default opclasses
-              expressions.scan(/(?<column>\w+)\s?(?<opclass>\w+_ops)?\s?(?<desc>DESC)?\s?(?<nulls>NULLS (?:FIRST|LAST))?/).each do |column, opclass, desc, nulls|
+              expressions.scan(/(?<column>\w+)"?\s?(?<opclass>\w+_ops)?\s?(?<desc>DESC)?\s?(?<nulls>NULLS (?:FIRST|LAST))?/).each do |column, opclass, desc, nulls|
                 opclasses[column] = opclass.to_sym if opclass
                 if nulls
                   orders[column] = [desc, nulls].compact.join(" ")
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Returns an array of schema names.
         def schema_names
-          query_values(<<-SQL, "SCHEMA")
+          query_values(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
             SELECT nspname
               FROM pg_namespace
              WHERE nspname !~ '^pg_.*'
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             quoted_sequence = quote_table_name(sequence)
             max_pk = query_value("SELECT MAX(#{quote_column_name pk}) FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}", "SCHEMA")
             if max_pk.nil?
-              if postgresql_version >= 100000
+              if database_version >= 100000
                 minvalue = query_value("SELECT seqmin FROM pg_sequence WHERE seqrelid = #{quote(quoted_sequence)}::regclass", "SCHEMA")
               else
                 minvalue = query_value("SELECT min_value FROM #{quoted_sequence}", "SCHEMA")
@@ -302,7 +303,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
           # First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
           # given table's primary key.
-          result = query(<<-end_sql, "SCHEMA")[0]
+          result = query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")[0]
             SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname, seq.relname
             FROM pg_class      seq,
                  pg_attribute  attr,
@@ -319,10 +320,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
               AND cons.contype      = 'p'
               AND dep.classid       = 'pg_class'::regclass
               AND dep.refobjid      = #{quote(quote_table_name(table))}::regclass
-          end_sql
+          SQL
 
           if result.nil? || result.empty?
-            result = query(<<-end_sql, "SCHEMA")[0]
+            result = query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")[0]
               SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname,
                 CASE
                   WHEN pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) !~* 'nextval' THEN NULL
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               WHERE t.oid = #{quote(quote_table_name(table))}::regclass
                 AND cons.contype = 'p'
                 AND pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) ~* 'nextval|uuid_generate'
-            end_sql
+            SQL
           end
 
           pk = result.shift
@@ -368,31 +369,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           SQL
         end
 
-        def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations)
-          sql_fragments = []
-          non_combinable_operations = []
-
-          operations.each do |command, args|
-            table, arguments = args.shift, args
-            method = :"#{command}_for_alter"
-
-            if respond_to?(method, true)
-              sqls, procs = Array(send(method, table, *arguments)).partition { |v| v.is_a?(String) }
-              sql_fragments << sqls
-              non_combinable_operations.concat(procs)
-            else
-              execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sql_fragments.join(", ")}" unless sql_fragments.empty?
-              non_combinable_operations.each(&:call)
-              sql_fragments = []
-              non_combinable_operations = []
-              send(command, table, *arguments)
-            end
-          end
-
-          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sql_fragments.join(", ")}" unless sql_fragments.empty?
-          non_combinable_operations.each(&:call)
-        end
-
         # Renames a table.
         # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name exists and
         # matches the Active Record default.
@@ -401,6 +377,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
         def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
           clear_cache!
+          schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
+          schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(new_name.to_s)
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
           pk, seq = pk_and_sequence_for(new_name)
           if pk
@@ -443,14 +421,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # Adds comment for given table column or drops it if +comment+ is a +nil+
-        def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment) # :nodoc:
+        def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
           clear_cache!
+          comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
           execute "COMMENT ON COLUMN #{quote_table_name(table_name)}.#{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS #{quote(comment)}"
         end
 
         # Adds comment for given table or drops it if +comment+ is a +nil+
-        def change_table_comment(table_name, comment) # :nodoc:
+        def change_table_comment(table_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
           clear_cache!
+          comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
           execute "COMMENT ON TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} IS #{quote(comment)}"
         end
 
@@ -548,21 +528,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
               # The hard limit is 1GB, because of a 32-bit size field, and TOAST.
               case limit
               when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
-              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte size #{limit}.")
+              else raise ArgumentError, "No binary type has byte size #{limit}. The limit on binary can be at most 1GB - 1byte."
               end
             when "text"
               # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on text columns.
               # The hard limit is 1GB, according to section 8.3 in the manual.
               case limit
               when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
-              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "The limit on text can be at most 1GB - 1byte.")
+              else raise ArgumentError, "No text type has byte size #{limit}. The limit on text can be at most 1GB - 1byte."
               end
             when "integer"
               case limit
               when 1, 2; "smallint"
               when nil, 3, 4; "integer"
               when 5..8; "bigint"
-              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with scale 0 instead.")
+              else raise ArgumentError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with scale 0 instead."
               end
             else
               super
@@ -623,10 +603,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   validate_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
         #
         # The +options+ hash accepts the same keys as SchemaStatements#add_foreign_key.
-        def validate_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
+        def validate_foreign_key(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)
           return unless supports_validate_constraints?
 
-          fk_name_to_validate = foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table).name
+          fk_name_to_validate = foreign_key_for!(from_table, to_table: to_table, **options).name
 
           validate_constraint from_table, fk_name_to_validate
         end
@@ -637,7 +617,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def create_table_definition(*args)
-            PostgreSQL::TableDefinition.new(*args)
+            PostgreSQL::TableDefinition.new(self, *args)
           end
 
           def create_alter_table(name)
@@ -650,16 +630,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
             default_value = extract_value_from_default(default)
             default_function = extract_default_function(default_value, default)
 
-            PostgreSQLColumn.new(
+            if match = default_function&.match(/\Anextval\('"?(?<sequence_name>.+_(?<suffix>seq\d*))"?'::regclass\)\z/)
+              serial = sequence_name_from_parts(table_name, column_name, match[:suffix]) == match[:sequence_name]
+            end
+
+            PostgreSQL::Column.new(
               column_name,
               default_value,
               type_metadata,
               !notnull,
-              table_name,
               default_function,
-              collation,
+              collation: collation,
               comment: comment.presence,
-              max_identifier_length: max_identifier_length
+              serial: serial
             )
           end
 
@@ -672,7 +655,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
               precision: cast_type.precision,
               scale: cast_type.scale,
             )
-            PostgreSQLTypeMetadata.new(simple_type, oid: oid, fmod: fmod)
+            PostgreSQL::TypeMetadata.new(simple_type, oid: oid, fmod: fmod)
+          end
+
+          def sequence_name_from_parts(table_name, column_name, suffix)
+            over_length = [table_name, column_name, suffix].sum(&:length) + 2 - max_identifier_length
+
+            if over_length > 0
+              column_name_length = [(max_identifier_length - suffix.length - 2) / 2, column_name.length].min
+              over_length -= column_name.length - column_name_length
+              column_name = column_name[0, column_name_length - [over_length, 0].min]
+            end
+
+            if over_length > 0
+              table_name = table_name[0, table_name.length - over_length]
+            end
+
+            "#{table_name}_#{column_name}_#{suffix}"
           end
 
           def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
@@ -683,38 +682,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
-          def change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-            quoted_column_name = quote_column_name(column_name)
-            sql_type = type_to_sql(type, options)
-            sql = +"ALTER COLUMN #{quoted_column_name} TYPE #{sql_type}"
-            if options[:collation]
-              sql << " COLLATE \"#{options[:collation]}\""
-            end
-            if options[:using]
-              sql << " USING #{options[:using]}"
-            elsif options[:cast_as]
-              cast_as_type = type_to_sql(options[:cast_as], options)
-              sql << " USING CAST(#{quoted_column_name} AS #{cast_as_type})"
-            end
-
-            sql
-          end
-
           def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
             return super unless options.key?(:comment)
             [super, Proc.new { change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, options[:comment]) }]
           end
 
           def change_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-            sqls = [change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options)]
-            sqls << change_column_default_for_alter(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options.key?(:default)
-            sqls << change_column_null_for_alter(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
+            td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+            cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
+            sqls = [schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column_name))]
             sqls << Proc.new { change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, options[:comment]) } if options.key?(:comment)
             sqls
           end
 
-          # Changes the default value of a table column.
-          def change_column_default_for_alter(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+          def change_column_default_for_alter(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)
             column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
             return unless column
 
@@ -729,11 +710,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
-          def change_column_null_for_alter(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) #:nodoc:
-            "ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL"
+          def change_column_null_for_alter(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+            "ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL"
           end
 
           def add_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, options = {})
+            options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
+            if !options.key?(:precision) && supports_datetime_with_precision?
+              options[:precision] = 6
+            end
+
             [add_column_for_alter(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options), add_column_for_alter(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options)]
           end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb
index cd69d28139..b7f6479357 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb
@@ -3,38 +3,42 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   # :stopdoc:
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLTypeMetadata < DelegateClass(SqlTypeMetadata)
-      undef to_yaml if method_defined?(:to_yaml)
+    module PostgreSQL
+      class TypeMetadata < DelegateClass(SqlTypeMetadata)
+        undef to_yaml if method_defined?(:to_yaml)
 
-      attr_reader :oid, :fmod, :array
+        include Deduplicable
 
-      def initialize(type_metadata, oid: nil, fmod: nil)
-        super(type_metadata)
-        @type_metadata = type_metadata
-        @oid = oid
-        @fmod = fmod
-        @array = /\[\]$/.match?(type_metadata.sql_type)
-      end
-
-      def sql_type
-        super.gsub(/\[\]$/, "")
-      end
-
-      def ==(other)
-        other.is_a?(PostgreSQLTypeMetadata) &&
-          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
-      end
-      alias eql? ==
+        attr_reader :oid, :fmod
 
-      def hash
-        attributes_for_hash.hash
-      end
+        def initialize(type_metadata, oid: nil, fmod: nil)
+          super(type_metadata)
+          @oid = oid
+          @fmod = fmod
+        end
 
-      protected
+        def ==(other)
+          other.is_a?(TypeMetadata) &&
+            __getobj__ == other.__getobj__ &&
+            oid == other.oid &&
+            fmod == other.fmod
+        end
+        alias eql? ==
 
-        def attributes_for_hash
-          [self.class, @type_metadata, oid, fmod]
+        def hash
+          TypeMetadata.hash ^
+            __getobj__.hash ^
+            oid.hash ^
+            fmod.hash
         end
+
+        private
+          def deduplicated
+            __setobj__(__getobj__.deduplicate)
+            super
+          end
+      end
     end
+    PostgreSQLTypeMetadata = PostgreSQL::TypeMetadata
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
index bfd300723d..e8caeb8132 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         protected
-
           def parts
             @parts ||= [@schema, @identifier].compact
           end
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # * <tt>"schema_name".table_name</tt>
         # * <tt>"schema.name"."table name"</tt>
         def extract_schema_qualified_name(string)
-          schema, table = string.scan(/[^".\s]+|"[^"]*"/)
+          schema, table = string.scan(/[^".]+|"[^"]*"/)
           if table.nil?
             table = schema
             schema = nil
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index d2ed699ee2..0a7c6d8ac4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       conn = PG.connect(conn_params)
       ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(conn, logger, conn_params, config)
     rescue ::PG::Error => error
-      if error.message.include?("does not exist")
+      if error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
         raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
       else
         raise
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def supports_json?
-        postgresql_version >= 90200
+        true
       end
 
       def supports_comments?
@@ -196,6 +196,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_insert_returning?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_on_conflict?
+        database_version >= 90500
+      end
+      alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+      alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_update? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+      alias supports_insert_conflict_target? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+
       def index_algorithms
         { concurrently: "CONCURRENTLY" }
       end
@@ -240,9 +251,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         configure_connection
         add_pg_encoders
-        @statements = StatementPool.new @connection,
-                                        self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config[:statement_limit])
-
         add_pg_decoders
 
         @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
@@ -251,15 +259,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
       end
 
-      # Clears the prepared statements cache.
-      def clear_cache!
-        @lock.synchronize do
-          @statements.clear
-        end
-      end
-
-      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
-        exec_query "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name, []
+      def self.database_exists?(config)
+        !!ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(config)
+      rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+        false
       end
 
       # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
@@ -278,6 +281,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super
           @connection.reset
           configure_connection
+        rescue PG::ConnectionBad
+          connect
         end
       end
 
@@ -303,6 +308,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def discard! # :nodoc:
+        super
         @connection.socket_io.reopen(IO::NULL) rescue nil
         @connection = nil
       end
@@ -332,20 +338,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def supports_ranges?
-        # Range datatypes weren't introduced until PostgreSQL 9.2
-        postgresql_version >= 90200
+        true
       end
+      deprecate :supports_ranges?
 
       def supports_materialized_views?
-        postgresql_version >= 90300
+        true
       end
 
       def supports_foreign_tables?
-        postgresql_version >= 90300
+        true
       end
 
       def supports_pgcrypto_uuid?
-        postgresql_version >= 90400
+        database_version >= 90400
+      end
+
+      def supports_optimizer_hints?
+        unless defined?(@has_pg_hint_plan)
+          @has_pg_hint_plan = extension_available?("pg_hint_plan")
+        end
+        @has_pg_hint_plan
       end
 
       def supports_lazy_transactions?
@@ -378,9 +391,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }
       end
 
+      def extension_available?(name)
+        query_value("SELECT true FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA")
+      end
+
       def extension_enabled?(name)
-        res = exec_query("SELECT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = '#{name}' AND installed_version IS NOT NULL) as enabled", "SCHEMA")
-        res.cast_values.first
+        query_value("SELECT installed_version IS NOT NULL FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA")
       end
 
       def extensions
@@ -391,8 +407,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def max_identifier_length
         @max_identifier_length ||= query_value("SHOW max_identifier_length", "SCHEMA").to_i
       end
-      alias table_alias_length max_identifier_length
-      alias index_name_length max_identifier_length
 
       # Set the authorized user for this session
       def session_auth=(user)
@@ -415,21 +429,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       }
 
       # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
-      def postgresql_version
+      def get_database_version # :nodoc:
         @connection.server_version
       end
+      alias :postgresql_version :database_version
 
       def default_index_type?(index) # :nodoc:
         index.using == :btree || super
       end
 
-      private
-        def check_version
-          if postgresql_version < 90100
-            raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{postgresql_version}) is too old. Active Record supports PostgreSQL >= 9.1."
-          end
+      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
+        sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"
+
+        if insert.skip_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO NOTHING"
+        elsif insert.update_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO UPDATE SET "
+          sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=excluded.#{column}" }.join(",")
         end
 
+        sql << " RETURNING #{insert.returning}" if insert.returning
+        sql
+      end
+
+      def check_version # :nodoc:
+        if database_version < 90300
+          raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{database_version}) is too old. Active Record supports PostgreSQL >= 9.3."
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
         # See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/errcodes-appendix.html
         VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION = "22001"
         NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE = "22003"
@@ -441,28 +470,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE    = "55P03"
         QUERY_CANCELED        = "57014"
 
-        def translate_exception(exception, message)
+        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
           return exception unless exception.respond_to?(:result)
 
           case exception.result.try(:error_field, PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
           when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message)
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
-            InvalidForeignKey.new(message)
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION
-            ValueTooLong.new(message)
+            ValueTooLong.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE
-            RangeError.new(message)
+            RangeError.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when NOT_NULL_VIOLATION
-            NotNullViolation.new(message)
+            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when SERIALIZATION_FAILURE
-            SerializationFailure.new(message)
+            SerializationFailure.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when DEADLOCK_DETECTED
-            Deadlocked.new(message)
+            Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE
-            LockWaitTimeout.new(message)
+            LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when QUERY_CANCELED
-            QueryCanceled.new(message)
+            QueryCanceled.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           else
             super
           end
@@ -589,18 +618,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def load_additional_types(oids = nil)
           initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
 
-          if supports_ranges?
-            query = <<-SQL
-              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
-              FROM pg_type as t
-              LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
-            SQL
-          else
-            query = <<-SQL
-              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
-              FROM pg_type as t
-            SQL
-          end
+          query = <<~SQL
+            SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+            FROM pg_type as t
+            LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
+          SQL
 
           if oids
             query += "WHERE t.oid::integer IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
@@ -616,6 +638,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
 
         def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds, prepare: false)
+          if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+            raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+          end
+
           if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
             result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, [])
           elsif !prepare
@@ -631,6 +657,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
           materialize_transactions
 
+          # make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone that have been
+          # made since we established the connection
+          update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+
           type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
           log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds) do
             ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
@@ -641,8 +671,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
           materialize_transactions
+          update_typemap_for_default_timezone
 
-          stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql)
+          stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql, binds)
           type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
 
           log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds, stmt_key) do
@@ -696,7 +727,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Prepare the statement if it hasn't been prepared, return
         # the statement key.
-        def prepare_statement(sql)
+        def prepare_statement(sql, binds)
           @lock.synchronize do
             sql_key = sql_key(sql)
             unless @statements.key? sql_key
@@ -704,7 +735,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               begin
                 @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
               rescue => e
-                raise translate_exception_class(e, sql)
+                raise translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
               end
               # Clear the queue
               @connection.get_last_result
@@ -719,6 +750,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def connect
           @connection = PG.connect(@connection_parameters)
           configure_connection
+          add_pg_encoders
+          add_pg_decoders
         end
 
         # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
@@ -776,7 +809,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
         #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
         def column_definitions(table_name)
-          query(<<-end_sql, "SCHEMA")
+          query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
               SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
                      pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod,
                      c.collname, col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) AS comment
@@ -787,7 +820,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                WHERE a.attrelid = #{quote(quote_table_name(table_name))}::regclass
                  AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
                ORDER BY a.attnum
-          end_sql
+          SQL
         end
 
         def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
@@ -799,10 +832,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new(self)
         end
 
+        def build_statement_pool
+          StatementPool.new(@connection, self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
+        end
+
         def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
           @case_insensitive_cache ||= {}
           @case_insensitive_cache[column.sql_type] ||= begin
-            sql = <<-end_sql
+            sql = <<~SQL
               SELECT exists(
                 SELECT * FROM pg_proc
                 WHERE proname = 'lower'
@@ -814,7 +851,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 WHERE proname = 'lower'
                   AND castsource = #{quote column.sql_type}::regtype
               )
-            end_sql
+            SQL
             execute_and_clear(sql, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
               result.getvalue(0, 0)
             end
@@ -829,7 +866,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connection.type_map_for_queries = map
         end
 
+        def update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+          if @default_timezone != ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone && @timestamp_decoder
+            decoder_class = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ?
+              PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc :
+              PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithoutTimeZone
+
+            @timestamp_decoder = decoder_class.new(@timestamp_decoder.to_h)
+            @connection.type_map_for_results.add_coder(@timestamp_decoder)
+            @default_timezone = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+          end
+        end
+
         def add_pg_decoders
+          @default_timezone = nil
+          @timestamp_decoder = nil
+
           coders_by_name = {
             "int2" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
             "int4" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
@@ -839,8 +891,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
             "float8" => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
             "bool" => PG::TextDecoder::Boolean,
           }
+
+          if defined?(PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc)
+            # Use native PG encoders available since pg-1.1
+            coders_by_name["timestamp"] = PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc
+            coders_by_name["timestamptz"] = PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithTimeZone
+          end
+
           known_coder_types = coders_by_name.keys.map { |n| quote(n) }
-          query = <<-SQL % known_coder_types.join(", ")
+          query = <<~SQL % known_coder_types.join(", ")
             SELECT t.oid, t.typname
             FROM pg_type as t
             WHERE t.typname IN (%s)
@@ -854,6 +913,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           map = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
           coders.each { |coder| map.add_coder(coder) }
           @connection.type_map_for_results = map
+
+          # extract timestamp decoder for use in update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+          @timestamp_decoder = coders.find { |coder| coder.name == "timestamp" }
+          update_typemap_for_default_timezone
         end
 
         def construct_coder(row, coder_class)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
index c29cf1f9a1..7d54fcf9a0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns_hash = {}
         @primary_keys = {}
         @data_sources = {}
+        @indexes      = {}
       end
 
       def initialize_dup(other)
@@ -21,22 +22,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns_hash = @columns_hash.dup
         @primary_keys = @primary_keys.dup
         @data_sources = @data_sources.dup
+        @indexes      = @indexes.dup
       end
 
       def encode_with(coder)
-        coder["columns"] = @columns
-        coder["columns_hash"] = @columns_hash
-        coder["primary_keys"] = @primary_keys
-        coder["data_sources"] = @data_sources
-        coder["version"] = connection.migration_context.current_version
+        coder["columns"]          = @columns
+        coder["primary_keys"]     = @primary_keys
+        coder["data_sources"]     = @data_sources
+        coder["indexes"]          = @indexes
+        coder["version"]          = connection.migration_context.current_version
+        coder["database_version"] = database_version
       end
 
       def init_with(coder)
-        @columns = coder["columns"]
-        @columns_hash = coder["columns_hash"]
-        @primary_keys = coder["primary_keys"]
-        @data_sources = coder["data_sources"]
-        @version = coder["version"]
+        @columns          = coder["columns"]
+        @primary_keys     = coder["primary_keys"]
+        @data_sources     = coder["data_sources"]
+        @indexes          = coder["indexes"] || {}
+        @version          = coder["version"]
+        @database_version = coder["database_version"]
+
+        derive_columns_hash_and_deduplicate_values
       end
 
       def primary_keys(table_name)
@@ -57,6 +63,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           primary_keys(table_name)
           columns(table_name)
           columns_hash(table_name)
+          indexes(table_name)
         end
       end
 
@@ -72,9 +79,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Get the columns for a table as a hash, key is the column name
       # value is the column object.
       def columns_hash(table_name)
-        @columns_hash[table_name] ||= Hash[columns(table_name).map { |col|
-          [col.name, col]
-        }]
+        @columns_hash[table_name] ||= columns(table_name).index_by(&:name)
+      end
+
+      # Checks whether the columns hash is already cached for a table.
+      def columns_hash?(table_name)
+        @columns_hash.key?(table_name)
+      end
+
+      def indexes(table_name)
+        @indexes[table_name] ||= connection.indexes(table_name)
+      end
+
+      def database_version # :nodoc:
+        @database_version ||= connection.get_database_version
       end
 
       # Clears out internal caches
@@ -83,11 +101,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns_hash.clear
         @primary_keys.clear
         @data_sources.clear
+        @indexes.clear
         @version = nil
+        @database_version = nil
       end
 
       def size
-        [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources].map(&:size).inject :+
+        [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources].sum(&:size)
       end
 
       # Clear out internal caches for the data source +name+.
@@ -96,19 +116,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns_hash.delete name
         @primary_keys.delete name
         @data_sources.delete name
+        @indexes.delete name
       end
 
       def marshal_dump
         # if we get current version during initialization, it happens stack over flow.
         @version = connection.migration_context.current_version
-        [@version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources]
+        [@version, @columns, {}, @primary_keys, @data_sources, @indexes, database_version]
       end
 
       def marshal_load(array)
-        @version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources = array
+        @version, @columns, _columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources, @indexes, @database_version = array
+        @indexes ||= {}
+
+        derive_columns_hash_and_deduplicate_values
       end
 
       private
+        def derive_columns_hash_and_deduplicate_values
+          @columns      = deep_deduplicate(@columns)
+          @columns_hash = @columns.transform_values { |columns| columns.index_by(&:name) }
+          @primary_keys = deep_deduplicate(@primary_keys)
+          @data_sources = deep_deduplicate(@data_sources)
+          @indexes      = deep_deduplicate(@indexes)
+        end
+
+        def deep_deduplicate(value)
+          case value
+          when Hash
+            value.transform_keys { |k| deep_deduplicate(k) }.transform_values { |v| deep_deduplicate(v) }
+          when Array
+            value.map { |i| deep_deduplicate(i) }
+          when String, Deduplicable
+            -value
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        end
 
         def prepare_data_sources
           connection.data_sources.each { |source| @data_sources[source] = true }
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb
index 8489bcbf1d..969867e70f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/deduplicable"
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # :stopdoc:
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SqlTypeMetadata
+      include Deduplicable
+
       attr_reader :sql_type, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale
 
       def initialize(sql_type: nil, type: nil, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil)
@@ -16,18 +20,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def ==(other)
         other.is_a?(SqlTypeMetadata) &&
-          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+          sql_type == other.sql_type &&
+          type == other.type &&
+          limit == other.limit &&
+          precision == other.precision &&
+          scale == other.scale
       end
       alias eql? ==
 
       def hash
-        attributes_for_hash.hash
+        SqlTypeMetadata.hash ^
+          sql_type.hash ^
+          type.hash ^
+          limit.hash ^
+          precision.hash >> 1 ^
+          scale.hash >> 2
       end
 
-      protected
-
-        def attributes_for_hash
-          [self.class, sql_type, type, limit, precision, scale]
+      private
+        def deduplicated
+          @sql_type = -sql_type
+          super
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/database_statements.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85053acf91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/database_statements.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module SQLite3
+      module DatabaseStatements
+        READ_QUERY = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter.build_read_query_regexp(:begin, :commit, :explain, :select, :pragma, :release, :savepoint, :rollback) # :nodoc:
+        private_constant :READ_QUERY
+
+        def write_query?(sql) # :nodoc:
+          !READ_QUERY.match?(sql)
+        end
+
+        def explain(arel, binds = [])
+          sql = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
+          SQLite3::ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, "EXPLAIN", []))
+        end
+
+        def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+          if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+            raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+          end
+
+          materialize_transactions
+
+          log(sql, name) do
+            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
+              @connection.execute(sql)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [], prepare: false)
+          if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+            raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+          end
+
+          materialize_transactions
+
+          type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
+
+          log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds) do
+            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
+              # Don't cache statements if they are not prepared
+              unless prepare
+                stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
+                begin
+                  cols = stmt.columns
+                  unless without_prepared_statement?(binds)
+                    stmt.bind_params(type_casted_binds)
+                  end
+                  records = stmt.to_a
+                ensure
+                  stmt.close
+                end
+              else
+                stmt = @statements[sql] ||= @connection.prepare(sql)
+                cols = stmt.columns
+                stmt.reset!
+                stmt.bind_params(type_casted_binds)
+                records = stmt.to_a
+              end
+
+              ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, records)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def exec_delete(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [])
+          exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+          @connection.changes
+        end
+        alias :exec_update :exec_delete
+
+        def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+          log("begin transaction", "TRANSACTION") { @connection.transaction }
+        end
+
+        def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+          log("commit transaction", "TRANSACTION") { @connection.commit }
+        end
+
+        def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+          log("rollback transaction", "TRANSACTION") { @connection.rollback }
+        end
+
+        private
+          def execute_batch(sql, name = nil)
+            if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+              raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+            end
+
+            materialize_transactions
+
+            log(sql, name) do
+              ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
+                @connection.execute_batch2(sql)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def last_inserted_id(result)
+            @connection.last_insert_row_id
+          end
+
+          def build_fixture_statements(fixture_set)
+            fixture_set.flat_map do |table_name, fixtures|
+              next if fixtures.empty?
+              fixtures.map { |fixture| build_fixture_sql([fixture], table_name) }
+            end.compact
+          end
+
+          def build_truncate_statements(*table_names)
+            truncate_tables = table_names.map do |table_name|
+              "DELETE FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+            end
+            combine_multi_statements(truncate_tables)
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/quoting.rb
index b2dcdb5373..9b74a774e5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/quoting.rb
@@ -12,8 +12,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           quote_column_name(attr)
         end
 
+        def quote_table_name(name)
+          self.class.quoted_table_names[name] ||= super.gsub(".", "\".\"").freeze
+        end
+
         def quote_column_name(name)
-          @quoted_column_names[name] ||= %Q("#{super.gsub('"', '""')}")
+          self.class.quoted_column_names[name] ||= %Q("#{super.gsub('"', '""')}")
         end
 
         def quoted_time(value)
@@ -26,23 +30,58 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def quoted_true
-          ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer ? "1" : "'t'"
+          "1"
         end
 
         def unquoted_true
-          ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer ? 1 : "t"
+          1
         end
 
         def quoted_false
-          ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer ? "0" : "'f'"
+          "0"
         end
 
         def unquoted_false
-          ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer ? 0 : "f"
+          0
         end
 
-        private
+        def column_name_matcher
+          COLUMN_NAME
+        end
+
+        def column_name_with_order_matcher
+          COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
+        end
+
+        COLUMN_NAME = /
+          \A
+          (
+            (?:
+              # "table_name"."column_name" | function(one or no argument)
+              ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+")) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
+            )
+            (?:(?:\s+AS)?\s+(?:\w+|"\w+"))?
+          )
+          (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
+          \z
+        /ix
+
+        COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER = /
+          \A
+          (
+            (?:
+              # "table_name"."column_name" | function(one or no argument)
+              ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+")) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
+            )
+            (?:\s+ASC|\s+DESC)?
+          )
+          (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
+          \z
+        /ix
 
+        private_constant :COLUMN_NAME, :COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
+
+        private
           def _type_cast(value)
             case value
             when BigDecimal
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_statements.rb
index 48277f0ae2..e48f59b4f0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_statements.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             # See https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html#intschema
             next if row["name"].starts_with?("sqlite_")
 
-            index_sql = query_value(<<-SQL, "SCHEMA")
+            index_sql = query_value(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
               SELECT sql
               FROM sqlite_master
               WHERE name = #{quote(row['name'])} AND type = 'index'
@@ -52,6 +52,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end.compact
         end
 
+        def add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, **options)
+          alter_table(from_table) do |definition|
+            to_table = strip_table_name_prefix_and_suffix(to_table)
+            definition.foreign_key(to_table, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def remove_foreign_key(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)
+          to_table ||= options[:to_table]
+          options = options.except(:name, :to_table)
+          foreign_keys = foreign_keys(from_table)
+
+          fkey = foreign_keys.detect do |fk|
+            table = to_table || begin
+              table = options[:column].to_s.delete_suffix("_id")
+              Base.pluralize_table_names ? table.pluralize : table
+            end
+            table = strip_table_name_prefix_and_suffix(table)
+            fk_to_table = strip_table_name_prefix_and_suffix(fk.to_table)
+            fk_to_table == table && options.all? { |k, v| fk.options[k].to_s == v.to_s }
+          end || raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{to_table || options}")
+
+          foreign_keys.delete(fkey)
+          alter_table(from_table, foreign_keys)
+        end
+
         def create_schema_dumper(options)
           SQLite3::SchemaDumper.create(self, options)
         end
@@ -62,7 +88,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def create_table_definition(*args)
-            SQLite3::TableDefinition.new(*args)
+            SQLite3::TableDefinition.new(self, *args)
           end
 
           def new_column_from_field(table_name, field)
@@ -79,7 +105,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               end
 
             type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(field["type"])
-            Column.new(field["name"], default, type_metadata, field["notnull"].to_i == 0, table_name, nil, field["collation"])
+            Column.new(field["name"], default, type_metadata, field["notnull"].to_i == 0, collation: field["collation"])
           end
 
           def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
index 3312c3de01..f4847eb6c0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/explain_pretty_printer"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/quoting"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/database_statements"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_creation"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_definitions"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_dumper"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_statements"
 
-gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.3.6"
+gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.4"
 require "sqlite3"
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -36,8 +37,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         config.merge(results_as_hash: true)
       )
 
-      db.busy_timeout(ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.type_cast_config_to_integer(config[:timeout])) if config[:timeout]
-
       ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, nil, config)
     rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
       if error.message.include?("No such file or directory")
@@ -49,8 +48,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
-    # The SQLite3 adapter works SQLite 3.6.16 or newer
-    # with the sqlite3-ruby drivers (available as gem from https://rubygems.org/gems/sqlite3).
+    # The SQLite3 adapter works with the sqlite3-ruby drivers
+    # (available as gem from https://rubygems.org/gems/sqlite3).
     #
     # Options:
     #
@@ -60,6 +59,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       include SQLite3::Quoting
       include SQLite3::SchemaStatements
+      include SQLite3::DatabaseStatements
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key:  "integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL",
@@ -76,22 +76,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         json:         { name: "json" },
       }
 
-      ##
-      # :singleton-method:
-      # Indicates whether boolean values are stored in sqlite3 databases as 1
-      # and 0 or 't' and 'f'. Leaving <tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer</tt>
-      # set to false is deprecated. SQLite databases have used 't' and 'f' to
-      # serialize boolean values and must have old data converted to 1 and 0
-      # (its native boolean serialization) before setting this flag to true.
-      # Conversion can be accomplished by setting up a rake task which runs
-      #
-      #   ExampleModel.where("boolean_column = 't'").update_all(boolean_column: 1)
-      #   ExampleModel.where("boolean_column = 'f'").update_all(boolean_column: 0)
-      # for all models and all boolean columns, after which the flag must be set
-      # to true by adding the following to your <tt>application.rb</tt> file:
-      #
-      #   Rails.application.config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer = true
-      class_attribute :represent_boolean_as_integer, default: false
+      def self.represent_boolean_as_integer=(value) # :nodoc:
+        if value == false
+          raise "`.represent_boolean_as_integer=` is now always true, so make sure your application can work with it and remove this settings."
+        end
+
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+          "`.represent_boolean_as_integer=` is now always true, so setting this is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1."
+        )
+      end
 
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
         private
@@ -102,12 +95,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super(connection, logger, config)
-
-        @active     = true
-        @statements = StatementPool.new(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config[:statement_limit]))
         configure_connection
       end
 
+      def self.database_exists?(config)
+        config = config.symbolize_keys
+        if config[:database] == ":memory:"
+          return true
+        else
+          database_file = defined?(Rails.root) ? File.expand_path(config[:database], Rails.root) : config[:database]
+          File.exist?(database_file)
+        end
+      end
+
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
@@ -121,14 +121,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def supports_expression_index?
-        sqlite_version >= "3.9.0"
+        database_version >= "3.9.0"
       end
 
       def requires_reloading?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
         true
       end
 
@@ -144,23 +144,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_insert_on_conflict?
+        database_version >= "3.24.0"
+      end
+      alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+      alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_update? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+      alias supports_insert_conflict_target? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+
       def active?
-        @active
+        !@connection.closed?
+      end
+
+      def reconnect!
+        super
+        connect if @connection.closed?
       end
 
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
       # method does nothing.
       def disconnect!
         super
-        @active = false
         @connection.close rescue nil
       end
 
-      # Clears the prepared statements cache.
-      def clear_cache!
-        @statements.clear
-      end
-
       def supports_index_sort_order?
         true
       end
@@ -205,79 +211,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      #--
-      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
-      #++
-
-      def explain(arel, binds = [])
-        sql = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
-        SQLite3::ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, "EXPLAIN", []))
-      end
-
-      def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [], prepare: false)
-        materialize_transactions
-
-        type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
-
-        log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds) do
-          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
-            # Don't cache statements if they are not prepared
-            unless prepare
-              stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
-              begin
-                cols = stmt.columns
-                unless without_prepared_statement?(binds)
-                  stmt.bind_params(type_casted_binds)
-                end
-                records = stmt.to_a
-              ensure
-                stmt.close
-              end
-            else
-              stmt = @statements[sql] ||= @connection.prepare(sql)
-              cols = stmt.columns
-              stmt.reset!
-              stmt.bind_params(type_casted_binds)
-              records = stmt.to_a
-            end
-
-            ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, records)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def exec_delete(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [])
-        exec_query(sql, name, binds)
-        @connection.changes
-      end
-      alias :exec_update :exec_delete
-
-      def last_inserted_id(result)
-        @connection.last_insert_row_id
-      end
-
-      def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        materialize_transactions
-
-        log(sql, name) do
-          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
-            @connection.execute(sql)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        log("begin transaction", nil) { @connection.transaction }
-      end
-
-      def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        log("commit transaction", nil) { @connection.commit }
-      end
-
-      def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        log("rollback transaction", nil) { @connection.rollback }
-      end
-
       # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
 
       def primary_keys(table_name) # :nodoc:
@@ -295,15 +228,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Example:
       #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
       def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
+        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
+        schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(new_name.to_s)
         exec_query "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
         rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
       end
 
-      def valid_alter_table_type?(type, options = {})
-        !invalid_alter_table_type?(type, options)
-      end
-      deprecate :valid_alter_table_type?
-
       def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
         if invalid_alter_table_type?(type, options)
           alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
@@ -317,6 +247,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def remove_column(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {}) #:nodoc:
         alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
           definition.remove_column column_name
+          definition.foreign_keys.delete_if do |_, fk_options|
+            fk_options[:column] == column_name.to_s
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -375,23 +308,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def insert_fixtures(rows, table_name)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-          `insert_fixtures` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails.
-          Consider using `insert_fixtures_set` for performance improvement.
-        MSG
-        insert_fixtures_set(table_name => rows)
+      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
+        sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"
+
+        if insert.skip_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO NOTHING"
+        elsif insert.update_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO UPDATE SET "
+          sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=excluded.#{column}" }.join(",")
+        end
+
+        sql
       end
 
-      def insert_fixtures_set(fixture_set, tables_to_delete = [])
-        disable_referential_integrity do
-          transaction(requires_new: true) do
-            tables_to_delete.each { |table| delete "DELETE FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}", "Fixture Delete" }
+      def get_database_version # :nodoc:
+        SQLite3Adapter::Version.new(query_value("SELECT sqlite_version(*)"))
+      end
 
-            fixture_set.each do |table_name, rows|
-              rows.each { |row| insert_fixture(row, table_name) }
-            end
-          end
+      def check_version # :nodoc:
+        if database_version < "3.8.0"
+          raise "Your version of SQLite (#{database_version}) is too old. Active Record supports SQLite >= 3.8."
         end
       end
 
@@ -402,12 +338,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           999
         end
 
-        def check_version
-          if sqlite_version < "3.8.0"
-            raise "Your version of SQLite (#{sqlite_version}) is too old. Active Record supports SQLite >= 3.8."
-          end
-        end
-
         def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
           super
           register_class_with_limit m, %r(int)i, SQLite3Integer
@@ -426,9 +356,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           type.to_sym == :primary_key || options[:primary_key]
         end
 
-        def alter_table(table_name, options = {})
+        def alter_table(table_name, foreign_keys = foreign_keys(table_name), **options)
           altered_table_name = "a#{table_name}"
-          foreign_keys = foreign_keys(table_name)
 
           caller = lambda do |definition|
             rename = options[:rename] || {}
@@ -436,7 +365,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
               if column = rename[fk.options[:column]]
                 fk.options[:column] = column
               end
-              definition.foreign_key(fk.to_table, fk.options)
+              to_table = strip_table_name_prefix_and_suffix(fk.to_table)
+              definition.foreign_key(to_table, fk.options)
             end
 
             yield definition if block_given?
@@ -463,6 +393,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if from_primary_key.is_a?(Array)
               @definition.primary_keys from_primary_key
             end
+
             columns(from).each do |column|
               column_name = options[:rename] ?
                 (options[:rename][column.name] ||
@@ -525,22 +456,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
                      SELECT #{quoted_from_columns} FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}")
         end
 
-        def sqlite_version
-          @sqlite_version ||= SQLite3Adapter::Version.new(query_value("SELECT sqlite_version(*)"))
-        end
-
-        def translate_exception(exception, message)
+        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
           case exception.message
           # SQLite 3.8.2 returns a newly formatted error message:
           #   UNIQUE constraint failed: *table_name*.*column_name*
           # Older versions of SQLite return:
           #   column *column_name* is not unique
           when /column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique/, /UNIQUE constraint failed: .*/
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message)
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when /.* may not be NULL/, /NOT NULL constraint failed: .*/
-            NotNullViolation.new(message)
+            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when /FOREIGN KEY constraint failed/i
-            InvalidForeignKey.new(message)
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           else
             super
           end
@@ -550,7 +477,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def table_structure_with_collation(table_name, basic_structure)
           collation_hash = {}
-          sql = <<-SQL
+          sql = <<~SQL
             SELECT sql FROM
               (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL
                SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master)
@@ -563,9 +490,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           result = exec_query(sql, "SCHEMA").first
 
           if result
-            # Splitting with left parentheses and picking up last will return all
+            # Splitting with left parentheses and discarding the first part will return all
             # columns separated with comma(,).
-            columns_string = result["sql"].split("(").last
+            columns_string = result["sql"].split("(", 2).last
 
             columns_string.split(",").each do |column_string|
               # This regex will match the column name and collation type and will save
@@ -591,7 +518,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new(self)
         end
 
+        def build_statement_pool
+          StatementPool.new(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
+        end
+
+        def connect
+          @connection = ::SQLite3::Database.new(
+            @config[:database].to_s,
+            @config.merge(results_as_hash: true)
+          )
+          configure_connection
+        end
+
         def configure_connection
+          @connection.busy_timeout(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:timeout])) if @config[:timeout]
+
           execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb
index 46bd831da7..0960feed84 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def cache
           @cache[Process.pid]
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
index 3ce9aad5fc..c8cefa9906 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # based on the requested role:
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
-    #     Dog.create! # creates dog using dog connection
+    #     Dog.create! # creates dog using dog writing connection
     #   end
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
     #     Dog.create! # throws exception because we're on a replica
     #   end
     #
-    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :unknown_ode) do
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :unknown_role) do
     #     # raises exception due to non-existent role
     #   end
     #
@@ -100,11 +100,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # you can use +connected_to+ with a +database+ argument. The +database+ argument
     # expects a symbol that corresponds to the database key in your config.
     #
-    # This will connect to a new database for the queries inside the block.
-    #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: :animals_slow_replica) do
     #     Dog.run_a_long_query # runs a long query while connected to the +animals_slow_replica+
     #   end
+    #
+    # This will connect to a new database for the queries inside the block. By
+    # default the `:writing` role will be used since all connections must be assigned
+    # a role. If you would like to use a different role you can pass a hash to database:
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: { readonly_slow: :animals_slow_replica }) do
+    #     # runs a long query while connected to the +animals_slow_replica+ using the readonly_slow role.
+    #     Dog.run_a_long_query
+    #   end
+    #
+    # When using the database key a new connection will be established every time.
     def connected_to(database: nil, role: nil, &blk)
       if database && role
         raise ArgumentError, "connected_to can only accept a `database` or a `role` argument, but not both arguments."
@@ -112,17 +121,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if database.is_a?(Hash)
           role, database = database.first
           role = role.to_sym
-        else
-          role = database.to_sym
         end
 
         config_hash = resolve_config_for_connection(database)
         handler = lookup_connection_handler(role)
 
-        with_handler(role) do
-          handler.establish_connection(config_hash)
-          yield
-        end
+        handler.establish_connection(config_hash)
+
+        with_handler(role, &blk)
       elsif role
         with_handler(role.to_sym, &blk)
       else
@@ -130,7 +136,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns true if role is the current connected role.
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+    #     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing) #=> true
+    #     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading) #=> false
+    #   end
+    def connected_to?(role:)
+      current_role == role.to_sym
+    end
+
+    # Returns the symbol representing the current connected role.
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+    #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_role #=> :writing
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+    #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_role #=> :reading
+    #   end
+    def current_role
+      connection_handlers.key(connection_handler)
+    end
+
     def lookup_connection_handler(handler_key) # :nodoc:
+      handler_key ||= ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role
       connection_handlers[handler_key] ||= ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
     end
 
@@ -143,7 +173,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       raise "Anonymous class is not allowed." unless name
 
       config_or_env ||= DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_sym
-      pool_name = self == Base ? "primary" : name
+      pool_name = primary_class? ? "primary" : name
       self.connection_specification_name = pool_name
 
       resolver = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(Base.configurations)
@@ -153,6 +183,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       config_hash
     end
 
+    # Clears the query cache for all connections associated with the current thread.
+    def clear_query_caches_for_current_thread
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each_value do |handler|
+        handler.connection_pool_list.each do |pool|
+          pool.connection.clear_query_cache if pool.active_connection?
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # Returns the connection currently associated with the class. This can
     # also be used to "borrow" the connection to do database work unrelated
     # to any of the specific Active Records.
@@ -165,11 +204,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Return the specification name from the current class or its parent.
     def connection_specification_name
       if !defined?(@connection_specification_name) || @connection_specification_name.nil?
-        return self == Base ? "primary" : superclass.connection_specification_name
+        return primary_class? ? "primary" : superclass.connection_specification_name
       end
       @connection_specification_name
     end
 
+    def primary_class? # :nodoc:
+      self == Base || defined?(ApplicationRecord) && self == ApplicationRecord
+    end
+
     # Returns the configuration of the associated connection as a hash:
     #
     #  ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config
@@ -213,7 +256,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       :clear_all_connections!, :flush_idle_connections!, to: :connection_handler
 
     private
-
       def swap_connection_handler(handler, &blk) # :nodoc:
         old_handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler, handler
         yield
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
index 50f3087c51..595ef4ee25 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
@@ -124,20 +124,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       mattr_accessor :connection_handlers, instance_accessor: false, default: {}
 
+      mattr_accessor :writing_role, instance_accessor: false, default: :writing
+
+      mattr_accessor :reading_role, instance_accessor: false, default: :reading
+
       class_attribute :default_connection_handler, instance_writer: false
 
       self.filter_attributes = []
 
       def self.connection_handler
-        ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_handler || default_connection_handler
+        Thread.current.thread_variable_get("ar_connection_handler") || default_connection_handler
       end
 
       def self.connection_handler=(handler)
-        ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_handler = handler
+        Thread.current.thread_variable_set("ar_connection_handler", handler)
       end
 
       self.default_connection_handler = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
-      self.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler }
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         return super if block_given? ||
                         primary_key.nil? ||
                         scope_attributes? ||
-                        columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
+                        columns_hash.key?(inheritance_column) && !base_class?
 
         id = ids.first
 
@@ -169,19 +172,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           where(key => params.bind).limit(1)
         }
 
-        record = statement.execute([id], connection).first
+        record = statement.execute([id], connection)&.first
         unless record
-          raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{primary_key}'=#{id}",
-                                   name, primary_key, id)
+          raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{id}", name, key, id)
         end
         record
-      rescue ::RangeError
-        raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with an out of range value for '#{primary_key}'",
-                                 name, primary_key)
       end
 
       def find_by(*args) # :nodoc:
-        return super if scope_attributes? || reflect_on_all_aggregations.any?
+        return super if scope_attributes? || reflect_on_all_aggregations.any? ||
+                        columns_hash.key?(inheritance_column) && !base_class?
 
         hash = args.first
 
@@ -201,11 +201,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           where(wheres).limit(1)
         }
         begin
-          statement.execute(hash.values, connection).first
+          statement.execute(hash.values, connection)&.first
         rescue TypeError
           raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-        rescue ::RangeError
-          nil
         end
       end
 
@@ -270,7 +268,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def arel_attribute(name, table = arel_table) # :nodoc:
-        name = attribute_alias(name) if attribute_alias?(name)
+        name = name.to_s
+        name = attribute_aliases[name] || name
         table[name]
       end
 
@@ -282,8 +281,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         TypeCaster::Map.new(self)
       end
 
-      private
+      def _internal? # :nodoc:
+        false
+      end
 
+      private
         def cached_find_by_statement(key, &block)
           cache = @find_by_statement_cache[connection.prepared_statements]
           cache.compute_if_absent(key) { StatementCache.create(connection, &block) }
@@ -314,7 +316,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Instantiates a single new object
     #   User.new(first_name: 'Jamie')
     def initialize(attributes = nil)
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
+      @new_record = true
       @attributes = self.class._default_attributes.deep_dup
 
       init_internals
@@ -350,15 +352,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Initialize an empty model object from +attributes+.
     # +attributes+ should be an attributes object, and unlike the
     # `initialize` method, no assignment calls are made per attribute.
-    #
-    # :nodoc:
-    def init_with_attributes(attributes, new_record = false)
-      init_internals
-
+    def init_with_attributes(attributes, new_record = false) # :nodoc:
       @new_record = new_record
       @attributes = attributes
 
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
+      init_internals
 
       yield self if block_given?
 
@@ -397,13 +395,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     ##
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
       @attributes = @attributes.deep_dup
-      @attributes.reset(self.class.primary_key)
+      @attributes.reset(@primary_key)
 
       _run_initialize_callbacks
 
       @new_record               = true
       @destroyed                = false
-      @_start_transaction_state = {}
+      @_start_transaction_state = nil
       @transaction_state        = nil
 
       super
@@ -464,6 +462,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen.
     def frozen?
+      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       @attributes.frozen?
     end
 
@@ -476,6 +475,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def present? # :nodoc:
+      true
+    end
+
+    def blank? # :nodoc:
+      false
+    end
+
     # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
     # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
     def readonly?
@@ -546,7 +553,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       # +Array#flatten+ will call +#to_ary+ (recursively) on each of the elements of
       # the array, and then rescues from the possible +NoMethodError+. If those elements are
       # +ActiveRecord::Base+'s, then this triggers the various +method_missing+'s that we have,
@@ -560,22 +566,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def init_internals
+        @primary_key              = self.class.primary_key
         @readonly                 = false
         @destroyed                = false
         @marked_for_destruction   = false
         @destroyed_by_association = nil
-        @new_record               = true
-        @_start_transaction_state = {}
+        @_start_transaction_state = nil
         @transaction_state        = nil
-      end
 
-      def initialize_internals_callback
+        self.class.define_attribute_methods
       end
 
-      def thaw
-        if frozen?
-          @attributes = @attributes.dup
-        end
+      def initialize_internals_callback
       end
 
       def custom_inspect_method_defined?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations.rb
index 30cb0a27e7..bf31bb7c22 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ require "active_record/database_configurations/url_config"
 module ActiveRecord
   # ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations returns an array of DatabaseConfig
   # objects (either a HashConfig or UrlConfig) that are constructed from the
-  # application's database configuration hash or url string.
+  # application's database configuration hash or URL string.
   class DatabaseConfigurations
     attr_reader :configurations
     delegate :any?, to: :configurations
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Collects the configs for the environment and optionally the specification
-    # name passed in. To include replica configurations pass `include_replicas: true`.
+    # name passed in. To include replica configurations pass <tt>include_replicas: true</tt>.
     #
     # If a spec name is provided a single DatabaseConfig object will be
     # returned, otherwise an array of DatabaseConfig objects will be
     # returned that corresponds with the environment and type requested.
     #
-    # Options:
+    # ==== Options
     #
-    # <tt>env_name:</tt> The environment name. Defaults to nil which will collect
-    # configs for all environments.
-    # <tt>spec_name:</tt> The specification name (ie primary, animals, etc.). Defaults
-    # to +nil+.
-    # <tt>include_replicas:</tt> Determines whether to include replicas in
-    # the returned list. Most of the time we're only iterating over the write
-    # connection (i.e. migrations don't need to run for the write and read connection).
-    # Defaults to +false+.
+    # * <tt>env_name:</tt> The environment name. Defaults to +nil+ which will collect
+    #   configs for all environments.
+    # * <tt>spec_name:</tt> The specification name (i.e. primary, animals, etc.). Defaults
+    #   to +nil+.
+    # * <tt>include_replicas:</tt> Determines whether to include replicas in
+    #   the returned list. Most of the time we're only iterating over the write
+    #   connection (i.e. migrations don't need to run for the write and read connection).
+    #   Defaults to +false+.
     def configs_for(env_name: nil, spec_name: nil, include_replicas: false)
       configs = env_with_configs(env_name)
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns the config hash that corresponds with the environment
     #
-    # If the application has multiple databases `default_hash` will
+    # If the application has multiple databases +default_hash+ will
     # return the first config hash for the environment.
     #
     #   { database: "my_db", adapter: "mysql2" }
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns a single DatabaseConfig object based on the requested environment.
     #
-    # If the application has multiple databases `find_db_config` will return
+    # If the application has multiple databases +find_db_config+ will return
     # the first DatabaseConfig for the environment.
     def find_db_config(env)
       configurations.find do |db_config|
@@ -102,10 +102,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def build_configs(configs)
         return configs.configurations if configs.is_a?(DatabaseConfigurations)
+        return configs if configs.is_a?(Array)
 
         build_db_config = configs.each_pair.flat_map do |env_name, config|
           walk_configs(env_name.to_s, "primary", config)
-        end.compact
+        end.flatten.compact
 
         if url = ENV["DATABASE_URL"]
           build_url_config(url, build_db_config)
@@ -124,23 +125,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def build_db_config_from_string(env_name, spec_name, config)
-        begin
-          url = config
-          uri = URI.parse(url)
-          if uri.try(:scheme)
-            ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig.new(env_name, spec_name, url)
-          end
-        rescue URI::InvalidURIError
-          ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new(env_name, spec_name, config)
+        url = config
+        uri = URI.parse(url)
+        if uri.try(:scheme)
+          ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig.new(env_name, spec_name, url)
         end
+      rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+        ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new(env_name, spec_name, config)
       end
 
       def build_db_config_from_hash(env_name, spec_name, config)
-        if url = config["url"]
+        if config.has_key?("url")
+          url = config["url"]
           config_without_url = config.dup
           config_without_url.delete "url"
+
           ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig.new(env_name, spec_name, url, config_without_url)
-        elsif config["database"] || (config.size == 1 && config.values.all? { |v| v.is_a? String })
+        elsif config["database"] || config["adapter"] || ENV["DATABASE_URL"]
           ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new(env_name, spec_name, config)
         else
           config.each_pair.map do |sub_spec_name, sub_config|
@@ -152,12 +153,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def build_url_config(url, configs)
         env = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_s
 
-        if original_config = configs.find(&:for_current_env?)
-          if original_config.url_config?
-            configs
-          else
-            configs.map do |config|
-              ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig.new(env, config.spec_name, url, config.config)
+        if configs.find(&:for_current_env?)
+          configs.map do |config|
+            if config.url_config?
+              config
+            else
+              ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig.new(config.env_name, config.spec_name, url, config.config)
             end
           end
         else
@@ -166,21 +167,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def method_missing(method, *args, &blk)
-        if Hash.method_defined?(method)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
-            "Returning a hash from ActiveRecord::Base.configurations is deprecated. Therefore calling `#{method}` on the hash is also deprecated. Please switch to using the `configs_for` method instead to collect and iterate over database configurations."
-        end
-
         case method
         when :each, :first
+          throw_getter_deprecation(method)
           configurations.send(method, *args, &blk)
         when :fetch
+          throw_getter_deprecation(method)
           configs_for(env_name: args.first)
         when :values
+          throw_getter_deprecation(method)
           configurations.map(&:config)
+        when :[]=
+          throw_setter_deprecation(method)
+
+          env_name = args[0]
+          config = args[1]
+
+          remaining_configs = configurations.reject { |db_config| db_config.env_name == env_name }
+          new_config = build_configs(env_name => config)
+          new_configs = remaining_configs + new_config
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = new_configs
         else
-          super
+          raise NotImplementedError, "`ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` in Rails 6 now returns an object instead of a hash. The `#{method}` method is not supported. Please use `configs_for` or consult the documentation for supported methods."
         end
       end
+
+      def throw_setter_deprecation(method)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Setting `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` with `#{method}` is deprecated. Use `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations=` directly to set the configurations instead.")
+      end
+
+      def throw_getter_deprecation(method)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("`ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` no longer returns a hash. Methods that act on the hash like `#{method}` are deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1. Use the `configs_for` method to collect and iterate over the database configurations.")
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations/hash_config.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations/hash_config.rb
index c176a62458..e31ff09391 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations/hash_config.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations/hash_config.rb
@@ -14,16 +14,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10
     #     @env_name="development", @spec_name="primary", @config={"database"=>"db_name"}>
     #
-    # Options are:
+    # ==== Options
     #
-    # <tt>:env_name</tt> - The Rails environment, ie "development"
-    # <tt>:spec_name</tt> - The specification name. In a standard two-tier
-    # database configuration this will default to "primary". In a multiple
-    # database three-tier database configuration this corresponds to the name
-    # used in the second tier, for example "primary_readonly".
-    # <tt>:config</tt> - The config hash. This is the hash that contains the
-    # database adapter, name, and other important information for database
-    # connections.
+    # * <tt>:env_name</tt> - The Rails environment, i.e. "development".
+    # * <tt>:spec_name</tt> - The specification name. In a standard two-tier
+    #   database configuration this will default to "primary". In a multiple
+    #   database three-tier database configuration this corresponds to the name
+    #   used in the second tier, for example "primary_readonly".
+    # * <tt>:config</tt> - The config hash. This is the hash that contains the
+    #   database adapter, name, and other important information for database
+    #   connections.
     class HashConfig < DatabaseConfig
       attr_reader :config
 
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Determines whether a database configuration is for a replica / readonly
-      # connection. If the `replica` key is present in the config, `replica?` will
+      # connection. If the +replica+ key is present in the config, +replica?+ will
       # return +true+.
       def replica?
         config["replica"]
       end
 
       # The migrations paths for a database configuration. If the
-      # `migrations_paths` key is present in the config, `migrations_paths`
+      # +migrations_paths+ key is present in the config, +migrations_paths+
       # will return its value.
       def migrations_paths
         config["migrations_paths"]
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations/url_config.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations/url_config.rb
index 81917fc4c1..e6b4acc647 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations/url_config.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/database_configurations/url_config.rb
@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     @config={"adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost"},
     #     @url="postgres://localhost/foo">
     #
-    # Options are:
+    # ==== Options
     #
-    # <tt>:env_name</tt> - The Rails environment, ie "development"
-    # <tt>:spec_name</tt> - The specification name. In a standard two-tier
-    # database configuration this will default to "primary". In a multiple
-    # database three-tier database configuration this corresponds to the name
-    # used in the second tier, for example "primary_readonly".
-    # <tt>:url</tt> - The database URL.
-    # <tt>:config</tt> - The config hash. This is the hash that contains the
-    # database adapter, name, and other important information for database
-    # connections.
+    # * <tt>:env_name</tt> - The Rails environment, ie "development".
+    # * <tt>:spec_name</tt> - The specification name. In a standard two-tier
+    #   database configuration this will default to "primary". In a multiple
+    #   database three-tier database configuration this corresponds to the name
+    #   used in the second tier, for example "primary_readonly".
+    # * <tt>:url</tt> - The database URL.
+    # * <tt>:config</tt> - The config hash. This is the hash that contains the
+    #   database adapter, name, and other important information for database
+    #   connections.
     class UrlConfig < DatabaseConfig
       attr_reader :url, :config
 
@@ -42,26 +42,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Determines whether a database configuration is for a replica / readonly
-      # connection. If the `replica` key is present in the config, `replica?` will
+      # connection. If the +replica+ key is present in the config, +replica?+ will
       # return +true+.
       def replica?
         config["replica"]
       end
 
       # The migrations paths for a database configuration. If the
-      # `migrations_paths` key is present in the config, `migrations_paths`
+      # +migrations_paths+ key is present in the config, +migrations_paths+
       # will return its value.
       def migrations_paths
         config["migrations_paths"]
       end
 
       private
-        def build_config(original_config, url)
-          if /^jdbc:/.match?(url)
-            hash = { "url" => url }
+        def build_url_hash(url)
+          if url.nil? || /^jdbc:/.match?(url)
+            { "url" => url }
           else
-            hash = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::ConnectionUrlResolver.new(url).to_hash
+            ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::ConnectionUrlResolver.new(url).to_hash
           end
+        end
+
+        def build_config(original_config, url)
+          hash = build_url_hash(url)
 
           if original_config[env_name]
             original_config[env_name].merge(hash)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
index 3bb8c6f4e3..7d9e221faa 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         attr_reader :model, :name, :attribute_names
 
-        def initialize(model, name)
+        def initialize(model, method_name)
           @model           = model
-          @name            = name.to_s
+          @name            = method_name.to_s
           @attribute_names = @name.match(self.class.pattern)[1].split("_and_")
-          @attribute_names.map! { |n| @model.attribute_aliases[n] || n }
+          @attribute_names.map! { |name| @model.attribute_aliases[name] || name }
         end
 
         def valid?
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           def body
             "#{finder}(#{attributes_hash})"
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
index 3a600835e1..8077630aeb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # as well. With the above example:
   #
   #   Conversation.active
+  #   Conversation.not_active
   #   Conversation.archived
+  #   Conversation.not_archived
   #
   # Of course, you can also query them directly if the scopes don't fit your
   # needs:
@@ -149,6 +151,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       klass = self
       enum_prefix = definitions.delete(:_prefix)
       enum_suffix = definitions.delete(:_suffix)
+      enum_scopes = definitions.delete(:_scopes)
       definitions.each do |name, values|
         assert_valid_enum_definition_values(values)
         # statuses = { }
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # def self.statuses() statuses end
         detect_enum_conflict!(name, name.pluralize, true)
-        singleton_class.send(:define_method, name.pluralize) { enum_values }
+        singleton_class.define_method(name.pluralize) { enum_values }
         defined_enums[name] = enum_values
 
         detect_enum_conflict!(name, name)
@@ -195,10 +198,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
             define_method("#{value_method_name}!") { update!(attr => value) }
 
             # scope :active, -> { where(status: 0) }
-            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, value_method_name, true)
-            klass.scope value_method_name, -> { where(attr => value) }
+            # scope :not_active, -> { where.not(status: 0) }
+            if enum_scopes != false
+              klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, value_method_name, true)
+              klass.scope value_method_name, -> { where(attr => value) }
+
+              klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "not_#{value_method_name}", true)
+              klass.scope "not_#{value_method_name}", -> { where.not(attr => value) }
+            end
           end
         end
+        enum_values.freeze
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
index f61bc7b9e8..20cc987d6e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # Raised when a model makes a query but it has not specified an associated table.
+  class TableNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
   # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in
   # +config/database.yml+ or programmatically.
   class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError
@@ -49,6 +53,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class ConnectionNotEstablished < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # Raised when a write to the database is attempted on a read only connection.
+  class ReadOnlyError < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
   # Raised when Active Record cannot find a record by given id or set of ids.
   class RecordNotFound < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :model, :primary_key, :id
@@ -64,7 +72,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   # Raised by {ActiveRecord::Base#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!] and
   # {ActiveRecord::Base.create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!]
-  # methods when a record is invalid and can not be saved.
+  # methods when a record is invalid and cannot be saved.
   class RecordNotSaved < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :record
 
@@ -97,9 +105,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Wraps the underlying database error as +cause+.
   class StatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
-    def initialize(message = nil)
+    def initialize(message = nil, sql: nil, binds: nil)
       super(message || $!.try(:message))
+      @sql = sql
+      @binds = binds
     end
+
+    attr_reader :sql, :binds
   end
 
   # Defunct wrapper class kept for compatibility.
@@ -118,16 +130,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   # Raised when a foreign key constraint cannot be added because the column type does not match the referenced column type.
   class MismatchedForeignKey < StatementInvalid
-    def initialize(adapter = nil, message: nil, table: nil, foreign_key: nil, target_table: nil, primary_key: nil)
-      @adapter = adapter
+    def initialize(
+      message: nil,
+      sql: nil,
+      binds: nil,
+      table: nil,
+      foreign_key: nil,
+      target_table: nil,
+      primary_key: nil,
+      primary_key_column: nil
+    )
       if table
-        msg = +<<~EOM
-          Column `#{foreign_key}` on table `#{table}` has a type of `#{column_type(table, foreign_key)}`.
-          This does not match column `#{primary_key}` on `#{target_table}`, which has type `#{column_type(target_table, primary_key)}`.
-          To resolve this issue, change the type of the `#{foreign_key}` column on `#{table}` to be :integer. (For example `t.integer #{foreign_key}`).
+        type = primary_key_column.bigint? ? :bigint : primary_key_column.type
+        msg = <<~EOM.squish
+          Column `#{foreign_key}` on table `#{table}` does not match column `#{primary_key}` on `#{target_table}`,
+          which has type `#{primary_key_column.sql_type}`.
+          To resolve this issue, change the type of the `#{foreign_key}` column on `#{table}` to be :#{type}.
+          (For example `t.#{type} :#{foreign_key}`).
         EOM
       else
-        msg = +<<~EOM
+        msg = <<~EOM.squish
           There is a mismatch between the foreign key and primary key column types.
           Verify that the foreign key column type and the primary key of the associated table match types.
         EOM
@@ -135,13 +157,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if message
         msg << "\nOriginal message: #{message}"
       end
-      super(msg)
+      super(msg, sql: sql, binds: binds)
     end
-
-    private
-      def column_type(table, column)
-        @adapter.columns(table).detect { |c| c.name == column }.sql_type
-      end
   end
 
   # Raised when a record cannot be inserted or updated because it would violate a not null constraint.
@@ -336,16 +353,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class IrreversibleOrderError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # Superclass for errors that have been aborted (either by client or server).
+  class QueryAborted < StatementInvalid
+  end
+
   # LockWaitTimeout will be raised when lock wait timeout exceeded.
   class LockWaitTimeout < StatementInvalid
   end
 
   # StatementTimeout will be raised when statement timeout exceeded.
-  class StatementTimeout < StatementInvalid
+  class StatementTimeout < QueryAborted
   end
 
   # QueryCanceled will be raised when canceling statement due to user request.
-  class QueryCanceled < StatementInvalid
+  class QueryCanceled < QueryAborted
+  end
+
+  # AdapterTimeout will be raised when database clients times out while waiting from the server.
+  class AdapterTimeout < QueryAborted
   end
 
   # UnknownAttributeReference is raised when an unknown and potentially unsafe
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
index 919e96cd7a..5dca75c539 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def render_bind(attr)
         value = if attr.type.binary? && attr.value
           "<#{attr.value_for_database.to_s.bytesize} bytes of binary data>"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/table_row.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/table_row.rb
index cb4726f1ee..f65329f91d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/table_row.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/table_row.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def model_metadata
           @table_rows.model_metadata
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/table_rows.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/table_rows.rb
index 23814b6cb5..df1cd63963 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/table_rows.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/table_rows.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def build_table_rows_from(table_name, fixtures, config)
           now = config.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index 1248ed00c5..046ed0e95c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -464,7 +464,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def insert_class(class_names, name, klass)
           # We only want to deal with AR objects.
           if klass && klass < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -519,11 +518,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def instantiate_fixtures(object, fixture_set, load_instances = true)
         return unless load_instances
         fixture_set.each do |fixture_name, fixture|
-          begin
-            object.instance_variable_set "@#{fixture_name}", fixture.find
-          rescue FixtureClassNotFound
-            nil
-          end
+          object.instance_variable_set "@#{fixture_name}", fixture.find
+        rescue FixtureClassNotFound
+          nil
         end
       end
 
@@ -572,50 +569,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+        def read_and_insert(fixtures_directory, fixture_files, class_names, connection) # :nodoc:
+          fixtures_map = {}
+          fixture_sets = fixture_files.map do |fixture_set_name|
+            klass = class_names[fixture_set_name]
+            fixtures_map[fixture_set_name] = new( # ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new
+              nil,
+              fixture_set_name,
+              klass,
+              ::File.join(fixtures_directory, fixture_set_name)
+            )
+          end
+          update_all_loaded_fixtures(fixtures_map)
 
-      def read_and_insert(fixtures_directory, fixture_files, class_names, connection) # :nodoc:
-        fixtures_map = {}
-        fixture_sets = fixture_files.map do |fixture_set_name|
-          klass = class_names[fixture_set_name]
-          fixtures_map[fixture_set_name] = new( # ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new
-            nil,
-            fixture_set_name,
-            klass,
-            ::File.join(fixtures_directory, fixture_set_name)
-          )
-        end
-        update_all_loaded_fixtures(fixtures_map)
-
-        insert(fixture_sets, connection)
-
-        fixtures_map
-      end
+          insert(fixture_sets, connection)
 
-      def insert(fixture_sets, connection) # :nodoc:
-        fixture_sets_by_connection = fixture_sets.group_by do |fixture_set|
-          fixture_set.model_class&.connection || connection
+          fixtures_map
         end
 
-        fixture_sets_by_connection.each do |conn, set|
-          table_rows_for_connection = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+        def insert(fixture_sets, connection) # :nodoc:
+          fixture_sets_by_connection = fixture_sets.group_by do |fixture_set|
+            fixture_set.model_class&.connection || connection
+          end
+
+          fixture_sets_by_connection.each do |conn, set|
+            table_rows_for_connection = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
 
-          set.each do |fixture_set|
-            fixture_set.table_rows.each do |table, rows|
-              table_rows_for_connection[table].unshift(*rows)
+            set.each do |fixture_set|
+              fixture_set.table_rows.each do |table, rows|
+                table_rows_for_connection[table].unshift(*rows)
+              end
             end
-          end
-          conn.insert_fixtures_set(table_rows_for_connection, table_rows_for_connection.keys)
+            conn.insert_fixtures_set(table_rows_for_connection, table_rows_for_connection.keys)
 
-          # Cap primary key sequences to max(pk).
-          if conn.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
-            set.each { |fs| conn.reset_pk_sequence!(fs.table_name) }
+            # Cap primary key sequences to max(pk).
+            if conn.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
+              set.each { |fs| conn.reset_pk_sequence!(fs.table_name) }
+            end
           end
         end
-      end
 
-      def update_all_loaded_fixtures(fixtures_map) # :nodoc:
-        all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
-      end
+        def update_all_loaded_fixtures(fixtures_map) # :nodoc:
+          all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
+        end
     end
 
     attr_reader :table_name, :name, :fixtures, :model_class, :config
@@ -663,7 +659,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def model_class=(class_name)
         if class_name.is_a?(Class) # TODO: Should be an AR::Base type class, or any?
           @model_class = class_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
index 72035a986b..7f92174f87 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
index 138fd1cf53..5ca48fa18c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-
         # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendants of
         # MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass.
         def compute_type(type_name)
@@ -208,7 +207,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
       private
-
         # Called by +instantiate+ to decide which class to use for a new
         # record instance. For single-table inheritance, we check the record
         # for a +type+ column and return the corresponding class.
@@ -249,7 +247,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sti_column = arel_attribute(inheritance_column, table)
           sti_names  = ([self] + descendants).map(&:sti_name)
 
-          sti_column.in(sti_names)
+          predicate_builder.build(sti_column, sti_names)
         end
 
         # Detect the subclass from the inheritance column of attrs. If the inheritance column value
@@ -272,7 +270,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def initialize_internals_callback
         super
         ensure_proper_type
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/insert_all.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/insert_all.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6577dcbc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/insert_all.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class InsertAll # :nodoc:
+    attr_reader :model, :connection, :inserts, :keys
+    attr_reader :on_duplicate, :returning, :unique_by
+
+    def initialize(model, inserts, on_duplicate:, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Empty list of attributes passed" if inserts.blank?
+
+      @model, @connection, @inserts, @keys = model, model.connection, inserts, inserts.first.keys.map(&:to_s).to_set
+      @on_duplicate, @returning, @unique_by = on_duplicate, returning, unique_by
+
+      @returning = (connection.supports_insert_returning? ? primary_keys : false) if @returning.nil?
+      @returning = false if @returning == []
+
+      @unique_by = find_unique_index_for(unique_by) if unique_by
+      @on_duplicate = :skip if @on_duplicate == :update && updatable_columns.empty?
+
+      ensure_valid_options_for_connection!
+    end
+
+    def execute
+      message = +"#{model} "
+      message << "Bulk " if inserts.many?
+      message << (on_duplicate == :update ? "Upsert" : "Insert")
+      connection.exec_query to_sql, message
+    end
+
+    def updatable_columns
+      keys - readonly_columns - unique_by_columns
+    end
+
+    def primary_keys
+      Array(model.primary_key)
+    end
+
+
+    def skip_duplicates?
+      on_duplicate == :skip
+    end
+
+    def update_duplicates?
+      on_duplicate == :update
+    end
+
+    def map_key_with_value
+      inserts.map do |attributes|
+        attributes = attributes.stringify_keys
+        verify_attributes(attributes)
+
+        keys.map do |key|
+          yield key, attributes[key]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def find_unique_index_for(unique_by)
+        match = Array(unique_by).map(&:to_s)
+
+        if index = unique_indexes.find { |i| match.include?(i.name) || i.columns == match }
+          index
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "No unique index found for #{unique_by}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def unique_indexes
+        connection.schema_cache.indexes(model.table_name).select(&:unique)
+      end
+
+
+      def ensure_valid_options_for_connection!
+        if returning && !connection.supports_insert_returning?
+          raise ArgumentError, "#{connection.class} does not support :returning"
+        end
+
+        if skip_duplicates? && !connection.supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+          raise ArgumentError, "#{connection.class} does not support skipping duplicates"
+        end
+
+        if update_duplicates? && !connection.supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
+          raise ArgumentError, "#{connection.class} does not support upsert"
+        end
+
+        if unique_by && !connection.supports_insert_conflict_target?
+          raise ArgumentError, "#{connection.class} does not support :unique_by"
+        end
+      end
+
+
+      def to_sql
+        connection.build_insert_sql(ActiveRecord::InsertAll::Builder.new(self))
+      end
+
+
+      def readonly_columns
+        primary_keys + model.readonly_attributes.to_a
+      end
+
+      def unique_by_columns
+        Array(unique_by&.columns)
+      end
+
+
+      def verify_attributes(attributes)
+        if keys != attributes.keys.to_set
+          raise ArgumentError, "All objects being inserted must have the same keys"
+        end
+      end
+
+
+      class Builder
+        attr_reader :model
+
+        delegate :skip_duplicates?, :update_duplicates?, :keys, to: :insert_all
+
+        def initialize(insert_all)
+          @insert_all, @model, @connection = insert_all, insert_all.model, insert_all.connection
+        end
+
+        def into
+          "INTO #{model.quoted_table_name}(#{columns_list})"
+        end
+
+        def values_list
+          types = extract_types_from_columns_on(model.table_name, keys: keys)
+
+          values_list = insert_all.map_key_with_value do |key, value|
+            connection.with_yaml_fallback(types[key].serialize(value))
+          end
+
+          Arel::InsertManager.new.create_values_list(values_list).to_sql
+        end
+
+        def returning
+          format_columns(insert_all.returning) if insert_all.returning
+        end
+
+        def conflict_target
+          if index = insert_all.unique_by
+            sql = +"(#{format_columns(index.columns)})"
+            sql << " WHERE #{index.where}" if index.where
+            sql
+          elsif update_duplicates?
+            "(#{format_columns(insert_all.primary_keys)})"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def updatable_columns
+          quote_columns(insert_all.updatable_columns)
+        end
+
+        private
+          attr_reader :connection, :insert_all
+
+          def columns_list
+            format_columns(insert_all.keys)
+          end
+
+          def extract_types_from_columns_on(table_name, keys:)
+            columns = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
+
+            unknown_column = (keys - columns.keys).first
+            raise UnknownAttributeError.new(model.new, unknown_column) if unknown_column
+
+            keys.map { |key| [ key, connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(columns[key]) ] }.to_h
+          end
+
+          def format_columns(columns)
+            quote_columns(columns).join(",")
+          end
+
+          def quote_columns(columns)
+            columns.map(&connection.method(:quote_column_name))
+          end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
index 33c4066b89..4a97061731 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # This is +true+, by default on Rails 5.2 and above.
       class_attribute :cache_versioning, instance_writer: false, default: false
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Indicates whether to use a stable #cache_key method that is accompanied
+      # by a changing version in the #cache_version method on collections.
+      #
+      # This is +false+, by default until Rails 6.1.
+      class_attribute :collection_cache_versioning, instance_writer: false, default: false
     end
 
     # Returns a +String+, which Action Pack uses for constructing a URL to this
@@ -61,23 +69,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Product.cache_versioning = false
     #   Product.find(5).cache_key  # => "products/5-20071224150000" (updated_at available)
-    def cache_key(*timestamp_names)
+    def cache_key
       if new_record?
         "#{model_name.cache_key}/new"
       else
-        if cache_version && timestamp_names.none?
+        if cache_version
           "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
         else
-          timestamp = if timestamp_names.any?
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-              Specifying a timestamp name for #cache_key has been deprecated in favor of
-              the explicit #cache_version method that can be overwritten.
-            MSG
-
-            max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names)
-          else
-            max_updated_column_timestamp
-          end
+          timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp
 
           if timestamp
             timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
@@ -94,10 +93,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # cache_version, but this method can be overwritten to return something else.
     #
     # Note, this method will return nil if ActiveRecord::Base.cache_versioning is set to
-    # +false+ (which it is by default until Rails 6.0).
+    # +false+.
     def cache_version
-      if cache_versioning && timestamp = try(:updated_at)
-        timestamp.utc.to_s(:usec)
+      return unless cache_versioning
+
+      if has_attribute?("updated_at")
+        timestamp = updated_at_before_type_cast
+        if can_use_fast_cache_version?(timestamp)
+          raw_timestamp_to_cache_version(timestamp)
+        elsif timestamp = updated_at
+          timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
+        end
+      else
+        if self.class.has_attribute?("updated_at")
+          raise ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError, "missing attribute: updated_at"
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -150,6 +160,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def collection_cache_key(collection = all, timestamp_column = :updated_at) # :nodoc:
+        collection.send(:compute_cache_key, timestamp_column)
+      end
     end
+
+    private
+      # Detects if the value before type cast
+      # can be used to generate a cache_version.
+      #
+      # The fast cache version only works with a
+      # string value directly from the database.
+      #
+      # We also must check if the timestamp format has been changed
+      # or if the timezone is not set to UTC then
+      # we cannot apply our transformations correctly.
+      def can_use_fast_cache_version?(timestamp)
+        timestamp.is_a?(String) &&
+          cache_timestamp_format == :usec &&
+          default_timezone == :utc &&
+          !updated_at_came_from_user?
+      end
+
+      # Converts a raw database string to `:usec`
+      # format.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   timestamp = "2018-10-15 20:02:15.266505"
+      #   raw_timestamp_to_cache_version(timestamp)
+      #   # => "20181015200215266505"
+      #
+      # PostgreSQL truncates trailing zeros,
+      # https://github.com/postgres/postgres/commit/3e1beda2cde3495f41290e1ece5d544525810214
+      # to account for this we pad the output with zeros
+      def raw_timestamp_to_cache_version(timestamp)
+        key = timestamp.delete("- :.")
+        if key.length < 20
+          key.ljust(20, "0")
+        else
+          key
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/internal_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/internal_metadata.rb
index 3626a13d7c..8f3c6d0ee3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/internal_metadata.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/internal_metadata.rb
@@ -8,12 +8,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # as which environment migrations were run in.
   class InternalMetadata < ActiveRecord::Base # :nodoc:
     class << self
+      def _internal?
+        true
+      end
+
       def primary_key
         "key"
       end
 
       def table_name
-        "#{table_name_prefix}#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
+        "#{table_name_prefix}#{internal_metadata_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
       end
 
       def []=(key, value)
@@ -24,10 +28,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         where(key: key).pluck(:value).first
       end
 
-      def table_exists?
-        connection.table_exists?(table_name)
-      end
-
       # Creates an internal metadata table with columns +key+ and +value+
       def create_table
         unless table_exists?
@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def drop_table
+        connection.drop_table table_name, if_exists: true
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
index 4a3a31fc95..c2a083bf3b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
@@ -71,9 +71,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
+          @_touch_attr_names << self.class.locking_column if locking_enabled?
           super
-        ensure
-          clear_attribute_change(self.class.locking_column) if locking_enabled?
         end
 
         def _update_row(attribute_names, attempted_action = "update")
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             affected_rows = self.class._update_record(
               attributes_with_values(attribute_names),
-              self.class.primary_key => id_in_database,
+              @primary_key => id_in_database,
               locking_column => previous_lock_value
             )
 
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           locking_column = self.class.locking_column
 
           affected_rows = self.class._delete_record(
-            self.class.primary_key => id_in_database,
+            @primary_key => id_in_database,
             locking_column => read_attribute_before_type_cast(locking_column)
           )
 
@@ -157,7 +156,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           private
-
             # We need to apply this decorator here, rather than on module inclusion. The closure
             # created by the matcher would otherwise evaluate for `ActiveRecord::Base`, not the
             # sub class being decorated. As such, changes to `lock_optimistically`, or
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
index 6b84431343..6248c2f578 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def extract_query_source_location(locations)
-        backtrace_cleaner.clean(locations).first
+        backtrace_cleaner.clean(locations.lazy).first
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7374107048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Middleware
+    # The DatabaseSelector Middleware provides a framework for automatically
+    # swapping from the primary to the replica database connection. Rails
+    # provides a basic framework to determine when to swap and allows for
+    # applications to write custom strategy classes to override the default
+    # behavior.
+    #
+    # The resolver class defines when the application should switch (i.e. read
+    # from the primary if a write occurred less than 2 seconds ago) and a
+    # resolver context class that sets a value that helps the resolver class
+    # decide when to switch.
+    #
+    # Rails default middleware uses the request's session to set a timestamp
+    # that informs the application when to read from a primary or read from a
+    # replica.
+    #
+    # To use the DatabaseSelector in your application with default settings add
+    # the following options to your environment config:
+    #
+    #   config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
+    #   config.active_record.database_resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver
+    #   config.active_record.database_resolver_context = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session
+    #
+    # New applications will include these lines commented out in the production.rb.
+    #
+    # The default behavior can be changed by setting the config options to a
+    # custom class:
+    #
+    #   config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
+    #   config.active_record.database_resolver = MyResolver
+    #   config.active_record.database_resolver_context = MyResolver::MySession
+    class DatabaseSelector
+      def initialize(app, resolver_klass = nil, context_klass = nil, options = {})
+        @app = app
+        @resolver_klass = resolver_klass || Resolver
+        @context_klass = context_klass || Resolver::Session
+        @options = options
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :resolver_klass, :context_klass, :options
+
+      # Middleware that determines which database connection to use in a multiple
+      # database application.
+      def call(env)
+        request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+
+        select_database(request) do
+          @app.call(env)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def select_database(request, &blk)
+          context = context_klass.call(request)
+          resolver = resolver_klass.call(context, options)
+
+          if reading_request?(request)
+            resolver.read(&blk)
+          else
+            resolver.write(&blk)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def reading_request?(request)
+          request.get? || request.head?
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3eb1039c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver/session"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Middleware
+    class DatabaseSelector
+      # The Resolver class is used by the DatabaseSelector middleware to
+      # determine which database the request should use.
+      #
+      # To change the behavior of the Resolver class in your application,
+      # create a custom resolver class that inherits from
+      # DatabaseSelector::Resolver and implements the methods that need to
+      # be changed.
+      #
+      # By default the Resolver class will send read traffic to the replica
+      # if it's been 2 seconds since the last write.
+      class Resolver # :nodoc:
+        SEND_TO_REPLICA_DELAY = 2.seconds
+
+        def self.call(context, options = {})
+          new(context, options)
+        end
+
+        def initialize(context, options = {})
+          @context = context
+          @options = options
+          @delay = @options && @options[:delay] ? @options[:delay] : SEND_TO_REPLICA_DELAY
+          @instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :context, :delay, :instrumenter
+
+        def read(&blk)
+          if read_from_primary?
+            read_from_primary(&blk)
+          else
+            read_from_replica(&blk)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def write(&blk)
+          write_to_primary(&blk)
+        end
+
+        private
+          def read_from_primary(&blk)
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role) do
+              ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+                instrumenter.instrument("database_selector.active_record.read_from_primary") do
+                  yield
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def read_from_replica(&blk)
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role) do
+              instrumenter.instrument("database_selector.active_record.read_from_replica") do
+                yield
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def write_to_primary(&blk)
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role) do
+              instrumenter.instrument("database_selector.active_record.wrote_to_primary") do
+                yield
+              ensure
+                context.update_last_write_timestamp
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def read_from_primary?
+            !time_since_last_write_ok?
+          end
+
+          def send_to_replica_delay
+            delay
+          end
+
+          def time_since_last_write_ok?
+            Time.now - context.last_write_timestamp >= send_to_replica_delay
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver/session.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver/session.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df7af054b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver/session.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Middleware
+    class DatabaseSelector
+      class Resolver
+        # The session class is used by the DatabaseSelector::Resolver to save
+        # timestamps of the last write in the session.
+        #
+        # The last_write is used to determine whether it's safe to read
+        # from the replica or the request needs to be sent to the primary.
+        class Session # :nodoc:
+          def self.call(request)
+            new(request.session)
+          end
+
+          # Converts time to a timestamp that represents milliseconds since
+          # epoch.
+          def self.convert_time_to_timestamp(time)
+            time.to_i * 1000 + time.usec / 1000
+          end
+
+          # Converts milliseconds since epoch timestamp into a time object.
+          def self.convert_timestamp_to_time(timestamp)
+            timestamp ? Time.at(timestamp / 1000, (timestamp % 1000) * 1000) : Time.at(0)
+          end
+
+          def initialize(session)
+            @session = session
+          end
+
+          attr_reader :session
+
+          def last_write_timestamp
+            self.class.convert_timestamp_to_time(session[:last_write])
+          end
+
+          def update_last_write_timestamp
+            session[:last_write] = self.class.convert_time_to_timestamp(Time.now)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
index 6e5a610642..7edfec9903 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ require "benchmark"
 require "set"
 require "zlib"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
+require "active_support/actionable_error"
 
 module ActiveRecord
-  class MigrationError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class MigrationError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(message = nil)
       message = "\n\n#{message}\n\n" if message
       super
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #         t.string :zipcode
   #       end
   #
-  #       execute <<-SQL
+  #       execute <<~SQL
   #         ALTER TABLE distributors
   #           ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
   #             CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #        t.string :zipcode
   #      end
   #
-  #      execute <<-SQL
+  #      execute <<~SQL
   #        ALTER TABLE distributors
   #          ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
   #            CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #    end
   #
   #    def down
-  #      execute <<-SQL
+  #      execute <<~SQL
   #        ALTER TABLE distributors
   #          DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
   #      SQL
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   #       reversible do |dir|
   #         dir.up do
-  #           execute <<-SQL
+  #           execute <<~SQL
   #             ALTER TABLE distributors
   #               ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
   #                 CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #         end
   #
   #         dir.down do
-  #           execute <<-SQL
+  #           execute <<~SQL
   #             ALTER TABLE distributors
   #               DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
   #           SQL
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class IrreversibleMigration < MigrationError
   end
 
-  class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
+  class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(version = nil)
       if version
         super("Multiple migrations have the version number #{version}.")
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  class DuplicateMigrationNameError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
+  class DuplicateMigrationNameError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(name = nil)
       if name
         super("Multiple migrations have the name #{name}.")
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  class IllegalMigrationNameError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
+  class IllegalMigrationNameError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(name = nil)
       if name
         super("Illegal name for migration file: #{name}\n\t(only lower case letters, numbers, and '_' allowed).")
@@ -127,7 +128,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  class PendingMigrationError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
+  class PendingMigrationError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    include ActiveSupport::ActionableError
+
+    action "Run pending migrations" do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+    end
+
     def initialize(message = nil)
       if !message && defined?(Rails.env)
         super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n        rails db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}")
@@ -308,7 +315,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   named +column_name+ from the table called +table_name+.
   # * <tt>remove_columns(table_name, *column_names)</tt>: Removes the given
   #   columns from the table definition.
-  # * <tt>remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table)</tt>: Removes the
+  # * <tt>remove_foreign_key(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)</tt>: Removes the
   #   given foreign key from the table called +table_name+.
   # * <tt>remove_index(table_name, column: column_names)</tt>: Removes the index
   #   specified by +column_names+.
@@ -487,9 +494,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # This migration will create the horses table for you on the way up, and
   # automatically figure out how to drop the table on the way down.
   #
-  # Some commands like +remove_column+ cannot be reversed.  If you care to
-  # define how to move up and down in these cases, you should define the +up+
-  # and +down+ methods as before.
+  # Some commands cannot be reversed. If you care to define how to move up
+  # and down in these cases, you should define the +up+ and +down+ methods
+  # as before.
   #
   # If a command cannot be reversed, an
   # <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception will be raised when
@@ -520,10 +527,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :Compatibility, "active_record/migration/compatibility"
 
     # This must be defined before the inherited hook, below
-    class Current < Migration # :nodoc:
+    class Current < Migration #:nodoc:
     end
 
-    def self.inherited(subclass) # :nodoc:
+    def self.inherited(subclass) #:nodoc:
       super
       if subclass.superclass == Migration
         raise StandardError, "Directly inheriting from ActiveRecord::Migration is not supported. " \
@@ -541,7 +548,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::VERSION::STRING.to_f
     end
 
-    MigrationFilenameRegexp = /\A([0-9]+)_([_a-z0-9]*)\.?([_a-z0-9]*)?\.rb\z/ # :nodoc:
+    MigrationFilenameRegexp = /\A([0-9]+)_([_a-z0-9]*)\.?([_a-z0-9]*)?\.rb\z/ #:nodoc:
 
     # This class is used to verify that all migrations have been run before
     # loading a web page if <tt>config.active_record.migration_error</tt> is set to :page_load
@@ -561,17 +568,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def connection
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         end
     end
 
     class << self
-      attr_accessor :delegate # :nodoc:
-      attr_accessor :disable_ddl_transaction # :nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :delegate #:nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :disable_ddl_transaction #:nodoc:
 
-      def nearest_delegate # :nodoc:
+      def nearest_delegate #:nodoc:
         delegate || superclass.nearest_delegate
       end
 
@@ -595,13 +601,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def maintain_test_schema! # :nodoc:
+      def maintain_test_schema! #:nodoc:
         if ActiveRecord::Base.maintain_test_schema
           suppress_messages { load_schema_if_pending! }
         end
       end
 
-      def method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
+      def method_missing(name, *args, &block) #:nodoc:
         nearest_delegate.send(name, *args, &block)
       end
 
@@ -618,7 +624,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def disable_ddl_transaction # :nodoc:
+    def disable_ddl_transaction #:nodoc:
       self.class.disable_ddl_transaction
     end
 
@@ -693,7 +699,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       connection.respond_to?(:reverting) && connection.reverting
     end
 
-    ReversibleBlockHelper = Struct.new(:reverting) do # :nodoc:
+    ReversibleBlockHelper = Struct.new(:reverting) do #:nodoc:
       def up
         yield unless reverting
       end
@@ -878,13 +884,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def copy(destination, sources, options = {})
       copied = []
+      schema_migration = options[:schema_migration] || ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration
 
       FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination) unless File.exist?(destination)
 
-      destination_migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(destination).migrations
+      destination_migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(destination, schema_migration).migrations
       last = destination_migrations.last
       sources.each do |scope, path|
-        source_migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path).migrations
+        source_migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path, schema_migration).migrations
 
         source_migrations.each do |migration|
           source = File.binread(migration.filename)
@@ -985,7 +992,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     delegate :migrate, :announce, :write, :disable_ddl_transaction, to: :migration
 
     private
-
       def migration
         @migration ||= load_migration
       end
@@ -1006,11 +1012,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  class MigrationContext # :nodoc:
-    attr_reader :migrations_paths
+  class MigrationContext #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :migrations_paths, :schema_migration
 
-    def initialize(migrations_paths)
+    def initialize(migrations_paths, schema_migration)
       @migrations_paths = migrations_paths
+      @schema_migration = schema_migration
     end
 
     def migrate(target_version = nil, &block)
@@ -1041,7 +1048,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         migrations
       end
 
-      Migrator.new(:up, selected_migrations, target_version).migrate
+      Migrator.new(:up, selected_migrations, schema_migration, target_version).migrate
     end
 
     def down(target_version = nil)
@@ -1051,20 +1058,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         migrations
       end
 
-      Migrator.new(:down, selected_migrations, target_version).migrate
+      Migrator.new(:down, selected_migrations, schema_migration, target_version).migrate
     end
 
     def run(direction, target_version)
-      Migrator.new(direction, migrations, target_version).run
+      Migrator.new(direction, migrations, schema_migration, target_version).run
     end
 
     def open
-      Migrator.new(:up, migrations, nil)
+      Migrator.new(:up, migrations, schema_migration)
     end
 
     def get_all_versions
-      if SchemaMigration.table_exists?
-        SchemaMigration.all_versions.map(&:to_i)
+      if schema_migration.table_exists?
+        schema_migration.all_versions.map(&:to_i)
       else
         []
       end
@@ -1087,10 +1094,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       migrations.last || NullMigration.new
     end
 
-    def parse_migration_filename(filename) # :nodoc:
-      File.basename(filename).scan(Migration::MigrationFilenameRegexp).first
-    end
-
     def migrations
       migrations = migration_files.map do |file|
         version, name, scope = parse_migration_filename(file)
@@ -1105,12 +1108,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def migrations_status
-      db_list = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalized_versions
+      db_list = schema_migration.normalized_versions
 
       file_list = migration_files.map do |file|
         version, name, scope = parse_migration_filename(file)
         raise IllegalMigrationNameError.new(file) unless version
-        version = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number(version)
+        version = schema_migration.normalize_migration_number(version)
         status = db_list.delete(version) ? "up" : "down"
         [status, version, (name + scope).humanize]
       end.compact
@@ -1122,11 +1125,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       (db_list + file_list).sort_by { |_, version, _| version }
     end
 
-    def migration_files
-      paths = Array(migrations_paths)
-      Dir[*paths.flat_map { |path| "#{path}/**/[0-9]*_*.rb" }]
-    end
-
     def current_environment
       ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::DEFAULT_ENV.call
     end
@@ -1145,8 +1143,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
+      def migration_files
+        paths = Array(migrations_paths)
+        Dir[*paths.flat_map { |path| "#{path}/**/[0-9]*_*.rb" }]
+      end
+
+      def parse_migration_filename(filename)
+        File.basename(filename).scan(Migration::MigrationFilenameRegexp).first
+      end
+
       def move(direction, steps)
-        migrator = Migrator.new(direction, migrations)
+        migrator = Migrator.new(direction, migrations, schema_migration)
 
         if current_version != 0 && !migrator.current_migration
           raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(current_version)
@@ -1169,30 +1176,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class << self
       attr_accessor :migrations_paths
 
-      def migrations_path=(path)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
-          "`ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_path=` is now deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.0. " \
-          "You can set the `migrations_paths` on the `connection` instead through the `database.yml`."
-        self.migrations_paths = [path]
-      end
-
       # For cases where a table doesn't exist like loading from schema cache
       def current_version
-        MigrationContext.new(migrations_paths).current_version
+        MigrationContext.new(migrations_paths, SchemaMigration).current_version
       end
     end
 
     self.migrations_paths = ["db/migrate"]
 
-    def initialize(direction, migrations, target_version = nil)
+    def initialize(direction, migrations, schema_migration, target_version = nil)
       @direction         = direction
       @target_version    = target_version
       @migrated_versions = nil
       @migrations        = migrations
+      @schema_migration  = schema_migration
 
       validate(@migrations)
 
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+      @schema_migration.create_table
       ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.create_table
     end
 
@@ -1246,11 +1247,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def load_migrated
-      @migrated_versions = Set.new(Base.connection.migration_context.get_all_versions)
+      @migrated_versions = Set.new(@schema_migration.all_versions.map(&:to_i))
     end
 
     private
-
       # Used for running a specific migration.
       def run_without_lock
         migration = migrations.detect { |m| m.version == @target_version }
@@ -1330,10 +1330,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def record_version_state_after_migrating(version)
         if down?
           migrated.delete(version)
-          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.where(version: version.to_s).delete_all
+          @schema_migration.delete_by(version: version.to_s)
         else
           migrated << version
-          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(version: version.to_s)
+          @schema_migration.create!(version: version.to_s)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
index 82f5121d94..67172ef395 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * change_column
     # * change_column_default (must supply a :from and :to option)
     # * change_column_null
+    # * change_column_comment (must supply a :from and :to option)
+    # * change_table_comment (must supply a :from and :to option)
     # * create_join_table
     # * create_table
     # * disable_extension
@@ -35,7 +37,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         :change_column_default, :add_reference, :remove_reference, :transaction,
         :drop_join_table, :drop_table, :execute_block, :enable_extension, :disable_extension,
         :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, :change_column_null,
-        :add_foreign_key, :remove_foreign_key
+        :add_foreign_key, :remove_foreign_key,
+        :change_column_comment, :change_table_comment
       ]
       include JoinTable
 
@@ -115,7 +118,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         module StraightReversions # :nodoc:
           private
             {
@@ -231,28 +233,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def invert_remove_foreign_key(args)
-          from_table, options_or_to_table, options_or_nil = args
+          options = args.extract_options!
+          from_table, to_table = args
 
-          to_table = if options_or_to_table.is_a?(Hash)
-            options_or_to_table[:to_table]
-          else
-            options_or_to_table
-          end
-
-          remove_options = if options_or_to_table.is_a?(Hash)
-            options_or_to_table.except(:to_table)
-          else
-            options_or_nil
-          end
+          to_table ||= options.delete(:to_table)
 
           raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "remove_foreign_key is only reversible if given a second table" if to_table.nil?
 
           reversed_args = [from_table, to_table]
-          reversed_args << remove_options if remove_options.present?
+          reversed_args << options unless options.empty?
 
           [:add_foreign_key, reversed_args]
         end
 
+        def invert_change_column_comment(args)
+          table, column, options = *args
+
+          unless options && options.is_a?(Hash) && options.has_key?(:from) && options.has_key?(:to)
+            raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "change_column_comment is only reversible if given a :from and :to option."
+          end
+
+          [:change_column_comment, [table, column, from: options[:to], to: options[:from]]]
+        end
+
+        def invert_change_table_comment(args)
+          table, options = *args
+
+          unless options && options.is_a?(Hash) && options.has_key?(:from) && options.has_key?(:to)
+            raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "change_table_comment is only reversible if given a :from and :to option."
+          end
+
+          [:change_table_comment, [table, from: options[:to], to: options[:from]]]
+        end
+
         def respond_to_missing?(method, _)
           super || delegate.respond_to?(method)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/compatibility.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/compatibility.rb
index 8f6fcfcaea..ef78a9161e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/compatibility.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/compatibility.rb
@@ -13,16 +13,71 @@ module ActiveRecord
         const_get(name)
       end
 
-      V6_0 = Current
+      V6_1 = Current
+
+      class V6_0 < V6_1
+      end
 
       class V5_2 < V6_0
+        module TableDefinition
+          def timestamps(**options)
+            options[:precision] ||= nil
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
         module CommandRecorder
           def invert_transaction(args, &block)
             [:transaction, args, block]
           end
+
+          def invert_change_column_comment(args)
+            table_name, column_name, comment = args
+            [:change_column_comment, [table_name, column_name, from: comment, to: comment]]
+          end
+
+          def invert_change_table_comment(args)
+            table_name, comment = args
+            [:change_table_comment, [table_name, from: comment, to: comment]]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def create_table(table_name, **options)
+          if block_given?
+            super { |t| yield compatible_table_definition(t) }
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def change_table(table_name, **options)
+          if block_given?
+            super { |t| yield compatible_table_definition(t) }
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def create_join_table(table_1, table_2, **options)
+          if block_given?
+            super { |t| yield compatible_table_definition(t) }
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_timestamps(table_name, **options)
+          options[:precision] ||= nil
+          super
         end
 
         private
+          def compatible_table_definition(t)
+            class << t
+              prepend TableDefinition
+            end
+            t
+          end
 
           def command_recorder
             recorder = super
@@ -35,20 +90,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       class V5_1 < V5_2
         def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-          if adapter_name == "PostgreSQL"
-            clear_cache!
-            sql = connection.send(:change_column_sql, table_name, column_name, type, options)
-            execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sql}"
-            change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options.key?(:default)
-            change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
-            change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, options[:comment]) if options.key?(:comment)
+          if connection.adapter_name == "PostgreSQL"
+            super(table_name, column_name, type, options.except(:default, :null, :comment))
+            connection.change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options.key?(:default)
+            connection.change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
+            connection.change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, options[:comment]) if options.key?(:comment)
           else
             super
           end
         end
 
         def create_table(table_name, options = {})
-          if adapter_name == "Mysql2"
+          if connection.adapter_name == "Mysql2"
             super(table_name, options: "ENGINE=InnoDB", **options)
           else
             super
@@ -70,13 +123,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def create_table(table_name, options = {})
-          if adapter_name == "PostgreSQL"
+          if connection.adapter_name == "PostgreSQL"
             if options[:id] == :uuid && !options.key?(:default)
               options[:default] = "uuid_generate_v4()"
             end
           end
 
-          unless adapter_name == "Mysql2" && options[:id] == :bigint
+          unless connection.adapter_name == "Mysql2" && options[:id] == :bigint
             if [:integer, :bigint].include?(options[:id]) && !options.key?(:default)
               options[:default] = nil
             end
@@ -89,35 +142,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
             options[:id] = :integer
           end
 
-          if block_given?
-            super do |t|
-              yield compatible_table_definition(t)
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def change_table(table_name, options = {})
-          if block_given?
-            super do |t|
-              yield compatible_table_definition(t)
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
+          super
         end
 
         def create_join_table(table_1, table_2, column_options: {}, **options)
           column_options.reverse_merge!(type: :integer)
-
-          if block_given?
-            super do |t|
-              yield compatible_table_definition(t)
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
+          super
         end
 
         def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
@@ -138,7 +168,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             class << t
               prepend TableDefinition
             end
-            t
+            super
           end
       end
 
@@ -156,33 +186,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def create_table(table_name, options = {})
-          if block_given?
-            super do |t|
-              yield compatible_table_definition(t)
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def change_table(table_name, options = {})
-          if block_given?
-            super do |t|
-              yield compatible_table_definition(t)
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def add_reference(*, **options)
+        def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, **options)
           options[:index] ||= false
           super
         end
         alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
 
-        def add_timestamps(_, **options)
+        def add_timestamps(table_name, **options)
           options[:null] = true if options[:null].nil?
           super
         end
@@ -193,7 +203,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if options[:name].present?
               options[:name].to_s
             else
-              index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
+              connection.index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
             end
           super
         end
@@ -213,15 +223,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
-            index_name = index_name(table_name, options)
+            index_name = connection.index_name(table_name, options)
 
-            unless index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
+            unless connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
               if options.is_a?(Hash) && options.has_key?(:name)
                 options_without_column = options.dup
                 options_without_column.delete :column
-                index_name_without_column = index_name(table_name, options_without_column)
+                index_name_without_column = connection.index_name(table_name, options_without_column)
 
-                return index_name_without_column if index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name_without_column)
+                if connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name_without_column)
+                  return index_name_without_column
+                end
               end
 
               raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' does not exist"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
index 9abb289bb0..45169617c1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     module JoinTable #:nodoc:
       private
-
         def find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options = {})
           options.delete(:table_name) || join_table_name(table_1, table_2)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
index c50a420432..18f19af6be 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
@@ -102,6 +102,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be "products". If false, it would just be "product".
     # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
 
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method: implicit_order_column
+    # :call-seq: implicit_order_column
+    #
+    # The name of the column records are ordered by if no explicit order clause
+    # is used during an ordered finder call. If not set the primary key is used.
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method: implicit_order_column=
+    # :call-seq: implicit_order_column=(column_name)
+    #
+    # Sets the column to sort records by when no explicit order clause is used
+    # during an ordered finder call. Useful when the primary key is not an
+    # auto-incrementing integer, for example when it's a UUID. Note that using
+    # a non-unique column can result in non-deterministic results.
     included do
       mattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, instance_writer: false
 
@@ -110,6 +125,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :schema_migrations_table_name, instance_accessor: false, default: "schema_migrations"
       class_attribute :internal_metadata_table_name, instance_accessor: false, default: "ar_internal_metadata"
       class_attribute :pluralize_table_names, instance_writer: false, default: true
+      class_attribute :implicit_order_column, instance_accessor: false
 
       self.protected_environments = ["production"]
       self.inheritance_column = "type"
@@ -440,13 +456,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-
         def initialize_load_schema_monitor
           @load_schema_monitor = Monitor.new
         end
 
       private
-
         def inherited(child_class)
           super
           child_class.initialize_load_schema_monitor
@@ -468,6 +482,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def load_schema!
+          unless table_name
+            raise ActiveRecord::TableNotSpecified, "#{self} has no table configured. Set one with #{self}.table_name="
+          end
           @columns_hash = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name).except(*ignored_columns)
           @columns_hash.each do |name, column|
             define_attribute(
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
index 8b9098df6c..ab107742ed 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/except"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/redefine_method"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -354,7 +353,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         # Generates a writer method for this association. Serves as a point for
         # accessing the objects in the association. For example, this method
         # could generate the following:
@@ -386,7 +384,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       # Attribute hash keys that should not be assigned as normal attributes.
       # These hash keys are nested attributes implementation details.
       UNASSIGNABLE_KEYS = %w( id _destroy )
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
index cf0de0fdeb..bee5b5f24a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def exec_queries
         @records = [].freeze
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
index 7bf8d568df..323b01ab2d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "active_record/insert_all"
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record \Persistence
   module Persistence
@@ -55,6 +57,192 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all</tt> for documentation.
+      def insert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+        insert_all([ attributes ], returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by)
+      end
+
+      # Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+      #
+      # Rows are considered to be unique by every unique index on the table. Any
+      # duplicate rows are skipped.
+      # Override with <tt>:unique_by</tt> (see below).
+      #
+      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
+      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # [:returning]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+      #   clause entirely.
+      #
+      # [:unique_by]
+      #   (PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique
+      #   by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
+      #
+      #   To skip rows according to just one unique index pass <tt>:unique_by</tt>.
+      #
+      #   Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any
+      #   row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index,
+      #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> is raised.
+      #
+      #   Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
+      #
+      #     unique_by: :isbn
+      #     unique_by: %i[ author_id name ]
+      #     unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
+      #
+      # Because it relies on the index information from the database
+      # <tt>:unique_by</tt> is recommended to be paired with
+      # Active Record's schema_cache.
+      #
+      # ==== Example
+      #
+      #   # Insert records and skip inserting any duplicates.
+      #   # Here "Eloquent Ruby" is skipped because its id is not unique.
+      #
+      #   Book.insert_all([
+      #     { id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+      #     { id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+      #   ])
+      def insert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :skip, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by).execute
+      end
+
+      # Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all!</tt> for more.
+      def insert!(attributes, returning: nil)
+        insert_all!([ attributes ], returning: returning)
+      end
+
+      # Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+      #
+      # Raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> if any rows violate a
+      # unique index on the table. In that case, no rows are inserted.
+      #
+      # To skip duplicate rows, see <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all</tt>.
+      # To replace them, see <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#upsert_all</tt>.
+      #
+      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
+      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # [:returning]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+      #   clause entirely.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   # Insert multiple records
+      #   Book.insert_all!([
+      #     { title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+      #     { title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+      #   ])
+      #
+      #   # Raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique because "Eloquent Ruby"
+      #   # does not have a unique id.
+      #   Book.insert_all!([
+      #     { id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+      #     { id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+      #   ])
+      def insert_all!(attributes, returning: nil)
+        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :raise, returning: returning).execute
+      end
+
+      # Updates or inserts (upserts) a single record into the database in a
+      # single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does
+      # it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#upsert_all</tt> for documentation.
+      def upsert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+        upsert_all([ attributes ], returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by)
+      end
+
+      # Updates or inserts (upserts) multiple records into the database in a
+      # single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does
+      # it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+      #
+      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
+      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # [:returning]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+      #   clause entirely.
+      #
+      # [:unique_by]
+      #   (PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique
+      #   by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
+      #
+      #   To skip rows according to just one unique index pass <tt>:unique_by</tt>.
+      #
+      #   Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any
+      #   row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index,
+      #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> is raised.
+      #
+      #   Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
+      #
+      #     unique_by: :isbn
+      #     unique_by: %i[ author_id name ]
+      #     unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
+      #
+      # Because it relies on the index information from the database
+      # <tt>:unique_by</tt> is recommended to be paired with
+      # Active Record's schema_cache.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   # Inserts multiple records, performing an upsert when records have duplicate ISBNs.
+      #   # Here "Eloquent Ruby" overwrites "Rework" because its ISBN is duplicate.
+      #
+      #   Book.upsert_all([
+      #     { title: "Rework", author: "David", isbn: "1" },
+      #     { title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ", isbn: "1" }
+      #   ], unique_by: :isbn)
+      #
+      #   Book.find_by(isbn: "1").title # => "Eloquent Ruby"
+      def upsert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :update, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by).execute
+      end
+
       # Given an attributes hash, +instantiate+ returns a new instance of
       # the appropriate class. Accepts only keys as strings.
       #
@@ -96,11 +284,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # When running callbacks is not needed for each record update,
       # it is preferred to use {update_all}[rdoc-ref:Relation#update_all]
       # for updating all records in a single query.
-      def update(id, attributes)
+      def update(id = :all, attributes)
         if id.is_a?(Array)
           id.map { |one_id| find(one_id) }.each_with_index { |object, idx|
             object.update(attributes[idx])
           }
+        elsif id == :all
+          all.each { |record| record.update(attributes) }
         else
           if ActiveRecord::Base === id
             raise ArgumentError,
@@ -140,7 +330,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Deletes the row with a primary key matching the +id+ argument, using a
+      # Deletes the row with a primary key matching the +id+ argument, using an
       # SQL +DELETE+ statement, and returns the number of rows deleted. Active
       # Record objects are not instantiated, so the object's callbacks are not
       # executed, including any <tt>:dependent</tt> association options.
@@ -159,10 +349,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # Delete multiple rows
       #   Todo.delete([2,3,4])
       def delete(id_or_array)
-        where(primary_key => id_or_array).delete_all
+        delete_by(primary_key => id_or_array)
       end
 
       def _insert_record(values) # :nodoc:
+        primary_key = self.primary_key
         primary_key_value = nil
 
         if primary_key && Hash === values
@@ -233,20 +424,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record
     # for the object doesn't exist in the database yet; otherwise, returns false.
     def new_record?
-      sync_with_transaction_state
+      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       @new_record
     end
 
     # Returns true if this object has been destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def destroyed?
-      sync_with_transaction_state
+      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       @destroyed
     end
 
     # Returns true if the record is persisted, i.e. it's not a new record and it was
     # not destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def persisted?
-      sync_with_transaction_state
+      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       !(@new_record || @destroyed)
     end
 
@@ -340,7 +531,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def destroy
       _raise_readonly_record_error if readonly?
       destroy_associations
-      self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
       @_trigger_destroy_callback = if persisted?
         destroy_row > 0
       else
@@ -378,7 +568,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       became.send(:initialize)
       became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
       became.instance_variable_set("@mutations_from_database", @mutations_from_database ||= nil)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@changed_attributes", attributes_changed_by_setter)
       became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
       became.instance_variable_set("@destroyed", destroyed?)
       became.errors.copy!(errors)
@@ -434,7 +623,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     alias update_attributes update
-    deprecate :update_attributes
+    deprecate update_attributes: "please, use update instead"
 
     # Updates its receiver just like #update but calls #save! instead
     # of +save+, so an exception is raised if the record is invalid and saving will fail.
@@ -448,7 +637,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     alias update_attributes! update!
-    deprecate :update_attributes!
+    deprecate update_attributes!: "please, use update! instead"
 
     # Equivalent to <code>update_columns(name => value)</code>.
     def update_column(name, value)
@@ -475,8 +664,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a new record" if new_record?
       raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a destroyed record" if destroyed?
 
+      attributes = attributes.transform_keys do |key|
+        name = key.to_s
+        self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+      end
+
       attributes.each_key do |key|
-        verify_readonly_attribute(key.to_s)
+        verify_readonly_attribute(key)
       end
 
       id_in_database = self.id_in_database
@@ -486,7 +680,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       affected_rows = self.class._update_record(
         attributes,
-        self.class.primary_key => id_in_database
+        @primary_key => id_in_database
       )
 
       affected_rows == 1
@@ -655,15 +849,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ball.touch(:updated_at)   # => raises ActiveRecordError
     #
     def touch(*names, time: nil)
-      unless persisted?
-        raise ActiveRecordError, <<-MSG.squish
-          cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
-          persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching
-        MSG
-      end
+      _raise_record_not_touched_error unless persisted?
 
       attribute_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-      attribute_names |= names.map(&:to_s)
+      attribute_names |= names.map!(&:to_s).map! { |name|
+        self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+      }
 
       unless attribute_names.empty?
         affected_rows = _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
@@ -674,7 +865,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
   private
-
     # A hook to be overridden by association modules.
     def destroy_associations
     end
@@ -684,15 +874,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def _delete_row
-      self.class._delete_record(self.class.primary_key => id_in_database)
+      self.class._delete_record(@primary_key => id_in_database)
     end
 
     def _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
       time ||= current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
       attribute_names.each do |attr_name|
-        write_attribute(attr_name, time)
-        clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
+        _write_attribute(attr_name, time)
       end
 
       _update_row(attribute_names, "touch")
@@ -701,14 +890,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def _update_row(attribute_names, attempted_action = "update")
       self.class._update_record(
         attributes_with_values(attribute_names),
-        self.class.primary_key => id_in_database
+        @primary_key => id_in_database
       )
     end
 
-    def create_or_update(*args, &block)
+    def create_or_update(**, &block)
       _raise_readonly_record_error if readonly?
       return false if destroyed?
-      result = new_record? ? _create_record(&block) : _update_record(*args, &block)
+      result = new_record? ? _create_record(&block) : _update_record(&block)
       result != false
     end
 
@@ -739,7 +928,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         attributes_with_values(attribute_names)
       )
 
-      self.id ||= new_id if self.class.primary_key
+      self.id ||= new_id if @primary_key
 
       @new_record = false
 
@@ -749,7 +938,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def verify_readonly_attribute(name)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attribute?(name)
     end
 
     def _raise_record_not_destroyed
@@ -759,14 +948,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @_association_destroy_exception = nil
     end
 
+    def _raise_readonly_record_error
+      raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly"
+    end
+
+    def _raise_record_not_touched_error
+      raise ActiveRecordError, <<~MSG.squish
+        Cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
+        persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching.
+      MSG
+    end
+
     # The name of the method used to touch a +belongs_to+ association when the
     # +:touch+ option is used.
     def belongs_to_touch_method
       :touch
     end
-
-    def _raise_readonly_record_error
-      raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly"
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
index 28194c7c46..43a21e629e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
@@ -26,15 +26,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def self.run
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.connection_pool_list.
-        reject { |p| p.query_cache_enabled }.each { |p| p.enable_query_cache! }
+      pools = []
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each do |key, handler|
+        pools << handler.connection_pool_list.reject { |p| p.query_cache_enabled }.each { |p| p.enable_query_cache! }
+      end
+
+      pools.flatten
     end
 
     def self.complete(pools)
       pools.each { |pool| pool.disable_query_cache! }
 
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.connection_pool_list.each do |pool|
-        pool.release_connection if pool.active_connection? && !pool.connection.transaction_open?
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each do |_, handler|
+        handler.connection_pool_list.each do |pool|
+          pool.release_connection if pool.active_connection? && !pool.connection.transaction_open?
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
index c84f3d0fbb..08cfc3fe5f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
@@ -2,31 +2,36 @@
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Querying
-    delegate :find, :take, :take!, :first, :first!, :last, :last!, :exists?, :any?, :many?, :none?, :one?, to: :all
-    delegate :second, :second!, :third, :third!, :fourth, :fourth!, :fifth, :fifth!, :forty_two, :forty_two!, :third_to_last, :third_to_last!, :second_to_last, :second_to_last!, to: :all
-    delegate :first_or_create, :first_or_create!, :first_or_initialize, to: :all
-    delegate :find_or_create_by, :find_or_create_by!, :create_or_find_by, :create_or_find_by!, :find_or_initialize_by, to: :all
-    delegate :find_by, :find_by!, to: :all
-    delegate :destroy_all, :delete_all, :update_all, to: :all
-    delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, :in_batches, to: :all
-    delegate :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins, :left_joins, :left_outer_joins, :or,
-             :where, :rewhere, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :extending,
-             :having, :create_with, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, :merge, to: :all
-    delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, to: :all
-    delegate :pluck, :pick, :ids, to: :all
+    QUERYING_METHODS = [
+      :find, :find_by, :find_by!, :take, :take!, :first, :first!, :last, :last!,
+      :second, :second!, :third, :third!, :fourth, :fourth!, :fifth, :fifth!,
+      :forty_two, :forty_two!, :third_to_last, :third_to_last!, :second_to_last, :second_to_last!,
+      :exists?, :any?, :many?, :none?, :one?,
+      :first_or_create, :first_or_create!, :first_or_initialize,
+      :find_or_create_by, :find_or_create_by!, :find_or_initialize_by,
+      :create_or_find_by, :create_or_find_by!,
+      :destroy_all, :delete_all, :update_all, :touch_all, :destroy_by, :delete_by,
+      :find_each, :find_in_batches, :in_batches,
+      :select, :reselect, :order, :reorder, :group, :limit, :offset, :joins, :left_joins, :left_outer_joins,
+      :where, :rewhere, :preload, :extract_associated, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :extending, :or,
+      :having, :create_with, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, :optimizer_hints, :merge, :except, :only,
+      :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, :annotate,
+      :pluck, :pick, :ids
+    ].freeze # :nodoc:
+    delegate(*QUERYING_METHODS, to: :all)
 
     # Executes a custom SQL query against your database and returns all the results. The results will
-    # be returned as an array with columns requested encapsulated as attributes of the model you call
-    # this method from. If you call <tt>Product.find_by_sql</tt> then the results will be returned in
+    # be returned as an array, with the requested columns encapsulated as attributes of the model you call
+    # this method from. For example, if you call <tt>Product.find_by_sql</tt>, then the results will be returned in
     # a +Product+ object with the attributes you specified in the SQL query.
     #
-    # If you call a complicated SQL query which spans multiple tables the columns specified by the
+    # If you call a complicated SQL query which spans multiple tables, the columns specified by the
     # SELECT will be attributes of the model, whether or not they are columns of the corresponding
     # table.
     #
-    # The +sql+ parameter is a full SQL query as a string. It will be called as is, there will be
-    # no database agnostic conversions performed. This should be a last resort because using, for example,
-    # MySQL specific terms will lock you to using that particular database engine or require you to
+    # The +sql+ parameter is a full SQL query as a string. It will be called as is; there will be
+    # no database agnostic conversions performed. This should be a last resort because using
+    # database-specific terms will lock you into using that particular database engine, or require you to
     # change your call if you switch engines.
     #
     #   # A simple SQL query spanning multiple tables
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [], preparable: nil, &block)
       result_set = connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds, preparable: preparable)
       column_types = result_set.column_types.dup
-      columns_hash.each_key { |k| column_types.delete k }
+      attribute_types.each_key { |k| column_types.delete k }
       message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
 
       payload = {
@@ -60,7 +65,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
     # The use of this method should be restricted to complicated SQL queries that can't be executed
-    # using the ActiveRecord::Calculations class methods. Look into those before using this.
+    # using the ActiveRecord::Calculations class methods. Look into those before using this method,
+    # as it could lock you into a specific database engine or require a code change to switch
+    # database engines.
     #
     #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
     #   # => 12
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
index 538659d6bd..d5375390c7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
@@ -88,6 +88,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    initializer "active_record.database_selector" do
+      if options = config.active_record.delete(:database_selector)
+        resolver = config.active_record.delete(:database_resolver)
+        operations = config.active_record.delete(:database_resolver_context)
+        config.app_middleware.use ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector, resolver, operations, options
+      end
+    end
+
     initializer "Check for cache versioning support" do
       config.after_initialize do |app|
         ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
@@ -126,7 +134,6 @@ end_error
 
               cache = YAML.load(File.read(filename))
               if cache.version == current_version
-                connection.schema_cache = cache
                 connection_pool.schema_cache = cache.dup
               else
                 warn "Ignoring db/schema_cache.yml because it has expired. The current schema version is #{current_version}, but the one in the cache is #{cache.version}."
@@ -140,7 +147,19 @@ end_error
     initializer "active_record.define_attribute_methods" do |app|
       config.after_initialize do
         ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-          descendants.each(&:define_attribute_methods) if app.config.eager_load
+          if app.config.eager_load
+            descendants.each do |model|
+              # SchemaMigration and InternalMetadata both override `table_exists?`
+              # to bypass the schema cache, so skip them to avoid the extra queries.
+              next if model._internal?
+
+              # If there's no connection yet, or the schema cache doesn't have the columns
+              # hash for the model cached, `define_attribute_methods` would trigger a query.
+              next unless model.connected? && model.connection.schema_cache.columns_hash?(model.table_name)
+
+              model.define_attribute_methods
+            end
+          end
         end
       end
     end
@@ -155,8 +174,18 @@ end_error
 
     initializer "active_record.set_configs" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-        configs = app.config.active_record.dup
+        configs = app.config.active_record
+
+        represent_boolean_as_integer = configs.sqlite3.delete(:represent_boolean_as_integer)
+
+        unless represent_boolean_as_integer.nil?
+          ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_sqlite3adapter) do
+            ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer = represent_boolean_as_integer
+          end
+        end
+
         configs.delete(:sqlite3)
+
         configs.each do |k, v|
           send "#{k}=", v
         end
@@ -167,6 +196,7 @@ end_error
     # and then establishes the connection.
     initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+        self.connection_handlers = { writing_role => ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler }
         self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
         establish_connection
       end
@@ -224,35 +254,6 @@ end_error
       end
     end
 
-    initializer "active_record.check_represent_sqlite3_boolean_as_integer" do
-      config.after_initialize do
-        ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_sqlite3adapter) do
-          represent_boolean_as_integer = Rails.application.config.active_record.sqlite3.delete(:represent_boolean_as_integer)
-          unless represent_boolean_as_integer.nil?
-            ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer = represent_boolean_as_integer
-          end
-
-          unless ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-MSG
-Leaving `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer`
-set to false is deprecated. SQLite databases have used 't' and 'f' to serialize
-boolean values and must have old data converted to 1 and 0 (its native boolean
-serialization) before setting this flag to true. Conversion can be accomplished
-by setting up a rake task which runs
-
-  ExampleModel.where("boolean_column = 't'").update_all(boolean_column: 1)
-  ExampleModel.where("boolean_column = 'f'").update_all(boolean_column: 0)
-
-for all models and all boolean columns, after which the flag must be set to
-true by adding the following to your application.rb file:
-
-  Rails.application.config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer = true
-MSG
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     initializer "active_record.set_filter_attributes" do
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
         self.filter_attributes += Rails.application.config.filter_parameters
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/collection_cache_association_loading.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/collection_cache_association_loading.rb
index b5129e4239..d57680aaaa 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/collection_cache_association_loading.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/collection_cache_association_loading.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Railties # :nodoc:
     module CollectionCacheAssociationLoading #:nodoc:
-      def setup(context, options, block)
+      def setup(context, options, as, block)
         @relation = relation_from_options(options)
 
         super
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def collection_without_template
+      def collection_without_template(*)
         @relation.preload_associations(@collection) if @relation
         super
       end
 
-      def collection_with_template
+      def collection_with_template(*)
         @relation.preload_associations(@collection) if @relation
         super
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
index 475baa7559..4d9acc911b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 require "active_record"
 
+databases = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.setup_initial_database_yaml
+
 db_namespace = namespace :db do
   desc "Set the environment value for the database"
   task "environment:set" => :load_config do
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_all
     end
 
-    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |spec_name|
       desc "Create #{spec_name} database for current environment"
       task spec_name => :load_config do
         db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env, spec_name: spec_name)
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |spec_name|
       desc "Drop #{spec_name} database for current environment"
       task spec_name => [:load_config, :check_protected_environments] do
         db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env, spec_name: spec_name)
@@ -66,6 +68,11 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
+  # desc "Truncates tables of each database for current environment"
+  task truncate_all: [:load_config, :check_protected_environments] do
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.truncate_all
+  end
+
   # desc "Empty the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:purge:all to purge all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to purging the development and test databases."
   task purge: [:load_config, :check_protected_environments] do
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_current
@@ -73,7 +80,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
   desc "Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false, SCOPE=blog)."
   task migrate: :load_config do
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env).each do |db_config|
+    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env).each do |db_config|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
@@ -96,7 +103,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   namespace :migrate do
-    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |spec_name|
       desc "Migrate #{spec_name} database for current environment"
       task spec_name => :load_config do
         db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env, spec_name: spec_name)
@@ -105,7 +112,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       end
     end
 
-    # desc  'Rollbacks the database one migration and re migrate up (options: STEP=x, VERSION=x).'
+    desc "Rolls back the database one migration and re-migrates up (options: STEP=x, VERSION=x)."
     task redo: :load_config do
       raise "Empty VERSION provided" if ENV["VERSION"] && ENV["VERSION"].empty?
 
@@ -121,8 +128,10 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     # desc 'Resets your database using your migrations for the current environment'
     task reset: ["db:drop", "db:create", "db:migrate"]
 
-    # desc 'Runs the "up" for a given migration VERSION.'
+    desc 'Runs the "up" for a given migration VERSION.'
     task up: :load_config do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.raise_for_multi_db(command: "db:migrate:up")
+
       raise "VERSION is required" if !ENV["VERSION"] || ENV["VERSION"].empty?
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.check_target_version
@@ -134,8 +143,29 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
     end
 
-    # desc 'Runs the "down" for a given migration VERSION.'
+    namespace :up do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |spec_name|
+        task spec_name => :load_config do
+          raise "VERSION is required" if !ENV["VERSION"] || ENV["VERSION"].empty?
+
+          db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env, spec_name: spec_name)
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.check_target_version
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.run(
+            :up,
+            ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.target_version
+          )
+
+          db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    desc 'Runs the "down" for a given migration VERSION.'
     task down: :load_config do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.raise_for_multi_db(command: "db:migrate:down")
+
       raise "VERSION is required - To go down one migration, use db:rollback" if !ENV["VERSION"] || ENV["VERSION"].empty?
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.check_target_version
@@ -147,16 +177,35 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
     end
 
+    namespace :down do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |spec_name|
+        task spec_name => :load_config do
+          raise "VERSION is required" if !ENV["VERSION"] || ENV["VERSION"].empty?
+
+          db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env, spec_name: spec_name)
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.check_target_version
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.run(
+            :down,
+            ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.target_version
+          )
+
+          db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     desc "Display status of migrations"
     task status: :load_config do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env).each do |db_config|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env).each do |db_config|
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
         ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate_status
       end
     end
 
     namespace :status do
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |spec_name|
         desc "Display status of migrations for #{spec_name} database"
         task spec_name => :load_config do
           db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env, spec_name: spec_name)
@@ -181,7 +230,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
   end
 
-  # desc 'Drops and recreates the database from db/schema.rb for the current environment and loads the seeds.'
+  desc "Drops and recreates the database from db/schema.rb for the current environment and loads the seeds."
   task reset: [ "db:drop", "db:setup" ]
 
   # desc "Retrieves the charset for the current environment's database"
@@ -191,11 +240,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
   # desc "Retrieves the collation for the current environment's database"
   task collation: :load_config do
-    begin
-      puts ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation_current
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      $stderr.puts "Sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet. Feel free to submit a patch."
-    end
+    puts ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation_current
+  rescue NoMethodError
+    $stderr.puts "Sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet. Feel free to submit a patch."
   end
 
   desc "Retrieves the current schema version number"
@@ -205,7 +252,11 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
   # desc "Raises an error if there are pending migrations"
   task abort_if_pending_migrations: :load_config do
-    pending_migrations = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.open.pending_migrations
+    pending_migrations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env).flat_map do |db_config|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.open.pending_migrations
+    end
 
     if pending_migrations.any?
       puts "You have #{pending_migrations.size} pending #{pending_migrations.size > 1 ? 'migrations:' : 'migration:'}"
@@ -216,15 +267,70 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
+  namespace :abort_if_pending_migrations do
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each(databases) do |spec_name|
+      # desc "Raises an error if there are pending migrations for #{spec_name} database"
+      task spec_name => :load_config do
+        db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env, spec_name: spec_name)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
+
+        pending_migrations = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.open.pending_migrations
+
+        if pending_migrations.any?
+          puts "You have #{pending_migrations.size} pending #{pending_migrations.size > 1 ? 'migrations:' : 'migration:'}"
+          pending_migrations.each do |pending_migration|
+            puts "  %4d %s" % [pending_migration.version, pending_migration.name]
+          end
+          abort %{Run `rails db:migrate:#{spec_name}` to update your database then try again.}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   desc "Creates the database, loads the schema, and initializes with the seed data (use db:reset to also drop the database first)"
   task setup: ["db:schema:load_if_ruby", "db:structure:load_if_sql", :seed]
 
+  desc "Runs setup if database does not exist, or runs migrations if it does"
+  task prepare: :load_config do
+    seed = false
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env).each do |db_config|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
+
+      # Skipped when no database
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_schema(db_config.config, ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, db_config.spec_name)
+      end
+
+    rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(db_config.env_name, db_config.spec_name)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(
+        db_config.config,
+        ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format,
+        nil,
+        db_config.env_name,
+        db_config.spec_name
+      )
+
+      seed = true
+    end
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_seed if seed
+  end
+
   desc "Loads the seed data from db/seeds.rb"
   task seed: :load_config do
     db_namespace["abort_if_pending_migrations"].invoke
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_seed
   end
 
+  namespace :seed do
+    desc "Truncates tables of each database for current environment and loads the seeds"
+    task replant: [:load_config, :truncate_all, :seed]
+  end
+
   namespace :fixtures do
     desc "Loads fixtures into the current environment's database. Load specific fixtures using FIXTURES=x,y. Load from subdirectory in test/fixtures using FIXTURES_DIR=z. Specify an alternative path (eg. spec/fixtures) using FIXTURES_PATH=spec/fixtures."
     task load: :load_config do
@@ -276,13 +382,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   namespace :schema do
     desc "Creates a db/schema.rb file that is portable against any DB supported by Active Record"
     task dump: :load_config do
-      require "active_record/schema_dumper"
-      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env).each do |db_config|
-        filename = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_filename(db_config.spec_name, :ruby)
-        File.open(filename, "w:utf-8") do |file|
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
-          ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, file)
-        end
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env).each do |db_config|
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_schema(db_config.config, :ruby, db_config.spec_name)
       end
 
       db_namespace["schema:dump"].reenable
@@ -300,7 +402,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     namespace :cache do
       desc "Creates a db/schema_cache.yml file."
       task dump: :load_config do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env).each do |db_config|
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env).each do |db_config|
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
           filename = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.cache_dump_filename(db_config.spec_name)
           ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_schema_cache(
@@ -312,7 +414,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
       desc "Clears a db/schema_cache.yml file."
       task clear: :load_config do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env).each do |db_config|
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env).each do |db_config|
           filename = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.cache_dump_filename(db_config.spec_name)
           rm_f filename, verbose: false
         end
@@ -323,16 +425,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   namespace :structure do
     desc "Dumps the database structure to db/structure.sql. Specify another file with SCHEMA=db/my_structure.sql"
     task dump: :load_config do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env).each do |db_config|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env).each do |db_config|
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(db_config.config)
-        filename = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_filename(db_config.spec_name, :sql)
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(db_config.config, filename)
-        if ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
-          File.open(filename, "a") do |f|
-            f.puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
-            f.print "\n"
-          end
-        end
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_schema(db_config.config, :sql, db_config.spec_name)
       end
 
       db_namespace["structure:dump"].reenable
@@ -361,17 +456,15 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent schema.rb file"
     task load_schema: %w(db:test:purge) do
-      begin
-        should_reconnect = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.active_connection?
-        ActiveRecord::Schema.verbose = false
-        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "test").each do |db_config|
-          filename = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_filename(db_config.spec_name, :ruby)
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(db_config.config, :ruby, filename, "test")
-        end
-      ensure
-        if should_reconnect
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.default_hash(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env))
-        end
+      should_reconnect = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.active_connection?
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.verbose = false
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "test").each do |db_config|
+        filename = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_filename(db_config.spec_name, :ruby)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(db_config.config, :ruby, filename, "test")
+      end
+    ensure
+      if should_reconnect
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.default_hash(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env))
       end
     end
 
@@ -411,6 +504,10 @@ namespace :railties do
         if railtie.respond_to?(:paths) && (path = railtie.paths["db/migrate"].first)
           railties[railtie.railtie_name] = path
         end
+
+        unless ENV["MIGRATIONS_PATH"].blank?
+          railties[railtie.railtie_name] = railtie.root + ENV["MIGRATIONS_PATH"]
+        end
       end
 
       on_skip = Proc.new do |name, migration|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
index 7bc26993d5..c851ed52c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def readonly_attributes
         _attr_readonly
       end
+
+      def readonly_attribute?(name) # :nodoc:
+        _attr_readonly.include?(name)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index b2110f727c..cbfa60d4d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def add_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
         ar.clear_reflections_cache
-        name = name.to_s
+        name = -name.to_s
         ar._reflections = ar._reflections.except(name).merge!(name => reflection)
       end
 
       def add_aggregate_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
-        ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(name.to_s => reflection)
+        ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(-name.to_s => reflection)
       end
 
       private
@@ -178,28 +178,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         scope ? [scope] : []
       end
 
-      def build_join_constraint(table, foreign_table)
-        key         = join_keys.key
-        foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
-
-        constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
-
-        if klass.finder_needs_type_condition?
-          table.create_and([constraint, klass.send(:type_condition, table)])
-        else
-          constraint
-        end
-      end
-
-      def join_scope(table, foreign_klass)
+      def join_scope(table, foreign_table, foreign_klass)
         predicate_builder = predicate_builder(table)
         scope_chain_items = join_scopes(table, predicate_builder)
         klass_scope       = klass_join_scope(table, predicate_builder)
 
+        key         = join_keys.key
+        foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
+
+        klass_scope.where!(table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key]))
+
         if type
           klass_scope.where!(type => foreign_klass.polymorphic_name)
         end
 
+        if klass.finder_needs_type_condition?
+          klass_scope.where!(klass.send(:type_condition, table))
+        end
+
         scope_chain_items.inject(klass_scope, &:merge!)
       end
 
@@ -481,7 +477,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def check_preloadable!
         return unless scope
 
-        if scope.arity > 0
+        unless scope.arity == 0
           raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.squish
             The association scope '#{name}' is instance dependent (the scope
             block takes an argument). Preloading instance dependent scopes is
@@ -594,7 +590,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def calculate_constructable(macro, options)
           true
         end
@@ -612,21 +607,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # returns either +nil+ or the inverse association name that it finds.
         def automatic_inverse_of
-          return unless can_find_inverse_of_automatically?(self)
-
-          inverse_name_candidates =
-            if options[:as]
-              [options[:as]]
-            else
-              active_record_name = active_record.name.demodulize
-              [active_record_name, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(active_record_name)]
-            end
-
-          inverse_name_candidates.map! do |candidate|
-            ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(candidate).to_sym
-          end
+          if can_find_inverse_of_automatically?(self)
+            inverse_name = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(options[:as] || active_record.name.demodulize).to_sym
 
-          inverse_name_candidates.detect do |inverse_name|
             begin
               reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(inverse_name)
             rescue NameError
@@ -635,7 +618,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
               reflection = false
             end
 
-            valid_inverse_reflection?(reflection)
+            if valid_inverse_reflection?(reflection)
+              return inverse_name
+            end
           end
         end
 
@@ -718,7 +703,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def calculate_constructable(macro, options)
           !options[:through]
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index d5b6082d13..ea8f44752b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Relation
     MULTI_VALUE_METHODS  = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select, :group,
                             :order, :joins, :left_outer_joins, :references,
-                            :extending, :unscope]
+                            :extending, :unscope, :optimizer_hints, :annotate]
 
     SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :reordering,
                             :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :skip_query_cache]
@@ -44,6 +44,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def bind_attribute(name, value) # :nodoc:
+      if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(name)
+        name = reflection.foreign_key
+        value = value.read_attribute(reflection.klass.primary_key) unless value.nil?
+      end
+
       attr = arel_attribute(name)
       bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, value)
       yield attr, bind
@@ -62,6 +67,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   user = users.new { |user| user.name = 'Oscar' }
     #   user.name # => Oscar
     def new(attributes = nil, &block)
+      block = _deprecated_scope_block("new", &block)
       scoping { klass.new(attributes, &block) }
     end
 
@@ -87,7 +93,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   users.create(name: nil) # validation on name
     #   # => #<User id: nil, name: nil, ...>
     def create(attributes = nil, &block)
-      scoping { klass.create(attributes, &block) }
+      if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+        attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, &block) }
+      else
+        block = _deprecated_scope_block("create", &block)
+        scoping { klass.create(attributes, &block) }
+      end
     end
 
     # Similar to #create, but calls
@@ -97,7 +108,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Expects arguments in the same format as
     # {ActiveRecord::Base.create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!].
     def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
-      scoping { klass.create!(attributes, &block) }
+      if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+        attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
+      else
+        block = _deprecated_scope_block("create!", &block)
+        scoping { klass.create!(attributes, &block) }
+      end
     end
 
     def first_or_create(attributes = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
@@ -163,7 +179,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Attempts to create a record with the given attributes in a table that has a unique constraint
     # on one or several of its columns. If a row already exists with one or several of these
     # unique constraints, the exception such an insertion would normally raise is caught,
-    # and the existing record with those attributes is found using #find_by.
+    # and the existing record with those attributes is found using #find_by!.
     #
     # This is similar to #find_or_create_by, but avoids the problem of stale reads between the SELECT
     # and the INSERT, as that method needs to first query the table, then attempt to insert a row
@@ -173,7 +189,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # * The underlying table must have the relevant columns defined with unique constraints.
     # * A unique constraint violation may be triggered by only one, or at least less than all,
-    #   of the given attributes. This means that the subsequent #find_by may fail to find a
+    #   of the given attributes. This means that the subsequent #find_by! may fail to find a
     #   matching record, which will then raise an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> exception,
     #   rather than a record with the given attributes.
     # * While we avoid the race condition between SELECT -> INSERT from #find_or_create_by,
@@ -181,6 +197,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   if a DELETE between those two statements is run by another client. But for most applications,
     #   that's a significantly less likely condition to hit.
     # * It relies on exception handling to handle control flow, which may be marginally slower.
+    # * The primary key may auto-increment on each create, even if it fails. This can accelerate
+    #   the problem of running out of integers, if the underlying table is still stuck on a primary
+    #   key of type int (note: All Rails apps since 5.1+ have defaulted to bigint, which is not liable
+    #   to this problem).
     #
     # This method will return a record if all given attributes are covered by unique constraints
     # (unless the INSERT -> DELETE -> SELECT race condition is triggered), but if creation was attempted
@@ -271,32 +291,100 @@ module ActiveRecord
       limit_value ? records.many? : size > 1
     end
 
-    # Returns a cache key that can be used to identify the records fetched by
-    # this query. The cache key is built with a fingerprint of the sql query,
-    # the number of records matched by the query and a timestamp of the last
-    # updated record. When a new record comes to match the query, or any of
-    # the existing records is updated or deleted, the cache key changes.
+    # Returns a stable cache key that can be used to identify this query.
+    # The cache key is built with a fingerprint of the SQL query.
     #
-    #   Product.where("name like ?", "%Cosmic Encounter%").cache_key
-    #   # => "products/query-1850ab3d302391b85b8693e941286659-1-20150714212553907087000"
+    #    Product.where("name like ?", "%Cosmic Encounter%").cache_key
+    #    # => "products/query-1850ab3d302391b85b8693e941286659"
     #
-    # If the collection is loaded, the method will iterate through the records
-    # to generate the timestamp, otherwise it will trigger one SQL query like:
+    # If ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning is turned off, as it was
+    # in Rails 6.0 and earlier, the cache key will also include a version.
     #
-    #    SELECT COUNT(*), MAX("products"."updated_at") FROM "products" WHERE (name like '%Cosmic Encounter%')
+    #    ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning = false
+    #    Product.where("name like ?", "%Cosmic Encounter%").cache_key
+    #    # => "products/query-1850ab3d302391b85b8693e941286659-1-20150714212553907087000"
     #
     # You can also pass a custom timestamp column to fetch the timestamp of the
     # last updated record.
     #
     #   Product.where("name like ?", "%Game%").cache_key(:last_reviewed_at)
-    #
-    # You can customize the strategy to generate the key on a per model basis
-    # overriding ActiveRecord::Base#collection_cache_key.
     def cache_key(timestamp_column = :updated_at)
       @cache_keys ||= {}
-      @cache_keys[timestamp_column] ||= @klass.collection_cache_key(self, timestamp_column)
+      @cache_keys[timestamp_column] ||= klass.collection_cache_key(self, timestamp_column)
     end
 
+    def compute_cache_key(timestamp_column = :updated_at) # :nodoc:
+      query_signature = ActiveSupport::Digest.hexdigest(to_sql)
+      key = "#{klass.model_name.cache_key}/query-#{query_signature}"
+
+      if cache_version(timestamp_column)
+        key
+      else
+        "#{key}-#{compute_cache_version(timestamp_column)}"
+      end
+    end
+    private :compute_cache_key
+
+    # Returns a cache version that can be used together with the cache key to form
+    # a recyclable caching scheme. The cache version is built with the number of records
+    # matching the query, and the timestamp of the last updated record. When a new record
+    # comes to match the query, or any of the existing records is updated or deleted,
+    # the cache version changes.
+    #
+    # If the collection is loaded, the method will iterate through the records
+    # to generate the timestamp, otherwise it will trigger one SQL query like:
+    #
+    #    SELECT COUNT(*), MAX("products"."updated_at") FROM "products" WHERE (name like '%Cosmic Encounter%')
+    def cache_version(timestamp_column = :updated_at)
+      if collection_cache_versioning
+        @cache_versions ||= {}
+        @cache_versions[timestamp_column] ||= compute_cache_version(timestamp_column)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def compute_cache_version(timestamp_column) # :nodoc:
+      if loaded? || distinct_value
+        size = records.size
+        if size > 0
+          timestamp = max_by(&timestamp_column)._read_attribute(timestamp_column)
+        end
+      else
+        collection = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency : self
+
+        column = connection.visitor.compile(arel_attribute(timestamp_column))
+        select_values = "COUNT(*) AS #{connection.quote_column_name("size")}, MAX(%s) AS timestamp"
+
+        if collection.has_limit_or_offset?
+          query = collection.select("#{column} AS collection_cache_key_timestamp")
+          subquery_alias = "subquery_for_cache_key"
+          subquery_column = "#{subquery_alias}.collection_cache_key_timestamp"
+          arel = query.build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_values % subquery_column)
+        else
+          query = collection.unscope(:order)
+          query.select_values = [select_values % column]
+          arel = query.arel
+        end
+
+        result = connection.select_one(arel, nil)
+
+        if result
+          column_type = klass.type_for_attribute(timestamp_column)
+          timestamp = column_type.deserialize(result["timestamp"])
+          size = result["size"]
+        else
+          timestamp = nil
+          size = 0
+        end
+      end
+
+      if timestamp
+        "#{size}-#{timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)}"
+      else
+        "#{size}"
+      end
+    end
+    private :compute_cache_version
+
     # Scope all queries to the current scope.
     #
     #   Comment.where(post_id: 1).scoping do
@@ -307,12 +395,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Please check unscoped if you want to remove all previous scopes (including
     # the default_scope) during the execution of a block.
     def scoping
-      @delegate_to_klass ? yield : klass._scoping(self) { yield }
+      already_in_scope? ? yield : _scoping(self) { yield }
     end
 
-    def _exec_scope(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
+    def _exec_scope(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
       @delegate_to_klass = true
-      instance_exec(*args, &block) || self
+      _scoping(_deprecated_spawn(name)) { instance_exec(*args, &block) || self }
     ensure
       @delegate_to_klass = false
     end
@@ -322,6 +410,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. However, values passed to #update_all will still go through
     # Active Record's normal type casting and serialization.
     #
+    # Note: As Active Record callbacks are not triggered, this method will not automatically update +updated_at+/+updated_on+ columns.
+    #
     # ==== Parameters
     #
     # * +updates+ - A string, array, or hash representing the SET part of an SQL statement.
@@ -356,6 +446,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
 
       if updates.is_a?(Hash)
+        if klass.locking_enabled? &&
+            !updates.key?(klass.locking_column) &&
+            !updates.key?(klass.locking_column.to_sym)
+          attr = arel_attribute(klass.locking_column)
+          updates[attr.name] = _increment_attribute(attr)
+        end
         stmt.set _substitute_values(updates)
       else
         stmt.set Arel.sql(klass.sanitize_sql_for_assignment(updates, table.name))
@@ -372,16 +468,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def update_counters(counters) # :nodoc:
+    # Updates the counters of the records in the current relation.
+    #
+    # === Parameters
+    #
+    # * +counter+ - A Hash containing the names of the fields to update as keys and the amount to update as values.
+    # * <tt>:touch</tt> option - Touch the timestamp columns when updating.
+    # * If attributes names are passed, they are updated along with update_at/on attributes.
+    #
+    # === Examples
+    #
+    #  # For Posts by a given author increment the comment_count by 1.
+    #  Post.where(author_id: author.id).update_counters(comment_count: 1)
+    def update_counters(counters)
       touch = counters.delete(:touch)
 
       updates = {}
       counters.each do |counter_name, value|
         attr = arel_attribute(counter_name)
-        bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, value.abs)
-        expr = table.coalesce(Arel::Nodes::UnqualifiedColumn.new(attr), 0)
-        expr = value < 0 ? expr - bind : expr + bind
-        updates[counter_name] = expr.expr
+        updates[attr.name] = _increment_attribute(attr, value)
       end
 
       if touch
@@ -393,10 +498,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       update_all updates
     end
 
-    # Touches all records in the current relation without instantiating records first with the updated_at/on attributes
+    # Touches all records in the current relation without instantiating records first with the +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes
     # set to the current time or the time specified.
     # This method can be passed attribute names and an optional time argument.
-    # If attribute names are passed, they are updated along with updated_at/on attributes.
+    # If attribute names are passed, they are updated along with +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes.
     # If no time argument is passed, the current time is used as default.
     #
     # === Examples
@@ -417,12 +522,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.where(name: 'David').touch_all
     #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670' WHERE \"people\".\"name\" = 'David'"
     def touch_all(*names, time: nil)
-      if klass.locking_enabled?
-        names << { time: time }
-        update_counters(klass.locking_column => 1, touch: names)
-      else
-        update_all klass.touch_attributes_with_time(*names, time: time)
-      end
+      update_all klass.touch_attributes_with_time(*names, time: time)
     end
 
     # Destroys the records by instantiating each
@@ -465,8 +565,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support distinct
     def delete_all
       invalid_methods = INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL.select do |method|
-        value = get_value(method)
-        SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.include?(method) ? value : value.any?
+        value = @values[method]
+        method == :distinct ? value : value&.any?
       end
       if invalid_methods.any?
         raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support #{invalid_methods.join(', ')}")
@@ -491,6 +591,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       affected
     end
 
+    # Finds and destroys all records matching the specified conditions.
+    # This is short-hand for <tt>relation.where(condition).destroy_all</tt>.
+    # Returns the collection of objects that were destroyed.
+    #
+    # If no record is found, returns empty array.
+    #
+    #   Person.destroy_by(id: 13)
+    #   Person.destroy_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
+    #   Person.destroy_by("published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago)
+    def destroy_by(*args)
+      where(*args).destroy_all
+    end
+
+    # Finds and deletes all records matching the specified conditions.
+    # This is short-hand for <tt>relation.where(condition).delete_all</tt>.
+    # Returns the number of rows affected.
+    #
+    # If no record is found, returns <tt>0</tt> as zero rows were affected.
+    #
+    #   Person.delete_by(id: 13)
+    #   Person.delete_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
+    #   Person.delete_by("published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago)
+    def delete_by(*args)
+      where(*args).delete_all
+    end
+
     # Causes the records to be loaded from the database if they have not
     # been loaded already. You can use this if for some reason you need
     # to explicitly load some records before actually using them. The
@@ -511,6 +637,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def reset
       @delegate_to_klass = false
+      @_deprecated_scope_source = nil
       @to_sql = @arel = @loaded = @should_eager_load = nil
       @records = [].freeze
       @offsets = {}
@@ -619,14 +746,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    attr_reader :_deprecated_scope_source # :nodoc:
+
     protected
+      attr_writer :_deprecated_scope_source # :nodoc:
 
       def load_records(records)
         @records = records.freeze
         @loaded = true
       end
 
+      def null_relation? # :nodoc:
+        is_a?(NullRelation)
+      end
+
     private
+      def already_in_scope?
+        @delegate_to_klass && begin
+          scope = klass.current_scope(true)
+          scope && !scope._deprecated_scope_source
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _deprecated_spawn(name)
+        spawn.tap { |scope| scope._deprecated_scope_source = name }
+      end
+
+      def _deprecated_scope_block(name, &block)
+        -> record do
+          klass.current_scope = _deprecated_spawn(name)
+          yield record if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _scoping(scope)
+        previous, klass.current_scope = klass.current_scope(true), scope
+        yield
+      ensure
+        klass.current_scope = previous
+      end
+
       def _substitute_values(values)
         values.map do |name, value|
           attr = arel_attribute(name)
@@ -638,12 +797,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def _increment_attribute(attribute, value = 1)
+        bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attribute.name, value.abs)
+        expr = table.coalesce(Arel::Nodes::UnqualifiedColumn.new(attribute), 0)
+        expr = value < 0 ? expr - bind : expr + bind
+        expr.expr
+      end
+
       def exec_queries(&block)
         skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
           @records =
             if eager_loading?
               apply_join_dependency do |relation, join_dependency|
-                if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
+                if relation.null_relation?
                   []
                 else
                   relation = join_dependency.apply_column_aliases(relation)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
index 9c579843b1..30b8edd0bd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
@@ -258,7 +258,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def apply_limits(relation, start, finish)
         relation = apply_start_limit(relation, start) if start
         relation = apply_finish_limit(relation, finish) if finish
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
index 0fa5ba2e50..0a14a33c1d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
@@ -41,15 +41,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def count(column_name = nil)
       if block_given?
         unless column_name.nil?
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
-            "When `count' is called with a block, it ignores other arguments. " \
-            "This behavior is now deprecated and will result in an ArgumentError in Rails 6.0."
+          raise ArgumentError, "Column name argument is not supported when a block is passed."
         end
 
-        return super()
+        super()
+      else
+        calculate(:count, column_name)
       end
-
-      calculate(:count, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the average value on a given column. Returns +nil+ if there's
@@ -86,15 +84,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def sum(column_name = nil)
       if block_given?
         unless column_name.nil?
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
-            "When `sum' is called with a block, it ignores other arguments. " \
-            "This behavior is now deprecated and will result in an ArgumentError in Rails 6.0."
+          raise ArgumentError, "Column name argument is not supported when a block is passed."
         end
 
-        return super()
+        super()
+      else
+        calculate(:sum, column_name)
       end
-
-      calculate(:sum, column_name)
     end
 
     # This calculates aggregate values in the given column. Methods for #count, #sum, #average,
@@ -133,11 +129,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation = apply_join_dependency
 
         if operation.to_s.downcase == "count"
-          relation.distinct!
-          # PostgreSQL: ORDER BY expressions must appear in SELECT list when using DISTINCT
-          if (column_name == :all || column_name.nil?) && select_values.empty?
-            relation.order_values = []
+          unless distinct_value || distinct_select?(column_name || select_for_count)
+            relation.distinct!
+            relation.select_values = [ klass.primary_key || table[Arel.star] ]
           end
+          # PostgreSQL: ORDER BY expressions must appear in SELECT list when using DISTINCT
+          relation.order_values = []
         end
 
         relation.calculate(operation, column_name)
@@ -190,11 +187,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation = apply_join_dependency
         relation.pluck(*column_names)
       else
-        disallow_raw_sql!(column_names)
+        klass.disallow_raw_sql!(column_names)
         relation = spawn
-        relation.select_values = column_names.map { |cn|
-          @klass.has_attribute?(cn) || @klass.attribute_alias?(cn) ? arel_attribute(cn) : cn
-        }
+        relation.select_values = column_names
         result = skip_query_cache_if_necessary { klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, nil) }
         result.cast_values(klass.attribute_types)
       end
@@ -227,7 +222,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def has_include?(column_name)
         eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && column_name && column_name != :all)
       end
@@ -242,10 +236,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if operation == "count"
           column_name ||= select_for_count
           if column_name == :all
-            if distinct && (group_values.any? || select_values.empty? && order_values.empty?)
+            if !distinct
+              distinct = distinct_select?(select_for_count) if group_values.empty?
+            elsif group_values.any? || select_values.empty? && order_values.empty?
               column_name = primary_key
             end
-          elsif /\s*DISTINCT[\s(]+/i.match?(column_name.to_s)
+          elsif distinct_select?(column_name)
             distinct = nil
           end
         end
@@ -257,13 +253,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def distinct_select?(column_name)
+        column_name.is_a?(::String) && /\bDISTINCT[\s(]/i.match?(column_name)
+      end
+
       def aggregate_column(column_name)
         return column_name if Arel::Expressions === column_name
 
-        if @klass.has_attribute?(column_name) || @klass.attribute_alias?(column_name)
-          @klass.arel_attribute(column_name)
-        else
-          Arel.sql(column_name == :all ? "*" : column_name.to_s)
+        arel_column(column_name.to_s) do |name|
+          Arel.sql(column_name == :all ? "*" : name)
         end
       end
 
@@ -308,25 +306,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) #:nodoc:
-        group_attrs = group_values
+        group_fields = group_values
 
-        if group_attrs.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-          association  = @klass._reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first)
-          associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.belongs_to? # only count belongs_to associations
-          group_fields = Array(associated ? association.foreign_key : group_attrs)
-        else
-          group_fields = group_attrs
+        if group_fields.size == 1 && group_fields.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
+          association  = klass._reflect_on_association(group_fields.first)
+          associated   = association && association.belongs_to? # only count belongs_to associations
+          group_fields = Array(association.foreign_key) if associated
         end
         group_fields = arel_columns(group_fields)
 
-        group_aliases = group_fields.map { |field| column_alias_for(field) }
+        group_aliases = group_fields.map { |field|
+          field = connection.visitor.compile(field) if Arel.arel_node?(field)
+          column_alias_for(field.to_s.downcase)
+        }
         group_columns = group_aliases.zip(group_fields)
 
-        if operation == "count" && column_name == :all
-          aggregate_alias = "count_all"
-        else
-          aggregate_alias = column_alias_for([operation, column_name].join(" "))
-        end
+        aggregate_alias = column_alias_for("#{operation}_#{column_name.to_s.downcase}")
 
         select_values = [
           operation_over_aggregate_column(
@@ -371,25 +366,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end]
       end
 
-      # Converts the given keys to the value that the database adapter returns as
+      # Converts the given field to the value that the database adapter returns as
       # a usable column name:
       #
       #   column_alias_for("users.id")                 # => "users_id"
       #   column_alias_for("sum(id)")                  # => "sum_id"
       #   column_alias_for("count(distinct users.id)") # => "count_distinct_users_id"
       #   column_alias_for("count(*)")                 # => "count_all"
-      def column_alias_for(keys)
-        if keys.respond_to? :name
-          keys = "#{keys.relation.name}.#{keys.name}"
-        end
+      def column_alias_for(field)
+        return field if field.match?(/\A\w{,#{connection.table_alias_length}}\z/)
 
-        table_name = keys.to_s.downcase
-        table_name.gsub!(/\*/, "all")
-        table_name.gsub!(/\W+/, " ")
-        table_name.strip!
-        table_name.gsub!(/ +/, "_")
+        column_alias = +field
+        column_alias.gsub!(/\*/, "all")
+        column_alias.gsub!(/\W+/, " ")
+        column_alias.strip!
+        column_alias.gsub!(/ +/, "_")
 
-        @klass.connection.table_alias_for(table_name)
+        connection.table_alias_for(column_alias)
       end
 
       def type_for(field, &block)
@@ -401,7 +394,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         case operation
         when "count"   then value.to_i
         when "sum"     then type.deserialize(value || 0)
-        when "average" then value.respond_to?(:to_d) ? value.to_d : value
+        when "average" then value&.respond_to?(:to_d) ? value.to_d : value
         else type.deserialize(value)
         end
       end
@@ -417,16 +410,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def build_count_subquery(relation, column_name, distinct)
         if column_name == :all
+          column_alias = Arel.star
           relation.select_values = [ Arel.sql(FinderMethods::ONE_AS_ONE) ] unless distinct
         else
           column_alias = Arel.sql("count_column")
           relation.select_values = [ aggregate_column(column_name).as(column_alias) ]
         end
 
-        subquery = relation.arel.as(Arel.sql("subquery_for_count"))
-        select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column_alias || Arel.star, "count", false)
+        subquery_alias = Arel.sql("subquery_for_count")
+        select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column_alias, "count", false)
 
-        Arel::SelectManager.new(subquery).project(select_value)
+        relation.build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_value)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
index 383dc1bf4b..2f61c05eca 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "mutex_m"
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Delegation # :nodoc:
     module DelegateCache # :nodoc:
@@ -31,6 +33,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
+      def generate_relation_method(method)
+        generated_relation_methods.generate_method(method)
+      end
+
       protected
         def include_relation_methods(delegate)
           superclass.include_relation_methods(delegate) unless base_class?
@@ -39,27 +45,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
         def generated_relation_methods
-          @generated_relation_methods ||= Module.new.tap do |mod|
-            mod_name = "GeneratedRelationMethods"
-            const_set mod_name, mod
-            private_constant mod_name
+          @generated_relation_methods ||= GeneratedRelationMethods.new.tap do |mod|
+            const_set(:GeneratedRelationMethods, mod)
+            private_constant :GeneratedRelationMethods
           end
         end
+    end
+
+    class GeneratedRelationMethods < Module # :nodoc:
+      include Mutex_m
+
+      def generate_method(method)
+        synchronize do
+          return if method_defined?(method)
 
-        def generate_relation_method(method)
           if /\A[a-zA-Z_]\w*[!?]?\z/.match?(method)
-            generated_relation_methods.module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+            module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
               def #{method}(*args, &block)
                 scoping { klass.#{method}(*args, &block) }
               end
             RUBY
           else
-            generated_relation_methods.send(:define_method, method) do |*args, &block|
+            define_method(method) do |*args, &block|
               scoping { klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
             end
           end
         end
+      end
     end
+    private_constant :GeneratedRelationMethods
 
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -78,49 +92,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module ClassSpecificRelation # :nodoc:
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      included do
-        @delegation_mutex = Mutex.new
-      end
-
       module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
         def name
           superclass.name
         end
-
-        def delegate_to_scoped_klass(method)
-          @delegation_mutex.synchronize do
-            return if method_defined?(method)
-
-            if /\A[a-zA-Z_]\w*[!?]?\z/.match?(method)
-              module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                def #{method}(*args, &block)
-                  scoping { @klass.#{method}(*args, &block) }
-                end
-              RUBY
-            else
-              define_method method do |*args, &block|
-                scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
       end
 
       private
-
         def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
           if @klass.respond_to?(method)
-            self.class.delegate_to_scoped_klass(method)
+            @klass.generate_relation_method(method)
             scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
-          elsif @delegate_to_klass && @klass.respond_to?(method, true)
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
-              "Delegating missing #{method} method to #{@klass}. " \
-              "Accessibility of private/protected class methods in :scope is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.0."
-            @klass.send(method, *args, &block)
-          elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
-              "Delegating #{method} to arel is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.0."
-            arel.public_send(method, *args, &block)
           else
             super
           end
@@ -133,7 +115,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def relation_class_for(klass)
           klass.relation_delegate_class(self)
         end
@@ -141,7 +122,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
       def respond_to_missing?(method, _)
-        super || @klass.respond_to?(method) || arel.respond_to?(method)
+        super || @klass.respond_to?(method)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
index afaa900442..1dbf4808fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     ONE_AS_ONE = "1 AS one"
 
     # Find by id - This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
-    # If one or more records can not be found for the requested ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key
-    # is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments using +to_i+.
+    # If one or more records cannot be found for the requested ids, then ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound will be raised.
+    # If the primary key is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments by using +to_i+.
     #
     #   Person.find(1)          # returns the object for ID = 1
     #   Person.find("1")        # returns the object for ID = 1
@@ -79,17 +79,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago
     def find_by(arg, *args)
       where(arg, *args).take
-    rescue ::RangeError
-      nil
     end
 
     # Like #find_by, except that if no record is found, raises
     # an ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound error.
     def find_by!(arg, *args)
       where(arg, *args).take!
-    rescue ::RangeError
-      raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with an out of range value",
-                               @klass.name, @klass.primary_key)
     end
 
     # Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) without any implied
@@ -319,9 +314,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       relation = construct_relation_for_exists(conditions)
 
-      skip_query_cache_if_necessary { connection.select_value(relation.arel, "#{name} Exists") } ? true : false
-    rescue ::RangeError
-      false
+      skip_query_cache_if_necessary { connection.select_one(relation.arel, "#{name} Exists?") } ? true : false
     end
 
     # This method is called whenever no records are found with either a single
@@ -353,13 +346,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def offset_index
         offset_value || 0
       end
 
       def construct_relation_for_exists(conditions)
-        relation = except(:select, :distinct, :order)._select!(ONE_AS_ONE).limit!(1)
+        conditions = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(conditions)
+
+        if distinct_value && offset_value
+          relation = except(:order).limit!(1)
+        else
+          relation = except(:select, :distinct, :order)._select!(ONE_AS_ONE).limit!(1)
+        end
 
         case conditions
         when Array, Hash
@@ -371,14 +369,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation
       end
 
-      def construct_join_dependency(associations)
-        ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(
-          klass, table, associations
-        )
-      end
-
       def apply_join_dependency(eager_loading: group_values.empty?)
-        join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(eager_load_values + includes_values)
+        join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(
+          eager_load_values + includes_values, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+        )
         relation = except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload).joins!(join_dependency)
 
         if eager_loading && !using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections)
@@ -432,9 +426,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         else
           find_some(ids)
         end
-      rescue ::RangeError
-        error_message = "Couldn't find #{model_name} with an out of range ID"
-        raise RecordNotFound.new(error_message, model_name, primary_key, ids)
       end
 
       def find_one(id)
@@ -550,8 +541,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def ordered_relation
-        if order_values.empty? && primary_key
-          order(arel_attribute(primary_key).asc)
+        if order_values.empty? && (implicit_order_column || primary_key)
+          order(arel_attribute(implicit_order_column || primary_key).asc)
         else
           self
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
index 4de7465128..e1735c0522 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def merge_preloads
           return if other.preload_values.empty? && other.includes_values.empty?
 
@@ -117,16 +116,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if other.klass == relation.klass
             relation.joins!(*other.joins_values)
           else
-            joins_dependency = other.joins_values.map do |join|
+            associations, others = other.joins_values.partition do |join|
               case join
-              when Hash, Symbol, Array
-                other.send(:construct_join_dependency, join)
-              else
-                join
+              when Hash, Symbol, Array; true
               end
             end
 
-            relation.joins!(*joins_dependency)
+            join_dependency = other.construct_join_dependency(
+              associations, Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
+            )
+            relation.joins!(join_dependency, *others)
           end
         end
 
@@ -136,16 +135,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if other.klass == relation.klass
             relation.left_outer_joins!(*other.left_outer_joins_values)
           else
-            joins_dependency = other.left_outer_joins_values.map do |join|
-              case join
-              when Hash, Symbol, Array
-                other.send(:construct_join_dependency, join)
-              else
-                join
-              end
-            end
-
-            relation.left_outer_joins!(*joins_dependency)
+            associations = other.left_outer_joins_values
+            join_dependency = other.construct_join_dependency(
+              associations, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+            )
+            relation.joins!(join_dependency)
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
index b59ff912fe..240de3bb69 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
@@ -90,16 +90,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
             queries.reduce(&:or)
           elsif table.aggregated_with?(key)
             mapping = table.reflect_on_aggregation(key).mapping
-            queries = Array.wrap(value).map do |object|
-              mapping.map do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-                if mapping.size == 1 && !object.respond_to?(aggregate_attr)
-                  build(table.arel_attribute(field_attr), object)
-                else
-                  build(table.arel_attribute(field_attr), object.send(aggregate_attr))
-                end
-              end.reduce(&:and)
+            values = value.nil? ? [nil] : Array.wrap(value)
+            if mapping.length == 1 || values.empty?
+              column_name, aggr_attr = mapping.first
+              values = values.map do |object|
+                object.respond_to?(aggr_attr) ? object.public_send(aggr_attr) : object
+              end
+              build(table.arel_attribute(column_name), values)
+            else
+              queries = values.map do |object|
+                mapping.map do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
+                  build(table.arel_attribute(field_attr), object.try!(aggregate_attr))
+                end.reduce(&:and)
+              end
+              queries.reduce(&:or)
             end
-            queries.reduce(&:or)
           else
             build(table.arel_attribute(key), value)
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb
index 44bb2c7ab6..2ea27c8490 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder
     class RangeHandler # :nodoc:
-      class RangeWithBinds < Struct.new(:begin, :end)
-        def exclude_end?
-          false
-        end
-      end
+      RangeWithBinds = Struct.new(:begin, :end, :exclude_end?)
 
       def initialize(predicate_builder)
         @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
@@ -16,22 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def call(attribute, value)
         begin_bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attribute.name, value.begin)
         end_bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attribute.name, value.end)
-
-        if begin_bind.value.infinity?
-          if end_bind.value.infinity?
-            attribute.not_in([])
-          elsif value.exclude_end?
-            attribute.lt(end_bind)
-          else
-            attribute.lteq(end_bind)
-          end
-        elsif end_bind.value.infinity?
-          attribute.gteq(begin_bind)
-        elsif value.exclude_end?
-          attribute.gteq(begin_bind).and(attribute.lt(end_bind))
-        else
-          attribute.between(RangeWithBinds.new(begin_bind, end_bind))
-        end
+        attribute.between(RangeWithBinds.new(begin_bind, end_bind, value.exclude_end?))
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb
index f64bd30d38..cd18f27330 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb
@@ -18,24 +18,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def nil?
-        !value_before_type_cast.is_a?(StatementCache::Substitute) &&
-          (value_before_type_cast.nil? || value_for_database.nil?)
+        unless value_before_type_cast.is_a?(StatementCache::Substitute)
+          value_before_type_cast.nil? ||
+            type.respond_to?(:subtype, true) && value_for_database.nil?
+        end
+      rescue ::RangeError
       end
 
-      def boundable?
-        return @_boundable if defined?(@_boundable)
-        nil?
-        @_boundable = true
+      def infinite?
+        infinity?(value_before_type_cast) || infinity?(value_for_database)
       rescue ::RangeError
-        @_boundable = false
       end
 
-      def infinity?
-        _infinity?(value_before_type_cast) || boundable? && _infinity?(value_for_database)
+      def unboundable?
+        if defined?(@_unboundable)
+          @_unboundable
+        else
+          value_for_database unless value_before_type_cast.is_a?(StatementCache::Substitute)
+          @_unboundable = nil
+        end
+      rescue ::RangeError
+        @_unboundable = type.cast(value_before_type_cast) <=> 0
       end
 
       private
-        def _infinity?(value)
+        def infinity?(value)
           value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
         end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index eb80aab701..6a181882ae 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -41,18 +41,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #    User.where.not(name: %w(Ko1 Nobu))
       #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ('Ko1', 'Nobu')
-      #
-      #    User.where.not(name: "Jon", role: "admin")
-      #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name != 'Jon' AND role != 'admin'
       def not(opts, *rest)
         opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
 
         where_clause = @scope.send(:where_clause_factory).build(opts, rest)
 
         @scope.references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
-        @scope.where_clause += where_clause.invert
+
+        if not_behaves_as_nor?(opts)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG.squish)
+            NOT conditions will no longer behave as NOR in Rails 6.1.
+            To continue using NOR conditions, NOT each conditions manually
+            (`#{ opts.keys.map { |key| ".where.not(#{key.inspect} => ...)" }.join }`).
+          MSG
+          @scope.where_clause += where_clause.invert(:nor)
+        else
+          @scope.where_clause += where_clause.invert
+        end
+
         @scope
       end
+
+      private
+        def not_behaves_as_nor?(opts)
+          opts.is_a?(Hash) && opts.size > 1
+        end
     end
 
     FROZEN_EMPTY_ARRAY = [].freeze
@@ -67,11 +80,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{method_name}                   # def includes_values
-          get_value(#{name.inspect})         #   get_value(:includes)
+          default = DEFAULT_VALUES[:#{name}] #   default = DEFAULT_VALUES[:includes]
+          @values.fetch(:#{name}, default)   #   @values.fetch(:includes, default)
         end                                  # end
 
         def #{method_name}=(value)           # def includes_values=(value)
-          set_value(#{name.inspect}, value)  #   set_value(:includes, value)
+          assert_mutability!                 #   assert_mutability!
+          @values[:#{name}] = value          #   @values[:includes] = value
         end                                  # end
       CODE
     end
@@ -100,7 +115,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # === conditions
     #
-    # If you want to add conditions to your included models you'll have
+    # If you want to add string conditions to your included models, you'll have
     # to explicitly reference them. For example:
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where('posts.name = ?', 'example')
@@ -111,6 +126,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Note that #includes works with association names while #references needs
     # the actual table name.
+    #
+    # If you pass the conditions via hash, you don't need to call #references
+    # explicitly, as #where references the tables for you. For example, this
+    # will work correctly:
+    #
+    #   User.includes(:posts).where(posts: { name: 'example' })
     def includes(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:includes, args)
       spawn.includes!(*args)
@@ -154,6 +175,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
+    # Extracts a named +association+ from the relation. The named association is first preloaded,
+    # then the individual association records are collected from the relation. Like so:
+    #
+    #   account.memberships.extract_associated(:user)
+    #   # => Returns collection of User records
+    #
+    # This is short-hand for:
+    #
+    #   account.memberships.preload(:user).collect(&:user)
+    def extract_associated(association)
+      preload(association).collect(&association)
+    end
+
     # Use to indicate that the given +table_names+ are referenced by an SQL string,
     # and should therefore be JOINed in any query rather than loaded separately.
     # This method only works in conjunction with #includes.
@@ -233,13 +267,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def _select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
       fields.reject!(&:blank?)
       fields.flatten!
-      fields.map! do |field|
-        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field).to_sym : field
-      end
       self.select_values += fields
       self
     end
 
+    # Allows you to change a previously set select statement.
+    #
+    #   Post.select(:title, :body)
+    #   # SELECT `posts`.`title`, `posts`.`body` FROM `posts`
+    #
+    #   Post.select(:title, :body).reselect(:created_at)
+    #   # SELECT `posts`.`created_at` FROM `posts`
+    #
+    # This is short-hand for <tt>unscope(:select).select(fields)</tt>.
+    # Note that we're unscoping the entire select statement.
+    def reselect(*args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:reselect, args)
+      spawn.reselect!(*args)
+    end
+
+    # Same as #reselect but operates on relation in-place instead of copying.
+    def reselect!(*args) # :nodoc:
+      self.select_values = args
+      self
+    end
+
     # Allows to specify a group attribute:
     #
     #   User.group(:name)
@@ -328,8 +380,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES = Set.new([:where, :select, :group, :order, :lock,
-                                     :limit, :offset, :joins, :left_outer_joins,
-                                     :includes, :from, :readonly, :having])
+                                     :limit, :offset, :joins, :left_outer_joins, :annotate,
+                                     :includes, :from, :readonly, :having, :optimizer_hints])
 
     # Removes an unwanted relation that is already defined on a chain of relations.
     # This is useful when passing around chains of relations and would like to
@@ -380,7 +432,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if !VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES.include?(scope)
             raise ArgumentError, "Called unscope() with invalid unscoping argument ':#{scope}'. Valid arguments are :#{VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES.to_a.join(", :")}."
           end
-          set_value(scope, DEFAULT_VALUES[scope])
+          assert_mutability!
+          @values[scope] = DEFAULT_VALUES[scope]
         when Hash
           scope.each do |key, target_value|
             if key != :where
@@ -880,6 +933,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
+    # Specify optimizer hints to be used in the SELECT statement.
+    #
+    # Example (for MySQL):
+    #
+    #   Topic.optimizer_hints("MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(50000)", "NO_INDEX_MERGE(topics)")
+    #   # SELECT /*+ MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(50000) NO_INDEX_MERGE(topics) */ `topics`.* FROM `topics`
+    #
+    # Example (for PostgreSQL with pg_hint_plan):
+    #
+    #   Topic.optimizer_hints("SeqScan(topics)", "Parallel(topics 8)")
+    #   # SELECT /*+ SeqScan(topics) Parallel(topics 8) */ "topics".* FROM "topics"
+    def optimizer_hints(*args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:optimizer_hints, args)
+      spawn.optimizer_hints!(*args)
+    end
+
+    def optimizer_hints!(*args) # :nodoc:
+      args.flatten!
+
+      self.optimizer_hints_values |= args
+      self
+    end
+
     # Reverse the existing order clause on the relation.
     #
     #   User.order('name ASC').reverse_order # generated SQL has 'ORDER BY name DESC'
@@ -904,23 +980,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
+    # Adds an SQL comment to queries generated from this relation. For example:
+    #
+    #   User.annotate("selecting user names").select(:name)
+    #   # SELECT "users"."name" FROM "users" /* selecting user names */
+    #
+    #   User.annotate("selecting", "user", "names").select(:name)
+    #   # SELECT "users"."name" FROM "users" /* selecting */ /* user */ /* names */
+    #
+    # The SQL block comment delimiters, "/*" and "*/", will be added automatically.
+    def annotate(*args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:annotate, args)
+      spawn.annotate!(*args)
+    end
+
+    # Like #annotate, but modifies relation in place.
+    def annotate!(*args) # :nodoc:
+      self.annotate_values += args
+      self
+    end
+
     # Returns the Arel object associated with the relation.
     def arel(aliases = nil) # :nodoc:
       @arel ||= build_arel(aliases)
     end
 
-    private
-      # Returns a relation value with a given name
-      def get_value(name)
-        @values.fetch(name, DEFAULT_VALUES[name])
-      end
+    def construct_join_dependency(associations, join_type) # :nodoc:
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(
+        klass, table, associations, join_type
+      )
+    end
+
+    protected
+      def build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_value) # :nodoc:
+        subquery = except(:optimizer_hints).arel.as(subquery_alias)
 
-      # Sets the relation value with the given name
-      def set_value(name, value)
-        assert_mutability!
-        @values[name] = value
+        Arel::SelectManager.new(subquery).project(select_value).tap do |arel|
+          arel.optimizer_hints(*optimizer_hints_values) unless optimizer_hints_values.empty?
+        end
       end
 
+    private
       def assert_mutability!
         raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
         raise ImmutableRelation if defined?(@arel) && @arel
@@ -929,8 +1029,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def build_arel(aliases)
         arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(table)
 
-        aliases = build_joins(arel, joins_values.flatten, aliases) unless joins_values.empty?
-        build_left_outer_joins(arel, left_outer_joins_values.flatten, aliases) unless left_outer_joins_values.empty?
+        if !joins_values.empty?
+          build_joins(arel, joins_values.flatten, aliases)
+        elsif !left_outer_joins_values.empty?
+          build_left_outer_joins(arel, left_outer_joins_values.flatten, aliases)
+        end
 
         arel.where(where_clause.ast) unless where_clause.empty?
         arel.having(having_clause.ast) unless having_clause.empty?
@@ -956,9 +1059,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         build_select(arel)
 
+        arel.optimizer_hints(*optimizer_hints_values) unless optimizer_hints_values.empty?
         arel.distinct(distinct_value)
         arel.from(build_from) unless from_clause.empty?
         arel.lock(lock_value) if lock_value
+        arel.comment(*annotate_values) unless annotate_values.empty?
 
         arel
       end
@@ -978,22 +1083,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def build_left_outer_joins(manager, outer_joins, aliases)
-        buckets = outer_joins.group_by do |join|
-          case join
+      def valid_association_list(associations)
+        associations.each do |association|
+          case association
           when Hash, Symbol, Array
-            :association_join
-          when ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency
-            :stashed_join
+            # valid
           else
             raise ArgumentError, "only Hash, Symbol and Array are allowed"
           end
         end
+      end
 
+      def build_left_outer_joins(manager, outer_joins, aliases)
+        buckets = { association_join: valid_association_list(outer_joins) }
         build_join_query(manager, buckets, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin, aliases)
       end
 
       def build_joins(manager, joins, aliases)
+        unless left_outer_joins_values.empty?
+          left_joins = valid_association_list(left_outer_joins_values.flatten)
+          joins.unshift construct_join_dependency(left_joins, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin)
+        end
+
         buckets = joins.group_by do |join|
           case join
           when String
@@ -1017,27 +1128,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         association_joins = buckets[:association_join]
         stashed_joins     = buckets[:stashed_join]
-        join_nodes        = buckets[:join_node].uniq
-        string_joins      = buckets[:string_join].map(&:strip).uniq
+        join_nodes        = buckets[:join_node].tap(&:uniq!)
+        string_joins      = buckets[:string_join].delete_if(&:blank?).map!(&:strip).tap(&:uniq!)
 
-        join_list = join_nodes + convert_join_strings_to_ast(string_joins)
-        alias_tracker = alias_tracker(join_list, aliases)
+        string_joins.map! { |join| table.create_string_join(Arel.sql(join)) }
 
-        join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(association_joins)
+        join_sources = manager.join_sources
+        join_sources.concat(join_nodes) unless join_nodes.empty?
 
-        joins = join_dependency.join_constraints(stashed_joins, join_type, alias_tracker)
-        joins.each { |join| manager.from(join) }
-
-        manager.join_sources.concat(join_list)
-
-        alias_tracker.aliases
-      end
+        unless association_joins.empty? && stashed_joins.empty?
+          alias_tracker = alias_tracker(join_nodes + string_joins, aliases)
+          join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(association_joins, join_type)
+          join_sources.concat(join_dependency.join_constraints(stashed_joins, alias_tracker))
+        end
 
-      def convert_join_strings_to_ast(joins)
-        joins
-          .flatten
-          .reject(&:blank?)
-          .map { |join| table.create_string_join(Arel.sql(join)) }
+        join_sources.concat(string_joins) unless string_joins.empty?
       end
 
       def build_select(arel)
@@ -1052,11 +1157,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def arel_columns(columns)
         columns.flat_map do |field|
-          if (Symbol === field || String === field) && (klass.has_attribute?(field) || klass.attribute_alias?(field)) && !from_clause.value
-            arel_attribute(field)
-          elsif Symbol === field
-            connection.quote_table_name(field.to_s)
-          elsif Proc === field
+          case field
+          when Symbol
+            arel_column(field.to_s) do |attr_name|
+              connection.quote_table_name(attr_name)
+            end
+          when String
+            arel_column(field, &:itself)
+          when Proc
             field.call
           else
             field
@@ -1064,6 +1172,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def arel_column(field)
+        field = klass.attribute_aliases[field] || field
+        from = from_clause.name || from_clause.value
+
+        if klass.columns_hash.key?(field) && (!from || table_name_matches?(from))
+          arel_attribute(field)
+        else
+          yield field
+        end
+      end
+
+      def table_name_matches?(from)
+        /(?:\A|(?<!FROM)\s)(?:\b#{table.name}\b|#{connection.quote_table_name(table.name)})(?!\.)/i.match?(from.to_s)
+      end
+
       def reverse_sql_order(order_query)
         if order_query.empty?
           return [arel_attribute(primary_key).desc] if primary_key
@@ -1079,7 +1202,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             o.reverse
           when String
             if does_not_support_reverse?(o)
-              raise IrreversibleOrderError, "Order #{o.inspect} can not be reversed automatically"
+              raise IrreversibleOrderError, "Order #{o.inspect} cannot be reversed automatically"
             end
             o.split(",").map! do |s|
               s.strip!
@@ -1099,7 +1222,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Uses SQL function with multiple arguments.
         (order.include?(",") && order.split(",").find { |section| section.count("(") != section.count(")") }) ||
           # Uses "nulls first" like construction.
-          /nulls (first|last)\Z/i.match?(order)
+          /\bnulls\s+(?:first|last)\b/i.match?(order)
       end
 
       def build_order(arel)
@@ -1125,6 +1248,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def preprocess_order_args(order_args)
+        order_args.reject!(&:blank?)
         order_args.map! do |arg|
           klass.sanitize_sql_for_order(arg)
         end
@@ -1132,7 +1256,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @klass.disallow_raw_sql!(
           order_args.flat_map { |a| a.is_a?(Hash) ? a.keys : a },
-          permit: AttributeMethods::ClassMethods::COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
+          permit: connection.column_name_with_order_matcher
         )
 
         validate_order_args(order_args)
@@ -1145,14 +1269,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         order_args.map! do |arg|
           case arg
           when Symbol
-            arel_attribute(arg).asc
+            order_column(arg.to_s).asc
           when Hash
             arg.map { |field, dir|
               case field
               when Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral
                 field.send(dir.downcase)
               else
-                arel_attribute(field).send(dir.downcase)
+                order_column(field.to_s).send(dir.downcase)
               end
             }
           else
@@ -1161,6 +1285,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end.flatten!
       end
 
+      def order_column(field)
+        arel_column(field) do |attr_name|
+          if attr_name == "count" && !group_values.empty?
+            arel_attribute(attr_name)
+          else
+            Arel.sql(connection.quote_table_name(attr_name))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       # Checks to make sure that the arguments are not blank. Note that if some
       # blank-like object were initially passed into the query method, then this
       # method will not raise an error.
@@ -1187,7 +1321,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def structurally_incompatible_values_for_or(other)
         values = other.values
         STRUCTURAL_OR_METHODS.reject do |method|
-          get_value(method) == values.fetch(method, DEFAULT_VALUES[method])
+          default = DEFAULT_VALUES[method]
+          @values.fetch(method, default) == values.fetch(method, default)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
index 562e04194c..3f6dd50139 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module SpawnMethods
     # This is overridden by Associations::CollectionProxy
     def spawn #:nodoc:
-      clone
+      already_in_scope? ? klass.all : clone
     end
 
     # Merges in the conditions from <tt>other</tt>, if <tt>other</tt> is an ActiveRecord::Relation.
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def relation_with(values)
         result = Relation.create(klass, values: values)
         result.extend(*extending_values) if extending_values.any?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb
index e225628bae..8fae380b0a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb
@@ -70,7 +70,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           predicates == other.predicates
       end
 
-      def invert
+      def invert(as = :nand)
+        if predicates.size == 1
+          inverted_predicates = [ invert_predicate(predicates.first) ]
+        elsif as == :nor
+          inverted_predicates = predicates.map { |node| invert_predicate(node) }
+        else
+          inverted_predicates = [ Arel::Nodes::Not.new(ast) ]
+        end
+
         WhereClause.new(inverted_predicates)
       end
 
@@ -79,7 +87,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-
         attr_reader :predicates
 
         def referenced_columns
@@ -115,10 +122,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           node.respond_to?(:operator) && node.operator == :==
         end
 
-        def inverted_predicates
-          predicates.map { |node| invert_predicate(node) }
-        end
-
         def invert_predicate(node)
           case node
           when NilClass
@@ -140,11 +143,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def except_predicates(columns)
           predicates.reject do |node|
-            case node
-            when Arel::Nodes::Between, Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::NotIn, Arel::Nodes::Equality, Arel::Nodes::NotEqual, Arel::Nodes::LessThan, Arel::Nodes::LessThanOrEqual, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThan, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual
-              subrelation = (node.left.kind_of?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ? node.left : node.right)
-              columns.include?(subrelation.name.to_s)
-            end
+            Arel.fetch_attribute(node) { |attr| columns.include?(attr.name.to_s) }
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
index da6d10b6ec..3b615f29a3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
@@ -132,7 +132,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def column_type(name, type_overrides = {})
         type_overrides.fetch(name) do
           column_types.fetch(name, Type.default_value)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
index 3485d9e557..b16cbb0f84 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
@@ -61,8 +61,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => "id ASC"
       def sanitize_sql_for_order(condition)
         if condition.is_a?(Array) && condition.first.to_s.include?("?")
-          disallow_raw_sql!([condition.first],
-            permit: AttributeMethods::ClassMethods::COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
+          disallow_raw_sql!(
+            [condition.first],
+            permit: connection.column_name_with_order_matcher
           )
 
           # Ensure we aren't dealing with a subclass of String that might
@@ -133,44 +134,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      private
-        # Accepts a hash of SQL conditions and replaces those attributes
-        # that correspond to a {#composed_of}[rdoc-ref:Aggregations::ClassMethods#composed_of]
-        # relationship with their expanded aggregate attribute values.
-        #
-        # Given:
-        #
-        #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     composed_of :address, class_name: "Address",
-        #       mapping: [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)]
-        #   end
-        #
-        # Then:
-        #
-        #   { address: Address.new("813 abc st.", "chicago") }
-        #   # => { address_street: "813 abc st.", address_city: "chicago" }
-        def expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs) # :doc:
-          expanded_attrs = {}
-          attrs.each do |attr, value|
-            if aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attr.to_sym)
-              mapping = aggregation.mapping
-              mapping.each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-                expanded_attrs[field_attr] = if value.is_a?(Array)
-                  value.map { |it| it.send(aggregate_attr) }
-                elsif mapping.size == 1 && !value.respond_to?(aggregate_attr)
-                  value
-                else
-                  value.send(aggregate_attr)
-                end
-              end
-            else
-              expanded_attrs[attr] = value
-            end
-          end
-          expanded_attrs
+      def disallow_raw_sql!(args, permit: connection.column_name_matcher) # :nodoc:
+        unexpected = nil
+        args.each do |arg|
+          next if arg.is_a?(Symbol) || Arel.arel_node?(arg) || permit.match?(arg.to_s)
+          (unexpected ||= []) << arg
         end
-        deprecate :expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates
 
+        return unless unexpected
+
+        if allow_unsafe_raw_sql == :deprecated
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+            "Dangerous query method (method whose arguments are used as raw " \
+            "SQL) called with non-attribute argument(s): " \
+            "#{unexpected.map(&:inspect).join(", ")}. Non-attribute " \
+            "arguments will be disallowed in Rails 6.1. This method should " \
+            "not be called with user-provided values, such as request " \
+            "parameters or model attributes. Known-safe values can be passed " \
+            "by wrapping them in Arel.sql()."
+          )
+        else
+          raise(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeReference,
+            "Query method called with non-attribute argument(s): " +
+            unexpected.map(&:inspect).join(", ")
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
         def replace_bind_variables(statement, values)
           raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count("?"), values.size)
           bound = values.dup
@@ -202,10 +193,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def quote_bound_value(value, c = connection)
           if value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.acts_like?(:string)
-            if value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?
+            quoted = value.map { |v| c.quote(v) }
+            if quoted.empty?
               c.quote(nil)
             else
-              value.map { |v| c.quote(v) }.join(",")
+              quoted.join(",")
             end
           else
             c.quote(value)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
index 216359867c..aba25fb375 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
@@ -50,21 +50,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       instance_eval(&block)
 
       if info[:version].present?
-        ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-        connection.assume_migrated_upto_version(info[:version], migrations_paths)
+        connection.schema_migration.create_table
+        connection.assume_migrated_upto_version(info[:version])
       end
 
       ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.create_table
       ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata[:environment] = connection.migration_context.current_environment
     end
-
-    private
-      # Returns the migrations paths.
-      #
-      #   ActiveRecord::Schema.new.migrations_paths
-      #   # => ["db/migrate"] # Rails migration path by default.
-      def migrations_paths
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
index d475e77444..f4b1f536b3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
+      attr_accessor :table_name
 
       def initialize(connection, options = {})
         @connection = connection
@@ -110,6 +111,8 @@ HEADER
       def table(table, stream)
         columns = @connection.columns(table)
         begin
+          self.table_name = table
+
           tbl = StringIO.new
 
           # first dump primary key column
@@ -143,7 +146,11 @@ HEADER
             raise StandardError, "Unknown type '#{column.sql_type}' for column '#{column.name}'" unless @connection.valid_type?(column.type)
             next if column.name == pk
             type, colspec = column_spec(column)
-            tbl.print "    t.#{type} #{column.name.inspect}"
+            if type.is_a?(Symbol)
+              tbl.print "    t.#{type} #{column.name.inspect}"
+            else
+              tbl.print "    t.column #{column.name.inspect}, #{type.inspect}"
+            end
             tbl.print ", #{format_colspec(colspec)}" if colspec.present?
             tbl.puts
           end
@@ -159,6 +166,8 @@ HEADER
           stream.puts "# Could not dump table #{table.inspect} because of following #{e.class}"
           stream.puts "#   #{e.message}"
           stream.puts
+        ensure
+          self.table_name = nil
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
index f2d8b038fa..dec7fee986 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # to be executed the next time.
   class SchemaMigration < ActiveRecord::Base # :nodoc:
     class << self
+      def _internal?
+        true
+      end
+
       def primary_key
         "version"
       end
 
       def table_name
-        "#{table_name_prefix}#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
-      end
-
-      def table_exists?
-        connection.table_exists?(table_name)
+        "#{table_name_prefix}#{schema_migrations_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
       end
 
       def create_table
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
index 9eba1254a4..62c7988bd8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
@@ -23,14 +23,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         current_scope
       end
 
-      private
-        def current_scope(skip_inherited_scope = false)
-          ScopeRegistry.value_for(:current_scope, self, skip_inherited_scope)
-        end
+      def current_scope(skip_inherited_scope = false)
+        ScopeRegistry.value_for(:current_scope, self, skip_inherited_scope)
+      end
 
-        def current_scope=(scope)
-          ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope, self, scope)
-        end
+      def current_scope=(scope)
+        ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope, self, scope)
+      end
     end
 
     def populate_with_current_scope_attributes # :nodoc:
@@ -96,7 +95,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def raise_invalid_scope_type!(scope_type)
           if !VALID_SCOPE_TYPES.include?(scope_type)
             raise ArgumentError, "Invalid scope type '#{scope_type}' sent to the registry. Scope types must be included in VALID_SCOPE_TYPES"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
index 6caf9b3251..151eef362b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
@@ -31,14 +31,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     Post.limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10"
         #   }
         def unscoped
-          block_given? ? _scoping(relation) { yield } : relation
-        end
-
-        def _scoping(relation) # :nodoc:
-          previous, self.current_scope = current_scope(true), relation
-          yield
-        ensure
-          self.current_scope = previous
+          block_given? ? relation.scoping { yield } : relation
         end
 
         # Are there attributes associated with this scope?
@@ -51,7 +44,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           # Use this macro in your model to set a default scope for all operations on
           # the model.
           #
@@ -93,8 +85,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           #       # Should return a scope, you can call 'super' here etc.
           #     end
           #   end
-          def default_scope(scope = nil) # :doc:
-            scope = Proc.new if block_given?
+          def default_scope(scope = nil, &block) # :doc:
+            scope = block if block_given?
 
             if scope.is_a?(Relation) || !scope.respond_to?(:call)
               raise ArgumentError,
@@ -107,7 +99,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             self.default_scopes += [scope]
           end
 
-          def build_default_scope(base_rel = nil)
+          def build_default_scope(relation = relation())
             return if abstract_class?
 
             if default_scope_override.nil?
@@ -118,15 +110,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
               # The user has defined their own default scope method, so call that
               evaluate_default_scope do
                 if scope = default_scope
-                  (base_rel ||= relation).merge!(scope)
+                  relation.merge!(scope)
                 end
               end
             elsif default_scopes.any?
-              base_rel ||= relation
               evaluate_default_scope do
-                default_scopes.inject(base_rel) do |default_scope, scope|
+                default_scopes.inject(relation) do |default_scope, scope|
                   scope = scope.respond_to?(:to_proc) ? scope : scope.method(:call)
-                  default_scope.merge!(base_rel.instance_exec(&scope))
+                  default_scope.instance_exec(&scope) || default_scope
                 end
               end
             end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
index d5cc5db97e..7baef99e83 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope = current_scope
 
           if scope
+            if scope._deprecated_scope_source
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG.squish)
+                Class level methods will no longer inherit scoping from `#{scope._deprecated_scope_source}`
+                in Rails 6.1. To continue using the scoped relation, pass it into the block directly.
+                To instead access the full set of models, as Rails 6.1 will, use `#{name}.unscoped`.
+              MSG
+            end
+
             if self == scope.klass
               scope.clone
             else
@@ -50,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def default_extensions # :nodoc:
-          if scope = current_scope || build_default_scope
+          if scope = scope_for_association || build_default_scope
             scope.extensions
           else
             []
@@ -179,13 +187,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           extension = Module.new(&block) if block
 
           if body.respond_to?(:to_proc)
-            singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
-              scope = all._exec_scope(*args, &body)
+            singleton_class.define_method(name) do |*args|
+              scope = all._exec_scope(name, *args, &body)
               scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
               scope
             end
           else
-            singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
+            singleton_class.define_method(name) do |*args|
               scope = body.call(*args) || all
               scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
               scope
@@ -196,7 +204,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           def valid_scope_name?(name)
             if respond_to?(name, true) && logger
               logger.warn "Creating scope :#{name}. " \
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
index 1b1736dcab..93bce15230 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def self.create(connection, block = Proc.new)
-      relation = block.call Params.new
+    def self.create(connection, callable = nil, &block)
+      relation = (callable || block).call Params.new
       query_builder, binds = connection.cacheable_query(self, relation.arel)
       bind_map = BindMap.new(binds)
       new(query_builder, bind_map, relation.klass)
@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       sql = query_builder.sql_for bind_values, connection
 
       klass.find_by_sql(sql, bind_values, preparable: true, &block)
+    rescue ::RangeError
+      nil
     end
 
     def self.unsupported_value?(value)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
index 3537e2d008..6fecb06897 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # of the model. This is very helpful for easily exposing store keys to a form or elsewhere that's
   # already built around just accessing attributes on the model.
   #
+  # Every accessor comes with dirty tracking methods (+key_changed?+, +key_was+ and +key_change+) and
+  # methods to access the changes made during the last save (+saved_change_to_key?+, +saved_change_to_key+ and
+  # +key_before_last_save+).
+  #
+  # NOTE: There is no +key_will_change!+ method for accessors, use +store_will_change!+ instead.
+  #
   # Make sure that you declare the database column used for the serialized store as a text, so there's
   # plenty of room.
   #
@@ -49,6 +55,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   u.settings[:country]  # => 'Denmark'
   #   u.settings['country'] # => 'Denmark'
   #
+  #   # Dirty tracking
+  #   u.color = 'green'
+  #   u.color_changed? # => true
+  #   u.color_was # => 'black'
+  #   u.color_change # => ['black', 'red']
+  #
   #   # Add additional accessors to an existing store through store_accessor
   #   class SuperUser < User
   #     store_accessor :settings, :privileges, :servants
@@ -127,6 +139,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
             define_method(accessor_key) do
               read_store_attribute(store_attribute, key)
             end
+
+            define_method("#{accessor_key}_changed?") do
+              return false unless attribute_changed?(store_attribute)
+              prev_store, new_store = changes[store_attribute]
+              prev_store&.dig(key) != new_store&.dig(key)
+            end
+
+            define_method("#{accessor_key}_change") do
+              return unless attribute_changed?(store_attribute)
+              prev_store, new_store = changes[store_attribute]
+              [prev_store&.dig(key), new_store&.dig(key)]
+            end
+
+            define_method("#{accessor_key}_was") do
+              return unless attribute_changed?(store_attribute)
+              prev_store, _new_store = changes[store_attribute]
+              prev_store&.dig(key)
+            end
+
+            define_method("saved_change_to_#{accessor_key}?") do
+              return false unless saved_change_to_attribute?(store_attribute)
+              prev_store, new_store = saved_change_to_attribute(store_attribute)
+              prev_store&.dig(key) != new_store&.dig(key)
+            end
+
+            define_method("saved_change_to_#{accessor_key}") do
+              return unless saved_change_to_attribute?(store_attribute)
+              prev_store, new_store = saved_change_to_attribute(store_attribute)
+              [prev_store&.dig(key), new_store&.dig(key)]
+            end
+
+            define_method("#{accessor_key}_before_last_save") do
+              return unless saved_change_to_attribute?(store_attribute)
+              prev_store, _new_store = saved_change_to_attribute(store_attribute)
+              prev_store&.dig(key)
+            end
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
index b67479fb6a..9a1176db6a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class TableMetadata # :nodoc:
     delegate :foreign_type, :foreign_key, :join_primary_key, :join_foreign_key, to: :association, prefix: true
 
-    def initialize(klass, arel_table, association = nil)
+    def initialize(klass, arel_table, association = nil, types = klass)
       @klass = klass
+      @types = types
       @arel_table = arel_table
       @association = association
     end
 
     def resolve_column_aliases(hash)
       new_hash = hash.dup
-      hash.each do |key, _|
-        if (key.is_a?(Symbol)) && klass.attribute_alias?(key)
-          new_hash[klass.attribute_alias(key)] = new_hash.delete(key)
+      hash.each_key do |key|
+        if key.is_a?(Symbol) && new_key = klass.attribute_aliases[key.to_s]
+          new_hash[new_key] = new_hash.delete(key)
         end
       end
       new_hash
@@ -29,11 +30,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def type(column_name)
-      if klass
-        klass.type_for_attribute(column_name)
-      else
-        Type.default_value
-      end
+      types.type_for_attribute(column_name)
     end
 
     def has_column?(column_name)
@@ -52,13 +49,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       elsif association && !association.polymorphic?
         association_klass = association.klass
         arel_table = association_klass.arel_table.alias(table_name)
+        TableMetadata.new(association_klass, arel_table, association)
       else
         type_caster = TypeCaster::Connection.new(klass, table_name)
-        association_klass = nil
         arel_table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: type_caster)
+        TableMetadata.new(nil, arel_table, association, type_caster)
       end
-
-      TableMetadata.new(association_klass, arel_table, association)
     end
 
     def polymorphic_association?
@@ -74,6 +70,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-      attr_reader :klass, :arel_table, :association
+      attr_reader :klass, :types, :arel_table, :association
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
index 27e401a756..a78bebf764 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
@@ -141,8 +141,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def for_each
-        databases = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+      def setup_initial_database_yaml
+        return {} unless defined?(Rails)
+
+        begin
+          Rails.application.config.load_database_yaml
+        rescue
+          $stderr.puts "Rails couldn't infer whether you are using multiple databases from your database.yml and can't generate the tasks for the non-primary databases. If you'd like to use this feature, please simplify your ERB."
+
+          {}
+        end
+      end
+
+      def for_each(databases)
         database_configs = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.new(databases).configs_for(env_name: Rails.env)
 
         # if this is a single database application we don't want tasks for each primary database
@@ -153,8 +164,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def create_current(environment = env)
-        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+      def raise_for_multi_db(environment = env, command:)
+        db_configs = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: environment)
+
+        if db_configs.count > 1
+          dbs_list = []
+
+          db_configs.each do |db|
+            dbs_list << "#{command}:#{db.spec_name}"
+          end
+
+          raise "You're using a multiple database application. To use `#{command}` you must run the namespaced task with a VERSION. Available tasks are #{dbs_list.to_sentence}."
+        end
+      end
+
+      def create_current(environment = env, spec_name = nil)
+        each_current_configuration(environment, spec_name) { |configuration|
           create configuration
         }
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
@@ -182,6 +207,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }
       end
 
+      def truncate_tables(configuration)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: { truncation: configuration }) do
+          conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+          table_names = conn.tables
+          table_names -= [
+            conn.schema_migration.table_name,
+            InternalMetadata.table_name
+          ]
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.truncate_tables(*table_names)
+        end
+      end
+      private :truncate_tables
+
+      def truncate_all(environment = env)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: environment).each do |db_config|
+          truncate_tables db_config.config
+        end
+      end
+
       def migrate
         check_target_version
 
@@ -198,7 +243,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def migrate_status
-        unless ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
+        unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration.table_exists?
           Kernel.abort "Schema migrations table does not exist yet."
         end
 
@@ -290,6 +335,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Migration.verbose = verbose_was
       end
 
+      def dump_schema(configuration, format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, spec_name = "primary") # :nodoc:
+        require "active_record/schema_dumper"
+        filename = dump_filename(spec_name, format)
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+        case format
+        when :ruby
+          File.open(filename, "w:utf-8") do |file|
+            ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, file)
+          end
+        when :sql
+          structure_dump(configuration, filename)
+          if connection.schema_migration.table_exists?
+            File.open(filename, "a") do |f|
+              f.puts connection.dump_schema_information
+              f.print "\n"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def schema_file(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format)
         File.join(db_dir, schema_file_type(format))
       end
@@ -371,12 +437,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           task.is_a?(String) ? task.constantize : task
         end
 
-        def each_current_configuration(environment)
+        def each_current_configuration(environment, spec_name = nil)
           environments = [environment]
           environments << "test" if environment == "development"
 
           environments.each do |env|
             ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: env).each do |db_config|
+              next if spec_name && spec_name != db_config.spec_name
+
               yield db_config.config, db_config.spec_name, env
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
index 1c1b29b5e1..a7e04007a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Tasks # :nodoc:
     class MySQLDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
+      ER_DB_CREATE_EXISTS = 1007
+
       delegate :connection, :establish_connection, to: ActiveRecord::Base
 
       def initialize(configuration)
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.create_database configuration["database"], creation_options
         establish_connection configuration
       rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => error
-        if error.message.include?("database exists")
+        if error.cause.error_number == ER_DB_CREATE_EXISTS
           raise DatabaseAlreadyExists
         else
           raise
@@ -67,7 +69,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         attr_reader :configuration
 
         def configuration_without_database
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
index 8acb11f75f..626ffdfdf9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         attr_reader :configuration
 
         def encoding
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
index a82cea80ca..f67a3498b6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         attr_reader :configuration, :root
 
         def run_cmd(cmd, args, out)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_fixtures.rb
index 7b7b3f7112..1d6fef1eb9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_fixtures.rb
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Begin transactions for connections already established
         @fixture_connections = enlist_fixture_connections
         @fixture_connections.each do |connection|
-          connection.begin_transaction joinable: false
+          connection.begin_transaction joinable: false, _lazy: false
           connection.pool.lock_thread = true if lock_threads
         end
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
 
             if connection && !@fixture_connections.include?(connection)
-              connection.begin_transaction joinable: false
+              connection.begin_transaction joinable: false, _lazy: false
               connection.pool.lock_thread = true if lock_threads
               @fixture_connections << connection
             end
@@ -173,10 +173,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def enlist_fixture_connections
+      setup_shared_connection_pool
+
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.connection_pool_list.map(&:connection)
     end
 
     private
+      # Shares the writing connection pool with connections on
+      # other handlers.
+      #
+      # In an application with a primary and replica the test fixtures
+      # need to share a connection pool so that the reading connection
+      # can see data in the open transaction on the writing connection.
+      def setup_shared_connection_pool
+        writing_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
+
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.values.each do |handler|
+          if handler != writing_handler
+            handler.connection_pool_list.each do |pool|
+              name = pool.spec.name
+              writing_connection = writing_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(name)
+              handler.send(:owner_to_pool)[name] = writing_connection
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def load_fixtures(config)
         fixtures = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixture_path, fixture_table_names, fixture_class_names, config)
         Hash[fixtures.map { |f| [f.name, f] }]
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
index d32f971ad1..c883d368b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
@@ -56,22 +56,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def touch_attributes_with_time(*names, time: nil)
         attribute_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
         attribute_names |= names.map(&:to_s)
-        attribute_names.index_with(time ||= current_time_from_proper_timezone)
+        attribute_names.index_with(time || current_time_from_proper_timezone)
       end
 
-      private
-        def timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model
-          timestamp_attributes_for_create.select { |c| column_names.include?(c) }
-        end
+      def timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model
+        @timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model ||=
+          (timestamp_attributes_for_create & column_names).freeze
+      end
 
-        def timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-          timestamp_attributes_for_update.select { |c| column_names.include?(c) }
-        end
+      def timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
+        @timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model ||=
+          (timestamp_attributes_for_update & column_names).freeze
+      end
 
-        def all_timestamp_attributes_in_model
-          timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model + timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-        end
+      def all_timestamp_attributes_in_model
+        @all_timestamp_attributes_in_model ||=
+          (timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model + timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model).freeze
+      end
+
+      def current_time_from_proper_timezone
+        default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
+      end
 
+      private
         def timestamp_attributes_for_create
           ["created_at", "created_on"]
         end
@@ -80,13 +87,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           ["updated_at", "updated_on"]
         end
 
-        def current_time_from_proper_timezone
-          default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
+        def reload_schema_from_cache
+          @timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model = nil
+          @timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model = nil
+          @all_timestamp_attributes_in_model = nil
+          super
         end
     end
 
   private
-
     def _create_record
       if record_timestamps
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
@@ -101,8 +110,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super
     end
 
-    def _update_record(*args, touch: true, **options)
-      if touch && should_record_timestamps?
+    def _update_record
+      if @_touch_record && should_record_timestamps?
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
         timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model.each do |column|
@@ -110,7 +119,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           _write_attribute(column, current_time)
         end
       end
-      super(*args)
+
+      super
+    end
+
+    def create_or_update(touch: true, **)
+      @_touch_record = touch
+      super
     end
 
     def should_record_timestamps?
@@ -118,26 +133,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model
-      self.class.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model)
+      self.class.timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model
     end
 
     def timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-      self.class.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model)
+      self.class.timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
     end
 
     def all_timestamp_attributes_in_model
-      self.class.send(:all_timestamp_attributes_in_model)
+      self.class.all_timestamp_attributes_in_model
     end
 
     def current_time_from_proper_timezone
-      self.class.send(:current_time_from_proper_timezone)
+      self.class.current_time_from_proper_timezone
     end
 
-    def max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model)
-      timestamp_names
-        .map { |attr| self[attr] }
+    def max_updated_column_timestamp
+      timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
+        .map { |attr| self[attr]&.to_time }
         .compact
-        .map(&:to_time)
         .max
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb
index f70b7c50a2..3981bd46ad 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Touch Later
-  module TouchLater
+  module TouchLater # :nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
@@ -10,19 +10,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def touch_later(*names) # :nodoc:
-      unless persisted?
-        raise ActiveRecordError, <<-MSG.squish
-          cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
-          persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching
-        MSG
-      end
+      _raise_record_not_touched_error unless persisted?
 
       @_defer_touch_attrs ||= timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
       @_defer_touch_attrs |= names
       @_touch_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
       surreptitiously_touch @_defer_touch_attrs
-      self.class.connection.add_transaction_record self
+      add_to_transaction
+      @_new_record_before_last_commit ||= false
 
       # touch the parents as we are not calling the after_save callbacks
       self.class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).each do |r|
@@ -40,7 +36,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def surreptitiously_touch(attrs)
         attrs.each { |attr| write_attribute attr, @_touch_time }
         clear_attribute_changes attrs
@@ -48,6 +43,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def touch_deferred_attributes
         if has_defer_touch_attrs? && persisted?
+          @_skip_dirty_tracking = true
           touch(*@_defer_touch_attrs, time: @_touch_time)
           @_defer_touch_attrs, @_touch_time = nil, nil
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index fe3842b905..5113e08e8e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -164,12 +164,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # only "Kotori" is created. This works on MySQL and PostgreSQL. SQLite3 version >= '3.6.8' also supports it.
+    # only "Kotori" is created.
     #
     # Most databases don't support true nested transactions. At the time of
     # writing, the only database that we're aware of that supports true nested
     # transactions, is MS-SQL. Because of this, Active Record emulates nested
-    # transactions by using savepoints on MySQL and PostgreSQL. See
+    # transactions by using savepoints. See
     # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/savepoint.html
     # for more information about savepoints.
     #
@@ -234,6 +234,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         set_callback(:commit, :after, *args, &block)
       end
 
+      # Shortcut for <tt>after_commit :hook, on: [ :create, :update ]</tt>.
+      def after_save_commit(*args, &block)
+        set_options_for_callbacks!(args, on: [ :create, :update ])
+        set_callback(:commit, :after, *args, &block)
+      end
+
       # Shortcut for <tt>after_commit :hook, on: :create</tt>.
       def after_create_commit(*args, &block)
         set_options_for_callbacks!(args, on: :create)
@@ -276,7 +282,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def set_options_for_callbacks!(args, enforced_options = {})
           options = args.extract_options!.merge!(enforced_options)
           args << options
@@ -327,7 +332,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Ensure that it is not called if the object was never persisted (failed create),
     # but call it after the commit of a destroyed object.
     def committed!(should_run_callbacks: true) #:nodoc:
-      if should_run_callbacks && (destroyed? || persisted?)
+      if should_run_callbacks
         @_committed_already_called = true
         _run_commit_without_transaction_enrollment_callbacks
         _run_commit_callbacks
@@ -349,18 +354,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       clear_transaction_record_state
     end
 
-    # Add the record to the current transaction so that the #after_rollback and #after_commit callbacks
-    # can be called.
-    def add_to_transaction
-      if has_transactional_callbacks?
-        self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
-      else
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        set_transaction_state(self.class.connection.transaction_state)
-      end
-      remember_transaction_record_state
-    end
-
     # Executes +method+ within a transaction and captures its return value as a
     # status flag. If the status is true the transaction is committed, otherwise
     # a ROLLBACK is issued. In any case the status flag is returned.
@@ -370,29 +363,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def with_transaction_returning_status
       status = nil
       self.class.transaction do
-        add_to_transaction
+        if has_transactional_callbacks?
+          add_to_transaction
+        else
+          sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
+          @transaction_state = self.class.connection.transaction_state
+        end
+        remember_transaction_record_state
+
         status = yield
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless status
       end
       status
     end
 
+    def trigger_transactional_callbacks? # :nodoc:
+      (@_new_record_before_last_commit || _trigger_update_callback) && persisted? ||
+        _trigger_destroy_callback && destroyed?
+    end
+
     private
       attr_reader :_committed_already_called, :_trigger_update_callback, :_trigger_destroy_callback
 
       # Save the new record state and id of a record so it can be restored later if a transaction fails.
       def remember_transaction_record_state
-        @_start_transaction_state.reverse_merge!(
+        @_start_transaction_state ||= {
           id: id,
           new_record: @new_record,
           destroyed: @destroyed,
+          attributes: @attributes,
           frozen?: frozen?,
-        )
-        @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) + 1
-        remember_new_record_before_last_commit
-      end
+          level: 0
+        }
+        @_start_transaction_state[:level] += 1
 
-      def remember_new_record_before_last_commit
         if _committed_already_called
           @_new_record_before_last_commit = false
         else
@@ -402,27 +406,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Clear the new record state and id of a record.
       def clear_transaction_record_state
-        @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
+        return unless @_start_transaction_state
+        @_start_transaction_state[:level] -= 1
         force_clear_transaction_record_state if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1
       end
 
       # Force to clear the transaction record state.
       def force_clear_transaction_record_state
-        @_start_transaction_state.clear
+        @_start_transaction_state = nil
+        @transaction_state = nil
       end
 
       # Restore the new record state and id of a record that was previously saved by a call to save_record_state.
-      def restore_transaction_record_state(force = false)
-        unless @_start_transaction_state.empty?
-          transaction_level = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
-          if transaction_level < 1 || force
-            restore_state = @_start_transaction_state
-            thaw
+      def restore_transaction_record_state(force_restore_state = false)
+        if restore_state = @_start_transaction_state
+          if force_restore_state || restore_state[:level] <= 1
             @new_record = restore_state[:new_record]
             @destroyed  = restore_state[:destroyed]
-            pk = self.class.primary_key
-            if pk && _read_attribute(pk) != restore_state[:id]
-              _write_attribute(pk, restore_state[:id])
+            @attributes = restore_state[:attributes].map do |attr|
+              value = @attributes.fetch_value(attr.name)
+              attr = attr.with_value_from_user(value) if attr.value != value
+              attr
+            end
+            @mutations_from_database = nil
+            @mutations_before_last_save = nil
+            if @attributes.fetch_value(@primary_key) != restore_state[:id]
+              @attributes.write_from_user(@primary_key, restore_state[:id])
             end
             freeze if restore_state[:frozen?]
           end
@@ -443,8 +452,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def set_transaction_state(state)
-        @transaction_state = state
+      # Add the record to the current transaction so that the #after_rollback and #after_commit
+      # callbacks can be called.
+      def add_to_transaction
+        self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
       end
 
       def has_transactional_callbacks?
@@ -464,19 +475,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This method checks to see if the ActiveRecord object's state reflects
       # the TransactionState, and rolls back or commits the Active Record object
       # as appropriate.
-      #
-      # Since Active Record objects can be inside multiple transactions, this
-      # method recursively goes through the parent of the TransactionState and
-      # checks if the Active Record object reflects the state of the object.
       def sync_with_transaction_state
-        update_attributes_from_transaction_state(@transaction_state)
-      end
-
-      def update_attributes_from_transaction_state(transaction_state)
-        if transaction_state && transaction_state.finalized?
-          restore_transaction_record_state(transaction_state.fully_rolledback?) if transaction_state.rolledback?
-          force_clear_transaction_record_state if transaction_state.fully_committed?
-          clear_transaction_record_state if transaction_state.fully_completed?
+        if transaction_state = @transaction_state
+          if transaction_state.fully_committed?
+            force_clear_transaction_record_state
+          elsif transaction_state.committed?
+            clear_transaction_record_state
+          elsif transaction_state.rolledback?
+            force_restore_state = transaction_state.fully_rolledback?
+            restore_transaction_record_state(force_restore_state)
+            clear_transaction_record_state
+          end
         end
       end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
index c303186ef2..4c1ef1a7e4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
@@ -47,13 +47,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
-      def current_adapter_name
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name.downcase.to_sym
-      end
+        def current_adapter_name
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name.downcase.to_sym
+        end
     end
 
-    Helpers = ActiveModel::Type::Helpers
     BigInteger = ActiveModel::Type::BigInteger
     Binary = ActiveModel::Type::Binary
     Boolean = ActiveModel::Type::Boolean
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/adapter_specific_registry.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/adapter_specific_registry.rb
index b300fdfa05..c8c16635b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/adapter_specific_registry.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/adapter_specific_registry.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def registration_klass
           Registration
         end
@@ -53,7 +52,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-
         attr_reader :name, :block, :adapter, :override
 
         def priority
@@ -72,7 +70,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
       private
-
         def matches_adapter?(adapter: nil, **)
           (self.adapter.nil? || adapter == self.adapter)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
index db9853fbcc..b260464df5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def perform_fetch(type, *args, &block)
           @mapping.fetch(type, block).call(type, *args)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
index 0a2f6cb9fb..a34b2fe702 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def default_value?(value)
           value == coder.load(nil)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
index fc40b460f0..58f25ba075 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def perform_fetch(lookup_key, *args)
           matching_pair = @mapping.reverse_each.detect do |key, _|
             key === lookup_key
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/unsigned_integer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/unsigned_integer.rb
index 4619528f81..535369e630 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/unsigned_integer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/unsigned_integer.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Type
     class UnsignedInteger < ActiveModel::Type::Integer # :nodoc:
       private
-
         def max_value
           super * 2
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
index 7cf8181d8e..f43559f4cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
@@ -8,21 +8,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_name = table_name
       end
 
-      def type_cast_for_database(attribute_name, value)
+      def type_cast_for_database(attr_name, value)
         return value if value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::BindParam)
-        column = column_for(attribute_name)
-        connection.type_cast_from_column(column, value)
+        type = type_for_attribute(attr_name)
+        type.serialize(value)
       end
 
-      private
-        attr_reader :table_name
-        delegate :connection, to: :@klass
+      def type_for_attribute(attr_name)
+        schema_cache = connection.schema_cache
 
-        def column_for(attribute_name)
-          if connection.schema_cache.data_source_exists?(table_name)
-            connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)[attribute_name.to_s]
-          end
+        if schema_cache.data_source_exists?(table_name)
+          column = schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)[attr_name.to_s]
+          type = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(column) if column
         end
+
+        type || Type.default_value
+      end
+
+      delegate :connection, to: :@klass, private: true
+
+      private
+        attr_reader :table_name
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
index ca27a3f0ab..23e8d53168 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     alias_method :validate, :valid?
 
   private
-
     def default_validation_context
       new_record? ? :create : :update
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
index 3538aeec22..dc89df4be7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def valid_object?(record)
           (record.respond_to?(:marked_for_destruction?) && record.marked_for_destruction?) || record.valid?
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
index 5a1dbc8e53..2c3a2fb797 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise ArgumentError, "#{options[:scope]} is not supported format for :scope option. " \
             "Pass a symbol or an array of symbols instead: `scope: :user_id`"
         end
-        super({ case_sensitive: true }.merge!(options))
+        super
         @klass = options[:class]
       end
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if finder_class.primary_key
             relation = relation.where.not(finder_class.primary_key => record.id_in_database)
           else
-            raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(finder_class, "Can not validate uniqueness for persisted record without primary key.")
+            raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(finder_class, "Cannot validate uniqueness for persisted record without primary key.")
           end
         end
         relation = scope_relation(record, relation)
@@ -56,33 +56,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def build_relation(klass, attribute, value)
-        if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(attribute)
-          attribute = reflection.foreign_key
-          value = value.attributes[reflection.klass.primary_key] unless value.nil?
-        end
-
-        if value.nil?
-          return klass.unscoped.where!(attribute => value)
-        end
-
-        # the attribute may be an aliased attribute
-        if klass.attribute_alias?(attribute)
-          attribute = klass.attribute_alias(attribute)
+        relation = klass.unscoped
+        comparison = relation.bind_attribute(attribute, value) do |attr, bind|
+          return relation.none! if bind.unboundable?
+
+          if !options.key?(:case_sensitive) || bind.nil?
+            klass.connection.default_uniqueness_comparison(attr, bind, klass)
+          elsif options[:case_sensitive]
+            klass.connection.case_sensitive_comparison(attr, bind)
+          else
+            # will use SQL LOWER function before comparison, unless it detects a case insensitive collation
+            klass.connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, bind)
+          end
         end
 
-        attribute_name = attribute.to_s
-        value = klass.predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attribute_name, value)
-
-        table = klass.arel_table
-        column = klass.columns_hash[attribute_name]
-
-        comparison = if !options[:case_sensitive]
-          # will use SQL LOWER function before comparison, unless it detects a case insensitive collation
-          klass.connection.case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
-        else
-          klass.connection.case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
-        end
-        klass.unscoped.where!(comparison)
+        relation.where!(comparison)
       end
 
       def scope_relation(record, relation)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel.rb
index dab785738e..0fc07e1ede 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel.rb
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ require "arel/math"
 require "arel/alias_predication"
 require "arel/order_predications"
 require "arel/table"
-require "arel/attributes"
-require "arel/compatibility/wheres"
+require "arel/attributes/attribute"
 
 require "arel/visitors"
 require "arel/collectors/sql_string"
@@ -40,6 +39,13 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
     value.is_a?(Arel::Node) || value.is_a?(Arel::Attribute) || value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
   end
 
+  def self.fetch_attribute(value)
+    case value
+    when Arel::Nodes::Between, Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::NotIn, Arel::Nodes::Equality, Arel::Nodes::NotEqual, Arel::Nodes::LessThan, Arel::Nodes::LessThanOrEqual, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThan, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual
+      yield value.left.is_a?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ? value.left : value.right
+    end
+  end
+
   ## Convenience Alias
   Node = Arel::Nodes::Node
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/attributes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 35d586c948..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/attributes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "arel/attributes/attribute"
-
-module Arel # :nodoc: all
-  module Attributes
-    ###
-    # Factory method to wrap a raw database +column+ to an Arel Attribute.
-    def self.for(column)
-      case column.type
-      when :string, :text, :binary             then String
-      when :integer                            then Integer
-      when :float                              then Float
-      when :decimal                            then Decimal
-      when :date, :datetime, :timestamp, :time then Time
-      when :boolean                            then Boolean
-      else
-        Undefined
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/compatibility/wheres.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/compatibility/wheres.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c8a73f0dae..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/compatibility/wheres.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Arel # :nodoc: all
-  module Compatibility # :nodoc:
-    class Wheres # :nodoc:
-      include Enumerable
-
-      module Value # :nodoc:
-        attr_accessor :visitor
-        def value
-          visitor.accept self
-        end
-
-        def name
-          super.to_sym
-        end
-      end
-
-      def initialize(engine, collection)
-        @engine     = engine
-        @collection = collection
-      end
-
-      def each
-        to_sql = Visitors::ToSql.new @engine
-
-        @collection.each { |c|
-          c.extend(Value)
-          c.visitor = to_sql
-          yield c
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/insert_manager.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/insert_manager.rb
index c90fc33a48..cb31e3060b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/insert_manager.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/insert_manager.rb
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           @ast.columns << column
           values << value
         end
-        @ast.values = create_values values, @ast.columns
+        @ast.values = create_values(values)
       end
       self
     end
 
-    def create_values(values, columns)
-      Nodes::Values.new values, columns
+    def create_values(values)
+      Nodes::ValuesList.new([values])
     end
 
     def create_values_list(rows)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes.rb
index 5af0e532e2..f994754620 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ require "arel/nodes/and"
 require "arel/nodes/function"
 require "arel/nodes/count"
 require "arel/nodes/extract"
-require "arel/nodes/values"
 require "arel/nodes/values_list"
 require "arel/nodes/named_function"
 
@@ -62,6 +61,8 @@ require "arel/nodes/outer_join"
 require "arel/nodes/right_outer_join"
 require "arel/nodes/string_join"
 
+require "arel/nodes/comment"
+
 require "arel/nodes/sql_literal"
 
 require "arel/nodes/casted"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/and.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/and.rb
index c530a77bfb..bf516db35f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/and.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/and.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Nodes
-    class And < Arel::Nodes::Node
+    class And < Arel::Nodes::NodeExpression
       attr_reader :children
 
       def initialize(children)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/bind_param.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/bind_param.rb
index ba8340558a..344e46479f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/bind_param.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/bind_param.rb
@@ -24,8 +24,12 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         value.nil?
       end
 
-      def boundable?
-        !value.respond_to?(:boundable?) || value.boundable?
+      def infinite?
+        value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
+      end
+
+      def unboundable?
+        value.respond_to?(:unboundable?) && value.unboundable?
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/case.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/case.rb
index 654a54825e..1c4b727bf6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/case.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Nodes
-    class Case < Arel::Nodes::Node
+    class Case < Arel::Nodes::NodeExpression
       attr_accessor :case, :conditions, :default
 
       def initialize(expression = nil, default = nil)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/casted.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/casted.rb
index c1e6e97d6d..6e911b717d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/casted.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/casted.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
     class Quoted < Arel::Nodes::Unary # :nodoc:
       alias :val :value
       def nil?; val.nil?; end
+
+      def infinite?
+        value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
+      end
     end
 
     def self.build_quoted(other, attribute = nil)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/comment.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/comment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..237ff27e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/comment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Arel # :nodoc: all
+  module Nodes
+    class Comment < Arel::Nodes::Node
+      attr_reader :values
+
+      def initialize(values)
+        super()
+        @values = values
+      end
+
+      def initialize_copy(other)
+        super
+        @values = @values.clone
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        [@values].hash
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        self.class == other.class &&
+          self.values == other.values
+      end
+      alias :== :eql?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/select_core.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/select_core.rb
index 73461ff683..11b4f39ece 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/select_core.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/select_core.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,22 @@
 module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Nodes
     class SelectCore < Arel::Nodes::Node
-      attr_accessor :projections, :wheres, :groups, :windows
-      attr_accessor :havings, :source, :set_quantifier
+      attr_accessor :projections, :wheres, :groups, :windows, :comment
+      attr_accessor :havings, :source, :set_quantifier, :optimizer_hints
 
       def initialize
         super()
-        @source         = JoinSource.new nil
+        @source = JoinSource.new nil
 
         # https://ronsavage.github.io/SQL/sql-92.bnf.html#set%20quantifier
-        @set_quantifier = nil
-        @projections    = []
-        @wheres         = []
-        @groups         = []
-        @havings        = []
-        @windows        = []
+        @set_quantifier  = nil
+        @optimizer_hints = nil
+        @projections     = []
+        @wheres          = []
+        @groups          = []
+        @havings         = []
+        @windows         = []
+        @comment         = nil
       end
 
       def from
@@ -42,8 +44,8 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
 
       def hash
         [
-          @source, @set_quantifier, @projections,
-          @wheres, @groups, @havings, @windows
+          @source, @set_quantifier, @projections, @optimizer_hints,
+          @wheres, @groups, @havings, @windows, @comment
         ].hash
       end
 
@@ -51,11 +53,13 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         self.class == other.class &&
           self.source == other.source &&
           self.set_quantifier == other.set_quantifier &&
+          self.optimizer_hints == other.optimizer_hints &&
           self.projections == other.projections &&
           self.wheres == other.wheres &&
           self.groups == other.groups &&
           self.havings == other.havings &&
-          self.windows == other.windows
+          self.windows == other.windows &&
+          self.comment == other.comment
       end
       alias :== :eql?
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/unary.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/unary.rb
index 00639304e4..6d1ac36b0e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/unary.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/unary.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
       Not
       Offset
       On
+      OptimizerHints
       Ordering
       RollUp
     }.each do |name|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/values.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/values.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 650248dc04..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/values.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Arel # :nodoc: all
-  module Nodes
-    class Values < Arel::Nodes::Binary
-      alias :expressions :left
-      alias :expressions= :left=
-      alias :columns :right
-      alias :columns= :right=
-
-      def initialize(exprs, columns = [])
-        super
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/values_list.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/values_list.rb
index 27109848e4..1a9d9ebf01 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/values_list.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/nodes/values_list.rb
@@ -2,23 +2,8 @@
 
 module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Nodes
-    class ValuesList < Node
-      attr_reader :rows
-
-      def initialize(rows)
-        @rows = rows
-        super()
-      end
-
-      def hash
-        @rows.hash
-      end
-
-      def eql?(other)
-        self.class == other.class &&
-          self.rows == other.rows
-      end
-      alias :== :eql?
+    class ValuesList < Unary
+      alias :rows :expr
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/predications.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/predications.rb
index 77502dd199..895d394363 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/predications.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/predications.rb
@@ -35,15 +35,17 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
     end
 
     def between(other)
-      if equals_quoted?(other.begin, -Float::INFINITY)
-        if equals_quoted?(other.end, Float::INFINITY)
+      if unboundable?(other.begin) == 1 || unboundable?(other.end) == -1
+        self.in([])
+      elsif other.begin.nil? || open_ended?(other.begin)
+        if other.end.nil? || open_ended?(other.end)
           not_in([])
         elsif other.exclude_end?
           lt(other.end)
         else
           lteq(other.end)
         end
-      elsif equals_quoted?(other.end, Float::INFINITY)
+      elsif other.end.nil? || open_ended?(other.end)
         gteq(other.begin)
       elsif other.exclude_end?
         gteq(other.begin).and(lt(other.end))
@@ -81,15 +83,17 @@ Passing a range to `#in` is deprecated. Call `#between`, instead.
     end
 
     def not_between(other)
-      if equals_quoted?(other.begin, -Float::INFINITY)
-        if equals_quoted?(other.end, Float::INFINITY)
+      if unboundable?(other.begin) == 1 || unboundable?(other.end) == -1
+        not_in([])
+      elsif other.begin.nil? || open_ended?(other.begin)
+        if other.end.nil? || open_ended?(other.end)
           self.in([])
         elsif other.exclude_end?
           gteq(other.end)
         else
           gt(other.end)
         end
-      elsif equals_quoted?(other.end, Float::INFINITY)
+      elsif other.end.nil? || open_ended?(other.end)
         lt(other.begin)
       else
         left = lt(other.begin)
@@ -217,7 +221,6 @@ Passing a range to `#not_in` is deprecated. Call `#not_between`, instead.
     end
 
     private
-
       def grouping_any(method_id, others, *extras)
         nodes = others.map { |expr| send(method_id, expr, *extras) }
         Nodes::Grouping.new nodes.inject { |memo, node|
@@ -238,12 +241,16 @@ Passing a range to `#not_in` is deprecated. Call `#not_between`, instead.
         others.map { |v| quoted_node(v) }
       end
 
-      def equals_quoted?(maybe_quoted, value)
-        if maybe_quoted.is_a?(Nodes::Quoted)
-          maybe_quoted.val == value
-        else
-          maybe_quoted == value
-        end
+      def infinity?(value)
+        value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
+      end
+
+      def unboundable?(value)
+        value.respond_to?(:unboundable?) && value.unboundable?
+      end
+
+      def open_ended?(value)
+        infinity?(value) || unboundable?(value)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/select_manager.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/select_manager.rb
index a2b2838a3d..ddc9e394dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/select_manager.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/select_manager.rb
@@ -146,6 +146,13 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
       @ctx.projections = projections
     end
 
+    def optimizer_hints(*hints)
+      unless hints.empty?
+        @ctx.optimizer_hints = Arel::Nodes::OptimizerHints.new(hints)
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
     def distinct(value = true)
       if value
         @ctx.set_quantifier = Arel::Nodes::Distinct.new
@@ -237,16 +244,9 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
       @ctx.source
     end
 
-    class Row < Struct.new(:data) # :nodoc:
-      def id
-        data["id"]
-      end
-
-      def method_missing(name, *args)
-        name = name.to_s
-        return data[name] if data.key?(name)
-        super
-      end
+    def comment(*values)
+      @ctx.comment = Nodes::Comment.new(values)
+      self
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/depth_first.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/depth_first.rb
index 92d309453c..98c3f92cf1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/depth_first.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/depth_first.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
       end
 
       private
-
-        def visit(o)
+        def visit(o, _ = nil)
           super
           @block.call o
         end
@@ -35,6 +34,8 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_Ascending         :unary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_Descending        :unary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_UnqualifiedColumn :unary
+        alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_OptimizerHints    :unary
+        alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_ValuesList        :unary
 
         def function(o)
           visit o.expressions
@@ -102,7 +103,6 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_Regexp             :binary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_RightOuterJoin     :binary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_TableAlias         :binary
-        alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_Values             :binary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_When               :binary
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_StringJoin(o)
@@ -180,6 +180,10 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           visit o.limit
         end
 
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_Comment(o)
+          visit o.values
+        end
+
         def visit_Array(o)
           o.each { |i| visit i }
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/dot.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/dot.rb
index 6389c875cb..c4ea07bcfe 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/dot.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/dot.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
       end
 
       private
-
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Ordering(o)
           visit_edge o, "expr"
         end
@@ -46,8 +45,8 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           visit_edge o, "distinct"
         end
 
-        def visit_Arel_Nodes_Values(o)
-          visit_edge o, "expressions"
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_ValuesList(o)
+          visit_edge o, "rows"
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_StringJoin(o)
@@ -82,6 +81,7 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_Offset            :unary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_On                :unary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_UnqualifiedColumn :unary
+        alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_OptimizerHints    :unary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_Preceding         :unary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_Following         :unary
         alias :visit_Arel_Nodes_Rows              :unary
@@ -233,6 +233,10 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         end
         alias :visit_Set :visit_Array
 
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_Comment(o)
+          visit_edge(o, "values")
+        end
+
         def visit_edge(o, method)
           edge(method) { visit o.send(method) }
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/ibm_db.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/ibm_db.rb
index 73166054da..5cf958f5f0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/ibm_db.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/ibm_db.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,15 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Visitors
     class IBM_DB < Arel::Visitors::ToSql
       private
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectCore(o, collector)
+          collector = super
+          maybe_visit o.optimizer_hints, collector
+        end
+
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_OptimizerHints(o, collector)
+          hints = o.expr.map { |v| sanitize_as_sql_comment(v) }.join
+          collector << "/* <OPTGUIDELINES>#{hints}</OPTGUIDELINES> */"
+        end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Limit(o, collector)
           collector << "FETCH FIRST "
@@ -16,6 +25,10 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           collector = visit [o.left, o.right, 0, 1], collector
           collector << ")"
         end
+
+        def collect_optimizer_hints(o, collector)
+          collector
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/informix.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/informix.rb
index 0a9713794e..1a4ad1c8d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/informix.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/informix.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
             collector << "ORDER BY "
             collector = inject_join o.orders, collector, ", "
           end
-          collector = maybe_visit o.lock, collector
+          maybe_visit o.lock, collector
         end
+
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectCore(o, collector)
           collector = inject_join o.projections, collector, ", "
           if o.source && !o.source.empty?
@@ -41,10 +42,16 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           collector
         end
 
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_OptimizerHints(o, collector)
+          hints = o.expr.map { |v| sanitize_as_sql_comment(v) }.join(", ")
+          collector << "/*+ #{hints} */"
+        end
+
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Offset(o, collector)
           collector << "SKIP "
           visit o.expr, collector
         end
+
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Limit(o, collector)
           collector << "FIRST "
           visit o.expr, collector
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/mssql.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/mssql.rb
index fdd864b40d..92eb94f802 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/mssql.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/mssql.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
       end
 
       private
-
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_IsNotDistinctFrom(o, collector)
           right = o.right
 
@@ -76,6 +75,16 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           end
         end
 
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectCore(o, collector)
+          collector = super
+          maybe_visit o.optimizer_hints, collector
+        end
+
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_OptimizerHints(o, collector)
+          hints = o.expr.map { |v| sanitize_as_sql_comment(v) }.join(", ")
+          collector << "OPTION (#{hints})"
+        end
+
         def get_offset_limit_clause(o)
           first_row = o.offset ? o.offset.expr.to_i + 1 : 1
           last_row  = o.limit ? o.limit.expr.to_i - 1 + first_row : nil
@@ -97,12 +106,16 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           collector = visit o.relation, collector
           if o.wheres.any?
             collector << " WHERE "
-            inject_join o.wheres, collector, AND
+            inject_join o.wheres, collector, " AND "
           else
             collector
           end
         end
 
+        def collect_optimizer_hints(o, collector)
+          collector
+        end
+
         def determine_order_by(orders, x)
           if orders.any?
             orders
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/oracle.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/oracle.rb
index f96bf65ee5..aab66301ef 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/oracle.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/oracle.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Visitors
     class Oracle < Arel::Visitors::ToSql
       private
-
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectStatement(o, collector)
           o = order_hacks(o)
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/oracle12.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/oracle12.rb
index b092aa95e0..36783243b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/oracle12.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/oracle12.rb
@@ -4,15 +4,13 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Visitors
     class Oracle12 < Arel::Visitors::ToSql
       private
-
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectStatement(o, collector)
           # Oracle does not allow LIMIT clause with select for update
           if o.limit && o.lock
-            raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG
-            'Combination of limit and lock is not supported.
-            because generated SQL statements
-            `SELECT FOR UPDATE and FETCH FIRST n ROWS` generates ORA-02014.`
-          MSG
+            raise ArgumentError, <<~MSG
+              Combination of limit and lock is not supported. Because generated SQL statements
+              `SELECT FOR UPDATE and FETCH FIRST n ROWS` generates ORA-02014.
+            MSG
           end
           super
         end
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectOptions(o, collector)
           collector = maybe_visit o.offset, collector
           collector = maybe_visit o.limit, collector
-          collector = maybe_visit o.lock, collector
+          maybe_visit o.lock, collector
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Limit(o, collector)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/postgresql.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/postgresql.rb
index 920776b4dc..d4f21ff93e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/postgresql.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/postgresql.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,7 @@
 module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Visitors
     class PostgreSQL < Arel::Visitors::ToSql
-      CUBE = "CUBE"
-      ROLLUP = "ROLLUP"
-      GROUPING_SETS = "GROUPING SETS"
-      LATERAL = "LATERAL"
-
       private
-
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Matches(o, collector)
           op = o.case_sensitive ? " LIKE " : " ILIKE "
           collector = infix_value o, collector, op
@@ -57,23 +51,22 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Cube(o, collector)
-          collector << CUBE
+          collector << "CUBE"
           grouping_array_or_grouping_element o, collector
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_RollUp(o, collector)
-          collector << ROLLUP
+          collector << "ROLLUP"
           grouping_array_or_grouping_element o, collector
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_GroupingSet(o, collector)
-          collector << GROUPING_SETS
+          collector << "GROUPING SETS"
           grouping_array_or_grouping_element o, collector
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Lateral(o, collector)
-          collector << LATERAL
-          collector << SPACE
+          collector << "LATERAL "
           grouping_parentheses o, collector
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/sqlite.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/sqlite.rb
index af6f7e856a..62ec74ad82 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/sqlite.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/sqlite.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
   module Visitors
     class SQLite < Arel::Visitors::ToSql
       private
-
         # Locks are not supported in SQLite
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Lock(o, collector)
           collector
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb
index f9fe4404eb..eff7a0d036 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/to_sql.rb
@@ -9,59 +9,6 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
     end
 
     class ToSql < Arel::Visitors::Visitor
-      ##
-      # This is some roflscale crazy stuff.  I'm roflscaling this because
-      # building SQL queries is a hotspot.  I will explain the roflscale so that
-      # others will not rm this code.
-      #
-      # In YARV, string literals in a method body will get duped when the byte
-      # code is executed.  Let's take a look:
-      #
-      # > puts RubyVM::InstructionSequence.new('def foo; "bar"; end').disasm
-      #
-      #   == disasm: <RubyVM::InstructionSequence:foo@<compiled>>=====
-      #    0000 trace            8
-      #    0002 trace            1
-      #    0004 putstring        "bar"
-      #    0006 trace            16
-      #    0008 leave
-      #
-      # The `putstring` bytecode will dup the string and push it on the stack.
-      # In many cases in our SQL visitor, that string is never mutated, so there
-      # is no need to dup the literal.
-      #
-      # If we change to a constant lookup, the string will not be duped, and we
-      # can reduce the objects in our system:
-      #
-      # > puts RubyVM::InstructionSequence.new('BAR = "bar"; def foo; BAR; end').disasm
-      #
-      #  == disasm: <RubyVM::InstructionSequence:foo@<compiled>>========
-      #  0000 trace            8
-      #  0002 trace            1
-      #  0004 getinlinecache   11, <ic:0>
-      #  0007 getconstant      :BAR
-      #  0009 setinlinecache   <ic:0>
-      #  0011 trace            16
-      #  0013 leave
-      #
-      # `getconstant` should be a hash lookup, and no object is duped when the
-      # value of the constant is pushed on the stack.  Hence the crazy
-      # constants below.
-      #
-      # `matches` and `doesNotMatch` operate case-insensitively via Visitor subclasses
-      # specialized for specific databases when necessary.
-      #
-
-      WHERE    = " WHERE "    # :nodoc:
-      SPACE    = " "          # :nodoc:
-      COMMA    = ", "         # :nodoc:
-      GROUP_BY = " GROUP BY " # :nodoc:
-      ORDER_BY = " ORDER BY " # :nodoc:
-      WINDOW   = " WINDOW "   # :nodoc:
-      AND      = " AND "      # :nodoc:
-
-      DISTINCT = "DISTINCT"   # :nodoc:
-
       def initialize(connection)
         super()
         @connection = connection
@@ -72,7 +19,6 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
       end
 
       private
-
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_DeleteStatement(o, collector)
           o = prepare_delete_statement(o)
 
@@ -105,10 +51,14 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_InsertStatement(o, collector)
           collector << "INSERT INTO "
           collector = visit o.relation, collector
-          if o.columns.any?
-            collector << " (#{o.columns.map { |x|
-              quote_column_name x.name
-            }.join ', '})"
+
+          unless o.columns.empty?
+            collector << " ("
+            o.columns.each_with_index do |x, i|
+              collector << ", " unless i == 0
+              collector << quote_column_name(x.name)
+            end
+            collector << ")"
           end
 
           if o.values
@@ -150,48 +100,27 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_ValuesList(o, collector)
           collector << "VALUES "
 
-          len = o.rows.length - 1
-          o.rows.each_with_index { |row, i|
+          o.rows.each_with_index do |row, i|
+            collector << ", " unless i == 0
             collector << "("
-            row_len = row.length - 1
             row.each_with_index do |value, k|
+              collector << ", " unless k == 0
               case value
               when Nodes::SqlLiteral, Nodes::BindParam
                 collector = visit(value, collector)
               else
-                collector << quote(value)
+                collector << quote(value).to_s
               end
-              collector << COMMA unless k == row_len
             end
             collector << ")"
-            collector << COMMA unless i == len
-          }
+          end
           collector
         end
 
-        def visit_Arel_Nodes_Values(o, collector)
-          collector << "VALUES ("
-
-          len = o.expressions.length - 1
-          o.expressions.each_with_index { |value, i|
-            case value
-            when Nodes::SqlLiteral, Nodes::BindParam
-              collector = visit value, collector
-            else
-              collector << quote(value).to_s
-            end
-            unless i == len
-              collector << COMMA
-            end
-          }
-
-          collector << ")"
-        end
-
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectStatement(o, collector)
           if o.with
             collector = visit o.with, collector
-            collector << SPACE
+            collector << " "
           end
 
           collector = o.cores.inject(collector) { |c, x|
@@ -199,46 +128,53 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           }
 
           unless o.orders.empty?
-            collector << ORDER_BY
-            len = o.orders.length - 1
-            o.orders.each_with_index { |x, i|
+            collector << " ORDER BY "
+            o.orders.each_with_index do |x, i|
+              collector << ", " unless i == 0
               collector = visit(x, collector)
-              collector << COMMA unless len == i
-            }
+            end
           end
 
           visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectOptions(o, collector)
-
-          collector
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectOptions(o, collector)
           collector = maybe_visit o.limit, collector
           collector = maybe_visit o.offset, collector
-          collector = maybe_visit o.lock, collector
+          maybe_visit o.lock, collector
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectCore(o, collector)
           collector << "SELECT"
 
+          collector = collect_optimizer_hints(o, collector)
           collector = maybe_visit o.set_quantifier, collector
 
-          collect_nodes_for o.projections, collector, SPACE
+          collect_nodes_for o.projections, collector, " "
 
           if o.source && !o.source.empty?
             collector << " FROM "
             collector = visit o.source, collector
           end
 
-          collect_nodes_for o.wheres, collector, WHERE, AND
-          collect_nodes_for o.groups, collector, GROUP_BY
-          collect_nodes_for o.havings, collector, " HAVING ", AND
-          collect_nodes_for o.windows, collector, WINDOW
+          collect_nodes_for o.wheres, collector, " WHERE ", " AND "
+          collect_nodes_for o.groups, collector, " GROUP BY "
+          collect_nodes_for o.havings, collector, " HAVING ", " AND "
+          collect_nodes_for o.windows, collector, " WINDOW "
+
+          maybe_visit o.comment, collector
+        end
 
-          collector
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_OptimizerHints(o, collector)
+          hints = o.expr.map { |v| sanitize_as_sql_comment(v) }.join(" ")
+          collector << "/*+ #{hints} */"
         end
 
-        def collect_nodes_for(nodes, collector, spacer, connector = COMMA)
+        def visit_Arel_Nodes_Comment(o, collector)
+          collector << o.values.map { |v| "/* #{sanitize_as_sql_comment(v)} */" }.join(" ")
+        end
+
+        def collect_nodes_for(nodes, collector, spacer, connector = ", ")
           unless nodes.empty?
             collector << spacer
             inject_join nodes, collector, connector
@@ -250,7 +186,7 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Distinct(o, collector)
-          collector << DISTINCT
+          collector << "DISTINCT"
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_DistinctOn(o, collector)
@@ -259,12 +195,12 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_With(o, collector)
           collector << "WITH "
-          inject_join o.children, collector, COMMA
+          inject_join o.children, collector, ", "
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_WithRecursive(o, collector)
           collector << "WITH RECURSIVE "
-          inject_join o.children, collector, COMMA
+          inject_join o.children, collector, ", "
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Union(o, collector)
@@ -297,13 +233,13 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           collect_nodes_for o.partitions, collector, "PARTITION BY "
 
           if o.orders.any?
-            collector << SPACE if o.partitions.any?
+            collector << " " if o.partitions.any?
             collector << "ORDER BY "
             collector = inject_join o.orders, collector, ", "
           end
 
           if o.framing
-            collector << SPACE if o.partitions.any? || o.orders.any?
+            collector << " " if o.partitions.any? || o.orders.any?
             collector = visit o.framing, collector
           end
 
@@ -508,8 +444,8 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
             collector = visit o.left, collector
           end
           if o.right.any?
-            collector << SPACE if o.left
-            collector = inject_join o.right, collector, SPACE
+            collector << " " if o.left
+            collector = inject_join o.right, collector, " "
           end
           collector
         end
@@ -529,7 +465,7 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_FullOuterJoin(o, collector)
           collector << "FULL OUTER JOIN "
           collector = visit o.left, collector
-          collector << SPACE
+          collector << " "
           visit o.right, collector
         end
 
@@ -543,7 +479,7 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_RightOuterJoin(o, collector)
           collector << "RIGHT OUTER JOIN "
           collector = visit o.left, collector
-          collector << SPACE
+          collector << " "
           visit o.right, collector
         end
 
@@ -551,7 +487,7 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           collector << "INNER JOIN "
           collector = visit o.left, collector
           if o.right
-            collector << SPACE
+            collector << " "
             visit(o.right, collector)
           else
             collector
@@ -570,41 +506,73 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
 
         def visit_Arel_Table(o, collector)
           if o.table_alias
-            collector << "#{quote_table_name o.name} #{quote_table_name o.table_alias}"
+            collector << quote_table_name(o.name) << " " << quote_table_name(o.table_alias)
           else
             collector << quote_table_name(o.name)
           end
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_In(o, collector)
-          if Array === o.right && !o.right.empty?
-            o.right.keep_if { |value| boundable?(value) }
+          unless Array === o.right
+            return collect_in_clause(o.left, o.right, collector)
           end
 
-          if Array === o.right && o.right.empty?
-            collector << "1=0"
+          unless o.right.empty?
+            o.right.delete_if { |value| unboundable?(value) }
+          end
+
+          return collector << "1=0" if o.right.empty?
+
+          in_clause_length = @connection.in_clause_length
+
+          if !in_clause_length || o.right.length <= in_clause_length
+            collect_in_clause(o.left, o.right, collector)
           else
-            collector = visit o.left, collector
-            collector << " IN ("
-            visit(o.right, collector) << ")"
+            collector << "("
+            o.right.each_slice(in_clause_length).each_with_index do |right, i|
+              collector << " OR " unless i == 0
+              collect_in_clause(o.left, right, collector)
+            end
+            collector << ")"
           end
         end
 
+        def collect_in_clause(left, right, collector)
+          collector = visit left, collector
+          collector << " IN ("
+          visit(right, collector) << ")"
+        end
+
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_NotIn(o, collector)
-          if Array === o.right && !o.right.empty?
-            o.right.keep_if { |value| boundable?(value) }
+          unless Array === o.right
+            return collect_not_in_clause(o.left, o.right, collector)
           end
 
-          if Array === o.right && o.right.empty?
-            collector << "1=1"
+          unless o.right.empty?
+            o.right.delete_if { |value| unboundable?(value) }
+          end
+
+          return collector << "1=1" if o.right.empty?
+
+          in_clause_length = @connection.in_clause_length
+
+          if !in_clause_length || o.right.length <= in_clause_length
+            collect_not_in_clause(o.left, o.right, collector)
           else
-            collector = visit o.left, collector
-            collector << " NOT IN ("
-            collector = visit o.right, collector
-            collector << ")"
+            o.right.each_slice(in_clause_length).each_with_index do |right, i|
+              collector << " AND " unless i == 0
+              collect_not_in_clause(o.left, right, collector)
+            end
+            collector
           end
         end
 
+        def collect_not_in_clause(left, right, collector)
+          collector = visit left, collector
+          collector << " NOT IN ("
+          visit(right, collector) << ")"
+        end
+
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_And(o, collector)
           inject_join o.children, collector, " AND "
         end
@@ -631,6 +599,8 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_Equality(o, collector)
           right = o.right
 
+          return collector << "1=0" if unboundable?(right)
+
           collector = visit o.left, collector
 
           if right.nil?
@@ -664,6 +634,8 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_NotEqual(o, collector)
           right = o.right
 
+          return collector << "1=1" if unboundable?(right)
+
           collector = visit o.left, collector
 
           if right.nil?
@@ -710,20 +682,13 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_UnqualifiedColumn(o, collector)
-          collector << "#{quote_column_name o.name}"
-          collector
+          collector << quote_column_name(o.name)
         end
 
         def visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute(o, collector)
           join_name = o.relation.table_alias || o.relation.name
-          collector << "#{quote_table_name join_name}.#{quote_column_name o.name}"
+          collector << quote_table_name(join_name) << "." << quote_column_name(o.name)
         end
-        alias :visit_Arel_Attributes_Integer :visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute
-        alias :visit_Arel_Attributes_Float :visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute
-        alias :visit_Arel_Attributes_Decimal :visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute
-        alias :visit_Arel_Attributes_String :visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute
-        alias :visit_Arel_Attributes_Time :visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute
-        alias :visit_Arel_Attributes_Boolean :visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute
 
         def literal(o, collector); collector << o.to_s; end
 
@@ -797,6 +762,15 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           @connection.quote_column_name(name)
         end
 
+        def sanitize_as_sql_comment(value)
+          return value if Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral === value
+          @connection.sanitize_as_sql_comment(value)
+        end
+
+        def collect_optimizer_hints(o, collector)
+          maybe_visit o.optimizer_hints, collector
+        end
+
         def maybe_visit(thing, collector)
           return collector unless thing
           collector << " "
@@ -804,18 +778,15 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         end
 
         def inject_join(list, collector, join_str)
-          len = list.length - 1
-          list.each_with_index.inject(collector) { |c, (x, i)|
-            if i == len
-              visit x, c
-            else
-              visit(x, c) << join_str
-            end
-          }
+          list.each_with_index do |x, i|
+            collector << join_str unless i == 0
+            collector = visit(x, collector)
+          end
+          collector
         end
 
-        def boundable?(value)
-          !value.respond_to?(:boundable?) || value.boundable?
+        def unboundable?(value)
+          value.respond_to?(:unboundable?) && value.unboundable?
         end
 
         def has_join_sources?(o)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/visitor.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/visitor.rb
index 1c17184e86..9066307aed 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/visitor.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/visitor.rb
@@ -7,16 +7,15 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
         @dispatch = get_dispatch_cache
       end
 
-      def accept(object, *args)
-        visit object, *args
+      def accept(object, collector = nil)
+        visit object, collector
       end
 
       private
-
         attr_reader :dispatch
 
         def self.dispatch_cache
-          Hash.new do |hash, klass|
+          @dispatch_cache ||= Hash.new do |hash, klass|
             hash[klass] = "visit_#{(klass.name || '').gsub('::', '_')}"
           end
         end
@@ -25,9 +24,13 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
           self.class.dispatch_cache
         end
 
-        def visit(object, *args)
+        def visit(object, collector = nil)
           dispatch_method = dispatch[object.class]
-          send dispatch_method, object, *args
+          if collector
+            send dispatch_method, object, collector
+          else
+            send dispatch_method, object
+          end
         rescue NoMethodError => e
           raise e if respond_to?(dispatch_method, true)
           superklass = object.class.ancestors.find { |klass|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/where_sql.rb b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/where_sql.rb
index c6caf5e7c9..8fb299d1c8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/where_sql.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/arel/visitors/where_sql.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ module Arel # :nodoc: all
       end
 
       private
-
         def visit_Arel_Nodes_SelectCore(o, collector)
           collector << "WHERE "
           wheres = o.wheres.map do |where|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/application_record/application_record_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/application_record/application_record_generator.rb
index 35d5664400..56b9628a92 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/application_record/application_record_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/application_record/application_record_generator.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def application_record_file_name
           @application_record_file_name ||=
             if namespaced?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
index cbb88d571d..af753071a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def primary_key_type
           key_type = options[:primary_key_type]
           ", id: :#{key_type}" if key_type
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
index dd79bcf542..0620a515bd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class MigrationGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]"
 
+      class_option :timestamps, type: :boolean
       class_option :primary_key_type, type: :string, desc: "The type for primary key"
-      class_option :database, type: :string, aliases: %i(db), desc: "The database for your migration. By default, the current environment's primary database is used."
+      class_option :database, type: :string, aliases: %i(--db), desc: "The database for your migration. By default, the current environment's primary database is used."
 
       def create_migration_file
         set_local_assigns!
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb.tt b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb.tt
index 5f7201cfe1..562543f981 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb.tt
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb.tt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration[<%= ActiveRecord::Mi
       t.string :password_digest<%= attribute.inject_options %>
 <% elsif attribute.token? -%>
       t.string :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
-<% else -%>
+<% elsif !attribute.virtual? -%>
       t.<%= attribute.type %> :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
 <% end -%>
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb.tt b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb.tt
index 481c70201b..c07380bec9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb.tt
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb.tt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration[<%= ActiveRecord::Mi
   <%- elsif attribute.token? -%>
     add_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :string<%= attribute.inject_options %>
     add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>, unique: true
-  <%- else -%>
+  <%- elsif !attribute.virtual? -%>
     add_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :<%= attribute.type %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
     <%- if attribute.has_index? -%>
     add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration[<%= ActiveRecord::Mi
     <%- attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
       <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
       t.references :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
-      <%- else -%>
+      <%- elsif !attribute.virtual? -%>
       <%= '# ' unless attribute.has_index? -%>t.index <%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
       <%- end -%>
     <%- end -%>
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration[<%= ActiveRecord::Mi
     <%- if attribute.has_index? -%>
     remove_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
     <%- end -%>
+    <%- if !attribute.virtual? %>
     remove_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :<%= attribute.type %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
+    <%- end -%>
   <%- end -%>
 <%- end -%>
 <%- end -%>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
index eac504f9f1..d4733f948f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_option :parent, type: :string, desc: "The parent class for the generated model"
       class_option :indexes, type: :boolean, default: true, desc: "Add indexes for references and belongs_to columns"
       class_option :primary_key_type, type: :string, desc: "The type for primary key"
-      class_option :database, type: :string, aliases: %i(db), desc: "The database for your model's migration. By default, the current environment's primary database is used."
+      class_option :database, type: :string, aliases: %i(--db), desc: "The database for your model's migration. By default, the current environment's primary database is used."
 
       # creates the migration file for the model.
       def create_migration_file
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       hook_for :test_framework
 
       private
-
         def attributes_with_index
           attributes.select { |a| !a.reference? && a.has_index? }
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb.tt b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb.tt
index 55dc65c8ad..77b9ea1c86 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb.tt
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb.tt
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= class_name %> < <%= parent_class_name.classify %>
 <% attributes.select(&:reference?).each do |attribute| -%>
-  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %><%= ', required: true' if attribute.required? %>
+  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %>
+<% end -%>
+<% attributes.select(&:rich_text?).each do |attribute| -%>
+  has_rich_text :<%= attribute.name %>
+<% end -%>
+<% attributes.select(&:attachment?).each do |attribute| -%>
+  has_one_attached :<%= attribute.name %>
+<% end -%>
+<% attributes.select(&:attachments?).each do |attribute| -%>
+  has_many_attached :<%= attribute.name %>
 <% end -%>
 <% attributes.select(&:token?).each do |attribute| -%>
   has_secure_token<% if attribute.name != "token" %> :<%= attribute.name %><% end %>
diff --git a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
index f977b2997b..f1f457aedd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           name.to_s,
           options[:default],
           fetch_type_metadata(sql_type),
-          options[:null])
+          options[:null],
+        )
       end
 
       def columns(table_name)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
index 64c2b51f83..0bc617edbe 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def setup
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       @connection.materialize_transactions
+      @connection_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
     end
 
     ##
@@ -109,6 +110,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def test_exec_query_returns_an_empty_result
+      result = @connection.exec_query "INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES('me')"
+      assert_instance_of(ActiveRecord::Result, result)
+    end
+
     if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
       def test_charset
         assert_not_nil @connection.charset
@@ -127,19 +133,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_not_specifying_database_name_for_cross_database_selects
-        begin
-          assert_nothing_raised do
-            ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"].except(:database))
-
-            config = ARTest.connection_config
-            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(
-              "SELECT #{config['arunit']['database']}.pirates.*, #{config['arunit2']['database']}.courses.* " \
-              "FROM #{config['arunit']['database']}.pirates, #{config['arunit2']['database']}.courses"
-            )
-          end
-        ensure
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+        assert_nothing_raised do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"].except(:database))
+
+          config = ARTest.connection_config
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(
+            "SELECT #{config['arunit']['database']}.pirates.*, #{config['arunit2']['database']}.courses.* " \
+            "FROM #{config['arunit']['database']}.pirates, #{config['arunit2']['database']}.courses"
+          )
         end
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
       end
     end
 
@@ -160,6 +164,65 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def test_preventing_writes_predicate
+      assert_not_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?
+
+      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        assert_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?
+      end
+
+      assert_not_predicate @connection, :preventing_writes?
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+      assert_no_queries do
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+          @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            @connection.transaction do
+              @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')", nil, false)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_when_an_update_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+      assert_no_queries do
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+          @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            @connection.transaction do
+              @connection.update("UPDATE subscribers SET nick = '9989' WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_when_a_delete_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+      assert_no_queries do
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+          @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            @connection.transaction do
+              @connection.delete("DELETE FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+      @connection.insert("INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        result = @connection.select_all("SELECT subscribers.* FROM subscribers WHERE nick = '138853948594'")
+        assert_equal 1, result.length
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_uniqueness_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
       @connection.execute "INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES('me')"
       error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique) do
@@ -286,16 +349,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal "special_db_type", @connection.type_to_sql(:special_db_type)
     end
 
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      def test_log_invalid_encoding
-        error = assert_raises RuntimeError do
-          @connection.send :log, "SELECT 'ы' FROM DUAL" do
-            raise (+"ы").force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-          end
-        end
-
-        assert_equal "ы", error.message
-      end
+    def test_supports_foreign_keys_in_create_is_deprecated
+      assert_deprecated { @connection.supports_foreign_keys_in_create? }
     end
 
     def test_supports_multi_insert_is_deprecated
@@ -398,19 +453,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class AdapterTestWithoutTransaction < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
-    class Klass < ActiveRecord::Base
-    end
+    fixtures :posts, :authors, :author_addresses
 
     def setup
-      Klass.establish_connection :arunit
-      @connection = Klass.connection
-    end
-
-    teardown do
-      Klass.remove_connection
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     end
 
     unless in_memory_db?
+      test "reconnect after a disconnect" do
+        assert_predicate @connection, :active?
+        @connection.disconnect!
+        assert_not_predicate @connection, :active?
+        @connection.reconnect!
+        assert_predicate @connection, :active?
+      end
+
       test "transaction state is reset after a reconnect" do
         @connection.begin_transaction
         assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
@@ -423,9 +480,65 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
         @connection.disconnect!
         assert_not_predicate @connection, :transaction_open?
+      ensure
+        @connection.reconnect!
       end
     end
 
+    def test_truncate
+      assert_operator Post.count, :>, 0
+
+      @connection.truncate("posts")
+
+      assert_equal 0, Post.count
+    ensure
+      reset_fixtures("posts")
+    end
+
+    def test_truncate_with_query_cache
+      @connection.enable_query_cache!
+
+      assert_operator Post.count, :>, 0
+
+      @connection.truncate("posts")
+
+      assert_equal 0, Post.count
+    ensure
+      reset_fixtures("posts")
+      @connection.disable_query_cache!
+    end
+
+    def test_truncate_tables
+      assert_operator Post.count, :>, 0
+      assert_operator Author.count, :>, 0
+      assert_operator AuthorAddress.count, :>, 0
+
+      @connection.truncate_tables("author_addresses", "authors", "posts")
+
+      assert_equal 0, Post.count
+      assert_equal 0, Author.count
+      assert_equal 0, AuthorAddress.count
+    ensure
+      reset_fixtures("posts", "authors", "author_addresses")
+    end
+
+    def test_truncate_tables_with_query_cache
+      @connection.enable_query_cache!
+
+      assert_operator Post.count, :>, 0
+      assert_operator Author.count, :>, 0
+      assert_operator AuthorAddress.count, :>, 0
+
+      @connection.truncate_tables("author_addresses", "authors", "posts")
+
+      assert_equal 0, Post.count
+      assert_equal 0, Author.count
+      assert_equal 0, AuthorAddress.count
+    ensure
+      reset_fixtures("posts", "authors", "author_addresses")
+      @connection.disable_query_cache!
+    end
+
     # test resetting sequences in odd tables in PostgreSQL
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
       require "models/movie"
@@ -445,6 +558,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_nothing_raised { sub.save! }
       end
     end
+
+    private
+      def reset_fixtures(*fixture_names)
+        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
+
+        fixture_names.each do |fixture_name|
+          ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(FIXTURES_ROOT, fixture_name)
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
index 261fee13eb..c2c357d0c1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,18 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
   include ConnectionHelper
 
   def setup
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.send(:default_row_format)
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
       alias_method :execute_without_stub, :execute
-      def execute(sql, name = nil) sql end
+      def execute(sql, name = nil)
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter.instrument(
+          "sql.active_record",
+          sql: sql,
+          name: name,
+          connection: self) do
+          sql
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -68,18 +77,18 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).data_source_exists?(*); false; end
 
     %w(SPATIAL FULLTEXT UNIQUE).each do |type|
-      expected = "CREATE TABLE `people` (#{type} INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  (`last_name`))"
+      expected = /\ACREATE TABLE `people` \(#{type} INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  \(`last_name`\)\)/
       actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:people, id: false) do |t|
         t.index :last_name, type: type
       end
-      assert_equal expected, actual
+      assert_match expected, actual
     end
 
-    expected = "CREATE TABLE `people` ( INDEX `index_people_on_last_name` USING btree (`last_name`(10)))"
+    expected = /\ACREATE TABLE `people` \( INDEX `index_people_on_last_name` USING btree \(`last_name`\(10\)\)\)/
     actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:people, id: false) do |t|
       t.index :last_name, length: 10, using: :btree
     end
-    assert_equal expected, actual
+    assert_match expected, actual
   end
 
   def test_index_in_bulk_change
@@ -88,17 +97,19 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
 
     %w(SPATIAL FULLTEXT UNIQUE).each do |type|
       expected = "ALTER TABLE `people` ADD #{type} INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  (`last_name`)"
-      actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_table(:people, bulk: true) do |t|
-        t.index :last_name, type: type
+      assert_sql(expected) do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_table(:people, bulk: true) do |t|
+          t.index :last_name, type: type
+        end
       end
-      assert_equal expected, actual
     end
 
     expected = "ALTER TABLE `people` ADD  INDEX `index_people_on_last_name` USING btree (`last_name`(10)), ALGORITHM = COPY"
-    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_table(:people, bulk: true) do |t|
-      t.index :last_name, length: 10, using: :btree, algorithm: :copy
+    assert_sql(expected) do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_table(:people, bulk: true) do |t|
+        t.index :last_name, length: 10, using: :btree, algorithm: :copy
+      end
     end
-    assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
   def test_drop_table
@@ -106,7 +117,13 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_mysql_database_with_encoding
-    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4`", create_database(:matt)
+    if row_format_dynamic_by_default?
+      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4`", create_database(:matt)
+    else
+      error = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { create_database(:matt) }
+      expected = "Configure a supported :charset and ensure innodb_large_prefix is enabled to support indexes on varchar(255) string columns."
+      assert_equal expected, error.message
+    end
     assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", create_database(:aimonetti, charset: "latin1")
     assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt_aimonetti` DEFAULT COLLATE `utf8mb4_bin`", create_database(:matt_aimonetti, collation: "utf8mb4_bin")
   end
@@ -130,29 +147,25 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
 
   def test_add_timestamps
     with_real_execute do
-      begin
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
-        assert column_present?("delete_me", "updated_at", "datetime")
-        assert column_present?("delete_me", "created_at", "datetime")
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :delete_me rescue nil
-      end
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
+      assert column_exists?("delete_me", "updated_at", "datetime")
+      assert column_exists?("delete_me", "created_at", "datetime")
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :delete_me rescue nil
     end
   end
 
   def test_remove_timestamps
     with_real_execute do
-      begin
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
-          t.timestamps null: true
-        end
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
-        assert_not column_present?("delete_me", "updated_at", "datetime")
-        assert_not column_present?("delete_me", "created_at", "datetime")
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :delete_me rescue nil
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
+        t.timestamps null: true
       end
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
+      assert_not column_exists?("delete_me", "updated_at", "datetime")
+      assert_not column_exists?("delete_me", "created_at", "datetime")
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :delete_me rescue nil
     end
   end
 
@@ -163,12 +176,12 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
       [:temp],
       returns: false
     ) do
-      expected = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` ( INDEX `index_temp_on_zip`  (`zip`)) AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query"
+      expected = /\ACREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` \( INDEX `index_temp_on_zip`  \(`zip`\)\)(?: ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC)? AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query/
       actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:temp, temporary: true, as: "SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query") do |t|
         t.index :zip
       end
 
-      assert_equal expected, actual
+      assert_match expected, actual
     end
   end
 
@@ -191,9 +204,4 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     def method_missing(method_symbol, *arguments)
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.send(method_symbol, *arguments)
     end
-
-    def column_present?(table_name, column_name, type)
-      results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_all("SHOW FIELDS FROM #{table_name} LIKE '#{column_name}'")
-      results.first && results.first["Type"] == type
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index c32475c683..3756f74c95 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, case_sensitive: false)
     CollationTest.create!(string_ci_column: "A")
     invalid = CollationTest.new(string_ci_column: "a")
-    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
     ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
     assert_no_match(/lower/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
   end
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, case_sensitive: false)
     CollationTest.create!(string_cs_column: "A")
     invalid = CollationTest.new(string_cs_column: "a")
-    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
     cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
     assert_match(/lower/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
   end
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, case_sensitive: true)
     CollationTest.create!(string_ci_column: "A")
     invalid = CollationTest.new(string_ci_column: "A")
-    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
     ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
     assert_match(/binary/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
   end
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, case_sensitive: true)
     CollationTest.create!(string_cs_column: "A")
     invalid = CollationTest.new(string_cs_column: "A")
-    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
     cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
     assert_no_match(/binary/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
   end
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:binary_column, case_sensitive: true)
     CollationTest.create!(binary_column: "A")
     invalid = CollationTest.new(binary_column: "A")
-    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    queries = capture_sql { invalid.save }
     bin_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/binary_column/) }
     assert_no_match(/\bBINARY\b/, bin_uniqueness_query)
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index 3103589186..cb7461a8d5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -28,17 +28,6 @@ class Mysql2ConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_truncate
-    rows = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query("select count(*) from comments")
-    count = rows.first.values.first
-    assert_operator count, :>, 0
-
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.truncate("comments")
-    rows = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query("select count(*) from comments")
-    count = rows.first.values.first
-    assert_equal 0, count
-  end
-
   def test_no_automatic_reconnection_after_timeout
     assert_predicate @connection, :active?
     @connection.update("set @@wait_timeout=1")
@@ -208,7 +197,6 @@ class Mysql2ConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def test_lock_free(lock_name)
       @connection.select_value("SELECT IS_FREE_LOCK(#{@connection.quote(lock_name)})") == 1
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/count_deleted_rows_with_lock_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/count_deleted_rows_with_lock_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d361e405c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/count_deleted_rows_with_lock_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "support/connection_helper"
+require "models/author"
+require "models/bulb"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class CountDeletedRowsWithLockTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+    test "delete and create in different threads synchronize correctly" do
+      Bulb.unscoped.delete_all
+      Bulb.create!(name: "Jimmy", color: "blue")
+
+      delete_thread = Thread.new do
+        Bulb.unscoped.delete_all
+      end
+
+      create_thread = Thread.new do
+        Author.create!(name: "Tommy")
+      end
+
+      delete_thread.join
+      create_thread.join
+
+      assert_equal 1, delete_thread.value
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
index 00a075e063..cbe55f1d53 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
@@ -46,10 +46,7 @@ class Mysql2DatetimePrecisionQuotingTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
 
     def stub_version(full_version_string)
       @connection.stub(:full_version, full_version_string) do
-        @connection.remove_instance_variable(:@version) if @connection.instance_variable_defined?(:@version)
         yield
       end
-    ensure
-      @connection.remove_instance_variable(:@version) if @connection.instance_variable_defined?(:@version)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
index 832f5d61d1..1168b3677e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "cases/helper"
+require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
 class Mysql2EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
   class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
+  def setup
+    EnumTest.connection.create_table :enum_tests, id: false, force: true do |t|
+      t.column :enum_column, "enum('text','blob','tiny','medium','long','unsigned','bigint')"
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_enum_limit
     column = EnumTest.columns_hash["enum_column"]
     assert_equal 8, column.limit
@@ -20,4 +29,9 @@ class Mysql2EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     column = EnumTest.columns_hash["enum_column"]
     assert_not_predicate column, :bigint?
   end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    schema = dump_table_schema "enum_tests"
+    assert_match %r{t\.column "enum_column", "enum\('text','blob','tiny','medium','long','unsigned','bigint'\)"$}, schema
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
index 0719baaa23..cfc1823773 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ class Mysql2AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
 
   def setup
     @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
   end
 
   def test_exec_query_nothing_raises_with_no_result_queries
@@ -19,6 +20,18 @@ class Mysql2AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_database_exists_returns_false_if_database_does_not_exist
+    config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"].merge(database: "inexistent_activerecord_unittest")
+    assert_not ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.database_exists?(config),
+      "expected database to not exist"
+  end
+
+  def test_database_exists_returns_true_when_the_database_exists
+    config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"]
+    assert ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.database_exists?(config),
+     "expected database #{config[:database]} to exist"
+  end
+
   def test_columns_for_distinct_zero_orders
     assert_equal "posts.id",
       @conn.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", [])
@@ -56,7 +69,7 @@ class Mysql2AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
       @conn.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", [order])
   end
 
-  def test_errors_for_bigint_fks_on_integer_pk_table
+  def test_errors_for_bigint_fks_on_integer_pk_table_in_alter_table
     # table old_cars has primary key of integer
 
     error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::MismatchedForeignKey) do
@@ -64,13 +77,170 @@ class Mysql2AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
       @conn.add_foreign_key :engines, :old_cars
     end
 
-    assert_match "Column `old_car_id` on table `engines` has a type of `bigint(20)`", error.message
+    assert_includes error.message, <<~MSG.squish
+      Column `old_car_id` on table `engines` does not match column `id` on `old_cars`,
+      which has type `int(11)`. To resolve this issue, change the type of the `old_car_id`
+      column on `engines` to be :integer. (For example `t.integer :old_car_id`).
+    MSG
     assert_not_nil error.cause
-    @conn.exec_query("ALTER TABLE engines DROP COLUMN old_car_id")
+  ensure
+    @conn.execute("ALTER TABLE engines DROP COLUMN old_car_id") rescue nil
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_errors_for_bigint_fks_on_integer_pk_table_in_create_table
+    # table old_cars has primary key of integer
+
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::MismatchedForeignKey) do
+      @conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+        CREATE TABLE activerecord_unittest.foos (
+          id bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+          old_car_id bigint,
+          INDEX index_foos_on_old_car_id (old_car_id),
+          CONSTRAINT fk_rails_ff771f3c96 FOREIGN KEY (old_car_id) REFERENCES old_cars (id)
+        )
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    assert_includes error.message, <<~MSG.squish
+      Column `old_car_id` on table `foos` does not match column `id` on `old_cars`,
+      which has type `int(11)`. To resolve this issue, change the type of the `old_car_id`
+      column on `foos` to be :integer. (For example `t.integer :old_car_id`).
+    MSG
+    assert_not_nil error.cause
+  ensure
+    @conn.drop_table :foos, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_errors_for_integer_fks_on_bigint_pk_table_in_create_table
+    # table old_cars has primary key of bigint
+
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::MismatchedForeignKey) do
+      @conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+        CREATE TABLE activerecord_unittest.foos (
+          id bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+          car_id int,
+          INDEX index_foos_on_car_id (car_id),
+          CONSTRAINT fk_rails_ff771f3c96 FOREIGN KEY (car_id) REFERENCES cars (id)
+        )
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    assert_includes error.message, <<~MSG.squish
+      Column `car_id` on table `foos` does not match column `id` on `cars`,
+      which has type `bigint(20)`. To resolve this issue, change the type of the `car_id`
+      column on `foos` to be :bigint. (For example `t.bigint :car_id`).
+    MSG
+    assert_not_nil error.cause
+  ensure
+    @conn.drop_table :foos, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_errors_for_bigint_fks_on_string_pk_table_in_create_table
+    # table old_cars has primary key of string
+
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::MismatchedForeignKey) do
+      @conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+        CREATE TABLE activerecord_unittest.foos (
+          id bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+          subscriber_id bigint,
+          INDEX index_foos_on_subscriber_id (subscriber_id),
+          CONSTRAINT fk_rails_ff771f3c96 FOREIGN KEY (subscriber_id) REFERENCES subscribers (nick)
+        )
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    assert_includes error.message, <<~MSG.squish
+      Column `subscriber_id` on table `foos` does not match column `nick` on `subscribers`,
+      which has type `varchar(255)`. To resolve this issue, change the type of the `subscriber_id`
+      column on `foos` to be :string. (For example `t.string :subscriber_id`).
+    MSG
+    assert_not_nil error.cause
+  ensure
+    @conn.drop_table :foos, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        @conn.insert("INSERT INTO `engines` (`car_id`) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_errors_when_an_update_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+    @conn.insert("INSERT INTO `engines` (`car_id`) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        @conn.update("UPDATE `engines` SET `engines`.`car_id` = '9989' WHERE `engines`.`car_id` = '138853948594'")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_errors_when_a_delete_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+    @conn.execute("INSERT INTO `engines` (`car_id`) VALUES ('138853948594')")
 
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        @conn.execute("DELETE FROM `engines` where `engines`.`car_id` = '138853948594'")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_errors_when_a_replace_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+    @conn.execute("INSERT INTO `engines` (`car_id`) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+      @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        @conn.execute("REPLACE INTO `engines` SET `engines`.`car_id` = '249823948'")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+    @conn.execute("INSERT INTO `engines` (`car_id`) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+    @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+      assert_equal 1, @conn.execute("SELECT `engines`.* FROM `engines` WHERE `engines`.`car_id` = '138853948594'").entries.count
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_doesnt_error_when_a_show_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+    @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+      assert_equal 2, @conn.execute("SHOW FULL FIELDS FROM `engines`").entries.count
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_doesnt_error_when_a_set_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+    @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+      assert_nil @conn.execute("SET NAMES utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_doesnt_error_when_a_read_query_with_leading_chars_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+    @conn.execute("INSERT INTO `engines` (`car_id`) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+    @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+      assert_equal 1, @conn.execute("(\n( SELECT `engines`.* FROM `engines` WHERE `engines`.`car_id` = '138853948594' ) )").entries.count
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_read_timeout_exception
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[:arunit].merge("read_timeout" => 1)
+    )
+
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::AdapterTimeout) do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT SLEEP(2)")
+    end
+    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::QueryAborted, error
+
+    assert_equal Mysql2::Error::TimeoutError, error.cause.class
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+  end
+
+  private
     def with_example_table(definition = "id int auto_increment primary key, number int, data varchar(255)", &block)
       super(@conn, "ex", definition, &block)
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/optimizer_hints_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/optimizer_hints_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..628802b216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/optimizer_hints_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/post"
+
+if supports_optimizer_hints?
+  class Mysql2OptimzerHintsTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+    fixtures :posts
+
+    def test_optimizer_hints
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT /\*\+ NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION\(posts index_posts_on_author_id\) \*/}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION(posts index_posts_on_author_id)")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1])
+        assert_includes posts.explain, "| index | index_posts_on_author_id | index_posts_on_author_id |"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_optimizer_hints_with_count_subquery
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT /\*\+ NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION\(posts index_posts_on_author_id\) \*/}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION(posts index_posts_on_author_id)")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1]).limit(5)
+        assert_equal 5, posts.count
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_optimizer_hints_is_sanitized
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT /\*\+ NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION\(posts index_posts_on_author_id\) \*/}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("/*+ NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION(posts index_posts_on_author_id) */")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1])
+        assert_includes posts.explain, "| index | index_posts_on_author_id | index_posts_on_author_id |"
+      end
+
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT /\*\+  `posts`\.\*,  \*/}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("**// `posts`.*, //**")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1])
+        assert_equal({ "id" => 1 }, posts.first.as_json)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_optimizer_hints_with_unscope
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT `posts`\.`id`}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("/*+ NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION(posts index_posts_on_author_id) */")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1])
+        posts.unscope(:optimizer_hints).load
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
index d7d9a2d732..182d5a3e58 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ class SchemaMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def with_encoding_utf8mb4
       database_name = connection.current_database
       database_info = connection.select_one("SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = '#{database_name}'")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
index 1283b0642c..b8f51acba0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         column_24 = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == "float_24" }
         column_25 = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == "float_25" }
 
-        # Mysql floats are precision 0..24, Mysql doubles are precision 25..53
+        # MySQL floats are precision 0..24, MySQL doubles are precision 25..53
         assert_equal 24, column_no_limit.limit
         assert_equal 24, column_short.limit
         assert_equal 53, column_long.limit
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/set_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/set_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89107e142f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/set_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
+
+class Mysql2SetTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class SetTest < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    SetTest.connection.create_table :set_tests, id: false, force: true do |t|
+      t.column :set_column, "set('text','blob','tiny','medium','long','unsigned','bigint')"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_be_unsigned
+    column = SetTest.columns_hash["set_column"]
+    assert_not_predicate column, :unsigned?
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_be_bigint
+    column = SetTest.columns_hash["set_column"]
+    assert_not_predicate column, :bigint?
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    schema = dump_table_schema "set_tests"
+    assert_match %r{t\.column "set_column", "set\('text','blob','tiny','medium','long','unsigned','bigint'\)"$}, schema
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
index 7b6dce71e9..626ef59570 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class Mysql2StoredProcedureTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.version >= "5.6.0"
+    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.database_version >= "5.6.0"
       skip("no stored procedure support")
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
index 1c92df940f..13cf1daa08 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Mysql2DefaultEngineOptionSchemaDumpTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
       end
     end.new
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration).migrate
 
     output  = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
     options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class Mysql2DefaultEngineOptionSqlOutputTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
       end
     end.new
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration).migrate
 
     assert_match %r{ENGINE=InnoDB}, @log.string
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
index 52e283f247..2041cc308f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     test "raises StatementTimeout when statement timeout exceeded" do
       skip unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.show_variable("max_execution_time")
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementTimeout) do
+      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementTimeout) do
         s = Sample.create!(value: 1)
         latch1 = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
         latch2 = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
@@ -117,10 +117,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           thread.join
         end
       end
+      assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::QueryAborted, error
     end
 
     test "raises QueryCanceled when canceling statement due to user request" do
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::QueryCanceled) do
+      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::QueryCanceled) do
         s = Sample.create!(value: 1)
         latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
 
@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           thread.join
         end
       end
+      assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::QueryAborted, error
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
index afd422881b..62efaf3bfe 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
 
   def test_add_index
     # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send(:define_method, :index_name_exists?) { |*| false }
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.define_method(:index_name_exists?) { |*| false }
 
     expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people"  ("last_name") WHERE state = 'active')
     assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, unique: true, where: "state = 'active'")
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
       add_index(:people, :last_name, algorithm: :copy)
     end
 
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send :remove_method, :index_name_exists?
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.remove_method :index_name_exists?
   end
 
   def test_remove_index
     # remove_index calls index_name_for_remove which can't work since execute is stubbed
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send(:define_method, :index_name_for_remove) do |*|
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.define_method(:index_name_for_remove) do |*|
       "index_people_on_last_name"
     end
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
       add_index(:people, :last_name, algorithm: :copy)
     end
 
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send :remove_method, :index_name_for_remove
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.remove_method :index_name_for_remove
   end
 
   def test_remove_index_when_name_is_specified
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
index 42618c2ec3..2e7a4b498f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     enable_extension!("hstore", @connection)
 
     @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.create_table("pg_arrays") do |t|
+      @connection.create_table "pg_arrays", force: true do |t|
         t.string "tags", array: true, limit: 255
         t.integer "ratings", array: true
         t.datetime :datetimes, array: true
@@ -112,6 +112,18 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     assert_predicate column, :array?
   end
 
+  def test_change_column_from_non_array_to_array
+    @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :string
+    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: [], using: "string_to_array(\"snippets\", ',')"
+
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+    column = PgArray.columns_hash["snippets"]
+
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults["snippets"]
+    assert_predicate column, :array?
+  end
+
   def test_change_column_cant_make_non_array_column_to_array
     @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :a_string, :string
     assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
@@ -226,14 +238,6 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     assert_equal(PgArray.last.tags, tag_values)
   end
 
-  def test_insert_fixtures
-    tag_values = ["val1", "val2", "val3_with_'_multiple_quote_'_chars"]
-    assert_deprecated do
-      @connection.insert_fixtures([{ "tags" => tag_values }], "pg_arrays")
-    end
-    assert_equal(PgArray.last.tags, tag_values)
-  end
-
   def test_attribute_for_inspect_for_array_field
     record = PgArray.new { |a| a.ratings = (1..10).to_a }
     assert_equal("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]", record.attribute_for_inspect(:ratings))
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
index 3988c2adca..531e6b2328 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
 
   def test_binary_columns_are_limitless_the_upper_limit_is_one_GB
     assert_equal "bytea", @connection.type_to_sql(:binary, limit: 100_000)
-    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
       @connection.type_to_sql(:binary, limit: 4294967295)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
index 305e033642..79e9efcf06 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
@@ -7,22 +7,21 @@ class PostgresqlCaseInsensitiveTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
 
   def test_case_insensitiveness
     connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    table = Default.arel_table
 
-    column = Default.columns_hash["char1"]
-    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison table, :char1, column, nil
+    attr = Default.arel_attribute(:char1)
+    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, nil)
     assert_match(/lower/i, comparison.to_sql)
 
-    column = Default.columns_hash["char2"]
-    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison table, :char2, column, nil
+    attr = Default.arel_attribute(:char2)
+    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, nil)
     assert_match(/lower/i, comparison.to_sql)
 
-    column = Default.columns_hash["char3"]
-    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison table, :char3, column, nil
+    attr = Default.arel_attribute(:char3)
+    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, nil)
     assert_match(/lower/i, comparison.to_sql)
 
-    column = Default.columns_hash["multiline_default"]
-    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison table, :multiline_default, column, nil
+    attr = Default.arel_attribute(:multiline_default)
+    comparison = connection.case_insensitive_comparison(attr, nil)
     assert_match(/lower/i, comparison.to_sql)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
index b0ce2694a3..683066cdb3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ module PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
 
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.execute <<-SQL
-         CREATE TYPE full_address AS
-         (
-             city VARCHAR(90),
-             street VARCHAR(90)
-         );
-        SQL
+      @connection.execute <<~SQL
+        CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+        (
+          city VARCHAR(90),
+          street VARCHAR(90)
+        );
+      SQL
       @connection.create_table("postgresql_composites") do |t|
         t.column :address, :full_address
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index 70aa189893..dcee4fd22d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -25,28 +25,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super
     end
 
-    def test_truncate
-      count = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("select count(*) from comments").first["count"].to_i
-      assert_operator count, :>, 0
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.truncate("comments")
-      count = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("select count(*) from comments").first["count"].to_i
-      assert_equal 0, count
-    end
-
     def test_encoding
-      assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_queries(1, ignore_none: true) do
         assert_not_nil @connection.encoding
       end
     end
 
     def test_collation
-      assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_queries(1, ignore_none: true) do
         assert_not_nil @connection.collation
       end
     end
 
     def test_ctype
-      assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_queries(1, ignore_none: true) do
         assert_not_nil @connection.ctype
       end
     end
@@ -146,34 +138,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    # Must have PostgreSQL >= 9.2, or with_manual_interventions set to
-    # true for this test to run.
-    #
-    # When prompted, restart the PostgreSQL server with the
-    # "-m fast" option or kill the individual connection assuming
-    # you know the incantation to do that.
-    # To restart PostgreSQL 9.1 on macOS, installed via MacPorts, ...
-    # sudo su postgres -c "pg_ctl restart -D /opt/local/var/db/postgresql91/defaultdb/ -m fast"
     def test_reconnection_after_actual_disconnection_with_verify
       original_connection_pid = @connection.query("select pg_backend_pid()")
 
       # Sanity check.
       assert_predicate @connection, :active?
 
-      if @connection.send(:postgresql_version) >= 90200
-        secondary_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
-        secondary_connection.query("select pg_terminate_backend(#{original_connection_pid.first.first})")
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(secondary_connection)
-      elsif ARTest.config["with_manual_interventions"]
-        puts "Kill the connection now (e.g. by restarting the PostgreSQL " \
-          'server with the "-m fast" option) and then press enter.'
-        $stdin.gets
-      else
-        # We're not capable of terminating the backend ourselves, and
-        # we're not allowed to seek assistance; bail out without
-        # actually testing anything.
-        return
-      end
+      secondary_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+      secondary_connection.query("select pg_terminate_backend(#{original_connection_pid.first.first})")
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(secondary_connection)
 
       @connection.verify!
 
@@ -230,7 +203,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_get_and_release_advisory_lock
       lock_id = 5295901941911233559
-      list_advisory_locks = <<-SQL
+      list_advisory_locks = <<~SQL
         SELECT locktype,
               (classid::bigint << 32) | objid::bigint AS lock_id
         FROM pg_locks
@@ -261,8 +234,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    private
+    def test_supports_ranges_is_deprecated
+      assert_deprecated { @connection.supports_ranges? }
+    end
 
+    private
       def with_warning_suppression
         log_level = @connection.client_min_messages
         @connection.client_min_messages = "error"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
index b7535d5c9a..562cf1f2d1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
 
   def test_text_columns_are_limitless_the_upper_limit_is_one_GB
     assert_equal "text", @connection.type_to_sql(:text, limit: 100_000)
-    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
       @connection.type_to_sql(:text, limit: 4294967295)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
index 6789ff63e7..416a2b141b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class PostgresqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      @connection.execute <<~SQL
         CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy');
       SQL
       @connection.create_table("postgresql_enums") do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
index df97ab11e7..16baa8933d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
@@ -22,23 +22,26 @@ class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
 
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-    @old_schema_migration_table_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
     @old_table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
     @old_table_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
 
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "p_"
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_s"
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "p_schema_migrations_s"
+    @connection.schema_migration.reset_table_name
+    ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
+
+    @connection.schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
   end
 
   def teardown
+    @connection.schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
+
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = @old_table_name_prefix
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = @old_table_name_suffix
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = @old_schema_migration_table_name
+    @connection.schema_migration.reset_table_name
+    ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
 
     super
   end
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     @connection.disable_extension("hstore")
 
     migrations = [EnableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration).migrate
     assert @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should be enabled"
   end
 
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     @connection.enable_extension("hstore")
 
     migrations = [DisableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration).migrate
     assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should not be enabled"
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/foreign_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/foreign_table_test.rb
index 4fa315ad23..69339c8a31 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/foreign_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/foreign_table_test.rb
@@ -22,18 +22,18 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_tables?
       enable_extension!("postgres_fdw", @connection)
 
       foreign_db_config = ARTest.connection_config["arunit2"]
-      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      @connection.execute <<~SQL
         CREATE SERVER foreign_server
           FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
           OPTIONS (dbname '#{foreign_db_config["database"]}')
       SQL
 
-      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      @connection.execute <<~SQL
         CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER
           SERVER foreign_server
       SQL
 
-      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      @connection.execute <<~SQL
         CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_professors (
           id    int,
           name  character varying NOT NULL
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_tables?
 
     def teardown
       disable_extension!("postgres_fdw", @connection)
-      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      @connection.execute <<~SQL
         DROP SERVER IF EXISTS foreign_server CASCADE
       SQL
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
index 8c6f046553..f312b6e23d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class PostgreSQLGeometricLineTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   class PostgresqlLine < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
   setup do
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.send(:postgresql_version) >= 90400
+    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.database_version >= 90400
       skip("line type is not fully implemented")
     end
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
@@ -361,7 +361,6 @@ class PostgreSQLGeometricTypesTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_column_exists(column_name)
       assert connection.column_exists?(table_name, column_name)
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index 4b061a9375..671d8211a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
+require "support/stubs/strong_parameters"
 
 class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   include SchemaDumpingHelper
@@ -11,12 +12,6 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     store_accessor :settings, :language, :timezone
   end
 
-  class FakeParameters
-    def to_unsafe_h
-      { "hi" => "hi" }
-    end
-  end
-
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
@@ -158,6 +153,22 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     assert_equal "GMT", y.timezone
   end
 
+  def test_changes_with_store_accessors
+    x = Hstore.new(language: "de")
+    assert x.language_changed?
+    assert_nil x.language_was
+    assert_equal [nil, "de"], x.language_change
+    x.save!
+
+    assert_not x.language_changed?
+    x.reload
+
+    x.settings = nil
+    assert x.language_changed?
+    assert_equal "de", x.language_was
+    assert_equal ["de", nil], x.language_change
+  end
+
   def test_changes_in_place
     hstore = Hstore.create!(settings: { "one" => "two" })
     hstore.settings["three"] = "four"
@@ -344,7 +355,7 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   def test_supports_to_unsafe_h_values
-    assert_equal("\"hi\"=>\"hi\"", @type.serialize(FakeParameters.new))
+    assert_equal "\"hi\"=>\"hi\"", @type.serialize(ProtectedParams.new("hi" => "hi"))
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
index 5e56ce8427..b1bf06d9e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
@@ -71,17 +71,15 @@ class PostgresqlInfinityTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   test "assigning 'infinity' on a datetime column with TZ aware attributes" do
-    begin
-      in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
-        record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: "infinity")
-        assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
-        assert_equal record.datetime, record.reload.datetime
-      end
-    ensure
-      # setting time_zone_aware_attributes causes the types to change.
-      # There is no way to do this automatically since it can be set on a superclass
-      PostgresqlInfinity.reset_column_information
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: "infinity")
+      assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+      assert_equal record.datetime, record.reload.datetime
     end
+  ensure
+    # setting time_zone_aware_attributes causes the types to change.
+    # There is no way to do this automatically since it can be set on a superclass
+    PostgresqlInfinity.reset_column_information
   end
 
   test "where clause with infinite range on a datetime column" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
index 1aa0348879..ff2ab22a80 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
@@ -54,8 +54,12 @@ class PostgresqlMoneyTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     type = PostgresqlMoney.type_for_attribute("wealth")
     assert_equal(12345678.12, type.cast(+"$12,345,678.12"))
     assert_equal(12345678.12, type.cast(+"$12.345.678,12"))
+    assert_equal(12345678.12, type.cast(+"12,345,678.12"))
+    assert_equal(12345678.12, type.cast(+"12.345.678,12"))
     assert_equal(-1.15, type.cast(+"-$1.15"))
     assert_equal(-2.25, type.cast(+"($2.25)"))
+    assert_equal(-1.15, type.cast(+"-1.15"))
+    assert_equal(-2.25, type.cast(+"(2.25)"))
   end
 
   def test_schema_dumping
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/optimizer_hints_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/optimizer_hints_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b9f5e0832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/optimizer_hints_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/post"
+
+if supports_optimizer_hints?
+  class PostgresqlOptimzerHintsTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+    fixtures :posts
+
+    def setup
+      enable_extension!("pg_hint_plan", ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
+    end
+
+    def test_optimizer_hints
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT /\*\+ SeqScan\(posts\) \*/}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("SeqScan(posts)")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1])
+        assert_includes posts.explain, "Seq Scan on posts"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_optimizer_hints_with_count_subquery
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT /\*\+ SeqScan\(posts\) \*/}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("SeqScan(posts)")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1]).limit(5)
+        assert_equal 5, posts.count
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_optimizer_hints_is_sanitized
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT /\*\+ SeqScan\(posts\) \*/}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("/*+ SeqScan(posts) */")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1])
+        assert_includes posts.explain, "Seq Scan on posts"
+      end
+
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT /\*\+  "posts"\.\*,  \*/}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("**// \"posts\".*, //**")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1])
+        assert_equal({ "id" => 1 }, posts.first.as_json)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_optimizer_hints_with_unscope
+      assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT "posts"\."id"}) do
+        posts = Post.optimizer_hints("/*+ SeqScan(posts) */")
+        posts = posts.select(:id).where(author_id: [0, 1])
+        posts.unscope(:optimizer_hints).load
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/partitions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/partitions_test.rb
index 0ac9ca1200..4015bc94f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/partitions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/partitions_test.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class PostgreSQLPartitionsTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   def test_partitions_table_exists
-    skip unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.postgresql_version >= 100000
+    skip unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.database_version >= 100000
     @connection.create_table :partitioned_events, force: true, id: false,
       options: "partition by range (issued_at)" do |t|
       t.timestamp :issued_at
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index cbb6cd42b5..d99593817a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def setup
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @connection_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
       end
 
       def test_bad_connection
@@ -23,6 +24,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_database_exists_returns_false_when_the_database_does_not_exist
+        config = { database: "non_extant_database", adapter: "postgresql" }
+        assert_not ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.database_exists?(config),
+          "expected database #{config[:database]} to not exist"
+      end
+
+      def test_database_exists_returns_true_when_the_database_exists
+        config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"]
+        assert ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.database_exists?(config),
+          "expected database #{config[:database]} to exist"
+      end
+
       def test_primary_key
         with_example_table do
           assert_equal "id", @connection.primary_key("ex")
@@ -376,8 +389,73 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      private
+      def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+            @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+              @connection.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_errors_when_an_update_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table do
+          @connection.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+            @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+              @connection.execute("UPDATE ex SET data = '9989' WHERE data = '138853948594'")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_errors_when_a_delete_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table do
+          @connection.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+            @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+              @connection.execute("DELETE FROM ex where data = '138853948594'")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table do
+          @connection.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+          @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            assert_equal 1, @connection.execute("SELECT * FROM ex WHERE data = '138853948594'").entries.count
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_show_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+          assert_equal 1, @connection.execute("SHOW TIME ZONE").entries.count
+        end
+      end
 
+      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_set_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+          assert_equal [], @connection.execute("SET standard_conforming_strings = on").entries
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_read_query_with_leading_chars_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table do
+          @connection.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+          @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            assert_equal 1, @connection.execute("(\n( SELECT * FROM ex WHERE data = '138853948594' ) )").entries.count
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
         def with_example_table(definition = "id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255)", &block)
           super(@connection, "ex", definition, &block)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
index d50dc49276..d571355a9c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           type = OID::Bit.new
           assert_nil @conn.quote(type.serialize(value))
         end
+
+        def test_quote_table_name_with_spaces
+          value = "user posts"
+          assert_equal "\"user posts\"", @conn.quote_table_name(value)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
index 433598500d..068f1e8bea 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
@@ -3,418 +3,432 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
-if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.respond_to?(:supports_ranges?) && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
-  class PostgresqlRange < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = "postgresql_ranges"
-    self.time_zone_aware_types += [:tsrange, :tstzrange]
-  end
-
-  class PostgresqlRangeTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
-    self.use_transactional_tests = false
-    include ConnectionHelper
-    include InTimeZone
-
-    def setup
-      @connection = PostgresqlRange.connection
-      begin
-        @connection.transaction do
-          @connection.execute <<_SQL
-            CREATE TYPE floatrange AS RANGE (
-                subtype = float8,
-                subtype_diff = float8mi
-            );
-_SQL
-
-          @connection.create_table("postgresql_ranges") do |t|
-            t.daterange :date_range
-            t.numrange :num_range
-            t.tsrange :ts_range
-            t.tstzrange :tstz_range
-            t.int4range :int4_range
-            t.int8range :int8_range
-          end
-
-          @connection.add_column "postgresql_ranges", "float_range", "floatrange"
+class PostgresqlRange < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "postgresql_ranges"
+  self.time_zone_aware_types += [:tsrange, :tstzrange]
+end
+
+class PostgresqlRangeTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include InTimeZone
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = PostgresqlRange.connection
+    begin
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.execute <<~SQL
+          CREATE TYPE floatrange AS RANGE (
+              subtype = float8,
+              subtype_diff = float8mi
+          );
+        SQL
+
+        @connection.create_table("postgresql_ranges") do |t|
+          t.daterange :date_range
+          t.numrange :num_range
+          t.tsrange :ts_range
+          t.tstzrange :tstz_range
+          t.int4range :int4_range
+          t.int8range :int8_range
         end
-        PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
-      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-        skip "do not test on PG without range"
-      end
 
-      insert_range(id: 101,
-                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']",
-                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.2]",
-                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']",
-                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']",
-                   int4_range: "[1, 10]",
-                   int8_range: "[10, 100]",
-                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.7]")
-
-      insert_range(id: 102,
-                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'')",
-                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.2)",
-                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'')",
-                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'')",
-                   int4_range: "[1, 10)",
-                   int8_range: "[10, 100)",
-                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.7)")
-
-      insert_range(id: 103,
-                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'',]",
-                   num_range: "[0.1,]",
-                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'',]",
-                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'',]",
-                   int4_range: "[1,]",
-                   int8_range: "[10,]",
-                   float_range: "[0.5,]")
-
-      insert_range(id: 104,
-                   date_range: "[,]",
-                   num_range: "[,]",
-                   ts_range: "[,]",
-                   tstz_range: "[,]",
-                   int4_range: "[,]",
-                   int8_range: "[,]",
-                   float_range: "[,]")
-
-      insert_range(id: 105,
-                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-02'')",
-                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.1)",
-                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2010-01-01 14:30'')",
-                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2010-01-01 06:30:00-03'')",
-                   int4_range: "[1, 1)",
-                   int8_range: "[10, 10)",
-                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.5)")
-
-      @new_range = PostgresqlRange.new
-      @first_range = PostgresqlRange.find(101)
-      @second_range = PostgresqlRange.find(102)
-      @third_range = PostgresqlRange.find(103)
-      @fourth_range = PostgresqlRange.find(104)
-      @empty_range = PostgresqlRange.find(105)
-    end
+        @connection.add_column "postgresql_ranges", "float_range", "floatrange"
+      end
+      PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
+    rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+      skip "do not test on PG without range"
+    end
+
+    insert_range(id: 101,
+                 date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']",
+                 num_range: "[0.1, 0.2]",
+                 ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']",
+                 tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']",
+                 int4_range: "[1, 10]",
+                 int8_range: "[10, 100]",
+                 float_range: "[0.5, 0.7]")
+
+    insert_range(id: 102,
+                 date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'')",
+                 num_range: "[0.1, 0.2)",
+                 ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'')",
+                 tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'')",
+                 int4_range: "[1, 10)",
+                 int8_range: "[10, 100)",
+                 float_range: "[0.5, 0.7)")
+
+    insert_range(id: 103,
+                 date_range: "[''2012-01-02'',]",
+                 num_range: "[0.1,]",
+                 ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'',]",
+                 tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'',]",
+                 int4_range: "[1,]",
+                 int8_range: "[10,]",
+                 float_range: "[0.5,]")
+
+    insert_range(id: 104,
+                 date_range: "[,]",
+                 num_range: "[,]",
+                 ts_range: "[,]",
+                 tstz_range: "[,]",
+                 int4_range: "[,]",
+                 int8_range: "[,]",
+                 float_range: "[,]")
+
+    insert_range(id: 105,
+                 date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-02'')",
+                 num_range: "[0.1, 0.1)",
+                 ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2010-01-01 14:30'')",
+                 tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2010-01-01 06:30:00-03'')",
+                 int4_range: "[1, 1)",
+                 int8_range: "[10, 10)",
+                 float_range: "[0.5, 0.5)")
+
+    @new_range = PostgresqlRange.new
+    @first_range = PostgresqlRange.find(101)
+    @second_range = PostgresqlRange.find(102)
+    @third_range = PostgresqlRange.find(103)
+    @fourth_range = PostgresqlRange.find(104)
+    @empty_range = PostgresqlRange.find(105)
+  end
 
-    teardown do
-      @connection.drop_table "postgresql_ranges", if_exists: true
-      @connection.execute "DROP TYPE IF EXISTS floatrange"
-      reset_connection
-    end
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table "postgresql_ranges", if_exists: true
+    @connection.execute "DROP TYPE IF EXISTS floatrange"
+    reset_connection
+  end
 
-    def test_data_type_of_range_types
-      assert_equal :daterange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:date_range).type
-      assert_equal :numrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:num_range).type
-      assert_equal :tsrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:ts_range).type
-      assert_equal :tstzrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:tstz_range).type
-      assert_equal :int4range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int4_range).type
-      assert_equal :int8range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int8_range).type
-    end
+  def test_data_type_of_range_types
+    assert_equal :daterange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:date_range).type
+    assert_equal :numrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:num_range).type
+    assert_equal :tsrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:ts_range).type
+    assert_equal :tstzrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:tstz_range).type
+    assert_equal :int4range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int4_range).type
+    assert_equal :int8range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int8_range).type
+  end
 
-    def test_int4range_values
-      assert_equal 1...11, @first_range.int4_range
-      assert_equal 1...10, @second_range.int4_range
-      assert_equal 1...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int4_range
-      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int4_range)
-      assert_nil @empty_range.int4_range
-    end
+  def test_int4range_values
+    assert_equal 1...11, @first_range.int4_range
+    assert_equal 1...10, @second_range.int4_range
+    assert_equal 1...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int4_range
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int4_range)
+    assert_nil @empty_range.int4_range
+  end
 
-    def test_int8range_values
-      assert_equal 10...101, @first_range.int8_range
-      assert_equal 10...100, @second_range.int8_range
-      assert_equal 10...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int8_range
-      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int8_range)
-      assert_nil @empty_range.int8_range
-    end
+  def test_int8range_values
+    assert_equal 10...101, @first_range.int8_range
+    assert_equal 10...100, @second_range.int8_range
+    assert_equal 10...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int8_range
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int8_range)
+    assert_nil @empty_range.int8_range
+  end
 
-    def test_daterange_values
-      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 5), @first_range.date_range
-      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 4), @second_range.date_range
-      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.date_range
-      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.date_range)
-      assert_nil @empty_range.date_range
-    end
+  def test_daterange_values
+    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 5), @first_range.date_range
+    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 4), @second_range.date_range
+    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.date_range
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.date_range)
+    assert_nil @empty_range.date_range
+  end
 
-    def test_numrange_values
-      assert_equal BigDecimal("0.1")..BigDecimal("0.2"), @first_range.num_range
-      assert_equal BigDecimal("0.1")...BigDecimal("0.2"), @second_range.num_range
-      assert_equal BigDecimal("0.1")...BigDecimal("Infinity"), @third_range.num_range
-      assert_equal BigDecimal("-Infinity")...BigDecimal("Infinity"), @fourth_range.num_range
-      assert_nil @empty_range.num_range
-    end
+  def test_numrange_values
+    assert_equal BigDecimal("0.1")..BigDecimal("0.2"), @first_range.num_range
+    assert_equal BigDecimal("0.1")...BigDecimal("0.2"), @second_range.num_range
+    assert_equal BigDecimal("0.1")...BigDecimal("Infinity"), @third_range.num_range
+    assert_equal BigDecimal("-Infinity")...BigDecimal("Infinity"), @fourth_range.num_range
+    assert_nil @empty_range.num_range
+  end
 
-    def test_tsrange_values
-      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-      assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)..Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @first_range.ts_range
-      assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @second_range.ts_range
-      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.ts_range)
-      assert_nil @empty_range.ts_range
-    end
+  def test_tsrange_values
+    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+    assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)..Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @first_range.ts_range
+    assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @second_range.ts_range
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.ts_range)
+    assert_nil @empty_range.ts_range
+  end
 
-    def test_tstzrange_values
-      assert_equal Time.parse("2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC")..Time.parse("2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC"), @first_range.tstz_range
-      assert_equal Time.parse("2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC")...Time.parse("2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC"), @second_range.tstz_range
-      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.tstz_range)
-      assert_nil @empty_range.tstz_range
-    end
+  def test_tstzrange_values
+    assert_equal Time.parse("2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC")..Time.parse("2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC"), @first_range.tstz_range
+    assert_equal Time.parse("2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC")...Time.parse("2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC"), @second_range.tstz_range
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.tstz_range)
+    assert_nil @empty_range.tstz_range
+  end
 
-    def test_custom_range_values
-      assert_equal 0.5..0.7, @first_range.float_range
-      assert_equal 0.5...0.7, @second_range.float_range
-      assert_equal 0.5...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.float_range
-      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.float_range)
-      assert_nil @empty_range.float_range
-    end
+  def test_custom_range_values
+    assert_equal 0.5..0.7, @first_range.float_range
+    assert_equal 0.5...0.7, @second_range.float_range
+    assert_equal 0.5...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.float_range
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.float_range)
+    assert_nil @empty_range.float_range
+  end
 
-    def test_timezone_awareness_tzrange
-      tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
+  def test_timezone_awareness_tzrange
+    tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
 
-      in_time_zone tz do
-        PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
-        time_string = Time.current.to_s
-        time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
+    in_time_zone tz do
+      PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
+      time_string = Time.current.to_s
+      time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
 
-        record = PostgresqlRange.new(tstz_range: time_string..time_string)
-        assert_equal time..time, record.tstz_range
-        assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.tstz_range.begin.time_zone
+      record = PostgresqlRange.new(tstz_range: time_string..time_string)
+      assert_equal time..time, record.tstz_range
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.tstz_range.begin.time_zone
 
-        record.save!
-        record.reload
+      record.save!
+      record.reload
 
-        assert_equal time..time, record.tstz_range
-        assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.tstz_range.begin.time_zone
-      end
+      assert_equal time..time, record.tstz_range
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.tstz_range.begin.time_zone
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_create_tstzrange
-      tstzrange = Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 14:30:00 CDT")
-      round_trip(@new_range, :tstz_range, tstzrange)
-      assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, tstzrange
-      assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, Time.parse("2010-01-01 13:30:00 UTC")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 19:30:00 UTC")
-    end
+  def test_create_tstzrange
+    tstzrange = Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 14:30:00 CDT")
+    round_trip(@new_range, :tstz_range, tstzrange)
+    assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, tstzrange
+    assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, Time.parse("2010-01-01 13:30:00 UTC")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 19:30:00 UTC")
+  end
 
-    def test_update_tstzrange
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
-                              Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00 CDT")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 14:30:00 CET"))
-      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
-                            Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100")...Time.parse("2010-01-01 13:30:00 +0000"))
-    end
+  def test_update_tstzrange
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
+                            Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00 CDT")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 14:30:00 CET"))
+    assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
+                          Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100")...Time.parse("2010-01-01 13:30:00 +0000"))
+  end
 
-    def test_create_tsrange
-      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :ts_range,
-                              Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0))
-    end
+  def test_create_tsrange
+    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :ts_range,
+                            Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0))
+  end
 
-    def test_update_tsrange
-      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
-                              Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0))
-      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
-                            Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0))
-    end
+  def test_update_tsrange
+    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
+                            Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0))
+    assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
+                          Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0))
+  end
 
-    def test_timezone_awareness_tsrange
-      tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
+  def test_timezone_awareness_tsrange
+    tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
 
-      in_time_zone tz do
-        PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
-        time_string = Time.current.to_s
-        time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
+    in_time_zone tz do
+      PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
+      time_string = Time.current.to_s
+      time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
 
-        record = PostgresqlRange.new(ts_range: time_string..time_string)
-        assert_equal time..time, record.ts_range
-        assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.ts_range.begin.time_zone
+      record = PostgresqlRange.new(ts_range: time_string..time_string)
+      assert_equal time..time, record.ts_range
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.ts_range.begin.time_zone
 
-        record.save!
-        record.reload
+      record.save!
+      record.reload
 
-        assert_equal time..time, record.ts_range
-        assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.ts_range.begin.time_zone
-      end
+      assert_equal time..time, record.ts_range
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.ts_range.begin.time_zone
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_create_tstzrange_preserve_usec
-      tstzrange = Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00.670277 +0100")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 14:30:00.745125 CDT")
-      round_trip(@new_range, :tstz_range, tstzrange)
-      assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, tstzrange
-      assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, Time.parse("2010-01-01 13:30:00.670277 UTC")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 19:30:00.745125 UTC")
-    end
+  def test_create_tstzrange_preserve_usec
+    tstzrange = Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00.670277 +0100")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 14:30:00.745125 CDT")
+    round_trip(@new_range, :tstz_range, tstzrange)
+    assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, tstzrange
+    assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, Time.parse("2010-01-01 13:30:00.670277 UTC")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 19:30:00.745125 UTC")
+  end
 
-    def test_update_tstzrange_preserve_usec
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
-                              Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00.245124 CDT")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 14:30:00.451274 CET"))
-      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
-                            Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00.245124 +0100")...Time.parse("2010-01-01 13:30:00.245124 +0000"))
-    end
+  def test_update_tstzrange_preserve_usec
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
+                            Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00.245124 CDT")...Time.parse("2011-02-02 14:30:00.451274 CET"))
+    assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
+                          Time.parse("2010-01-01 14:30:00.245124 +0100")...Time.parse("2010-01-01 13:30:00.245124 +0000"))
+  end
 
-    def test_create_tsrange_preseve_usec
-      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :ts_range,
-                              Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0, 125435)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0, 225435))
-    end
+  def test_create_tsrange_preseve_usec
+    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :ts_range,
+                            Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0, 125435)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0, 225435))
+  end
 
-    def test_update_tsrange_preserve_usec
-      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
-                              Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0, 142432)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0, 224242))
-      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
-                            Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0, 142432)...Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0, 142432))
-    end
+  def test_update_tsrange_preserve_usec
+    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
+                            Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0, 142432)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0, 224242))
+    assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
+                          Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0, 142432)...Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0, 142432))
+  end
 
-    def test_timezone_awareness_tsrange_preserve_usec
-      tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
+  def test_timezone_awareness_tsrange_preserve_usec
+    tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
 
-      in_time_zone tz do
-        PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
-        time_string = "2017-09-26 07:30:59.132451 -0700"
-        time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
-        assert time.usec > 0
+    in_time_zone tz do
+      PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
+      time_string = "2017-09-26 07:30:59.132451 -0700"
+      time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
+      assert time.usec > 0
 
-        record = PostgresqlRange.new(ts_range: time_string..time_string)
-        assert_equal time..time, record.ts_range
-        assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.ts_range.begin.time_zone
-        assert_equal time.usec, record.ts_range.begin.usec
+      record = PostgresqlRange.new(ts_range: time_string..time_string)
+      assert_equal time..time, record.ts_range
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.ts_range.begin.time_zone
+      assert_equal time.usec, record.ts_range.begin.usec
 
-        record.save!
-        record.reload
+      record.save!
+      record.reload
 
-        assert_equal time..time, record.ts_range
-        assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.ts_range.begin.time_zone
-        assert_equal time.usec, record.ts_range.begin.usec
-      end
+      assert_equal time..time, record.ts_range
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.ts_range.begin.time_zone
+      assert_equal time.usec, record.ts_range.begin.usec
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_create_numrange
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :num_range,
-                              BigDecimal("0.5")...BigDecimal("1"))
-    end
+  def test_create_numrange
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :num_range,
+                            BigDecimal("0.5")...BigDecimal("1"))
+  end
 
-    def test_update_numrange
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :num_range,
-                              BigDecimal("0.5")...BigDecimal("1"))
-      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :num_range,
-                            BigDecimal("0.5")...BigDecimal("0.5"))
-    end
+  def test_update_numrange
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :num_range,
+                            BigDecimal("0.5")...BigDecimal("1"))
+    assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :num_range,
+                          BigDecimal("0.5")...BigDecimal("0.5"))
+  end
 
-    def test_create_daterange
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :date_range,
-                              Range.new(Date.new(2012, 1, 1), Date.new(2013, 1, 1), true))
-    end
+  def test_create_daterange
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :date_range,
+                            Range.new(Date.new(2012, 1, 1), Date.new(2013, 1, 1), true))
+  end
 
-    def test_update_daterange
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :date_range,
-                              Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 10))
-      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :date_range,
-                            Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 3))
-    end
+  def test_update_daterange
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :date_range,
+                            Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 10))
+    assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :date_range,
+                          Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 3))
+  end
 
-    def test_create_int4range
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :int4_range, Range.new(3, 50, true))
-    end
+  def test_create_int4range
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :int4_range, Range.new(3, 50, true))
+  end
 
-    def test_update_int4range
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :int4_range, 6...10)
-      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int4_range, 3...3)
-    end
+  def test_update_int4range
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :int4_range, 6...10)
+    assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int4_range, 3...3)
+  end
 
-    def test_create_int8range
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :int8_range, Range.new(30, 50, true))
-    end
+  def test_create_int8range
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :int8_range, Range.new(30, 50, true))
+  end
 
-    def test_update_int8range
-      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 60000...10000000)
-      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 39999...39999)
-    end
+  def test_update_int8range
+    assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 60000...10000000)
+    assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 39999...39999)
+  end
 
-    def test_exclude_beginning_for_subtypes_without_succ_method_is_not_supported
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(num_range: "(0.1, 0.2]") }
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(float_range: "(0.5, 0.7]") }
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: "(1, 10]") }
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(int8_range: "(10, 100]") }
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']") }
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(ts_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']") }
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(tstz_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']") }
-    end
+  def test_exclude_beginning_for_subtypes_without_succ_method_is_not_supported
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(num_range: "(0.1, 0.2]") }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(float_range: "(0.5, 0.7]") }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: "(1, 10]") }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(int8_range: "(10, 100]") }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']") }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(ts_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']") }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(tstz_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']") }
+  end
 
-    def test_where_by_attribute_with_range
-      range = 1..100
-      record = PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: range)
-      assert_equal record, PostgresqlRange.where(int4_range: range).take
-    end
+  def test_where_by_attribute_with_range
+    range = 1..100
+    record = PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: range)
+    assert_equal record, PostgresqlRange.where(int4_range: range).take
+  end
 
-    def test_where_by_attribute_with_range_in_array
-      range = 1..100
-      record = PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: range)
-      assert_equal record, PostgresqlRange.where(int4_range: [range]).take
-    end
+  def test_where_by_attribute_with_range_in_array
+    range = 1..100
+    record = PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: range)
+    assert_equal record, PostgresqlRange.where(int4_range: [range]).take
+  end
 
-    def test_update_all_with_ranges
-      PostgresqlRange.create!
+  def test_update_all_with_ranges
+    PostgresqlRange.create!
 
-      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: 1..100)
+    PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: 1..100)
 
-      assert_equal 1...101, PostgresqlRange.first.int8_range
-    end
+    assert_equal 1...101, PostgresqlRange.first.int8_range
+  end
 
-    def test_ranges_correctly_escape_input
-      range = "-1,2]'; DROP TABLE postgresql_ranges; --".."a"
-      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: range)
+  def test_ranges_correctly_escape_input
+    range = "-1,2]'; DROP TABLE postgresql_ranges; --".."a"
+    PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: range)
 
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        PostgresqlRange.first
-      end
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      PostgresqlRange.first
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_infinity_values
-      PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: 1..Float::INFINITY,
-                              int8_range: -Float::INFINITY..0,
-                              float_range: -Float::INFINITY..Float::INFINITY)
+  def test_infinity_values
+    PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: 1..Float::INFINITY,
+                            int8_range: -Float::INFINITY..0,
+                            float_range: -Float::INFINITY..Float::INFINITY)
 
-      record = PostgresqlRange.first
+    record = PostgresqlRange.first
 
-      assert_equal(1...Float::INFINITY, record.int4_range)
-      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...1, record.int8_range)
-      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, record.float_range)
-    end
+    assert_equal(1...Float::INFINITY, record.int4_range)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...1, record.int8_range)
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, record.float_range)
+  end
 
-    private
-      def assert_equal_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
-        round_trip(range, attribute, value)
-        assert_equal value, range.public_send(attribute)
-      end
+  if Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) >= Gem::Version.new("2.6.0")
+    def test_endless_range_values
+      record = PostgresqlRange.create!(
+        int4_range: eval("1.."),
+        int8_range: eval("10.."),
+        float_range: eval("0.5..")
+      )
 
-      def assert_nil_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
-        round_trip(range, attribute, value)
-        assert_nil range.public_send(attribute)
-      end
-
-      def round_trip(range, attribute, value)
-        range.public_send "#{attribute}=", value
-        assert range.save
-        assert range.reload
-      end
+      record = PostgresqlRange.find(record.id)
 
-      def insert_range(values)
-        @connection.execute <<-SQL
-          INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-            id,
-            date_range,
-            num_range,
-            ts_range,
-            tstz_range,
-            int4_range,
-            int8_range,
-            float_range
-          ) VALUES (
-            #{values[:id]},
-            '#{values[:date_range]}',
-            '#{values[:num_range]}',
-            '#{values[:ts_range]}',
-            '#{values[:tstz_range]}',
-            '#{values[:int4_range]}',
-            '#{values[:int8_range]}',
-            '#{values[:float_range]}'
-          )
-        SQL
-      end
+      assert_equal 1...Float::INFINITY, record.int4_range
+      assert_equal 10...Float::INFINITY, record.int8_range
+      assert_equal 0.5...Float::INFINITY, record.float_range
+    end
   end
+
+  private
+    def assert_equal_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+      round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+      assert_equal value, range.public_send(attribute)
+    end
+
+    def assert_nil_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+      round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+      assert_nil range.public_send(attribute)
+    end
+
+    def round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+      range.public_send "#{attribute}=", value
+      assert range.save
+      assert range.reload
+    end
+
+    def insert_range(values)
+      @connection.execute <<~SQL
+        INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
+          id,
+          date_range,
+          num_range,
+          ts_range,
+          tstz_range,
+          int4_range,
+          int8_range,
+          float_range
+        ) VALUES (
+          #{values[:id]},
+          '#{values[:date_range]}',
+          '#{values[:num_range]}',
+          '#{values[:ts_range]}',
+          '#{values[:tstz_range]}',
+          '#{values[:int4_range]}',
+          '#{values[:int8_range]}',
+          '#{values[:float_range]}'
+        )
+      SQL
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
index ba477c63f4..a4f722c063 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class PostgreSQLReferentialIntegrityTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   module MissingSuperuserPrivileges
-    def execute(sql)
+    def execute(sql, name = nil)
       if IS_REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_SQL.call(sql)
         super "BROKEN;" rescue nil # put transaction in broken state
         raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, "PG::InsufficientPrivilege"
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class PostgreSQLReferentialIntegrityTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   module ProgrammerMistake
-    def execute(sql)
+    def execute(sql, name = nil)
       if IS_REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_SQL.call(sql)
         raise ArgumentError, "something is not right."
       else
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ class PostgreSQLReferentialIntegrityTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_transaction_is_not_broken
       assert_equal 1, @connection.select_value("SELECT 1")
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
index 100d247113..fae20de086 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -25,9 +25,8 @@ class PostgresqlRenameTableTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def num_indices_named(name)
-      @connection.execute(<<-SQL).values.length
+      @connection.execute(<<~SQL).values.length
         SELECT 1 FROM "pg_index"
           JOIN "pg_class" ON "pg_index"."indexrelid" = "pg_class"."oid"
           WHERE "pg_class"."relname" = '#{name}'
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
index a36d066c80..fe6a3deff4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
@@ -104,27 +104,27 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   end
 
   def test_schema_names
-    assert_equal ["public", "test_schema", "test_schema2"], @connection.schema_names
+    schema_names = @connection.schema_names
+    assert_includes schema_names, "public"
+    assert_includes schema_names, "test_schema"
+    assert_includes schema_names, "test_schema2"
+    assert_includes schema_names, "hint_plan" if @connection.supports_optimizer_hints?
   end
 
   def test_create_schema
-    begin
-      @connection.create_schema "test_schema3"
-      assert @connection.schema_names.include? "test_schema3"
-    ensure
-      @connection.drop_schema "test_schema3"
-    end
+    @connection.create_schema "test_schema3"
+    assert @connection.schema_names.include? "test_schema3"
+  ensure
+    @connection.drop_schema "test_schema3"
   end
 
   def test_raise_create_schema_with_existing_schema
-    begin
+    @connection.create_schema "test_schema3"
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
       @connection.create_schema "test_schema3"
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-        @connection.create_schema "test_schema3"
-      end
-    ensure
-      @connection.drop_schema "test_schema3"
     end
+  ensure
+    @connection.drop_schema "test_schema3"
   end
 
   def test_drop_schema
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   def test_habtm_table_name_with_schema
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_schema "music", if_exists: true
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_schema "music"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<~SQL
       CREATE TABLE music.albums (id serial primary key);
       CREATE TABLE music.songs (id serial primary key);
       CREATE TABLE music.albums_songs (album_id integer, song_id integer);
@@ -507,6 +507,7 @@ class SchemaIndexOpclassTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.create_table "trains" do |t|
       t.string :name
+      t.string :position
       t.text :description
     end
   end
@@ -530,6 +531,17 @@ class SchemaIndexOpclassTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
 
     assert_match(/opclass: \{ description: :text_pattern_ops \}/, output)
   end
+
+  def test_opclass_class_parsing_on_non_reserved_and_cannot_be_function_or_type_keyword
+    @connection.enable_extension("pg_trgm")
+    @connection.execute "CREATE INDEX trains_position ON trains USING gin(position gin_trgm_ops)"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE INDEX trains_name_and_position ON trains USING btree(name, position text_pattern_ops)"
+
+    output = dump_table_schema "trains"
+
+    assert_match(/opclass: :gin_trgm_ops/, output)
+    assert_match(/opclass: \{ position: :text_pattern_ops \}/, output)
+  end
 end
 
 class SchemaIndexNullsOrderTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
index 984b2f5ea4..311863a418 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     test "raises LockWaitTimeout when lock wait timeout exceeded" do
-      skip unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.postgresql_version >= 90300
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::LockWaitTimeout) do
         s = Sample.create!(value: 1)
         latch1 = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
@@ -178,7 +177,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def with_warning_suppression
         log_level = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.client_min_messages
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.client_min_messages = "error"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
index 71d07e2f4c..a1c985fc71 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
@@ -114,6 +114,22 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     assert_equal "foobar", uuid.guid_before_type_cast
   end
 
+  def test_invalid_uuid_dont_match_to_nil
+    UUIDType.create!
+    assert_empty UUIDType.where(guid: "")
+    assert_empty UUIDType.where(guid: "foobar")
+  end
+
+  class DuckUUID
+    def initialize(uuid)
+      @uuid = uuid
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      @uuid
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_acceptable_uuid_regex
     # Valid uuids
     ["A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11",
@@ -125,9 +141,11 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
      # so we shouldn't block it either. (Pay attention to "fb6d" – the "f" here
      # is invalid – it must be one of 8, 9, A, B, a, b according to the spec.)
      "{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-fb6d-6bb9bd380a11}",
+     # Support Object-Oriented UUIDs which respond to #to_s
+     DuckUUID.new("A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11"),
     ].each do |valid_uuid|
       uuid = UUIDType.new guid: valid_uuid
-      assert_not_nil uuid.guid
+      assert_instance_of String, uuid.guid
     end
 
     # Invalid uuids
@@ -198,10 +216,10 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDGenerationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
 
     # Create custom PostgreSQL function to generate UUIDs
     # to test dumping tables which columns have defaults with custom functions
-    connection.execute <<-SQL
-    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_uuid_generator() RETURNS uuid
-    AS $$ SELECT * FROM #{uuid_function} $$
-    LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+    connection.execute <<~SQL
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_uuid_generator() RETURNS uuid
+      AS $$ SELECT * FROM #{uuid_function} $$
+      LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
     SQL
 
     # Create such a table with custom function as default value generator
@@ -275,14 +293,16 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDGenerationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
         create_table("pg_uuids_4", id: :uuid)
       end
     end.new
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration).migrate
 
     schema = dump_table_schema "pg_uuids_4"
     assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids_4", id: :uuid, default: -> { "uuid_generate_v4\(\)" }/, schema)
   ensure
     drop_table "pg_uuids_4"
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration.delete_all
   end
+  uses_transaction :test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key_default_in_legacy_migration
 end
 
 class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
@@ -323,14 +343,16 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
         create_table("pg_uuids_4", id: :uuid, default: nil)
       end
     end.new
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration).migrate
 
     schema = dump_table_schema "pg_uuids_4"
     assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids_4", id: :uuid, default: nil/, schema)
   ensure
     drop_table "pg_uuids_4"
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration.delete_all
   end
+  uses_transaction :test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key_with_default_nil_in_legacy_migration
 end
 
 class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/bind_parameter_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 93a7dafebd..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "cases/helper"
-require "models/topic"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class SQLite3Adapter
-      class BindParameterTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
-        def test_too_many_binds
-          topics = Topic.where(id: (1..999).to_a << 2**63)
-          assert_equal Topic.count, topics.count
-
-          topics = Topic.where.not(id: (1..999).to_a << 2**63)
-          assert_equal 0, topics.count
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
index 76c8f7d8dd..d938b5ff2f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ class SQLite3CollationTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
     @connection.create_table :collation_table_sqlite3, force: true do |t|
       t.string :string_nocase, collation: "NOCASE"
       t.text :text_rtrim, collation: "RTRIM"
+      # The decimal column might interfere with collation parsing.
+      # Thus, add this column type and some other string column afterwards.
+      t.decimal :decimal_col, precision: 6, scale: 2
+      t.string :string_after_decimal_nocase, collation: "NOCASE"
     end
   end
 
@@ -22,6 +26,11 @@ class SQLite3CollationTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
     column = @connection.columns(:collation_table_sqlite3).find { |c| c.name == "string_nocase" }
     assert_equal :string, column.type
     assert_equal "NOCASE", column.collation
+
+    # Verify collation of a column behind the decimal column as well.
+    column = @connection.columns(:collation_table_sqlite3).find { |c| c.name == "string_after_decimal_nocase" }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal "NOCASE", column.collation
   end
 
   test "text column with collation" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
index 40b58e86bf..9d26f32102 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
@@ -6,12 +6,8 @@ require "securerandom"
 
 class SQLite3QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
   def setup
+    super
     @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @initial_represent_boolean_as_integer = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer = @initial_represent_boolean_as_integer
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_binary_encoding_without_logger
@@ -22,18 +18,10 @@ class SQLite3QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_true
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer = false
-    assert_equal "t", @conn.type_cast(true)
-
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer = true
     assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true)
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_false
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer = false
-    assert_equal "f", @conn.type_cast(false)
-
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer = true
     assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false)
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index 89052019f8..b6d72c7bcd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: ":memory:",
                                         adapter: "sqlite3",
                                         timeout: 100
+
+        @connection_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
       end
 
       def test_bad_connection
@@ -28,6 +30,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_database_exists_returns_false_when_the_database_does_not_exist
+        assert_not SQLite3Adapter.database_exists?(adapter: "sqlite3", database: "non_extant_db"),
+          "expected non_extant_db to not exist"
+      end
+
+      def test_database_exists_returns_true_when_databae_exists
+        config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"]
+        assert SQLite3Adapter.database_exists?(config),
+          "expected #{config[:database]} to exist"
+      end
+
       unless in_memory_db?
         def test_connect_with_url
           original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
@@ -51,15 +64,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_database_exists_returns_true_for_an_in_memory_db
+        assert SQLite3Adapter.database_exists?(database: ":memory:"),
+          "Expected in memory database to exist"
+      end
+
       def test_column_types
         owner = Owner.create!(name: "hello".encode("ascii-8bit"))
         owner.reload
         select = Owner.columns.map { |c| "typeof(#{c.name})" }.join ", "
-        result = Owner.connection.exec_query <<-esql
+        result = Owner.connection.exec_query <<~SQL
           SELECT #{select}
           FROM   #{Owner.table_name}
           WHERE  #{Owner.primary_key} = #{owner.id}
-        esql
+        SQL
 
         assert_not(result.rows.first.include?("blob"), "should not store blobs")
       ensure
@@ -160,13 +178,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_quote_binary_column_escapes_it
-        DualEncoding.connection.execute(<<-eosql)
+        DualEncoding.connection.execute(<<~SQL)
           CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dual_encodings (
             id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
             name varchar(255),
             data binary
           )
-        eosql
+        SQL
         str = (+"\x80").force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
         binary = DualEncoding.new name: "いただきます！", data: str
         binary.save!
@@ -261,7 +279,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_tables_logs_name
-        sql = <<-SQL
+        sql = <<~SQL
           SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE name <> 'sqlite_sequence' AND type IN ('table')
         SQL
         assert_logged [[sql.squish, "SCHEMA", []]] do
@@ -271,7 +289,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_table_exists_logs_name
         with_example_table do
-          sql = <<-SQL
+          sql = <<~SQL
             SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE name <> 'sqlite_sequence' AND name = 'ex' AND type IN ('table')
           SQL
           assert_logged [[sql.squish, "SCHEMA", []]] do
@@ -536,10 +554,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_deprecate_valid_alter_table_type
-        assert_deprecated { @conn.valid_alter_table_type?(:string) }
-      end
-
       def test_db_is_not_readonly_when_readonly_option_is_false
         conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: ":memory:",
                                        adapter: "sqlite3",
@@ -573,8 +587,73 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      private
+      def test_errors_when_an_insert_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table "id int, data string" do
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+            @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+              @conn.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_errors_when_an_update_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table "id int, data string" do
+          @conn.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+            @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+              @conn.execute("UPDATE ex SET data = '9989' WHERE data = '138853948594'")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_errors_when_a_delete_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table "id int, data string" do
+          @conn.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
 
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+            @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+              @conn.execute("DELETE FROM ex where data = '138853948594'")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_errors_when_a_replace_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table "id int, data string" do
+          @conn.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError) do
+            @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+              @conn.execute("REPLACE INTO ex (data) VALUES ('249823948')")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_select_query_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table "id int, data string" do
+          @conn.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+          @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            assert_equal 1, @conn.execute("SELECT data from ex WHERE data = '138853948594'").count
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_doesnt_error_when_a_read_query_with_leading_chars_is_called_while_preventing_writes
+        with_example_table "id int, data string" do
+          @conn.execute("INSERT INTO ex (data) VALUES ('138853948594')")
+
+          @connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            assert_equal 1, @conn.execute("  SELECT data from ex WHERE data = '138853948594'").count
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
         def assert_logged(logs)
           subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
           subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record", subscriber)
@@ -585,7 +664,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def with_example_table(definition = nil, table_name = "ex", &block)
-          definition ||= <<-SQL
+          definition ||= <<~SQL
             id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
             number integer
           SQL
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
index d70486605f..cfc9853aba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
@@ -8,17 +8,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class SQLite3CreateFolder < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
       def test_sqlite_creates_directory
         Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
-          begin
-            dir = Pathname.new(dir)
-            @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: dir.join("db/foo.sqlite3"),
-                                 adapter: "sqlite3",
-                                 timeout: 100
+          dir = Pathname.new(dir)
+          @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: dir.join("db/foo.sqlite3"),
+                               adapter: "sqlite3",
+                               timeout: 100
 
-            assert Dir.exist? dir.join("db")
-            assert File.exist? dir.join("db/foo.sqlite3")
-          ensure
-            @conn.disconnect! if @conn
-          end
+          assert Dir.exist? dir.join("db")
+          assert File.exist? dir.join("db/foo.sqlite3")
+        ensure
+          @conn.disconnect! if @conn
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
index fbdf2ada4b..d270175af4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class AggregationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_immutable_value_objects
     customers(:david).balance = Money.new(100)
-    assert_raise(frozen_error_class) { customers(:david).balance.instance_eval { @amount = 20 } }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { customers(:david).balance.instance_eval { @amount = 20 } }
   end
 
   def test_inferred_mapping
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/annotate_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/annotate_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d71d28f83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/annotate_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/post"
+
+class AnnotateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :posts
+
+  def test_annotate_wraps_content_in_an_inline_comment
+    quoted_posts_id, quoted_posts = regexp_escape_table_name("posts.id"), regexp_escape_table_name("posts")
+
+    assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* foo \*/}i) do
+      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("foo")
+      assert posts.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_annotate_is_sanitized
+    quoted_posts_id, quoted_posts = regexp_escape_table_name("posts.id"), regexp_escape_table_name("posts")
+
+    assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* foo \*/}i) do
+      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("*/foo/*")
+      assert posts.first
+    end
+
+    assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* foo \*/}i) do
+      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("**//foo//**")
+      assert posts.first
+    end
+
+    assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* foo \*/ /\* bar \*/}i) do
+      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("*/foo/*").annotate("*/bar")
+      assert posts.first
+    end
+
+    assert_sql(%r{\ASELECT #{quoted_posts_id} FROM #{quoted_posts} /\* \+ MAX_EXECUTION_TIME\(1\) \*/}i) do
+      posts = Post.select(:id).annotate("+ MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(1)")
+      assert posts.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def regexp_escape_table_name(name)
+      Regexp.escape(Post.connection.quote_table_name(name))
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
index f05dcac7dd..2d5a06a4ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @original_verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
+    @schema_migration = @connection.schema_migration
+    @schema_migration.drop_table
   end
 
   teardown do
@@ -18,21 +19,21 @@ class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.drop_table :nep_schema_migrations rescue nil
     @connection.drop_table :has_timestamps rescue nil
     @connection.drop_table :multiple_indexes rescue nil
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    @schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @original_verbose
   end
 
   def test_has_primary_key
     old_primary_key_prefix_type = ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type
     ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name_with_underscore
-    assert_equal "version", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.primary_key
+    assert_equal "version", @schema_migration.primary_key
 
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-    assert_difference "ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.count", 1 do
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create version: 12
+    @schema_migration.create_table
+    assert_difference "@schema_migration.count", 1 do
+      @schema_migration.create version: 12
     end
   ensure
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
+    @schema_migration.drop_table
     ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = old_primary_key_prefix_type
   end
 
@@ -51,11 +52,11 @@ class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 7, @connection.migration_context.current_version
   end
 
-  def test_schema_define_w_table_name_prefix
-    table_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
+  def test_schema_define_with_table_name_prefix
     old_table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "nep_"
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "nep_#{table_name}"
+    @schema_migration.reset_table_name
+    ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
     ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 7) do
       create_table :fruits do |t|
         t.column :color, :string
@@ -67,7 +68,8 @@ class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 7, @connection.migration_context.current_version
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = old_table_name_prefix
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = table_name
+    @schema_migration.reset_table_name
+    ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
   end
 
   def test_schema_raises_an_error_for_invalid_column_type
@@ -88,10 +90,10 @@ class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_normalize_version
-    assert_equal "118", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("0000118")
-    assert_equal "002", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("2")
-    assert_equal "017", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("0017")
-    assert_equal "20131219224947", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("20131219224947")
+    assert_equal "118", @schema_migration.normalize_migration_number("0000118")
+    assert_equal "002", @schema_migration.normalize_migration_number("2")
+    assert_equal "017", @schema_migration.normalize_migration_number("0017")
+    assert_equal "20131219224947", @schema_migration.normalize_migration_number("20131219224947")
   end
 
   def test_schema_load_with_multiple_indexes_for_column_of_different_names
@@ -116,8 +118,8 @@ class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert_not @connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == "created_at" }.null
-    assert_not @connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == "updated_at" }.null
+    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, null: false)
+    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, null: false)
   end
 
   def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_change_table
@@ -129,8 +131,23 @@ class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert_not @connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == "created_at" }.null
-    assert_not @connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == "updated_at" }.null
+    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, null: false)
+    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, null: false)
+  end
+
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_change_table_with_bulk
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps
+
+        change_table :has_timestamps, bulk: true do |t|
+          t.timestamps default: Time.now
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, null: false)
+      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, null: false)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_add_timestamps
@@ -139,7 +156,58 @@ class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       add_timestamps :has_timestamps, default: Time.now
     end
 
-    assert_not @connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == "created_at" }.null
-    assert_not @connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == "updated_at" }.null
+    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, null: false)
+    assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, null: false)
+  end
+
+  if subsecond_precision_supported?
+    def test_timestamps_sets_precision_on_create_table
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+          t.timestamps
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, precision: 6, null: false)
+      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, precision: 6, null: false)
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_sets_precision_on_change_table
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps
+
+        change_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+          t.timestamps default: Time.now
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, precision: 6, null: false)
+      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, precision: 6, null: false)
+    end
+
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
+      def test_timestamps_sets_precision_on_change_table_with_bulk
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+          create_table :has_timestamps
+
+          change_table :has_timestamps, bulk: true do |t|
+            t.timestamps default: Time.now
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, precision: 6, null: false)
+        assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, precision: 6, null: false)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_sets_precision_on_add_timestamps
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps
+        add_timestamps :has_timestamps, default: Time.now
+      end
+
+      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :created_at, precision: 6, null: false)
+      assert @connection.column_exists?(:has_timestamps, :updated_at, precision: 6, null: false)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/attributes/attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/attributes/attribute_test.rb
index 671e273543..7ebb90c6fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/attributes/attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/attributes/attribute_test.rb
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ module Arel
         end
       end
 
-      describe "with a range" do
+      describe "#between" do
         it "can be constructed with a standard range" do
           attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
           node = attribute.between(1..3)
@@ -628,7 +628,6 @@ module Arel
           node.must_equal Nodes::NotIn.new(attribute, [])
         end
 
-
         it "can be constructed with a range ending at Infinity" do
           attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
           node = attribute.between(0..::Float::INFINITY)
@@ -639,6 +638,30 @@ module Arel
           )
         end
 
+        if Gem::Version.new("2.7.0") <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION)
+          it "can be constructed with a range implicitly starting at Infinity" do
+            attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
+            node = attribute.between(eval("..0")) # eval for backwards compatibility
+
+            node.must_equal Nodes::LessThanOrEqual.new(
+              attribute,
+              Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
+            )
+          end
+        end
+
+        if Gem::Version.new("2.6.0") <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION)
+          it "can be constructed with a range implicitly ending at Infinity" do
+            attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
+            node = attribute.between(eval("0..")) # Use eval for compatibility with Ruby < 2.6 parser
+
+            node.must_equal Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
+              attribute,
+              Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
+            )
+          end
+        end
+
         it "can be constructed with a quoted range ending at Infinity" do
           attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
           node = attribute.between(quoted_range(0, ::Float::INFINITY, false))
@@ -664,14 +687,6 @@ module Arel
             )
           ])
         end
-
-        def quoted_range(begin_val, end_val, exclude)
-          OpenStruct.new(
-            begin: Nodes::Quoted.new(begin_val),
-            end: Nodes::Quoted.new(end_val),
-            exclude_end?: exclude,
-          )
-        end
       end
 
       describe "#in" do
@@ -753,21 +768,23 @@ module Arel
         end
       end
 
-      describe "with a range" do
+      describe "#not_between" do
         it "can be constructed with a standard range" do
           attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
           node = attribute.not_between(1..3)
 
-          node.must_equal Nodes::Grouping.new(Nodes::Or.new(
-                                                Nodes::LessThan.new(
-                                                  attribute,
-                                                  Nodes::Casted.new(1, attribute)
-                                                ),
-            Nodes::GreaterThan.new(
-              attribute,
-              Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
+          node.must_equal Nodes::Grouping.new(
+            Nodes::Or.new(
+              Nodes::LessThan.new(
+                attribute,
+                Nodes::Casted.new(1, attribute)
+              ),
+              Nodes::GreaterThan.new(
+                attribute,
+                Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
+              )
             )
-          ))
+          )
         end
 
         it "can be constructed with a range starting from -Infinity" do
@@ -780,6 +797,16 @@ module Arel
           )
         end
 
+        it "can be constructed with a quoted range starting from -Infinity" do
+          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
+          node = attribute.not_between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, 3, false))
+
+          node.must_equal Nodes::GreaterThan.new(
+            attribute,
+            Nodes::Quoted.new(3)
+          )
+        end
+
         it "can be constructed with an exclusive range starting from -Infinity" do
           attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
           node = attribute.not_between(-::Float::INFINITY...3)
@@ -790,6 +817,16 @@ module Arel
           )
         end
 
+        it "can be constructed with a quoted exclusive range starting from -Infinity" do
+          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
+          node = attribute.not_between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, 3, true))
+
+          node.must_equal Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
+            attribute,
+            Nodes::Quoted.new(3)
+          )
+        end
+
         it "can be constructed with an infinite range" do
           attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
           node = attribute.not_between(-::Float::INFINITY..::Float::INFINITY)
@@ -797,6 +834,13 @@ module Arel
           node.must_equal Nodes::In.new(attribute, [])
         end
 
+        it "can be constructed with a quoted infinite range" do
+          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
+          node = attribute.not_between(quoted_range(-::Float::INFINITY, ::Float::INFINITY, false))
+
+          node.must_equal Nodes::In.new(attribute, [])
+        end
+
         it "can be constructed with a range ending at Infinity" do
           attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
           node = attribute.not_between(0..::Float::INFINITY)
@@ -807,20 +851,56 @@ module Arel
           )
         end
 
+        if Gem::Version.new("2.7.0") <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION)
+          it "can be constructed with a range implicitly starting at Infinity" do
+            attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
+            node = attribute.not_between(eval("..0")) # eval for backwards compatibility
+
+            node.must_equal Nodes::GreaterThan.new(
+              attribute,
+              Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
+            )
+          end
+        end
+
+        if Gem::Version.new("2.6.0") <= Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION)
+          it "can be constructed with a range implicitly ending at Infinity" do
+            attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
+            node = attribute.not_between(eval("0..")) # Use eval for compatibility with Ruby < 2.6 parser
+
+            node.must_equal Nodes::LessThan.new(
+              attribute,
+              Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
+            )
+          end
+        end
+
+        it "can be constructed with a quoted range ending at Infinity" do
+          attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
+          node = attribute.not_between(quoted_range(0, ::Float::INFINITY, false))
+
+          node.must_equal Nodes::LessThan.new(
+            attribute,
+            Nodes::Quoted.new(0)
+          )
+        end
+
         it "can be constructed with an exclusive range" do
           attribute = Attribute.new nil, nil
           node = attribute.not_between(0...3)
 
-          node.must_equal Nodes::Grouping.new(Nodes::Or.new(
-                                                Nodes::LessThan.new(
-                                                  attribute,
-                                                  Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
-                                                ),
-            Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
-              attribute,
-              Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
+          node.must_equal Nodes::Grouping.new(
+            Nodes::Or.new(
+              Nodes::LessThan.new(
+                attribute,
+                Nodes::Casted.new(0, attribute)
+              ),
+              Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual.new(
+                attribute,
+                Nodes::Casted.new(3, attribute)
+              )
             )
-          ))
+          )
         end
       end
 
@@ -1010,6 +1090,15 @@ module Arel
           condition.to_sql.must_equal %("foo"."id" = (select 1))
         end
       end
+
+      private
+        def quoted_range(begin_val, end_val, exclude)
+          OpenStruct.new(
+            begin: Nodes::Quoted.new(begin_val),
+            end: Nodes::Quoted.new(end_val),
+            exclude_end?: exclude,
+          )
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/attributes_test.rb
index b00af4bd29..1712633ae9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/attributes_test.rb
@@ -23,46 +23,5 @@ module Arel
         assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
       end
     end
-
-    describe "for" do
-      it "deals with unknown column types" do
-        column = Struct.new(:type).new :crazy
-        Attributes.for(column).must_equal Attributes::Undefined
-      end
-
-      it "returns the correct constant for strings" do
-        [:string, :text, :binary].each do |type|
-          column = Struct.new(:type).new type
-          Attributes.for(column).must_equal Attributes::String
-        end
-      end
-
-      it "returns the correct constant for ints" do
-        column = Struct.new(:type).new :integer
-        Attributes.for(column).must_equal Attributes::Integer
-      end
-
-      it "returns the correct constant for floats" do
-        column = Struct.new(:type).new :float
-        Attributes.for(column).must_equal Attributes::Float
-      end
-
-      it "returns the correct constant for decimals" do
-        column = Struct.new(:type).new :decimal
-        Attributes.for(column).must_equal Attributes::Decimal
-      end
-
-      it "returns the correct constant for boolean" do
-        column = Struct.new(:type).new :boolean
-        Attributes.for(column).must_equal Attributes::Boolean
-      end
-
-      it "returns the correct constant for time" do
-        [:date, :datetime, :timestamp, :time].each do |type|
-          column = Struct.new(:type).new type
-          Attributes.for(column).must_equal Attributes::Time
-        end
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/insert_manager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/insert_manager_test.rb
index 2376ad8d37..79b85742ee 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/insert_manager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/insert_manager_test.rb
@@ -11,19 +11,18 @@ module Arel
     end
 
     describe "insert" do
-      it "can create a Values node" do
+      it "can create a ValuesList node" do
         manager = Arel::InsertManager.new
-        values  = manager.create_values %w{ a b }, %w{ c d }
+        values  = manager.create_values_list([%w{ a b }, %w{ c d }])
 
-        assert_kind_of Arel::Nodes::Values, values
-        assert_equal %w{ a b }, values.left
-        assert_equal %w{ c d }, values.right
+        assert_kind_of Arel::Nodes::ValuesList, values
+        assert_equal [%w{ a b }, %w{ c d }], values.rows
       end
 
       it "allows sql literals" do
         manager = Arel::InsertManager.new
         manager.into Table.new(:users)
-        manager.values = manager.create_values [Arel.sql("*")], %w{ a }
+        manager.values = manager.create_values([Arel.sql("*")])
         manager.to_sql.must_be_like %{
           INSERT INTO \"users\" VALUES (*)
         }
@@ -186,9 +185,9 @@ module Arel
         manager = Arel::InsertManager.new
         manager.into table
 
-        manager.values = Nodes::Values.new [1]
+        manager.values = Nodes::ValuesList.new([[1], [2]])
         manager.to_sql.must_be_like %{
-          INSERT INTO "users" VALUES (1)
+          INSERT INTO "users" VALUES (1), (2)
         }
       end
 
@@ -210,11 +209,11 @@ module Arel
         manager = Arel::InsertManager.new
         manager.into table
 
-        manager.values = Nodes::Values.new [1, "aaron"]
+        manager.values = Nodes::ValuesList.new([[1, "aaron"], [2, "david"]])
         manager.columns << table[:id]
         manager.columns << table[:name]
         manager.to_sql.must_be_like %{
-          INSERT INTO "users" ("id", "name") VALUES (1, 'aaron')
+          INSERT INTO "users" ("id", "name") VALUES (1, 'aaron'), (2, 'david')
         }
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/and_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/and_test.rb
index eff54abd91..d123ca9fd0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/and_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/and_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,15 @@ module Arel
           assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
         end
       end
+
+      describe "functions as node expression" do
+        it "allows aliasing" do
+          aliased = And.new(["foo", "bar"]).as("baz")
+
+          assert_kind_of As, aliased
+          assert_kind_of SqlLiteral, aliased.right
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/case_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/case_test.rb
index 89861488df..946c2b0453 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/case_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/case_test.rb
@@ -80,6 +80,16 @@ module Arel
             assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
           end
         end
+
+        describe "#as" do
+          it "allows aliasing" do
+            node = Case.new "foo"
+            as = node.as("bar")
+
+            assert_equal node, as.left
+            assert_kind_of Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral, as.right
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/comment_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/comment_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf5eaf4c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/comment_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../helper"
+require "yaml"
+
+module Arel
+  module Nodes
+    class CommentTest < Arel::Spec
+      describe "equality" do
+        it "is equal with equal contents" do
+          array = [Comment.new(["foo"]), Comment.new(["foo"])]
+          assert_equal 1, array.uniq.size
+        end
+
+        it "is not equal with different contents" do
+          array = [Comment.new(["foo"]), Comment.new(["bar"])]
+          assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/select_core_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/select_core_test.rb
index 0b698205ff..6860f2a395 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/select_core_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/nodes/select_core_test.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ module Arel
         core1.groups      = %w[j k l]
         core1.windows     = %w[m n o]
         core1.havings     = %w[p q r]
+        core1.comment     = Arel::Nodes::Comment.new(["comment"])
         core2 = SelectCore.new
         core2.froms       = %w[a b c]
         core2.projections = %w[d e f]
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ module Arel
         core2.groups      = %w[j k l]
         core2.windows     = %w[m n o]
         core2.havings     = %w[p q r]
+        core2.comment     = Arel::Nodes::Comment.new(["comment"])
         array = [core1, core2]
         assert_equal 1, array.uniq.size
       end
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ module Arel
         core1.groups      = %w[j k l]
         core1.windows     = %w[m n o]
         core1.havings     = %w[p q r]
+        core1.comment     = Arel::Nodes::Comment.new(["comment"])
         core2 = SelectCore.new
         core2.froms       = %w[a b c]
         core2.projections = %w[d e f]
@@ -63,6 +66,11 @@ module Arel
         core2.groups      = %w[j k l]
         core2.windows     = %w[m n o]
         core2.havings     = %w[l o l]
+        core2.comment     = Arel::Nodes::Comment.new(["comment"])
+        array = [core1, core2]
+        assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
+        core2.havings     = %w[p q r]
+        core2.comment     = Arel::Nodes::Comment.new(["other"])
         array = [core1, core2]
         assert_equal 2, array.uniq.size
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/select_manager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/select_manager_test.rb
index 5220950905..e6c49cd429 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/select_manager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/select_manager_test.rb
@@ -1221,5 +1221,28 @@ module Arel
         manager.distinct_on(false).must_equal manager
       end
     end
+
+    describe "comment" do
+      it "chains" do
+        manager = Arel::SelectManager.new
+        manager.comment("selecting").must_equal manager
+      end
+
+      it "appends a comment to the generated query" do
+        manager = Arel::SelectManager.new
+        table = Table.new :users
+        manager.from(table).project(table["id"])
+
+        manager.comment("selecting")
+        manager.to_sql.must_be_like %{
+          SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" /* selecting */
+        }
+
+        manager.comment("selecting", "with", "comment")
+        manager.to_sql.must_be_like %{
+          SELECT "users"."id" FROM "users" /* selecting */ /* with */ /* comment */
+        }
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/support/fake_record.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/support/fake_record.rb
index 559ff5d4e6..5ebeabd4a3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/support/fake_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/support/fake_record.rb
@@ -58,6 +58,14 @@ module FakeRecord
       "\"#{name}\""
     end
 
+    def sanitize_as_sql_comment(comment)
+      comment
+    end
+
+    def in_clause_length
+      3
+    end
+
     def schema_cache
       self
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/depth_first_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/depth_first_test.rb
index f94ad521d7..106be2311d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/depth_first_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/depth_first_test.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ module Arel
         Arel::Nodes::Ordering,
         Arel::Nodes::StringJoin,
         Arel::Nodes::UnqualifiedColumn,
+        Arel::Nodes::ValuesList,
         Arel::Nodes::Limit,
         Arel::Nodes::Else,
       ].each do |klass|
@@ -100,6 +101,12 @@ module Arel
         assert_equal [:a, :b, join], @collector.calls
       end
 
+      def test_comment
+        comment = Nodes::Comment.new ["foo"]
+        @visitor.accept comment
+        assert_equal ["foo", ["foo"], comment], @collector.calls
+      end
+
       [
         Arel::Nodes::Assignment,
         Arel::Nodes::Between,
@@ -116,7 +123,6 @@ module Arel
         Arel::Nodes::NotIn,
         Arel::Nodes::Or,
         Arel::Nodes::TableAlias,
-        Arel::Nodes::Values,
         Arel::Nodes::As,
         Arel::Nodes::DeleteStatement,
         Arel::Nodes::JoinSource,
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/dot_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/dot_test.rb
index 6b3c132f83..ade53c358e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/dot_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/dot_test.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ module Arel
         Arel::Nodes::Offset,
         Arel::Nodes::Ordering,
         Arel::Nodes::UnqualifiedColumn,
+        Arel::Nodes::ValuesList,
         Arel::Nodes::Limit,
       ].each do |klass|
         define_method("test_#{klass.name.gsub('::', '_')}") do
@@ -61,7 +62,6 @@ module Arel
         Arel::Nodes::NotIn,
         Arel::Nodes::Or,
         Arel::Nodes::TableAlias,
-        Arel::Nodes::Values,
         Arel::Nodes::As,
         Arel::Nodes::DeleteStatement,
         Arel::Nodes::JoinSource,
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/to_sql_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/to_sql_test.rb
index 4bfa799a96..fd19574876 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/to_sql_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/arel/visitors/to_sql_test.rb
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ module Arel
         sql.must_be_like "?"
       end
 
-      it "does not quote BindParams used as part of a Values" do
+      it "does not quote BindParams used as part of a ValuesList" do
         bp = Nodes::BindParam.new(1)
-        values = Nodes::Values.new([bp])
+        values = Nodes::ValuesList.new([[bp]])
         sql = compile values
         sql.must_be_like "VALUES (?)"
       end
@@ -395,6 +395,11 @@ module Arel
           compile(node).must_be_like %{
             "users"."id" IN (1, 2, 3)
           }
+
+          node = @attr.in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+          compile(node).must_be_like %{
+            ("users"."id" IN (1, 2, 3) OR "users"."id" IN (4, 5))
+          }
         end
 
         it "should return 1=0 when empty right which is always false" do
@@ -545,6 +550,11 @@ module Arel
           compile(node).must_be_like %{
             "users"."id" NOT IN (1, 2, 3)
           }
+
+          node = @attr.not_in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+          compile(node).must_be_like %{
+            "users"."id" NOT IN (1, 2, 3) AND "users"."id" NOT IN (4, 5)
+          }
         end
 
         it "should return 1=1 when empty right which is always true" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
index 93dd427951..3525fa2ab8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
@@ -32,16 +32,19 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
            :posts, :tags, :taggings, :comments, :sponsors, :members
 
   def test_belongs_to
-    firm = Client.find(3).firm
-    assert_not_nil firm
-    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).name, firm.name
+    client = Client.find(3)
+    first_firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_sql(/LIMIT|ROWNUM <=|FETCH FIRST/) do
+      assert_equal first_firm, client.firm
+      assert_equal first_firm.name, client.firm.name
+    end
   end
 
   def test_assigning_belongs_to_on_destroyed_object
     client = Client.create!(name: "Client")
     client.destroy!
-    assert_raise(frozen_error_class) { client.firm = nil }
-    assert_raise(frozen_error_class) { client.firm = Firm.new(name: "Firm") }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { client.firm = nil }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { client.firm = Firm.new(name: "Firm") }
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_wont_mutate_owner_record
@@ -60,7 +63,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.clear_log
     Client.find(3).firm
   ensure
-    assert ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.log_all.all? { |sql| /order by/i !~ sql }, "ORDER BY was used in the query"
+    sql_log = ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.log
+    assert sql_log.all? { |sql| /order by/i !~ sql }, "ORDER BY was used in the query: #{sql_log}"
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_with_primary_key
@@ -444,8 +448,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_with_select
-    assert_equal 1, Company.find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
-    assert_equal 1, Company.all.merge!(includes: :firm_with_select).find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
+    assert_equal 1, Post.find(2).author_with_select.attributes.size
+    assert_equal 1, Post.includes(:author_with_select).find(2).author_with_select.attributes.size
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_attribute_with_select
+    assert_equal 2, Company.find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
+    assert_equal 2, Company.includes(:firm_with_select).find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_without_counter_cache_option
@@ -1290,17 +1299,17 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_with_out_of_range_value_assigning
-    model = Class.new(Comment) do
+    model = Class.new(Author) do
       def self.name; "Temp"; end
-      validates :post, presence: true
+      validates :author_address, presence: true
     end
 
-    comment = model.new
-    comment.post_id = 9223372036854775808 # out of range in the bigint
+    author = model.new
+    author.author_address_id = 9223372036854775808 # out of range in the bigint
 
-    assert_nil comment.post
-    assert_not_predicate comment, :valid?
-    assert_equal [{ error: :blank }], comment.errors.details[:post]
+    assert_nil author.author_address
+    assert_not_predicate author, :valid?
+    assert_equal [{ error: :blank }], author.errors.details[:author_address]
   end
 
   def test_polymorphic_with_custom_primary_key
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
index a9e22c7643..cbe48a374f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
            :categorizations, :people, :categories, :edges, :vertices
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels
-    authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts: :comments }, order: "authors.id").to_a
+    authors = Author.includes(posts: :comments).order(:id).to_a
     assert_equal 3, authors.size
     assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
     assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_two_levels_and_one_level
-    authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: [{ posts: :comments }, :categorizations], order: "authors.id").to_a
+    authors = Author.includes({ posts: :comments }, :categorizations).order(:id).to_a
     assert_equal 3, authors.size
     assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
     assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_hmt_does_not_table_name_collide_when_joining_associations
-    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(posts: { tags_count: 1 }).to_a
-    assert_equal 3, assert_no_queries { authors.size }
-    assert_equal 10, assert_no_queries { authors[0].comments.size }
+    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(posts: { tags_count: 1 }).order(:id).to_a
+    assert_equal 3, assert_queries(0) { authors.size }
+    assert_equal 10, assert_queries(0) { authors[0].comments.size }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_grafts_stashed_associations_to_correct_parent
@@ -103,14 +103,14 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firms = Firm.all.merge!(includes: { account: { firm: :account } }, order: "companies.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, firms.size
     assert_equal firms.first.account, firms.first.account.firm.account
-    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).account, assert_no_queries { firms.first.account.firm.account }
-    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).account.firm.account, assert_no_queries { firms.first.account.firm.account }
+    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).account, assert_queries(0) { firms.first.account.firm.account }
+    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).account.firm.account, assert_queries(0) { firms.first.account.firm.account }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_has_many_sti
     topics = Topic.all.merge!(includes: :replies, order: "topics.id").to_a
     first, second, = topics(:first).replies.size, topics(:second).replies.size
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       assert_equal first, topics[0].replies.size
       assert_equal second, topics[1].replies.size
     end
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert reply.save
 
     topics = Topic.all.merge!(includes: :replies, order: ["topics.id", "replies_topics.id"]).to_a
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       assert_equal 2, topics[0].replies.size
       assert_equal 0, topics[1].replies.size
     end
@@ -131,13 +131,13 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     replies = Reply.all.merge!(includes: :topic, order: "topics.id").to_a
     assert_includes replies, topics(:second)
     assert_not_includes replies, topics(:first)
-    assert_equal topics(:first), assert_no_queries { replies.first.topic }
+    assert_equal topics(:first), assert_queries(0) { replies.first.topic }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_multiple_stis_and_order
     author = Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts: [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] }, order: ["authors.name", "comments.body", "very_special_comments_posts.body"], where: "posts.id = 4").first
     assert_equal authors(:david), author
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       author.posts.first.special_comments
       author.posts.first.very_special_comment
     end
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_of_stis_with_multiple_references
     authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts: { special_comments: { post: [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] } } }, order: "comments.body, very_special_comments_posts.body", where: "posts.id = 4").to_a
     assert_equal [authors(:david)], authors
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.special_comments
       authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.very_special_comment
     end
@@ -155,14 +155,14 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_where_first_level_returns_nil
     authors = Author.all.merge!(includes: { post_about_thinking: :comments }, order: "authors.id DESC").to_a
     assert_equal [authors(:bob), authors(:mary), authors(:david)], authors
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       authors[2].post_about_thinking.comments.first
     end
   end
 
   def test_preload_through_missing_records
     post = Post.where.not(author_id: Author.select(:id)).preload(author: { comments: :post }).first!
-    assert_no_queries { assert_nil post.author }
+    assert_queries(0) { assert_nil post.author }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_missing_first_record
@@ -172,12 +172,12 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_recursive_cascading_four_levels_has_many_through
     source = Vertex.all.merge!(includes: { sinks: { sinks: { sinks: :sinks } } }, order: "vertices.id").first
-    assert_equal vertices(:vertex_4), assert_no_queries { source.sinks.first.sinks.first.sinks.first }
+    assert_equal vertices(:vertex_4), assert_queries(0) { source.sinks.first.sinks.first.sinks.first }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_recursive_cascading_four_levels_has_and_belongs_to_many
     sink = Vertex.all.merge!(includes: { sources: { sources: { sources: :sources } } }, order: "vertices.id DESC").first
-    assert_equal vertices(:vertex_1), assert_no_queries { sink.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first }
+    assert_equal vertices(:vertex_1), assert_queries(0) { sink.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_interdependent_one_level_and_two_levels
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
index 5fca972aee..673d5f1dcf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module PolymorphicFullStiClassNamesSharedTest
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = store_full_sti_class
 
     post = Namespaced::Post.create(title: "Great stuff", body: "This is not", author_id: 1)
-    @tagging = Tagging.create(taggable: post)
+    @tagging = post.create_tagging!
   end
 
   def teardown
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
index 525ad3197a..9be21b23db 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ module Remembered
 
   included do
     after_create :remember
+
   private
     def remember; self.class.remembered << self; end
   end
@@ -110,10 +111,10 @@ class EagerLoadNestedIncludeWithMissingDataTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   teardown do
-    @davey_mcdave.destroy
-    @first_post.destroy
     @first_comment.destroy
     @first_categorization.destroy
+    @davey_mcdave.destroy
+    @first_post.destroy
   end
 
   def test_missing_data_in_a_nested_include_should_not_cause_errors_when_constructing_objects
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
index b37e59038e..cb46f9e053 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/tagging"
 require "models/tag"
+require "models/rating"
 require "models/comment"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/essay"
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ end
 
 class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :comments, :authors, :essays, :author_addresses, :categories, :categories_posts,
-            :companies, :accounts, :tags, :taggings, :people, :readers, :categorizations,
+            :companies, :accounts, :tags, :taggings, :ratings, :people, :readers, :categorizations,
             :owners, :pets, :author_favorites, :jobs, :references, :subscribers, :subscriptions, :books,
             :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :members, :memberships, :clubs, :sponsors
 
@@ -89,6 +90,28 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       "expected to find only david's posts"
   end
 
+  def test_loading_polymorphic_association_with_mixed_table_conditions
+    rating = Rating.first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_without_tag
+
+    rating = Rating.preload(:taggings_without_tag).first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_without_tag
+
+    rating = Rating.eager_load(:taggings_without_tag).first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_without_tag
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_association_with_string_joins
+    rating = Rating.first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_with_no_tag
+
+    rating = Rating.preload(:taggings_with_no_tag).first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_with_no_tag
+
+    rating = Rating.eager_load(:taggings_with_no_tag).first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_with_no_tag
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_scope_including_joins
     member = Member.first
     assert_equal members(:groucho), member
@@ -228,7 +251,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_load_associated_records_in_one_query_when_adapter_has_no_limit
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: nil) do
+    assert_not_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length) do
       post = posts(:welcome)
       assert_queries(2) do
         Post.includes(:comments).where(id: post.id).to_a
@@ -237,16 +260,16 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_load_associated_records_in_several_queries_when_many_ids_passed
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 1) do
+    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, times: 2, returns: 1) do
       post1, post2 = posts(:welcome), posts(:thinking)
-      assert_queries(3) do
+      assert_queries(2) do
         Post.includes(:comments).where(id: [post1.id, post2.id]).to_a
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_load_associated_records_in_one_query_when_a_few_ids_passed
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 3) do
+    assert_not_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length) do
       post = posts(:welcome)
       assert_queries(2) do
         Post.includes(:comments).where(id: post.id).to_a
@@ -500,7 +523,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_order_string_with_quoted_table_name
     quoted_posts_id = Comment.connection.quote_table_name("posts") + "." + Comment.connection.quote_column_name("id")
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).order(Arel.sql(quoted_posts_id))
+      Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).order(quoted_posts_id)
     end
   end
 
@@ -766,7 +789,6 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       .where("comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment'")
       .references(:comments)
       .scoping do
-
       posts = authors(:david).posts.limit(2).to_a
       assert_equal 2, posts.size
     end
@@ -775,7 +797,6 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       .where("authors.name = 'David' AND (comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment')")
       .references(:authors, :comments)
       .scoping do
-
       count = Post.limit(2).count
       assert_equal count, posts.size
     end
@@ -947,14 +968,14 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
       Post.all.merge!(
         includes: [:author, :comments], where: { "authors.name" => "David" },
-        order: Arel.sql("UPPER(posts.title)"), limit: 2, offset: 1
+        order: "UPPER(posts.title)", limit: 2, offset: 1
       ).to_a
     )
     assert_equal(
       posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
       Post.all.merge!(
         includes: [:author, :comments], where: { "authors.name" => "David" },
-        order: Arel.sql("UPPER(posts.title) DESC"), limit: 2, offset: 1
+        order: "UPPER(posts.title) DESC", limit: 2, offset: 1
       ).to_a
     )
   end
@@ -964,14 +985,14 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
       Post.all.merge!(
         includes: [:author, :comments], where: { "authors.name" => "David" },
-        order: [Arel.sql("UPPER(posts.title)"), "posts.id"], limit: 2, offset: 1
+        order: ["UPPER(posts.title)", "posts.id"], limit: 2, offset: 1
       ).to_a
     )
     assert_equal(
       posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
       Post.all.merge!(
         includes: [:author, :comments], where: { "authors.name" => "David" },
-        order: [Arel.sql("UPPER(posts.title) DESC"), "posts.id"], limit: 2, offset: 1
+        order: ["UPPER(posts.title) DESC", "posts.id"], limit: 2, offset: 1
       ).to_a
     )
   end
@@ -1222,7 +1243,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       Post.all.merge!(select: "posts.*, authors.name as author_name", includes: :comments, joins: :author, order: "posts.id").to_a
     end
     assert_equal "David", posts[0].author_name
-    assert_equal posts(:welcome).comments, assert_no_queries { posts[0].comments }
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome).comments.sort_by(&:id), assert_no_queries { posts[0].comments.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_join_model_preloads
@@ -1234,8 +1255,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preload_belongs_to_uses_exclusive_scope
-    people = Person.males.merge(includes: :primary_contact).to_a
-    assert_not_equal people.length, 0
+    people = Person.males.includes(:primary_contact).to_a
+    assert_equal 2, people.length
     people.each do |person|
       assert_no_queries { assert_not_nil person.primary_contact }
       assert_equal Person.find(person.id).primary_contact, person.primary_contact
@@ -1244,27 +1265,23 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preload_has_many_uses_exclusive_scope
     people = Person.males.includes(:agents).to_a
+    assert_equal 2, people.length
     people.each do |person|
-      assert_equal Person.find(person.id).agents, person.agents
+      assert_equal Person.find(person.id).agents.sort_by(&:id), person.agents.sort_by(&:id)
     end
   end
 
   def test_preload_has_many_using_primary_key
-    expected = Firm.first.clients_using_primary_key.to_a
+    expected = Firm.first.clients_using_primary_key.sort_by(&:id)
     firm = Firm.includes(:clients_using_primary_key).first
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal expected, firm.clients_using_primary_key
+      assert_equal expected, firm.clients_using_primary_key.sort_by(&:id)
     end
   end
 
   def test_include_has_many_using_primary_key
     expected = Firm.find(1).clients_using_primary_key.sort_by(&:name)
-    # Oracle adapter truncates alias to 30 characters
-    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      firm = Firm.all.merge!(includes: :clients_using_primary_key, order: "clients_using_primary_keys_companies"[0, 30] + ".name").find(1)
-    else
-      firm = Firm.all.merge!(includes: :clients_using_primary_key, order: "clients_using_primary_keys_companies.name").find(1)
-    end
+    firm = Firm.all.merge!(includes: :clients_using_primary_key, order: "clients_using_primary_keys_companies.name").find(1)
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected, firm.clients_using_primary_key
     end
@@ -1393,11 +1410,24 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, FirstPost.unscoped.find(2)
   end
 
-  test "preload ignores the scoping" do
-    assert_equal(
-      Comment.find(1).post,
-      Post.where("1 = 0").scoping { Comment.preload(:post).find(1).post }
-    )
+  test "belongs_to association ignores the scoping" do
+    post = Comment.find(1).post
+
+    Post.where("1=0").scoping do
+      assert_equal post, Comment.find(1).post
+      assert_equal post, Comment.preload(:post).find(1).post
+      assert_equal post, Comment.eager_load(:post).find(1).post
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "has_many association ignores the scoping" do
+    comments = Post.find(1).comments.to_a
+
+    Comment.where("1=0").scoping do
+      assert_equal comments, Post.find(1).comments
+      assert_equal comments, Post.preload(:comments).find(1).comments
+      assert_equal comments, Post.eager_load(:comments).find(1).comments
+    end
   end
 
   test "deep preload" do
@@ -1496,6 +1526,24 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match message, error.message
   end
 
+  test "preloading and eager loading of optional instance dependent associations is not supported" do
+    message = "association scope 'posts_mentioning_author' is"
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.includes(:posts_mentioning_author).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.preload(:posts_mentioning_author).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.eager_load(:posts_mentioning_author).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+  end
+
   test "preload with invalid argument" do
     exception = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
       Author.preload(10).to_a
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
index aef8f31112..604a52655c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     extend!(Developer)
     extend!(MyApplication::Business::Developer)
 
-    assert Object.const_get "DeveloperAssociationNameAssociationExtension"
-    assert MyApplication::Business.const_get "DeveloperAssociationNameAssociationExtension"
+    assert Developer.const_get "AssociationNameAssociationExtension"
+    assert MyApplication::Business::Developer.const_get "AssociationNameAssociationExtension"
   end
 
   def test_proxy_association_after_scoped
@@ -87,8 +87,7 @@ class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def extend!(model)
-      ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.define_extensions(model, :association_name) { }
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.send(:define_extensions, model, :association_name) { }
     end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index 515eb65d37..25cfa0a723 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -313,10 +313,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Project.define_attribute_methods
-
-    proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
+    proj = assert_queries(0) { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert_not_predicate devel.projects, :loaded?
 
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
@@ -332,10 +329,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_new_aliased_to_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Project.define_attribute_methods
-
-    proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.new("name" => "Projekt") }
+    proj = assert_queries(0) { devel.projects.new("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert_not_predicate devel.projects, :loaded?
 
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
@@ -556,7 +550,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     developer = project.developers.first
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       assert_predicate project.developers, :loaded?
       assert_includes project.developers, developer
     end
@@ -751,7 +745,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
     developer = developers(:david)
     developer.projects.reload
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       developer.project_ids
       developer.project_ids
     end
@@ -879,7 +873,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     projects = Developer.new.projects
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       assert_equal [], projects
       assert_equal [], projects.where(title: "omg")
       assert_equal [], projects.pluck(:title)
@@ -1007,16 +1001,14 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_while_partial_writes_false
-    begin
-      original_partial_writes = ActiveRecord::Base.partial_writes
-      ActiveRecord::Base.partial_writes = false
-      developer = Developer.new(name: "Mehmet Emin İNAÇ")
-      developer.projects << Project.new(name: "Bounty")
-
-      assert developer.save
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.partial_writes = original_partial_writes
-    end
+    original_partial_writes = ActiveRecord::Base.partial_writes
+    ActiveRecord::Base.partial_writes = false
+    developer = Developer.new(name: "Mehmet Emin İNAÇ")
+    developer.projects << Project.new(name: "Bounty")
+
+    assert developer.save
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.partial_writes = original_partial_writes
   end
 
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_with_belongs_to
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index d13e1a86e9..6c54c2f1cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ require "models/categorization"
 require "models/minivan"
 require "models/speedometer"
 require "models/reference"
+require "models/job"
 require "models/college"
 require "models/student"
 require "models/pirate"
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     car = Car.create(name: "honda")
     car.funky_bulbs.create!
     assert_equal 1, car.funky_bulbs.count
-    assert_nothing_raised { car.reload.funky_bulbs.delete_all }
+    assert_equal 1, car.reload.funky_bulbs.delete_all
     assert_equal 0, car.funky_bulbs.count, "bulbs should have been deleted using :delete_all strategy"
   end
 
@@ -294,6 +295,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(expected_sql, loaded_sql)
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_clears_scope
+    author = Author.create!(name: "Gannon")
+    posts = author.posts
+    posts.create!(title: "test", body: "body")
+    posts.delete_all
+    assert_nil posts.first
+  end
+
   def test_building_the_associated_object_with_implicit_sti_base_class
     firm = DependentFirm.new
     company = firm.companies.build
@@ -459,10 +468,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     company = companies(:first_firm)
     new_clients = []
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       new_clients << company.clients_of_firm.build(name: "Another Client")
       new_clients << company.clients_of_firm.build(name: "Another Client II")
       new_clients << company.clients_of_firm.build(name: "Another Client III")
@@ -483,10 +489,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     company = companies(:first_firm)
     new_clients = []
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       new_clients << company.clients_of_firm.build(name: "Another Client")
       new_clients << company.clients_of_firm.build(name: "Another Client II")
       new_clients << company.clients_of_firm.build(name: "Another Client III")
@@ -987,9 +990,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_predicate companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm, :loaded?
 
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.concat([Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"), Client.new("name" => "Apple")])
+    result = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.concat([Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"), Client.new("name" => "Apple")])
     assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
     assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
+    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm, result
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_adding_to_persisted
@@ -1005,11 +1009,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_adding_to_new_record
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
     firm = Firm.new
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       firm.clients_of_firm.concat(Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"))
     end
   end
@@ -1024,10 +1025,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_new_aliased_to_build
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.new("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.new("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert_not_predicate company.clients_of_firm, :loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -1038,10 +1036,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_build
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert_not_predicate company.clients_of_firm, :loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -1099,10 +1094,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_build_many
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    new_clients = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{ "name" => "Another Client" }, { "name" => "Another Client II" }]) }
+    new_clients = assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{ "name" => "Another Client" }, { "name" => "Another Client II" }]) }
     assert_equal 2, new_clients.size
   end
 
@@ -1117,10 +1109,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal 1, first_topic.replies.length
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Reply.define_attribute_methods
-
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       first_topic.replies.build(title: "Not saved", content: "Superstars")
       assert_equal 2, first_topic.replies.size
     end
@@ -1131,10 +1120,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_build_via_block
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build { |client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    new_client = assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build { |client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
     assert_not_predicate company.clients_of_firm, :loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -1145,10 +1131,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_build_many_via_block
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    new_clients = assert_no_queries do
+    new_clients = assert_queries(0) do
       company.clients_of_firm.build([{ "name" => "Another Client" }, { "name" => "Another Client II" }]) do |client|
         client.name = "changed"
       end
@@ -1215,7 +1198,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_many_without_counter_cache_option
     # Ship has a conventionally named `treasures_count` column, but the counter_cache
     # option is not given on the association.
-    ship = Ship.create(name: "Countless", treasures_count: 10)
+    ship = Ship.create!(name: "Countless", treasures_count: 10)
 
     assert_not_predicate Ship.reflect_on_association(:treasures), :has_cached_counter?
 
@@ -1405,7 +1388,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, clients.count
 
     assert_difference "Client.count", -(clients.count) do
-      companies(:first_firm).dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all
+      assert_equal clients.count, companies(:first_firm).dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all
     end
   end
 
@@ -1437,11 +1420,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transaction_when_deleting_new_record
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
     firm = Firm.new
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       client = Client.new("name" => "New Client")
       firm.clients_of_firm << client
       firm.clients_of_firm.destroy(client)
@@ -1502,10 +1482,20 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_delete_all_with_option_delete_all
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client_id = firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.first.id
-    firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all(:delete_all)
+    count = firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.count
+    assert_equal count, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all(:delete_all)
     assert_nil Client.find_by_id(client_id)
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_with_option_nullify
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    client_id = firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.first.id
+    count = firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.count
+    assert_equal firm, Client.find(client_id).firm
+    assert_equal count, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all(:nullify)
+    assert_nil Client.find(client_id).firm
+  end
+
   def test_delete_all_accepts_limited_parameters
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
@@ -1710,6 +1700,38 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.empty?, "37signals has no clients after destroy all and refresh"
   end
 
+  def test_destroy_all_on_association_clears_scope
+    author = Author.create!(name: "Gannon")
+    posts = author.posts
+    posts.create!(title: "test", body: "body")
+    posts.destroy_all
+    assert_nil posts.first
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_all_on_desynced_counter_cache_association
+    category = categories(:general)
+    assert_operator category.categorizations.count, :>, 0
+
+    category.categorizations.destroy_all
+    assert_equal 0, category.categorizations.count
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_on_association_clears_scope
+    author = Author.create!(name: "Gannon")
+    posts = author.posts
+    post = posts.create!(title: "test", body: "body")
+    posts.destroy(post)
+    assert_nil posts.first
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_on_association_clears_scope
+    author = Author.create!(name: "Gannon")
+    posts = author.posts
+    post = posts.create!(title: "test", body: "body")
+    posts.delete(post)
+    assert_nil posts.first
+  end
+
   def test_dependence
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
@@ -1773,6 +1795,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal num_accounts, Account.count
   end
 
+  def test_depends_and_nullify_on_polymorphic_assoc
+    author = PersonWithPolymorphicDependentNullifyComments.create!(first_name: "Laertis")
+    comment = posts(:welcome).comments.first
+    comment.author = author
+    comment.save!
+
+    assert_equal comment.author_id, author.id
+    assert_equal comment.author_type, author.class.name
+
+    author.destroy
+    comment.reload
+
+    assert_nil comment.author_id
+    assert_nil comment.author_type
+  end
+
   def test_restrict_with_exception
     firm = RestrictedWithExceptionFirm.create!(name: "restrict")
     firm.companies.create(name: "child")
@@ -1898,11 +1936,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_replacing_on_new_record
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
     firm = Firm.new
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       firm.clients_of_firm = [Client.new("name" => "New Client")]
     end
   end
@@ -1929,7 +1964,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_counter_cache_on_unloaded_association
     car = Car.create(name: "My AppliCar")
-    assert_equal car.engines.size, 0
+    assert_equal 0, car.engines.size
+  end
+
+  def test_ids_reader_cache_not_used_for_size_when_association_is_dirty
+    firm = Firm.create!(name: "Startup")
+    assert_equal 0, firm.client_ids.size
+    firm.clients.build
+    assert_equal 1, firm.clients.size
+  end
+
+  def test_ids_reader_cache_should_be_cleared_when_collection_is_deleted
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_equal [2, 3, 11], firm.client_ids
+    client = firm.clients.first
+    firm.clients.delete(client)
+    assert_equal [3, 11], firm.client_ids
   end
 
   def test_get_ids_ignores_include_option
@@ -1941,11 +1991,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_get_ids_for_association_on_new_record_does_not_try_to_find_records
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    companies(:first_client).contract_ids
-
     company = Company.new
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       company.contract_ids
     end
 
@@ -1990,10 +2037,12 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_associations_order_should_be_priority_over_throughs_order
-    david = authors(:david)
+    original = authors(:david)
     expected = [12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1]
-    assert_equal expected, david.comments_desc.map(&:id)
-    assert_equal expected, Author.includes(:comments_desc).find(david.id).comments_desc.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal expected, original.comments_desc.map(&:id)
+    preloaded = Author.includes(:comments_desc).find(original.id)
+    assert_equal expected, preloaded.comments_desc.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal original.posts_sorted_by_id.first.comments.map(&:id), preloaded.posts_sorted_by_id.first.comments.map(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_order_for_through
@@ -2002,8 +2051,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_respects_hash_conditions
-    assert_equal authors(:david).hello_posts, authors(:david).hello_posts_with_hash_conditions
-    assert_equal authors(:david).hello_post_comments, authors(:david).hello_post_comments_with_hash_conditions
+    assert_equal authors(:david).hello_posts.sort_by(&:id), authors(:david).hello_posts_with_hash_conditions.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal authors(:david).hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id), authors(:david).hello_post_comments_with_hash_conditions.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_include_uses_array_include_after_loaded
@@ -2493,22 +2542,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "association with extend option" do
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    assert_equal "lifo",  post.comments_with_extend.author
-    assert_equal "hello", post.comments_with_extend.greeting
+    assert_equal "lifo", post.comments_with_extend.author
+    assert_equal "hello :)", post.comments_with_extend.greeting
   end
 
   test "association with extend option with multiple extensions" do
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    assert_equal "lifo",  post.comments_with_extend_2.author
-    assert_equal "hullo", post.comments_with_extend_2.greeting
+    assert_equal "lifo", post.comments_with_extend_2.author
+    assert_equal "hullo :)", post.comments_with_extend_2.greeting
   end
 
   test "extend option affects per association" do
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    assert_equal "lifo",  post.comments_with_extend.author
-    assert_equal "lifo",  post.comments_with_extend_2.author
-    assert_equal "hello", post.comments_with_extend.greeting
-    assert_equal "hullo", post.comments_with_extend_2.greeting
+    assert_equal "lifo", post.comments_with_extend.author
+    assert_equal "lifo", post.comments_with_extend_2.author
+    assert_equal "hello :)", post.comments_with_extend.greeting
+    assert_equal "hullo :)", post.comments_with_extend_2.greeting
   end
 
   test "delete record with complex joins" do
@@ -2626,18 +2675,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     bulb = Bulb.create!
     tyre = Tyre.create!
 
-    car = Car.create! do |c|
+    car = Car.create!(name: "honda") do |c|
       c.bulbs << bulb
       c.tyres << tyre
     end
 
+    assert_equal [nil, "honda"], car.saved_change_to_name
+
     assert_equal 1, car.bulbs.count
     assert_equal 1, car.tyres.count
   end
 
   test "associations replace in memory when records have the same id" do
     bulb = Bulb.create!
-    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+    car = Car.create!(name: "honda", bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    assert_equal [nil, "honda"], car.saved_change_to_name
 
     new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
     new_bulb.name = "foo"
@@ -2648,7 +2701,9 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "in memory replacement executes no queries" do
     bulb = Bulb.create!
-    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+    car = Car.create!(name: "honda", bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    assert_equal [nil, "honda"], car.saved_change_to_name
 
     new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
 
@@ -2680,7 +2735,9 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "in memory replacements sets inverse instance" do
     bulb = Bulb.create!
-    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+    car = Car.create!(name: "honda", bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    assert_equal [nil, "honda"], car.saved_change_to_name
 
     new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
     car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
@@ -2700,7 +2757,9 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "in memory replacement maintains order" do
     first_bulb = Bulb.create!
     second_bulb = Bulb.create!
-    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [first_bulb, second_bulb])
+    car = Car.create!(name: "honda", bulbs: [first_bulb, second_bulb])
+
+    assert_equal [nil, "honda"], car.saved_change_to_name
 
     same_bulb = Bulb.find(first_bulb.id)
     car.bulbs = [second_bulb, same_bulb]
@@ -2868,8 +2927,17 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_has_many_with_out_of_range_value
+    reference = Reference.create!(id: 2147483648) # out of range in the integer
+    assert_equal [], reference.ideal_jobs
+  end
 
+  def test_has_many_preloading_with_duplicate_records
+    posts = Post.joins(:comments).preload(:comments).to_a
+    assert_equal [1, 2], posts.first.comments.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  private
     def force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.load_target
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index 7b405c74c4..6faa9664f7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ require "models/organization"
 require "models/user"
 require "models/family"
 require "models/family_tree"
+require "models/section"
+require "models/seminar"
+require "models/session"
 
 class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :readers, :people, :comments, :authors, :categories, :taggings, :tags,
@@ -46,11 +49,32 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Reader.create person_id: 0, post_id: 0
   end
 
+  def test_has_many_through_create_record
+    assert books(:awdr).subscribers.create!(nick: "bob")
+  end
+
   def test_marshal_dump
     preloaded = Post.includes(:first_blue_tags).first
     assert_equal preloaded, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(preloaded))
   end
 
+  def test_through_association_with_joins
+    assert_equal [comments(:eager_other_comment1)], authors(:mary).comments.merge(Post.joins(:comments))
+  end
+
+  def test_through_association_with_left_joins
+    assert_equal [comments(:eager_other_comment1)], authors(:mary).comments.merge(Post.left_joins(:comments))
+  end
+
+  def test_preload_with_nested_association
+    posts = Post.preload(:author, :author_favorites_with_scope).to_a
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      posts.each(&:author)
+      posts.each(&:author_favorites_with_scope)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_preload_sti_rhs_class
     developers = Developer.includes(:firms).all.to_a
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -200,7 +224,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_no_difference "Job.count" do
       assert_difference "Reference.count", -1 do
-        person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_destroy.delete_all
+        assert_equal 1, person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_destroy.delete_all
       end
     end
   end
@@ -211,7 +235,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_no_difference "Job.count" do
       assert_no_difference "Reference.count" do
-        person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_nullify.delete_all
+        assert_equal 1, person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_nullify.delete_all
       end
     end
   end
@@ -222,17 +246,26 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_no_difference "Job.count" do
       assert_difference "Reference.count", -1 do
-        person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_delete_all.delete_all
+        assert_equal 1, person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_delete_all.delete_all
       end
     end
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_clears_scope
+    post = Post.create!(title: "Rails 6", body: "")
+    people = post.people
+    people.create!(first_name: "Jeb")
+    people.delete_all
+    assert_nil people.first
+  end
+
   def test_concat
     person = people(:david)
     post   = posts(:thinking)
-    post.people.concat [person]
+    result = post.people.concat [person]
     assert_equal 1, post.people.size
     assert_equal 1, post.people.reload.size
+    assert_equal post.people, result
   end
 
   def test_associate_existing_record_twice_should_add_to_target_twice
@@ -274,10 +307,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(1) { posts(:thinking) }
     new_person = nil # so block binding catches it
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Person.define_attribute_methods
-
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       new_person = Person.new first_name: "bob"
     end
 
@@ -297,10 +327,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_associate_new_by_building
     assert_queries(1) { posts(:thinking) }
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Person.define_attribute_methods
-
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       posts(:thinking).people.build(first_name: "Bob")
       posts(:thinking).people.new(first_name: "Ted")
     end
@@ -366,7 +393,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_delete_association
-    assert_queries(2) { posts(:welcome);people(:michael); }
+    assert_queries(2) { posts(:welcome); people(:michael); }
 
     assert_queries(1) do
       posts(:welcome).people.delete(people(:michael))
@@ -401,6 +428,30 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_empty posts(:welcome).people.reload
   end
 
+  def test_destroy_all_on_association_clears_scope
+    post = Post.create!(title: "Rails 6", body: "")
+    people = post.people
+    people.create!(first_name: "Jeb")
+    people.destroy_all
+    assert_nil people.first
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_on_association_clears_scope
+    post = Post.create!(title: "Rails 6", body: "")
+    people = post.people
+    person = people.create!(first_name: "Jeb")
+    people.destroy(person)
+    assert_nil people.first
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_on_association_clears_scope
+    post = Post.create!(title: "Rails 6", body: "")
+    people = post.people
+    person = people.create!(first_name: "Jeb")
+    people.delete(person)
+    assert_nil people.first
+  end
+
   def test_should_raise_exception_for_destroying_mismatching_records
     assert_no_difference ["Person.count", "Reader.count"] do
       assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) { posts(:welcome).people.destroy(posts(:thinking)) }
@@ -569,7 +620,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_replace_association
-    assert_queries(4) { posts(:welcome);people(:david);people(:michael); posts(:welcome).people.reload }
+    assert_queries(4) { posts(:welcome); people(:david); people(:michael); posts(:welcome).people.reload }
 
     # 1 query to delete the existing reader (michael)
     # 1 query to associate the new reader (david)
@@ -586,6 +637,16 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_includes posts(:welcome).reload.people.reload, people(:michael)
   end
 
+  def test_replace_association_with_duplicates
+    post   = posts(:thinking)
+    person = people(:david)
+
+    assert_difference "post.people.count", 2 do
+      post.people = [person]
+      post.people = [person, person]
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_replace_order_is_preserved
     posts(:welcome).people.clear
     posts(:welcome).people = [people(:david), people(:michael)]
@@ -690,15 +751,19 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
       firm = companies(:first_firm)
       lifo = Developer.new(name: "lifo")
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { firm.developers << lifo }
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+        assert_deprecated { firm.developers << lifo }
+      end
 
       lifo = Developer.create!(name: "lifo")
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { firm.developers << lifo }
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+        assert_deprecated { firm.developers << lifo }
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_clear_associations
-    assert_queries(2) { posts(:welcome);posts(:welcome).people.reload }
+    assert_queries(2) { posts(:welcome); posts(:welcome).people.reload }
 
     assert_queries(1) do
       posts(:welcome).people.clear
@@ -1104,7 +1169,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_create_should_not_raise_exception_when_join_record_has_errors
     repair_validations(Categorization) do
       Categorization.validate { |r| r.errors[:base] << "Invalid Categorization" }
-      Category.create(name: "Fishing", authors: [Author.first])
+      assert_deprecated { Category.create(name: "Fishing", authors: [Author.first]) }
     end
   end
 
@@ -1117,7 +1182,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     repair_validations(Categorization) do
       Categorization.validate { |r| r.errors[:base] << "Invalid Categorization" }
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
-        Category.create!(name: "Fishing", authors: [Author.first])
+        assert_deprecated { Category.create!(name: "Fishing", authors: [Author.first]) }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -1127,7 +1192,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       Categorization.validate { |r| r.errors[:base] << "Invalid Categorization" }
       c = Category.new(name: "Fishing", authors: [Author.first])
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
-        c.save!
+        assert_deprecated { c.save! }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -1136,7 +1201,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     repair_validations(Categorization) do
       Categorization.validate { |r| r.errors[:base] << "Invalid Categorization" }
       c = Category.new(name: "Fishing", authors: [Author.first])
-      assert_not c.save
+      assert_deprecated { assert_not c.save }
     end
   end
 
@@ -1418,6 +1483,37 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [subscription2], post.subscriptions.to_a
   end
 
+  def test_child_is_visible_to_join_model_in_add_association_callbacks
+    [:before_add, :after_add].each do |callback_name|
+      sentient_treasure = Class.new(Treasure) do
+        def self.name; "SentientTreasure"; end
+
+        has_many :pet_treasures, foreign_key: :treasure_id, callback_name => :check_pet!
+        has_many :pets, through: :pet_treasures
+
+        def check_pet!(added)
+          raise "No pet!" if added.pet.nil?
+        end
+      end
+
+      treasure = sentient_treasure.new
+      assert_nothing_raised { treasure.pets << pets(:mochi) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_circular_autosave_association_correctly_saves_multiple_records
+    cs180 = Seminar.new(name: "CS180")
+    fall = Session.new(name: "Fall")
+    sections = [
+      cs180.sections.build(short_name: "A"),
+      cs180.sections.build(short_name: "B"),
+    ]
+    fall.sections << sections
+    fall.save!
+    fall.reload
+    assert_equal sections, fall.sections.sort_by(&:id)
+  end
+
   private
     def make_model(name)
       Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { define_singleton_method(:name) { name } }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index adfb3ce072..3ef25c7027 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -12,26 +12,36 @@ require "models/bulb"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/image"
 require "models/post"
+require "models/drink_designer"
+require "models/chef"
+require "models/department"
+require "models/club"
+require "models/membership"
 
 class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
-  fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :ships, :pirates, :authors, :author_addresses
+  fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
+           :ships, :pirates, :authors, :author_addresses, :memberships, :clubs
 
   def setup
     Account.destroyed_account_ids.clear
   end
 
   def test_has_one
-    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).account, Account.find(1)
-    assert_equal Account.find(1).credit_limit, companies(:first_firm).account.credit_limit
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    first_account = Account.find(1)
+    assert_sql(/LIMIT|ROWNUM <=|FETCH FIRST/) do
+      assert_equal first_account, firm.account
+      assert_equal first_account.credit_limit, firm.account.credit_limit
+    end
   end
 
   def test_has_one_does_not_use_order_by
     ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.clear_log
     companies(:first_firm).account
   ensure
-    log_all = ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.log_all
-    assert log_all.all? { |sql| /order by/i !~ sql }, "ORDER BY was used in the query: #{log_all}"
+    sql_log = ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.log
+    assert sql_log.all? { |sql| /order by/i !~ sql }, "ORDER BY was used in the query: #{sql_log}"
   end
 
   def test_has_one_cache_nils
@@ -110,6 +120,21 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil Account.find(old_account_id).firm_id
   end
 
+  def test_nullify_on_polymorphic_association
+    department = Department.create!
+    designer = DrinkDesignerWithPolymorphicDependentNullifyChef.create!
+    chef = department.chefs.create!(employable: designer)
+
+    assert_equal chef.employable_id, designer.id
+    assert_equal chef.employable_type, designer.class.name
+
+    designer.destroy!
+    chef.reload
+
+    assert_nil chef.employable_id
+    assert_nil chef.employable_type
+  end
+
   def test_nullification_on_destroyed_association
     developer = Developer.create!(name: "Someone")
     ship = Ship.create!(name: "Planet Caravan", developer: developer)
@@ -231,11 +256,8 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_build_association_dont_create_transaction
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Account.define_attribute_methods
-
     firm = Firm.new
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       firm.build_account
     end
   end
@@ -684,6 +706,40 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_with_touch_option_on_create
+    assert_queries(3) {
+      Club.create(name: "1000 Oaks", membership_attributes: { favourite: true })
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_with_touch_option_on_update
+    new_club = Club.create(name: "1000 Oaks")
+    new_club.create_membership
+
+    assert_queries(2) { new_club.update(name: "Effingut") }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_with_touch_option_on_touch
+    new_club = Club.create(name: "1000 Oaks")
+    new_club.create_membership
+
+    assert_queries(1) { new_club.touch }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_with_touch_option_on_destroy
+    new_club = Club.create(name: "1000 Oaks")
+    new_club.create_membership
+
+    assert_queries(2) { new_club.destroy }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_with_touch_option_on_empty_update
+    new_club = Club.create(name: "1000 Oaks")
+    new_club.create_membership
+
+    assert_no_queries { new_club.save }
+  end
+
   class SpecialBook < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = "books"
     belongs_to :author, class_name: "SpecialAuthor"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
index 0309663943..69b4872519 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,13 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), @member.club
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_through_executes_limited_query
+    boring_club = clubs(:boring_club)
+    assert_sql(/LIMIT|ROWNUM <=|FETCH FIRST/) do
+      assert_equal boring_club, @member.general_club
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_creating_association_creates_through_record
     new_member = Member.create(name: "Chris")
     new_member.club = Club.create(name: "LRUG")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
index c33dcdee61..e0dac01f4a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_construct_finder_sql_does_not_table_name_collide_on_duplicate_associations_with_left_outer_joins
     sql = Person.joins(agents: :agents).left_outer_joins(agents: :agents).to_sql
-    assert_match(/agents_people_4/i, sql)
+    assert_match(/agents_people_2/i, sql)
+    assert_match(/INNER JOIN/i, sql)
+    assert_no_match(/agents_people_4/i, sql)
+    assert_no_match(/LEFT OUTER JOIN/i, sql)
   end
 
   def test_construct_finder_sql_does_not_table_name_collide_with_string_joins
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
index eb4dc73423..669e176dcb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ require "models/zine"
 require "models/club"
 require "models/sponsor"
 require "models/rating"
+require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
 require "models/car"
 require "models/bulb"
@@ -20,8 +21,6 @@ require "models/company"
 require "models/project"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/post"
-require "models/department"
-require "models/hotel"
 
 class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :ratings, :comments, :cars
@@ -64,6 +63,14 @@ class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal rating_reflection, comment_reflection.inverse_of, "The Comment reflection's inverse should be the Rating reflection"
   end
 
+  def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically_for_extension_block
+    comment_reflection = Comment.reflect_on_association(:post)
+    post_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:comments)
+
+    assert_predicate post_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert_equal comment_reflection, post_reflection.inverse_of
+  end
+
   def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically_for_sti
     author_reflection = Author.reflect_on_association(:posts)
     author_child_reflection = Author.reflect_on_association(:special_posts)
@@ -726,16 +733,6 @@ class InversePolymorphicBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # fails because Interest does have the correct inverse_of
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Face.first.polymorphic_man = Interest.first }
   end
-
-  def test_favors_has_one_associations_for_inverse_of
-    inverse_name = Post.reflect_on_association(:author).inverse_of.name
-    assert_equal :post, inverse_name
-  end
-
-  def test_finds_inverse_of_for_plural_associations
-    inverse_name = Department.reflect_on_association(:hotel).inverse_of.name
-    assert_equal :departments, inverse_name
-  end
 end
 
 # NOTE - these tests might not be meaningful, ripped as they were from the parental_control plugin
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
index 0e54e8c1b0..d44c6407f5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ class LeftOuterJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 17, Post.left_outer_joins(:comments).count
   end
 
+  def test_merging_left_joins_should_be_left_joins
+    assert_equal 5, Author.left_joins(:posts).merge(Post.no_comments).count
+  end
+
   def test_left_joins_aliases_left_outer_joins
     assert_equal Post.left_outer_joins(:comments).to_sql, Post.left_joins(:comments).to_sql
   end
@@ -46,6 +50,12 @@ class LeftOuterJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert queries.any? { |sql| /LEFT OUTER JOIN/i.match?(sql) }
   end
 
+  def test_left_outer_joins_is_deduped_when_same_association_is_joined
+    queries = capture_sql { Author.joins(:posts).left_outer_joins(:posts).to_a }
+    assert queries.any? { |sql| /INNER JOIN/i.match?(sql) }
+    assert queries.none? { |sql| /LEFT OUTER JOIN/i.match?(sql) }
+  end
+
   def test_construct_finder_sql_ignores_empty_left_outer_joins_hash
     queries = capture_sql { Author.left_outer_joins({}).to_a }
     assert queries.none? { |sql| /LEFT OUTER JOIN/i.match?(sql) }
@@ -60,6 +70,10 @@ class LeftOuterJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Author.left_outer_joins('LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"').to_a }
   end
 
+  def test_left_outer_joins_with_string_join
+    assert_equal 16, Author.left_outer_joins(:posts).joins("LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id").count
+  end
+
   def test_join_conditions_added_to_join_clause
     queries = capture_sql { Author.left_outer_joins(:essays).to_a }
     assert queries.any? { |sql| /writer_type.*?=.*?(Author|\?|\$1|\:a1)/i.match?(sql) }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
index 5821744530..8d74ae3961 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -548,6 +548,15 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_through_association_preload_doesnt_reset_source_association_if_already_preloaded
+    blue = tags(:blue)
+    authors = Author.preload(posts: :first_blue_tags_2, misc_post_first_blue_tags_2: {}).to_a.sort_by(&:id)
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [blue], authors[2].posts.first.first_blue_tags_2
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_nested_has_many_through_with_conditions_on_source_associations_preload_via_joins
     # Pointless condition to force single-query loading
     assert_includes_and_joins_equal(
@@ -610,8 +619,13 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal hotel, Hotel.joins(:cake_designers, :drink_designers).take
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_has_many_through_reset_source_reflection_after_loading_is_complete
+    preloaded = Category.preload(:ordered_post_comments).find(1, 2).last
+    original = Category.find(2)
+    assert_equal original.ordered_post_comments.ids, preloaded.ordered_post_comments.ids
+  end
 
+  private
     def assert_includes_and_joins_equal(query, expected, association)
       actual = assert_queries(1) { query.joins(association).to_a.uniq }
       assert_equal expected, actual
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
index 65a3bb5efe..db7f945a36 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
@@ -25,20 +25,18 @@ class RequiredAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "belongs_to associations can be optional by default" do
-    begin
-      original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
-      ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = false
+    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = false
 
-      model = subclass_of(Child) do
-        belongs_to :parent, inverse_of: false,
-          class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
-      end
-
-      assert model.new.save
-      assert model.new(parent: Parent.new).save
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
     end
+
+    assert model.new.save
+    assert model.new(parent: Parent.new).save
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
   end
 
   test "required belongs_to associations have presence validated" do
@@ -56,24 +54,22 @@ class RequiredAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "belongs_to associations can be required by default" do
-    begin
-      original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
-      ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
+    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
 
-      model = subclass_of(Child) do
-        belongs_to :parent, inverse_of: false,
-          class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
-      end
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
 
-      record = model.new
-      assert_not record.save
-      assert_equal ["Parent must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+    record = model.new
+    assert_not record.save
+    assert_equal ["Parent must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
 
-      record.parent = Parent.new
-      assert record.save
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
-    end
+    record.parent = Parent.new
+    assert record.save
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
   end
 
   test "has_one associations are not required by default" do
@@ -121,7 +117,6 @@ class RequiredAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def subclass_of(klass, &block)
       subclass = Class.new(klass, &block)
       def subclass.name
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index 081da95df7..84130ec208 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ require "models/molecule"
 require "models/electron"
 require "models/man"
 require "models/interest"
+require "models/pirate"
+require "models/parrot"
+require "models/bird"
+require "models/treasure"
+require "models/price_estimate"
 
 class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
@@ -368,3 +373,97 @@ class GeneratedMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal :none, MyArticle.new.comments
   end
 end
+
+class WithAnnotationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :pirates, :parrots
+
+  def test_belongs_to_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
+    pirate = SpacePirate.where.not(parrot_id: nil).first
+    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"
+
+    log = capture_sql do
+      pirate.parrot
+    end
+    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?
+
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* that tells jokes \*/}) do
+      pirate.parrot_with_annotation
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
+    pirate = SpacePirate.first
+    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"
+
+    log = capture_sql do
+      pirate.parrots.first
+    end
+    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?
+
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* that are very colorful \*/}) do
+      pirate.parrots_with_annotation.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
+    pirate = SpacePirate.first
+    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"
+
+    log = capture_sql do
+      pirate.ship
+    end
+    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?
+
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* that is a rocket \*/}) do
+      pirate.ship_with_annotation
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
+    pirate = SpacePirate.first
+    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"
+
+    log = capture_sql do
+      pirate.birds.first
+    end
+    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?
+
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* that are also parrots \*/}) do
+      pirate.birds_with_annotation.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment
+    pirate = SpacePirate.first
+    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"
+
+    log = capture_sql do
+      pirate.treasure_estimates.first
+    end
+    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?
+
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* yarrr \*/}) do
+      pirate.treasure_estimates_with_annotation.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_with_annotation_includes_a_query_comment_when_eager_loading
+    pirate = SpacePirate.first
+    assert pirate, "should have a Pirate record"
+
+    log = capture_sql do
+      pirate.treasure_estimates.first
+    end
+    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?
+
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* yarrr \*/}) do
+      SpacePirate.includes(:treasure_estimates_with_annotation, :treasures).first
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 0dbdd56ae6..71b5407dcc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -323,6 +323,12 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raises(ActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError) { topic.update(no_column_exists: "Hello!") }
   end
 
+  test "write_attribute allows writing to aliased attributes" do
+    topic = Topic.first
+    assert_nothing_raised { topic.update_columns(heading: "Hello!") }
+    assert_nothing_raised { topic.update(heading: "Hello!") }
+  end
+
   test "read_attribute" do
     topic = Topic.new
     topic.title = "Don't change the topic"
@@ -427,6 +433,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_equal true, Topic.new(author_name: "Name").author_name?
+
+    ActiveModel::Type::Boolean::FALSE_VALUES.each do |value|
+      assert_predicate Topic.new(author_name: value), :author_name?
+    end
   end
 
   test "number attribute predicate" do
@@ -448,8 +458,71 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "user-defined text attribute predicate" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = Topic.table_name
+
+      attribute :user_defined_text, :text
+    end
+
+    topic = klass.new(user_defined_text: "text")
+    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_text?
+
+    ActiveModel::Type::Boolean::FALSE_VALUES.each do |value|
+      topic = klass.new(user_defined_text: value)
+      assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_text?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "user-defined date attribute predicate" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = Topic.table_name
+
+      attribute :user_defined_date, :date
+    end
+
+    topic = klass.new(user_defined_date: Date.current)
+    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_date?
+  end
+
+  test "user-defined datetime attribute predicate" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = Topic.table_name
+
+      attribute :user_defined_datetime, :datetime
+    end
+
+    topic = klass.new(user_defined_datetime: Time.current)
+    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_datetime?
+  end
+
+  test "user-defined time attribute predicate" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = Topic.table_name
+
+      attribute :user_defined_time, :time
+    end
+
+    topic = klass.new(user_defined_time: Time.current)
+    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_time?
+  end
+
+  test "user-defined json attribute predicate" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = Topic.table_name
+
+      attribute :user_defined_json, :json
+    end
+
+    topic = klass.new(user_defined_json: { key: "value" })
+    assert_predicate topic, :user_defined_json?
+
+    topic = klass.new(user_defined_json: {})
+    assert_not_predicate topic, :user_defined_json?
+  end
+
   test "custom field attribute predicate" do
-    object = Company.find_by_sql(<<-SQL).first
+    object = Company.find_by_sql(<<~SQL).first
       SELECT c1.*, c2.type as string_value, c2.rating as int_value
         FROM companies c1, companies c2
        WHERE c1.firm_id = c2.id
@@ -705,6 +778,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       record.written_on = "Jan 01 00:00:00 2014"
       assert_equal record, YAML.load(YAML.dump(record))
     end
+  ensure
+    # NOTE: Reset column info because global topics
+    # don't have tz-aware attributes by default.
+    Topic.reset_column_information
   end
 
   test "setting a time zone-aware time in the current time zone" do
@@ -1004,13 +1081,12 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ["title"], model.accessed_fields
   end
 
-  test "generated attribute methods ancestors have correct class" do
+  test "generated attribute methods ancestors have correct module" do
     mod = Topic.send(:generated_attribute_methods)
-    assert_match %r(GeneratedAttributeMethods), mod.inspect
+    assert_equal "Topic::GeneratedAttributeMethods", mod.inspect
   end
 
   private
-
     def new_topic_like_ar_class(&block)
       klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
         self.table_name = "topics"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
index 2632aec7ab..d6ac5a1057 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
@@ -56,6 +56,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 255, UnoverloadedType.type_for_attribute("overloaded_string_with_limit").limit
     end
 
+    test "extra options are forwarded to the type caster constructor" do
+      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
+        attribute :starts_at, :datetime, precision: 3, limit: 2, scale: 1
+      end
+
+      starts_at_type = klass.type_for_attribute(:starts_at)
+      assert_equal 3, starts_at_type.precision
+      assert_equal 2, starts_at_type.limit
+      assert_equal 1, starts_at_type.scale
+    end
+
     test "nonexistent attribute" do
       data = OverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)
 
@@ -230,7 +241,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     test "attributes not backed by database columns are always initialized" do
       OverloadedType.create!
-      model = OverloadedType.first
+      model = OverloadedType.last
 
       assert_nil model.non_existent_decimal
       model.non_existent_decimal = "123"
@@ -242,7 +253,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         attribute :non_existent_decimal, :decimal, default: 123
       end
       child.create!
-      model = child.first
+      model = child.last
 
       assert_equal 123, model.non_existent_decimal
     end
@@ -253,7 +264,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         attribute :foo, :string, default: "lol"
       end
       child.create!
-      model = child.first
+      model = child.last
 
       assert_equal "lol", model.foo
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index 88df0eed55..2d223a3035 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "cases/helper"
+require "models/author"
+require "models/book"
 require "models/bird"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
@@ -38,7 +40,6 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def self.name; "Person"; end
 
       private
-
         def should_be_cool
           unless first_name == "cool"
             errors.add :first_name, "not cool"
@@ -81,7 +82,6 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for(model, association_name)
       reflection = model.reflect_on_association(association_name)
       assert_no_difference "callbacks_for_model(#{model.name}).length" do
@@ -643,10 +643,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
   def test_build_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert_not_predicate company.clients_of_firm, :loaded?
 
     company.name += "-changed"
@@ -658,10 +655,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
   def test_build_many_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{ "name" => "Another Client" }, { "name" => "Another Client II" }]) }
+    assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{ "name" => "Another Client" }, { "name" => "Another Client II" }]) }
 
     company.name += "-changed"
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
@@ -671,10 +665,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
   def test_build_via_block_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build { |client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    new_client = assert_queries(0) { company.clients_of_firm.build { |client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
     assert_not_predicate company.clients_of_firm, :loaded?
 
     company.name += "-changed"
@@ -686,10 +677,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
   def test_build_many_via_block_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
 
-    # Load schema information so we don't query below if running just this test.
-    Client.define_attribute_methods
-
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       company.clients_of_firm.build([{ "name" => "Another Client" }, { "name" => "Another Client II" }]) do |client|
         client.name = "changed"
       end
@@ -1319,21 +1307,45 @@ end
 class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneThroughAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  def create_member_with_organization
     organization = Organization.create
-    @member = Member.create
-    MemberDetail.create(organization: organization, member: @member)
+    member = Member.create
+    MemberDetail.create(organization: organization, member: member)
+
+    member
   end
 
   def test_should_not_has_one_through_model
-    class << @member.organization
+    member = create_member_with_organization
+
+    class << member.organization
+      def save(*args)
+        super
+        raise "Oh noes!"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised { member.save }
+  end
+
+  def create_author_with_post_with_comment
+    Author.create! name: "David" # make comment_id not match author_id
+    author = Author.create! name: "Sergiy"
+    post = Post.create! author: author, title: "foo", body: "bar"
+    Comment.create! post: post, body: "cool comment"
+
+    author
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_reversed_has_one_through_model
+    author = create_author_with_post_with_comment
+
+    class << author.comment_on_first_post
       def save(*args)
         super
         raise "Oh noes!"
       end
     end
-    assert_nothing_raised { @member.save }
+    assert_nothing_raised { author.save }
   end
 end
 
@@ -1660,6 +1672,10 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::Te
     super
     @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @pirate.birds.create(name: "cookoo")
+
+    @author = Author.new(name: "DHH")
+    @author.published_books.build(name: "Rework", isbn: "1234")
+    @author.published_books.build(name: "Remote", isbn: "1234")
   end
 
   test "should automatically validate associations" do
@@ -1668,6 +1684,42 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::Te
 
     assert_not_predicate @pirate, :valid?
   end
+
+  test "rollbacks whole transaction and raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid when associations fail to #save! due to uniqueness validation failure" do
+    author_count_before_save = Author.count
+    book_count_before_save = Book.count
+
+    assert_no_difference "Author.count" do
+      assert_no_difference "Book.count" do
+        exception = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+          @author.save!
+        end
+
+        assert_equal("Validation failed: Published books is invalid", exception.message)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(author_count_before_save, Author.count)
+    assert_equal(book_count_before_save, Book.count)
+  end
+
+  test "rollbacks whole transaction when associations fail to #save due to uniqueness validation failure" do
+    author_count_before_save = Author.count
+    book_count_before_save = Book.count
+
+    assert_no_difference "Author.count" do
+      assert_no_difference "Book.count" do
+        assert_nothing_raised do
+          result = @author.save
+
+          assert_not(result)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal(author_count_before_save, Author.count)
+    assert_equal(book_count_before_save, Book.count)
+  end
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -1806,7 +1858,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociationWithInverse < ActiveRecord::Te
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociationDefinedInSubclassWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_should_update_children_when_asssociation_redefined_in_subclass
+  def test_should_update_children_when_association_redefined_in_subclass
     agency = Agency.create!(name: "Agency")
     valid_project = Project.create!(firm: agency, name: "Initial")
     agency.update!(
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index 09e5517449..1324bdf9b8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -67,6 +67,16 @@ end
 class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, "warehouse-things", :authors, :author_addresses, :categorizations, :categories, :posts
 
+  def test_generated_association_methods_module_name
+    mod = Post.send(:generated_association_methods)
+    assert_equal "Post::GeneratedAssociationMethods", mod.inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_generated_relation_methods_module_name
+    mod = Post.send(:generated_relation_methods)
+    assert_equal "Post::GeneratedRelationMethods", mod.inspect
+  end
+
   def test_column_names_are_escaped
     conn      = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     classname = conn.class.name[/[^:]*$/]
@@ -438,12 +448,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Post.reset_table_name
   end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
-    def test_update_all_with_order_and_limit
-      assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(1).order("id DESC").update_all(content: "bulk updated!")
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_null_fields
     assert_nil Topic.find(1).parent_id
     assert_nil Topic.create("title" => "Hey you").parent_id
@@ -691,6 +695,9 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       topic = Topic.find(1)
       topic.attributes = attributes
       assert_equal Time.local(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
+
+      topic.save!
+      assert_equal topic, Topic.find_by(attributes)
     end
   end
 
@@ -1038,11 +1045,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_find_last
-    last = Developer.last
-    assert_equal last, Developer.all.merge!(order: "id desc").first
-  end
-
   def test_last
     assert_equal Developer.all.merge!(order: "id desc").first, Developer.last
   end
@@ -1058,23 +1060,23 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_ordered_last
-    last = Developer.all.merge!(order: "developers.salary ASC").last
-    assert_equal last, Developer.all.merge!(order: "developers.salary ASC").to_a.last
+    last = Developer.order("developers.salary ASC").last
+    assert_equal last, Developer.order("developers.salary": "ASC").to_a.last
   end
 
   def test_find_reverse_ordered_last
-    last = Developer.all.merge!(order: "developers.salary DESC").last
-    assert_equal last, Developer.all.merge!(order: "developers.salary DESC").to_a.last
+    last = Developer.order("developers.salary DESC").last
+    assert_equal last, Developer.order("developers.salary": "DESC").to_a.last
   end
 
   def test_find_multiple_ordered_last
-    last = Developer.all.merge!(order: "developers.name, developers.salary DESC").last
-    assert_equal last, Developer.all.merge!(order: "developers.name, developers.salary DESC").to_a.last
+    last = Developer.order("developers.name, developers.salary DESC").last
+    assert_equal last, Developer.order(:"developers.name", "developers.salary": "DESC").to_a.last
   end
 
   def test_find_keeps_multiple_order_values
-    combined = Developer.all.merge!(order: "developers.name, developers.salary").to_a
-    assert_equal combined, Developer.all.merge!(order: ["developers.name", "developers.salary"]).to_a
+    combined = Developer.order("developers.name, developers.salary").to_a
+    assert_equal combined, Developer.order(:"developers.name", :"developers.salary").to_a
   end
 
   def test_find_keeps_multiple_group_values
@@ -1139,11 +1141,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_clear_cache!
     # preheat cache
     c1 = Post.connection.schema_cache.columns("posts")
+    assert_not_equal 0, Post.connection.schema_cache.size
+
     ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
+    assert_equal 0, Post.connection.schema_cache.size
+
     c2 = Post.connection.schema_cache.columns("posts")
-    c1.each_with_index do |v, i|
-      assert_not_same v, c2[i]
-    end
+    assert_not_equal 0, Post.connection.schema_cache.size
+
     assert_equal c1, c2
   end
 
@@ -1213,6 +1218,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       wr.close
       assert Marshal.load rd.read
       rd.close
+    ensure
+      self.class.send(:remove_const, "Post") if self.class.const_defined?("Post", false)
     end
   end
 
@@ -1226,14 +1233,15 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_attribute_names
-    assert_equal ["id", "type", "firm_id", "firm_name", "name", "client_of", "rating", "account_id", "description"],
-                 Company.attribute_names
+    expected = ["id", "type", "firm_id", "firm_name", "name", "client_of", "rating", "account_id", "description", "metadata"]
+    assert_equal expected, Company.attribute_names
   end
 
   def test_has_attribute
     assert Company.has_attribute?("id")
     assert Company.has_attribute?("type")
     assert Company.has_attribute?("name")
+    assert Company.has_attribute?("metadata")
     assert_not Company.has_attribute?("lastname")
     assert_not Company.has_attribute?("age")
   end
@@ -1407,6 +1415,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_includes SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.columns_hash.keys, "first_name"
   end
 
+  test ".columns_hash raises an error if the record has an empty table name" do
+    expected_message = "FirstAbstractClass has no table configured. Set one with FirstAbstractClass.table_name="
+    exception = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TableNotSpecified) do
+      FirstAbstractClass.columns_hash
+    end
+    assert_equal expected_message, exception.message
+  end
+
   test "ignored columns have no attribute methods" do
     assert_not_respond_to Developer.new, :first_name
     assert_not_respond_to Developer.new, :first_name=
@@ -1447,6 +1463,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_respond_to developer, :first_name=
   end
 
+  test "when ignored attribute is loaded, cast type should be preferred over DB type" do
+    developer = AttributedDeveloper.create
+    developer.update_column :name, "name"
+
+    loaded_developer = AttributedDeveloper.where(id: developer.id).select("*").first
+    assert_equal "Developer: name", loaded_developer.name
+  end
+
   test "ignored columns not included in SELECT" do
     query = Developer.all.to_sql.downcase
 
@@ -1480,4 +1504,119 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments = previous_protected_environments
   end
+
+  test "creating a record raises if preventing writes" do
+    error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, error.message
+  end
+
+  test "updating a record raises if preventing writes" do
+    bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"
+
+    error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        bird.update! name: "Robin"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: UPDATE /, error.message
+  end
+
+  test "deleting a record raises if preventing writes" do
+    bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"
+
+    error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        bird.destroy!
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: DELETE /, error.message
+  end
+
+  test "selecting a record does not raise if preventing writes" do
+    bird = Bird.create! name: "Bluejay"
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+      assert_equal bird, Bird.where(name: "Bluejay").first
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "an explain query does not raise if preventing writes" do
+    Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+      assert_queries(2) { Bird.where(name: "Bluejay").explain }
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "an empty transaction does not raise if preventing writes" do
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+      assert_queries(2, ignore_none: true) do
+        Bird.transaction do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.materialize_transactions
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preventing writes applies to all connections on a handler" do
+    conn1_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, Bird.connection
+        assert_not_equal ARUnit2Model.connection, Bird.connection
+        Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn1_error.message
+
+    conn2_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+        assert_not_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, Professor.connection
+        assert_equal ARUnit2Model.connection, Professor.connection
+        Professor.create!(name: "Professor Bluejay")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn2_error.message
+  end
+
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    test "preventing writes with multiple handlers" do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connects_to(database: { writing: :arunit, reading: :arunit })
+
+      conn1_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+          assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn1_error.message
+
+      conn2_error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+          assert_equal :reading, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes do
+            Bird.create!(name: "Bluejay")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_match %r/\AWrite query attempted while in readonly mode: INSERT /, conn2_error.message
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler }
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:arunit)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
index d21218a997..0d0bf39f79 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_quote_batch_order
     c = Post.connection
-    assert_sql(/ORDER BY #{c.quote_table_name('posts')}\.#{c.quote_column_name('id')}/) do
+    assert_sql(/ORDER BY #{Regexp.escape(c.quote_table_name("posts.id"))}/i) do
       Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1) do |batch|
         assert_kind_of Array, batch
         assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
         assert_kind_of Post, relation.first
 
-        relation = [not_a_post] * relation.count
+        [not_a_post] * relation.count
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
index bd5f157ca1..720446b39d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
+require "models/reply"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/post"
 
@@ -34,6 +35,77 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
       end
 
+      def test_statement_cache
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+
+        topics = Topic.where(id: 1)
+        assert_equal [1], topics.map(&:id)
+        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
+
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+
+        assert_not_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
+      end
+
+      def test_statement_cache_with_query_cache
+        @connection.enable_query_cache!
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+
+        topics = Topic.where(id: 1)
+        assert_equal [1], topics.map(&:id)
+        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
+      ensure
+        @connection.disable_query_cache!
+      end
+
+      def test_statement_cache_with_find
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+
+        assert_equal 1, Topic.find(1).id
+        assert_raises(RecordNotFound) { SillyReply.find(2) }
+
+        topic_sql = cached_statement(Topic, Topic.primary_key)
+        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topic_sql)
+
+        e = assert_raise { cached_statement(SillyReply, SillyReply.primary_key) }
+        assert_equal "SillyReply has no cached statement by \"id\"", e.message
+
+        replies = SillyReply.where(id: 2).limit(1)
+        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(replies.arel)
+      end
+
+      def test_statement_cache_with_find_by
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+
+        assert_equal 1, Topic.find_by!(id: 1).id
+        assert_raises(RecordNotFound) { SillyReply.find_by!(id: 2) }
+
+        topic_sql = cached_statement(Topic, [:id])
+        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topic_sql)
+
+        e = assert_raise { cached_statement(SillyReply, [:id]) }
+        assert_equal "SillyReply has no cached statement by [:id]", e.message
+
+        replies = SillyReply.where(id: 2).limit(1)
+        assert_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(replies.arel)
+      end
+
+      def test_statement_cache_with_in_clause
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+
+        topics = Topic.where(id: [1, 3]).order(:id)
+        assert_equal [1, 3], topics.map(&:id)
+        assert_not_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
+      end
+
+      def test_statement_cache_with_sql_string_literal
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+
+        topics = Topic.where("topics.id = ?", 1)
+        assert_equal [1], topics.map(&:id)
+        assert_not_includes statement_cache, to_sql_key(topics.arel)
+      end
+
       def test_too_many_binds
         bind_params_length = @connection.send(:bind_params_length)
 
@@ -44,6 +116,19 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements
         assert_equal 0, topics.count
       end
 
+      def test_too_many_binds_with_query_cache
+        @connection.enable_query_cache!
+
+        bind_params_length = @connection.send(:bind_params_length)
+        topics = Topic.where(id: (1 .. bind_params_length + 1).to_a)
+        assert_equal Topic.count, topics.count
+
+        topics = Topic.where.not(id: (1 .. bind_params_length + 1).to_a)
+        assert_equal 0, topics.count
+      ensure
+        @connection.disable_query_cache!
+      end
+
       def test_bind_from_join_in_subquery
         subquery = Author.joins(:thinking_posts).where(name: "David")
         scope = Author.from(subquery, "authors").where(id: 1)
@@ -77,17 +162,29 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements
         assert_logs_binds(binds)
       end
 
-      def test_deprecate_supports_statement_cache
-        assert_deprecated { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_statement_cache? }
-      end
-
       private
+        def to_sql_key(arel)
+          sql = @connection.to_sql(arel)
+          @connection.respond_to?(:sql_key, true) ? @connection.send(:sql_key, sql) : sql
+        end
+
+        def cached_statement(klass, key)
+          cache = klass.send(:cached_find_by_statement, key) do
+            raise "#{klass} has no cached statement by #{key.inspect}"
+          end
+          cache.send(:query_builder).instance_variable_get(:@sql)
+        end
+
+        def statement_cache
+          @connection.instance_variable_get(:@statements).send(:cache)
+        end
+
         def assert_logs_binds(binds)
           payload = {
             name: "SQL",
             sql: "select * from topics where id = ?",
             binds: binds,
-            type_casted_binds: @connection.type_casted_binds(binds)
+            type_casted_binds: @connection.send(:type_casted_binds, binds)
           }
 
           event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/boolean_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/boolean_test.rb
index ab9f974e2c..18824004d2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/boolean_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/boolean_test.rb
@@ -40,4 +40,13 @@ class BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal b_false, Boolean.find_by(value: "false")
     assert_equal b_true, Boolean.find_by(value: "true")
   end
+
+  def test_find_by_falsy_boolean_symbol
+    ActiveModel::Type::Boolean::FALSE_VALUES.each do |value|
+      b_false = Boolean.create!(value: value)
+
+      assert_not_predicate b_false, :value?
+      assert_equal b_false, Boolean.find_by(id: b_false.id, value: value.to_s.to_sym)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
index 3a569f226e..c27eb8a65d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
@@ -44,10 +44,88 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     test "cache_key_with_version always has both key and version" do
       r1 = CacheMeWithVersion.create
-      assert_equal "active_record/cache_key_test/cache_me_with_versions/#{r1.id}-#{r1.updated_at.to_s(:usec)}", r1.cache_key_with_version
+      assert_equal "active_record/cache_key_test/cache_me_with_versions/#{r1.id}-#{r1.updated_at.utc.to_s(:usec)}", r1.cache_key_with_version
 
       r2 = CacheMe.create
-      assert_equal "active_record/cache_key_test/cache_mes/#{r2.id}-#{r2.updated_at.to_s(:usec)}", r2.cache_key_with_version
+      assert_equal "active_record/cache_key_test/cache_mes/#{r2.id}-#{r2.updated_at.utc.to_s(:usec)}", r2.cache_key_with_version
+    end
+
+    test "cache_version is the same when it comes from the DB or from the user" do
+      skip("Mysql2 and PostgreSQL don't return a string value for updated_at") if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+
+      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
+      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
+      assert_not_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
+        record_from_db.cache_version
+      end
+
+      assert_equal record.cache_version, record_from_db.cache_version
+    end
+
+    test "cache_version does not truncate zeros when timestamp ends in zeros" do
+      skip("Mysql2 and PostgreSQL don't return a string value for updated_at") if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+
+      travel_to Time.now.beginning_of_day do
+        record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
+        record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
+        assert_not_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
+          record_from_db.cache_version
+        end
+
+        assert_equal record.cache_version, record_from_db.cache_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "cache_version calls updated_at when the value is generated at create time" do
+      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
+      assert_called(record, :updated_at) do
+        record.cache_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "cache_version does NOT call updated_at when value is from the database" do
+      skip("Mysql2 and PostgreSQL don't return a string value for updated_at") if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+
+      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
+      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
+      assert_not_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
+        record_from_db.cache_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "cache_version does call updated_at when it is assigned via a Time object" do
+      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
+      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
+      assert_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
+        record_from_db.updated_at = Time.now
+        record_from_db.cache_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "cache_version does call updated_at when it is assigned via a string" do
+      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
+      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
+      assert_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
+        record_from_db.updated_at = Time.now.to_s
+        record_from_db.cache_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "cache_version does call updated_at when it is assigned via a hash" do
+      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
+      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.find(record.id)
+      assert_called(record_from_db, :updated_at) do
+        record_from_db.updated_at = { 1 => 2016, 2 => 11, 3 => 12, 4 => 1, 5 => 2, 6 => 3, 7 => 22 }
+        record_from_db.cache_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "updated_at on class but not on instance raises an error" do
+      record = CacheMeWithVersion.create
+      record_from_db = CacheMeWithVersion.where(id: record.id).select(:id).first
+      assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) do
+        record_from_db.cache_version
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
index 5c9ed42173..dbd1d03c4c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ require "models/developer"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
 require "models/rating"
+require "support/stubs/strong_parameters"
 
 class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :companies, :accounts, :topics, :speedometers, :minivans, :books, :posts, :comments
@@ -138,6 +139,13 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_should_not_use_alias_for_grouped_field
+    assert_sql(/GROUP BY #{Regexp.escape(Account.connection.quote_table_name("accounts.firm_id"))}/i) do
+      c = Account.group(:firm_id).order("accounts_firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
+      assert_equal [1, 2, 6, 9], c.keys.compact
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_should_order_by_grouped_field
     c = Account.group(:firm_id).order("firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal [1, 2, 6, 9], c.keys.compact
@@ -184,7 +192,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_limit_is_kept
     return if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
-    queries = assert_sql { Account.limit(1).count }
+    queries = capture_sql { Account.limit(1).count }
     assert_equal 1, queries.length
     assert_match(/LIMIT/, queries.first)
   end
@@ -192,7 +200,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_offset_is_kept
     return if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
-    queries = assert_sql { Account.offset(1).count }
+    queries = capture_sql { Account.offset(1).count }
     assert_equal 1, queries.length
     assert_match(/OFFSET/, queries.first)
   end
@@ -200,14 +208,14 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_limit_with_offset_is_kept
     return if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
-    queries = assert_sql { Account.limit(1).offset(1).count }
+    queries = capture_sql { Account.limit(1).offset(1).count }
     assert_equal 1, queries.length
     assert_match(/LIMIT/, queries.first)
     assert_match(/OFFSET/, queries.first)
   end
 
   def test_no_limit_no_offset
-    queries = assert_sql { Account.count }
+    queries = capture_sql { Account.count }
     assert_equal 1, queries.length
     assert_no_match(/LIMIT/, queries.first)
     assert_no_match(/OFFSET/, queries.first)
@@ -218,20 +226,17 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       Account.select("credit_limit, firm_name").count
     }
 
-    assert_match %r{accounts}i, e.message
-    assert_match "credit_limit, firm_name", e.message
+    assert_match %r{accounts}i, e.sql
+    assert_match "credit_limit, firm_name", e.sql
   end
 
   def test_apply_distinct_in_count
-    queries = assert_sql do
+    queries = capture_sql do
       Account.distinct.count
       Account.group(:firm_id).distinct.count
     end
 
     queries.each do |query|
-      # `table_alias_length` in `column_alias_for` would execute
-      # "SHOW max_identifier_length" statement in PostgreSQL adapter.
-      next if query == "SHOW max_identifier_length"
       assert_match %r{\ASELECT(?! DISTINCT) COUNT\(DISTINCT\b}, query
     end
   end
@@ -242,6 +247,12 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all) }
   end
 
+  def test_count_with_eager_loading_and_custom_select_and_order
+    posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id").select(:type)
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all) }
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_eager_loading_and_custom_order_and_distinct
     posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id").distinct
     assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.count }
@@ -278,6 +289,18 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.order(:firm_id).limit(3).offset(2).count
   end
 
+  def test_distinct_joins_count_with_group_by
+    expected = { nil => 4, 1 => 1, 2 => 1, 4 => 1, 5 => 1, 7 => 1 }
+    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).distinct.count(:author_id)
+    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).distinct.select(:author_id).count
+    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).count("DISTINCT posts.author_id")
+    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).select("DISTINCT posts.author_id").count
+
+    expected = { nil => 6, 1 => 1, 2 => 1, 4 => 1, 5 => 1, 7 => 1 }
+    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).distinct.count(:all)
+    assert_equal expected, Post.left_joins(:comments).group(:post_id).distinct.select(:author_id).count(:all)
+  end
+
   def test_distinct_count_with_group_by_and_order_and_limit
     assert_equal({ 6 => 2 }, Account.group(:firm_id).distinct.order("1 DESC").limit(1).count)
   end
@@ -344,6 +367,17 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 60,  c[2]
   end
 
+  def test_should_calculate_grouped_with_longer_field
+    field = "a" * Account.connection.max_identifier_length
+
+    Account.update_all("#{field} = credit_limit")
+
+    c = Account.group(:firm_id).sum(field)
+    assert_equal 50,  c[1]
+    assert_equal 105, c[6]
+    assert_equal 60,  c[2]
+  end
+
   def test_should_calculate_with_invalid_field
     assert_equal 6, Account.calculate(:count, "*")
     assert_equal 6, Account.calculate(:count, :all)
@@ -428,11 +462,13 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_count_selected_field_with_include
     assert_equal 6, Account.includes(:firm).distinct.count
     assert_equal 4, Account.includes(:firm).distinct.select(:credit_limit).count
+    assert_equal 4, Account.includes(:firm).distinct.count("DISTINCT credit_limit")
+    assert_equal 4, Account.includes(:firm).distinct.count("DISTINCT(credit_limit)")
   end
 
   def test_should_not_perform_joined_include_by_default
     assert_equal Account.count, Account.includes(:firm).count
-    queries = assert_sql { Account.includes(:firm).count }
+    queries = capture_sql { Account.includes(:firm).count }
     assert_no_match(/join/i, queries.last)
   end
 
@@ -458,6 +494,24 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 6, Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.id").includes(:firm).count
   end
 
+  def test_should_count_manual_select_with_count_all
+    assert_equal 5, Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.firm_id").count(:all)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_count_with_manual_distinct_select_and_distinct
+    assert_equal 4, Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.firm_id").distinct(true).count
+  end
+
+  def test_should_count_manual_select_with_group_with_count_all
+    expected = { nil => 1, 1 => 1, 2 => 1, 6 => 2, 9 => 1 }
+    actual = Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.firm_id").group("accounts.firm_id").count(:all)
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_should_count_manual_with_count_all
+    assert_equal 6, Account.count(:all)
+  end
+
   def test_count_selected_arel_attribute
     assert_equal 5, Account.select(Account.arel_table[:firm_id]).count
     assert_equal 4, Account.distinct.select(Account.arel_table[:firm_id]).count
@@ -509,8 +563,10 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_count_field_of_root_table_with_conflicting_group_by_column
-    assert_equal({ 1 => 1 }, Firm.joins(:accounts).group(:firm_id).count)
-    assert_equal({ 1 => 1 }, Firm.joins(:accounts).group("accounts.firm_id").count)
+    expected = { 1 => 2, 2 => 1, 4 => 5, 5 => 2, 7 => 1 }
+    assert_equal expected, Post.joins(:comments).group(:post_id).count
+    assert_equal expected, Post.joins(:comments).group("comments.post_id").count
+    assert_equal expected, Post.joins(:comments).group(:post_id).select("DISTINCT posts.author_id").count(:all)
   end
 
   def test_count_with_no_parameters_isnt_deprecated
@@ -540,11 +596,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_sum_expression
-    if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
-      assert_equal 636, Account.sum("2 * credit_limit")
-    else
-      assert_equal 636, Account.sum("2 * credit_limit").to_i
-    end
+    assert_equal 636, Account.sum("2 * credit_limit")
   end
 
   def test_sum_expression_returns_zero_when_no_records_to_sum
@@ -688,8 +740,9 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_pluck_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_joined
-    Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])
-    assert_equal [7], Company.joins(:contracts).pluck(:developer_id)
+    company = Company.create!(name: "test", contracts: [Contract.new(developer_id: 7)])
+    metadata = company.contracts.first.metadata
+    assert_equal [metadata], Company.joins(:contracts).pluck(:metadata)
   end
 
   def test_pluck_with_selection_clause
@@ -717,6 +770,16 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], Topic.includes(:replies).order(:id).offset(5).pluck(:id)
   end
 
+  def test_pluck_with_join
+    assert_equal [[2, 2], [4, 4]], Reply.includes(:topic).pluck(:id, :"topics.id")
+  end
+
+  def test_group_by_with_order_by_virtual_count_attribute
+    expected = { "SpecialPost" => 1, "StiPost" => 2 }
+    actual = Post.group(:type).order(:count).limit(2).maximum(:comments_count)
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+
   def test_group_by_with_limit
     expected = { "Post" => 8, "SpecialPost" => 1 }
     actual = Post.includes(:comments).group(:type).order(:type).limit(2).count("comments.id")
@@ -783,7 +846,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_pluck_columns_with_same_name
     expected = [["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day"], ["The Third Topic of the day", "The Fourth Topic of the day"]]
-    actual = Topic.joins(:replies)
+    actual = Topic.joins(:replies).order(:id)
       .pluck("topics.title", "replies_topics.title")
     assert_equal expected, actual
   end
@@ -803,28 +866,25 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_pluck_loaded_relation
-    Company.attribute_names # Load schema information so we don't query below
     companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       assert_equal ["37signals", "Summit", "Microsoft"], companies.pluck(:name)
     end
   end
 
   def test_pluck_loaded_relation_multiple_columns
-    Company.attribute_names # Load schema information so we don't query below
     companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_queries(0) do
       assert_equal [[1, "37signals"], [2, "Summit"], [3, "Microsoft"]], companies.pluck(:id, :name)
     end
   end
 
   def test_pluck_loaded_relation_sql_fragment
-    Company.attribute_names # Load schema information so we don't query below
     companies = Company.order(:name).limit(3).load
 
-    assert_queries 1 do
+    assert_queries(1) do
       assert_equal ["37signals", "Apex", "Ex Nihilo"], companies.pluck(Arel.sql("DISTINCT name"))
     end
   end
@@ -832,13 +892,13 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_pick_one
     assert_equal "The First Topic", Topic.order(:id).pick(:heading)
     assert_nil Topic.none.pick(:heading)
-    assert_nil Topic.where("1=0").pick(:heading)
+    assert_nil Topic.where(id: 9999999999999999999).pick(:heading)
   end
 
   def test_pick_two
     assert_equal ["David", "david@loudthinking.com"], Topic.order(:id).pick(:author_name, :author_email_address)
     assert_nil Topic.none.pick(:author_name, :author_email_address)
-    assert_nil Topic.where("1=0").pick(:author_name, :author_email_address)
+    assert_nil Topic.where(id: 9999999999999999999).pick(:author_name, :author_email_address)
   end
 
   def test_pick_delegate_to_all
@@ -876,26 +936,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_having_with_strong_parameters
-    protected_params = Class.new do
-      attr_reader :permitted
-      alias :permitted? :permitted
-
-      def initialize(parameters)
-        @parameters = parameters
-        @permitted = false
-      end
-
-      def to_h
-        @parameters
-      end
-
-      def permit!
-        @permitted = true
-        self
-      end
-    end
-
-    params = protected_params.new(credit_limit: "50")
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(credit_limit: "50")
 
     assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
       Account.group(:id).having(params)
@@ -911,15 +952,15 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({ "proposed" => 2, "published" => 2 }, Book.group(:status).count)
   end
 
-  def test_deprecate_count_with_block_and_column_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal 6, Account.count(:firm_id) { true }
+  def test_count_with_block_and_column_name_raises_an_error
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Account.count(:firm_id) { true }
     end
   end
 
-  def test_deprecate_sum_with_block_and_column_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal 6, Account.sum(:firm_id) { 1 }
+  def test_sum_with_block_and_column_name_raises_an_error
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Account.sum(:firm_id) { 1 }
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index 0ea3fb86a6..b4026078f1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CallbackDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
 
     def callback_object(callback_method)
       klass = Class.new
-      klass.send(:define_method, callback_method) do |model|
+      klass.define_method(callback_method) do |model|
         model.history << [callback_method, :object]
       end
       klass.new
@@ -458,10 +458,6 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [ :before_validation, :object ],
       [ :before_validation, :block  ],
       [ :before_validation, :throwing_abort ],
-      [ :after_rollback,    :block  ],
-      [ :after_rollback,    :object ],
-      [ :after_rollback,    :proc   ],
-      [ :after_rollback,    :method ],
     ], david.history
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
index 483383257b..f07f3c42e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
@@ -171,5 +171,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       assert_match(/\Adevelopers\/query-(\h+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\z/, developers.cache_key)
     end
+
+    test "cache_key should be stable when using collection_cache_versioning" do
+      with_collection_cache_versioning do
+        developers = Developer.where(salary: 100000)
+
+        assert_match(/\Adevelopers\/query-(\h+)\z/, developers.cache_key)
+
+        /\Adevelopers\/query-(\h+)\z/ =~ developers.cache_key
+
+        assert_equal ActiveSupport::Digest.hexdigest(developers.to_sql), $1
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "cache_version for relation" do
+      with_collection_cache_versioning do
+        developers = Developer.where(salary: 100000).order(updated_at: :desc)
+        last_developer_timestamp = developers.first.updated_at
+
+        assert_match(/(\d+)-(\d+)\z/, developers.cache_version)
+
+        /(\d+)-(\d+)\z/ =~ developers.cache_version
+
+        assert_equal developers.count.to_s, $1
+        assert_equal last_developer_timestamp.to_s(ActiveRecord::Base.cache_timestamp_format), $2
+      end
+    end
+
+    def with_collection_cache_versioning(value = true)
+      @old_collection_cache_versioning = ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning
+      ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning = value
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning = @old_collection_cache_versioning
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
index 584e03d196..25e2f20676 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_comments?
     class BlankComment < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
 
+    class PkCommented < ActiveRecord::Base
+    end
+
     setup do
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
@@ -35,8 +38,13 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_comments?
         t.index :absent_comment
       end
 
+      @connection.create_table("pk_commenteds", comment: "Table comment", id: false, force: true) do |t|
+        t.integer :id, comment: "Primary key comment", primary_key: true
+      end
+
       Commented.reset_column_information
       BlankComment.reset_column_information
+      PkCommented.reset_column_information
     end
 
     teardown do
@@ -44,6 +52,11 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_comments?
       @connection.drop_table "blank_comments", if_exists: true
     end
 
+    def test_default_primary_key_comment
+      column = Commented.columns_hash["id"]
+      assert_nil column.comment
+    end
+
     def test_column_created_in_block
       column = Commented.columns_hash["name"]
       assert_equal :string, column.type
@@ -164,5 +177,17 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_comments?
       column = Commented.columns_hash["name"]
       assert_nil column.comment
     end
+
+    def test_comment_on_primary_key
+      column = PkCommented.columns_hash["id"]
+      assert_equal "Primary key comment", column.comment
+      assert_equal "Table comment", @connection.table_comment("pk_commenteds")
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_with_primary_key_comment
+      output = dump_table_schema "pk_commenteds"
+      assert_match %r[create_table "pk_commenteds",.*\s+comment: "Table comment"], output
+      assert_no_match %r[create_table "pk_commenteds",.*\s+comment: "Primary key comment"], output
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
index 51d0cc3d12..843242a897 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_establish_connection_uses_spec_name
         old_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
-        config = { "readonly" => { "adapter" => "sqlite3" } }
+        config = { "readonly" => { "adapter" => "sqlite3", "pool" => "5" } }
         ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = config
         resolver = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations)
         spec =   resolver.spec(:readonly)
@@ -367,11 +367,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_same klass2.connection, ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         end
 
+        class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
+          self.abstract_class = true
+        end
+
+        class MyClass < ApplicationRecord
+        end
+
         def test_connection_specification_name_should_fallback_to_parent
           klassA = Class.new(Base)
           klassB = Class.new(klassA)
+          klassC = Class.new(MyClass)
 
           assert_equal klassB.connection_specification_name, klassA.connection_specification_name
+          assert_equal klassC.connection_specification_name, klassA.connection_specification_name
+
+          assert_equal "primary", klassA.connection_specification_name
+          assert_equal "primary", klassC.connection_specification_name
+
           klassA.connection_specification_name = "readonly"
           assert_equal "readonly", klassB.connection_specification_name
         end
@@ -382,6 +395,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_not_nil ActiveRecord::Base.connection
           assert_same klass2.connection, ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         end
+
+        def test_default_handlers_are_writing_and_reading
+          assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role
+          assert_equal :reading, ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handlers_multi_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handlers_multi_db_test.rb
index a394430dfe..d3184f39f5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handlers_multi_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handlers_multi_db_test.rb
@@ -108,11 +108,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
           ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
             @ro_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
             assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:reading]
+            assert_equal :reading, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+            assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading)
+            assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
           end
 
           ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
             assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:writing]
             assert_not_equal @ro_handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
+            assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+            assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+            assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading)
           end
         ensure
           ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = @prev_configs
@@ -120,11 +126,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
           ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = previous_env
         end
 
+        def test_establish_connection_using_3_levels_config_with_non_default_handlers
+          previous_env, ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = ENV["RAILS_ENV"], "default_env"
+
+          config = {
+            "default_env" => {
+              "readonly" => { "adapter" => "sqlite3", "database" => "db/readonly.sqlite3" },
+              "primary"  => { "adapter" => "sqlite3", "database" => "db/primary.sqlite3" }
+            }
+          }
+          @prev_configs, ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations, config
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connects_to(database: { default: :primary, readonly: :readonly })
+
+          assert_not_nil pool = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:default].retrieve_connection_pool("primary")
+          assert_equal "db/primary.sqlite3", pool.spec.config[:database]
+
+          assert_not_nil pool = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:readonly].retrieve_connection_pool("primary")
+          assert_equal "db/readonly.sqlite3", pool.spec.config[:database]
+        ensure
+          ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = @prev_configs
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:arunit)
+          ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = previous_env
+        end
+
         def test_switching_connections_with_database_url
           previous_env, ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = ENV["RAILS_ENV"], "default_env"
           previous_url, ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = ENV["DATABASE_URL"], "postgres://localhost/foo"
 
           ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: { writing: "postgres://localhost/bar" }) do
+            assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+            assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+
             handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
             assert_equal handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:writing]
 
@@ -142,6 +175,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           config = { adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/readonly.sqlite3" }
 
           ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: { writing: config }) do
+            assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+            assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+
             handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
             assert_equal handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:writing]
 
@@ -167,23 +203,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal "must provide a `database` or a `role`.", error.message
         end
 
-        def test_switching_connections_with_database_symbol
+        def test_switching_connections_with_database_symbol_uses_default_role
+          previous_env, ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = ENV["RAILS_ENV"], "default_env"
+
+          config = {
+            "default_env" => {
+              "animals" => { adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/animals.sqlite3" },
+              "primary" => { adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/primary.sqlite3" }
+            }
+          }
+          @prev_configs, ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations, config
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: :animals) do
+            assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+            assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+
+            handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
+            assert_equal handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:writing]
+
+            assert_not_nil pool = handler.retrieve_connection_pool("primary")
+            assert_equal(config["default_env"]["animals"], pool.spec.config)
+          end
+        ensure
+          ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = @prev_configs
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:arunit)
+          ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = previous_env
+        end
+
+        def test_switching_connections_with_database_hash_uses_passed_role_and_database
           previous_env, ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = ENV["RAILS_ENV"], "default_env"
 
           config = {
             "default_env" => {
-              "readonly" => { adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/readonly.sqlite3" },
-              "primary"  => { adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/primary.sqlite3" }
+              "animals" => { adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/animals.sqlite3" },
+              "primary" => { adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/primary.sqlite3" }
             }
           }
           @prev_configs, ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations, config
 
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: :readonly) do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: { writing: :primary }) do
+            assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+            assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+
             handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
-            assert_equal handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:readonly]
+            assert_equal handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:writing]
 
             assert_not_nil pool = handler.retrieve_connection_pool("primary")
-            assert_equal(config["default_env"]["readonly"], pool.spec.config)
+            assert_equal(config["default_env"]["primary"], pool.spec.config)
           end
         ensure
           ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = @prev_configs
@@ -201,6 +267,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           assert_equal 1, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.size
           assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:writing]
+          assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.current_role
+          assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
         ensure
           ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = @prev_configs
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:arunit)
@@ -280,6 +348,71 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_nil @rw_handler.retrieve_connection_pool("foo")
         assert_nil @ro_handler.retrieve_connection_pool("foo")
       end
+
+      def test_connection_handlers_are_per_thread_and_not_per_fiber
+        original_handlers = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers
+
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler, reading: ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new }
+
+        reading_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:reading]
+
+        reading = ActiveRecord::Base.with_handler(:reading) do
+          Person.connection_handler
+        end
+
+        assert_not_equal reading, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
+        assert_equal reading, reading_handler
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = original_handlers
+      end
+
+      def test_connection_handlers_swapping_connections_in_fiber
+        original_handlers = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers
+
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler, reading: ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new }
+
+        reading_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:reading]
+
+        enum = Enumerator.new do |r|
+          r << ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
+        end
+
+        reading = ActiveRecord::Base.with_handler(:reading) do
+          enum.next
+        end
+
+        assert_equal reading, reading_handler
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = original_handlers
+      end
+
+      def test_calling_connected_to_on_a_non_existent_handler_raises
+        error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+            Person.first
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_equal "No connection pool with 'primary' found for the 'reading' role.", error.message
+      end
+
+      def test_default_handlers_are_writing_and_reading
+        assert_equal :writing, ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role
+        assert_equal :reading, ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role
+      end
+
+      def test_an_application_can_change_the_default_handlers
+        old_writing = ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role
+        old_reading = ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role
+        ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role = :default
+        ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role = :readonly
+
+        assert_equal :default, ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role
+        assert_equal :readonly, ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role = old_writing
+        ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role = old_reading
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
index 06c1c51724..6372abbf3f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal expected, actual
       end
 
+      def test_resolver_with_nil_database_url_and_current_env
+        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "foo"
+        config = { "foo" => { "adapter" => "postgres", "url" => ENV["DATABASE_URL"] } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:foo, config)
+        expected = { "adapter" => "postgres", "url" => nil, "name" => "foo" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
       def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key_and_rack_env
         ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
         ENV["RACK_ENV"]     = "foo"
@@ -64,6 +72,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal expected, actual
       end
 
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_multiple_envs
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "postgres://localhost"
+        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
+
+        config   = { "production" => { "adapter" => "postgresql", "database" => "foo_prod" }, "test" => { "adapter" => "postgresql", "database" => "foo_test" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:test, config)
+        expected = { "adapter" => "postgresql", "database" => "foo_test", "host" => "localhost", "name" => "test" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
       def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_unknown_symbol_key
         ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
         config = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
@@ -226,6 +244,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal expected, actual
       end
 
+      def test_no_url_sub_key_with_database_url_doesnt_trample_other_envs
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "postgres://localhost/baz"
+
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "database" => "foo" }, "other_env" => { "url" => "postgres://foohost/bardb" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "database" => "baz",
+                      "adapter" => "postgresql",
+                      "host" => "localhost"
+                     },
+                     "other_env" =>
+                      { "adapter" => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "bardb",
+                       "host"     => "foohost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
       def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url
         ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
 
@@ -255,6 +292,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
                     }
         assert_equal expected, actual
       end
+
+      def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url_and_adapter
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "adapter" => "postgresql", "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                     }
+        }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url_and_numeric_pool
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "pool" => 5 } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => 5
+                     }
+        }
+
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
index 02e76ce146..774380d7e0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -27,8 +27,12 @@ if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_string_types
           assert_lookup_type :string, "enum('one', 'two', 'three')"
           assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM('one', 'two', 'three')"
+          assert_lookup_type :string, "enum ('one', 'two', 'three')"
+          assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM ('one', 'two', 'three')"
           assert_lookup_type :string, "set('one', 'two', 'three')"
           assert_lookup_type :string, "SET('one', 'two', 'three')"
+          assert_lookup_type :string, "set ('one', 'two', 'three')"
+          assert_lookup_type :string, "SET ('one', 'two', 'three')"
         end
 
         def test_set_type_with_value_matching_other_type
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
         end
 
         def test_enum_type_with_value_matching_other_type
-          assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM('unicode', '8bit', 'none')"
+          assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM('unicode', '8bit', 'none', 'time')"
         end
 
         def test_binary_types
@@ -54,7 +58,6 @@ if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
         end
 
         private
-
           def assert_lookup_type(type, lookup)
             cast_type = @connection.send(:type_map).lookup(lookup)
             assert_equal type, cast_type.type
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
index 67496381d1..28e232b88f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SchemaCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
-        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        @cache     = SchemaCache.new connection
+        @connection       = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @cache            = SchemaCache.new @connection
+        @database_version = @connection.get_database_version
       end
 
       def test_primary_key
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @cache.columns_hash("posts")
         @cache.data_sources("posts")
         @cache.primary_keys("posts")
+        @cache.indexes("posts")
 
         new_cache = YAML.load(YAML.dump(@cache))
         assert_no_queries do
@@ -26,19 +28,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal 12, new_cache.columns_hash("posts").size
           assert new_cache.data_sources("posts")
           assert_equal "id", new_cache.primary_keys("posts")
+          assert_equal 1, new_cache.indexes("posts").size
+          assert_equal @database_version.to_s, new_cache.database_version.to_s
         end
       end
 
       def test_yaml_loads_5_1_dump
-        body = File.open(schema_dump_path).read
-        cache = YAML.load(body)
+        @cache = YAML.load(File.read(schema_dump_path))
 
         assert_no_queries do
-          assert_equal 11, cache.columns("posts").size
-          assert_equal 11, cache.columns_hash("posts").size
-          assert cache.data_sources("posts")
-          assert_equal "id", cache.primary_keys("posts")
+          assert_equal 11, @cache.columns("posts").size
+          assert_equal 11, @cache.columns_hash("posts").size
+          assert @cache.data_sources("posts")
+          assert_equal "id", @cache.primary_keys("posts")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_yaml_loads_5_1_dump_without_indexes_still_queries_for_indexes
+        @cache = YAML.load(File.read(schema_dump_path))
+
+        # Simulate assignment in railtie after loading the cache.
+        old_cache, @connection.schema_cache = @connection.schema_cache, @cache
+
+        assert_queries :any, ignore_none: true do
+          assert_equal 1, @cache.indexes("posts").size
         end
+      ensure
+        @connection.schema_cache = old_cache
+      end
+
+      def test_yaml_loads_5_1_dump_without_database_version_still_queries_for_database_version
+        @cache = YAML.load(File.read(schema_dump_path))
+
+        # Simulate assignment in railtie after loading the cache.
+        old_cache, @connection.schema_cache = @connection.schema_cache, @cache
+
+        # We can't verify queries get executed because the database version gets
+        # cached in both MySQL and PostgreSQL outside of the schema cache.
+        assert_nil @cache.instance_variable_get(:@database_version)
+        assert_equal @database_version.to_s, @cache.database_version.to_s
+      ensure
+        @connection.schema_cache = old_cache
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_for_non_existent_table
@@ -55,15 +85,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal columns_hash, @cache.columns_hash("posts")
       end
 
+      def test_caches_indexes
+        indexes = @cache.indexes("posts")
+        assert_equal indexes, @cache.indexes("posts")
+      end
+
+      def test_caches_database_version
+        @cache.database_version # cache database_version
+
+        assert_no_queries do
+          assert_equal @database_version.to_s, @cache.database_version.to_s
+
+          if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+            assert_not_nil @cache.database_version.full_version_string
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_clearing
         @cache.columns("posts")
         @cache.columns_hash("posts")
         @cache.data_sources("posts")
         @cache.primary_keys("posts")
+        @cache.indexes("posts")
 
         @cache.clear!
 
         assert_equal 0, @cache.size
+        assert_nil @cache.instance_variable_get(:@database_version)
       end
 
       def test_dump_and_load
@@ -71,6 +120,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @cache.columns_hash("posts")
         @cache.data_sources("posts")
         @cache.primary_keys("posts")
+        @cache.indexes("posts")
 
         @cache = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@cache))
 
@@ -79,6 +129,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal 12, @cache.columns_hash("posts").size
           assert @cache.data_sources("posts")
           assert_equal "id", @cache.primary_keys("posts")
+          assert_equal 1, @cache.indexes("posts").size
+          assert_equal @database_version.to_s, @cache.database_version.to_s
         end
       end
 
@@ -91,8 +143,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @cache.clear_data_source_cache!("posts")
       end
 
-      private
+      test "#columns_hash? is populated by #columns_hash" do
+        assert_not @cache.columns_hash?("posts")
+
+        @cache.columns_hash("posts")
 
+        assert @cache.columns_hash?("posts")
+      end
+
+      test "#columns_hash? is not populated by #data_source_exists?" do
+        assert_not @cache.columns_hash?("posts")
+
+        @cache.data_source_exists?("posts")
+
+        assert_not @cache.columns_hash?("posts")
+      end
+
+      private
         def schema_dump_path
           "test/assets/schema_dump_5_1.yml"
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
index 1c79d776f0..e92bb40632 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@ unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) # PostgreSQL does not use type strin
         end
 
         private
-
           def assert_lookup_type(type, lookup)
             cast_type = @connection.send(:type_map).lookup(lookup)
             assert_equal type, cast_type.type
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
index 633d56e479..ccbb6e16cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
@@ -507,7 +507,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         pool.schema_cache = schema_cache
 
         pool.with_connection do |conn|
-          assert_not_same pool.schema_cache, conn.schema_cache
           assert_equal pool.schema_cache.size, conn.schema_cache.size
           assert_same pool.schema_cache.columns(:posts), conn.schema_cache.columns(:posts)
         end
@@ -567,23 +566,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_disconnect_and_clear_reloadable_connections_attempt_to_wait_for_threads_to_return_their_conns
         [:disconnect, :disconnect!, :clear_reloadable_connections, :clear_reloadable_connections!].each do |group_action_method|
-          begin
-            thread = timed_join_result = nil
-            @pool.with_connection do |connection|
-              thread = Thread.new { @pool.send(group_action_method) }
-
-              # give the other `thread` some time to get stuck in `group_action_method`
-              timed_join_result = thread.join(0.3)
-              # thread.join # => `nil` means the other thread hasn't finished running and is still waiting for us to
-              # release our connection
-              assert_nil timed_join_result
-
-              # assert that since this is within default timeout our connection hasn't been forcefully taken away from us
-              assert_predicate @pool, :active_connection?
-            end
-          ensure
-            thread.join if thread && !timed_join_result # clean up the other thread
+          thread = timed_join_result = nil
+          @pool.with_connection do |connection|
+            thread = Thread.new { @pool.send(group_action_method) }
+
+            # give the other `thread` some time to get stuck in `group_action_method`
+            timed_join_result = thread.join(0.3)
+            # thread.join # => `nil` means the other thread hasn't finished running and is still waiting for us to
+            # release our connection
+            assert_nil timed_join_result
+
+            # assert that since this is within default timeout our connection hasn't been forcefully taken away from us
+            assert_predicate @pool, :active_connection?
           end
+        ensure
+          thread.join if thread && !timed_join_result # clean up the other thread
         end
       end
 
@@ -697,6 +694,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_public_connections_access_threadsafe
+        _conn1 = @pool.checkout
+        conn2 = @pool.checkout
+
+        connections = @pool.connections
+        found_conn = nil
+
+        # Without assuming too much about implementation
+        # details make sure that a concurrent change to
+        # the pool is thread-safe.
+        connections.each_index do |idx|
+          if connections[idx] == conn2
+            Thread.new do
+              @pool.remove(conn2)
+            end.join
+          end
+          found_conn = connections[idx]
+        end
+
+        assert_not_nil found_conn
+      end
+
       private
         def with_single_connection_pool
           one_conn_spec = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec.dup
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
index 99d286dc52..cc4f86a0fb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "update other counters on parent destroy" do
     david, joanna = dog_lovers(:david, :joanna)
-    joanna = joanna # squelch a warning
+    _ = joanna # squelch a warning
 
     assert_difference "joanna.reload.dogs_count", -1 do
       david.destroy
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/database_configurations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/database_configurations_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed8151f01a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/database_configurations_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class DatabaseConfigurationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_empty_returns_true_when_db_configs_are_empty
+      old_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
+      config = {}
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = config
+
+      assert_predicate ActiveRecord::Base.configurations, :empty?
+      assert_predicate ActiveRecord::Base.configurations, :blank?
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = old_config
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_configs_for_getter_with_env_name
+    configs = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit")
+
+    assert_equal 1, configs.size
+    assert_equal ["arunit"], configs.map(&:env_name)
+  end
+
+  def test_configs_for_getter_with_env_and_spec_name
+    config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit", spec_name: "primary")
+
+    assert_equal "arunit", config.env_name
+    assert_equal "primary", config.spec_name
+  end
+
+  def test_default_hash_returns_config_hash_from_default_env
+    original_rails_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
+    ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "arunit"
+
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "arunit", spec_name: "primary").config, ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.default_hash
+  ensure
+    ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = original_rails_env
+  end
+
+  def test_find_db_config_returns_a_db_config_object_for_the_given_env
+    config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.find_db_config("arunit2")
+
+    assert_equal "arunit2", config.env_name
+    assert_equal "primary", config.spec_name
+  end
+
+  def test_to_h_turns_db_config_object_back_into_a_hash
+    configs = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
+    assert_equal "ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations", configs.class.name
+    assert_equal "Hash", configs.to_h.class.name
+    assert_equal ["arunit", "arunit2", "arunit_without_prepared_statements"], ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.to_h.keys.sort
+  end
+end
+
+class LegacyDatabaseConfigurationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_setting_configurations_hash
+      old_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
+      config = { "adapter" => "sqlite3" }
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["readonly"] = config
+      end
+
+      assert_equal ["arunit", "arunit2", "arunit_without_prepared_statements", "readonly"], ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for.map(&:env_name).sort
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = old_config
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_can_turn_configurations_into_a_hash
+    assert ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.to_h.is_a?(Hash), "expected to be a hash but was not."
+    assert_equal ["arunit", "arunit2", "arunit_without_prepared_statements"].sort, ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.to_h.keys.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_each_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.each do |db_config|
+        assert_equal "primary", db_config.spec_name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_first_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.first
+      assert_equal "arunit", db_config.env_name
+      assert_equal "primary", db_config.spec_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.fetch("arunit").first
+      assert_equal "arunit", db_config.env_name
+      assert_equal "primary", db_config.spec_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_values_are_deprecated
+    config_hashes = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configurations.map(&:config)
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal config_hashes, ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.values
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_unsupported_method_raises
+    assert_raises NotImplementedError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.select { |a| a == "foo" }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/database_selector_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/database_selector_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd02d2acb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/database_selector_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/person"
+require "action_dispatch"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class DatabaseSelectorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    setup do
+      @session_store = {}
+      @session = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session.new(@session_store)
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler }
+    end
+
+    def test_empty_session
+      assert_equal Time.at(0), @session.last_write_timestamp
+    end
+
+    def test_writing_the_session_timestamps
+      assert @session.update_last_write_timestamp
+
+      session2 = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session.new(@session_store)
+      assert_equal @session.last_write_timestamp, session2.last_write_timestamp
+    end
+
+    def test_writing_session_time_changes
+      assert @session.update_last_write_timestamp
+
+      before = @session.last_write_timestamp
+      sleep(0.1)
+
+      assert @session.update_last_write_timestamp
+      assert_not_equal before, @session.last_write_timestamp
+    end
+
+    def test_read_from_replicas
+      @session_store[:last_write] = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session.convert_time_to_timestamp(Time.now - 5.seconds)
+
+      resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver.new(@session)
+
+      called = false
+      resolver.read do
+        called = true
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading)
+      end
+      assert called
+    end
+
+    def test_read_from_primary
+      @session_store[:last_write] = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session.convert_time_to_timestamp(Time.now)
+
+      resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver.new(@session)
+
+      called = false
+      resolver.read do
+        called = true
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+      end
+      assert called
+    end
+
+    def test_write_to_primary
+      resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver.new(@session)
+
+      # Session should start empty
+      assert_nil @session_store[:last_write]
+
+      called = false
+      resolver.write do
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+        called = true
+      end
+      assert called
+
+      # and be populated by the last write time
+      assert @session_store[:last_write]
+    end
+
+    def test_write_to_primary_with_exception
+      resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver.new(@session)
+
+      # Session should start empty
+      assert_nil @session_store[:last_write]
+
+      called = false
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+        resolver.write do
+          assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+          called = true
+          raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+        end
+      end
+      assert called
+
+      # and be populated by the last write time
+      assert @session_store[:last_write]
+    end
+
+    def test_read_from_primary_with_options
+      resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver.new(@session, delay: 5.seconds)
+
+      # Session should start empty
+      assert_nil @session_store[:last_write]
+
+      called = false
+      resolver.write do
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+        called = true
+      end
+      assert called
+
+      # and be populated by the last write time
+      assert @session_store[:last_write]
+
+      read = false
+      resolver.read do
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+        read = true
+      end
+      assert read
+    end
+
+    def test_read_from_replica_with_no_delay
+      resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver.new(@session, delay: 0.seconds)
+
+      # Session should start empty
+      assert_nil @session_store[:last_write]
+
+      called = false
+      resolver.write do
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+        called = true
+      end
+      assert called
+
+      # and be populated by the last write time
+      assert @session_store[:last_write]
+
+      read = false
+      resolver.read do
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading)
+        read = true
+      end
+      assert read
+    end
+
+    def test_the_middleware_chooses_writing_role_with_POST_request
+      middleware = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector.new(lambda { |env|
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing)
+        [200, {}, ["body"]]
+      })
+      assert_equal [200, {}, ["body"]], middleware.call("REQUEST_METHOD" => "POST")
+    end
+
+    def test_the_middleware_chooses_reading_role_with_GET_request
+      middleware = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector.new(lambda { |env|
+        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading)
+        [200, {}, ["body"]]
+      })
+      assert_equal [200, {}, ["body"]], middleware.call("REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
index 1c934602ec..119d48b85e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ class DatabaseStatementsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def return_the_inserted_id(method:)
       # Oracle adapter uses prefetched primary key values from sequence and passes them to connection adapter insert method
       if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
index 9f412cdb63..2475d4a34b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
@@ -23,23 +23,13 @@ class DateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     valid_dates.each do |date_src|
       topic = Topic.new("last_read(1i)" => date_src[0].to_s, "last_read(2i)" => date_src[1].to_s, "last_read(3i)" => date_src[2].to_s)
-      # Oracle DATE columns are datetime columns and Oracle adapter returns Time value
-      if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-        assert_equal(topic.last_read.to_date, Date.new(*date_src))
-      else
-        assert_equal(topic.last_read, Date.new(*date_src))
-      end
+      assert_equal(topic.last_read, Date.new(*date_src))
     end
 
     invalid_dates.each do |date_src|
       assert_nothing_raised do
         topic = Topic.new("last_read(1i)" => date_src[0].to_s, "last_read(2i)" => date_src[1].to_s, "last_read(3i)" => date_src[2].to_s)
-        # Oracle DATE columns are datetime columns and Oracle adapter returns Time value
-        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-          assert_equal(topic.last_read.to_date, Time.local(*date_src).to_date, "The date should be modified according to the behavior of the Time object")
-        else
-          assert_equal(topic.last_read, Time.local(*date_src).to_date, "The date should be modified according to the behavior of the Time object")
-        end
+        assert_equal(topic.last_read, Time.local(*date_src).to_date, "The date should be modified according to the behavior of the Time object")
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
index e64a8372d0..79d63949ca 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ if subsecond_precision_supported?
 
     def test_datetime_precision_is_truncated_on_assignment
       @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
-      @connection.add_column :foos, :created_at,  :datetime, precision: 0
+      @connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime, precision: 0
       @connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime, precision: 6
 
       time = ::Time.now.change(nsec: 123456789)
@@ -45,6 +45,26 @@ if subsecond_precision_supported?
       assert_equal 123456000, foo.updated_at.nsec
     end
 
+    unless current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+      def test_no_datetime_precision_isnt_truncated_on_assignment
+        @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
+        @connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime
+        @connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime, precision: 6
+
+        time = ::Time.now.change(nsec: 123)
+        foo = Foo.new(created_at: time, updated_at: time)
+
+        assert_equal 123, foo.created_at.nsec
+        assert_equal 0, foo.updated_at.nsec
+
+        foo.save!
+        foo.reload
+
+        assert_equal 0, foo.created_at.nsec
+        assert_equal 0, foo.updated_at.nsec
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_timestamps_helper_with_custom_precision
       @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
         t.timestamps precision: 4
@@ -62,7 +82,7 @@ if subsecond_precision_supported?
     end
 
     def test_invalid_datetime_precision_raises_error
-      assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
         @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
           t.timestamps precision: 7
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
index 5d02e59ef6..50a86b0a19 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
 
     test "schema dump includes default expression" do
       output = dump_table_schema("defaults")
-      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.postgresql_version >= 100000
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.database_version >= 100000
         assert_match %r/t\.date\s+"modified_date",\s+default: -> { "CURRENT_DATE" }/, output
         assert_match %r/t\.datetime\s+"modified_time",\s+default: -> { "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" }/, output
       else
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index dfd74bfcb4..a2a501a794 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       Person.where(id: person.id).update_all(first_name: "baz")
     end
 
-    old_lock_version = person.lock_version
+    old_lock_version = person.lock_version + 1
 
     with_partial_writes Person, true do
       assert_no_queries { 2.times { person.save! } }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
index 867ce7082b..ae0ce195b3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
@@ -44,6 +44,11 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal books(:rfr), authors(:david).unpublished_books.first
   end
 
+  test "find via negative scope" do
+    assert Book.not_published.exclude?(@book)
+    assert Book.not_proposed.include?(@book)
+  end
+
   test "find via where with values" do
     published, written = Book.statuses[:published], Book.statuses[:written]
 
@@ -438,6 +443,20 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ["drafted", "uploaded"], book2.status_change
   end
 
+  test "attempting to modify enum raises error" do
+    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Book.statuses["bad_enum"] = 40
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/can't modify frozen/, e.message)
+
+    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Book.statuses.delete("published")
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/can't modify frozen/, e.message)
+  end
+
   test "declare multiple enums at a time" do
     klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
       self.table_name = "books"
@@ -537,4 +556,13 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "data type of Enum type" do
     assert_equal :integer, Book.type_for_attribute("status").type
   end
+
+  test "scopes can be disabled" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written], _scopes: false
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) { klass.proposed }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index b90e6a66c5..0d2be944b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     error_klasses = ObjectSpace.each_object(Class).select { |klass| klass < base }
 
     (error_klasses - [ActiveRecord::AmbiguousSourceReflectionForThroughAssociation]).each do |error_klass|
-      begin
-        error_klass.new.inspect
-      rescue ArgumentError
-        raise "Instance of #{error_klass} can't be initialized with no arguments"
-      end
+      error_klass.new.inspect
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      raise "Instance of #{error_klass} can't be initialized with no arguments"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
index a0e75f4e89..edd2c768d3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
     end
 
     private
-
       def stub_explain_for_query_plans(query_plans = ["query plan foo", "query plan bar"])
         explain_called = 0
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/filter_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/filter_attributes_test.rb
index 47161a547a..2f4c9b0ef7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/filter_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/filter_attributes_test.rb
@@ -90,15 +90,13 @@ class FilterAttributesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filter_attributes should handle [FILTERED] value properly" do
-    begin
-      User.filter_attributes = ["auth"]
-      user = User.new(token: "[FILTERED]", auth_token: "[FILTERED]")
+    User.filter_attributes = ["auth"]
+    user = User.new(token: "[FILTERED]", auth_token: "[FILTERED]")
 
-      assert_includes user.inspect, "auth_token: [FILTERED]"
-      assert_includes user.inspect, 'token: "[FILTERED]"'
-    ensure
-      User.remove_instance_variable(:@filter_attributes)
-    end
+    assert_includes user.inspect, "auth_token: [FILTERED]"
+    assert_includes user.inspect, 'token: "[FILTERED]"'
+  ensure
+    User.remove_instance_variable(:@filter_attributes)
   end
 
   test "filter_attributes on pretty_print" do
@@ -121,16 +119,14 @@ class FilterAttributesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filter_attributes on pretty_print should handle [FILTERED] value properly" do
-    begin
-      User.filter_attributes = ["auth"]
-      user = User.new(token: "[FILTERED]", auth_token: "[FILTERED]")
-      actual = "".dup
-      PP.pp(user, StringIO.new(actual))
+    User.filter_attributes = ["auth"]
+    user = User.new(token: "[FILTERED]", auth_token: "[FILTERED]")
+    actual = "".dup
+    PP.pp(user, StringIO.new(actual))
 
-      assert_includes actual, "auth_token: [FILTERED]"
-      assert_includes actual, 'token: "[FILTERED]"'
-    ensure
-      User.remove_instance_variable(:@filter_attributes)
-    end
+    assert_includes actual, "auth_token: [FILTERED]"
+    assert_includes actual, 'token: "[FILTERED]"'
+  ensure
+    User.remove_instance_variable(:@filter_attributes)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
index e0acd30c22..d9e88b3feb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_preserve_normal_respond_to_behaviour_and_respond_to_newly_added_method
-    class << Topic; self; end.send(:define_method, :method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test) { }
+    Topic.singleton_class.define_method(:method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test) { }
     assert_respond_to Topic, :method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test
   ensure
-    class << Topic; self; end.send(:remove_method, :method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test)
+    Topic.singleton_class.remove_method :method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test
   end
 
   def test_should_preserve_normal_respond_to_behaviour_and_respond_to_standard_object_method
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(method_id)
-      class << Topic; self; end.send(:remove_method, method_id) if Topic.public_methods.include? method_id
+      Topic.singleton_class.remove_method method_id if Topic.public_methods.include? method_id
     end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
index 52fd9291b2..1f2058cc0a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
+require "models/account"
 require "models/categorization"
 require "models/comment"
 require "models/company"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ require "models/dog"
 require "models/car"
 require "models/tyre"
 require "models/subscriber"
+require "support/stubs/strong_parameters"
 
 class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :companies, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :developers_projects, :posts, :comments, :accounts, :authors, :author_addresses, :customers, :categories, :categorizations, :cars
@@ -224,6 +226,18 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal true, Subscriber.exists?("   ")
   end
 
+  def test_exists_with_strong_parameters
+    assert_equal false, Subscriber.exists?(ProtectedParams.new(nick: "foo").permit!)
+
+    Subscriber.create!(nick: "foo")
+
+    assert_equal true, Subscriber.exists?(ProtectedParams.new(nick: "foo").permit!)
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Subscriber.exists?(ProtectedParams.new(nick: "foo"))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_exists_passing_active_record_object_is_not_permitted
     assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
       Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
@@ -231,7 +245,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_exists_does_not_select_columns_without_alias
-    assert_sql(/SELECT\W+1 AS one FROM ["`]topics["`]/i) do
+    c = Topic.connection
+    assert_sql(/SELECT 1 AS one FROM #{Regexp.escape(c.quote_table_name("topics"))}/i) do
       Topic.exists?
     end
   end
@@ -258,6 +273,21 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?({})
   end
 
+  def test_exists_with_distinct_and_offset_and_joins
+    assert Post.left_joins(:comments).distinct.offset(10).exists?
+    assert_not Post.left_joins(:comments).distinct.offset(11).exists?
+  end
+
+  def test_exists_with_distinct_and_offset_and_select
+    assert Post.select(:body).distinct.offset(3).exists?
+    assert_not Post.select(:body).distinct.offset(4).exists?
+  end
+
+  def test_exists_with_distinct_and_offset_and_eagerload_and_order
+    assert Post.eager_load(:comments).distinct.offset(10).merge(Comment.order(post_id: :asc)).exists?
+    assert_not Post.eager_load(:comments).distinct.offset(11).merge(Comment.order(post_id: :asc)).exists?
+  end
+
   # Ensure +exists?+ runs without an error by excluding distinct value.
   # See https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26981.
   def test_exists_with_order_and_distinct
@@ -269,6 +299,17 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal true, Topic.order(Arel.sql("invalid sql here")).exists?
   end
 
+  def test_exists_with_large_number
+    assert_equal true, Topic.where(id: [1, 9223372036854775808]).exists?
+    assert_equal true, Topic.where(id: 1..9223372036854775808).exists?
+    assert_equal true, Topic.where(id: -9223372036854775809..9223372036854775808).exists?
+    assert_equal false, Topic.where(id: 9223372036854775808..9223372036854775809).exists?
+    assert_equal false, Topic.where(id: -9223372036854775810..-9223372036854775809).exists?
+    assert_equal false, Topic.where(id: 9223372036854775808..1).exists?
+    assert_equal true, Topic.where(id: 1).or(Topic.where(id: 9223372036854775808)).exists?
+    assert_equal true, Topic.where.not(id: 9223372036854775808).exists?
+  end
+
   def test_exists_with_joins
     assert_equal true, Topic.joins(:replies).where(replies_topics: { approved: true }).order("replies_topics.created_at DESC").exists?
   end
@@ -370,16 +411,19 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
       Topic.where("1=1").find(9999999999999999999999999999999)
     end
+    assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.where(id: [1, 9999999999999999999999999999999]).find(1)
   end
 
   def test_find_by_on_relation_with_large_number
     assert_nil Topic.where("1=1").find_by(id: 9999999999999999999999999999999)
+    assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.where(id: [1, 9999999999999999999999999999999]).find_by(id: 1)
   end
 
   def test_find_by_bang_on_relation_with_large_number
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
       Topic.where("1=1").find_by!(id: 9999999999999999999999999999999)
     end
+    assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.where(id: [1, 9999999999999999999999999999999]).find_by!(id: 1)
   end
 
   def test_find_an_empty_array
@@ -424,14 +468,14 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_by_association_subquery
-    author = authors(:david)
-    assert_equal author.post, Post.find_by(author: Author.where(id: author))
-    assert_equal author.post, Post.find_by(author_id: Author.where(id: author))
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_equal firm.account, Account.find_by(firm: Firm.where(id: firm))
+    assert_equal firm.account, Account.find_by(firm_id: Firm.where(id: firm))
   end
 
   def test_find_by_and_where_consistency_with_active_record_instance
-    author = authors(:david)
-    assert_equal Post.where(author_id: author).take, Post.find_by(author_id: author)
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_equal Account.where(firm_id: firm).take, Account.find_by(firm_id: firm)
   end
 
   def test_take
@@ -479,6 +523,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
     assert_equal expected, Topic.first
     assert_equal expected, Topic.limit(5).first
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.order(nil).first
   end
 
   def test_model_class_responds_to_first_bang
@@ -502,6 +547,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
     assert_equal expected, Topic.second
     assert_equal expected, Topic.limit(5).second
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.order(nil).second
   end
 
   def test_model_class_responds_to_second_bang
@@ -525,6 +571,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
     assert_equal expected, Topic.third
     assert_equal expected, Topic.limit(5).third
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.order(nil).third
   end
 
   def test_model_class_responds_to_third_bang
@@ -548,6 +595,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
     assert_equal expected, Topic.fourth
     assert_equal expected, Topic.limit(5).fourth
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.order(nil).fourth
   end
 
   def test_model_class_responds_to_fourth_bang
@@ -571,6 +619,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
     assert_equal expected, Topic.fifth
     assert_equal expected, Topic.limit(5).fifth
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.order(nil).fifth
   end
 
   def test_model_class_responds_to_fifth_bang
@@ -739,6 +788,17 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal expected, clients.first(2)
     assert_equal expected, clients.limit(5).first(2)
+    assert_equal expected, clients.order(nil).first(2)
+  end
+
+  def test_implicit_order_column_is_configurable
+    old_implicit_order_column = Topic.implicit_order_column
+    Topic.implicit_order_column = "title"
+
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.first
+    assert_equal topics(:third), Topic.last
+  ensure
+    Topic.implicit_order_column = old_implicit_order_column
   end
 
   def test_take_and_first_and_last_with_integer_should_return_an_array
@@ -928,6 +988,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_kind_of Money, zaphod_balance
     found_customers = Customer.where(balance: [david_balance, zaphod_balance])
     assert_equal [customers(:david), customers(:zaphod)], found_customers.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal Customer.where(balance: [david_balance.amount, zaphod_balance.amount]).to_sql, found_customers.to_sql
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_aggregate_attribute_having_same_name_as_field_and_key_value_being_aggregate
@@ -965,6 +1026,24 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
   end
 
+  def test_hash_condition_find_nil_with_aggregate_having_one_mapping
+    assert_nil customers(:zaphod).gps_location
+    found_customer = Customer.where(gps_location: nil, name: customers(:zaphod).name).first
+    assert_equal customers(:zaphod), found_customer
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_condition_find_nil_with_aggregate_having_multiple_mappings
+    customers(:david).update(address: nil)
+    assert_nil customers(:david).address_street
+    assert_nil customers(:david).address_city
+    found_customer = Customer.where(address: nil, name: customers(:david).name).first
+    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customer
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_condition_find_empty_array_with_aggregate_having_multiple_mappings
+    assert_nil Customer.where(address: []).first
+  end
+
   def test_condition_utc_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz "America/New_York" do
       with_timezone_config default: :local do
@@ -1106,7 +1185,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_dynamic_finder_on_one_attribute_with_conditions_returns_same_results_after_caching
     # ensure this test can run independently of order
-    class << Account; self; end.send(:remove_method, :find_by_credit_limit) if Account.public_methods.include?(:find_by_credit_limit)
+    Account.singleton_class.remove_method :find_by_credit_limit if Account.public_methods.include?(:find_by_credit_limit)
     a = Account.where("firm_id = ?", 6).find_by_credit_limit(50)
     assert_equal a, Account.where("firm_id = ?", 6).find_by_credit_limit(50) # find_by_credit_limit has been cached
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index a5592fc86a..a7f01e898e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -73,14 +73,12 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_bulk_insert
-      begin
-        subscriber = InsertQuerySubscriber.new
-        subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record", subscriber)
-        create_fixtures("bulbs")
-        assert_equal 1, subscriber.events.size, "It takes one INSERT query to insert two fixtures"
-      ensure
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscription)
-      end
+      subscriber = InsertQuerySubscriber.new
+      subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record", subscriber)
+      create_fixtures("bulbs")
+      assert_equal 1, subscriber.events.size, "It takes one INSERT query to insert two fixtures"
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscription)
     end
 
     def test_bulk_insert_multiple_table_with_a_multi_statement_query
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       mysql_margin = 2
       packet_size = 1024
-      bytes_needed_to_have_a_1024_bytes_fixture = 858
+      bytes_needed_to_have_a_1024_bytes_fixture = 906
       fixtures = {
         "traffic_lights" => [
           { "location" => "US", "state" => ["NY"], "long_state" => ["a" * bytes_needed_to_have_a_1024_bytes_fixture] },
@@ -303,20 +301,6 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal fixtures, result.to_a
   end
 
-  def test_deprecated_insert_fixtures
-    fixtures = [
-      { "name" => "first", "wheels_count" => 2 },
-      { "name" => "second", "wheels_count" => 3 }
-    ]
-    conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    conn.delete("DELETE FROM aircraft")
-    assert_deprecated do
-      conn.insert_fixtures(fixtures, "aircraft")
-    end
-    result = conn.select_all("SELECT name, wheels_count FROM aircraft ORDER BY id")
-    assert_equal fixtures, result.to_a
-  end
-
   def test_broken_yaml_exception
     badyaml = Tempfile.new ["foo", ".yml"]
     badyaml.write "a: : "
@@ -512,11 +496,7 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(FIXTURES_ROOT + "/naked/yml", "parrots")
     end
 
-    if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-      assert_equal(%(table "parrots" has no column named "arrr".), e.message)
-    else
-      assert_equal(%(table "parrots" has no columns named "arrr", "foobar".), e.message)
-    end
+    assert_equal(%(table "parrots" has no columns named "arrr", "foobar".), e.message)
   end
 
   def test_yaml_file_with_symbol_columns
@@ -940,7 +920,7 @@ class TransactionalFixturesOnConnectionNotification < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def lock_thread=(lock_thread); end
     end.new
 
-    assert_called_with(connection, :begin_transaction, [joinable: false]) do
+    assert_called_with(connection, :begin_transaction, [joinable: false, _lazy: false]) do
       fire_connection_notification(connection)
     end
   end
@@ -968,7 +948,6 @@ class TransactionalFixturesOnConnectionNotification < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def fire_connection_notification(connection)
       assert_called_with(ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler, :retrieve_connection, ["book"], returns: connection) do
         message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
@@ -1364,3 +1343,36 @@ class NilFixturePathTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     MSG
   end
 end
+
+class MultipleDatabaseFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  test "enlist_fixture_connections ensures multiple databases share a connection pool" do
+    with_temporary_connection_pool do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connects_to database: { writing: :arunit, reading: :arunit2 }
+
+      rw_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      ro_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:reading].connection_pool_list.first.connection
+
+      assert_not_equal rw_conn, ro_conn
+
+      enlist_fixture_connections
+
+      rw_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      ro_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:reading].connection_pool_list.first.connection
+
+      assert_equal rw_conn, ro_conn
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler }
+  end
+
+  private
+    def with_temporary_connection_pool
+      old_pool = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(ActiveRecord::Base.connection_specification_name)
+      new_pool = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool.new ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.send(:owner_to_pool)["primary"] = new_pool
+
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.send(:owner_to_pool)["primary"] = old_pool
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
index 101fa118c8..e7e31b6d2d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
@@ -1,48 +1,12 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "cases/helper"
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
-
 require "models/company"
 require "models/person"
 require "models/ship"
 require "models/ship_part"
 require "models/treasure"
-
-class ProtectedParams
-  attr_accessor :permitted
-  alias :permitted? :permitted
-
-  delegate :keys, :key?, :has_key?, :empty?, to: :@parameters
-
-  def initialize(attributes)
-    @parameters = attributes.with_indifferent_access
-    @permitted = false
-  end
-
-  def permit!
-    @permitted = true
-    self
-  end
-
-  def [](key)
-    @parameters[key]
-  end
-
-  def to_h
-    @parameters
-  end
-
-  def stringify_keys
-    dup
-  end
-
-  def dup
-    super.tap do |duplicate|
-      duplicate.instance_variable_set :@permitted, @permitted
-    end
-  end
-end
+require "support/stubs/strong_parameters"
 
 class ForbiddenAttributesProtectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_forbidden_attributes_cannot_be_used_for_mass_assignment
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
index b15e1b48c4..9dbd339fe7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
@@ -30,23 +30,21 @@ class HabtmDestroyOrderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "not destroying a student with lessons leaves student<=>lesson association intact" do
     # test a normal before_destroy doesn't destroy the habtm joins
-    begin
-      sicp = Lesson.new(name: "SICP")
-      ben = Student.new(name: "Ben Bitdiddle")
-      # add a before destroy to student
-      Student.class_eval do
-        before_destroy do
-          raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless lessons.empty?
-        end
+    sicp = Lesson.new(name: "SICP")
+    ben = Student.new(name: "Ben Bitdiddle")
+    # add a before destroy to student
+    Student.class_eval do
+      before_destroy do
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless lessons.empty?
       end
-      ben.lessons << sicp
-      ben.save!
-      ben.destroy
-      assert_not_empty ben.reload.lessons
-    ensure
-      # get rid of it so Student is still like it was
-      Student.reset_callbacks(:destroy)
     end
+    ben.lessons << sicp
+    ben.save!
+    ben.destroy
+    assert_not_empty ben.reload.lessons
+  ensure
+    # get rid of it so Student is still like it was
+    Student.reset_callbacks(:destroy)
   end
 
   test "not destroying a lesson with students leaves student<=>lesson association intact" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index 730cd663a2..56c780c4a6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -53,12 +53,22 @@ def supports_default_expression?
     true
   elsif current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
     conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    !conn.mariadb? && conn.version >= "8.0.13"
+    !conn.mariadb? && conn.database_version >= "8.0.13"
   end
 end
 
-def supports_savepoints?
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_savepoints?
+%w[
+  supports_savepoints?
+  supports_partial_index?
+  supports_insert_returning?
+  supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+  supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
+  supports_insert_conflict_target?
+  supports_optimizer_hints?
+].each do |method_name|
+  define_method method_name do
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.public_send(method_name)
+  end
 end
 
 def with_env_tz(new_tz = "US/Eastern")
@@ -179,7 +189,6 @@ end
 
 module InTimeZone
   private
-
     def in_time_zone(zone)
       old_zone  = Time.zone
       old_tz    = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes
@@ -192,3 +201,5 @@ module InTimeZone
       ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_tz
     end
 end
+
+require_relative "../../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
index 7b388ebc5e..f41aea6125 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
@@ -115,7 +115,6 @@ class HotCompatibilityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def get_prepared_statement_cache(connection)
       connection.instance_variable_get(:@statements)
         .instance_variable_get(:@cache)[Process.pid]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index 3d3189900f..01e4878c3f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     cabbage = vegetable.becomes!(Cabbage)
     assert_equal "Cabbage", cabbage.custom_type
 
-    vegetable = cabbage.becomes!(Vegetable)
+    cabbage.becomes!(Vegetable)
     assert_nil cabbage.custom_type
   end
 
@@ -471,9 +471,9 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_primary_key_quoting
-    con = Account.connection
+    c = Account.connection
     bind_param = Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(nil)
-    assert_sql(/#{con.quote_table_name('companies')}\.#{con.quote_column_name('id')} = (?:#{Regexp.quote(bind_param.to_sql)}|1)/) do
+    assert_sql(/#{Regexp.escape(c.quote_table_name("companies.id"))} = (?:#{Regexp.escape(bind_param.to_sql)}|1)/i) do
       Account.all.merge!(includes: :firm).find(1)
     end
   end
@@ -514,10 +514,12 @@ class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
       # Should fail without FirmOnTheFly in the type condition.
       assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Firm.find(foo.id) }
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Firm.find_by!(id: foo.id) }
 
       # Nest FirmOnTheFly in the test case where Dependencies won't see it.
       self.class.const_set :FirmOnTheFly, Class.new(Firm)
       assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { Firm.find(foo.id) }
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { Firm.find_by!(id: foo.id) }
 
       # Nest FirmOnTheFly in Firm where Dependencies will see it.
       # This is analogous to nesting models in a migration.
@@ -526,6 +528,7 @@ class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       # And instantiate will find the existing constant rather than trying
       # to require firm_on_the_fly.
       assert_nothing_raised { assert_kind_of Firm::FirmOnTheFly, Firm.find(foo.id) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_kind_of Firm::FirmOnTheFly, Firm.find_by!(id: foo.id) }
     end
   end
 
@@ -654,7 +657,7 @@ class InheritanceAttributeMappingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal ["omg_inheritance_attribute_mapping_test/company"], ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_values("SELECT sponsorable_type FROM sponsors")
 
-    sponsor = Sponsor.first
+    sponsor = Sponsor.find(sponsor.id)
     assert_equal startup, sponsor.sponsorable
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/insert_all_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/insert_all_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d086d77081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/insert_all_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/book"
+
+class ReadonlyNameBook < Book
+  attr_readonly :name
+end
+
+class InsertAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
+
+  def test_insert
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+
+    id = 1_000_000
+
+    assert_difference "Book.count", +1 do
+      Book.insert(id: id, name: "Rework", author_id: 1)
+    end
+
+    Book.upsert(id: id, name: "Remote", author_id: 1)
+
+    assert_equal "Remote", Book.find(id).name
+  end
+
+  def test_insert!
+    assert_difference "Book.count", +1 do
+      Book.insert! name: "Rework", author_id: 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all
+    assert_difference "Book.count", +10 do
+      Book.insert_all! [
+        { name: "Rework", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Design of Everyday Things", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Practical Object-Oriented Design in Ruby", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Clean Code", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Ruby Under a Microscope", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "The Principles of Product Development Flow", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Peopleware", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "About Face", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Eloquent Ruby", author_id: 1 },
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_should_handle_empty_arrays
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      Book.insert_all! []
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_raises_on_duplicate_records
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique do
+      Book.insert_all! [
+        { name: "Rework", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture", author_id: 1 },
+        { name: "Agile Web Development with Rails", author_id: 1 },
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_returns_ActiveRecord_Result
+    result = Book.insert_all! [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }]
+    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Result, result
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_returns_primary_key_if_returning_is_supported
+    skip unless supports_insert_returning?
+
+    result = Book.insert_all! [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }]
+    assert_equal %w[ id ], result.columns
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_returns_nothing_if_returning_is_empty
+    skip unless supports_insert_returning?
+
+    result = Book.insert_all! [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }], returning: []
+    assert_equal [], result.columns
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_returns_nothing_if_returning_is_false
+    skip unless supports_insert_returning?
+
+    result = Book.insert_all! [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }], returning: false
+    assert_equal [], result.columns
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_returns_requested_fields
+    skip unless supports_insert_returning?
+
+    result = Book.insert_all! [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }], returning: [:id, :name]
+    assert_equal %w[ Rework ], result.pluck("name")
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_can_skip_duplicate_records
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+
+    assert_no_difference "Book.count" do
+      Book.insert_all [{ id: 1, name: "Agile Web Development with Rails" }]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_with_skip_duplicates_and_autonumber_id_not_given
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+
+    assert_difference "Book.count", 1 do
+      # These two books are duplicates according to an index on %i[author_id name]
+      # but their IDs are not specified so they will be assigned different IDs
+      # by autonumber. We will get an exception from MySQL if we attempt to skip
+      # one of these records by assigning its ID.
+      Book.insert_all [
+        { author_id: 8, name: "Refactoring" },
+        { author_id: 8, name: "Refactoring" }
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_with_skip_duplicates_and_autonumber_id_given
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+
+    assert_difference "Book.count", 1 do
+      Book.insert_all [
+        { id: 200, author_id: 8, name: "Refactoring" },
+        { id: 201, author_id: 8, name: "Refactoring" }
+      ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_duplicates_strategy_does_not_secretly_upsert
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
+
+    book = Book.create!(author_id: 8, name: "Refactoring", format: "EXPECTED")
+
+    assert_no_difference "Book.count" do
+      Book.insert(author_id: 8, name: "Refactoring", format: "UNEXPECTED")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "EXPECTED", book.reload.format
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_will_raise_if_duplicates_are_skipped_only_for_a_certain_conflict_target
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip? && supports_insert_conflict_target?
+
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique do
+      Book.insert_all [{ id: 1, name: "Agile Web Development with Rails" }],
+        unique_by: :index_books_on_author_id_and_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_and_upsert_all_with_index_finding_options
+    skip unless supports_insert_conflict_target?
+
+    assert_difference "Book.count", +3 do
+      Book.insert_all [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }], unique_by: :isbn
+      Book.insert_all [{ name: "Remote", author_id: 1 }], unique_by: %i( author_id name )
+      Book.insert_all [{ name: "Renote", author_id: 1 }], unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique do
+      Book.upsert_all [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }], unique_by: :isbn
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_and_upsert_all_raises_when_index_is_missing
+    skip unless supports_insert_conflict_target?
+
+    [ :cats, %i( author_id isbn ), :author_id ].each do |missing_or_non_unique_by|
+      error = assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        Book.insert_all [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }], unique_by: missing_or_non_unique_by
+      end
+      assert_match "No unique index", error.message
+
+      error = assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        Book.upsert_all [{ name: "Rework", author_id: 1 }], unique_by: missing_or_non_unique_by
+      end
+      assert_match "No unique index", error.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_logs_message_including_model_name
+    skip unless supports_insert_conflict_target?
+
+    capture_log_output do |output|
+      Book.insert(name: "Rework", author_id: 1)
+      assert_match "Book Insert", output.string
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_logs_message_including_model_name
+    skip unless supports_insert_conflict_target?
+
+    capture_log_output do |output|
+      Book.insert_all [{ name: "Remote", author_id: 1 }, { name: "Renote", author_id: 1 }]
+      assert_match "Book Bulk Insert", output.string
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_upsert_logs_message_including_model_name
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
+
+    capture_log_output do |output|
+      Book.upsert(name: "Remote", author_id: 1)
+      assert_match "Book Upsert", output.string
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_upsert_all_logs_message_including_model_name
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
+
+    capture_log_output do |output|
+      Book.upsert_all [{ name: "Remote", author_id: 1 }, { name: "Renote", author_id: 1 }]
+      assert_match "Book Bulk Upsert", output.string
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_upsert_all_updates_existing_records
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
+
+    new_name = "Agile Web Development with Rails, 4th Edition"
+    Book.upsert_all [{ id: 1, name: new_name }]
+    assert_equal new_name, Book.find(1).name
+  end
+
+  def test_upsert_all_does_not_update_readonly_attributes
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
+
+    new_name = "Agile Web Development with Rails, 4th Edition"
+    ReadonlyNameBook.upsert_all [{ id: 1, name: new_name }]
+    assert_not_equal new_name, Book.find(1).name
+  end
+
+  def test_upsert_all_does_not_update_primary_keys
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_update? && supports_insert_conflict_target?
+
+    Book.upsert_all [{ id: 101, name: "Perelandra", author_id: 7 }]
+    Book.upsert_all [{ id: 103, name: "Perelandra", author_id: 7, isbn: "1974522598" }],
+      unique_by: :index_books_on_author_id_and_name
+
+    book = Book.find_by(name: "Perelandra")
+    assert_equal 101, book.id, "Should not have updated the ID"
+    assert_equal "1974522598", book.isbn, "Should have updated the isbn"
+  end
+
+  def test_upsert_all_does_not_perform_an_upsert_if_a_partial_index_doesnt_apply
+    skip unless supports_insert_on_duplicate_update? && supports_insert_conflict_target? && supports_partial_index?
+
+    Book.upsert_all [{ name: "Out of the Silent Planet", author_id: 7, isbn: "1974522598", published_on: Date.new(1938, 4, 1) }]
+    Book.upsert_all [{ name: "Perelandra", author_id: 7, isbn: "1974522598" }],
+      unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
+
+    assert_equal ["Out of the Silent Planet", "Perelandra"], Book.where(isbn: "1974522598").order(:name).pluck(:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_all_raises_on_unknown_attribute
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError do
+      Book.insert_all! [{ unknown_attribute: "Test" }]
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def capture_log_output
+      output = StringIO.new
+      old_logger, ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger, ActiveSupport::Logger.new(output)
+
+      begin
+        yield output
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.logger = old_logger
+      end
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/instrumentation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/instrumentation_test.rb
index e6e8468757..06382b6c7c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/instrumentation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/instrumentation_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ require "models/book"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class InstrumentationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.add(Book.table_name)
+    end
+
     def test_payload_name_on_load
       Book.create(name: "test book")
       subscriber = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record") do |*args|
@@ -37,8 +41,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal "Book Update", event.payload[:name]
         end
       end
-      book = Book.create(name: "test book")
-      book.update_attribute(:name, "new name")
+      book = Book.create(name: "test book", format: "paperback")
+      book.update_attribute(:format, "ebook")
     ensure
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber) if subscriber
     end
@@ -50,8 +54,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal "Book Update All", event.payload[:name]
         end
       end
-      Book.create(name: "test book")
-      Book.update_all(name: "new name")
+      Book.create(name: "test book", format: "paperback")
+      Book.update_all(format: "ebook")
     ensure
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber) if subscriber
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
index 5687afbc71..4185e8d682 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
@@ -191,21 +191,6 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_named_timestamps_for_cache_key
-    assert_deprecated do
-      owner = owners(:blackbeard)
-      assert_equal "owners/#{owner.id}-#{owner.happy_at.utc.to_s(:usec)}", owner.cache_key(:updated_at, :happy_at)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_key_when_named_timestamp_is_nil
-    assert_deprecated do
-      owner = owners(:blackbeard)
-      owner.happy_at = nil
-      assert_equal "owners/#{owner.id}", owner.cache_key(:happy_at)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_cache_key_is_stable_with_versioning_on
     with_cache_versioning do
       developer = Developer.first
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
index 6cf17ac15d..7f67b945f0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
@@ -103,6 +103,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    class ChangeColumnComment1 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        create_table("horses") do |t|
+          t.column :name, :string, comment: "Sekitoba"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ChangeColumnComment2 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        change_column_comment :horses, :name, from: "Sekitoba", to: "Diomed"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ChangeTableComment1 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        create_table("horses", comment: "Sekitoba")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ChangeTableComment2 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        change_table_comment :horses, from: "Sekitoba", to: "Diomed"
+      end
+    end
+
     class DisableExtension1 < SilentMigration
       def change
         enable_extension "hstore"
@@ -290,6 +316,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_migrate_revert_change_column_default
       migration1 = ChangeColumnDefault1.new
       migration1.migrate(:up)
+      Horse.reset_column_information
       assert_equal "Sekitoba", Horse.new.name
 
       migration2 = ChangeColumnDefault2.new
@@ -302,12 +329,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal "Sekitoba", Horse.new.name
     end
 
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_comments?
+      def test_migrate_revert_change_column_comment
+        migration1 = ChangeColumnComment1.new
+        migration1.migrate(:up)
+        Horse.reset_column_information
+        assert_equal "Sekitoba", Horse.columns_hash["name"].comment
+
+        migration2 = ChangeColumnComment2.new
+        migration2.migrate(:up)
+        Horse.reset_column_information
+        assert_equal "Diomed", Horse.columns_hash["name"].comment
+
+        migration2.migrate(:down)
+        Horse.reset_column_information
+        assert_equal "Sekitoba", Horse.columns_hash["name"].comment
+      end
+
+      def test_migrate_revert_change_table_comment
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        migration1 = ChangeTableComment1.new
+        migration1.migrate(:up)
+        assert_equal "Sekitoba", connection.table_comment("horses")
+
+        migration2 = ChangeTableComment2.new
+        migration2.migrate(:up)
+        assert_equal "Diomed", connection.table_comment("horses")
+
+        migration2.migrate(:down)
+        assert_equal "Sekitoba", connection.table_comment("horses")
+      end
+    end
+
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
       def test_migrate_enable_and_disable_extension
         migration1 = InvertibleMigration.new
         migration2 = DisableExtension1.new
         migration3 = DisableExtension2.new
 
+        assert_equal true, Horse.connection.extension_available?("hstore")
+
         migration1.migrate(:up)
         migration2.migrate(:up)
         assert_equal true, Horse.connection.extension_enabled?("hstore")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
index 82cf281cff..d68e208617 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ require "models/comment"
 
 module JsonSerializationHelpers
   private
-
     def set_include_root_in_json(value)
       original_root_in_json = ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json
       ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = value
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   include JsonSerializationHelpers
 
   class NamespacedContact < Contact
-    column :name, :string
+    column :name, "string"
   end
 
   def setup
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/legacy_configurations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/legacy_configurations_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c36feb5116..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/legacy_configurations_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "cases/helper"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  class LegacyConfigurationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    def test_can_turn_configurations_into_a_hash
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.to_h.is_a?(Hash), "expected to be a hash but was not."
-      assert_equal ["arunit", "arunit2", "arunit_without_prepared_statements"].sort, ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.to_h.keys.sort
-    end
-
-    def test_each_is_deprecated
-      assert_deprecated do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.each do |db_config|
-          assert_equal "primary", db_config.spec_name
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_first_is_deprecated
-      assert_deprecated do
-        db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.first
-        assert_equal "arunit", db_config.env_name
-        assert_equal "primary", db_config.spec_name
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_fetch_is_deprecated
-      assert_deprecated do
-        db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.fetch("arunit").first
-        assert_equal "arunit", db_config.env_name
-        assert_equal "primary", db_config.spec_name
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_values_are_deprecated
-      config_hashes = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configurations.map(&:config)
-      assert_deprecated do
-        assert_equal config_hashes, ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.values
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
index 33bd74e114..b468da7c76 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
@@ -182,7 +182,9 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     p1.touch
     assert_equal 1, p1.lock_version
-    assert_not p1.changed?, "Changes should have been cleared"
+    assert_not_predicate p1, :changed?, "Changes should have been cleared"
+    assert_predicate p1, :saved_changes?
+    assert_equal ["lock_version", "updated_at"], p1.saved_changes.keys.sort
   end
 
   def test_touch_stale_object
@@ -193,6 +195,8 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
       stale_person.touch
     end
+
+    assert_not_predicate stale_person, :saved_changes?
   end
 
   def test_update_with_dirty_primary_key
@@ -296,6 +300,9 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     t1.touch
 
     assert_equal 1, t1.lock_version
+    assert_not_predicate t1, :changed?
+    assert_predicate t1, :saved_changes?
+    assert_equal ["lock_version", "updated_at"], t1.saved_changes.keys.sort
   end
 
   def test_touch_stale_object_with_lock_without_default
@@ -307,6 +314,8 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
       stale_object.touch
     end
+
+    assert_not_predicate stale_object, :saved_changes?
   end
 
   def test_lock_without_default_should_work_with_null_in_the_database
@@ -584,7 +593,6 @@ class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def add_counter_column_to(model, col = "test_count")
       model.connection.add_column model.table_name, col, :integer, null: false, default: 0
       model.reset_column_information
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
index 7777508349..cc0587fa50 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -462,7 +462,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_create_table_with_force_cascade_drops_dependent_objects
-          skip "MySQL > 5.5 does not drop dependent objects with DROP TABLE CASCADE" if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+          if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+            skip "MySQL > 5.5 does not drop dependent objects with DROP TABLE CASCADE"
+          elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+            skip "SQLite3 does not support DROP TABLE CASCADE syntax"
+          end
           # can't re-create table referenced by foreign key
           assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
             @connection.create_table :trains, force: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
index 3022121f4c..b6064500ee 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
@@ -176,11 +176,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
         def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
-          assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :integer_too_big, :integer, limit: 10 }
-
-          unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-            assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :text_too_big, :text, limit: 0xfffffffff }
-          end
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError) { add_column :test_models, :integer_too_big, :integer, limit: 10 }
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError) { add_column :test_models, :text_too_big, :text, limit: 0xfffffffff }
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError) { add_column :test_models, :binary_too_big, :binary, limit: 0xfffffffff }
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
index cedd9c44e3..cce3461e18 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
@@ -109,18 +109,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         add_index "test_models", ["hat_style", "hat_size"], unique: true
 
         rename_column "test_models", "hat_size", "size"
-        if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
-          assert_equal ["i_test_models_hat_style_size"], connection.indexes("test_models").map(&:name)
-        else
-          assert_equal ["index_test_models_on_hat_style_and_size"], connection.indexes("test_models").map(&:name)
-        end
+        assert_equal ["index_test_models_on_hat_style_and_size"], connection.indexes("test_models").map(&:name)
 
         rename_column "test_models", "hat_style", "style"
-        if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
-          assert_equal ["i_test_models_style_size"], connection.indexes("test_models").map(&:name)
-        else
-          assert_equal ["index_test_models_on_style_and_size"], connection.indexes("test_models").map(&:name)
-        end
+        assert_equal ["index_test_models_on_style_and_size"], connection.indexes("test_models").map(&:name)
       end
 
       def test_rename_column_does_not_rename_custom_named_index
@@ -144,7 +136,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_remove_column_with_multi_column_index
         # MariaDB starting with 10.2.8
         # Dropping a column that is part of a multi-column UNIQUE constraint is not permitted.
-        skip if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) && connection.mariadb? && connection.version >= "10.2.8"
+        skip if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) && connection.mariadb? && connection.database_version >= "10.2.8"
 
         add_column "test_models", :hat_size, :integer
         add_column "test_models", :hat_style, :string, limit: 100
@@ -318,6 +310,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ensure
         connection.drop_table(:my_table) rescue nil
       end
+
+      def test_add_column_without_column_name
+        e = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+          connection.create_table "my_table", force: true do |t|
+            t.timestamp
+          end
+        end
+        assert_equal "Missing column name(s) for timestamp", e.message
+      ensure
+        connection.drop_table :my_table, if_exists: true
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
index 01f8628fc5..c9f3756b1f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
@@ -182,6 +182,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal [:change_column_default, [:table, :column, from: false, to: true]], change
       end
 
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_comments?
+        def test_invert_change_column_comment
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration) do
+            @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_comment, [:table, :column, "comment"]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_invert_change_column_comment_with_from_and_to
+          change = @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_comment, [:table, :column, from: "old_value", to: "new_value"]
+          assert_equal [:change_column_comment, [:table, :column, from: "new_value", to: "old_value"]], change
+        end
+
+        def test_invert_change_column_comment_with_from_and_to_with_nil
+          change = @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_comment, [:table, :column, from: nil, to: "new_value"]
+          assert_equal [:change_column_comment, [:table, :column, from: "new_value", to: nil]], change
+        end
+
+        def test_invert_change_table_comment
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration) do
+            @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_comment, [:table, :column, "comment"]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_invert_change_table_comment_with_from_and_to
+          change = @recorder.inverse_of :change_table_comment, [:table, from: "old_value", to: "new_value"]
+          assert_equal [:change_table_comment, [:table, from: "new_value", to: "old_value"]], change
+        end
+
+        def test_invert_change_table_comment_with_from_and_to_with_nil
+          change = @recorder.inverse_of :change_table_comment, [:table, from: nil, to: "new_value"]
+          assert_equal [:change_table_comment, [:table, from: "new_value", to: nil]], change
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_invert_change_column_null
         add = @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_null, [:table, :column, true]
         assert_equal [:change_column_null, [:table, :column, false]], add
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
index 017ee7951e..ff2a694e66 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def setup
         super
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @schema_migration = @connection.schema_migration
         @verbose_was = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
         ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
 
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }.new
 
         assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, :foo, name: "custom_index_name")
-        assert_raise(StandardError) { ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate }
+        assert_raise(StandardError) { ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate }
         assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, :foo, name: "custom_index_name")
       end
 
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }.new
 
         assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, :bar)
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
         assert_not connection.index_exists?(:testings, :bar)
       end
 
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         }.new
 
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
 
         assert_not connection.index_exists?(:more_testings, :foo_id)
         assert_not connection.index_exists?(:more_testings, :bar_id)
@@ -84,10 +85,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         }.new
 
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
 
-        assert connection.columns(:more_testings).find { |c| c.name == "created_at" }.null
-        assert connection.columns(:more_testings).find { |c| c.name == "updated_at" }.null
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:more_testings, :created_at, null: true)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:more_testings, :updated_at, null: true)
       ensure
         connection.drop_table :more_testings rescue nil
       end
@@ -101,10 +102,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         }.new
 
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
 
-        assert connection.columns(:testings).find { |c| c.name == "created_at" }.null
-        assert connection.columns(:testings).find { |c| c.name == "updated_at" }.null
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :created_at, null: true)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :updated_at, null: true)
+      end
+
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
+        def test_timestamps_have_null_constraints_if_not_present_in_migration_of_change_table_with_bulk
+          migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]) {
+            def migrate(x)
+              change_table :testings, bulk: true do |t|
+                t.timestamps
+              end
+            end
+          }.new
+
+          ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
+
+          assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :created_at, null: true)
+          assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :updated_at, null: true)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_timestamps_have_null_constraints_if_not_present_in_migration_for_adding_timestamps_to_existing_table
@@ -114,10 +132,72 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         }.new
 
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
+
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :created_at, null: true)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :updated_at, null: true)
+      end
+
+      def test_timestamps_doesnt_set_precision_on_create_table
+        migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]) {
+          def migrate(x)
+            create_table :more_testings do |t|
+              t.timestamps
+            end
+          end
+        }.new
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
+
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:more_testings, :created_at, null: false, **precision_implicit_default)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:more_testings, :updated_at, null: false, **precision_implicit_default)
+      ensure
+        connection.drop_table :more_testings rescue nil
+      end
+
+      def test_timestamps_doesnt_set_precision_on_change_table
+        migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]) {
+          def migrate(x)
+            change_table :testings do |t|
+              t.timestamps default: Time.now
+            end
+          end
+        }.new
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
+
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :created_at, null: false, **precision_implicit_default)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :updated_at, null: false, **precision_implicit_default)
+      end
+
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
+        def test_timestamps_doesnt_set_precision_on_change_table_with_bulk
+          migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]) {
+            def migrate(x)
+              change_table :testings, bulk: true do |t|
+                t.timestamps
+              end
+            end
+          }.new
+
+          ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
+
+          assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :created_at, null: false, **precision_implicit_default)
+          assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :updated_at, null: false, **precision_implicit_default)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_timestamps_doesnt_set_precision_on_add_timestamps
+        migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]) {
+          def migrate(x)
+            add_timestamps :testings, default: Time.now
+          end
+        }.new
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
 
-        assert connection.columns(:testings).find { |c| c.name == "created_at" }.null
-        assert connection.columns(:testings).find { |c| c.name == "updated_at" }.null
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :created_at, null: false, **precision_implicit_default)
+        assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :updated_at, null: false, **precision_implicit_default)
       end
 
       def test_legacy_migrations_raises_exception_when_inherited
@@ -141,6 +221,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_comments?
+        def test_change_column_comment_can_be_reverted
+          migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]) {
+            def migrate(x)
+              revert do
+                change_column_comment(:testings, :foo, "comment")
+              end
+            end
+          }.new
+
+          ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
+          assert connection.column_exists?(:testings, :foo, comment: "comment")
+        end
+
+        def test_change_table_comment_can_be_reverted
+          migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]) {
+            def migrate(x)
+              revert do
+                change_table_comment(:testings, "comment")
+              end
+            end
+          }.new
+
+          ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
+
+          assert_equal "comment", connection.table_comment("testings")
+        end
+      end
+
       if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
         class Testing < ActiveRecord::Base
         end
@@ -153,12 +262,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           }.new
 
           Testing.create!
-          ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration]).migrate
+          ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration).migrate
           assert_equal ["foobar"], Testing.all.map(&:foo)
         ensure
           ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
         end
       end
+
+      private
+        def precision_implicit_default
+          if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+            { precision: 0 }
+          else
+            { precision: nil }
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
index e0cbb29dcf..0257545330 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
@@ -151,7 +151,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_table_cleanup
           tables_before = connection.data_sources
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
index bb233fbf74..5f1057f093 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
-if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
   module ActiveRecord
     class Migration
       class ForeignKeyInCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -31,24 +31,39 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
           belongs_to :rocket
         end
 
-        setup do
-          @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-          @connection.create_table "rockets", force: true do |t|
-            t.string :name
+        class CreateRocketsMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+          def up
+            create_table :rockets do |t|
+              t.string :name
+            end
+
+            create_table :astronauts do |t|
+              t.string :name
+              t.references :rocket, foreign_key: true
+            end
           end
 
-          @connection.create_table "astronauts", force: true do |t|
-            t.string :name
-            t.references :rocket, foreign_key: true
+          def down
+            drop_table :astronauts, if_exists: true
+            drop_table :rockets, if_exists: true
           end
+        end
+
+        def setup
+          @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+          @migration = CreateRocketsMigration.new
+          silence_stream($stdout) { @migration.migrate(:up) }
+          Rocket.reset_table_name
           Rocket.reset_column_information
+          Astronaut.reset_table_name
           Astronaut.reset_column_information
         end
 
-        teardown do
-          @connection.drop_table "astronauts", if_exists: true
-          @connection.drop_table "rockets", if_exists: true
+        def teardown
+          silence_stream($stdout) { @migration.migrate(:down) }
+          Rocket.reset_table_name
           Rocket.reset_column_information
+          Astronaut.reset_table_name
           Astronaut.reset_column_information
         end
 
@@ -56,53 +71,100 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
           rocket = Rocket.create!(name: "myrocket")
           rocket.astronauts << Astronaut.create!
 
-          @connection.change_column_null :rockets, :name, false
+          @connection.change_column_null Rocket.table_name, :name, false
 
-          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys(Astronaut.table_name)
           assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
 
           fk = foreign_keys.first
           assert_equal "myrocket", Rocket.first.name
-          assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
-          assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+          assert_equal Astronaut.table_name, fk.from_table
+          assert_equal Rocket.table_name, fk.to_table
         end
 
         def test_rename_column_of_child_table
           rocket = Rocket.create!(name: "myrocket")
           rocket.astronauts << Astronaut.create!
 
-          @connection.rename_column :astronauts, :name, :astronaut_name
+          @connection.rename_column Astronaut.table_name, :name, :astronaut_name
 
-          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys(Astronaut.table_name)
           assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
 
           fk = foreign_keys.first
           assert_equal "myrocket", Rocket.first.name
-          assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
-          assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+          assert_equal Astronaut.table_name, fk.from_table
+          assert_equal Rocket.table_name, fk.to_table
         end
 
         def test_rename_reference_column_of_child_table
           rocket = Rocket.create!(name: "myrocket")
           rocket.astronauts << Astronaut.create!
 
-          @connection.rename_column :astronauts, :rocket_id, :new_rocket_id
+          @connection.rename_column Astronaut.table_name, :rocket_id, :new_rocket_id
 
-          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys(Astronaut.table_name)
           assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
 
           fk = foreign_keys.first
           assert_equal "myrocket", Rocket.first.name
-          assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
-          assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+          assert_equal Astronaut.table_name, fk.from_table
+          assert_equal Rocket.table_name, fk.to_table
           assert_equal "new_rocket_id", fk.options[:column]
         end
+
+        def test_remove_reference_column_of_child_table
+          rocket = Rocket.create!(name: "myrocket")
+          rocket.astronauts << Astronaut.create!
+
+          @connection.remove_column Astronaut.table_name, :rocket_id
+
+          assert_empty @connection.foreign_keys(Astronaut.table_name)
+        end
+
+        def test_remove_foreign_key_by_column
+          rocket = Rocket.create!(name: "myrocket")
+          rocket.astronauts << Astronaut.create!
+
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key Astronaut.table_name, column: :rocket_id
+
+          assert_empty @connection.foreign_keys(Astronaut.table_name)
+        end
+
+        def test_remove_foreign_key_by_column_in_change_table
+          rocket = Rocket.create!(name: "myrocket")
+          rocket.astronauts << Astronaut.create!
+
+          @connection.change_table Astronaut.table_name do |t|
+            t.remove_foreign_key column: :rocket_id
+          end
+
+          assert_empty @connection.foreign_keys(Astronaut.table_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ForeignKeyChangeColumnWithPrefixTest < ForeignKeyChangeColumnTest
+        setup do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "p_"
+        end
+
+        teardown do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ForeignKeyChangeColumnWithSuffixTest < ForeignKeyChangeColumnTest
+        setup do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_s"
+        end
+
+        teardown do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = nil
+        end
       end
     end
   end
-end
 
-if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
   module ActiveRecord
     class Migration
       class ForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -141,7 +203,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
           assert_equal "fk_test_has_pk", fk.to_table
           assert_equal "fk_id", fk.column
           assert_equal "pk_id", fk.primary_key
-          assert_equal "fk_name", fk.name
+          assert_equal "fk_name", fk.name unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
         end
 
         def test_add_foreign_key_inferes_column
@@ -155,7 +217,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
           assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
           assert_equal "rocket_id", fk.column
           assert_equal "id", fk.primary_key
-          assert_equal("fk_rails_78146ddd2e", fk.name)
+          assert_equal "fk_rails_78146ddd2e", fk.name unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
         end
 
         def test_add_foreign_key_with_column
@@ -169,7 +231,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
           assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
           assert_equal "rocket_id", fk.column
           assert_equal "id", fk.primary_key
-          assert_equal("fk_rails_78146ddd2e", fk.name)
+          assert_equal "fk_rails_78146ddd2e", fk.name unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
         end
 
         def test_add_foreign_key_with_non_standard_primary_key
@@ -188,7 +250,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
           assert_equal "space_shuttles", fk.to_table
           assert_equal "pk", fk.primary_key
         ensure
-          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, name: "custom_pk"
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, name: "custom_pk", to_table: "space_shuttles"
           @connection.drop_table :space_shuttles
         end
 
@@ -262,6 +324,8 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
         end
 
         def test_foreign_key_exists_by_name
+          skip if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+
           @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", name: "fancy_named_fk"
 
           assert @connection.foreign_key_exists?(:astronauts, name: "fancy_named_fk")
@@ -293,6 +357,8 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
         end
 
         def test_remove_foreign_key_by_name
+          skip if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+
           @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", name: "fancy_named_fk"
 
           assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
@@ -301,9 +367,22 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
         end
 
         def test_remove_foreign_non_existing_foreign_key_raises
-          assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          e = assert_raises ArgumentError do
             @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
           end
+          assert_equal "Table 'astronauts' has no foreign key for rockets", e.message
+        end
+
+        def test_remove_foreign_key_by_the_select_one_on_the_same_table
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+          @connection.add_reference :astronauts, :myrocket, foreign_key: { to_table: :rockets }
+
+          assert_equal 2, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "myrocket_id"
+
+          assert_equal [["astronauts", "rockets", "rocket_id"]],
+            @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").map { |fk| [fk.from_table, fk.to_table, fk.column] }
         end
 
         if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_validate_constraints?
@@ -382,7 +461,11 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
 
         def test_schema_dumping_with_options
           output = dump_table_schema "fk_test_has_fk"
-          assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk", "fk_test_has_pk", column: "fk_id", primary_key: "pk_id", name: "fk_name"$}, output
+          if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+            assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk", "fk_test_has_pk", column: "fk_id", primary_key: "pk_id"$}, output
+          else
+            assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk", "fk_test_has_pk", column: "fk_id", primary_key: "pk_id", name: "fk_name"$}, output
+          end
         end
 
         def test_schema_dumping_with_custom_fk_ignore_pattern
@@ -436,7 +519,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
         end
 
         class CreateSchoolsAndClassesMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
-          def change
+          def up
             create_table(:schools)
 
             create_table(:classes) do |t|
@@ -444,6 +527,11 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
             end
             add_foreign_key :classes, :schools
           end
+
+          def down
+            drop_table :classes, if_exists: true
+            drop_table :schools, if_exists: true
+          end
         end
 
         def test_add_foreign_key_with_prefix
@@ -468,30 +556,4 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
       end
     end
   end
-else
-  module ActiveRecord
-    class Migration
-      class NoForeignKeySupportTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-        setup do
-          @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        end
-
-        def test_add_foreign_key_should_be_noop
-          @connection.add_foreign_key :clubs, :categories
-        end
-
-        def test_remove_foreign_key_should_be_noop
-          @connection.remove_foreign_key :clubs, :categories
-        end
-
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-          def test_foreign_keys_should_raise_not_implemented
-            assert_raises NotImplementedError do
-              @connection.foreign_keys("clubs")
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
index c056199140..da8bdc472a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         delegate(*CONNECTION_METHODS, to: :connection)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
index f8fecc83cd..5e688efc2b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
@@ -158,14 +158,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
         connection.remove_index("testings", column: ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-        # Oracle adapter cannot have specified index name larger than 30 characters
-        # Oracle adapter is shortening index name when just column list is given
-        unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-          connection.remove_index("testings", name: :index_testings_on_last_name_and_first_name)
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name_and_first_name")
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.remove_index("testings", name: :index_testings_on_last_name_and_first_name)
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name_and_first_name")
+
         connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
         connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
index 28f4cc124b..431047f957 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
@@ -17,19 +17,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def setup
         super
-        ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-        ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all
+        @schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
+        @schema_migration.create_table
+        @schema_migration.delete_all
       end
 
       teardown do
-        ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
+        @schema_migration.drop_table
       end
 
       def test_migration_should_be_run_without_logger
         previous_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
         ActiveRecord::Base.logger = nil
         migrations = [Migration.new("a", 1), Migration.new("b", 2), Migration.new("c", 3)]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration).migrate
       ensure
         ActiveRecord::Base.logger = previous_logger
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
index 7a092103c7..90a50a5651 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 require "cases/helper"
 
-if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
   module ActiveRecord
     class Migration
       class ReferencesForeignKeyInCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -65,9 +65,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
       end
     end
   end
-end
 
-if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
   module ActiveRecord
     class Migration
       class ReferencesForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -152,35 +150,38 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
         end
 
         test "foreign key methods respect pluralize_table_names" do
-          begin
-            original_pluralize_table_names = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
-            ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
-            @connection.create_table :testing
-            @connection.change_table :testing_parents do |t|
-              t.references :testing, foreign_key: true
-            end
+          original_pluralize_table_names = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
+          ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
+          @connection.create_table :testing
+          @connection.change_table :testing_parents do |t|
+            t.references :testing, foreign_key: true
+          end
 
-            fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testing_parents").first
-            assert_equal "testing_parents", fk.from_table
-            assert_equal "testing", fk.to_table
+          fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testing_parents").first
+          assert_equal "testing_parents", fk.from_table
+          assert_equal "testing", fk.to_table
 
-            assert_difference "@connection.foreign_keys('testing_parents').size", -1 do
-              @connection.remove_reference :testing_parents, :testing, foreign_key: true
-            end
-          ensure
-            ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = original_pluralize_table_names
-            @connection.drop_table "testing", if_exists: true
+          assert_difference "@connection.foreign_keys('testing_parents').size", -1 do
+            @connection.remove_reference :testing_parents, :testing, foreign_key: true
           end
+        ensure
+          ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = original_pluralize_table_names
+          @connection.drop_table "testing", if_exists: true
         end
 
         class CreateDogsMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
-          def change
+          def up
             create_table :dog_owners
 
             create_table :dogs do |t|
               t.references :dog_owner, foreign_key: true
             end
           end
+
+          def down
+            drop_table :dogs, if_exists: true
+            drop_table :dog_owners, if_exists: true
+          end
         end
 
         def test_references_foreign_key_with_prefix
@@ -234,24 +235,4 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
       end
     end
   end
-else
-  class ReferencesWithoutForeignKeySupportTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    setup do
-      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @connection.create_table(:testing_parents, force: true)
-    end
-
-    teardown do
-      @connection.drop_table("testings", if_exists: true)
-      @connection.drop_table("testing_parents", if_exists: true)
-    end
-
-    test "ignores foreign keys defined with the table" do
-      @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
-        t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
-      end
-
-      assert_includes @connection.data_sources, "testings"
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
index 769241ba12..451894fc54 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
@@ -126,7 +126,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_polymorphic_column
           add_column table_name, :supplier_type, :string
           add_index table_name, [:supplier_id, :supplier_type]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index 661163b4a1..20f577b2c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
     Reminder.reset_column_information
     @verbose_was, ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose, false
+    @schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.clear!
   end
 
@@ -71,13 +72,10 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
   end
 
-  def test_migrator_migrations_path_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_path = "/whatever"
-    end
-  ensure
+  def test_passing_migrations_paths_to_assume_migrated_upto_version_is_deprecated
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
     assert_deprecated do
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_path = "db/migrate"
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.assume_migrated_upto_version(0, [])
     end
   end
 
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_migrator_versions
     migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migrations_path)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migrations_path, @schema_migration)
 
     migrator.up
     assert_equal 3, migrator.current_version
@@ -105,23 +103,23 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table "schema_migrations", if_exists: true
 
     migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migrations_path)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migrations_path, @schema_migration)
 
     assert_equal true, migrator.needs_migration?
   end
 
   def test_any_migrations
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid", @schema_migration)
 
     assert_predicate migrator, :any_migrations?
 
-    migrator_empty = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/empty")
+    migrator_empty = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/empty", @schema_migration)
 
     assert_not_predicate migrator_empty, :any_migrations?
   end
 
   def test_migration_version
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/version_check")
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/version_check", @schema_migration)
     assert_equal 0, migrator.current_version
     migrator.up(20131219224947)
     assert_equal 20131219224947, migrator.current_version
@@ -193,6 +191,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_not_predicate BigNumber, :table_exists?
     GiveMeBigNumbers.up
+    assert_predicate BigNumber, :table_exists?
     BigNumber.reset_column_information
 
     assert BigNumber.create(
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_predicate Reminder, :table_exists?
 
     name_filter = lambda { |migration| migration.name == "ValidPeopleHaveLastNames" }
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid", @schema_migration)
     migrator.up(&name_filter)
 
     assert_column Person, :last_name
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       }.new
 
-      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration, 100)
 
       e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
 
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       }.new
 
-      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration, 100)
 
       e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.run }
 
@@ -357,7 +356,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       }.new
 
-      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 101)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration, 101)
       e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
       assert_equal "An error has occurred, all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
 
@@ -388,6 +387,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "changed", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name = original_schema_migrations_table_name
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.reset_table_name
     Reminder.reset_table_name
   end
 
@@ -408,13 +408,14 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "changed", ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.table_name
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name = original_internal_metadata_table_name
+    ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
     Reminder.reset_table_name
   end
 
   def test_internal_metadata_stores_environment
     current_env     = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::DEFAULT_ENV.call
     migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migrations_path)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migrations_path, @schema_migration)
 
     migrator.up
     assert_equal current_env, ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata[:environment]
@@ -442,8 +443,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     current_env     = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::DEFAULT_ENV.call
     migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
 
-    current_env = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::DEFAULT_ENV.call
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migrations_path)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migrations_path, @schema_migration)
     migrator.up
     assert_equal current_env, ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata[:environment]
     assert_equal "bar", ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata[:foo]
@@ -484,6 +484,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Thing.reset_table_name
     Thing.reset_sequence_name
     WeNeedThings.up
+    assert_predicate Thing, :table_exists?
     Thing.reset_column_information
 
     assert Thing.create("content" => "hello world")
@@ -504,8 +505,9 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
     Reminder.reset_table_name
     Reminder.reset_sequence_name
-    Reminder.reset_column_information
     WeNeedReminders.up
+    assert_predicate Reminder, :table_exists?
+    Reminder.reset_column_information
     assert Reminder.create("content" => "hello world", "remind_at" => Time.now)
     assert_equal "hello world", Reminder.first.content
 
@@ -571,75 +573,74 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
-    def test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name
-      # table name is 29 chars, the standard sequence name will
-      # be 33 chars and should be shortened
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        begin
-          Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok do |t|
-            t.column :foo, :string, null: false
-          end
-        ensure
-          Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok rescue nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      # should be all good w/ a custom sequence name
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        begin
-          Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
-            sequence_name: "suitably_short_seq" do |t|
-            t.column :foo, :string, null: false
-          end
-
-          Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
-
-        ensure
-          Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
-            sequence_name: "suitably_short_seq" rescue nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      # confirm the custom sequence got dropped
-      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-        Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
+  def test_decimal_scale_without_precision_should_raise
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Person.connection.create_table :test_decimal_scales, force: true do |t|
+        t.decimal :scaleonly, scale: 10
       end
     end
+
+    assert_equal "Error adding decimal column: precision cannot be empty if scale is specified", e.message
+  ensure
+    Person.connection.drop_table :test_decimal_scales, if_exists: true
   end
 
   if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_out_of_range_integer_limit_should_raise
-      e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "integer limit didn't raise") do
+      e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
         Person.connection.create_table :test_integer_limits, force: true do |t|
           t.column :bigone, :integer, limit: 10
         end
       end
 
-      assert_match(/No integer type has byte size 10/, e.message)
+      assert_includes e.message, "No integer type has byte size 10"
     ensure
       Person.connection.drop_table :test_integer_limits, if_exists: true
     end
-  end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
     def test_out_of_range_text_limit_should_raise
-      e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "text limit didn't raise") do
+      e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
         Person.connection.create_table :test_text_limits, force: true do |t|
           t.text :bigtext, limit: 0xfffffffff
         end
       end
 
-      assert_match(/No text type has byte length #{0xfffffffff}/, e.message)
+      assert_includes e.message, "No text type has byte size #{0xfffffffff}"
     ensure
       Person.connection.drop_table :test_text_limits, if_exists: true
     end
+
+    def test_out_of_range_binary_limit_should_raise
+      e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        Person.connection.create_table :test_binary_limits, force: true do |t|
+          t.binary :bigbinary, limit: 0xfffffffff
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_includes e.message, "No binary type has byte size #{0xfffffffff}"
+    ensure
+      Person.connection.drop_table :test_binary_limits, if_exists: true
+    end
+  end
+
+  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+    def test_invalid_text_size_should_raise
+      e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        Person.connection.create_table :test_text_sizes, force: true do |t|
+          t.text :bigtext, size: 0xfffffffff
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "#{0xfffffffff} is invalid :size value. Only :tiny, :medium, and :long are allowed.", e.message
+    ensure
+      Person.connection.drop_table :test_text_sizes, if_exists: true
+    end
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_advisory_locks?
     def test_migrator_generates_valid_lock_id
       migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current).new
-      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration, 100)
 
       lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
 
@@ -653,7 +654,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       # It is important we are consistent with how we generate this so that
       # exclusive locking works across migrator versions
       migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current).new
-      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration, 100)
 
       lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
 
@@ -675,7 +676,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       }.new
 
-      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration, 100)
       lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
 
       with_another_process_holding_lock(lock_id) do
@@ -696,7 +697,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       }.new
 
-      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration, 100)
       lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
 
       with_another_process_holding_lock(lock_id) do
@@ -709,7 +710,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     def test_with_advisory_lock_raises_the_right_error_when_it_fails_to_release_lock
       migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current).new
-      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], @schema_migration, 100)
       lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
 
       e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ConcurrentMigrationError) do
@@ -742,15 +743,13 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       test_terminated = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
 
       other_process = Thread.new do
-        begin
-          conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
-          conn.get_advisory_lock(lock_id)
-          thread_lock.count_down
-          test_terminated.wait # hold the lock open until we tested everything
-        ensure
-          conn.release_advisory_lock(lock_id)
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(conn)
-        end
+        conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+        conn.get_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+        thread_lock.count_down
+        test_terminated.wait # hold the lock open until we tested everything
+      ensure
+        conn.release_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(conn)
       end
 
       thread_lock.wait # wait until the 'other process' has the lock
@@ -859,7 +858,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
 
       classname = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class.name[/[^:]*$/]
       expected_query_count = {
-        "Mysql2Adapter"     => 3, # Adding an index fires a query every time to check if an index already exists or not
+        "Mysql2Adapter"     => 1, # mysql2 supports creating two indexes using one statement
         "PostgreSQLAdapter" => 2,
       }.fetch(classname) {
         raise "need an expected query count for #{classname}"
@@ -891,7 +890,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
 
       classname = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class.name[/[^:]*$/]
       expected_query_count = {
-        "Mysql2Adapter"     => 3, # Adding an index fires a query every time to check if an index already exists or not
+        "Mysql2Adapter"     => 1, # mysql2 supports dropping and creating two indexes using one statement
         "PostgreSQLAdapter" => 2,
       }.fetch(classname) {
         raise "need an expected query count for #{classname}"
@@ -940,7 +939,6 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
     end
 
     private
-
       def with_bulk_change_table
         # Reset columns/indexes cache as we're changing the table
         @columns = @indexes = nil
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
index 30e199f1c5..aeba8e1d14 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     super
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    @schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
+    @schema_migration.create_table
+    @schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
     @verbose_was = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
     ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
     ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   teardown do
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    @schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
     ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
       undef :puts
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_migrator_with_duplicate_names
     e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationNameError) do
       list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Chunky"), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Chunky")]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, @schema_migration)
     end
     assert_match(/Multiple migrations have the name Chunky/, e.message)
   end
@@ -57,39 +58,40 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_migrator_with_duplicate_versions
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationVersionError) do
       list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Bar", 1)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, @schema_migration)
     end
   end
 
   def test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
       list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Bar", 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 3).run
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, @schema_migration, 3).run
     end
 
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
       list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Bar", 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, -1).run
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, @schema_migration, -1).run
     end
 
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
       list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Bar", 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 0).run
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, @schema_migration, 0).run
     end
 
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
       list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Bar", 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 3).migrate
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, @schema_migration, 3).migrate
     end
 
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
       list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("Bar", 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, -1).migrate
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, @schema_migration, -1).migrate
     end
   end
 
   def test_finds_migrations
-    migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid").migrations
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid", schema_migration).migrations
 
     [[1, "ValidPeopleHaveLastNames"], [2, "WeNeedReminders"], [3, "InnocentJointable"]].each_with_index do |pair, i|
       assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
@@ -98,7 +100,8 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finds_migrations_in_subdirectories
-    migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories").migrations
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories", schema_migration).migrations
 
     [[1, "ValidPeopleHaveLastNames"], [2, "WeNeedReminders"], [3, "InnocentJointable"]].each_with_index do |pair, i|
       assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
@@ -107,8 +110,9 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finds_migrations_from_two_directories
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     directories = [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_timestamps", MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"]
-    migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(directories).migrations
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(directories, schema_migration).migrations
 
     [[20090101010101, "PeopleHaveHobbies"],
      [20090101010202, "PeopleHaveDescriptions"],
@@ -121,14 +125,16 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finds_migrations_in_numbered_directory
-    migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/10_urban").migrations
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/10_urban", schema_migration).migrations
     assert_equal 9, migrations[0].version
     assert_equal "AddExpressions", migrations[0].name
   end
 
   def test_relative_migrations
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     list = Dir.chdir(MIGRATIONS_ROOT) do
-      ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new("valid").migrations
+      ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new("valid", schema_migration).migrations
     end
 
     migration_proxy = list.find { |item|
@@ -138,9 +144,9 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finds_pending_migrations
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(version: "1")
+    @schema_migration.create!(version: "1")
     migration_list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("bar", 3)]
-    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list).pending_migrations
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list, @schema_migration).pending_migrations
 
     assert_equal 1, migrations.size
     assert_equal migration_list.last, migrations.first
@@ -148,35 +154,38 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_migrations_status
     path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
 
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create(version: 2)
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create(version: 10)
+    @schema_migration.create(version: 2)
+    @schema_migration.create(version: 10)
 
     assert_equal [
       ["down", "001", "Valid people have last names"],
       ["up",   "002", "We need reminders"],
       ["down", "003", "Innocent jointable"],
       ["up",   "010", "********** NO FILE **********"],
-    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path).migrations_status
+    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path, schema_migration).migrations_status
   end
 
   def test_migrations_status_in_subdirectories
     path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories"
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
 
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create(version: 2)
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create(version: 10)
+    @schema_migration.create(version: 2)
+    @schema_migration.create(version: 10)
 
     assert_equal [
       ["down", "001", "Valid people have last names"],
       ["up",   "002", "We need reminders"],
       ["down", "003", "Innocent jointable"],
       ["up",   "010", "********** NO FILE **********"],
-    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path).migrations_status
+    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path, schema_migration).migrations_status
   end
 
   def test_migrations_status_with_schema_define_in_subdirectories
     path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories"
     prev_paths = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = path
 
     ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 3) do
@@ -186,16 +195,17 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       ["up", "001", "Valid people have last names"],
       ["up", "002", "We need reminders"],
       ["up", "003", "Innocent jointable"],
-    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path).migrations_status
+    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path, schema_migration).migrations_status
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = prev_paths
   end
 
   def test_migrations_status_from_two_directories
     paths = [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_timestamps", MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"]
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
 
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create(version: "20100101010101")
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create(version: "20160528010101")
+    @schema_migration.create(version: "20100101010101")
+    @schema_migration.create(version: "20160528010101")
 
     assert_equal [
       ["down", "20090101010101", "People have hobbies"],
@@ -204,18 +214,18 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       ["down", "20100201010101", "Valid with timestamps we need reminders"],
       ["down", "20100301010101", "Valid with timestamps innocent jointable"],
       ["up",   "20160528010101", "********** NO FILE **********"],
-    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(paths).migrations_status
+    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(paths, schema_migration).migrations_status
   end
 
   def test_migrator_interleaved_migrations
     pass_one = [Sensor.new("One", 1)]
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_one).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_one, @schema_migration).migrate
     assert pass_one.first.went_up
     assert_not pass_one.first.went_down
 
     pass_two = [Sensor.new("One", 1), Sensor.new("Three", 3)]
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_two).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_two, @schema_migration).migrate
     assert_not pass_two[0].went_up
     assert pass_two[1].went_up
     assert pass_two.all? { |x| !x.went_down }
@@ -224,7 +234,7 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                   Sensor.new("Two", 2),
                   Sensor.new("Three", 3)]
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, pass_three).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, pass_three, @schema_migration).migrate
     assert pass_three[0].went_down
     assert_not pass_three[1].went_down
     assert pass_three[2].went_down
@@ -232,7 +242,7 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_up_calls_up
     migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration)
     migrator.migrate
     assert migrations.all?(&:went_up)
     assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_down }
@@ -243,7 +253,7 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     test_up_calls_up
 
     migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, @schema_migration)
     migrator.migrate
     assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_up }
     assert migrations.all?(&:went_down)
@@ -251,30 +261,31 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_current_version
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(version: "1000")
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new("db/migrate")
+    @schema_migration.create!(version: "1000")
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new("db/migrate", schema_migration)
     assert_equal 1000, migrator.current_version
   end
 
   def test_migrator_one_up
     calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration, 1).migrate
     assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
     calls.clear
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 2).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration, 2).migrate
     assert_equal [[:up, 2]], calls
   end
 
   def test_migrator_one_down
     calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration).migrate
     assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
     calls.clear
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, @schema_migration, 1).migrate
 
     assert_equal [[:down, 3], [:down, 2]], calls
   end
@@ -282,17 +293,17 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_migrator_one_up_one_down
     calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration, 1).migrate
     assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
     calls.clear
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, @schema_migration, 0).migrate
     assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
   end
 
   def test_migrator_double_up
     calls, migrations = sensors(3)
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration, 1)
     assert_equal(0, migrator.current_version)
 
     migrator.migrate
@@ -305,7 +316,7 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_migrator_double_down
     calls, migrations = sensors(3)
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration, 1)
 
     assert_equal 0, migrator.current_version
 
@@ -313,7 +324,7 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
     calls.clear
 
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1)
+    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, @schema_migration, 1)
     migrator.run
     assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
     calls.clear
@@ -328,12 +339,12 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     _, migrations = sensors(3)
 
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration, 1).migrate
     assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
 
     ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
 
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, @schema_migration, 0).migrate
     assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
   end
 
@@ -341,9 +352,9 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     _, migrations = sensors(3)
 
     ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration, 1).migrate
     assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, @schema_migration, 0).migrate
     assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
   end
 
@@ -351,23 +362,24 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
     # migrate up to 1
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, @schema_migration, 1).migrate
     assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
     calls.clear
 
     # migrate down to 0
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, @schema_migration, 0).migrate
     assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
     calls.clear
 
     # migrate down to 0 again
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, @schema_migration, 0).migrate
     assert_equal [], calls
   end
 
   def test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-    migrator = migrator.new("valid")
+    migrator = migrator.new("valid", schema_migration)
 
     migrator.up(1)
     assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
@@ -382,8 +394,9 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_migrator_output_when_running_multiple_migrations
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-    migrator = migrator.new("valid")
+    migrator = migrator.new("valid", schema_migration)
 
     result = migrator.migrate
     assert_equal(3, result.count)
@@ -397,8 +410,9 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_migrator_output_when_running_single_migration
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     _, migrator = migrator_class(1)
-    migrator = migrator.new("valid")
+    migrator = migrator.new("valid", schema_migration)
 
     result = migrator.run(:up, 1)
 
@@ -406,8 +420,9 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_migrator_rollback
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-    migrator = migrator.new("valid")
+    migrator = migrator.new("valid", schema_migration)
 
     migrator.migrate
     assert_equal(3, migrator.current_version)
@@ -426,18 +441,20 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-    migrator = migrator.new("valid")
+    migrator = migrator.new("valid", schema_migration)
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table "schema_migrations", if_exists: true
-    assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("schema_migrations")
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
+    assert_not_predicate ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration, :table_exists?
     migrator.migrate(1)
-    assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("schema_migrations")
+    assert_predicate ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration, :table_exists?
   end
 
   def test_migrator_forward
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-    migrator = migrator.new("/valid")
+    migrator = migrator.new("/valid", schema_migration)
     migrator.migrate(1)
     assert_equal(1, migrator.current_version)
 
@@ -450,18 +467,20 @@ class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_only_loads_pending_migrations
     # migrate up to 1
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(version: "1")
+    @schema_migration.create!(version: "1")
 
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-    migrator = migrator.new("valid")
+    migrator = migrator.new("valid", schema_migration)
     migrator.migrate
 
     assert_equal [[:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
   end
 
   def test_get_all_versions
+    schema_migration = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration
     _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-    migrator = migrator.new("valid")
+    migrator = migrator.new("valid", schema_migration)
 
     migrator.migrate
     assert_equal([1, 2, 3], migrator.get_all_versions)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multi_db_migrator_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multi_db_migrator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..650b3af6f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multi_db_migrator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "cases/migration/helper"
+
+class MultiDbMigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  # Use this class to sense if migrations have gone
+  # up or down.
+  class Sensor < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+    attr_reader :went_up, :went_down
+
+    def initialize(name = self.class.name, version = nil)
+      super
+      @went_up = false
+      @went_down = false
+    end
+
+    def up; @went_up = true; end
+    def down; @went_down = true; end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @connection_a = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection_b = ARUnit2Model.connection
+
+    @connection_a.schema_migration.create_table
+    @connection_b.schema_migration.create_table
+
+    @connection_a.schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
+    @connection_b.schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
+
+    @path_a = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+    @path_b = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy"
+
+    @schema_migration_a = @connection_a.schema_migration
+    @migrations_a = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(@path_a, @schema_migration_a).migrations
+    @schema_migration_b = @connection_b.schema_migration
+    @migrations_b = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(@path_b, @schema_migration_b).migrations
+
+    @migrations_a_list = [[1, "ValidPeopleHaveLastNames"], [2, "WeNeedReminders"], [3, "InnocentJointable"]]
+    @migrations_b_list = [[1, "PeopleHaveHobbies"], [2, "PeopleHaveDescriptions"]]
+
+    @verbose_was = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
+      undef :puts
+      def puts(*)
+        ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection_a.schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
+    @connection_b.schema_migration.delete_all rescue nil
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
+      undef :puts
+      def puts(*)
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_migrations
+    @migrations_a_list.each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal @migrations_a[i].version, pair.first
+      assert_equal @migrations_a[i].name, pair.last
+    end
+
+    @migrations_b_list.each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal @migrations_b[i].version, pair.first
+      assert_equal @migrations_b[i].name, pair.last
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_migrations_status
+    @schema_migration_a.create(version: 2)
+    @schema_migration_a.create(version: 10)
+
+    assert_equal [
+      ["down", "001", "Valid people have last names"],
+      ["up",   "002", "We need reminders"],
+      ["down", "003", "Innocent jointable"],
+      ["up",   "010", "********** NO FILE **********"],
+    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(@path_a, @schema_migration_a).migrations_status
+
+    @schema_migration_b.create(version: 4)
+
+    assert_equal [
+      ["down", "001", "People have hobbies"],
+      ["down", "002", "People have descriptions"],
+      ["up", "004", "********** NO FILE **********"]
+    ], ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(@path_b, @schema_migration_b).migrations_status
+  end
+
+  def test_get_all_versions
+    _, migrator_a = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator_a = migrator_a.new(@path_a, @schema_migration_a)
+
+    migrator_a.migrate
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], migrator_a.get_all_versions)
+
+    migrator_a.rollback
+    assert_equal([1, 2], migrator_a.get_all_versions)
+
+    migrator_a.rollback
+    assert_equal([1], migrator_a.get_all_versions)
+
+    migrator_a.rollback
+    assert_equal([], migrator_a.get_all_versions)
+
+    _, migrator_b = migrator_class(2)
+    migrator_b = migrator_b.new(@path_b, @schema_migration_b)
+
+    migrator_b.migrate
+    assert_equal([1, 2], migrator_b.get_all_versions)
+
+    migrator_b.rollback
+    assert_equal([1], migrator_b.get_all_versions)
+
+    migrator_b.rollback
+    assert_equal([], migrator_b.get_all_versions)
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_pending_migrations
+    @schema_migration_a.create!(version: "1")
+    migration_list_a = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("bar", 3)]
+    migrations_a = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list_a, @schema_migration_a).pending_migrations
+
+    assert_equal 1, migrations_a.size
+    assert_equal migration_list_a.last, migrations_a.first
+
+    @schema_migration_b.create!(version: "1")
+    migration_list_b = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new("foo", 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new("bar", 3)]
+    migrations_b = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list_b, @schema_migration_b).pending_migrations
+
+    assert_equal 1, migrations_b.size
+    assert_equal migration_list_b.last, migrations_b.first
+  end
+
+  def test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator = migrator.new(@path_a, @schema_migration_a)
+
+    @schema_migration_a.drop_table
+    assert_not @connection_a.table_exists?("schema_migrations")
+    migrator.migrate(1)
+    assert @connection_a.table_exists?("schema_migrations")
+
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator = migrator.new(@path_b, @schema_migration_b)
+
+    @schema_migration_b.drop_table
+    assert_not @connection_b.table_exists?("schema_migrations")
+    migrator.migrate(1)
+    assert @connection_b.table_exists?("schema_migrations")
+  end
+
+  def test_migrator_forward
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator = migrator.new(@path_a, @schema_migration_a)
+    migrator.migrate(1)
+    assert_equal(1, migrator.current_version)
+
+    migrator.forward(2)
+    assert_equal(3, migrator.current_version)
+
+    migrator.forward
+    assert_equal(3, migrator.current_version)
+
+    _, migrator_b = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator_b = migrator_b.new(@path_b, @schema_migration_b)
+    migrator_b.migrate(1)
+    assert_equal(1, migrator_b.current_version)
+
+    migrator_b.forward(2)
+    assert_equal(3, migrator_b.current_version)
+
+    migrator_b.forward
+    assert_equal(3, migrator_b.current_version)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def m(name, version)
+      x = Sensor.new name, version
+      x.extend(Module.new {
+        define_method(:up) { yield(:up, x); super() }
+        define_method(:down) { yield(:down, x); super() }
+      }) if block_given?
+    end
+
+    def sensors(count)
+      calls = []
+      migrations = count.times.map { |i|
+        m(nil, i + 1) { |c, migration|
+          calls << [c, migration.version]
+        }
+      }
+      [calls, migrations]
+    end
+
+    def migrator_class(count)
+      calls, migrations = sensors(count)
+
+      migrator = Class.new(ActiveRecord::MigrationContext) {
+        define_method(:migrations) { |*|
+          migrations
+        }
+      }
+      [calls, migrator]
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index 192d2f5251..f11c441c65 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -106,14 +106,12 @@ class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     def test_associations_should_work_when_model_has_no_connection
-      begin
-        ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-        assert_nothing_raised do
-          College.first.courses.first
-        end
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+      ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        College.first.courses.first
       end
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index bb1c1ea17d..b49e62bee6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -851,7 +851,6 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
   end
 
   private
-
     def association_setter
       @association_setter ||= "#{@association_name}_attributes=".to_sym
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index 4830ff2b5f..7b7aa7e9b7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -53,6 +53,20 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal "2 updated", Topic.find(2).content
   end
 
+  def test_class_level_update_without_ids
+    topics = Topic.all
+    assert_equal 5, topics.length
+    topics.each do |topic|
+      assert_not_equal "updated", topic.content
+    end
+
+    updated = Topic.update(content: "updated")
+    assert_equal 5, updated.length
+    updated.each do |topic|
+      assert_equal "updated", topic.content
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_class_level_update_is_affected_by_scoping
     topic_data = { 1 => { "content" => "1 updated" }, 2 => { "content" => "2 updated" } }
 
@@ -169,7 +183,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_predicate company, :valid?
     original_errors = company.errors
     client = company.becomes(Client)
-    assert_equal original_errors.keys, client.errors.keys
+    assert_equal assert_deprecated { original_errors.keys }, assert_deprecated { client.errors.keys }
   end
 
   def test_becomes_errors_base
@@ -183,7 +197,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     admin.errors.add :token, :invalid
     child = admin.becomes(child_class)
 
-    assert_equal [:token], child.errors.keys
+    assert_equal [:token], assert_deprecated { child.errors.keys }
     assert_nothing_raised do
       child.errors.add :foo, :invalid
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index fa7f759e51..d783b2945d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -25,14 +25,12 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @timed_out = 0
     threads.times do
       Thread.new do
-        begin
-          conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
-          sleep 0.1
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin conn
-          @connection_count += 1
-        rescue ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError
-          @timed_out += 1
-        end
+        conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+        sleep 0.1
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin conn
+        @connection_count += 1
+      rescue ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError
+        @timed_out += 1
       end.join
     end
   end
@@ -42,14 +40,12 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection_count = 0
     @timed_out = 0
     loops.times do
-      begin
-        conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin conn
-        @connection_count += 1
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.data_sources
-      rescue ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError
-        @timed_out += 1
-      end
+      conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin conn
+      @connection_count += 1
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.data_sources
+    rescue ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError
+      @timed_out += 1
     end
   end
 
@@ -76,7 +72,6 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def add_record(name)
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection { Project.create! name: name }
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
index 4ed7469039..511d7fc982 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
@@ -203,6 +203,14 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(3, ignore_none: true) { klass.create! }
   end
 
+  def test_assign_id_raises_error_if_primary_key_doesnt_exist
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "dashboards"
+    end
+    dashboard = klass.new
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { dashboard.id = "1" }
+  end
+
   if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_serial_with_quoted_sequence_name
       column = MixedCaseMonkey.columns_hash[MixedCaseMonkey.primary_key]
@@ -354,7 +362,6 @@ class CompositePrimaryKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_composite_primary_key_out_of_order
-    skip if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
     assert_equal ["code", "region"], @connection.primary_keys("barcodes_reverse")
   end
 
@@ -376,7 +383,6 @@ class CompositePrimaryKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_dumping_composite_primary_key_out_of_order
-    skip if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
     schema = dump_table_schema "barcodes_reverse"
     assert_match %r{create_table "barcodes_reverse", primary_key: \["code", "region"\]}, schema
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index 565190c476..79bd6906d1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -55,78 +55,97 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_cache :off
   end
 
+  def test_query_cache_is_applied_to_connections_in_all_handlers
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = {
+      writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler,
+      reading: ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
+    }
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"])
+    end
+
+    mw = middleware { |env|
+      ro_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers[:reading].connection_pool_list.first.connection
+      assert_predicate ActiveRecord::Base.connection, :query_cache_enabled
+      assert_predicate ro_conn, :query_cache_enabled
+    }
+
+    mw.call({})
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler }
+  end
+
   def test_query_cache_across_threads
     with_temporary_connection_pool do
-      begin
-        if in_memory_db?
-          # Separate connections to an in-memory database create an entirely new database,
-          # with an empty schema etc, so we just stub out this schema on the fly.
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection do |connection|
-            connection.create_table :tasks do |t|
-              t.datetime :starting
-              t.datetime :ending
-            end
+      if in_memory_db?
+        # Separate connections to an in-memory database create an entirely new database,
+        # with an empty schema etc, so we just stub out this schema on the fly.
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection do |connection|
+          connection.create_table :tasks do |t|
+            t.datetime :starting
+            t.datetime :ending
           end
-          ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(self.class.fixture_path, ["tasks"], {}, ActiveRecord::Base)
         end
+        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(self.class.fixture_path, ["tasks"], {}, ActiveRecord::Base)
+      end
 
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.connections.each do |conn|
-          assert_cache :off, conn
-        end
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.connections.each do |conn|
+        assert_cache :off, conn
+      end
 
-        assert_not_predicate ActiveRecord::Base.connection, :nil?
-        assert_cache :off
+      assert_not_predicate ActiveRecord::Base.connection, :nil?
+      assert_cache :off
 
-        middleware {
-          assert_cache :clean
+      middleware {
+        assert_cache :clean
 
-          Task.find 1
-          assert_cache :dirty
+        Task.find 1
+        assert_cache :dirty
 
-          thread_1_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-          ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!
-          assert_cache :off, thread_1_connection
+        thread_1_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!
+        assert_cache :off, thread_1_connection
 
-          started = Concurrent::Event.new
-          checked = Concurrent::Event.new
+        started = Concurrent::Event.new
+        checked = Concurrent::Event.new
 
-          thread_2_connection = nil
-          thread = Thread.new {
-            thread_2_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        thread_2_connection = nil
+        thread = Thread.new {
+          thread_2_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-            assert_equal thread_2_connection, thread_1_connection
-            assert_cache :off
+          assert_equal thread_2_connection, thread_1_connection
+          assert_cache :off
 
-            middleware {
-              assert_cache :clean
+          middleware {
+            assert_cache :clean
 
-              Task.find 1
-              assert_cache :dirty
+            Task.find 1
+            assert_cache :dirty
 
-              started.set
-              checked.wait
+            started.set
+            checked.wait
 
-              ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!
-            }.call({})
-          }
+            ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!
+          }.call({})
+        }
 
-          started.wait
+        started.wait
 
-          thread_1_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-          assert_not_equal thread_1_connection, thread_2_connection
-          assert_cache :dirty, thread_2_connection
-          checked.set
-          thread.join
+        thread_1_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        assert_not_equal thread_1_connection, thread_2_connection
+        assert_cache :dirty, thread_2_connection
+        checked.set
+        thread.join
 
-          assert_cache :off, thread_2_connection
-        }.call({})
+        assert_cache :off, thread_2_connection
+      }.call({})
 
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.connections.each do |conn|
-          assert_cache :off, conn
-        end
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.disconnect!
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.connections.each do |conn|
+        assert_cache :off, conn
       end
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.disconnect!
     end
   end
 
@@ -295,7 +314,7 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       payload[:sql].downcase!
     end
 
-    assert_raises frozen_error_class do
+    assert_raises FrozenError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.cache do
         assert_queries(1) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
       end
@@ -316,11 +335,7 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_cache_does_not_wrap_results_in_arrays
     Task.cache do
-      if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
-        assert_equal 2, Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
-      else
-        assert_instance_of String, Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
-      end
+      assert_equal 2, Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
     end
   end
 
@@ -353,12 +368,10 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_not_predicate Task, :connected?
 
       Task.cache do
-        begin
-          assert_queries(1) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
-        ensure
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.remove_connection(Task.connection_specification_name)
-          Task.connection_specification_name = spec_name
-        end
+        assert_queries(1) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.remove_connection(Task.connection_specification_name)
+        Task.connection_specification_name = spec_name
       end
     end
   end
@@ -485,8 +498,62 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     }.call({})
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_clear_query_cache_is_called_on_all_connections
+    skip "with in memory db, reading role won't be able to see database on writing role" if in_memory_db?
+    with_temporary_connection_pool do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = {
+        writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler,
+        reading: ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
+      }
 
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"])
+      end
+
+      mw = middleware { |env|
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+          @topic = Topic.first
+        end
+
+        assert @topic
+
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+          @topic.title = "It doesn't have to be crazy at work"
+          @topic.save!
+        end
+
+        assert_equal "It doesn't have to be crazy at work", @topic.title
+
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+          @topic = Topic.first
+          assert_equal "It doesn't have to be crazy at work", @topic.title
+        end
+      }
+
+      mw.call({})
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler }
+  end
+
+  test "query cache is enabled in threads with shared connection" do
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.lock_thread = true
+
+    assert_cache :off
+
+    thread_a = Thread.new do
+      middleware { |env|
+        assert_cache :clean
+        [200, {}, nil]
+      }.call({})
+    end
+
+    thread_a.join
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.lock_thread = false
+  end
+
+  private
     def with_temporary_connection_pool
       old_pool = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(ActiveRecord::Base.connection_specification_name)
       new_pool = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool.new ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
index b630f782bc..402ddcf05a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         reaper = ConnectionPool::Reaper.new(fp, 0.0001)
         reaper.run
-        until fp.reaped
+        until fp.flushed
           Thread.pass
         end
         assert fp.reaped
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
index a8030c2d64..085006c9a2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
 
 module ActiveRecord
-  module ArrayDelegationTests
+  module DelegationTests
     ARRAY_DELEGATES = [
       :+, :-, :|, :&, :[], :shuffle,
       :all?, :collect, :compact, :detect, :each, :each_cons, :each_with_index,
@@ -21,25 +21,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_respond_to target, method
       end
     end
-  end
-
-  module DeprecatedArelDelegationTests
-    AREL_METHODS = [
-      :with, :orders, :froms, :project, :projections, :taken, :constraints, :exists, :locked, :where_sql,
-      :ast, :source, :join_sources, :to_dot, :create_insert, :create_true, :create_false
-    ]
 
-    def test_deprecate_arel_delegation
-      AREL_METHODS.each do |method|
-        assert_deprecated { target.public_send(method) }
-        assert_deprecated { target.public_send(method) }
-      end
+    def test_not_respond_to_arel_method
+      assert_not_respond_to target, :exists
     end
   end
 
   class DelegationAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include ArrayDelegationTests
-    include DeprecatedArelDelegationTests
+    include DelegationTests
 
     def target
       Post.new.comments
@@ -47,8 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   class DelegationRelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include ArrayDelegationTests
-    include DeprecatedArelDelegationTests
+    include DelegationTests
 
     def target
       Comment.all
@@ -56,26 +44,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   class QueryingMethodsDelegationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    QUERYING_METHODS = [
-      :find, :take, :take!, :first, :first!, :last, :last!, :exists?, :any?, :many?, :none?, :one?,
-      :second, :second!, :third, :third!, :fourth, :fourth!, :fifth, :fifth!, :forty_two, :forty_two!, :third_to_last, :third_to_last!, :second_to_last, :second_to_last!,
-      :first_or_create, :first_or_create!, :first_or_initialize,
-      :find_or_create_by, :find_or_create_by!, :create_or_find_by, :create_or_find_by!, :find_or_initialize_by,
-      :find_by, :find_by!,
-      :destroy_all, :delete_all, :update_all,
-      :find_each, :find_in_batches, :in_batches,
-      :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins, :left_joins, :left_outer_joins, :or,
-      :where, :rewhere, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :extending,
-      :having, :create_with, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, :merge,
-      :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate,
-      :pluck, :pick, :ids,
-    ]
+    QUERYING_METHODS =
+      ActiveRecord::Batches.public_instance_methods(false) +
+      ActiveRecord::Calculations.public_instance_methods(false) +
+      ActiveRecord::FinderMethods.public_instance_methods(false) - [:raise_record_not_found_exception!] +
+      ActiveRecord::SpawnMethods.public_instance_methods(false) - [:spawn, :merge!] +
+      ActiveRecord::QueryMethods.public_instance_methods(false).reject { |method|
+        method.to_s.end_with?("=", "!", "value", "values", "clause")
+      } - [:reverse_order, :arel, :extensions, :construct_join_dependency] + [
+        :any?, :many?, :none?, :one?,
+        :first_or_create, :first_or_create!, :first_or_initialize,
+        :find_or_create_by, :find_or_create_by!, :find_or_initialize_by,
+        :create_or_find_by, :create_or_find_by!,
+        :destroy_all, :delete_all, :update_all, :touch_all, :delete_by, :destroy_by
+      ]
 
     def test_delegate_querying_methods
       klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
         self.table_name = "posts"
       end
 
+      assert_equal QUERYING_METHODS.sort, ActiveRecord::Querying::QUERYING_METHODS.sort
+
       QUERYING_METHODS.each do |method|
         assert_respond_to klass.all, method
         assert_respond_to klass, method
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delete_all_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delete_all_test.rb
index 446d7621ea..d1c13fa1b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delete_all_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delete_all_test.rb
@@ -80,25 +80,23 @@ class DeleteAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal pets.count, pets.delete_all
   end
 
-  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-    def test_delete_all_with_order_and_limit_deletes_subset_only
-      author = authors(:david)
-      limited_posts = Post.where(author: author).order(:id).limit(1)
-      assert_equal 1, limited_posts.size
-      assert_equal 2, limited_posts.limit(2).size
-      assert_equal 1, limited_posts.delete_all
-      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { posts(:welcome) }
-      assert posts(:thinking)
-    end
+  def test_delete_all_with_order_and_limit_deletes_subset_only
+    author = authors(:david)
+    limited_posts = Post.where(author: author).order(:id).limit(1)
+    assert_equal 1, limited_posts.size
+    assert_equal 2, limited_posts.limit(2).size
+    assert_equal 1, limited_posts.delete_all
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { posts(:welcome) }
+    assert posts(:thinking)
+  end
 
-    def test_delete_all_with_order_and_limit_and_offset_deletes_subset_only
-      author = authors(:david)
-      limited_posts = Post.where(author: author).order(:id).limit(1).offset(1)
-      assert_equal 1, limited_posts.size
-      assert_equal 2, limited_posts.limit(2).size
-      assert_equal 1, limited_posts.delete_all
-      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { posts(:thinking) }
-      assert posts(:welcome)
-    end
+  def test_delete_all_with_order_and_limit_and_offset_deletes_subset_only
+    author = authors(:david)
+    limited_posts = Post.where(author: author).order(:id).limit(1).offset(1)
+    assert_equal 1, limited_posts.size
+    assert_equal 2, limited_posts.limit(2).size
+    assert_equal 1, limited_posts.delete_all
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { posts(:thinking) }
+    assert posts(:welcome)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
index 224e4f39a8..5c5e760e34 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
@@ -135,6 +135,18 @@ class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     relation = Post.all.merge(Post.order(Arel.sql("title LIKE '%?'")))
     assert_equal ["title LIKE '%?'"], relation.order_values
   end
+
+  def test_merging_annotations_respects_merge_order
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* foo \*/ /\* bar \*/}) do
+      Post.annotate("foo").merge(Post.annotate("bar")).first
+    end
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* bar \*/ /\* foo \*/}) do
+      Post.annotate("bar").merge(Post.annotate("foo")).first
+    end
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* foo \*/ /\* bar \*/ /\* baz \*/ /\* qux \*/}) do
+      Post.annotate("foo").annotate("bar").merge(Post.annotate("baz").annotate("qux")).first
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class MergingDifferentRelationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
index f82ecd4449..96249b8d51 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert relation.order!(:name).equal?(relation)
       node = relation.order_values.first
       assert_predicate node, :ascending?
-      assert_equal :name, node.expr.name
+      assert_equal "name", node.expr.name
       assert_equal "posts", node.expr.relation.name
     end
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       node = relation.order_values.first
 
       assert_predicate node, :ascending?
-      assert_equal :name, node.expr.name
+      assert_equal "name", node.expr.name
       assert_equal "posts", node.expr.relation.name
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
index 065819e0f1..8623867864 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal expected, Post.where("id = 1").or(Post.none).to_a
     end
 
+    def test_or_with_large_number
+      expected = Post.where("id = 1 or id = 9223372036854775808").to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where(id: 1).or(Post.where(id: 9223372036854775808)).to_a
+    end
+
     def test_or_with_bind_params
       assert_equal Post.find([1, 2]).sort_by(&:id), Post.where(id: 1).or(Post.where(id: 2)).sort_by(&:id)
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/select_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/select_test.rb
index dec8a6925d..586aaadd0a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/select_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/select_test.rb
@@ -11,5 +11,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       expected = Post.select(:title).to_sql
       assert_equal expected, Post.select(nil).select(:title).to_sql
     end
+
+    def test_reselect
+      expected = Post.select(:title).to_sql
+      assert_equal expected, Post.select(:title, :body).reselect(:title).to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_reselect_with_default_scope_select
+      expected = Post.select(:title).to_sql
+      actual   = PostWithDefaultSelect.reselect(:title).to_sql
+
+      assert_equal expected, actual
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/update_all_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/update_all_test.rb
index 09c365f31b..e45531b4a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/update_all_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/update_all_test.rb
@@ -138,14 +138,6 @@ class UpdateAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal new_time, developer.updated_at
   end
 
-  def test_touch_all_updates_locking_column
-    person = people(:david)
-
-    assert_difference -> { person.reload.lock_version }, +1 do
-      Person.where(first_name: "David").touch_all
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_update_on_relation
     topic1 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: "arel", author_name: nil
     topic2 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: "activerecord", author_name: nil
@@ -186,6 +178,101 @@ class UpdateAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_update_all_cares_about_optimistic_locking
+    david = people(:david)
+
+    travel 5.seconds do
+      now = Time.now.utc
+      assert_not_equal now, david.updated_at
+
+      people = Person.where(id: people(:michael, :david, :susan))
+      expected = people.pluck(:lock_version)
+      expected.map! { |version| version + 1 }
+      people.update_all(updated_at: now)
+
+      assert_equal [now] * 3, people.pluck(:updated_at)
+      assert_equal expected, people.pluck(:lock_version)
+
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
+        david.touch(time: now)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_update_counters_cares_about_optimistic_locking
+    david = people(:david)
+
+    travel 5.seconds do
+      now = Time.now.utc
+      assert_not_equal now, david.updated_at
+
+      people = Person.where(id: people(:michael, :david, :susan))
+      expected = people.pluck(:lock_version)
+      expected.map! { |version| version + 1 }
+      people.update_counters(touch: [time: now])
+
+      assert_equal [now] * 3, people.pluck(:updated_at)
+      assert_equal expected, people.pluck(:lock_version)
+
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
+        david.touch(time: now)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_touch_all_cares_about_optimistic_locking
+    david = people(:david)
+
+    travel 5.seconds do
+      now = Time.now.utc
+      assert_not_equal now, david.updated_at
+
+      people = Person.where(id: people(:michael, :david, :susan))
+      expected = people.pluck(:lock_version)
+      expected.map! { |version| version + 1 }
+      people.touch_all(time: now)
+
+      assert_equal [now] * 3, people.pluck(:updated_at)
+      assert_equal expected, people.pluck(:lock_version)
+
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
+        david.touch(time: now)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_klass_level_update_all
+    travel 5.seconds do
+      now = Time.now.utc
+
+      Person.all.each do |person|
+        assert_not_equal now, person.updated_at
+      end
+
+      Person.update_all(updated_at: now)
+
+      Person.all.each do |person|
+        assert_equal now, person.updated_at
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_klass_level_touch_all
+    travel 5.seconds do
+      now = Time.now.utc
+
+      Person.all.each do |person|
+        assert_not_equal now, person.updated_at
+      end
+
+      Person.touch_all(time: now)
+
+      Person.all.each do |person|
+        assert_equal now, person.updated_at
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   # Oracle UPDATE does not support ORDER BY
   unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
     def test_update_all_ignores_order_without_limit_from_association
@@ -198,11 +285,9 @@ class UpdateAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def test_update_all_doesnt_ignore_order
       assert_equal authors(:david).id + 1, authors(:mary).id # make sure there is going to be a duplicate PK error
       test_update_with_order_succeeds = lambda do |order|
-        begin
-          Author.order(order).update_all("id = id + 1")
-        rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError
-          false
-        end
+        Author.order(order).update_all("id = id + 1")
+      rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError
+        false
       end
 
       if test_update_with_order_succeeds.call("id DESC")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
index 0b06cec40b..35db3d1175 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class ActiveRecord::Relation
         Arel::Nodes::Not.new(random_object)
       ])
 
-      assert_equal expected, original.invert
+      assert_equal expected, original.invert(:nor)
     end
 
     test "except removes binary predicates referencing a given column" do
@@ -233,7 +233,6 @@ class ActiveRecord::Relation
     end
 
     private
-
       def table
         Arel::Table.new("table")
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
index 99797528b2..aad30ddea0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -14,10 +14,23 @@ require "models/price_estimate"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/treasure"
 require "models/vertex"
+require "support/stubs/strong_parameters"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class WhereTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    fixtures :posts, :edges, :authors, :author_addresses, :binaries, :essays, :cars, :treasures, :price_estimates, :topics
+    fixtures :posts, :comments, :edges, :authors, :author_addresses, :binaries, :essays, :cars, :treasures, :price_estimates, :topics
+
+    def test_in_clause_is_correctly_sliced
+      assert_called(Author.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 1) do
+        david = authors(:david)
+        assert_equal [david], Author.where(name: "David", id: [1, 2])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_type_casting_nested_joins
+      comment = comments(:eager_other_comment1)
+      assert_equal [comment], Comment.joins(post: :author).where(authors: { id: "2-foo" })
+    end
 
     def test_where_copies_bind_params
       author = authors(:david)
@@ -50,8 +63,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal [chef], chefs.to_a
     end
 
-    def test_where_with_casted_value_is_nil
-      assert_equal 4, Topic.where(last_read: "").count
+    def test_where_with_invalid_value
+      topics(:first).update!(parent_id: 0, written_on: nil, bonus_time: nil, last_read: nil)
+      assert_empty Topic.where(parent_id: Object.new)
+      assert_empty Topic.where(parent_id: "not-a-number")
+      assert_empty Topic.where(written_on: "")
+      assert_empty Topic.where(bonus_time: "")
+      assert_empty Topic.where(last_read: "")
     end
 
     def test_rewhere_on_root
@@ -109,13 +127,58 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
     end
 
-    def test_polymorphic_shallow_where_not
-      treasure = treasures(:sapphire)
+    def test_where_not_polymorphic_association
+      sapphire = treasures(:sapphire)
 
-      expected = [price_estimates(:diamond), price_estimates(:honda)]
-      actual   = PriceEstimate.where.not(estimate_of: treasure)
+      all = [treasures(:diamond), sapphire, cars(:honda), sapphire]
+      assert_equal all, PriceEstimate.all.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
 
-      assert_equal expected.sort_by(&:id), actual.sort_by(&:id)
+      actual = PriceEstimate.where.not(estimate_of: sapphire)
+      only = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: sapphire)
+
+      expected = all - [sapphire]
+      assert_equal expected, actual.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
+      assert_equal all - expected, only.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
+    end
+
+    def test_where_not_polymorphic_id_and_type_as_nand
+      sapphire = treasures(:sapphire)
+
+      all = [treasures(:diamond), sapphire, cars(:honda), sapphire]
+      assert_equal all, PriceEstimate.all.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
+
+      actual = PriceEstimate.where.yield_self do |where_chain|
+        where_chain.stub(:not_behaves_as_nor?, false) do
+          where_chain.not(estimate_of_type: sapphire.class.polymorphic_name, estimate_of_id: sapphire.id)
+        end
+      end
+      only = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of_type: sapphire.class.polymorphic_name, estimate_of_id: sapphire.id)
+
+      expected = all - [sapphire]
+      assert_equal expected, actual.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
+      assert_equal all - expected, only.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
+    end
+
+    def test_where_not_polymorphic_id_and_type_as_nor_is_deprecated
+      sapphire = treasures(:sapphire)
+
+      all = [treasures(:diamond), sapphire, cars(:honda), sapphire]
+      assert_equal all, PriceEstimate.all.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
+
+      message = <<~MSG.squish
+        NOT conditions will no longer behave as NOR in Rails 6.1.
+        To continue using NOR conditions, NOT each conditions manually
+        (`.where.not(:estimate_of_type => ...).where.not(:estimate_of_id => ...)`).
+      MSG
+      actual = assert_deprecated(message) do
+        PriceEstimate.where.not(estimate_of_type: sapphire.class.polymorphic_name, estimate_of_id: sapphire.id)
+      end
+      only = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of_type: sapphire.class.polymorphic_name, estimate_of_id: sapphire.id)
+
+      expected = all - [sapphire]
+      # NOT (estimate_of_type = 'Treasure' OR estimate_of_id = sapphire.id) matches only `cars(:honda)` unfortunately.
+      assert_not_equal expected, actual.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
+      assert_equal all - expected, only.sort_by(&:id).map(&:estimate_of)
     end
 
     def test_polymorphic_nested_array_where
@@ -334,31 +397,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_where_with_strong_parameters
-      protected_params = Class.new do
-        attr_reader :permitted
-        alias :permitted? :permitted
-
-        def initialize(parameters)
-          @parameters = parameters
-          @permitted = false
-        end
-
-        def to_h
-          @parameters
-        end
-
-        def permit!
-          @permitted = true
-          self
-        end
-      end
-
       author = authors(:david)
-      params = protected_params.new(name: author.name)
+      params = ProtectedParams.new(name: author.name)
       assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) { Author.where(params) }
       assert_equal author, Author.where(params.permit!).first
     end
 
+    def test_where_with_large_number
+      assert_equal [authors(:bob)], Author.where(id: [3, 9223372036854775808])
+      assert_equal [authors(:bob)], Author.where(id: 3..9223372036854775808)
+    end
+
+    def test_to_sql_with_large_number
+      assert_equal [authors(:bob)], Author.find_by_sql(Author.where(id: [3, 9223372036854775808]).to_sql)
+      assert_equal [authors(:bob)], Author.find_by_sql(Author.where(id: 3..9223372036854775808).to_sql)
+    end
+
     def test_where_with_unsupported_arguments
       assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Author.where(42) }
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index 68161f6a84..e74fb1a098 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -101,6 +101,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       relation.merge!(relation)
       assert_predicate relation, :empty_scope?
+
+      assert_not_predicate NullPost.all, :empty_scope?
+      assert_not_predicate FirstPost.all, :empty_scope?
     end
 
     def test_bad_constants_raise_errors
@@ -289,6 +292,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       klass.create!(description: "foo")
 
       assert_equal ["foo"], klass.select(:description).from(klass.all).map(&:desc)
+      assert_equal ["foo"], klass.reselect(:description).from(klass.all).map(&:desc)
     end
 
     def test_relation_merging_with_merged_joins_as_strings
@@ -307,6 +311,65 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 3, ratings.count
     end
 
+    def test_relation_with_annotation_includes_comment_in_to_sql
+      post_with_annotation = Post.where(id: 1).annotate("foo")
+      assert_match %r{= 1 /\* foo \*/}, post_with_annotation.to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_relation_with_annotation_includes_comment_in_sql
+      post_with_annotation = Post.where(id: 1).annotate("foo")
+      assert_sql(%r{/\* foo \*/}) do
+        assert post_with_annotation.first, "record should be found"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_relation_with_annotation_chains_sql_comments
+      post_with_annotation = Post.where(id: 1).annotate("foo").annotate("bar")
+      assert_sql(%r{/\* foo \*/ /\* bar \*/}) do
+        assert post_with_annotation.first, "record should be found"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_relation_with_annotation_filters_sql_comment_delimiters
+      post_with_annotation = Post.where(id: 1).annotate("**//foo//**")
+      assert_match %r{= 1 /\* foo \*/}, post_with_annotation.to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_relation_with_annotation_includes_comment_in_count_query
+      post_with_annotation = Post.annotate("foo")
+      all_count = Post.all.to_a.count
+      assert_sql(%r{/\* foo \*/}) do
+        assert_equal all_count, post_with_annotation.count
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_relation_without_annotation_does_not_include_an_empty_comment
+      log = capture_sql do
+        Post.where(id: 1).first
+      end
+
+      assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+      assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\*}) }, :empty?
+    end
+
+    def test_relation_with_optimizer_hints_filters_sql_comment_delimiters
+      post_with_hint = Post.where(id: 1).optimizer_hints("**//BADHINT//**")
+      assert_match %r{BADHINT}, post_with_hint.to_sql
+      assert_no_match %r{\*/BADHINT}, post_with_hint.to_sql
+      assert_no_match %r{\*//BADHINT}, post_with_hint.to_sql
+      assert_no_match %r{BADHINT/\*}, post_with_hint.to_sql
+      assert_no_match %r{BADHINT//\*}, post_with_hint.to_sql
+      post_with_hint = Post.where(id: 1).optimizer_hints("/*+ BADHINT */")
+      assert_match %r{/\*\+ BADHINT \*/}, post_with_hint.to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_does_not_duplicate_optimizer_hints_on_merge
+      escaped_table = Post.connection.quote_table_name("posts")
+      expected = "SELECT /*+ OMGHINT */ #{escaped_table}.* FROM #{escaped_table}"
+      query = Post.optimizer_hints("OMGHINT").merge(Post.optimizer_hints("OMGHINT")).to_sql
+      assert_equal expected, query
+    end
+
     class EnsureRoundTripTypeCasting < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
       def type
         :string
@@ -349,7 +412,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def skip_if_sqlite3_version_includes_quoting_bug
         if sqlite3_version_includes_quoting_bug?
           skip <<-ERROR.squish
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index e471ee8039..1a20fe5dc2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ require "models/person"
 require "models/computer"
 require "models/reply"
 require "models/company"
+require "models/contract"
 require "models/bird"
 require "models/car"
 require "models/engine"
@@ -181,15 +182,64 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_select_with_from_includes_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from("#{Comment.table_name} /*! USE INDEX (PRIMARY) */").joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.map(&:id), subquery.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_from_includes_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from("#{Comment.table_name} /*! USE INDEX (PRIMARY) */").joins(:post).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.pluck(:id), subquery.pluck(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_from_includes_quoted_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from("#{Comment.quoted_table_name} /*! USE INDEX (PRIMARY) */").joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.map(&:id), subquery.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_from_includes_quoted_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from("#{Comment.quoted_table_name} /*! USE INDEX (PRIMARY) */").joins(:post).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.pluck(:id), subquery.pluck(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_subquery_in_from_uses_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    # Avoid subquery flattening by adding distinct to work with SQLite < 3.20.0.
+    subquery = Comment.from(Comment.all.distinct, Comment.quoted_table_name).joins(:post).select(:id).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.map(&:id), subquery.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_with_subquery_in_from_uses_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.joins(:post).order(:id)
+    subquery = Comment.from(Comment.all, Comment.quoted_table_name).joins(:post).order(:id)
+    assert_equal relation.pluck(:id), subquery.pluck(:id)
+  end
+
   def test_select_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
     relation = Comment.group(:type).select("COUNT(post_id) AS post_count, type")
-    subquery = Comment.from(relation).select("type", "post_count")
+    subquery = Comment.from(relation, "grouped_#{Comment.table_name}").select("type", "post_count")
     assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort, subquery.map(&:post_count).sort)
   end
 
   def test_group_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
     relation = Comment.group(:type).select("COUNT(post_id) AS post_count,type")
-    subquery = Comment.from(relation).group("type").average("post_count")
+    subquery = Comment.from(relation, "grouped_#{Comment.table_name}").group("type").average("post_count")
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort, subquery.values.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_subquery_string_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select("COUNT(post_id) AS post_count, type")
+    subquery = Comment.from("(#{relation.to_sql}) #{Comment.table_name}_grouped").select("type", "post_count")
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort, subquery.map(&:post_count).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_group_with_subquery_string_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select("COUNT(post_id) AS post_count,type")
+    subquery = Comment.from("(#{relation.to_sql}) #{Comment.table_name}_grouped").group("type").average("post_count")
     assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort, subquery.values.sort)
   end
 
@@ -248,7 +298,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_reverse_order_with_function
-    topics = Topic.order(Arel.sql("length(title)")).reverse_order
+    topics = Topic.order("length(title)").reverse_order
     assert_equal topics(:second).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
@@ -258,9 +308,9 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_reverse_order_with_function_other_predicates
-    topics = Topic.order(Arel.sql("author_name, length(title), id")).reverse_order
+    topics = Topic.order("author_name, length(title), id").reverse_order
     assert_equal topics(:second).title, topics.first.title
-    topics = Topic.order(Arel.sql("length(author_name), id, length(title)")).reverse_order
+    topics = Topic.order("length(author_name), id, length(title)").reverse_order
     assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
@@ -287,12 +337,21 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_reverse_order_with_nulls_first_or_last
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Topic.order(Arel.sql("title NULLS FIRST")).reverse_order
+      Topic.order("title NULLS FIRST").reverse_order
     end
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Topic.order(Arel.sql("title nulls last")).reverse_order
+      Topic.order("title  NULLS  FIRST").reverse_order
     end
-  end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("title nulls last").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("title NULLS FIRST, author_name").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("author_name, title nulls last").reverse_order
+    end
+  end if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
 
   def test_default_reverse_order_on_table_without_primary_key
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
@@ -480,21 +539,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { Topic.reorder([]) }
   end
 
-  def test_respond_to_delegates_to_arel
-    relation = Topic.all
-    fake_arel = Struct.new(:responds) {
-      def respond_to?(method, access = false)
-        responds << [method, access]
-      end
-    }.new []
-
-    relation.extend(Module.new { attr_accessor :arel })
-    relation.arel = fake_arel
-
-    relation.respond_to?(:matching_attributes)
-    assert_equal [:matching_attributes, false], fake_arel.responds.first
-  end
-
   def test_respond_to_dynamic_finders
     relation = Topic.all
 
@@ -558,6 +602,13 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_extracted_association
+    relation_authors = assert_queries(2) { Post.all.extract_associated(:author) }
+    root_authors = assert_queries(2) { Post.extract_associated(:author) }
+    assert_equal relation_authors, root_authors
+    assert_equal Post.all.collect(&:author), relation_authors
+  end
+
   def test_find_with_included_associations
     assert_queries(2) do
       posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("posts.id")
@@ -655,7 +706,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_to_sql_on_eager_join
-    expected = assert_sql {
+    expected = capture_sql {
       Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order("comments.id DESC").to_a
     }.first
     actual = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order("comments.id DESC").to_sql
@@ -934,12 +985,25 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.load.size }
   end
 
+  def test_size_with_eager_loading_and_custom_select_and_order
+    posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id").select(:type)
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.size }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.load.size }
+  end
+
   def test_size_with_eager_loading_and_custom_order_and_distinct
     posts = Post.includes(:comments).order("comments.id").distinct
     assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.size }
     assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.load.size }
   end
 
+  def test_size_with_eager_loading_and_manual_distinct_select_and_custom_order
+    accounts = Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.firm_id").order("accounts.firm_id")
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 5, accounts.size }
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 5, accounts.load.size }
+  end
+
   def test_count_explicit_columns
     Post.update_all(comments_count: nil)
     posts = Post.all
@@ -1181,8 +1245,23 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "green", parrot.color
   end
 
+  def test_first_or_create_with_after_initialize
+    Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = assert_deprecated do
+      Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create do |bird|
+        bird.name = "parrot"
+        bird.enable_count = true
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal 0, parrot.total_count
+  end
+
   def test_first_or_create_with_block
-    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create { |bird| bird.name = "parrot" }
+    Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create do |bird|
+      bird.name = "parrot"
+      assert_deprecated { assert_equal 0, Bird.count }
+    end
     assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
     assert_predicate parrot, :persisted?
     assert_equal "green", parrot.color
@@ -1223,8 +1302,23 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create! }
   end
 
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_after_initialize
+    Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = assert_deprecated do
+      Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create! do |bird|
+        bird.name = "parrot"
+        bird.enable_count = true
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal 0, parrot.total_count
+  end
+
   def test_first_or_create_bang_with_valid_block
-    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create! { |bird| bird.name = "parrot" }
+    Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_create! do |bird|
+      bird.name = "parrot"
+      assert_deprecated { assert_equal 0, Bird.count }
+    end
     assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
     assert_predicate parrot, :persisted?
     assert_equal "green", parrot.color
@@ -1273,8 +1367,23 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "green", parrot.color
   end
 
+  def test_first_or_initialize_with_after_initialize
+    Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = assert_deprecated do
+      Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_initialize do |bird|
+        bird.name = "parrot"
+        bird.enable_count = true
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal 0, parrot.total_count
+  end
+
   def test_first_or_initialize_with_block
-    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_initialize { |bird| bird.name = "parrot" }
+    Bird.create!(color: "yellow", name: "canary")
+    parrot = Bird.where(color: "green").first_or_initialize do |bird|
+      bird.name = "parrot"
+      assert_deprecated { assert_equal 0, Bird.count }
+    end
     assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
     assert_not_predicate parrot, :persisted?
     assert_predicate parrot, :valid?
@@ -1315,6 +1424,13 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by(nick: "cat")
   end
 
+  def test_create_or_find_by_should_not_raise_due_to_validation_errors
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      bird = Bird.create_or_find_by(color: "green")
+      assert_predicate bird, :invalid?
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_create_or_find_by_with_non_unique_attributes
     Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob", name: "the builder")
 
@@ -1334,6 +1450,38 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_bang
+    assert_nil Subscriber.find_by(nick: "bob")
+
+    subscriber = Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob")
+
+    assert_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "bob")
+    assert_not_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "cat")
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_bang_should_raise_due_to_validation_errors
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.create_or_find_by!(color: "green") }
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_bang_with_non_unique_attributes
+    Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob", name: "the builder")
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "bob", name: "the cat")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_or_find_by_with_bang_within_transaction
+    assert_nil Subscriber.find_by(nick: "bob")
+
+    subscriber = Subscriber.create!(nick: "bob")
+
+    Subscriber.transaction do
+      assert_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "bob")
+      assert_not_equal subscriber, Subscriber.create_or_find_by!(nick: "cat")
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_or_initialize_by
     assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: "bob")
 
@@ -1367,10 +1515,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.to_a
 
     author_posts = relation.except(:order, :limit)
-    assert_equal Post.where(author_id: 1).to_a, author_posts.to_a
+    assert_equal Post.where(author_id: 1).sort_by(&:id), author_posts.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal author_posts.sort_by(&:id), relation.scoping { Post.except(:order, :limit).sort_by(&:id) }
 
     all_posts = relation.except(:where, :order, :limit)
-    assert_equal Post.all, all_posts
+    assert_equal Post.all.sort_by(&:id), all_posts.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal all_posts.sort_by(&:id), relation.scoping { Post.except(:where, :order, :limit).sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_only
@@ -1378,10 +1528,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.to_a
 
     author_posts = relation.only(:where)
-    assert_equal Post.where(author_id: 1).to_a, author_posts.to_a
+    assert_equal Post.where(author_id: 1).sort_by(&:id), author_posts.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal author_posts.sort_by(&:id), relation.scoping { Post.only(:where).sort_by(&:id) }
 
-    all_posts = relation.only(:limit)
-    assert_equal Post.limit(1).to_a, all_posts.to_a
+    all_posts = relation.only(:order)
+    assert_equal Post.order("id ASC").to_a, all_posts.to_a
+    assert_equal all_posts.to_a, relation.scoping { Post.only(:order).to_a }
   end
 
   def test_anonymous_extension
@@ -1527,7 +1679,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     scope = Post.order("comments.body")
     assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
 
-    scope = Post.order(Arel.sql("#{Comment.quoted_table_name}.#{Comment.quoted_primary_key}"))
+    scope = Post.order("#{Comment.quoted_table_name}.#{Comment.quoted_primary_key}")
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
       assert_equal ["COMMENTS"], scope.references_values
     else
@@ -1544,7 +1696,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     scope = Post.order("comments.body asc")
     assert_equal ["comments"], scope.references_values
 
-    scope = Post.order(Arel.sql("foo(comments.body)"))
+    scope = Post.order("foo(comments.body)")
     assert_equal [], scope.references_values
   end
 
@@ -1552,7 +1704,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     scope = Post.reorder("comments.body")
     assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
 
-    scope = Post.reorder(Arel.sql("#{Comment.quoted_table_name}.#{Comment.quoted_primary_key}"))
+    scope = Post.reorder("#{Comment.quoted_table_name}.#{Comment.quoted_primary_key}")
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
       assert_equal ["COMMENTS"], scope.references_values
     else
@@ -1569,7 +1721,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     scope = Post.reorder("comments.body asc")
     assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
 
-    scope = Post.reorder(Arel.sql("foo(comments.body)"))
+    scope = Post.reorder("foo(comments.body)")
     assert_equal [], scope.references_values
   end
 
@@ -1607,6 +1759,24 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_predicate topics, :loaded?
   end
 
+  def test_delete_by
+    david = authors(:david)
+
+    assert_difference("Post.count", -3) { david.posts.delete_by(body: "hello") }
+
+    deleted = Author.delete_by(id: david.id)
+    assert_equal 1, deleted
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_by
+    david = authors(:david)
+
+    assert_difference("Post.count", -3) { david.posts.destroy_by(body: "hello") }
+
+    destroyed = Author.destroy_by(id: david.id)
+    assert_equal [david], destroyed
+  end
+
   test "find_by with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
     assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by(author_id: 2)
   end
@@ -1776,6 +1946,19 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [1, 1, 1], posts.map(&:author_address_id)
   end
 
+  test "joins with select custom attribute" do
+    contract = Company.create!(name: "test").contracts.create!
+    company = Company.joins(:contracts).select(:id, :metadata).find(contract.company_id)
+    assert_equal contract.metadata, company.metadata
+  end
+
+  test "joins with order by custom attribute" do
+    companies = Company.create!([{ name: "test1" }, { name: "test2" }])
+    companies.each { |company| company.contracts.create! }
+    assert_equal companies, Company.joins(:contracts).order(:metadata, :count)
+    assert_equal companies.reverse, Company.joins(:contracts).order(metadata: :desc, count: :desc)
+  end
+
   test "delegations do not leak to other classes" do
     Topic.all.by_lifo
     assert Topic.all.class.method_defined?(:by_lifo)
@@ -1794,6 +1977,30 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal p2.first.comments, comments
   end
 
+  def test_unscope_with_merge
+    p0 = Post.where(author_id: 0)
+    p1 = Post.where(author_id: 1, comments_count: 1)
+
+    assert_equal [posts(:authorless)], p0
+    assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], p1
+
+    comments = Comment.merge(p0).unscope(where: :author_id).where(post: p1)
+
+    assert_not_equal p0.first.comments, comments
+    assert_equal p1.first.comments, comments
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_with_unknown_column
+    comment = comments(:greetings)
+    comment.update!(comments: 1)
+
+    comments = Comment.where(comments: 1).unscope(where: :unknown_column)
+    assert_equal [comment], comments
+
+    comments = Comment.where(comments: 1).unscope(where: { comments: :unknown_column })
+    assert_equal [comment], comments
+  end
+
   def test_unscope_specific_where_value
     posts = Post.where(title: "Welcome to the weblog", body: "Such a lovely day")
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
index 778cf86ac3..6c884b4f45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
@@ -148,6 +148,19 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "foo in (#{quoted_nil})", bind("foo in (?)", [])
   end
 
+  def test_bind_range
+    quoted_abc = %(#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('a')},#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('b')},#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('c')})
+    assert_equal "0", bind("?", 0..0)
+    assert_equal "1,2,3", bind("?", 1..3)
+    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind("?", "a"..."d")
+  end
+
+  def test_bind_empty_range
+    quoted_nil = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote(nil)
+    assert_equal quoted_nil, bind("?", 0...0)
+    assert_equal quoted_nil, bind("?", "a"..."a")
+  end
+
   def test_bind_empty_string
     quoted_empty = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("")
     assert_equal quoted_empty, bind("?", "")
@@ -168,12 +181,6 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('10')}::integer '2009-01-01'::date", l.call
   end
 
-  def test_deprecated_expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal({ "balance" => 50 }, Customer.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, balance: Money.new(50)))
-    end
-  end
-
   private
     def bind(statement, *vars)
       if vars.first.is_a?(Hash)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index dda3efa47c..bb7184c5fc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     schema_info = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
     assert_match(/20100201010101.*20100301010101/m, schema_info)
+    assert_includes schema_info, "20100101010101"
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all
   end
@@ -245,25 +246,31 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
     def test_schema_dump_includes_length_for_mysql_binary_fields
-      output = standard_dump
+      output = dump_table_schema "binary_fields"
       assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"var_binary",\s+limit: 255$}, output
       assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"var_binary_large",\s+limit: 4095$}, output
     end
 
     def test_schema_dump_includes_length_for_mysql_blob_and_text_fields
-      output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t\.blob\s+"tiny_blob",\s+limit: 255$}, output
+      output = dump_table_schema "binary_fields"
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"tiny_blob",\s+size: :tiny$}, output
       assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"normal_blob"$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"medium_blob",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"long_blob",\s+limit: 4294967295$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"tiny_text",\s+limit: 255$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"medium_blob",\s+size: :medium$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"long_blob",\s+size: :long$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"tiny_text",\s+size: :tiny$}, output
       assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"normal_text"$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"medium_text",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"long_text",\s+limit: 4294967295$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"medium_text",\s+size: :medium$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"long_text",\s+size: :long$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"tiny_blob_2",\s+size: :tiny$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"medium_blob_2",\s+size: :medium$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"long_blob_2",\s+size: :long$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"tiny_text_2",\s+size: :tiny$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"medium_text_2",\s+size: :medium$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"long_text_2",\s+size: :long$}, output
     end
 
     def test_schema_does_not_include_limit_for_emulated_mysql_boolean_fields
-      output = standard_dump
+      output = dump_table_schema "booleans"
       assert_no_match %r{t\.boolean\s+"has_fun",.+limit: 1}, output
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
index f539156466..5da2d9e08f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ class SchemaLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def define_model
       Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
         include SchemaLoadCounter
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
index 6281712df6..e7bdab58c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
@@ -408,18 +408,18 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_joins_not_affected_by_scope_other_than_default_or_unscoped
-    without_scope_on_post = Comment.joins(:post).to_a
+    without_scope_on_post = Comment.joins(:post).sort_by(&:id)
     with_scope_on_post = nil
     Post.where(id: [1, 5, 6]).scoping do
-      with_scope_on_post = Comment.joins(:post).to_a
+      with_scope_on_post = Comment.joins(:post).sort_by(&:id)
     end
 
-    assert_equal with_scope_on_post, without_scope_on_post
+    assert_equal without_scope_on_post, with_scope_on_post
   end
 
   def test_unscoped_with_joins_should_not_have_default_scope
-    assert_equal SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.unscoped { Comment.joins(:special_post_with_default_scope).to_a },
-                 Comment.joins(:post).to_a
+    assert_equal Comment.joins(:post).sort_by(&:id),
+      SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.unscoped { Comment.joins(:special_post_with_default_scope).sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_sti_association_with_unscoped_not_affected_by_default_scope
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
index f707951a16..3488442cab 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_calling_merge_at_first_in_scope
     Topic.class_eval do
-      scope :calling_merge_at_first_in_scope, Proc.new { merge(Topic.replied) }
+      scope :calling_merge_at_first_in_scope, Proc.new { merge(Topic.unscoped.replied) }
     end
     assert_equal Topic.calling_merge_at_first_in_scope.to_a, Topic.replied.to_a
   end
@@ -303,13 +303,6 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "lifo", topic.author_name
   end
 
-  def test_deprecated_delegating_private_method
-    assert_deprecated do
-      scope = Topic.all.by_private_lifo
-      assert_not scope.instance_variable_get(:@delegate_to_klass)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_reserved_scope_names
     klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
       self.table_name = "topics"
@@ -454,6 +447,17 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [posts(:sti_comments)], Post.with_special_comments.with_post(4).to_a.uniq
   end
 
+  def test_class_method_in_scope
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal [topics(:second)], topics(:first).approved_replies.ordered
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_scoping
+    expected = Reply.approved
+    assert_equal expected.to_a, Topic.rejected.nested_scoping(expected)
+  end
+
   def test_scopes_batch_finders
     assert_equal 4, Topic.approved.count
 
@@ -598,4 +602,14 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Topic.create!
     assert_predicate Topic, :one?
   end
+
+  def test_scope_with_annotation
+    Topic.class_eval do
+      scope :including_annotate_in_scope, Proc.new { annotate("from-scope") }
+    end
+
+    assert_sql(%r{/\* from-scope \*/}) do
+      assert Topic.including_annotate_in_scope.to_a, Topic.all.to_a
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
index b4f4379e5e..50b514d464 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -130,6 +130,44 @@ class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_scoped_find_with_annotation
+    Developer.annotate("scoped").scoping do
+      developer = nil
+      assert_sql(%r{/\* scoped \*/}) do
+        developer = Developer.where("name = 'David'").first
+      end
+      assert_equal "David", developer.name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_annotation_unscoped
+    Developer.annotate("scoped").unscoped do
+      developer = nil
+      log = capture_sql do
+        developer = Developer.where("name = 'David'").first
+      end
+
+      assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+      assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\* scoped \*/}) }, :empty?
+
+      assert_equal "David", developer.name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_annotation_unscope
+    developer = nil
+    log = capture_sql do
+      developer = Developer.annotate("unscope").
+        where("name = 'David'").
+        unscope(:annotate).first
+    end
+
+    assert_not_predicate log, :empty?
+    assert_predicate log.select { |query| query.match?(%r{/\* unscope \*/}) }, :empty?
+
+    assert_equal "David", developer.name
+  end
+
   def test_scoped_find_include
     # with the include, will retrieve only developers for the given project
     scoped_developers = Developer.includes(:projects).scoping do
@@ -254,11 +292,16 @@ class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_scoping_works_in_the_scope_block
+  def test_scoping_with_klass_method_works_in_the_scope_block
     expected = SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.unscoped.to_a
     assert_equal expected, SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.unscoped_all
   end
 
+  def test_scoping_with_query_method_works_in_the_scope_block
+    expected = SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.unscoped.where(author_id: 0).to_a
+    assert_equal expected, SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.authorless
+  end
+
   def test_circular_joins_with_scoping_does_not_crash
     posts = Post.joins(comments: :post).scoping do
       Post.first(10)
@@ -368,7 +411,19 @@ class HasManyScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_nested_scope_finder
     Comment.where("1=0").scoping do
-      assert_equal 0, @welcome.comments.count
+      assert_equal 2, @welcome.comments.count
+      assert_equal "a comment...", @welcome.comments.what_are_you
+    end
+
+    Comment.where("1=1").scoping do
+      assert_equal 2, @welcome.comments.count
+      assert_equal "a comment...", @welcome.comments.what_are_you
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_none_scoping
+    Comment.none.scoping do
+      assert_equal 2, @welcome.comments.count
       assert_equal "a comment...", @welcome.comments.what_are_you
     end
 
@@ -409,7 +464,19 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_nested_scope_finder
     Category.where("1=0").scoping do
-      assert_equal 0, @welcome.categories.count
+      assert_equal 2, @welcome.categories.count
+      assert_equal "a category...", @welcome.categories.what_are_you
+    end
+
+    Category.where("1=1").scoping do
+      assert_equal 2, @welcome.categories.count
+      assert_equal "a category...", @welcome.categories.what_are_you
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_none_scoping
+    Category.none.scoping do
+      assert_equal 2, @welcome.categories.count
       assert_equal "a category...", @welcome.categories.what_are_you
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
index 1192b30b14..ecf81b2042 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,23 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "cases/helper"
-require "models/topic"
-require "models/reply"
 require "models/person"
 require "models/traffic_light"
 require "models/post"
-require "bcrypt"
 
 class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :posts
 
   MyObject = Struct.new :attribute1, :attribute2
 
+  class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
+    serialize :content
+  end
+
+  class ImportantTopic < Topic
+    serialize :important, Hash
+  end
+
   teardown do
     Topic.serialize("content")
   end
@@ -49,10 +54,10 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_serialized_attributes_from_database_on_subclass
     Topic.serialize :content, Hash
 
-    t = Reply.new(content: { foo: :bar })
+    t = ImportantTopic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
     assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content)
     t.save!
-    t = Reply.last
+    t = ImportantTopic.last
     assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content)
   end
 
@@ -367,9 +372,9 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_serialized_attribute_works_under_concurrent_initial_access
-    model = Topic.dup
+    model = Class.new(Topic)
 
-    topic = model.last
+    topic = model.create!
     topic.update group: "1"
 
     model.serialize :group, JSON
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
index e3c12f68fd..6a6d73dc38 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "models/liquid"
 require "models/molecule"
+require "models/numeric_data"
 require "models/electron"
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -74,6 +75,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal "salty", liquids[0].name
     end
 
+    def test_statement_cache_with_strictly_cast_attribute
+      row = NumericData.create(temperature: 1.5)
+      assert_equal row, NumericData.find_by(temperature: 1.5)
+    end
+
     def test_statement_cache_values_differ
       cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Book.where(name: "my book")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_invalid_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_invalid_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16ea69c1bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_invalid_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/book"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class StatementInvalidTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    fixtures :books
+
+    class MockDatabaseError < StandardError
+      def result
+        0
+      end
+
+      def error_number
+        0
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "message contains no sql" do
+      sql = Book.where(author_id: 96, cover: "hard").to_sql
+      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        Book.connection.send(:log, sql, Book.name) do
+          raise MockDatabaseError
+        end
+      end
+      assert_not error.message.include?("SELECT")
+    end
+
+    test "statement and binds are set on select" do
+      sql = Book.where(author_id: 96, cover: "hard").to_sql
+      binds = [Minitest::Mock.new, Minitest::Mock.new]
+      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        Book.connection.send(:log, sql, Book.name, binds) do
+          raise MockDatabaseError
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal error.sql, sql
+      assert_equal error.binds, binds
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
index 4457cfbd37..91c0e959f4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,74 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_predicate @john, :settings_changed?
   end
 
+  test "updating the store will mark accessor as changed" do
+    @john.color = "red"
+    assert @john.color_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "new record and no accessors changes" do
+    user = Admin::User.new
+    assert_not user.color_changed?
+    assert_nil user.color_was
+    assert_nil user.color_change
+
+    user.color = "red"
+    assert user.color_changed?
+    assert_nil user.color_was
+    assert_equal "red", user.color_change[1]
+  end
+
+  test "updating the store won't mark accessor as changed if the whole store was updated" do
+    @john.settings = { color: @john.color, some: "thing" }
+    assert @john.settings_changed?
+    assert_not @john.color_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "updating the store populates the accessor changed array correctly" do
+    @john.color = "red"
+    assert_equal "black", @john.color_was
+    assert_equal "black", @john.color_change[0]
+    assert_equal "red", @john.color_change[1]
+  end
+
+  test "updating the store won't mark accessor as changed if the value isn't changed" do
+    @john.color = @john.color
+    assert_not @john.color_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "nullifying the store mark accessor as changed" do
+    color = @john.color
+    @john.settings = nil
+    assert @john.color_changed?
+    assert_equal color, @john.color_was
+    assert_equal [color, nil], @john.color_change
+  end
+
+  test "dirty methods for suffixed accessors" do
+    @john.configs[:two_factor_auth] = true
+    assert @john.two_factor_auth_configs_changed?
+    assert_nil @john.two_factor_auth_configs_was
+    assert_equal [nil, true], @john.two_factor_auth_configs_change
+  end
+
+  test "dirty methods for prefixed accessors" do
+    @john.spouse[:name] = "Lena"
+    assert @john.partner_name_changed?
+    assert_equal "Dallas", @john.partner_name_was
+    assert_equal ["Dallas", "Lena"], @john.partner_name_change
+  end
+
+  test "saved changes tracking for accessors" do
+    @john.spouse[:name] = "Lena"
+    assert @john.partner_name_changed?
+
+    @john.save!
+    assert_not @john.partner_name_change
+    assert @john.saved_change_to_partner_name?
+    assert_equal ["Dallas", "Lena"], @john.saved_change_to_partner_name
+    assert_equal "Dallas", @john.partner_name_before_last_save
+  end
+
   test "object initialization with not nullable column" do
     assert_equal true, @john.remember_login
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
index 3fd1813d64..6b6861465b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
+require "models/author"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module DatabaseTasksSetupper
@@ -49,6 +50,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       protected_environments = ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments
       current_env            = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.current_environment
 
+      InternalMetadata[:environment] = current_env
+
       assert_called_on_instance_of(
         ActiveRecord::MigrationContext,
         :current_version,
@@ -72,6 +75,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_raises_an_error_when_called_with_protected_environment_which_name_is_a_symbol
       protected_environments = ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments
       current_env            = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.current_environment
+
+      InternalMetadata[:environment] = current_env
+
       assert_called_on_instance_of(
         ActiveRecord::MigrationContext,
         :current_version,
@@ -754,7 +760,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     class DatabaseTasksMigrateTest < DatabaseTasksMigrationTestCase
-      def test_migrate_set_and_unset_verbose_and_version_env_vars
+      def test_can_migrate_from_pending_migration_error_action_dispatch
         verbose, version = ENV["VERBOSE"], ENV["VERSION"]
         ENV["VERSION"] = "2"
         ENV["VERBOSE"] = "false"
@@ -766,7 +772,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ENV.delete("VERBOSE")
 
         # re-run up migration
-        assert_includes capture_migration_output, "migrating"
+        assert_includes(capture(:stdout) do
+          ActiveSupport::ActionableError.dispatch ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError, "Run pending migrations"
+        end, "migrating")
       ensure
         ENV["VERBOSE"], ENV["VERSION"] = verbose, version
       end
@@ -827,7 +835,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def capture_migration_status
           capture(:stdout) do
             ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate_status
@@ -944,6 +951,176 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    class DatabaseTasksTruncateAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+      fixtures :authors, :author_addresses
+
+      def setup
+        SchemaMigration.create_table
+        SchemaMigration.create!(version: SchemaMigration.table_name)
+        InternalMetadata.create_table
+        InternalMetadata.create!(key: InternalMetadata.table_name)
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        SchemaMigration.delete_all
+        InternalMetadata.delete_all
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { writing: ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler }
+      end
+
+      def test_truncate_tables
+        assert_operator SchemaMigration.count, :>, 0
+        assert_operator InternalMetadata.count, :>, 0
+        assert_operator Author.count, :>, 0
+        assert_operator AuthorAddress.count, :>, 0
+
+        old_configurations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
+        configurations = { development: ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["arunit"] }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = configurations
+
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stub(:root, nil) do
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.truncate_all(
+            ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("development")
+          )
+        end
+
+        assert_operator SchemaMigration.count, :>, 0
+        assert_operator InternalMetadata.count, :>, 0
+        assert_equal 0, Author.count
+        assert_equal 0, AuthorAddress.count
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = old_configurations
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DatabaseTasksTruncateAllWithPrefixTest < DatabaseTasksTruncateAllTest
+      setup do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "p_"
+
+        SchemaMigration.reset_table_name
+        InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = nil
+
+        SchemaMigration.reset_table_name
+        InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DatabaseTasksTruncateAllWithSuffixTest < DatabaseTasksTruncateAllTest
+      setup do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_s"
+
+        SchemaMigration.reset_table_name
+        InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = nil
+
+        SchemaMigration.reset_table_name
+        InternalMetadata.reset_table_name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksTruncateAllWithMultipleDatabasesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @configurations = {
+        "development" => { "primary" => { "database" => "dev-db" }, "secondary" => { "database" => "secondary-dev-db" } },
+        "test" => { "primary" => { "database" => "test-db" }, "secondary" => { "database" => "secondary-test-db" } },
+        "production" => { "primary" => { "url" => "abstract://prod-db-host/prod-db" }, "secondary" => { "url" => "abstract://secondary-prod-db-host/secondary-prod-db" } }
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_truncate_all_databases_for_environment
+      with_stubbed_configurations do
+        assert_called_with(
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks,
+          :truncate_tables,
+          [
+            ["database" => "test-db"],
+            ["database" => "secondary-test-db"]
+          ]
+        ) do
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.truncate_all(
+            ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("test")
+          )
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_truncate_all_databases_with_url_for_environment
+      with_stubbed_configurations do
+        assert_called_with(
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks,
+          :truncate_tables,
+          [
+            ["adapter" => "abstract", "database" => "prod-db", "host" => "prod-db-host"],
+            ["adapter" => "abstract", "database" => "secondary-prod-db", "host" => "secondary-prod-db-host"]
+          ]
+        ) do
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.truncate_all(
+            ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("production")
+          )
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_truncate_all_development_databases_when_env_is_not_specified
+      with_stubbed_configurations do
+        assert_called_with(
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks,
+          :truncate_tables,
+          [
+            ["database" => "dev-db"],
+            ["database" => "secondary-dev-db"]
+          ]
+        ) do
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.truncate_all(
+            ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("development")
+          )
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_truncate_all_development_databases_when_env_is_development
+      old_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "development"
+
+      with_stubbed_configurations do
+        assert_called_with(
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks,
+          :truncate_tables,
+          [
+            ["database" => "dev-db"],
+            ["database" => "secondary-dev-db"]
+          ]
+        ) do
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.truncate_all(
+            ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("development")
+          )
+        end
+      end
+    ensure
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = old_env
+    end
+
+    private
+      def with_stubbed_configurations
+        old_configurations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = @configurations
+
+        yield
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = old_configurations
+      end
+  end
+
   class DatabaseTasksCharsetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     include DatabaseTasksSetupper
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
index 552e623fd4..258132835f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_stubbed_connection_establish_connection
           ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:establish_connection, nil) do
             ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:connection, @connection) do
@@ -180,7 +179,6 @@ if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_stubbed_connection_establish_connection
           ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:establish_connection, nil) do
             ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:connection, @connection) do
@@ -233,7 +231,6 @@ if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_stubbed_connection_establish_connection
           ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:establish_connection, nil) do
             ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:connection, @connection) do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
index 065ba7734c..f9df650687 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_stubbed_connection_establish_connection
           ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:connection, @connection) do
             ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:establish_connection, nil) do
@@ -201,7 +200,6 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_stubbed_connection_establish_connection
           ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:connection, @connection) do
             ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:establish_connection, nil) do
@@ -301,7 +299,6 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
       end
 
       private
-
         def with_stubbed_connection
           ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:connection, @connection) do
             yield
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
index 40947767f3..1b8bad32a4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.materialize_transactions
       SQLCounter.clear_log
       yield
-      SQLCounter.log_all.dup
+      SQLCounter.log.dup
     end
 
     def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
@@ -79,10 +79,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       model.reset_column_information
       model.column_names.include?(column_name.to_s)
     end
-
-    def frozen_error_class
-      Object.const_defined?(:FrozenError) ? FrozenError : RuntimeError
-    end
   end
 
   class PostgreSQLTestCase < TestCase
@@ -111,32 +107,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     clear_log
 
-    self.ignored_sql = [/^PRAGMA/, /^SELECT currval/, /^SELECT CAST/, /^SELECT @@IDENTITY/, /^SELECT @@ROWCOUNT/, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT/, /^RELEASE SAVEPOINT/, /^SHOW max_identifier_length/, /^BEGIN/, /^COMMIT/]
-
-    # FIXME: this needs to be refactored so specific database can add their own
-    # ignored SQL, or better yet, use a different notification for the queries
-    # instead examining the SQL content.
-    oracle_ignored     = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im, /^\s*select .* from all_constraints/im, /^\s*select .* from all_tab_cols/im, /^\s*select .* from all_sequences/im]
-    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW FULL TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/, /^SHOW CREATE TABLE /i, /^SHOW VARIABLES /, /^\s*SELECT (?:column_name|table_name)\b.*\bFROM information_schema\.(?:key_column_usage|tables)\b/im]
-    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select tablename\b.*from pg_tables\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i, /^\s*SELECT\b.*::regtype::oid\b/im]
-    sqlite3_ignored =    [/^\s*SELECT name\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im, /^\s*SELECT sql\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im]
-
-    [oracle_ignored, mysql_ignored, postgresql_ignored, sqlite3_ignored].each do |db_ignored_sql|
-      ignored_sql.concat db_ignored_sql
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :ignore
-
-    def initialize(ignore = Regexp.union(self.class.ignored_sql))
-      @ignore = ignore
-    end
-
     def call(name, start, finish, message_id, values)
       return if values[:cached]
 
       sql = values[:sql]
       self.class.log_all << sql
-      self.class.log << sql unless ignore.match?(sql)
+      self.class.log << sql unless ["SCHEMA", "TRANSACTION"].include? values[:name]
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
index 086500de38..1abd857216 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
@@ -45,6 +45,26 @@ if subsecond_precision_supported?
       assert_equal 123456000, foo.finish.nsec
     end
 
+    unless current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+      def test_no_time_precision_isnt_truncated_on_assignment
+        @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
+        @connection.add_column :foos, :start,  :time
+        @connection.add_column :foos, :finish, :time, precision: 6
+
+        time = ::Time.now.change(nsec: 123)
+        foo = Foo.new(start: time, finish: time)
+
+        assert_equal 123, foo.start.nsec
+        assert_equal 0, foo.finish.nsec
+
+        foo.save!
+        foo.reload
+
+        assert_equal 0, foo.start.nsec
+        assert_equal 0, foo.finish.nsec
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_passing_precision_to_time_does_not_set_limit
       @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
         t.time :start,  precision: 3
@@ -55,7 +75,7 @@ if subsecond_precision_supported?
     end
 
     def test_invalid_time_precision_raises_error
-      assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
         @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
           t.time :start,  precision: 7
           t.time :finish, precision: 7
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
index 75ecd6fc40..232e018e03 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -40,17 +40,25 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_not_equal @previously_updated_at, @developer.updated_at
     assert_equal previous_salary + 10000, @developer.salary
-    assert @developer.salary_changed?, "developer salary should have changed"
-    assert @developer.changed?, "developer should be marked as changed"
+    assert_predicate @developer, :salary_changed?, "developer salary should have changed"
+    assert_predicate @developer, :changed?, "developer should be marked as changed"
+    assert_equal ["salary"], @developer.changed
+    assert_predicate @developer, :saved_changes?
+    assert_equal ["updated_at", "updated_on"], @developer.saved_changes.keys.sort
+
     @developer.reload
     assert_equal previous_salary, @developer.salary
   end
 
   def test_touching_a_record_with_default_scope_that_excludes_it_updates_its_timestamp
     developer = @developer.becomes(DeveloperCalledJamis)
-
     developer.touch
+
     assert_not_equal @previously_updated_at, developer.updated_at
+    assert_not_predicate developer, :changed?
+    assert_predicate developer, :saved_changes?
+    assert_equal ["updated_at", "updated_on"], developer.saved_changes.keys.sort
+
     developer.reload
     assert_not_equal @previously_updated_at, developer.updated_at
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
index cd3d5ed7d1..f1a9cf2d05 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require "models/tree"
 class TouchLaterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :nodes, :trees
 
-  def test_touch_laster_raise_if_non_persisted
+  def test_touch_later_raise_if_non_persisted
     invoice = Invoice.new
     Invoice.transaction do
       assert_not_predicate invoice, :persisted?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
index aa6b7915a2..19b89ab08c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -36,8 +36,11 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     has_many :replies, class_name: "ReplyWithCallbacks", foreign_key: "parent_id"
 
+    before_destroy { self.class.find(id).touch if persisted? }
+
     before_commit { |record| record.do_before_commit(nil) }
     after_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(nil) }
+    after_save_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(:save) }
     after_create_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(:create) }
     after_update_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(:update) }
     after_destroy_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(:destroy) }
@@ -110,6 +113,43 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:after_commit], @first.history
   end
 
+  def test_dont_call_any_callbacks_after_transaction_commits_for_invalid_record
+    @first.after_commit_block { |r| r.history << :after_commit }
+    @first.after_rollback_block { |r| r.history << :after_rollback }
+
+    def @first.valid?(*)
+      false
+    end
+
+    assert_not @first.save
+    assert_equal [], @first.history
+  end
+
+  def test_dont_call_any_callbacks_after_explicit_transaction_commits_for_invalid_record
+    @first.after_commit_block { |r| r.history << :after_commit }
+    @first.after_rollback_block { |r| r.history << :after_rollback }
+
+    def @first.valid?(*)
+      false
+    end
+
+    @first.transaction do
+      assert_not @first.save
+    end
+    assert_equal [], @first.history
+  end
+
+  def test_only_call_after_commit_on_save_after_transaction_commits_for_saving_record
+    record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(title: "New topic", written_on: Date.today)
+    record.after_commit_block(:save) { |r| r.history << :after_save }
+
+    record.save!
+    assert_equal [:after_save], record.history
+
+    record.update!(title: "Another topic")
+    assert_equal [:after_save, :after_save], record.history
+  end
+
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_update_after_transaction_commits_for_existing_record
     add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
@@ -420,7 +460,6 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def add_transaction_execution_blocks(record)
       record.after_commit_block(:create) { |r| r.history << :commit_on_create }
       record.after_commit_block(:update) { |r| r.history << :commit_on_update }
@@ -511,6 +550,8 @@ class CallbacksOnMultipleActionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class CallbacksOnDestroyUpdateActionRaceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
   class TopicWithHistory < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = :topics
 
@@ -524,11 +565,22 @@ class CallbacksOnDestroyUpdateActionRaceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   class TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy < TopicWithHistory
-    after_commit(on: :destroy) { |record| record.class.history << :destroy }
+    after_commit(on: :destroy) { |record| record.class.history << :commit_on_destroy }
+    after_rollback(on: :destroy) { |record| record.class.history << :rollback_on_destroy }
+
+    before_destroy :before_destroy_for_transaction
+
+    private
+      def before_destroy_for_transaction; end
   end
 
   class TopicWithCallbacksOnUpdate < TopicWithHistory
-    after_commit(on: :update) { |record| record.class.history << :update }
+    after_commit(on: :update) { |record| record.class.history << :commit_on_update }
+
+    before_save :before_save_for_transaction
+
+    private
+      def before_save_for_transaction; end
   end
 
   def test_trigger_once_on_multiple_deletions
@@ -536,10 +588,39 @@ class CallbacksOnDestroyUpdateActionRaceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.new
     topic.save
     topic_clone = TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.find(topic.id)
+
+    topic.define_singleton_method(:before_destroy_for_transaction) do
+      topic_clone.destroy
+    end
+
     topic.destroy
-    topic_clone.destroy
 
-    assert_equal [:destroy], TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.history
+    assert_equal [:commit_on_destroy], TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.history
+  end
+
+  def test_rollback_on_multiple_deletions
+    TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.clear_history
+    topic = TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.new
+    topic.save
+    topic_clone = TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.find(topic.id)
+
+    topic.define_singleton_method(:before_destroy_for_transaction) do
+      topic_clone.update!(author_name: "Test Author Clone")
+      topic_clone.destroy
+    end
+
+    TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.transaction do
+      topic.update!(author_name: "Test Author")
+      topic.destroy
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    assert_not_predicate topic, :destroyed?
+    assert_not_predicate topic_clone, :destroyed?
+    assert_equal [nil, "Test Author"], topic.author_name_change_to_be_saved
+    assert_equal [nil, "Test Author Clone"], topic_clone.author_name_change_to_be_saved
+
+    assert_equal [:rollback_on_destroy], TopicWithCallbacksOnDestroy.history
   end
 
   def test_trigger_on_update_where_row_was_deleted
@@ -547,7 +628,11 @@ class CallbacksOnDestroyUpdateActionRaceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = TopicWithCallbacksOnUpdate.new
     topic.save
     topic_clone = TopicWithCallbacksOnUpdate.find(topic.id)
-    topic.destroy
+
+    topic_clone.define_singleton_method(:before_save_for_transaction) do
+      topic.destroy
+    end
+
     topic_clone.author_name = "Test Author"
     topic_clone.save
 
@@ -586,7 +671,7 @@ class TransactionEnrollmentCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         @topic.content = "foo"
         @topic.save!
       end
-      @topic.class.connection.add_transaction_record(@topic)
+      @topic.send(:add_to_transaction)
     end
     assert_equal [:before_commit, :after_commit], @topic.history
   end
@@ -596,7 +681,7 @@ class TransactionEnrollmentCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       @topic.transaction(requires_new: true) do
         @topic.content = "foo"
         @topic.save!
-        @topic.class.connection.add_transaction_record(@topic)
+        @topic.send(:add_to_transaction)
       end
     end
     assert_equal [:before_commit, :after_commit], @topic.history
@@ -617,7 +702,7 @@ class TransactionEnrollmentCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         @topic.content = "foo"
         @topic.save!
       end
-      @topic.class.connection.add_transaction_record(@topic)
+      @topic.send(:add_to_transaction)
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
     end
     assert_equal [:rollback], @topic.history
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index 50740054f7..b5c1cac3d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,65 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first, @second = Topic.find(1, 2).sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
+  def test_rollback_dirty_changes
+    topic = topics(:fifth)
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+      topic.update(title: "Ruby on Rails")
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    title_change = ["The Fifth Topic of the day", "Ruby on Rails"]
+    assert_equal title_change, topic.changes["title"]
+  end
+
+  def test_rollback_dirty_changes_multiple_saves
+    topic = topics(:fifth)
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+      topic.update(title: "Ruby on Rails")
+      topic.update(title: "Another Title")
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    title_change = ["The Fifth Topic of the day", "Another Title"]
+    assert_equal title_change, topic.changes["title"]
+  end
+
+  def test_rollback_dirty_changes_then_retry_save
+    topic = topics(:fifth)
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+      topic.update(title: "Ruby on Rails")
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    title_change = ["The Fifth Topic of the day", "Ruby on Rails"]
+    assert_equal title_change, topic.changes["title"]
+
+    assert topic.save
+
+    assert_equal title_change, topic.saved_changes["title"]
+    assert_equal topic.title, topic.reload.title
+  end
+
+  def test_rollback_dirty_changes_then_retry_save_on_new_record
+    topic = Topic.new(title: "Ruby on Rails")
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+      topic.save
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    title_change = [nil, "Ruby on Rails"]
+    assert_equal title_change, topic.changes["title"]
+
+    assert topic.save
+
+    assert_equal title_change, topic.saved_changes["title"]
+    assert_equal topic.title, topic.reload.title
+  end
+
   def test_persisted_in_a_model_with_custom_primary_key_after_failed_save
     movie = Movie.create
     assert_not_predicate movie, :persisted?
@@ -26,28 +85,31 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_raise_after_destroy
     assert_not_predicate @first, :frozen?
 
-    assert_raises(RuntimeError) {
-      Topic.transaction do
-        @first.destroy
-        assert_predicate @first, :frozen?
-        raise
+    assert_not_called(@first, :rolledback!) do
+      assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        Topic.transaction do
+          @first.destroy
+          assert_predicate @first, :frozen?
+          raise
+        end
       end
-    }
+    end
 
-    assert @first.reload
     assert_not_predicate @first, :frozen?
   end
 
   def test_successful
-    Topic.transaction do
-      @first.approved  = true
-      @second.approved = false
-      @first.save
-      @second.save
+    assert_not_called(@first, :committed!) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.approved  = true
+        @second.approved = false
+        @first.save
+        @second.save
+      end
     end
 
-    assert Topic.find(1).approved?, "First should have been approved"
-    assert_not Topic.find(2).approved?, "Second should have been unapproved"
+    assert_predicate Topic.find(1), :approved?, "First should have been approved"
+    assert_not_predicate Topic.find(2), :approved?, "Second should have been unapproved"
   end
 
   def transaction_with_return
@@ -62,7 +124,7 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_add_to_null_transaction
     topic = Topic.new
-    topic.add_to_transaction
+    topic.send(:add_to_transaction)
   end
 
   def test_successful_with_return
@@ -76,11 +138,13 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    transaction_with_return
+    assert_not_called(@first, :committed!) do
+      transaction_with_return
+    end
     assert committed
 
-    assert Topic.find(1).approved?, "First should have been approved"
-    assert_not Topic.find(2).approved?, "Second should have been unapproved"
+    assert_predicate Topic.find(1), :approved?, "First should have been approved"
+    assert_not_predicate Topic.find(2), :approved?, "Second should have been unapproved"
   ensure
     Topic.connection.class_eval do
       remove_method :commit_db_transaction
@@ -99,9 +163,11 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    Topic.transaction do
-      @first.approved = true
-      @first.save!
+    assert_not_called(@first, :committed!) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.approved = true
+        @first.save!
+      end
     end
 
     assert_equal 0, num
@@ -113,19 +179,21 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_successful_with_instance_method
-    @first.transaction do
-      @first.approved  = true
-      @second.approved = false
-      @first.save
-      @second.save
+    assert_not_called(@first, :committed!) do
+      @first.transaction do
+        @first.approved  = true
+        @second.approved = false
+        @first.save
+        @second.save
+      end
     end
 
-    assert Topic.find(1).approved?, "First should have been approved"
-    assert_not Topic.find(2).approved?, "Second should have been unapproved"
+    assert_predicate Topic.find(1), :approved?, "First should have been approved"
+    assert_not_predicate Topic.find(2), :approved?, "Second should have been unapproved"
   end
 
   def test_failing_on_exception
-    begin
+    assert_not_called(@first, :rolledback!) do
       Topic.transaction do
         @first.approved  = true
         @second.approved = false
@@ -137,11 +205,11 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       # caught it
     end
 
-    assert @first.approved?, "First should still be changed in the objects"
-    assert_not @second.approved?, "Second should still be changed in the objects"
+    assert_predicate @first, :approved?, "First should still be changed in the objects"
+    assert_not_predicate @second, :approved?, "Second should still be changed in the objects"
 
-    assert_not Topic.find(1).approved?, "First shouldn't have been approved"
-    assert Topic.find(2).approved?, "Second should still be approved"
+    assert_not_predicate Topic.find(1), :approved?, "First shouldn't have been approved"
+    assert_predicate Topic.find(2), :approved?, "Second should still be approved"
   end
 
   def test_raising_exception_in_callback_rollbacks_in_save
@@ -150,8 +218,10 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     @first.approved = true
-    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { @first.save }
-    assert_equal "Make the transaction rollback", e.message
+    assert_not_called(@first, :rolledback!) do
+      e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { @first.save }
+      assert_equal "Make the transaction rollback", e.message
+    end
     assert_not_predicate Topic.find(1), :approved?
   end
 
@@ -159,13 +229,15 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def @first.before_save_for_transaction
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
     end
-    assert_not @first.approved
+    assert_not_predicate @first, :approved?
 
-    Topic.transaction do
-      @first.approved = true
-      @first.save!
+    assert_not_called(@first, :rolledback!) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.approved = true
+        @first.save!
+      end
     end
-    assert_not Topic.find(@first.id).approved?, "Should not commit the approved flag"
+    assert_not_predicate Topic.find(@first.id), :approved?, "Should not commit the approved flag"
   end
 
   def test_raising_exception_in_nested_transaction_restore_state_in_save
@@ -175,11 +247,13 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       raise "Make the transaction rollback"
     end
 
-    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
-      Topic.transaction { topic.save }
+    assert_not_called(topic, :rolledback!) do
+      assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        Topic.transaction { topic.save }
+      end
     end
 
-    assert topic.new_record?, "#{topic.inspect} should be new record"
+    assert_predicate topic, :new_record?, "#{topic.inspect} should be new record"
   end
 
   def test_transaction_state_is_cleared_when_record_is_persisted
@@ -587,7 +661,7 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_rollback_when_saving_a_frozen_record
     topic = Topic.new(title: "test")
     topic.freeze
-    e = assert_raise(frozen_error_class) { topic.save }
+    e = assert_raise(FrozenError) { topic.save }
     # Not good enough, but we can't do much
     # about it since there is no specific error
     # for frozen objects.
@@ -884,17 +958,6 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_predicate transaction.state, :committed?
   end
 
-  def test_set_state_method_is_deprecated
-    connection = Topic.connection
-    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TransactionManager.new(connection).begin_transaction
-
-    transaction.commit
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      transaction.state.set_state(:rolledback)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_mark_transaction_state_as_committed
     connection = Topic.connection
     transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TransactionManager.new(connection).begin_transaction
@@ -1014,7 +1077,6 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     %w(validation save destroy).each do |filter|
       define_method("add_cancelling_before_#{filter}_with_db_side_effect_to_topic") do |topic|
         meta = class << topic; self; end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/time_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a2c47479f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/time_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/topic"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class TimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_default_year_is_correct
+        expected_time = ::Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 10, 30, 0)
+        topic = Topic.new(bonus_time: { 4 => 10, 5 => 30 })
+
+        assert_equal expected_time, topic.bonus_time
+
+        topic.save!
+        topic.reload
+
+        assert_equal expected_time, topic.bonus_time
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
index 9eefc32745..49746996bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ class TestUnconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     @underlying = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @specification = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+
+    # Clear out connection info from other pids (like a fork parent) too
+    pool_map = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.instance_variable_get(:@owner_to_pool)
+    (pool_map.keys - [Process.pid]).each do |other_pid|
+      pool_map.delete(other_pid)
+    end
   end
 
   teardown do
@@ -29,6 +35,14 @@ class TestUnconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_error_message_when_connection_not_established
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished) do
+      TestRecord.find(1)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "No connection pool with 'primary' found.", error.message
+  end
+
   def test_underlying_adapter_no_longer_active
     assert_not @underlying.active?, "Removed adapter should no longer be active"
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/unsafe_raw_sql_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/unsafe_raw_sql_test.rb
index d5d8f2a09a..87edb163f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/unsafe_raw_sql_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/unsafe_raw_sql_test.rb
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ids_expected, ids_disabled
   end
 
-  test "order: allows table and column name" do
+  test "order: allows table and column names" do
     ids_expected = Post.order(Arel.sql("title")).pluck(:id)
 
     ids_depr     = with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated { Post.order("posts.title").pluck(:id) }
@@ -87,6 +87,17 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ids_expected, ids_disabled
   end
 
+  test "order: allows quoted table and column names" do
+    ids_expected = Post.order(Arel.sql("title")).pluck(:id)
+
+    quoted_title = Post.connection.quote_table_name("posts.title")
+    ids_depr     = with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated { Post.order(quoted_title).pluck(:id) }
+    ids_disabled = with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled   { Post.order(quoted_title).pluck(:id) }
+
+    assert_equal ids_expected, ids_depr
+    assert_equal ids_expected, ids_disabled
+  end
+
   test "order: allows column name and direction in string" do
     ids_expected = Post.order(Arel.sql("title desc")).pluck(:id)
 
@@ -116,10 +127,10 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     ["asc", "desc", ""].each do |direction|
       %w(first last).each do |position|
-        ids_expected = Post.order(Arel.sql("type #{direction} nulls #{position}")).pluck(:id)
+        ids_expected = Post.order(Arel.sql("type::text #{direction} nulls #{position}")).pluck(:id)
 
-        ids_depr     = with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated { Post.order("type #{direction} nulls #{position}").pluck(:id) }
-        ids_disabled = with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled   { Post.order("type #{direction} nulls #{position}").pluck(:id) }
+        ids_depr     = with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated { Post.order("type::text #{direction} nulls #{position}").pluck(:id) }
+        ids_disabled = with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled   { Post.order("type::text #{direction} nulls #{position}").pluck(:id) }
 
         assert_equal ids_expected, ids_depr
         assert_equal ids_expected, ids_disabled
@@ -130,7 +141,7 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "order: disallows invalid column name" do
     with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled do
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeReference) do
-        Post.order("len(title) asc").pluck(:id)
+        Post.order("REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz') asc").pluck(:id)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -146,7 +157,7 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "order: disallows invalid column with direction" do
     with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled do
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeReference) do
-        Post.order("len(title)" => :asc).pluck(:id)
+        Post.order("REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz')" => :asc).pluck(:id)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -179,7 +190,7 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "order: disallows invalid Array arguments" do
     with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled do
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeReference) do
-        Post.order(["author_id", "length(title)"]).pluck(:id)
+        Post.order(["author_id", "REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz')"]).pluck(:id)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -187,8 +198,8 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "order: allows valid Array arguments" do
     ids_expected = Post.order(Arel.sql("author_id, length(title)")).pluck(:id)
 
-    ids_depr     = with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated { Post.order(["author_id", Arel.sql("length(title)")]).pluck(:id) }
-    ids_disabled = with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled   { Post.order(["author_id", Arel.sql("length(title)")]).pluck(:id) }
+    ids_depr     = with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated { Post.order(["author_id", "length(title)"]).pluck(:id) }
+    ids_disabled = with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled   { Post.order(["author_id", "length(title)"]).pluck(:id) }
 
     assert_equal ids_expected, ids_depr
     assert_equal ids_expected, ids_disabled
@@ -197,7 +208,7 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "order: logs deprecation warning for unrecognized column" do
     with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated do
       assert_deprecated(/Dangerous query method/) do
-        Post.order("length(title)")
+        Post.order("REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz')")
       end
     end
   end
@@ -212,6 +223,16 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal titles_expected, titles_disabled
   end
 
+  test "pluck: allows string column name with function and alias" do
+    titles_expected = Post.pluck(Arel.sql("UPPER(title)"))
+
+    titles_depr     = with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated { Post.pluck("UPPER(title) AS title") }
+    titles_disabled = with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled   { Post.pluck("UPPER(title) AS title") }
+
+    assert_equal titles_expected, titles_depr
+    assert_equal titles_expected, titles_disabled
+  end
+
   test "pluck: allows symbol column name" do
     titles_expected = Post.pluck(Arel.sql("title"))
 
@@ -262,10 +283,21 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal titles_expected, titles_disabled
   end
 
+  test "pluck: allows quoted table and column names" do
+    titles_expected = Post.pluck(Arel.sql("title"))
+
+    quoted_title    = Post.connection.quote_table_name("posts.title")
+    titles_depr     = with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated { Post.pluck(quoted_title) }
+    titles_disabled = with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled   { Post.pluck(quoted_title) }
+
+    assert_equal titles_expected, titles_depr
+    assert_equal titles_expected, titles_disabled
+  end
+
   test "pluck: disallows invalid column name" do
     with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled do
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeReference) do
-        Post.pluck("length(title)")
+        Post.pluck("REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz')")
       end
     end
   end
@@ -273,7 +305,7 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "pluck: disallows invalid column name amongst valid names" do
     with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled do
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeReference) do
-        Post.pluck(:title, "length(title)")
+        Post.pluck(:title, "REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz')")
       end
     end
   end
@@ -281,7 +313,7 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "pluck: disallows invalid column names with includes" do
     with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled do
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeReference) do
-        Post.includes(:comments).pluck(:title, "length(title)")
+        Post.includes(:comments).pluck(:title, "REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz')")
       end
     end
   end
@@ -296,24 +328,25 @@ class UnsafeRawSqlTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "pluck: logs deprecation warning" do
     with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated do
       assert_deprecated(/Dangerous query method/) do
-        Post.includes(:comments).pluck(:title, "length(title)")
+        Post.includes(:comments).pluck(:title, "REPLACE(title, 'misc', 'zzzz')")
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled(&blk)
-    with_config(:disabled, &blk)
-  end
+  private
+    def with_unsafe_raw_sql_disabled(&block)
+      with_config(:disabled, &block)
+    end
 
-  def with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated(&blk)
-    with_config(:deprecated, &blk)
-  end
+    def with_unsafe_raw_sql_deprecated(&block)
+      with_config(:deprecated, &block)
+    end
 
-  def with_config(new_value, &blk)
-    old_value = ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql
-    ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql = new_value
-    blk.call
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql = old_value
-  end
+    def with_config(new_value, &block)
+      old_value = ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql
+      ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql = new_value
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql = old_value
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
index 8235a54d8a..1982734f02 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_absence_of_virtual_attribute_on_model
     repair_validations(Interest) do
-      Interest.send(:attr_accessor, :token)
+      Interest.attr_accessor(:token)
       Interest.validates_absence_of(:token)
 
       interest = Interest.create!(topic: "Thought Leadering")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 703c24b340..993c201f03 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -4,16 +4,20 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
 class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class Backend < I18n::Backend::Simple
+    include I18n::Backend::Fallbacks
+  end
+
   def setup
     Topic.clear_validators!
     @topic = Topic.new
-    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+    I18n.backend = Backend.new
   end
 
   def reset_i18n_load_path
     @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
     I18n.load_path.clear
-    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+    I18n.backend = Backend.new
     yield
   ensure
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
@@ -83,4 +87,16 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, value: "title")
     end
   end
+
+  test "activerecord attributes scope falls back to parent locale before it falls back to the :errors namespace" do
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", activerecord: { errors: { models: { topic: { attributes: { title: { taken: "custom en message" } } } } } }
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en-US", errors: { messages: { taken: "generic en-US fallback" } }
+
+      I18n.with_locale "en-US" do
+        assert_equal "custom en message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, value: "title")
+        assert_equal "generic en-US fallback", @topic.errors.generate_message(:heading, :taken, value: "heading")
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index b7c52ea18c..4dd8a4a82b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -40,19 +40,20 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   COMMON_CASES = [
     # [ case,                              validation_options,            generate_message_options]
     [ "given no options",                  {},                            {}],
-    [ "given custom message",              { message: "custom" },        { message: "custom" }],
-    [ "given if condition",                { if: lambda { true } },  {}],
-    [ "given unless condition",            { unless: lambda { false } }, {}],
-    [ "given option that is not reserved", { format: "jpg" },            { format: "jpg" }],
-    [ "given on condition",                { on: [:create, :update] },     {}]
+    [ "given custom message",              { message: "custom" },         { message: "custom" }],
+    [ "given if condition",                { if: lambda { true } },       {}],
+    [ "given unless condition",            { unless: lambda { false } },  {}],
+    [ "given option that is not reserved", { format: "jpg" },             { format: "jpg" }],
+    [ "given on condition",                { on: [:create, :update] },    {}]
   ]
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_uniqueness_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Topic.validates_uniqueness_of :title, validation_options
       @topic.title = unique_topic.title
-      assert_called_with(@topic.errors, :generate_message, [:title, :taken, generate_message_options.merge(value: "unique!")]) do
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, [:title, :taken, @topic, generate_message_options.merge(value: "unique!")]) do
         @topic.valid?
+        @topic.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
@@ -60,8 +61,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_associated on generated message #{name}" do
       Topic.validates_associated :replies, validation_options
-      assert_called_with(replied_topic.errors, :generate_message, [:replies, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(value: replied_topic.replies)]) do
+      assert_called_with(ActiveModel::Error, :generate_message, [:replies, :invalid, replied_topic, generate_message_options.merge(value: replied_topic.replies)]) do
         replied_topic.save
+        replied_topic.errors.messages
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
index 1fbcdc271b..a7cb718043 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_length_of_virtual_attribute_on_model
     repair_validations(Pet) do
-      Pet.send(:attr_accessor, :nickname)
+      Pet.attr_accessor(:nickname)
       Pet.validates_length_of(:name, minimum: 1)
       Pet.validates_length_of(:nickname, minimum: 1)
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index 63c3f67da2..4b9cbe9098 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_presence_of_virtual_attribute_on_model
     repair_validations(Interest) do
-      Interest.send(:attr_accessor, :abbreviation)
+      Interest.attr_accessor(:abbreviation)
       Interest.validates_presence_of(:topic)
       Interest.validates_presence_of(:abbreviation)
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
index 8f6f47e5fb..76163e3093 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
@@ -314,6 +314,51 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t3.save, "Should save t3 as unique"
   end
 
+  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+    def test_deprecate_validate_uniqueness_mismatched_collation
+      Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:author_email_address)
+
+      topic1 = Topic.new(author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com")
+      topic2 = Topic.new(author_email_address: "David@loudthinking.com")
+
+      assert_equal 1, Topic.where(author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com").count
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_not topic1.valid?
+        assert_not topic1.save
+        assert topic2.valid?
+        assert topic2.save
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 2, Topic.where(author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com").count
+      assert_equal 2, Topic.where(author_email_address: "David@loudthinking.com").count
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_case_sensitive_uniqueness_by_default
+    Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:author_email_address)
+
+    topic1 = Topic.new(author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com")
+    topic2 = Topic.new(author_email_address: "David@loudthinking.com")
+
+    assert_equal 1, Topic.where(author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com").count
+
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      assert_not topic1.valid?
+      assert_not topic1.save
+      assert topic2.valid?
+      assert topic2.save
+    end
+
+    if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+      assert_equal 2, Topic.where(author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com").count
+      assert_equal 2, Topic.where(author_email_address: "David@loudthinking.com").count
+    else
+      assert_equal 1, Topic.where(author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com").count
+      assert_equal 1, Topic.where(author_email_address: "David@loudthinking.com").count
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_validate_case_sensitive_uniqueness
     Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title, case_sensitive: true, allow_nil: true)
 
@@ -510,7 +555,7 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       abc.save!
     end
     assert_match(/\AUnknown primary key for table dashboards in model/, e.message)
-    assert_match(/Can not validate uniqueness for persisted record without primary key.\z/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/Cannot validate uniqueness for persisted record without primary key.\z/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_validate_uniqueness_ignores_itself_when_primary_key_changed
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 66763c727f..4f98a6b7fc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -144,9 +144,18 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "100,000", d.salary_before_type_cast
   end
 
+  def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_undefined_attribute_methods
+    klass = Class.new(Topic)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of(:approved)
+    topic = klass.new(approved: true)
+    klass.undefine_attribute_methods
+    assert topic.approved
+  end
+
   def test_validates_acceptance_of_as_database_column
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:approved)
-    topic = Topic.create("approved" => true)
+    klass = Class.new(Topic)
+    klass.validates_acceptance_of(:approved)
+    topic = klass.create("approved" => true)
     assert topic["approved"]
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
index 7e2d66c62a..36b9df7ba5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ViewBehavior
   def setup
     super
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    create_view "ebooks'", <<-SQL
+    create_view "ebooks'", <<~SQL
       SELECT id, name, status FROM books WHERE format = 'ebook'
     SQL
   end
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?
 
     setup do
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      @connection.execute <<~SQL
         CREATE VIEW paperbacks
           AS SELECT name, status FROM books WHERE format = 'paperback'
       SQL
@@ -156,8 +156,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?
   end
 
   # sqlite dose not support CREATE, INSERT, and DELETE for VIEW
-  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :SQLServerAdapter) ||
-      current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.postgresql_version >= 90300
+  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :SQLServerAdapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
 
     class UpdateableViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       self.use_transactional_tests = false
@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?
 
       setup do
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        @connection.execute <<-SQL
+        @connection.execute <<~SQL
           CREATE VIEW printed_books
             AS SELECT id, name, status, format FROM books WHERE format = 'paperback'
         SQL
@@ -207,8 +206,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?
   end # end of `if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLServerAdapter)`
 end # end of `if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?`
 
-if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.respond_to?(:supports_materialized_views?) &&
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_materialized_views?
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_materialized_views?
   class MaterializedViewTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
     include ViewBehavior
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
index 60ebdce178..7003afa33a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -130,7 +130,6 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def yaml_fixture(file_name)
       path = File.expand_path(
         "../support/yaml_compatibility_fixtures/#{file_name}.yml",
diff --git a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
index 18347cd07d..f5e3ac3c19 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 default_connection: <%= defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) ? 'jdbcsqlite3' : 'sqlite3' %>
 
-with_manual_interventions: false
-
 connections:
   jdbcderby:
     arunit:  activerecord_unittest
@@ -56,10 +54,16 @@ connections:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8mb4
       collation: utf8mb4_unicode_ci
+<% if ENV['MYSQL_HOST'] %>
+      host: <%= ENV['MYSQL_HOST'] %>
+<% end %>
     arunit2:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8mb4
       collation: utf8mb4_general_ci
+<% if ENV['MYSQL_HOST'] %>
+      host: <%= ENV['MYSQL_HOST'] %>
+<% end %>
 
   oracle:
      arunit:
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
index 8b5a2fa0c8..da7e4139b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :tags_with_primary_key, through: :posts
 
   has_many :books
+  has_many :published_books, class_name: "PublishedBook"
   has_many :unpublished_books, -> { where(status: [:proposed, :written]) }, class_name: "Book"
   has_many :subscriptions,        through: :books
   has_many :subscribers, -> { order("subscribers.nick") }, through: :subscriptions
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments_on_posts_with_default_include, through: :posts_with_default_include, source: :comments
 
   has_many :posts_with_signature, ->(record) { where("posts.title LIKE ?", "%by #{record.name.downcase}%") }, class_name: "Post"
+  has_many :posts_mentioning_author, ->(record = nil) { where("posts.body LIKE ?", "%#{record&.name&.downcase}%") }, class_name: "Post"
 
   has_many :posts_with_extension, -> { order(:title) }, class_name: "Post" do
     def extension_method; end
@@ -220,3 +222,12 @@ class AuthorFavorite < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
   belongs_to :favorite_author, class_name: "Author"
 end
+
+class AuthorFavoriteWithScope < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "author_favorites"
+
+  default_scope { order(id: :asc) }
+
+  belongs_to :author
+  belongs_to :favorite_author, class_name: "Author"
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
index be08636ac6..20af7c6122 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,19 @@ class Bird < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate
 
+  before_save do
+    # force materialize_transactions
+    self.class.connection.materialize_transactions
+  end
+
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, if: :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
     throw(:abort)
   end
+
+  attr_accessor :total_count, :enable_count
+  after_initialize do
+    self.total_count = Bird.count if enable_count
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
index afdda1a81e..43b82e6047 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
@@ -24,3 +24,9 @@ class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
     "do publish work..."
   end
 end
+
+class PublishedBook < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "books"
+
+  validates_uniqueness_of :isbn
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
index 2ccc00bed9..8c86879dc6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :categorizations
   has_many :special_categorizations
   has_many :post_comments, through: :posts, source: :comments
+  has_many :ordered_post_comments, -> { order(id: :desc) }, through: :posts, source: :comments
 
   has_many :authors, through: :categorizations
   has_many :authors_with_select, -> { select "authors.*, categorizations.post_id" }, through: :categorizations, source: :author
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
index 2006e05fcf..890e427616 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class Club < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_one :membership
+  has_one :membership, touch: true
   has_many :memberships, inverse_of: false
   has_many :members, through: :memberships
   has_one :sponsor
@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ class Club < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :favourites, -> { where(memberships: { favourite: true }) }, through: :memberships, source: :member
 
-  scope :general, -> { left_joins(:category).where(categories: { name: "General" }) }
+  scope :general, -> { left_joins(:category).where(categories: { name: "General" }).unscope(:limit) }
 
-  private
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :membership
 
+  private
     def private_method
       "I'm sorry sir, this is a *private* club, not a *pirate* club"
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
index 838f515aad..339b5c8ca8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ class Company < AbstractCompany
   has_many :contracts
   has_many :developers, through: :contracts
 
+  attribute :metadata, :json
+
   scope :of_first_firm, lambda {
     joins(account: :firm).
     where("firms.id" => 1)
@@ -23,7 +25,6 @@ class Company < AbstractCompany
   end
 
   private
-
     def private_method
       "I am Jack's innermost fears and aspirations"
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
index 52b7e06a63..320b26b950 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ module MyApplication
       validate :check_empty_credit_limit
 
       private
-
         def check_empty_credit_limit
           errors.add("credit_card", :blank) if credit_card.blank?
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
index 6e02ff199b..d5f6f00691 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ module ContactFakeColumns
         table_name => "id"
       }
 
-      column :id,             :integer
-      column :name,           :string
-      column :age,            :integer
-      column :avatar,         :binary
-      column :created_at,     :datetime
-      column :awesome,        :boolean
-      column :preferences,    :string
-      column :alternative_id, :integer
+      column :id,             "integer"
+      column :name,           "string"
+      column :age,            "integer"
+      column :avatar,         "binary"
+      column :created_at,     "datetime"
+      column :awesome,        "boolean"
+      column :preferences,    "string"
+      column :alternative_id, "integer"
 
       serialize :preferences
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ end
 
 class ContactSti < ActiveRecord::Base
   extend ContactFakeColumns
-  column :type, :string
+  column :type, "string"
 
   def type; "ContactSti" end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
index 3f663375c4..89719775c4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ class Contract < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :developer, primary_key: :id
   belongs_to :firm, foreign_key: "company_id"
 
-  before_save :hi
+  attribute :metadata, :json
+
+  before_save :hi, :update_metadata
   after_save :bye
 
   attr_accessor :hi_count, :bye_count
@@ -19,6 +21,10 @@ class Contract < ActiveRecord::Base
     @bye_count ||= 0
     @bye_count += 1
   end
+
+  def update_metadata
+    self.metadata = { company_id: company_id, developer_id: developer_id }
+  end
 end
 
 class NewContract < Contract
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
index 8881c69368..92d01ba338 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 
 require "ostruct"
 
-module DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension2
-  def find_least_recent
-    order("id ASC").first
+class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  module ProjectsAssociationExtension2
+    def find_least_recent
+      order("id ASC").first
+    end
   end
-end
 
-class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.ignored_columns = %w(first_name last_name)
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects do
@@ -24,19 +24,19 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :shared_computers, class_name: "Computer"
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name,
-      -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension) },
+      -> { extending(ProjectsAssociationExtension) },
       class_name: "Project",
       join_table: "developers_projects",
       association_foreign_key: "project_id"
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name_twice,
-      -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension, DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension2) },
+      -> { extending(ProjectsAssociationExtension, ProjectsAssociationExtension2) },
       class_name: "Project",
       join_table: "developers_projects",
       association_foreign_key: "project_id"
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name_and_block,
-      -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension) },
+      -> { extending(ProjectsAssociationExtension) },
       class_name: "Project",
       join_table: "developers_projects",
       association_foreign_key: "project_id" do
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ end
 class MultiplePoorDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "developers"
 
+  default_scope { }
   default_scope -> { where(name: "Jamis") }
   default_scope -> { where(salary: 50000) }
 end
@@ -279,3 +280,17 @@ class DeveloperWithIncorrectlyOrderedHasManyThrough < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :companies, through: :contracts
   has_many :contracts, foreign_key: :developer_id
 end
+
+class DeveloperName < ActiveRecord::Type::String
+  def deserialize(value)
+    "Developer: #{value}"
+  end
+end
+
+class AttributedDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "developers"
+
+  attribute :name, DeveloperName.new
+
+  self.ignored_columns += ["name"]
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb
index eb6701b84e..8258408f35 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb
@@ -4,5 +4,11 @@ class DrinkDesigner < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :chef, as: :employable
 end
 
+class DrinkDesignerWithPolymorphicDependentNullifyChef < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "drink_designers"
+
+  has_one :chef, as: :employable, dependent: :nullify
+end
+
 class MocktailDesigner < DrinkDesigner
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
index e900fd40fb..45ccc442ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class Face < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :polymorphic_man, polymorphic: true, inverse_of: :polymorphic_face
   # Oracle identifier length is limited to 30 bytes or less, `polymorphic` renamed `poly`
   belongs_to :poly_man_without_inverse, polymorphic: true
-  # These is a "broken" inverse_of for the purposes of testing
+  # These are "broken" inverse_of associations for the purposes of testing
   belongs_to :horrible_man, class_name: "Man", inverse_of: :horrible_face
   belongs_to :horrible_polymorphic_man, polymorphic: true, inverse_of: :horrible_polymorphic_face
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
index 5cba1e440e..0dfd29e45e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
@@ -62,6 +62,11 @@ class PersonWithDependentNullifyJobs < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :jobs, source: :job, through: :references, dependent: :nullify
 end
 
+class PersonWithPolymorphicDependentNullifyComments < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "people"
+  has_many :comments, as: :author, dependent: :nullify
+end
+
 class LoosePerson < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "people"
   self.abstract_class = true
@@ -96,7 +101,6 @@ class RichPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
   before_validation :run_before_validation
 
   private
-
     def run_before_create
       self.first_name = first_name.to_s + "run_before_create"
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
index fd5083e597..8733398697 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
@@ -98,3 +98,19 @@ class FamousPirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :famous_ships
   validates_presence_of :catchphrase, on: :conference
 end
+
+class SpacePirate < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "pirates"
+
+  belongs_to :parrot
+  belongs_to :parrot_with_annotation, -> { annotate("that tells jokes") }, class_name: :Parrot, foreign_key: :parrot_id
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parrots, foreign_key: :pirate_id
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parrots_with_annotation, -> { annotate("that are very colorful") }, class_name: :Parrot, foreign_key: :pirate_id
+  has_one :ship, foreign_key: :pirate_id
+  has_one :ship_with_annotation, -> { annotate("that is a rocket") }, class_name: :Ship, foreign_key: :pirate_id
+  has_many :birds, foreign_key: :pirate_id
+  has_many :birds_with_annotation, -> { annotate("that are also parrots") }, class_name: :Bird, foreign_key: :pirate_id
+  has_many :treasures, as: :looter
+  has_many :treasure_estimates, through: :treasures, source: :price_estimates
+  has_many :treasure_estimates_with_annotation, -> { annotate("yarrr") }, through: :treasures, source: :price_estimates
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index 710a75ad30..50c0dddcf2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     def author
       "lifo"
     end
+
+    def greeting
+      super + " :)"
+    end
   end
 
   module NamedExtension2
@@ -31,6 +35,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   belongs_to :author_with_posts, -> { includes(:posts) }, class_name: "Author", foreign_key: :author_id
   belongs_to :author_with_address, -> { includes(:author_address) }, class_name: "Author", foreign_key: :author_id
+  belongs_to :author_with_select, -> { select(:id) }, class_name: "Author", foreign_key: :author_id
 
   def first_comment
     super.body
@@ -38,6 +43,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :first_comment, -> { order("id ASC") }, class_name: "Comment"
   has_one :last_comment, -> { order("id desc") }, class_name: "Comment"
 
+  scope :no_comments, -> { left_joins(:comments).where(comments: { id: nil }) }
   scope :with_special_comments, -> { joins(:comments).where(comments: { type: "SpecialComment" }) }
   scope :with_very_special_comments, -> { joins(:comments).where(comments: { type: "VerySpecialComment" }) }
   scope :with_post, ->(post_id) { joins(:comments).where(comments: { post_id: post_id }) }
@@ -77,6 +83,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments_with_extend_2, extend: [NamedExtension, NamedExtension2], class_name: "Comment", foreign_key: "post_id"
 
   has_many :author_favorites, through: :author
+  has_many :author_favorites_with_scope, through: :author, class_name: "AuthorFavoriteWithScope", source: "author_favorites"
   has_many :author_categorizations, through: :author, source: :categorizations
   has_many :author_addresses, through: :author
   has_many :author_address_extra_with_address,
@@ -201,6 +208,10 @@ end
 
 class SubAbstractStiPost < AbstractStiPost; end
 
+class NullPost < Post
+  default_scope { none }
+end
+
 class FirstPost < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.inheritance_column = :disabled
   self.table_name = "posts"
@@ -210,6 +221,12 @@ class FirstPost < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one  :comment,  foreign_key: :post_id
 end
 
+class PostWithDefaultSelect < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "posts"
+
+  default_scope { select(:author_id) }
+end
+
 class TaggedPost < Post
   has_many :taggings, -> { rewhere(taggable_type: "TaggedPost") }, as: :taggable
   has_many :tags, through: :taggings
@@ -254,6 +271,7 @@ class SpecialPostWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "posts"
   default_scope { where(id: [1, 5, 6]) }
   scope :unscoped_all, -> { unscoped { all } }
+  scope :authorless, -> { unscoped { where(author_id: 0) } }
 end
 
 class PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -306,8 +324,8 @@ class FakeKlass
       "posts"
     end
 
-    def attribute_alias?(name)
-      false
+    def attribute_aliases
+      {}
     end
 
     def sanitize_sql(sql)
@@ -326,6 +344,10 @@ class FakeKlass
       # noop
     end
 
+    def columns_hash
+      { "name" => nil }
+    end
+
     def arel_table
       Post.arel_table
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/rating.rb b/activerecord/test/models/rating.rb
index cf06bc6931..2a18ea45ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/rating.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/rating.rb
@@ -3,4 +3,6 @@
 class Rating < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :comment
   has_many :taggings, as: :taggable
+  has_many :taggings_without_tag, -> { left_joins(:tag).where("tags.id": nil) }, as: :taggable, class_name: "Tagging"
+  has_many :taggings_with_no_tag, -> { joins("LEFT OUTER JOIN tags ON tags.id = taggings.tag_id").where("tags.id": nil) }, as: :taggable, class_name: "Tagging"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
index 2a7a1e3b77..82185040d6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ class Reference < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :person
   belongs_to :job
 
+  has_many :ideal_jobs, class_name: "Job", foreign_key: :ideal_reference_id
   has_many :agents_posts_authors, through: :person
 
   class << self; attr_accessor :make_comments; end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
index 0807bcf875..f6ab9c8a8f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ class Reply < Topic
   belongs_to :topic_with_primary_key, class_name: "Topic", primary_key: "title", foreign_key: "parent_title", counter_cache: "replies_count", touch: true
   has_many :replies, class_name: "SillyReply", dependent: :destroy, foreign_key: "parent_id"
   has_many :silly_unique_replies, dependent: :destroy, foreign_key: "parent_id"
+
+  scope :ordered, -> { Reply.order(:id) }
 end
 
 class SillyReply < Topic
@@ -32,29 +34,29 @@ class WrongReply < Reply
   validate :check_author_name_is_secret, on: :special_case
 
   def check_empty_title
-    errors[:title] << "Empty" unless attribute_present?("title")
+    errors.add(:title, "Empty") unless attribute_present?("title")
   end
 
   def errors_on_empty_content
-    errors[:content] << "Empty" unless attribute_present?("content")
+    errors.add(:content, "Empty") unless attribute_present?("content")
   end
 
   def check_content_mismatch
     if attribute_present?("title") && attribute_present?("content") && content == "Mismatch"
-      errors[:title] << "is Content Mismatch"
+      errors.add(:title, "is Content Mismatch")
     end
   end
 
   def title_is_wrong_create
-    errors[:title] << "is Wrong Create" if attribute_present?("title") && title == "Wrong Create"
+    errors.add(:title, "is Wrong Create") if attribute_present?("title") && title == "Wrong Create"
   end
 
   def check_wrong_update
-    errors[:title] << "is Wrong Update" if attribute_present?("title") && title == "Wrong Update"
+    errors.add(:title, "is Wrong Update") if attribute_present?("title") && title == "Wrong Update"
   end
 
   def check_author_name_is_secret
-    errors[:author_name] << "Invalid" unless author_name == "secret"
+    errors.add(:author_name, "Invalid") unless author_name == "secret"
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/section.rb b/activerecord/test/models/section.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8b4cc7936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/section.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Section < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :session, inverse_of: :sections, autosave: true
+  belongs_to :seminar, inverse_of: :sections, autosave: true
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/seminar.rb b/activerecord/test/models/seminar.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c18aa86433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/seminar.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Seminar < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :sections, inverse_of: :seminar, autosave: true, dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :sessions, through: :sections
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/session.rb b/activerecord/test/models/session.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db66b5297e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/session.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Session < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :sections, inverse_of: :session, autosave: true, dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :seminars, through: :sections
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
index 7973219a79..6bab7a1eb9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ class ShipWithoutNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :prisoners, inverse_of: :ship, foreign_key: :ship_id
   has_many :parts, class_name: "ShipPart", foreign_key: :ship_id
 
-  validates :name, presence: true
+  validates :name, presence: true, if: -> { true }
+  validates :name, presence: true, if: -> { true }
 end
 
 class Prisoner < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/subscription.rb b/activerecord/test/models/subscription.rb
index d1d5d21621..f87315fcd1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/subscription.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/subscription.rb
@@ -3,4 +3,6 @@
 class Subscription < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :subscriber, counter_cache: :books_count
   belongs_to :book
+
+  validates_presence_of :subscriber_id, :book_id
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
index 03430154db..7a864c728c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -12,17 +12,9 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   scope :scope_with_lambda, lambda { all }
 
-  scope :by_private_lifo, -> { where(author_name: private_lifo) }
   scope :by_lifo, -> { where(author_name: "lifo") }
   scope :replied, -> { where "replies_count > 0" }
 
-  class << self
-    private
-      def private_lifo
-        "lifo"
-      end
-  end
-
   scope "approved_as_string", -> { where(approved: true) }
   scope :anonymous_extension, -> { } do
     def one
@@ -96,14 +88,17 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
     write_attribute(:approved, val)
   end
 
-  private
+  def self.nested_scoping(scope)
+    scope.base
+  end
 
+  private
     def default_written_on
       self.written_on = Time.now unless attribute_present?("written_on")
     end
 
     def destroy_children
-      self.class.where("parent_id = #{id}").delete_all
+      self.class.delete_by(parent_id: id)
     end
 
     def set_email_address
@@ -123,10 +118,6 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
 end
 
-class ImportantTopic < Topic
-  serialize :important, Hash
-end
-
 class DefaultRejectedTopic < Topic
   default_scope -> { where(approved: false) }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
index ccca9a2d9b..911ac808c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :binary_fields, force: true do |t|
     t.binary :var_binary, limit: 255
     t.binary :var_binary_large, limit: 4095
+
     t.tinyblob   :tiny_blob
     t.blob       :normal_blob
     t.mediumblob :medium_blob
@@ -36,6 +37,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.mediumtext :medium_text
     t.longtext   :long_text
 
+    t.binary :tiny_blob_2, size: :tiny
+    t.binary :medium_blob_2, size: :medium
+    t.binary :long_blob_2, size: :long
+    t.text :tiny_text_2, size: :tiny
+    t.text :medium_text_2, size: :medium
+    t.text :long_text_2, size: :long
+
     t.index :var_binary
   end
 
@@ -54,33 +62,21 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.binary :binary_column,    limit: 1
   end
 
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS ten;
-SQL
-
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-CREATE PROCEDURE ten() SQL SECURITY INVOKER
-BEGIN
-	select 10;
-END
-SQL
-
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS topics;
-SQL
+  execute "DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS ten"
 
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-CREATE PROCEDURE topics(IN num INT) SQL SECURITY INVOKER
-BEGIN
-  select * from topics limit num;
-END
-SQL
+  execute <<~SQL
+    CREATE PROCEDURE ten() SQL SECURITY INVOKER
+    BEGIN
+      SELECT 10;
+    END
+  SQL
 
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table "enum_tests", if_exists: true
+  execute "DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS topics"
 
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-CREATE TABLE enum_tests (
-  enum_column ENUM('text','blob','tiny','medium','long','unsigned','bigint')
-)
-SQL
+  execute <<~SQL
+    CREATE PROCEDURE topics(IN num INT) SQL SECURITY INVOKER
+    BEGIN
+      SELECT * FROM topics LIMIT num;
+    END
+  SQL
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
index bc1e45ca80..08c6e24555 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
@@ -7,23 +7,21 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   execute "drop table defaults" rescue nil
   execute "drop sequence defaults_seq" rescue nil
 
-  execute <<-SQL
-create table test_oracle_defaults (
-  id integer not null primary key,
-  test_char char(1) default 'X' not null,
-  test_string varchar2(20) default 'hello' not null,
-  test_int integer default 3 not null
-)
+  execute <<~SQL
+    create table test_oracle_defaults (
+      id integer not null primary key,
+      test_char char(1) default 'X' not null,
+      test_string varchar2(20) default 'hello' not null,
+      test_int integer default 3 not null
+    )
   SQL
 
-  execute <<-SQL
-create sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq minvalue 10000
-  SQL
+  execute "create sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq minvalue 10000"
 
   execute "create sequence companies_nonstd_seq minvalue 10000"
 
-  execute <<-SQL
-  CREATE TABLE defaults (
+  execute <<~SQL
+    CREATE TABLE defaults (
       id integer not null,
       modified_date date default sysdate,
       modified_date_function date default sysdate,
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ create sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq minvalue 10000
       char1 varchar2(1) default 'Y',
       char2 varchar2(50) default 'a varchar field',
       char3 clob default 'a text field'
-  )
+    )
   SQL
   execute "create sequence defaults_seq minvalue 10000"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index 7034c773d2..b6c0ae0de2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -8,10 +8,18 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   #                                                                     #
   # ------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 
+  case_sensitive_options =
+    if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+      { collation: "utf8mb4_bin" }
+    else
+      {}
+    end
+
   create_table :accounts, force: true do |t|
     t.references :firm, index: false
     t.string  :firm_name
     t.integer :credit_limit
+    t.integer "a" * max_identifier_length
   end
 
   create_table :admin_accounts, force: true do |t|
@@ -94,18 +102,23 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :books, id: :integer, force: true do |t|
+    default_zero = { default: 0 }
     t.references :author
     t.string :format
     t.column :name, :string
-    t.column :status, :integer, default: 0
-    t.column :read_status, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :status, :integer, **default_zero
+    t.column :read_status, :integer, **default_zero
     t.column :nullable_status, :integer
-    t.column :language, :integer, default: 0
-    t.column :author_visibility, :integer, default: 0
-    t.column :illustrator_visibility, :integer, default: 0
-    t.column :font_size, :integer, default: 0
-    t.column :difficulty, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :language, :integer, **default_zero
+    t.column :author_visibility, :integer, **default_zero
+    t.column :illustrator_visibility, :integer, **default_zero
+    t.column :font_size, :integer, **default_zero
+    t.column :difficulty, :integer, **default_zero
     t.column :cover, :string, default: "hard"
+    t.string :isbn, **case_sensitive_options
+    t.datetime :published_on
+    t.index [:author_id, :name], unique: true
+    t.index :isbn, where: "published_on IS NOT NULL", unique: true
   end
 
   create_table :booleans, force: true do |t|
@@ -247,6 +260,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :contracts, force: true do |t|
     t.references :developer, index: false
     t.references :company, index: false
+    t.string :metadata
+    t.integer :count
   end
 
   create_table :customers, force: true do |t|
@@ -264,7 +279,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :dashboards, force: true, id: false do |t|
-    t.string :dashboard_id
+    t.string :dashboard_id, **case_sensitive_options
     t.string :name
   end
 
@@ -328,7 +343,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :essays, force: true do |t|
-    t.string :name
+    t.string :name, **case_sensitive_options
     t.string :writer_id
     t.string :writer_type
     t.string :category_id
@@ -336,7 +351,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :events, force: true do |t|
-    t.string :title, limit: 5
+    t.string :title, limit: 5, **case_sensitive_options
   end
 
   create_table :eyes, force: true do |t|
@@ -378,7 +393,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :guids, force: true do |t|
-    t.column :key, :string
+    t.column :key, :string, **case_sensitive_options
   end
 
   create_table :guitars, force: true do |t|
@@ -386,8 +401,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :inept_wizards, force: true do |t|
-    t.column :name, :string, null: false
-    t.column :city, :string, null: false
+    t.column :name, :string, null: false, **case_sensitive_options
+    t.column :city, :string, null: false, **case_sensitive_options
     t.column :type, :string
   end
 
@@ -510,6 +525,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :club_id, :member_id
     t.boolean :favourite, default: false
     t.integer :type
+    t.datetime :created_at
+    t.datetime :updated_at
   end
 
   create_table :member_types, force: true do |t|
@@ -682,11 +699,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :pets, primary_key: :pet_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :owner_id, :integer
-    if subsecond_precision_supported?
-      t.timestamps null: false, precision: 6
-    else
-      t.timestamps null: false
-    end
+    t.timestamps
   end
 
   create_table :pets_treasures, force: true do |t|
@@ -782,6 +795,24 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :lock_version, default: 0
   end
 
+  disable_referential_integrity do
+    create_table :seminars, force: :cascade do |t|
+      t.string :name
+    end
+
+    create_table :sessions, force: :cascade do |t|
+      t.date :start_date
+      t.date :end_date
+      t.string :name
+    end
+
+    create_table :sections, force: :cascade do |t|
+      t.string :short_name
+      t.belongs_to :session, foreign_key: true
+      t.belongs_to :seminar, foreign_key: true
+    end
+  end
+
   create_table :shape_expressions, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :paint_type
     t.integer :paint_id
@@ -878,8 +909,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :topics, force: true do |t|
-    t.string   :title, limit: 250
-    t.string   :author_name
+    t.string   :title, limit: 250, **case_sensitive_options
+    t.string   :author_name, **case_sensitive_options
     t.string   :author_email_address
     if subsecond_precision_supported?
       t.datetime :written_on, precision: 6
@@ -891,10 +922,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
     # Oracle SELECT WHERE clause which causes many unit test failures
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      t.string   :content, limit: 4000
+      t.string   :content, limit: 4000, **case_sensitive_options
       t.string   :important, limit: 4000
     else
-      t.text     :content
+      t.text     :content, **case_sensitive_options
       t.text     :important
     end
     t.boolean  :approved, default: true
@@ -904,11 +935,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string   :parent_title
     t.string   :type
     t.string   :group
-    if subsecond_precision_supported?
-      t.timestamps null: true, precision: 6
-    else
-      t.timestamps null: true
-    end
+    t.timestamps null: true
   end
 
   create_table :toys, primary_key: :toy_id, force: true do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/config.rb b/activerecord/test/support/config.rb
index bd6d5c339b..66ae57b382 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/config.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/config.rb
@@ -12,35 +12,34 @@ module ARTest
     end
 
     private
+      def config_file
+        Pathname.new(ENV["ARCONFIG"] || TEST_ROOT + "/config.yml")
+      end
 
-    def config_file
-      Pathname.new(ENV["ARCONFIG"] || TEST_ROOT + "/config.yml")
-    end
+      def read_config
+        unless config_file.exist?
+          FileUtils.cp TEST_ROOT + "/config.example.yml", config_file
+        end
 
-    def read_config
-      unless config_file.exist?
-        FileUtils.cp TEST_ROOT + "/config.example.yml", config_file
+        erb = ERB.new(config_file.read)
+        expand_config(YAML.parse(erb.result(binding)).transform)
       end
 
-      erb = ERB.new(config_file.read)
-      expand_config(YAML.parse(erb.result(binding)).transform)
-    end
-
-    def expand_config(config)
-      config["connections"].each do |adapter, connection|
-        dbs = [["arunit", "activerecord_unittest"], ["arunit2", "activerecord_unittest2"],
-               ["arunit_without_prepared_statements", "activerecord_unittest"]]
-        dbs.each do |name, dbname|
-          unless connection[name].is_a?(Hash)
-            connection[name] = { "database" => connection[name] }
+      def expand_config(config)
+        config["connections"].each do |adapter, connection|
+          dbs = [["arunit", "activerecord_unittest"], ["arunit2", "activerecord_unittest2"],
+                 ["arunit_without_prepared_statements", "activerecord_unittest"]]
+          dbs.each do |name, dbname|
+            unless connection[name].is_a?(Hash)
+              connection[name] = { "database" => connection[name] }
+            end
+
+            connection[name]["database"] ||= dbname
+            connection[name]["adapter"]  ||= adapter
           end
-
-          connection[name]["database"] ||= dbname
-          connection[name]["adapter"]  ||= adapter
         end
-      end
 
-      config
-    end
+        config
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
index 2a4fa53460..367309dd85 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ module ARTest
   def self.connect
     puts "Using #{connection_name}"
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new("debug.log", 0, 100 * 1024 * 1024)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers = { ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role => ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler }
     ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = connection_config
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
     ARUnit2Model.establish_connection :arunit2
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/stubs/strong_parameters.rb b/activerecord/test/support/stubs/strong_parameters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da8f9892f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/stubs/strong_parameters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
+
+class ProtectedParams
+  delegate :keys, :key?, :has_key?, :empty?, to: :@parameters
+
+  def initialize(parameters = {})
+    @parameters = parameters.with_indifferent_access
+    @permitted = false
+  end
+
+  def permitted?
+    @permitted
+  end
+
+  def permit!
+    @permitted = true
+    self
+  end
+
+  def [](key)
+    @parameters[key]
+  end
+
+  def to_h
+    @parameters.to_h
+  end
+  alias to_unsafe_h to_h
+
+  def stringify_keys
+    dup
+  end
+
+  def dup
+    super.tap do |duplicate|
+      duplicate.instance_variable_set :@permitted, @permitted
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activestorage/CHANGELOG.md b/activestorage/CHANGELOG.md
index f4e2826dc6..1475a7a786 100644
--- a/activestorage/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activestorage/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,123 +1,64 @@
-*   Add `ActiveStorage.routes_prefix` for configuring generated routes.
+*   Add `config.active_storage.draw_routes` to disable Active Storage routes.
 
-    *Chris Bisnett*
+    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-*   `ActiveStorage::Service::AzureStorageService` only handles specifically
-    relevant types of `Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError`. It previously obscured
-    other types of `HTTPError`, which is the azure-storage gem’s catch-all
-    exception class.
+*   Image analysis is skipped if ImageMagick returns an error.
 
-    *Cameron Bothner*
-
-*   `ActiveStorage::DiskController#show` generates a 404 Not Found response when
-    the requested file is missing from the disk service. It previously raised
-    `Errno::ENOENT`.
-
-    *Cameron Bothner*
-
-*   `ActiveStorage::Blob#download` and `ActiveStorage::Blob#open` raise
-    `ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError` when the corresponding file is missing
-    from the storage service. Services translate service-specific missing object
-    exceptions (e.g. `Google::Cloud::NotFoundError` for the GCS service and
-    `Errno::ENOENT` for the disk service) into
-    `ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError`.
-
-    *Cameron Bothner*
-
-*   Added the `ActiveStorage::SetCurrent` concern for custom Active Storage
-    controllers that can't inherit from `ActiveStorage::BaseController`.
-
-    *George Claghorn*
-
-*   Active Storage error classes like `ActiveStorage::IntegrityError` and
-    `ActiveStorage::UnrepresentableError` now inherit from `ActiveStorage::Error`
-    instead of `StandardError`. This permits rescuing `ActiveStorage::Error` to
-    handle all Active Storage errors.
-
-    *Andrei Makarov*, *George Claghorn*
-
-*   Uploaded files assigned to a record are persisted to storage when the record
-    is saved instead of immediately.
-
-    In Rails 5.2, the following causes an uploaded file in `params[:avatar]` to
-    be stored:
-
-    ```ruby
-    @user.avatar = params[:avatar]
-    ```
-
-    In Rails 6, the uploaded file is stored when `@user` is successfully saved.
+    `ActiveStorage::Analyzer::ImageAnalyzer#metadata` would previously raise a
+    `MiniMagick::Error`, which caused persistent `ActiveStorage::AnalyzeJob`
+    failures. It now logs the error and returns `{}`, resulting in no metadata
+    being added to the offending image blob.
 
     *George Claghorn*
 
-*   Add the ability to reflect on defined attachments using the existing
-    ActiveRecord reflection mechanism.
+*   Method calls on singular attachments return `nil` when no file is attached.
 
-    *Kevin Deisz*
-
-*   Variant arguments of `false` or `nil` will no longer be passed to the
-    processor. For example, the following will not have the monochrome
-    variation applied:
+    Previously, assuming the following User model, `user.avatar.filename` would
+    raise a `Module::DelegationError` if no avatar was attached:
 
     ```ruby
-      avatar.variant(monochrome: false)
+    class User < ApplicationRecord
+      has_one_attached :avatar
+    end
     ```
 
-    *Jacob Smith*
+    They now return `nil`.
 
-*   Generated attachment getter and setter methods are created
-    within the model's `GeneratedAssociationMethods` module to
-    allow overriding and composition using `super`.
+    *Matthew Tanous*
 
-    *Josh Susser*, *Jamon Douglas*
+*   The mirror service supports direct uploads.
 
-*   Add `ActiveStorage::Blob#open`, which downloads a blob to a tempfile on disk
-    and yields the tempfile. Deprecate `ActiveStorage::Downloading`.
+    New files are directly uploaded to the primary service. When a
+    directly-uploaded file is attached to a record, a background job is enqueued
+    to copy it to each secondary service.
 
-    *David Robertson*, *George Claghorn*
+    Configure the queue used to process mirroring jobs by setting
+    `config.active_storage.queues.mirror`. The default is `:active_storage_mirror`.
 
-*   Pass in `identify: false` as an argument when providing a `content_type` for
-    `ActiveStorage::Attached::{One,Many}#attach` to bypass automatic content
-    type inference. For example:
+    *George Claghorn*
 
-    ```ruby
-      @message.image.attach(
-        io: File.open('/path/to/file'),
-        filename: 'file.pdf',
-        content_type: 'application/pdf',
-        identify: false
-      )
+*   The S3 service now permits uploading files larger than 5 gigabytes.
+
+    When uploading a file greater than 100 megabytes in size, the service
+    transparently switches to [multipart uploads](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/mpuoverview.html)
+    using a part size computed from the file's total size and S3's part count limit.
+
+    No application changes are necessary to take advantage of this feature. You
+    can customize the default 100 MB multipart upload threshold in your S3
+    service's configuration:
+
+    ```yaml
+    production:
+      service: s3
+      access_key_id: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :access_key_id) %>
+      secret_access_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :secret_access_key) %>
+      region: us-east-1
+      bucket: my-bucket
+      upload:
+        multipart_threshold: <%= 250.megabytes %>
     ```
 
-    *Ryan Davidson*
-
-*   The Google Cloud Storage service properly supports streaming downloads.
-    It now requires version 1.11 or newer of the google-cloud-storage gem.
-
     *George Claghorn*
 
-*   Use the [ImageProcessing](https://github.com/janko-m/image_processing) gem
-    for Active Storage variants, and deprecate the MiniMagick backend.
-
-    This means that variants are now automatically oriented if the original
-    image was rotated. Also, in addition to the existing ImageMagick
-    operations, variants can now use `:resize_to_fit`, `:resize_to_fill`, and
-    other ImageProcessing macros. These are now recommended over raw `:resize`,
-    as they also sharpen the thumbnail after resizing.
-
-    The ImageProcessing gem also comes with a backend implemented on
-    [libvips](http://jcupitt.github.io/libvips/), an alternative to
-    ImageMagick which has significantly better performance than
-    ImageMagick in most cases, both in terms of speed and memory usage. In
-    Active Storage it's now possible to switch to the libvips backend by
-    changing `Rails.application.config.active_storage.variant_processor` to
-    `:vips`.
-
-    *Janko Marohnić*
-
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
 
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activestorage/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/activestorage/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activestorage/MIT-LICENSE b/activestorage/MIT-LICENSE
index eed89ac398..771376cc7e 100644
--- a/activestorage/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activestorage/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2017-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson, Basecamp
+Copyright (c) 2017-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson, Basecamp
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activestorage/README.md b/activestorage/README.md
index bd31f0ea58..7a437d4014 100644
--- a/activestorage/README.md
+++ b/activestorage/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ Active Storage makes it simple to upload and reference files in cloud services l
 
 Files can be uploaded from the server to the cloud or directly from the client to the cloud.
 
-Image files can furthermore be transformed using on-demand variants for quality, aspect ratio, size, or any other [MiniMagick](https://github.com/minimagick/minimagick) or [Vips](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/ruby-vips/Vips/Image) supported transformation.
+Image files can furthermore be transformed using on-demand variants for quality, aspect ratio, size, or any other [MiniMagick](https://github.com/minimagick/minimagick) or [Vips](https://www.rubydoc.info/gems/ruby-vips/Vips/Image) supported transformation.
+
+You can read more about Active Storage in the [Active Storage Overview](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_storage_overview.html) guide.
 
 ## Compared to other storage solutions
 
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ Variation of image attachment:
 
 ```erb
 <%# Hitting the variant URL will lazy transform the original blob and then redirect to its new service location %>
-<%= image_tag user.avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]) %>
+<%= image_tag user.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]) %>
 ```
 
 ## Direct uploads
@@ -118,8 +120,7 @@ Active Storage, with its included JavaScript library, supports uploading directl
     ```
     Using the npm package:
     ```js
-    import * as ActiveStorage from "activestorage"
-    ActiveStorage.start()
+    require("@rails/activestorage").start()
     ```
 2. Annotate file inputs with the direct upload URL.
 
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ Active Storage is released under the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licens
 
 API documentation is at:
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/activestorage/Rakefile b/activestorage/Rakefile
index 2e86d3d860..0b246564bc 100644
--- a/activestorage/Rakefile
+++ b/activestorage/Rakefile
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
   t.warning = true
 end
 
+if ENV["encrypted_0fb9444d0374_key"] && ENV["encrypted_0fb9444d0374_iv"]
+  file "test/service/configurations.yml" do
+    system "openssl aes-256-cbc -K $encrypted_0fb9444d0374_key -iv $encrypted_0fb9444d0374_iv -in test/service/configurations.yml.enc -out test/service/configurations.yml -d"
+  end
+
+  task test: "test/service/configurations.yml"
+end
+
 task :package
 
 task default: :test
diff --git a/activestorage/activestorage.gemspec b/activestorage/activestorage.gemspec
index 2c8816df25..0ae2dcdd3e 100644
--- a/activestorage/activestorage.gemspec
+++ b/activestorage/activestorage.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "Local and cloud file storage framework."
   s.description = "Attach cloud and local files in Rails applications."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.md", "lib/**/*", "app/**/*", "config/**/*", "db/**/*"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   # NOTE: Please read our dependency guidelines before updating versions:
   # https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#dependency-management-and-cves
 
-  s.add_dependency "actionpack", version
+  s.add_dependency "actionpack",   version
+  s.add_dependency "activejob",    version
   s.add_dependency "activerecord", version
 
   s.add_dependency "marcel", "~> 0.3.1"
diff --git a/activestorage/app/assets/javascripts/activestorage.js b/activestorage/app/assets/javascripts/activestorage.js
index 375eb6b533..e2bcb520b9 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/assets/javascripts/activestorage.js
+++ b/activestorage/app/assets/javascripts/activestorage.js
@@ -560,7 +560,10 @@
       this.xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
       this.xhr.setRequestHeader("Accept", "application/json");
       this.xhr.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest");
-      this.xhr.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token", getMetaValue("csrf-token"));
+      var csrfToken = getMetaValue("csrf-token");
+      if (csrfToken != undefined) {
+        this.xhr.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token", csrfToken);
+      }
       this.xhr.addEventListener("load", function(event) {
         return _this.requestDidLoad(event);
       });
@@ -867,7 +870,7 @@
   }
   function didClick(event) {
     var target = event.target;
-    if (target.tagName == "INPUT" && target.type == "submit" && target.form) {
+    if ((target.tagName == "INPUT" || target.tagName == "BUTTON") && target.type == "submit" && target.form) {
       submitButtonsByForm.set(target.form, target);
     }
   }
@@ -902,7 +905,7 @@
     }
   }
   function submitForm(form) {
-    var button = submitButtonsByForm.get(form) || findElement(form, "input[type=submit]");
+    var button = submitButtonsByForm.get(form) || findElement(form, "input[type=submit], button[type=submit]");
     if (button) {
       var _button = button, disabled = _button.disabled;
       button.disabled = false;
diff --git a/activestorage/app/controllers/active_storage/disk_controller.rb b/activestorage/app/controllers/active_storage/disk_controller.rb
index 99982202dd..df3116afd7 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/controllers/active_storage/disk_controller.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/controllers/active_storage/disk_controller.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 # Serves files stored with the disk service in the same way that the cloud services do.
 # This means using expiring, signed URLs that are meant for immediate access, not permanent linking.
 # Always go through the BlobsController, or your own authenticated controller, rather than directly
-# to the service url.
+# to the service URL.
 class ActiveStorage::DiskController < ActiveStorage::BaseController
   skip_forgery_protection
 
   def show
     if key = decode_verified_key
-      serve_file disk_service.path_for(key), content_type: params[:content_type], disposition: params[:disposition]
+      serve_file disk_service.path_for(key[:key]), content_type: key[:content_type], disposition: key[:disposition]
     else
       head :not_found
     end
diff --git a/activestorage/app/javascript/activestorage/blob_record.js b/activestorage/app/javascript/activestorage/blob_record.js
index ff847892b2..7fbe315f76 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/javascript/activestorage/blob_record.js
+++ b/activestorage/app/javascript/activestorage/blob_record.js
@@ -17,7 +17,12 @@ export class BlobRecord {
     this.xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
     this.xhr.setRequestHeader("Accept", "application/json")
     this.xhr.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest")
-    this.xhr.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token", getMetaValue("csrf-token"))
+
+    const csrfToken = getMetaValue("csrf-token")
+    if (csrfToken != undefined) {
+      this.xhr.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token", csrfToken)
+    }
+
     this.xhr.addEventListener("load", event => this.requestDidLoad(event))
     this.xhr.addEventListener("error", event => this.requestDidError(event))
   }
diff --git a/activestorage/app/javascript/activestorage/ujs.js b/activestorage/app/javascript/activestorage/ujs.js
index f5353389ef..98fcba60fa 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/javascript/activestorage/ujs.js
+++ b/activestorage/app/javascript/activestorage/ujs.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export function start() {
 
 function didClick(event) {
   const { target } = event
-  if (target.tagName == "INPUT" && target.type == "submit" && target.form) {
+  if ((target.tagName == "INPUT" || target.tagName == "BUTTON") && target.type == "submit" && target.form) {
     submitButtonsByForm.set(target.form, target)
   }
 }
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ function handleFormSubmissionEvent(event) {
 }
 
 function submitForm(form) {
-  let button = submitButtonsByForm.get(form) || findElement(form, "input[type=submit]")
+  let button = submitButtonsByForm.get(form) || findElement(form, "input[type=submit], button[type=submit]")
 
   if (button) {
     const { disabled } = button
diff --git a/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/analyze_job.rb b/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/analyze_job.rb
index 804ee4557a..35d043d508 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/analyze_job.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/analyze_job.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 # Provides asynchronous analysis of ActiveStorage::Blob records via ActiveStorage::Blob#analyze_later.
 class ActiveStorage::AnalyzeJob < ActiveStorage::BaseJob
+  queue_as { ActiveStorage.queues[:analysis] }
+
   retry_on ActiveStorage::IntegrityError, attempts: 10, wait: :exponentially_longer
 
   def perform(blob)
diff --git a/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/base_job.rb b/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/base_job.rb
index 6caab42a2d..7bc2064dc5 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/base_job.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/base_job.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class ActiveStorage::BaseJob < ActiveJob::Base
-  queue_as { ActiveStorage.queue }
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/mirror_job.rb b/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/mirror_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e34faedb56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/mirror_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Provides asynchronous mirroring of directly-uploaded blobs.
+class ActiveStorage::MirrorJob < ActiveStorage::BaseJob
+  queue_as { ActiveStorage.queues[:mirror] }
+
+  discard_on ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
+  retry_on ActiveStorage::IntegrityError, attempts: 10, wait: :exponentially_longer
+
+  def perform(key, checksum:)
+    ActiveStorage::Blob.service.try(:mirror, key, checksum: checksum)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/purge_job.rb b/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/purge_job.rb
index 2604977bf1..5ceb222005 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/purge_job.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/jobs/active_storage/purge_job.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 # Provides asynchronous purging of ActiveStorage::Blob records via ActiveStorage::Blob#purge_later.
 class ActiveStorage::PurgeJob < ActiveStorage::BaseJob
+  queue_as { ActiveStorage.queues[:purge] }
+
   discard_on ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
   retry_on ActiveRecord::Deadlocked, attempts: 10, wait: :exponentially_longer
 
diff --git a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/attachment.rb b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/attachment.rb
index 13758d9179..1ee43b1cd5 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/attachment.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/attachment.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ActiveStorage::Attachment < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   delegate_missing_to :blob
 
-  after_create_commit :analyze_blob_later, :identify_blob
+  after_create_commit :mirror_blob_later, :analyze_blob_later, :identify_blob
   after_destroy_commit :purge_dependent_blob_later
 
   # Synchronously deletes the attachment and {purges the blob}[rdoc-ref:ActiveStorage::Blob#purge].
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ class ActiveStorage::Attachment < ActiveRecord::Base
       blob.analyze_later unless blob.analyzed?
     end
 
+    def mirror_blob_later
+      blob.mirror_later
+    end
+
     def purge_dependent_blob_later
       blob&.purge_later if dependent == :purge_later
     end
@@ -46,3 +50,5 @@ class ActiveStorage::Attachment < ActiveRecord::Base
       record.attachment_reflections[name]&.options[:dependent]
     end
 end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :active_storage_attachment, ActiveStorage::Attachment
diff --git a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob.rb b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob.rb
index 53aa9f0237..6a486dd899 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ActiveStorage::Blob < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   class << self
-    # You can used the signed ID of a blob to refer to it on the client side without fear of tampering.
+    # You can use the signed ID of a blob to refer to it on the client side without fear of tampering.
     # This is particularly helpful for direct uploads where the client-side needs to refer to the blob
     # that was created ahead of the upload itself on form submission.
     #
@@ -79,6 +79,15 @@ class ActiveStorage::Blob < ActiveRecord::Base
     def create_before_direct_upload!(filename:, byte_size:, checksum:, content_type: nil, metadata: nil)
       create! filename: filename, byte_size: byte_size, checksum: checksum, content_type: content_type, metadata: metadata
     end
+
+    # To prevent problems with case-insensitive filesystems, especially in combination
+    # with databases which treat indices as case-sensitive, all blob keys generated are going
+    # to only contain the base-36 character alphabet and will therefore be lowercase. To maintain
+    # the same or higher amount of entropy as in the base-58 encoding used by `has_secure_token`
+    # the number of bytes used is increased to 28 from the standard 24
+    def generate_unique_secure_token
+      SecureRandom.base36(28)
+    end
   end
 
   # Returns a signed ID for this blob that's suitable for reference on the client-side without fear of tampering.
@@ -87,9 +96,10 @@ class ActiveStorage::Blob < ActiveRecord::Base
     ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(id, purpose: :blob_id)
   end
 
-  # Returns the key pointing to the file on the service that's associated with this blob. The key is in the
-  # standard secure-token format from Rails. So it'll look like: XTAPjJCJiuDrLk3TmwyJGpUo. This key is not intended
-  # to be revealed directly to the user. Always refer to blobs using the signed_id or a verified form of the key.
+  # Returns the key pointing to the file on the service that's associated with this blob. The key is the
+  # secure-token format from Rails in lower case. So it'll look like: xtapjjcjiudrlk3tmwyjgpuobabd.
+  # This key is not intended to be revealed directly to the user.
+  # Always refer to blobs using the signed_id or a verified form of the key.
   def key
     # We can't wait until the record is first saved to have a key for it
     self[:key] ||= self.class.generate_unique_secure_token
@@ -130,8 +140,8 @@ class ActiveStorage::Blob < ActiveRecord::Base
   def service_url(expires_in: ActiveStorage.service_urls_expire_in, disposition: :inline, filename: nil, **options)
     filename = ActiveStorage::Filename.wrap(filename || self.filename)
 
-    service.url key, expires_in: expires_in, filename: filename, content_type: content_type,
-      disposition: forcibly_serve_as_binary? ? :attachment : disposition, **options
+    service.url key, expires_in: expires_in, filename: filename, content_type: content_type_for_service_url,
+      disposition: forced_disposition_for_service_url || disposition, **options
   end
 
   # Returns a URL that can be used to directly upload a file for this blob on the service. This URL is intended to be
@@ -170,7 +180,7 @@ class ActiveStorage::Blob < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   def upload_without_unfurling(io) #:nodoc:
-    service.upload key, io, checksum: checksum
+    service.upload key, io, checksum: checksum, **service_metadata
   end
 
   # Downloads the file associated with this blob. If no block is given, the entire file is read into memory and returned.
@@ -183,19 +193,23 @@ class ActiveStorage::Blob < ActiveRecord::Base
   #
   # The tempfile's name is prefixed with +ActiveStorage-+ and the blob's ID. Its extension matches that of the blob.
   #
-  # By default, the tempfile is created in <tt>Dir.tmpdir</tt>. Pass +tempdir:+ to create it in a different directory:
+  # By default, the tempfile is created in <tt>Dir.tmpdir</tt>. Pass +tmpdir:+ to create it in a different directory:
   #
-  #   blob.open(tempdir: "/path/to/tmp") do |file|
+  #   blob.open(tmpdir: "/path/to/tmp") do |file|
   #     # ...
   #   end
   #
   # The tempfile is automatically closed and unlinked after the given block is executed.
   #
   # Raises ActiveStorage::IntegrityError if the downloaded data does not match the blob's checksum.
-  def open(tempdir: nil, &block)
-    ActiveStorage::Downloader.new(self, tempdir: tempdir).download_blob_to_tempfile(&block)
+  def open(tmpdir: nil, &block)
+    service.open key, checksum: checksum,
+      name: [ "ActiveStorage-#{id}-", filename.extension_with_delimiter ], tmpdir: tmpdir, &block
   end
 
+  def mirror_later #:nodoc:
+    ActiveStorage::MirrorJob.perform_later(key, checksum: checksum) if service.respond_to?(:mirror)
+  end
 
   # Deletes the files on the service associated with the blob. This should only be done if the blob is going to be
   # deleted as well or you will essentially have a dead reference. It's recommended to use #purge and #purge_later
@@ -239,5 +253,29 @@ class ActiveStorage::Blob < ActiveRecord::Base
       ActiveStorage.content_types_to_serve_as_binary.include?(content_type)
     end
 
-    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_storage_blob, self)
+    def allowed_inline?
+      ActiveStorage.content_types_allowed_inline.include?(content_type)
+    end
+
+    def content_type_for_service_url
+      forcibly_serve_as_binary? ? ActiveStorage.binary_content_type : content_type
+    end
+
+    def forced_disposition_for_service_url
+      if forcibly_serve_as_binary? || !allowed_inline?
+        :attachment
+      end
+    end
+
+    def service_metadata
+      if forcibly_serve_as_binary?
+        { content_type: ActiveStorage.binary_content_type, disposition: :attachment, filename: filename }
+      elsif !allowed_inline?
+        { content_type: content_type, disposition: :attachment, filename: filename }
+      else
+        { content_type: content_type }
+      end
+    end
 end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :active_storage_blob, ActiveStorage::Blob
diff --git a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob/identifiable.rb b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob/identifiable.rb
index 2c17ddc25f..924bd06131 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob/identifiable.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob/identifiable.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 
 module ActiveStorage::Blob::Identifiable
   def identify
-    update! content_type: identify_content_type, identified: true unless identified?
+    unless identified?
+      update! content_type: identify_content_type, identified: true
+      update_service_metadata
+    end
   end
 
   def identified?
@@ -21,4 +24,8 @@ module ActiveStorage::Blob::Identifiable
         ""
       end
     end
+
+    def update_service_metadata
+      service.update_metadata key, service_metadata if service_metadata.any?
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob/representable.rb b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob/representable.rb
index 03d5511481..32e8fcefdf 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob/representable.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob/representable.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveStorage::Blob::Representable
   # Returns an ActiveStorage::Variant instance with the set of +transformations+ provided. This is only relevant for image
   # files, and it allows any image to be transformed for size, colors, and the like. Example:
   #
-  #   avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
+  #   avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
   #
   # This will create and process a variant of the avatar blob that's constrained to a height and width of 100px.
   # Then it'll upload said variant to the service according to a derivative key of the blob and the transformations.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module ActiveStorage::Blob::Representable
   # Frequently, though, you don't actually want to transform the variant right away. But rather simply refer to a
   # specific variant that can be created by a controller on-demand. Like so:
   #
-  #   <%= image_tag Current.user.avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]) %>
+  #   <%= image_tag Current.user.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]) %>
   #
   # This will create a URL for that specific blob with that specific variant, which the ActiveStorage::RepresentationsController
   # can then produce on-demand.
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ module ActiveStorage::Blob::Representable
   # from a non-image blob. Active Storage comes with built-in previewers for videos and PDF documents. The video previewer
   # extracts the first frame from a video and the PDF previewer extracts the first page from a PDF document.
   #
-  #   blob.preview(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
+  #   blob.preview(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
   #
   # Avoid processing previews synchronously in views. Instead, link to a controller action that processes them on demand.
   # Active Storage provides one, but you may want to create your own (for example, if you need authentication). Here’s
   # how to use the built-in version:
   #
-  #   <%= image_tag video.preview(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]) %>
+  #   <%= image_tag video.preview(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]) %>
   #
   # This method raises ActiveStorage::UnpreviewableError if no previewer accepts the receiving blob. To determine
   # whether a blob is accepted by any previewer, call ActiveStorage::Blob#previewable?.
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module ActiveStorage::Blob::Representable
 
   # Returns an ActiveStorage::Preview for a previewable blob or an ActiveStorage::Variant for a variable image blob.
   #
-  #   blob.representation(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
+  #   blob.representation(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
   #
   # Raises ActiveStorage::UnrepresentableError if the receiving blob is neither variable nor previewable. Call
   # ActiveStorage::Blob#representable? to determine whether a blob is representable.
diff --git a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/preview.rb b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/preview.rb
index dd50494799..bb9d960443 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/preview.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/preview.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ActiveStorage::Preview
 
   # Processes the preview if it has not been processed yet. Returns the receiving Preview instance for convenience:
   #
-  #   blob.preview(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
+  #   blob.preview(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
   #
   # Processing a preview generates an image from its blob and attaches the preview image to the blob. Because the preview
   # image is stored with the blob, it is only generated once.
diff --git a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/variant.rb b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/variant.rb
index ea57fa5f78..1859b8482e 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/variant.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/variant.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ require "ostruct"
 # To refer to such a delayed on-demand variant, simply link to the variant through the resolved route provided
 # by Active Storage like so:
 #
-#   <%= image_tag Current.user.avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]) %>
+#   <%= image_tag Current.user.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]) %>
 #
 # This will create a URL for that specific blob with that specific variant, which the ActiveStorage::RepresentationsController
 # can then produce on-demand.
@@ -36,15 +36,15 @@ require "ostruct"
 # has already been processed and uploaded to the service, and, if so, just return that. Otherwise it will perform
 # the transformations, upload the variant to the service, and return itself again. Example:
 #
-#   avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
+#   avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]).processed.service_url
 #
 # This will create and process a variant of the avatar blob that's constrained to a height and width of 100.
 # Then it'll upload said variant to the service according to a derivative key of the blob and the transformations.
 #
 # You can combine any number of ImageMagick/libvips operations into a variant, as well as any macros provided by the
-# ImageProcessing gem (such as +resize_to_fit+):
+# ImageProcessing gem (such as +resize_to_limit+):
 #
-#   avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [800, 800], monochrome: true, rotate: "-90")
+#   avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [800, 800], monochrome: true, rotate: "-90")
 #
 # Visit the following links for a list of available ImageProcessing commands and ImageMagick/libvips operations:
 #
@@ -96,19 +96,13 @@ class ActiveStorage::Variant
     end
 
     def process
-      blob.open do |image|
-        transform(image) { |output| upload(output) }
+      blob.open do |input|
+        variation.transform(input, format: format) do |output|
+          service.upload(key, output)
+        end
       end
     end
 
-    def transform(image, &block)
-      variation.transform(image, format: format, &block)
-    end
-
-    def upload(file)
-      service.upload(key, file)
-    end
-
 
     def specification
       @specification ||=
diff --git a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/variation.rb b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/variation.rb
index 3adc2407e5..45ae71e0ca 100644
--- a/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/variation.rb
+++ b/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/variation.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # In case you do need to use this directly, it's instantiated using a hash of transformations where
 # the key is the command and the value is the arguments. Example:
 #
-#   ActiveStorage::Variation.new(resize_to_fit: [100, 100], monochrome: true, trim: true, rotate: "-90")
+#   ActiveStorage::Variation.new(resize_to_limit: [100, 100], monochrome: true, trim: true, rotate: "-90")
 #
 # The options map directly to {ImageProcessing}[https://github.com/janko-m/image_processing] commands.
 class ActiveStorage::Variation
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ActiveStorage::Variation
   end
 
   def initialize(transformations)
-    @transformations = transformations
+    @transformations = transformations.deep_symbolize_keys
   end
 
   # Accepts a File object, performs the +transformations+ against it, and
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class ActiveStorage::Variation
         begin
           require "image_processing"
         rescue LoadError
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~WARNING
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~WARNING.squish
             Generating image variants will require the image_processing gem in Rails 6.1.
             Please add `gem 'image_processing', '~> 1.2'` to your Gemfile.
           WARNING
diff --git a/activestorage/config/routes.rb b/activestorage/config/routes.rb
index 3af7361cff..bde53e72f3 100644
--- a/activestorage/config/routes.rb
+++ b/activestorage/config/routes.rb
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ Rails.application.routes.draw do
 
   resolve("ActiveStorage::Blob")       { |blob, options| route_for(:rails_blob, blob, options) }
   resolve("ActiveStorage::Attachment") { |attachment, options| route_for(:rails_blob, attachment.blob, options) }
-end
+end if ActiveStorage.draw_routes
diff --git a/activestorage/db/update_migrate/20180723000244_add_foreign_key_constraint_to_active_storage_attachments_for_blob_id.rb b/activestorage/db/update_migrate/20180723000244_add_foreign_key_constraint_to_active_storage_attachments_for_blob_id.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5472e3c87b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activestorage/db/update_migrate/20180723000244_add_foreign_key_constraint_to_active_storage_attachments_for_blob_id.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class AddForeignKeyConstraintToActiveStorageAttachmentsForBlobId < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def up
+    return if foreign_key_exists?(:active_storage_attachments, column: :blob_id)
+
+    if table_exists?(:active_storage_blobs)
+      add_foreign_key :active_storage_attachments, :active_storage_blobs, column: :blob_id
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage.rb
index a94ef626f2..c35a9920d6 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2017-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson, Basecamp
+# Copyright (c) 2017-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson, Basecamp
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 require "active_record"
 require "active_support"
 require "active_support/rails"
+require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/time"
 
 require "active_storage/version"
 require "active_storage/errors"
@@ -42,15 +43,26 @@ module ActiveStorage
 
   mattr_accessor :logger
   mattr_accessor :verifier
-  mattr_accessor :queue
-  mattr_accessor :previewers, default: []
-  mattr_accessor :analyzers, default: []
   mattr_accessor :variant_processor, default: :mini_magick
+
+  mattr_accessor :queues, default: {}
+
+  mattr_accessor :previewers, default: []
+  mattr_accessor :analyzers,  default: []
+
   mattr_accessor :paths, default: {}
-  mattr_accessor :variable_content_types, default: []
+
+  mattr_accessor :variable_content_types,           default: []
+  mattr_accessor :binary_content_type,              default: "application/octet-stream"
   mattr_accessor :content_types_to_serve_as_binary, default: []
+  mattr_accessor :content_types_allowed_inline,     default: []
+
   mattr_accessor :service_urls_expire_in, default: 5.minutes
+
   mattr_accessor :routes_prefix, default: "/rails/active_storage"
+  mattr_accessor :draw_routes, default: true
+
+  mattr_accessor :replace_on_assign_to_many, default: false
 
   module Transformers
     extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer.rb
index caa25418a5..26414ffbc2 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer.rb
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ module ActiveStorage
     private
       # Downloads the blob to a tempfile on disk. Yields the tempfile.
       def download_blob_to_tempfile(&block) #:doc:
-        blob.open tempdir: tempdir, &block
+        blob.open tmpdir: tmpdir, &block
       end
 
       def logger #:doc:
         ActiveStorage.logger
       end
 
-      def tempdir #:doc:
+      def tmpdir #:doc:
         Dir.tmpdir
       end
   end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer/image_analyzer.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer/image_analyzer.rb
index 3b39de91be..bd1bef3076 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer/image_analyzer.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer/image_analyzer.rb
@@ -25,17 +25,27 @@ module ActiveStorage
           { width: image.width, height: image.height }
         end
       end
-    rescue LoadError
-      logger.info "Skipping image analysis because the mini_magick gem isn't installed"
-      {}
     end
 
     private
       def read_image
         download_blob_to_tempfile do |file|
           require "mini_magick"
-          yield MiniMagick::Image.new(file.path)
+          image = MiniMagick::Image.new(file.path)
+
+          if image.valid?
+            yield image
+          else
+            logger.info "Skipping image analysis because ImageMagick doesn't support the file"
+            {}
+          end
         end
+      rescue LoadError
+        logger.info "Skipping image analysis because the mini_magick gem isn't installed"
+        {}
+      rescue MiniMagick::Error => error
+        logger.error "Skipping image analysis due to an ImageMagick error: #{error.message}"
+        {}
       end
 
       def rotated_image?(image)
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer/video_analyzer.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer/video_analyzer.rb
index 18d8ff8237..e56c97f4f5 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer/video_analyzer.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/analyzer/video_analyzer.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
   #
   # Example:
   #
-  #   ActiveStorage::VideoAnalyzer.new(blob).metadata
+  #   ActiveStorage::Analyzer::VideoAnalyzer.new(blob).metadata
   #   # => { width: 640.0, height: 480.0, duration: 5.0, angle: 0, display_aspect_ratio: [4, 3] }
   #
   # When a video's angle is 90 or 270 degrees, its width and height are automatically swapped for convenience.
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb
index 5812fd2b08..89cccfb58a 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
 
     def save
       record.public_send("#{name}_attachment=", attachment)
+      record.public_send("#{name}_blob=", blob)
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/model.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/model.rb
index ae7f0685f2..06864a846f 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/model.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/model.rb
@@ -93,12 +93,19 @@ module ActiveStorage
           end
 
           def #{name}=(attachables)
-            attachment_changes["#{name}"] =
-              if attachables.nil? || Array(attachables).none?
-                ActiveStorage::Attached::Changes::DeleteMany.new("#{name}", self)
-              else
-                ActiveStorage::Attached::Changes::CreateMany.new("#{name}", self, attachables)
+            if ActiveStorage.replace_on_assign_to_many
+              attachment_changes["#{name}"] =
+                if attachables.nil? || Array(attachables).none?
+                  ActiveStorage::Attached::Changes::DeleteMany.new("#{name}", self)
+                else
+                  ActiveStorage::Attached::Changes::CreateMany.new("#{name}", self, attachables)
+                end
+            else
+              if !attachables.nil? || Array(attachables).any?
+                attachment_changes["#{name}"] =
+                  ActiveStorage::Attached::Changes::CreateMany.new("#{name}", self, #{name}.blobs + attachables)
               end
+            end
           end
         CODE
 
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/one.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/one.rb
index c039226fcd..003be1cb43 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/one.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/one.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 module ActiveStorage
   # Representation of a single attachment to a model.
   class Attached::One < Attached
-    delegate_missing_to :attachment
+    delegate_missing_to :attachment, allow_nil: true
 
     # Returns the associated attachment record.
     #
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/downloader.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/downloader.rb
index 87be6efb05..4d7e832af5 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/downloader.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/downloader.rb
@@ -2,24 +2,23 @@
 
 module ActiveStorage
   class Downloader #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(blob, tempdir: nil)
-      @blob    = blob
-      @tempdir = tempdir
+    attr_reader :service
+
+    def initialize(service)
+      @service = service
     end
 
-    def download_blob_to_tempfile
-      open_tempfile do |file|
-        download_blob_to file
-        verify_integrity_of file
+    def open(key, checksum:, name: "ActiveStorage-", tmpdir: nil)
+      open_tempfile(name, tmpdir) do |file|
+        download key, file
+        verify_integrity_of file, checksum: checksum
         yield file
       end
     end
 
     private
-      attr_reader :blob, :tempdir
-
-      def open_tempfile
-        file = Tempfile.open([ "ActiveStorage-#{blob.id}-", blob.filename.extension_with_delimiter ], tempdir)
+      def open_tempfile(name, tmpdir = nil)
+        file = Tempfile.open(name, tmpdir)
 
         begin
           yield file
@@ -28,15 +27,15 @@ module ActiveStorage
         end
       end
 
-      def download_blob_to(file)
+      def download(key, file)
         file.binmode
-        blob.download { |chunk| file.write(chunk) }
+        service.download(key) { |chunk| file.write(chunk) }
         file.flush
         file.rewind
       end
 
-      def verify_integrity_of(file)
-        unless Digest::MD5.file(file).base64digest == blob.checksum
+      def verify_integrity_of(file, checksum:)
+        unless Digest::MD5.file(file).base64digest == checksum
           raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
         end
       end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/engine.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/engine.rb
index 7eb93b5e16..9d9cd02d12 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/engine.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/engine.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "rails"
+require "action_controller/railtie"
+require "active_job/railtie"
+require "active_record/railtie"
+
 require "active_storage"
 
 require "active_storage/previewer/poppler_pdf_previewer"
@@ -20,12 +24,16 @@ module ActiveStorage
     config.active_storage.previewers = [ ActiveStorage::Previewer::PopplerPDFPreviewer, ActiveStorage::Previewer::MuPDFPreviewer, ActiveStorage::Previewer::VideoPreviewer ]
     config.active_storage.analyzers = [ ActiveStorage::Analyzer::ImageAnalyzer, ActiveStorage::Analyzer::VideoAnalyzer ]
     config.active_storage.paths = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+    config.active_storage.queues = ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new(mirror: :active_storage_mirror)
 
     config.active_storage.variable_content_types = %w(
       image/png
       image/gif
       image/jpg
       image/jpeg
+      image/pjpeg
+      image/tiff
+      image/bmp
       image/vnd.adobe.photoshop
       image/vnd.microsoft.icon
     )
@@ -39,6 +47,20 @@ module ActiveStorage
       text/xml
       application/xml
       application/xhtml+xml
+      application/mathml+xml
+      text/cache-manifest
+    )
+
+    config.active_storage.content_types_allowed_inline = %w(
+      image/png
+      image/gif
+      image/jpg
+      image/jpeg
+      image/tiff
+      image/bmp
+      image/vnd.adobe.photoshop
+      image/vnd.microsoft.icon
+      application/pdf
     )
 
     config.eager_load_namespaces << ActiveStorage
@@ -46,16 +68,20 @@ module ActiveStorage
     initializer "active_storage.configs" do
       config.after_initialize do |app|
         ActiveStorage.logger            = app.config.active_storage.logger || Rails.logger
-        ActiveStorage.queue             = app.config.active_storage.queue
         ActiveStorage.variant_processor = app.config.active_storage.variant_processor || :mini_magick
         ActiveStorage.previewers        = app.config.active_storage.previewers || []
         ActiveStorage.analyzers         = app.config.active_storage.analyzers || []
         ActiveStorage.paths             = app.config.active_storage.paths || {}
         ActiveStorage.routes_prefix     = app.config.active_storage.routes_prefix || "/rails/active_storage"
+        ActiveStorage.draw_routes       = app.config.active_storage.draw_routes != false
 
         ActiveStorage.variable_content_types = app.config.active_storage.variable_content_types || []
         ActiveStorage.content_types_to_serve_as_binary = app.config.active_storage.content_types_to_serve_as_binary || []
         ActiveStorage.service_urls_expire_in = app.config.active_storage.service_urls_expire_in || 5.minutes
+        ActiveStorage.content_types_allowed_inline = app.config.active_storage.content_types_allowed_inline || []
+        ActiveStorage.binary_content_type = app.config.active_storage.binary_content_type || "application/octet-stream"
+
+        ActiveStorage.replace_on_assign_to_many = app.config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many || false
       end
     end
 
@@ -100,6 +126,20 @@ module ActiveStorage
       end
     end
 
+    initializer "active_storage.queues" do
+      config.after_initialize do |app|
+        if queue = app.config.active_storage.queue
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+            "config.active_storage.queue is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1. " \
+            "Set config.active_storage.queues.purge and config.active_storage.queues.analysis instead."
+
+          ActiveStorage.queues = { purge: queue, analysis: queue, mirror: queue }
+        else
+          ActiveStorage.queues = app.config.active_storage.queues || {}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     initializer "active_storage.reflection" do
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
         include Reflection::ActiveRecordExtensions
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/gem_version.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/gem_version.rb
index 492620731b..5ef5d09f28 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/gem_version.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/log_subscriber.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/log_subscriber.rb
index 6c0b4c30e7..f823f31093 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@ module ActiveStorage
       debug event, color("Generated URL for file at key: #{key_in(event)} (#{event.payload[:url]})", BLUE)
     end
 
+    def service_mirror(event)
+      message = "Mirrored file at key: #{key_in(event)}"
+      message += " (checksum: #{event.payload[:checksum]})" if event.payload[:checksum]
+      debug event, color(message, GREEN)
+    end
+
     def logger
       ActiveStorage.logger
     end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer.rb
index 95a041fd16..af6bcadd4c 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
     private
       # Downloads the blob to a tempfile on disk. Yields the tempfile.
       def download_blob_to_tempfile(&block) #:doc:
-        blob.open tempdir: tempdir, &block
+        blob.open tmpdir: tmpdir, &block
       end
 
       # Executes a system command, capturing its binary output in a tempfile. Yields the tempfile.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
       #     end
       #   end
       #
-      # The output tempfile is opened in the directory returned by #tempdir.
+      # The output tempfile is opened in the directory returned by #tmpdir.
       def draw(*argv) #:doc:
         open_tempfile do |file|
           instrument :preview, key: blob.key do
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
       end
 
       def open_tempfile
-        tempfile = Tempfile.open("ActiveStorage-", tempdir)
+        tempfile = Tempfile.open("ActiveStorage-", tmpdir)
 
         begin
           yield tempfile
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
         ActiveStorage.logger
       end
 
-      def tempdir #:doc:
+      def tmpdir #:doc:
         Dir.tmpdir
       end
   end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer/poppler_pdf_previewer.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer/poppler_pdf_previewer.rb
index 69eb617d7b..6bf501a607 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer/poppler_pdf_previewer.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/previewer/poppler_pdf_previewer.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
 
     private
       def draw_first_page_from(file, &block)
-        # use 72 dpi to match thumbnail  dimesions of the PDF
+        # use 72 dpi to match thumbnail dimensions of the PDF
         draw self.class.pdftoppm_path, "-singlefile", "-r", "72", "-png", file.path, &block
       end
   end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb
index 54ba08fb87..aac1e62e7f 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb
@@ -62,10 +62,16 @@ module ActiveStorage
 
     # Upload the +io+ to the +key+ specified. If a +checksum+ is provided, the service will
     # ensure a match when the upload has completed or raise an ActiveStorage::IntegrityError.
-    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil, **options)
       raise NotImplementedError
     end
 
+    # Update metadata for the file identified by +key+ in the service.
+    # Override in subclasses only if the service needs to store specific
+    # metadata that has to be updated upon identification.
+    def update_metadata(key, **metadata)
+    end
+
     # Return the content of the file at the +key+.
     def download(key)
       raise NotImplementedError
@@ -76,6 +82,10 @@ module ActiveStorage
       raise NotImplementedError
     end
 
+    def open(*args, &block)
+      ActiveStorage::Downloader.new(self).open(*args, &block)
+    end
+
     # Delete the file at the +key+.
     def delete(key)
       raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/azure_storage_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/azure_storage_service.rb
index 8de3889cb5..993cc0e5f7 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/azure_storage_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/azure_storage_service.rb
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ module ActiveStorage
   class Service::AzureStorageService < Service
     attr_reader :client, :blobs, :container, :signer
 
-    def initialize(storage_account_name:, storage_access_key:, container:)
-      @client = Azure::Storage::Client.create(storage_account_name: storage_account_name, storage_access_key: storage_access_key)
+    def initialize(storage_account_name:, storage_access_key:, container:, **options)
+      @client = Azure::Storage::Client.create(storage_account_name: storage_account_name, storage_access_key: storage_access_key, **options)
       @signer = Azure::Storage::Core::Auth::SharedAccessSignature.new(storage_account_name, storage_access_key)
       @blobs = client.blob_client
       @container = container
     end
 
-    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil, **)
       instrument :upload, key: key, checksum: checksum do
         handle_errors do
           blobs.create_block_blob(container, key, IO.try_convert(io) || io, content_md5: checksum)
@@ -51,12 +51,10 @@ module ActiveStorage
 
     def delete(key)
       instrument :delete, key: key do
-        begin
-          blobs.delete_blob(container, key)
-        rescue Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError => e
-          raise unless e.type == "BlobNotFound"
-          # Ignore files already deleted
-        end
+        blobs.delete_blob(container, key)
+      rescue Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError => e
+        raise unless e.type == "BlobNotFound"
+        # Ignore files already deleted
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/disk_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/disk_service.rb
index 52f3a3df16..764a447c69 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/disk_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/disk_service.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
       @root = root
     end
 
-    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil, **)
       instrument :upload, key: key, checksum: checksum do
         IO.copy_stream(io, make_path_for(key))
         ensure_integrity_of(key, checksum) if checksum
@@ -29,35 +29,29 @@ module ActiveStorage
         end
       else
         instrument :download, key: key do
-          begin
-            File.binread path_for(key)
-          rescue Errno::ENOENT
-            raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
-          end
+          File.binread path_for(key)
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
         end
       end
     end
 
     def download_chunk(key, range)
       instrument :download_chunk, key: key, range: range do
-        begin
-          File.open(path_for(key), "rb") do |file|
-            file.seek range.begin
-            file.read range.size
-          end
-        rescue Errno::ENOENT
-          raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
+        File.open(path_for(key), "rb") do |file|
+          file.seek range.begin
+          file.read range.size
         end
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
       end
     end
 
     def delete(key)
       instrument :delete, key: key do
-        begin
-          File.delete path_for(key)
-        rescue Errno::ENOENT
-          # Ignore files already deleted
-        end
+        File.delete path_for(key)
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        # Ignore files already deleted
       end
     end
 
@@ -79,17 +73,27 @@ module ActiveStorage
 
     def url(key, expires_in:, filename:, disposition:, content_type:)
       instrument :url, key: key do |payload|
-        verified_key_with_expiration = ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(key, expires_in: expires_in, purpose: :blob_key)
-
-        generated_url =
-          url_helpers.rails_disk_service_url(
-            verified_key_with_expiration,
-            host: current_host,
-            filename: filename,
-            disposition: content_disposition_with(type: disposition, filename: filename),
+        content_disposition = content_disposition_with(type: disposition, filename: filename)
+        verified_key_with_expiration = ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(
+          {
+            key: key,
+            disposition: content_disposition,
             content_type: content_type
-          )
+          },
+          { expires_in: expires_in,
+          purpose: :blob_key }
+        )
 
+        current_uri = URI.parse(current_host)
+
+        generated_url = url_helpers.rails_disk_service_url(verified_key_with_expiration,
+          protocol: current_uri.scheme,
+          host: current_uri.host,
+          port: current_uri.port,
+          disposition: content_disposition,
+          content_type: content_type,
+          filename: filename
+        )
         payload[:url] = generated_url
 
         generated_url
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb
index 18c0f14cfc..09abc613f3 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb
@@ -11,19 +11,16 @@ module ActiveStorage
       @config = config
     end
 
-    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil, content_type: nil, disposition: nil, filename: nil)
       instrument :upload, key: key, checksum: checksum do
-        begin
-          # The official GCS client library doesn't allow us to create a file with no Content-Type metadata.
-          # We need the file we create to have no Content-Type so we can control it via the response-content-type
-          # param in signed URLs. Workaround: let the GCS client create the file with an inferred
-          # Content-Type (usually "application/octet-stream") then clear it.
-          bucket.create_file(io, key, md5: checksum).update do |file|
-            file.content_type = nil
-          end
-        rescue Google::Cloud::InvalidArgumentError
-          raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
-        end
+        # GCS's signed URLs don't include params such as response-content-type response-content_disposition
+        # in the signature, which means an attacker can modify them and bypass our effort to force these to
+        # binary and attachment when the file's content type requires it. The only way to force them is to
+        # store them as object's metadata.
+        content_disposition = content_disposition_with(type: disposition, filename: filename) if disposition && filename
+        bucket.create_file(io, key, md5: checksum, content_type: content_type, content_disposition: content_disposition)
+      rescue Google::Cloud::InvalidArgumentError
+        raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
       end
     end
 
@@ -34,43 +31,44 @@ module ActiveStorage
         end
       else
         instrument :download, key: key do
-          begin
-            file_for(key).download.string
-          rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
-            raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
-          end
+          file_for(key).download.string
+        rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
+          raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def update_metadata(key, content_type:, disposition: nil, filename: nil)
+      instrument :update_metadata, key: key, content_type: content_type, disposition: disposition do
+        file_for(key).update do |file|
+          file.content_type = content_type
+          file.content_disposition = content_disposition_with(type: disposition, filename: filename) if disposition && filename
         end
       end
     end
 
     def download_chunk(key, range)
       instrument :download_chunk, key: key, range: range do
-        begin
-          file_for(key).download(range: range).string
-        rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
-          raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
-        end
+        file_for(key).download(range: range).string
+      rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
+        raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
       end
     end
 
     def delete(key)
       instrument :delete, key: key do
-        begin
-          file_for(key).delete
-        rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
-          # Ignore files already deleted
-        end
+        file_for(key).delete
+      rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
+        # Ignore files already deleted
       end
     end
 
     def delete_prefixed(prefix)
       instrument :delete_prefixed, prefix: prefix do
         bucket.files(prefix: prefix).all do |file|
-          begin
-            file.delete
-          rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
-            # Ignore concurrently-deleted files
-          end
+          file.delete
+        rescue Google::Cloud::NotFoundError
+          # Ignore concurrently-deleted files
         end
       end
     end
@@ -133,7 +131,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
       end
 
       def bucket
-        @bucket ||= client.bucket(config.fetch(:bucket))
+        @bucket ||= client.bucket(config.fetch(:bucket), skip_lookup: true)
       end
 
       def client
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/mirror_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/mirror_service.rb
index 6002ef5a00..c44bd1f360 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/mirror_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/mirror_service.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,17 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 
 module ActiveStorage
   # Wraps a set of mirror services and provides a single ActiveStorage::Service object that will all
-  # have the files uploaded to them. A +primary+ service is designated to answer calls to +download+, +exists?+,
-  # and +url+.
+  # have the files uploaded to them. A +primary+ service is designated to answer calls to:
+  # * +download+
+  # * +exists?+
+  # * +url+
+  # * +url_for_direct_upload+
+  # * +headers_for_direct_upload+
   class Service::MirrorService < Service
     attr_reader :primary, :mirrors
 
-    delegate :download, :download_chunk, :exist?, :url, to: :primary
+    delegate :download, :download_chunk, :exist?, :url,
+      :url_for_direct_upload, :headers_for_direct_upload, :path_for, to: :primary
 
     # Stitch together from named services.
     def self.build(primary:, mirrors:, configurator:, **options) #:nodoc:
@@ -24,9 +29,10 @@ module ActiveStorage
 
     # Upload the +io+ to the +key+ specified to all services. If a +checksum+ is provided, all services will
     # ensure a match when the upload has completed or raise an ActiveStorage::IntegrityError.
-    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil, **options)
       each_service.collect do |service|
-        service.upload key, io.tap(&:rewind), checksum: checksum
+        io.rewind
+        service.upload key, io, checksum: checksum, **options
       end
     end
 
@@ -40,6 +46,21 @@ module ActiveStorage
       perform_across_services :delete_prefixed, prefix
     end
 
+
+    # Copy the file at the +key+ from the primary service to each of the mirrors where it doesn't already exist.
+    def mirror(key, checksum:)
+      instrument :mirror, key: key, checksum: checksum do
+        if (mirrors_in_need_of_mirroring = mirrors.select { |service| !service.exist?(key) }).any?
+          primary.open(key, checksum: checksum) do |io|
+            mirrors_in_need_of_mirroring.each do |service|
+              io.rewind
+              service.upload key, io, checksum: checksum
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     private
       def each_service(&block)
         [ primary, *mirrors ].each(&block)
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/s3_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/s3_service.rb
index 89a9e54158..e4bd57048a 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/s3_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/s3_service.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+gem "aws-sdk-s3", "~> 1.14"
+
 require "aws-sdk-s3"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes"
 
@@ -7,21 +9,23 @@ module ActiveStorage
   # Wraps the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) as an Active Storage service.
   # See ActiveStorage::Service for the generic API documentation that applies to all services.
   class Service::S3Service < Service
-    attr_reader :client, :bucket, :upload_options
+    attr_reader :client, :bucket
+    attr_reader :multipart_upload_threshold, :upload_options
 
     def initialize(bucket:, upload: {}, **options)
       @client = Aws::S3::Resource.new(**options)
       @bucket = @client.bucket(bucket)
 
+      @multipart_upload_threshold = upload.fetch(:multipart_threshold, 100.megabytes)
       @upload_options = upload
     end
 
-    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil, content_type: nil, **)
       instrument :upload, key: key, checksum: checksum do
-        begin
-          object_for(key).put(upload_options.merge(body: io, content_md5: checksum))
-        rescue Aws::S3::Errors::BadDigest
-          raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+        if io.size < multipart_upload_threshold
+          upload_with_single_part key, io, checksum: checksum, content_type: content_type
+        else
+          upload_with_multipart key, io, content_type: content_type
         end
       end
     end
@@ -33,22 +37,18 @@ module ActiveStorage
         end
       else
         instrument :download, key: key do
-          begin
-            object_for(key).get.body.string.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
-          rescue Aws::S3::Errors::NoSuchKey
-            raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
-          end
+          object_for(key).get.body.string.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+        rescue Aws::S3::Errors::NoSuchKey
+          raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
         end
       end
     end
 
     def download_chunk(key, range)
       instrument :download_chunk, key: key, range: range do
-        begin
-          object_for(key).get(range: "bytes=#{range.begin}-#{range.exclude_end? ? range.end - 1 : range.end}").body.read.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
-        rescue Aws::S3::Errors::NoSuchKey
-          raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
-        end
+        object_for(key).get(range: "bytes=#{range.begin}-#{range.exclude_end? ? range.end - 1 : range.end}").body.string.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+      rescue Aws::S3::Errors::NoSuchKey
+        raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError
       end
     end
 
@@ -100,6 +100,24 @@ module ActiveStorage
     end
 
     private
+      MAXIMUM_UPLOAD_PARTS_COUNT = 10000
+      MINIMUM_UPLOAD_PART_SIZE   = 5.megabytes
+
+      def upload_with_single_part(key, io, checksum: nil, content_type: nil)
+        object_for(key).put(body: io, content_md5: checksum, content_type: content_type, **upload_options)
+      rescue Aws::S3::Errors::BadDigest
+        raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+      end
+
+      def upload_with_multipart(key, io, content_type: nil)
+        part_size = [ io.size.fdiv(MAXIMUM_UPLOAD_PARTS_COUNT).ceil, MINIMUM_UPLOAD_PART_SIZE ].max
+
+        object_for(key).upload_stream(content_type: content_type, part_size: part_size, **upload_options) do |out|
+          IO.copy_stream(io, out)
+        end
+      end
+
+
       def object_for(key)
         bucket.object(key)
       end
@@ -114,7 +132,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
         raise ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError unless object.exists?
 
         while offset < object.content_length
-          yield object.get(range: "bytes=#{offset}-#{offset + chunk_size - 1}").body.read.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+          yield object.get(range: "bytes=#{offset}-#{offset + chunk_size - 1}").body.string.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
           offset += chunk_size
         end
       end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/transformers/image_processing_transformer.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/transformers/image_processing_transformer.rb
index 7f8685b72d..506150576c 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/transformers/image_processing_transformer.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/transformers/image_processing_transformer.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveStorage
         def operations
           transformations.each_with_object([]) do |(name, argument), list|
             if name.to_s == "combine_options"
-              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~WARNING
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<~WARNING.squish
                 Active Storage's ImageProcessing transformer doesn't support :combine_options,
                 as it always generates a single ImageMagick command. Passing :combine_options will
                 not be supported in Rails 6.1.
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/tasks/activestorage.rake b/activestorage/lib/tasks/activestorage.rake
index ac254d717f..6b0469636c 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/tasks/activestorage.rake
+++ b/activestorage/lib/tasks/activestorage.rake
@@ -12,4 +12,11 @@ namespace :active_storage do
       Rake::Task["app:active_storage:install:migrations"].invoke
     end
   end
+
+  # desc "Copy over the migrations needed to the application upgrading"
+  task update: :environment do
+    ENV["MIGRATIONS_PATH"] = "db/update_migrate"
+
+    Rake::Task["active_storage:install"].invoke
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/package.json b/activestorage/package.json
index 00876985cf..39a1ea1383 100644
--- a/activestorage/package.json
+++ b/activestorage/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
-  "name": "activestorage",
-  "version": "6.0.0-alpha",
+  "name": "@rails/activestorage",
+  "version": "6.1.0-alpha",
   "description": "Attach cloud and local files in Rails applications",
   "main": "app/assets/javascripts/activestorage.js",
   "files": [
diff --git a/activestorage/test/analyzer/image_analyzer_test.rb b/activestorage/test/analyzer/image_analyzer_test.rb
index 55bb5e7280..73438c15ab 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/analyzer/image_analyzer_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/analyzer/image_analyzer_test.rb
@@ -29,4 +29,12 @@ class ActiveStorage::Analyzer::ImageAnalyzerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 792, metadata[:width]
     assert_equal 584, metadata[:height]
   end
+
+  test "analyzing an unsupported image type" do
+    blob = create_blob(data: "bad", filename: "bad_file.bad", content_type: "image/bad_type")
+    metadata = extract_metadata_from(blob)
+
+    assert_nil metadata[:width]
+    assert_nil metadata[:heigh]
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/analyzer/video_analyzer_test.rb b/activestorage/test/analyzer/video_analyzer_test.rb
index d30f49315a..172a2f0aae 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/analyzer/video_analyzer_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/analyzer/video_analyzer_test.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ class ActiveStorage::Analyzer::VideoAnalyzerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 480, metadata[:width]
     assert_equal 640, metadata[:height]
     assert_equal [4, 3], metadata[:display_aspect_ratio]
-    assert_equal 5.227975, metadata[:duration]
     assert_equal 90, metadata[:angle]
   end
 
diff --git a/activestorage/test/controllers/disk_controller_test.rb b/activestorage/test/controllers/disk_controller_test.rb
index 7b5e989699..a723b4d56a 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/controllers/disk_controller_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/controllers/disk_controller_test.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ require "database/setup"
 
 class ActiveStorage::DiskControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "showing blob inline" do
-    blob = create_blob
+    blob = create_blob(filename: "hello.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+
     get blob.service_url
     assert_response :ok
-    assert_equal "inline; filename=\"hello.txt\"; filename*=UTF-8''hello.txt", response.headers["Content-Disposition"]
-    assert_equal "text/plain", response.headers["Content-Type"]
+    assert_equal "inline; filename=\"hello.jpg\"; filename*=UTF-8''hello.jpg", response.headers["Content-Disposition"]
+    assert_equal "image/jpg", response.headers["Content-Type"]
     assert_equal "Hello world!", response.body
   end
 
@@ -22,11 +23,11 @@ class ActiveStorage::DiskControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "Hello world!", response.body
   end
 
-  test "showing blob range inline" do
+  test "showing blob range" do
     blob = create_blob
     get blob.service_url, headers: { "Range" => "bytes=5-9" }
     assert_response :partial_content
-    assert_equal "inline; filename=\"hello.txt\"; filename*=UTF-8''hello.txt", response.headers["Content-Disposition"]
+    assert_equal "attachment; filename=\"hello.txt\"; filename*=UTF-8''hello.txt", response.headers["Content-Disposition"]
     assert_equal "text/plain", response.headers["Content-Type"]
     assert_equal " worl", response.body
   end
@@ -36,6 +37,10 @@ class ActiveStorage::DiskControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     blob.delete
 
     get blob.service_url
+  end
+
+  test "showing blob with invalid key" do
+    get rails_disk_service_url(encoded_key: "Invalid key", filename: "hello.txt")
     assert_response :not_found
   end
 
diff --git a/activestorage/test/dummy/bin/yarn b/activestorage/test/dummy/bin/yarn
index c9b7498378..d0dd7c27ac 100755
--- a/activestorage/test/dummy/bin/yarn
+++ b/activestorage/test/dummy/bin/yarn
@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@
 
 VENDOR_PATH = File.expand_path("..", __dir__)
 Dir.chdir(VENDOR_PATH) do
-  begin
-    exec "yarnpkg #{ARGV.join(" ")}"
-  rescue Errno::ENOENT
-    $stderr.puts "Yarn executable was not detected in the system."
-    $stderr.puts "Download Yarn at https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install"
-    exit 1
-  end
+  exec "yarnpkg #{ARGV.join(" ")}"
+rescue Errno::ENOENT
+  $stderr.puts "Yarn executable was not detected in the system."
+  $stderr.puts "Download Yarn at https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install"
+  exit 1
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/dummy/config/application.rb b/activestorage/test/dummy/config/application.rb
index bd14ac0b1a..151c8ade4b 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/dummy/config/application.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/dummy/config/application.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
 
 module Dummy
   class Application < Rails::Application
-    config.load_defaults 5.2
+    config.load_defaults 6.0
 
     config.active_storage.service = :local
   end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb b/activestorage/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb
index 47fc5bf25c..4b80d291ca 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Enable/disable caching. By default caching is disabled.
   if Rails.root.join("tmp/caching-dev.txt").exist?
     config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+    config.action_controller.enable_fragment_cache_logging = true
 
     config.cache_store = :memory_store
     config.public_file_server.headers = {
diff --git a/activestorage/test/fixtures/files/colors.bmp b/activestorage/test/fixtures/files/colors.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3cc1e8764d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activestorage/test/fixtures/files/colors.bmp
diff --git a/activestorage/test/fixtures/files/racecar.tif b/activestorage/test/fixtures/files/racecar.tif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a11b22896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activestorage/test/fixtures/files/racecar.tif
diff --git a/activestorage/test/models/attached/many_test.rb b/activestorage/test/models/attached/many_test.rb
index 3b563b3fc8..39ddecb041 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/models/attached/many_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/models/attached/many_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ class ActiveStorage::ManyAttachedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @user.highlights.attach create_blob(filename: "funky.jpg"), create_blob(filename: "town.jpg")
     assert_equal "funky.jpg", @user.highlights.first.filename.to_s
     assert_equal "town.jpg", @user.highlights.second.filename.to_s
+
+    assert_not_empty @user.highlights_attachments
+    assert_equal @user.highlights_blobs.count, 2
   end
 
   test "attaching existing blobs from signed IDs to an existing record" do
@@ -266,44 +269,22 @@ class ActiveStorage::ManyAttachedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "analyzing a new blob from an uploaded file after attaching it to an existing record" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      @user.highlights.attach fixture_file_upload("racecar.jpg")
-    end
-
-    assert @user.highlights.reload.first.analyzed?
-    assert_equal 4104, @user.highlights.first.metadata[:width]
-    assert_equal 2736, @user.highlights.first.metadata[:height]
-  end
-
-  test "analyzing a new blob from an uploaded file after attaching it to an existing record via update" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      @user.update! highlights: [ fixture_file_upload("racecar.jpg") ]
-    end
-
-    assert @user.highlights.reload.first.analyzed?
-    assert_equal 4104, @user.highlights.first.metadata[:width]
-    assert_equal 2736, @user.highlights.first.metadata[:height]
-  end
+  test "updating an existing record with attachments when appending on assign" do
+    append_on_assign do
+      @user.highlights.attach create_blob(filename: "funky.jpg"), create_blob(filename: "town.jpg")
 
-  test "analyzing a directly-uploaded blob after attaching it to an existing record" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      @user.highlights.attach directly_upload_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
-    end
+      assert_difference -> { @user.reload.highlights.count }, +2 do
+        @user.update! highlights: [ create_blob(filename: "whenever.jpg"), create_blob(filename: "wherever.jpg") ]
+      end
 
-    assert @user.highlights.reload.first.analyzed?
-    assert_equal 4104, @user.highlights.first.metadata[:width]
-    assert_equal 2736, @user.highlights.first.metadata[:height]
-  end
+      assert_no_difference -> { @user.reload.highlights.count } do
+        @user.update! highlights: [ ]
+      end
 
-  test "analyzing a directly-uploaded blob after attaching it to an existing record via update" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      @user.update! highlights: [ directly_upload_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg") ]
+      assert_no_difference -> { @user.reload.highlights.count } do
+        @user.update! highlights: nil
+      end
     end
-
-    assert @user.highlights.reload.first.analyzed?
-    assert_equal 4104, @user.highlights.first.metadata[:width]
-    assert_equal 2736, @user.highlights.first.metadata[:height]
   end
 
   test "attaching existing blobs to a new record" do
@@ -419,24 +400,6 @@ class ActiveStorage::ManyAttachedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Could not find or build blob: expected attachable, got :foo", error.message
   end
 
-  test "analyzing a new blob from an uploaded file after attaching it to a new record" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      user = User.create!(name: "Jason", highlights: [ fixture_file_upload("racecar.jpg") ])
-      assert user.highlights.reload.first.analyzed?
-      assert_equal 4104, user.highlights.first.metadata[:width]
-      assert_equal 2736, user.highlights.first.metadata[:height]
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "analyzing a directly-uploaded blob after attaching it to a new record" do
-    perform_enqueued_jobs do
-      user = User.create!(name: "Jason", highlights: [ directly_upload_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg") ])
-      assert user.highlights.reload.first.analyzed?
-      assert_equal 4104, user.highlights.first.metadata[:width]
-      assert_equal 2736, user.highlights.first.metadata[:height]
-    end
-  end
-
   test "detaching" do
     [ create_blob(filename: "funky.jpg"), create_blob(filename: "town.jpg") ].tap do |blobs|
       @user.highlights.attach blobs
@@ -590,7 +553,15 @@ class ActiveStorage::ManyAttachedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal "town.jpg", @user.highlights.first.filename.to_s
       assert_equal "funky.jpg", @user.highlights.second.filename.to_s
     ensure
-      User.send(:remove_method, :highlights)
+      User.remove_method :highlights
     end
   end
+
+  private
+    def append_on_assign
+      ActiveStorage.replace_on_assign_to_many, previous = false, ActiveStorage.replace_on_assign_to_many
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveStorage.replace_on_assign_to_many = previous
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/models/attached/one_test.rb b/activestorage/test/models/attached/one_test.rb
index 561c3e9d23..ac08d324bb 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/models/attached/one_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/models/attached/one_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ class ActiveStorage::OneAttachedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "attaching an existing blob to an existing record" do
     @user.avatar.attach create_blob(filename: "funky.jpg")
     assert_equal "funky.jpg", @user.avatar.filename.to_s
+
+    assert_not_nil @user.avatar_attachment
+    assert_not_nil @user.avatar_blob
   end
 
   test "attaching an existing blob from a signed ID to an existing record" do
@@ -507,7 +510,7 @@ class ActiveStorage::OneAttachedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert_equal "gpj.yknuf", @user.avatar
     ensure
-      User.send(:remove_method, :avatar)
+      User.remove_method :avatar
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/models/attachment_test.rb b/activestorage/test/models/attachment_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..94f354d116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activestorage/test/models/attachment_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "test_helper"
+require "database/setup"
+
+class ActiveStorage::AttachmentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @user = User.create!(name: "Josh")
+  end
+
+  teardown { ActiveStorage::Blob.all.each(&:delete) }
+
+  test "analyzing a directly-uploaded blob after attaching it" do
+    blob = directly_upload_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
+    assert_not blob.analyzed?
+
+    perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      @user.highlights.attach(blob)
+    end
+
+    assert blob.reload.analyzed?
+    assert_equal 4104, blob.metadata[:width]
+    assert_equal 2736, blob.metadata[:height]
+  end
+
+  test "mirroring a directly-uploaded blob after attaching it" do
+    previous_service, ActiveStorage::Blob.service = ActiveStorage::Blob.service, build_mirror_service
+
+    blob = directly_upload_file_blob
+    assert_not ActiveStorage::Blob.service.mirrors.second.exist?(blob.key)
+
+    perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      @user.highlights.attach(blob)
+    end
+
+    assert ActiveStorage::Blob.service.mirrors.second.exist?(blob.key)
+  ensure
+    ActiveStorage::Blob.service = previous_service
+  end
+
+  private
+    def build_mirror_service
+      ActiveStorage::Service::MirrorService.new \
+        primary: build_disk_service("primary"),
+        mirrors: 3.times.collect { |i| build_disk_service("mirror_#{i + 1}") }
+    end
+
+    def build_disk_service(purpose)
+      ActiveStorage::Service::DiskService.new(root: Dir.mktmpdir("active_storage_tests_#{purpose}"))
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/models/blob_test.rb b/activestorage/test/models/blob_test.rb
index 1a6a89de56..9fd75a1b4a 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/models/blob_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/models/blob_test.rb
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@ class ActiveStorage::BlobTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "text/csv", blob.content_type
   end
 
+  test "create after upload generates a 28-character base36 key" do
+    assert_match(/^[a-z0-9]{28}$/, create_blob.key)
+  end
+
   test "image?" do
     blob = create_file_blob filename: "racecar.jpg"
     assert_predicate blob, :image?
@@ -100,19 +104,17 @@ class ActiveStorage::BlobTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "open in a custom tempdir" do
-    tempdir = Dir.mktmpdir
-
-    create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg").open(tempdir: tempdir) do |file|
+  test "open in a custom tmpdir" do
+    create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg").open(tmpdir: tmpdir = Dir.mktmpdir) do |file|
       assert file.binmode?
       assert_equal 0, file.pos
       assert_match(/\.jpg\z/, file.path)
-      assert file.path.starts_with?(tempdir)
+      assert file.path.starts_with?(tmpdir)
       assert_equal file_fixture("racecar.jpg").binread, file.read, "Expected downloaded file to match fixture file"
     end
   end
 
-  test "urls expiring in 5 minutes" do
+  test "URLs expiring in 5 minutes" do
     blob = create_blob
 
     freeze_time do
@@ -121,16 +123,25 @@ class ActiveStorage::BlobTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "urls force attachment as content disposition for content types served as binary" do
+  test "URLs force content_type to binary and attachment as content disposition for content types served as binary" do
     blob = create_blob(content_type: "text/html")
 
     freeze_time do
-      assert_equal expected_url_for(blob, disposition: :attachment), blob.service_url
-      assert_equal expected_url_for(blob, disposition: :attachment), blob.service_url(disposition: :inline)
+      assert_equal expected_url_for(blob, disposition: :attachment, content_type: "application/octet-stream"), blob.service_url
+      assert_equal expected_url_for(blob, disposition: :attachment, content_type: "application/octet-stream"), blob.service_url(disposition: :inline)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "URLs force attachment as content disposition when the content type is not allowed inline" do
+    blob = create_blob(content_type: "application/zip")
+
+    freeze_time do
+      assert_equal expected_url_for(blob, disposition: :attachment, content_type: "application/zip"), blob.service_url
+      assert_equal expected_url_for(blob, disposition: :attachment, content_type: "application/zip"), blob.service_url(disposition: :inline)
     end
   end
 
-  test "urls allow for custom filename" do
+  test "URLs allow for custom filename" do
     blob = create_blob(filename: "original.txt")
     new_filename = ActiveStorage::Filename.new("new.txt")
 
@@ -142,13 +153,13 @@ class ActiveStorage::BlobTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "urls allow for custom options" do
+  test "URLs allow for custom options" do
     blob = create_blob(filename: "original.txt")
 
     arguments = [
       blob.key,
       expires_in: ActiveStorage.service_urls_expire_in,
-      disposition: :inline,
+      disposition: :attachment,
       content_type: blob.content_type,
       filename: blob.filename,
       thumb_size: "300x300",
@@ -183,9 +194,13 @@ class ActiveStorage::BlobTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-    def expected_url_for(blob, disposition: :inline, filename: nil)
+    def expected_url_for(blob, disposition: :attachment, filename: nil, content_type: nil)
       filename ||= blob.filename
-      query_string = { content_type: blob.content_type, disposition: ActionDispatch::Http::ContentDisposition.format(disposition: disposition, filename: filename.sanitized) }.to_param
-      "https://example.com/rails/active_storage/disk/#{ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(blob.key, expires_in: 5.minutes, purpose: :blob_key)}/#{filename}?#{query_string}"
+      content_type ||= blob.content_type
+
+      query = { disposition: ActionDispatch::Http::ContentDisposition.format(disposition: disposition, filename: filename.sanitized), content_type: content_type }
+      key_params = { key: blob.key }.merge(query)
+
+      "https://example.com/rails/active_storage/disk/#{ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(key_params, expires_in: 5.minutes, purpose: :blob_key)}/#{filename}?#{query.to_param}"
     end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/models/variant_test.rb b/activestorage/test/models/variant_test.rb
index 6577f1cd9f..6b43923159 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/models/variant_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/models/variant_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@ require "test_helper"
 require "database/setup"
 
 class ActiveStorage::VariantTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "variations have the same key for different types of the same transformation" do
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
+    variant_a = blob.variant(resize: "100x100")
+    variant_b = blob.variant("resize" => "100x100")
+
+    assert_equal variant_a.key, variant_b.key
+  end
+
   test "resized variation of JPEG blob" do
     blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
     variant = blob.variant(resize: "100x100").processed
@@ -26,16 +34,14 @@ class ActiveStorage::VariantTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "monochrome with default variant_processor" do
-    begin
-      ActiveStorage.variant_processor = nil
-
-      blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
-      variant = blob.variant(monochrome: true).processed
-      image = read_image(variant)
-      assert_match(/Gray/, image.colorspace)
-    ensure
-      ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
-    end
+    ActiveStorage.variant_processor = nil
+
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
+    variant = blob.variant(monochrome: true).processed
+    image = read_image(variant)
+    assert_match(/Gray/, image.colorspace)
+  ensure
+    ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
   end
 
   test "disabled variation of JPEG blob" do
@@ -66,45 +72,41 @@ class ActiveStorage::VariantTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "disabled variation using :combine_options" do
-    begin
-      ActiveStorage.variant_processor = nil
-      blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
-      variant = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        blob.variant(combine_options: {
-          crop: "100x100+0+0",
-          monochrome: false
-        }).processed
-      end
-      assert_match(/racecar\.jpg/, variant.service_url)
-
-      image = read_image(variant)
-      assert_equal 100, image.width
-      assert_equal 100, image.height
-      assert_match(/RGB/, image.colorspace)
-    ensure
-      ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
+    ActiveStorage.variant_processor = nil
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
+    variant = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      blob.variant(combine_options: {
+        crop: "100x100+0+0",
+        monochrome: false
+      }).processed
     end
+    assert_match(/racecar\.jpg/, variant.service_url)
+
+    image = read_image(variant)
+    assert_equal 100, image.width
+    assert_equal 100, image.height
+    assert_match(/RGB/, image.colorspace)
+  ensure
+    ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
   end
 
   test "center-weighted crop of JPEG blob using :combine_options" do
-    begin
-      ActiveStorage.variant_processor = nil
-      blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
-      variant = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        blob.variant(combine_options: {
-          gravity: "center",
-          resize: "100x100^",
-          crop: "100x100+0+0",
-        }).processed
-      end
-      assert_match(/racecar\.jpg/, variant.service_url)
-
-      image = read_image(variant)
-      assert_equal 100, image.width
-      assert_equal 100, image.height
-    ensure
-      ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
+    ActiveStorage.variant_processor = nil
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
+    variant = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      blob.variant(combine_options: {
+        gravity: "center",
+        resize: "100x100^",
+        crop: "100x100+0+0",
+      }).processed
     end
+    assert_match(/racecar\.jpg/, variant.service_url)
+
+    image = read_image(variant)
+    assert_equal 100, image.width
+    assert_equal 100, image.height
+  ensure
+    ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
   end
 
   test "center-weighted crop of JPEG blob using :resize_to_fill" do
@@ -139,6 +141,28 @@ class ActiveStorage::VariantTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 20, image.height
   end
 
+  test "resized variation of TIFF blob" do
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.tif")
+    variant = blob.variant(resize: "50x50").processed
+    assert_match(/racecar\.png/, variant.service_url)
+
+    image = read_image(variant)
+    assert_equal "PNG", image.type
+    assert_equal 50, image.width
+    assert_equal 33, image.height
+  end
+
+  test "resized variation of BMP blob" do
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "colors.bmp")
+    variant = blob.variant(resize: "15x15").processed
+    assert_match(/colors\.bmp/, variant.service_url)
+
+    image = read_image(variant)
+    assert_equal "BMP", image.type
+    assert_equal 15, image.width
+    assert_equal 8, image.height
+  end
+
   test "optimized variation of GIF blob" do
     blob = create_file_blob(filename: "image.gif", content_type: "image/gif")
 
@@ -156,22 +180,20 @@ class ActiveStorage::VariantTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "service_url doesn't grow in length despite long variant options" do
     blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
     variant = blob.variant(font: "a" * 10_000).processed
-    assert_operator variant.service_url.length, :<, 525
+    assert_operator variant.service_url.length, :<, 730
   end
 
   test "works for vips processor" do
-    begin
-      ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :vips
-      blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
-      variant = blob.variant(thumbnail_image: 100).processed
-
-      image = read_image(variant)
-      assert_equal 100, image.width
-      assert_equal 67, image.height
-    rescue LoadError
-      # libvips not installed
-    ensure
-      ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
-    end
+    ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :vips
+    blob = create_file_blob(filename: "racecar.jpg")
+    variant = blob.variant(thumbnail_image: 100).processed
+
+    image = read_image(variant)
+    assert_equal 100, image.width
+    assert_equal 67, image.height
+  rescue LoadError
+    # libvips not installed
+  ensure
+    ActiveStorage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
   end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/service/azure_storage_service_test.rb b/activestorage/test/service/azure_storage_service_test.rb
index 09c2e7f99c..2b07902d07 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/service/azure_storage_service_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/service/azure_storage_service_test.rb
@@ -18,20 +18,18 @@ if SERVICE_CONFIGURATIONS[:azure]
     end
 
     test "uploading a tempfile" do
-      begin
-        key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
-        data = "Something else entirely!"
-
-        Tempfile.open do |file|
-          file.write(data)
-          file.rewind
-          @service.upload(key, file)
-        end
-
-        assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
-      ensure
-        @service.delete(key)
+      key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data = "Something else entirely!"
+
+      Tempfile.open do |file|
+        file.write(data)
+        file.rewind
+        @service.upload(key, file)
       end
+
+      assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
+    ensure
+      @service.delete(key)
     end
   end
 else
diff --git a/activestorage/test/service/disk_service_test.rb b/activestorage/test/service/disk_service_test.rb
index a0218bff1c..b766cc3f56 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/service/disk_service_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/service/disk_service_test.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,15 @@ class ActiveStorage::Service::DiskServiceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   include ActiveStorage::Service::SharedServiceTests
 
-  test "url generation" do
-    assert_match(/^https:\/\/example.com\/rails\/active_storage\/disk\/.*\/avatar\.png\?content_type=image%2Fpng&disposition=inline/,
-      @service.url(@key, expires_in: 5.minutes, disposition: :inline, filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("avatar.png"), content_type: "image/png"))
+  test "URL generation" do
+    original_url_options = Rails.application.routes.default_url_options.dup
+    Rails.application.routes.default_url_options.merge!(protocol: "http", host: "test.example.com", port: 3001)
+    begin
+      assert_match(/^https:\/\/example.com\/rails\/active_storage\/disk\/.*\/avatar\.png\?content_type=image%2Fpng&disposition=inline/,
+        @service.url(@key, expires_in: 5.minutes, disposition: :inline, filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("avatar.png"), content_type: "image/png"))
+    ensure
+      Rails.application.routes.default_url_options = original_url_options
+    end
   end
 
   test "headers_for_direct_upload generation" do
diff --git a/activestorage/test/service/gcs_service_test.rb b/activestorage/test/service/gcs_service_test.rb
index 2ba2f8b346..6bca428f50 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/service/gcs_service_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/service/gcs_service_test.rb
@@ -10,45 +10,72 @@ if SERVICE_CONFIGURATIONS[:gcs]
     include ActiveStorage::Service::SharedServiceTests
 
     test "direct upload" do
-      begin
-        key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
-        data     = "Something else entirely!"
-        checksum = Digest::MD5.base64digest(data)
-        url      = @service.url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in: 5.minutes, content_type: "text/plain", content_length: data.size, checksum: checksum)
-
-        uri = URI.parse url
-        request = Net::HTTP::Put.new uri.request_uri
-        request.body = data
-        request.add_field "Content-Type", ""
-        request.add_field "Content-MD5", checksum
-        Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, use_ssl: true) do |http|
-          http.request request
-        end
-
-        assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
-      ensure
-        @service.delete key
+      key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data     = "Something else entirely!"
+      checksum = Digest::MD5.base64digest(data)
+      url      = @service.url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in: 5.minutes, content_type: "text/plain", content_length: data.size, checksum: checksum)
+
+      uri = URI.parse url
+      request = Net::HTTP::Put.new uri.request_uri
+      request.body = data
+      request.add_field "Content-Type", ""
+      request.add_field "Content-MD5", checksum
+      Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, use_ssl: true) do |http|
+        http.request request
       end
+
+      assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
+    end
+
+    test "upload with content_type and content_disposition" do
+      key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data     = "Something else entirely!"
+
+      @service.upload(key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data), disposition: :attachment, filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.txt"), content_type: "text/plain")
+
+      url = @service.url(key, expires_in: 2.minutes, disposition: :inline, content_type: "text/html", filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.html"))
+      response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(url))
+      assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+      assert_match(/attachment;.*test.txt/, response["Content-Disposition"])
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
+    end
+
+    test "upload with content_type" do
+      key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data     = "Something else entirely!"
+
+      @service.upload(key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data), content_type: "text/plain")
+
+      url = @service.url(key, expires_in: 2.minutes, disposition: :inline, content_type: "text/html", filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.html"))
+      response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(url))
+      assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+      assert_match(/inline;.*test.html/, response["Content-Disposition"])
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
+    end
+
+    test "update metadata" do
+      key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data     = "Something else entirely!"
+      @service.upload(key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data), disposition: :attachment, filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.html"), content_type: "text/html")
+
+      @service.update_metadata(key, disposition: :inline, filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.txt"), content_type: "text/plain")
+      url = @service.url(key, expires_in: 2.minutes, disposition: :attachment, content_type: "text/html", filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.html"))
+
+      response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(url))
+      assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+      assert_match(/inline;.*test.txt/, response["Content-Disposition"])
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
     end
 
     test "signed URL generation" do
       assert_match(/storage\.googleapis\.com\/.*response-content-disposition=inline.*test\.txt.*response-content-type=text%2Fplain/,
         @service.url(@key, expires_in: 2.minutes, disposition: :inline, filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.txt"), content_type: "text/plain"))
     end
-
-    test "signed URL response headers" do
-      begin
-        key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
-        data = "Something else entirely!"
-        @service.upload(key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data))
-
-        url = @service.url(key, expires_in: 2.minutes, disposition: :inline, filename: ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.txt"), content_type: "text/plain")
-        response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(url))
-        assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
-      ensure
-        @service.delete key
-      end
-    end
   end
 else
   puts "Skipping GCS Service tests because no GCS configuration was supplied"
diff --git a/activestorage/test/service/mirror_service_test.rb b/activestorage/test/service/mirror_service_test.rb
index bb502dde60..aa4d610753 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/service/mirror_service_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/service/mirror_service_test.rb
@@ -18,22 +18,20 @@ class ActiveStorage::Service::MirrorServiceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActiveStorage::Service::SharedServiceTests
 
   test "uploading to all services" do
-    begin
-      key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
-      data     = "Something else entirely!"
-      io       = StringIO.new(data)
-      checksum = Digest::MD5.base64digest(data)
-
-      @service.upload key, io.tap(&:read), checksum: checksum
-      assert_predicate io, :eof?
-
-      assert_equal data, @service.primary.download(key)
-      @service.mirrors.each do |mirror|
-        assert_equal data, mirror.download(key)
-      end
-    ensure
-      @service.delete key
+    key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+    data     = "Something else entirely!"
+    io       = StringIO.new(data)
+    checksum = Digest::MD5.base64digest(data)
+
+    @service.upload key, io.tap(&:read), checksum: checksum
+    assert_predicate io, :eof?
+
+    assert_equal data, @service.primary.download(key)
+    @service.mirrors.each do |mirror|
+      assert_equal data, mirror.download(key)
     end
+  ensure
+    @service.delete key
   end
 
   test "downloading from primary service" do
@@ -55,6 +53,20 @@ class ActiveStorage::Service::MirrorServiceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "mirroring a file from the primary service to secondary services where it doesn't exist" do
+    key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+    data     = "Something else entirely!"
+    checksum = Digest::MD5.base64digest(data)
+
+    @service.primary.upload key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: checksum
+    @service.mirrors.third.upload key, StringIO.new("Surprise!")
+
+    @service.mirror key, checksum: checksum
+    assert_equal data, @service.mirrors.first.download(key)
+    assert_equal data, @service.mirrors.second.download(key)
+    assert_equal "Surprise!", @service.mirrors.third.download(key)
+  end
+
   test "URL generation in primary service" do
     filename = ActiveStorage::Filename.new("test.txt")
 
@@ -63,4 +75,8 @@ class ActiveStorage::Service::MirrorServiceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         @service.url(@key, expires_in: 2.minutes, disposition: :inline, filename: filename, content_type: "text/plain")
     end
   end
+
+  test "path for file in primary service" do
+    assert_equal @service.primary.path_for(@key), @service.path_for(@key)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/service/s3_service_test.rb b/activestorage/test/service/s3_service_test.rb
index 559aa028f2..b9120770e6 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/service/s3_service_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/service/s3_service_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "service/shared_service_tests"
 require "net/http"
+require "database/setup"
 
 if SERVICE_CONFIGURATIONS[:s3]
   class ActiveStorage::Service::S3ServiceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -10,25 +11,23 @@ if SERVICE_CONFIGURATIONS[:s3]
     include ActiveStorage::Service::SharedServiceTests
 
     test "direct upload" do
-      begin
-        key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
-        data     = "Something else entirely!"
-        checksum = Digest::MD5.base64digest(data)
-        url      = @service.url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in: 5.minutes, content_type: "text/plain", content_length: data.size, checksum: checksum)
-
-        uri = URI.parse url
-        request = Net::HTTP::Put.new uri.request_uri
-        request.body = data
-        request.add_field "Content-Type", "text/plain"
-        request.add_field "Content-MD5", checksum
-        Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, use_ssl: true) do |http|
-          http.request request
-        end
-
-        assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
-      ensure
-        @service.delete key
+      key      = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data     = "Something else entirely!"
+      checksum = Digest::MD5.base64digest(data)
+      url      = @service.url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in: 5.minutes, content_type: "text/plain", content_length: data.size, checksum: checksum)
+
+      uri = URI.parse url
+      request = Net::HTTP::Put.new uri.request_uri
+      request.body = data
+      request.add_field "Content-Type", "text/plain"
+      request.add_field "Content-MD5", checksum
+      Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, use_ssl: true) do |http|
+        http.request request
       end
+
+      assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
     end
 
     test "upload a zero byte file" do
@@ -47,8 +46,7 @@ if SERVICE_CONFIGURATIONS[:s3]
     end
 
     test "uploading with server-side encryption" do
-      config  = SERVICE_CONFIGURATIONS.deep_merge(s3: { upload: { server_side_encryption: "AES256" } })
-      service = ActiveStorage::Service.configure(:s3, config)
+      service = build_service(upload: { server_side_encryption: "AES256" })
 
       begin
         key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
@@ -60,6 +58,43 @@ if SERVICE_CONFIGURATIONS[:s3]
         service.delete key
       end
     end
+
+    test "upload with content type" do
+      key          = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data         = "Something else entirely!"
+      content_type = "text/plain"
+
+      @service.upload(
+        key,
+        StringIO.new(data),
+        checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data),
+        filename: "cool_data.txt",
+        content_type: content_type
+      )
+
+      assert_equal content_type, @service.bucket.object(key).content_type
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
+    end
+
+    test "uploading a large object in multiple parts" do
+      service = build_service(upload: { multipart_threshold: 5.megabytes })
+
+      begin
+        key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+        data = SecureRandom.bytes(8.megabytes)
+
+        service.upload key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data)
+        assert data == service.download(key)
+      ensure
+        service.delete key
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def build_service(configuration)
+        ActiveStorage::Service.configure :s3, SERVICE_CONFIGURATIONS.deep_merge(s3: configuration)
+      end
   end
 else
   puts "Skipping S3 Service tests because no S3 configuration was supplied"
diff --git a/activestorage/test/service/shared_service_tests.rb b/activestorage/test/service/shared_service_tests.rb
index ca2490f2bc..17f3736056 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/service/shared_service_tests.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/service/shared_service_tests.rb
@@ -20,30 +20,42 @@ module ActiveStorage::Service::SharedServiceTests
     end
 
     test "uploading with integrity" do
-      begin
-        key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
-        data = "Something else entirely!"
-        @service.upload(key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data))
+      key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data = "Something else entirely!"
+      @service.upload(key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data))
 
-        assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
-      ensure
-        @service.delete key
-      end
+      assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
     end
 
     test "uploading without integrity" do
-      begin
-        key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
-        data = "Something else entirely!"
-
-        assert_raises(ActiveStorage::IntegrityError) do
-          @service.upload(key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest("bad data"))
-        end
+      key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data = "Something else entirely!"
 
-        assert_not @service.exist?(key)
-      ensure
-        @service.delete key
+      assert_raises(ActiveStorage::IntegrityError) do
+        @service.upload(key, StringIO.new(data), checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest("bad data"))
       end
+
+      assert_not @service.exist?(key)
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
+    end
+
+    test "uploading with integrity and multiple keys" do
+      key  = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      data = "Something else entirely!"
+      @service.upload(
+        key,
+        StringIO.new(data),
+        checksum: Digest::MD5.base64digest(data),
+        filename: "racecar.jpg",
+        content_type: "image/jpg"
+      )
+
+      assert_equal data, @service.download(key)
+    ensure
+      @service.delete key
     end
 
     test "downloading" do
@@ -111,20 +123,18 @@ module ActiveStorage::Service::SharedServiceTests
     end
 
     test "deleting by prefix" do
-      begin
-        @service.upload("a/a/a", StringIO.new(FIXTURE_DATA))
-        @service.upload("a/a/b", StringIO.new(FIXTURE_DATA))
-        @service.upload("a/b/a", StringIO.new(FIXTURE_DATA))
-
-        @service.delete_prefixed("a/a/")
-        assert_not @service.exist?("a/a/a")
-        assert_not @service.exist?("a/a/b")
-        assert @service.exist?("a/b/a")
-      ensure
-        @service.delete("a/a/a")
-        @service.delete("a/a/b")
-        @service.delete("a/b/a")
-      end
+      @service.upload("a/a/a", StringIO.new(FIXTURE_DATA))
+      @service.upload("a/a/b", StringIO.new(FIXTURE_DATA))
+      @service.upload("a/b/a", StringIO.new(FIXTURE_DATA))
+
+      @service.delete_prefixed("a/a/")
+      assert_not @service.exist?("a/a/a")
+      assert_not @service.exist?("a/a/b")
+      assert @service.exist?("a/b/a")
+    ensure
+      @service.delete("a/a/a")
+      @service.delete("a/a/b")
+      @service.delete("a/b/a")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/template/image_tag_test.rb b/activestorage/test/template/image_tag_test.rb
index f0b166c225..258cf702ad 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/template/image_tag_test.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/template/image_tag_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class ActiveStorage::ImageTagTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_raises(ArgumentError) { image_tag(@user.avatar) }
   end
 
-  test "error when object can't be resolved into url" do
+  test "error when object can't be resolved into URL" do
     unresolvable_object = ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper
     assert_raises(ArgumentError) { image_tag(unresolvable_object) }
   end
diff --git a/activestorage/test/test_helper.rb b/activestorage/test/test_helper.rb
index 144c224421..ac38b9362c 100644
--- a/activestorage/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/activestorage/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ require "bundler/setup"
 require "active_support"
 require "active_support/test_case"
 require "active_support/testing/autorun"
+require "active_storage/service/mirror_service"
 require "image_processing/mini_magick"
 
 begin
@@ -67,7 +68,8 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
       checksum = Digest::MD5.file(file).base64digest
 
       create_blob_before_direct_upload(filename: filename, byte_size: byte_size, checksum: checksum, content_type: content_type).tap do |blob|
-        ActiveStorage::Blob.service.upload(blob.key, file.open)
+        service = ActiveStorage::Blob.service.try(:primary) || ActiveStorage::Blob.service
+        service.upload(blob.key, file.open)
       end
     end
 
@@ -101,3 +103,5 @@ end
 class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one_attached :avatar
 end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/activestorage/yarn.lock b/activestorage/yarn.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index 44eae3c5b1..0000000000
--- a/activestorage/yarn.lock
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1923 +0,0 @@
-# THIS IS AN AUTOGENERATED FILE. DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY.
-# yarn lockfile v1
-
-
-"@types/estree@0.0.38":
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-    acorn "^3.0.4"
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-rollup-pluginutils@^1.5.0:
-  version "1.5.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup-pluginutils/-/rollup-pluginutils-1.5.2.tgz#1e156e778f94b7255bfa1b3d0178be8f5c552408"
-  dependencies:
-    estree-walker "^0.2.1"
-    minimatch "^3.0.2"
-
-rollup-pluginutils@^2.0.1:
-  version "2.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup-pluginutils/-/rollup-pluginutils-2.0.1.tgz#7ec95b3573f6543a46a6461bd9a7c544525d0fc0"
-  dependencies:
-    estree-walker "^0.3.0"
-    micromatch "^2.3.11"
-
-rollup@^0.58.2:
-  version "0.58.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup/-/rollup-0.58.2.tgz#2feddea8c0c022f3e74b35c48e3c21b3433803ce"
-  dependencies:
-    "@types/estree" "0.0.38"
-    "@types/node" "*"
-
-run-async@^2.2.0:
-  version "2.3.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/run-async/-/run-async-2.3.0.tgz#0371ab4ae0bdd720d4166d7dfda64ff7a445a6c0"
-  dependencies:
-    is-promise "^2.1.0"
-
-rx-lite-aggregates@^4.0.8:
-  version "4.0.8"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rx-lite-aggregates/-/rx-lite-aggregates-4.0.8.tgz#753b87a89a11c95467c4ac1626c4efc4e05c67be"
-  dependencies:
-    rx-lite "*"
-
-rx-lite@*, rx-lite@^4.0.8:
-  version "4.0.8"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rx-lite/-/rx-lite-4.0.8.tgz#0b1e11af8bc44836f04a6407e92da42467b79444"
-
-safe-buffer@~5.1.0, safe-buffer@~5.1.1:
-  version "5.1.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safe-buffer/-/safe-buffer-5.1.1.tgz#893312af69b2123def71f57889001671eeb2c853"
-
-"semver@2 || 3 || 4 || 5", semver@^5.3.0:
-  version "5.4.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/semver/-/semver-5.4.1.tgz#e059c09d8571f0540823733433505d3a2f00b18e"
-
-shebang-command@^1.2.0:
-  version "1.2.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shebang-command/-/shebang-command-1.2.0.tgz#44aac65b695b03398968c39f363fee5deafdf1ea"
-  dependencies:
-    shebang-regex "^1.0.0"
-
-shebang-regex@^1.0.0:
-  version "1.0.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shebang-regex/-/shebang-regex-1.0.0.tgz#da42f49740c0b42db2ca9728571cb190c98efea3"
-
-signal-exit@^3.0.2:
-  version "3.0.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/signal-exit/-/signal-exit-3.0.2.tgz#b5fdc08f1287ea1178628e415e25132b73646c6d"
-
-slash@^1.0.0:
-  version "1.0.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/slash/-/slash-1.0.0.tgz#c41f2f6c39fc16d1cd17ad4b5d896114ae470d55"
-
-slice-ansi@0.0.4:
-  version "0.0.4"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/slice-ansi/-/slice-ansi-0.0.4.tgz#edbf8903f66f7ce2f8eafd6ceed65e264c831b35"
-
-source-map-support@^0.4.2:
-  version "0.4.15"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-support/-/source-map-support-0.4.15.tgz#03202df65c06d2bd8c7ec2362a193056fef8d3b1"
-  dependencies:
-    source-map "^0.5.6"
-
-source-map@^0.5.0, source-map@^0.5.6:
-  version "0.5.6"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.5.6.tgz#75ce38f52bf0733c5a7f0c118d81334a2bb5f412"
-
-source-map@~0.6.1:
-  version "0.6.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.6.1.tgz#74722af32e9614e9c287a8d0bbde48b5e2f1a263"
-
-spark-md5@^3.0.0:
-  version "3.0.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spark-md5/-/spark-md5-3.0.0.tgz#3722227c54e2faf24b1dc6d933cc144e6f71bfef"
-
-spdx-correct@~1.0.0:
-  version "1.0.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-correct/-/spdx-correct-1.0.2.tgz#4b3073d933ff51f3912f03ac5519498a4150db40"
-  dependencies:
-    spdx-license-ids "^1.0.2"
-
-spdx-expression-parse@~1.0.0:
-  version "1.0.4"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-expression-parse/-/spdx-expression-parse-1.0.4.tgz#9bdf2f20e1f40ed447fbe273266191fced51626c"
-
-spdx-license-ids@^1.0.2:
-  version "1.2.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-license-ids/-/spdx-license-ids-1.2.2.tgz#c9df7a3424594ade6bd11900d596696dc06bac57"
-
-sprintf-js@~1.0.2:
-  version "1.0.3"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sprintf-js/-/sprintf-js-1.0.3.tgz#04e6926f662895354f3dd015203633b857297e2c"
-
-string-width@^2.0.0, string-width@^2.1.0:
-  version "2.1.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string-width/-/string-width-2.1.1.tgz#ab93f27a8dc13d28cac815c462143a6d9012ae9e"
-  dependencies:
-    is-fullwidth-code-point "^2.0.0"
-    strip-ansi "^4.0.0"
-
-string_decoder@~1.0.3:
-  version "1.0.3"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.0.3.tgz#0fc67d7c141825de94282dd536bec6b9bce860ab"
-  dependencies:
-    safe-buffer "~5.1.0"
-
-strip-ansi@^3.0.0:
-  version "3.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-3.0.1.tgz#6a385fb8853d952d5ff05d0e8aaf94278dc63dcf"
-  dependencies:
-    ansi-regex "^2.0.0"
-
-strip-ansi@^4.0.0:
-  version "4.0.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-4.0.0.tgz#a8479022eb1ac368a871389b635262c505ee368f"
-  dependencies:
-    ansi-regex "^3.0.0"
-
-strip-bom@^3.0.0:
-  version "3.0.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-bom/-/strip-bom-3.0.0.tgz#2334c18e9c759f7bdd56fdef7e9ae3d588e68ed3"
-
-strip-json-comments@~2.0.1:
-  version "2.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-json-comments/-/strip-json-comments-2.0.1.tgz#3c531942e908c2697c0ec344858c286c7ca0a60a"
-
-supports-color@^2.0.0:
-  version "2.0.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-2.0.0.tgz#535d045ce6b6363fa40117084629995e9df324c7"
-
-supports-color@^4.0.0:
-  version "4.2.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-4.2.1.tgz#65a4bb2631e90e02420dba5554c375a4754bb836"
-  dependencies:
-    has-flag "^2.0.0"
-
-table@^4.0.1:
-  version "4.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/table/-/table-4.0.1.tgz#a8116c133fac2c61f4a420ab6cdf5c4d61f0e435"
-  dependencies:
-    ajv "^4.7.0"
-    ajv-keywords "^1.0.0"
-    chalk "^1.1.1"
-    lodash "^4.0.0"
-    slice-ansi "0.0.4"
-    string-width "^2.0.0"
-
-text-table@~0.2.0:
-  version "0.2.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/text-table/-/text-table-0.2.0.tgz#7f5ee823ae805207c00af2df4a84ec3fcfa570b4"
-
-through@^2.3.6:
-  version "2.3.8"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/through/-/through-2.3.8.tgz#0dd4c9ffaabc357960b1b724115d7e0e86a2e1f5"
-
-tmp@^0.0.31:
-  version "0.0.31"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tmp/-/tmp-0.0.31.tgz#8f38ab9438e17315e5dbd8b3657e8bfb277ae4a7"
-  dependencies:
-    os-tmpdir "~1.0.1"
-
-to-fast-properties@^1.0.1:
-  version "1.0.3"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-fast-properties/-/to-fast-properties-1.0.3.tgz#b83571fa4d8c25b82e231b06e3a3055de4ca1a47"
-
-trim-right@^1.0.1:
-  version "1.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/trim-right/-/trim-right-1.0.1.tgz#cb2e1203067e0c8de1f614094b9fe45704ea6003"
-
-tryit@^1.0.1:
-  version "1.0.3"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tryit/-/tryit-1.0.3.tgz#393be730a9446fd1ead6da59a014308f36c289cb"
-
-type-check@~0.3.2:
-  version "0.3.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/type-check/-/type-check-0.3.2.tgz#5884cab512cf1d355e3fb784f30804b2b520db72"
-  dependencies:
-    prelude-ls "~1.1.2"
-
-typedarray@^0.0.6:
-  version "0.0.6"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/typedarray/-/typedarray-0.0.6.tgz#867ac74e3864187b1d3d47d996a78ec5c8830777"
-
-uglify-es@^3.3.7:
-  version "3.3.9"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uglify-es/-/uglify-es-3.3.9.tgz#0c1c4f0700bed8dbc124cdb304d2592ca203e677"
-  dependencies:
-    commander "~2.13.0"
-    source-map "~0.6.1"
-
-util-deprecate@~1.0.1:
-  version "1.0.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util-deprecate/-/util-deprecate-1.0.2.tgz#450d4dc9fa70de732762fbd2d4a28981419a0ccf"
-
-validate-npm-package-license@^3.0.1:
-  version "3.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/validate-npm-package-license/-/validate-npm-package-license-3.0.1.tgz#2804babe712ad3379459acfbe24746ab2c303fbc"
-  dependencies:
-    spdx-correct "~1.0.0"
-    spdx-expression-parse "~1.0.0"
-
-vlq@^0.2.2:
-  version "0.2.3"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vlq/-/vlq-0.2.3.tgz#8f3e4328cf63b1540c0d67e1b2778386f8975b26"
-
-which@^1.2.9:
-  version "1.2.14"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which/-/which-1.2.14.tgz#9a87c4378f03e827cecaf1acdf56c736c01c14e5"
-  dependencies:
-    isexe "^2.0.0"
-
-wordwrap@~1.0.0:
-  version "1.0.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wordwrap/-/wordwrap-1.0.0.tgz#27584810891456a4171c8d0226441ade90cbcaeb"
-
-wrappy@1:
-  version "1.0.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz#b5243d8f3ec1aa35f1364605bc0d1036e30ab69f"
-
-write@^0.2.1:
-  version "0.2.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/write/-/write-0.2.1.tgz#5fc03828e264cea3fe91455476f7a3c566cb0757"
-  dependencies:
-    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
-
-yallist@^2.1.2:
-  version "2.1.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yallist/-/yallist-2.1.2.tgz#1c11f9218f076089a47dd512f93c6699a6a81d52"
diff --git a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
index 98d232da33..d56d4c22de 100644
--- a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,292 +1,46 @@
-*   Fix bug where `#to_options` for `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`
-    would not act as alias for `#symbolize_keys`.
+*   Allow the `on_rotation` proc used when decrypting/verifying a message to be
+    passed at the constructor level.
 
-    *Nick Weiland*
+    Before:
 
-*   Improve the logic that detects non-autoloaded constants.
+        crypt = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new('long_secret')
+        crypt.decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message, on_rotation: proc { ... })
+        crypt.decrypt_and_verify(another_encrypted_message, on_rotation: proc { ... })
 
-    *Jan Habermann*, *Xavier Noria*
+    After:
 
-*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode#pack_graphemes(array)` and `ActiveSuppport::Multibyte::Unicode#unpack_graphemes(string)`
-    in favor of `array.flatten.pack("U*")` and `string.scan(/\X/).map(&:codepoints)`, respectively.
-
-    *Francesco Rodríguez*
-
-*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.consumes?` in favor of `String#is_utf8?`.
-
-    *Francesco Rodríguez*
-
-*   Fix duration being rounded to a full second.
-    ```
-      time = DateTime.parse("2018-1-1")
-      time += 0.51.seconds
-    ```
-    Will now correctly add 0.51 second and not 1 full second.
-
-    *Edouard Chin*
-
-*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode#normalize` and `ActiveSuppport::Multibyte::Chars#normalize`
-    in favor of `String#unicode_normalize`
-
-    *Francesco Rodríguez*
-
-*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode#downcase/upcase/swapcase` in favor of
-    `String#downcase/upcase/swapcase`.
-
-    *Francesco Rodríguez*
-
-*   Add `ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter`.
-
-    *Yoshiyuki Kinjo*
-
-*   Rename `Module#parent`, `Module#parents`, and `Module#parent_name` to
-    `module_parent`, `module_parents`, and `module_parent_name`.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
-
-*   Deprecate the use of `LoggerSilence` in favor of `ActiveSupport::LoggerSilence`
+        crypt = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new('long_secret', on_rotation: proc { ... })
+        crypt.decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
+        crypt.decrypt_and_verify(another_encrypted_message)
 
     *Edouard Chin*
 
-*   Deprecate using negative limits in `String#first` and `String#last`.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*, *Eric Turner*
-
-*   Fix bug where `#without` for `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` would fail
-    with symbol arguments
-
-    *Abraham Chan*
-
-*   Treat `#delete_prefix`, `#delete_suffix` and `#unicode_normalize` results as non-`html_safe`.
-    Ensure safety of arguments for `#insert`, `#[]=` and `#replace` calls on `html_safe` Strings.
-
-    *Janosch Müller*
-
-*   Changed `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new` to return a new logger instance instead
-    of mutating the one received as parameter.
-
-    *Thierry Joyal*
-
-*   Define `unfreeze_time` as an alias of `travel_back` in `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers`.
-
-    The alias is provided for symmetry with `freeze_time`.
-
-    *Ryan Davidson*
-
-*   Add support for tracing constant autoloads. Just throw
-
-        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.logger = Rails.logger
-        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.verbose = true
-
-    in an initializer.
-
-    *Xavier Noria*
-
-*   Maintain `html_safe?` on html_safe strings when sliced.
-
-        string = "<div>test</div>".html_safe
-        string[-1..1].html_safe? # => true
-
-    *Elom Gomez*, *Yumin Wong*
-
-*   Add `Array#extract!`.
-
-    The method removes and returns the elements for which the block returns a true value.
-    If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
-
-        numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
-        odd_numbers = numbers.extract! { |number| number.odd? } # => [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
-        numbers # => [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
-
-    *bogdanvlviv*
-
-*   Support not to cache `nil` for `ActiveSupport::Cache#fetch`.
-
-        cache.fetch('bar', skip_nil: true) { nil }
-        cache.exist?('bar') # => false
-
-    *Martin Hong*
-
-*   Add "event object" support to the notification system.
-    Before this change, end users were forced to create hand made artisanal
-    event objects on their own, like this:
-
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('wait') do |*args|
-          @event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-        end
-
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument('wait') do
-          sleep 1
-        end
-
-        @event.duration # => 1000.138
-
-    After this change, if the block passed to `subscribe` only takes one
-    parameter, the framework will yield an event object to the block.  Now
-    end users are no longer required to make their own:
-
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('wait') do |event|
-          @event = event
-        end
-
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument('wait') do
-          sleep 1
-        end
-
-        p @event.allocations # => 7
-        p @event.cpu_time    # => 0.256
-        p @event.idle_time   # => 1003.2399
-
-    Now you can enjoy event objects without making them yourself.  Neat!
-
-    *Aaron "t.lo" Patterson*
-
-*   Add cpu_time, idle_time, and allocations to Event.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
-
-*   RedisCacheStore: support key expiry in increment/decrement.
-
-    Pass `:expires_in` to `#increment` and `#decrement` to set a Redis EXPIRE on the key.
-
-    If the key is already set to expire, RedisCacheStore won't extend its expiry.
-
-        Rails.cache.increment("some_key", 1, expires_in: 2.minutes)
-
-    *Jason Lee*
-
-*   Allow `Range#===` and `Range#cover?` on Range.
-
-    `Range#cover?` can now accept a range argument like `Range#include?` and
-    `Range#===`. `Range#===` works correctly on Ruby 2.6. `Range#include?` is moved
-    into a new file, with these two methods.
-
-    *Requiring active_support/core_ext/range/include_range is now deprecated.*
-    *Use `require "active_support/core_ext/range/compare_range"` instead.*
-
-    *utilum*
-
-*   Add `index_with` to Enumerable.
-
-    Allows creating a hash from an enumerable with the value from a passed block
-    or a default argument.
-
-        %i( title body ).index_with { |attr| post.public_send(attr) }
-        # => { title: "hey", body: "what's up?" }
-
-        %i( title body ).index_with(nil)
-        # => { title: nil, body: nil }
-
-    Closely linked with `index_by`, which creates a hash where the keys are extracted from a block.
-
-    *Kasper Timm Hansen*
-
-*   Fix bug where `ActiveSupport::Timezone.all` would fail when tzinfo data for
-    any timezone defined in `ActiveSupport::TimeZone::MAPPING` is missing.
-
-    *Dominik Sander*
-
-*   Redis cache store: `delete_matched` no longer blocks the Redis server.
-    (Switches from evaled Lua to a batched SCAN + DEL loop.)
-
-    *Gleb Mazovetskiy*
-
-*   Fix bug where `ActiveSupport::Cache` will massively inflate the storage
-    size when compression is enabled (which is true by default). This patch
-    does not attempt to repair existing data: please manually flush the cache
-    to clear out the problematic entries.
-
-    *Godfrey Chan*
-
-*   Fix bug where `URI.unescape` would fail with mixed Unicode/escaped character input:
-
-        URI.unescape("\xe3\x83\x90")  # => "バ"
-        URI.unescape("%E3%83%90")  # => "バ"
-        URI.unescape("\xe3\x83\x90%E3%83%90")  # => Encoding::CompatibilityError
-
-    *Ashe Connor*, *Aaron Patterson*
-
-*   Add `before?` and `after?` methods to `Date`, `DateTime`,
-    `Time`, and `TimeWithZone`.
-
-    *Nick Holden*
-
-*   `ActiveSupport::Inflector#ordinal` and `ActiveSupport::Inflector#ordinalize` now support
-    translations through I18n.
-
-        # locale/fr.rb
-
-        {
-          fr: {
-            number: {
-              nth: {
-                ordinals: lambda do |_key, number:, **_options|
-                  if number.to_i.abs == 1
-                    'er'
-                  else
-                    'e'
-                  end
-                end,
-
-                ordinalized: lambda do |_key, number:, **_options|
-                  "#{number}#{ActiveSupport::Inflector.ordinal(number)}"
-                end
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-
-    *Christian Blais*
-
-*   Add `:private` option to ActiveSupport's `Module#delegate`
-    in order to delegate methods as private:
-
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_one :profile
-          delegate :date_of_birth, to: :profile, private: true
-
-          def age
-            Date.today.year - date_of_birth.year
-          end
-        end
-
-        # User.new.age  # => 29
-        # User.new.date_of_birth
-        # => NoMethodError: private method `date_of_birth' called for #<User:0x00000008221340>
-
-    *Tomas Valent*
-
-*   `String#truncate_bytes` to truncate a string to a maximum bytesize without
-    breaking multibyte characters or grapheme clusters like 👩‍👩‍👦‍👦.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
-*   `String#strip_heredoc` preserves frozenness.
-
-        "foo".freeze.strip_heredoc.frozen?  # => true
-
-    Fixes that frozen string literals would inadvertently become unfrozen:
-
-        # frozen_string_literal: true
-
-        foo = <<-MSG.strip_heredoc
-          la la la
-        MSG
+*   `delegate_missing_to` would raise a `DelegationError` if the object
+    delegated to was `nil`. Now the `allow_nil` option has been added to enable
+    the user to specify they want `nil` returned in this case.
 
-        foo.frozen?  # => false !??
+    *Matthew Tanous*
 
-    *Jeremy Daer*
+*   `truncate` would return the original string if it was too short to be truncated
+    and a frozen string if it were long enough to be truncated. Now truncate will
+    consistently return an unfrozen string regardless. This behavior is consistent
+    with `gsub` and `strip`.
 
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
+    Before:
 
-    *Jeremy Daer*
+        'foobar'.truncate(5).frozen?
+        # => true
+        'foobar'.truncate(6).frozen?
+        # => false
 
-*   Adds parallel testing to Rails.
+    After:
 
-    Parallelize your test suite with forked processes or threads.
+        'foobar'.truncate(5).frozen?
+        # => false
+        'foobar'.truncate(6).frozen?
+        # => false
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
+    *Jordan Thomas*
 
 
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE b/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
index 8f769c0767..315a4bc7c4 100644
--- a/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2005-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2005-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activesupport/README.rdoc b/activesupport/README.rdoc
index c770324be8..d8d25d86c8 100644
--- a/activesupport/README.rdoc
+++ b/activesupport/README.rdoc
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ extensions that were found useful for the Rails framework. These additions
 reside in this package so they can be loaded as needed in Ruby projects
 outside of Rails.
 
+You can read more about the extensions in the {Active Support Core Extensions}[https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_support_core_extensions.html] guide.
 
 == Download and installation
 
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ Active Support is released under the MIT license:
 
 API documentation is at:
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
 
diff --git a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
index 448a2eeebb..da295a0d35 100644
--- a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
+++ b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "A toolkit of support libraries and Ruby core extensions extracted from the Rails framework."
   s.description = "A toolkit of support libraries and Ruby core extensions extracted from the Rails framework. Rich support for multibyte strings, internationalization, time zones, and testing."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.rdoc", "lib/**/*"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
@@ -30,8 +30,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   # NOTE: Please read our dependency guidelines before updating versions:
   # https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#dependency-management-and-cves
 
-  s.add_dependency "i18n",       ">= 0.7", "< 2"
-  s.add_dependency "tzinfo",     "~> 1.1"
-  s.add_dependency "minitest",   "~> 5.1"
+  s.add_dependency "i18n",            ">= 0.7", "< 2"
+  s.add_dependency "tzinfo",          "~> 1.1"
+  s.add_dependency "minitest",        "~> 5.1"
   s.add_dependency "concurrent-ruby", "~> 1.0", ">= 1.0.2"
+  s.add_dependency "zeitwerk",        "~> 2.1", ">= 2.1.8"
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
index a4fb697669..9e242ddeaa 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2005-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2005-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
   autoload :Concern
+  autoload :ActionableError
   autoload :CurrentAttributes
   autoload :Dependencies
   autoload :DescendantsTracker
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/actionable_error.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/actionable_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7db14cd178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/actionable_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  # Actionable errors let's you define actions to resolve an error.
+  #
+  # To make an error actionable, include the <tt>ActiveSupport::ActionableError</tt>
+  # module and invoke the +action+ class macro to define the action. An action
+  # needs a name and a block to execute.
+  module ActionableError
+    extend Concern
+
+    class NonActionable < StandardError; end
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :_actions, default: {}
+    end
+
+    def self.actions(error) # :nodoc:
+      case error
+      when ActionableError, -> it { Class === it && it < ActionableError }
+        error._actions
+      else
+        {}
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.dispatch(error, name) # :nodoc:
+      actions(error).fetch(name).call
+    rescue KeyError
+      raise NonActionable, "Cannot find action \"#{name}\""
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Defines an action that can resolve the error.
+      #
+      #   class PendingMigrationError < MigrationError
+      #     include ActiveSupport::ActionableError
+      #
+      #     action "Run pending migrations" do
+      #       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def action(name, &block)
+        _actions[name] = block
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index 62973eca58..f55e821e10 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       FORMATTED_GEMS_PATTERN = /\A[^\/]+ \([\w.]+\) /
 
       def add_gem_filter
@@ -122,7 +121,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def noise(backtrace)
-        backtrace - silence(backtrace)
+        backtrace.select do |line|
+          @silencers.any? do |s|
+            s.call(line)
+          end
+        end
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
index e8518645d9..a5063d0784 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
@@ -438,18 +438,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
         options = merged_options(options)
 
         instrument :read_multi, names, options do |payload|
-          read_multi_entries(names, options).tap do |results|
-            payload[:hits] = results.keys
-            payload[:super_operation] = :fetch_multi
+          reads   = read_multi_entries(names, options)
+          writes  = {}
+          ordered = names.each_with_object({}) do |name, hash|
+            hash[name] = reads.fetch(name) { writes[name] = yield(name) }
+          end
 
-            writes = {}
+          payload[:hits] = reads.keys
+          payload[:super_operation] = :fetch_multi
 
-            (names - results.keys).each do |name|
-              results[name] = writes[name] = yield(name)
-            end
+          write_multi(writes, options)
 
-            write_multi writes, options
-          end
+          ordered
         end
       end
 
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
-      # All implementations may not support this method.
+      # Some implementations may not support this method.
       def delete_matched(matcher, options = nil)
         raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support delete_matched")
       end
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
-      # All implementations may not support this method.
+      # Some implementations may not support this method.
       def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
         raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support increment")
       end
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
-      # All implementations may not support this method.
+      # Some implementations may not support this method.
       def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
         raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support decrement")
       end
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
-      # All implementations may not support this method.
+      # Some implementations may not support this method.
       def cleanup(options = nil)
         raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support cleanup")
       end
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # The options hash is passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
-      # All implementations may not support this method.
+      # Some implementations may not support this method.
       def clear(options = nil)
         raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class.name} does not support clear")
       end
@@ -678,18 +678,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def instrument(operation, key, options = nil)
-          log { "Cache #{operation}: #{normalize_key(key, options)}#{options.blank? ? "" : " (#{options.inspect})"}" }
+          if logger && logger.debug? && !silence?
+            logger.debug "Cache #{operation}: #{normalize_key(key, options)}#{options.blank? ? "" : " (#{options.inspect})"}"
+          end
 
           payload = { key: key }
           payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
           ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}.active_support", payload) { yield(payload) }
         end
 
-        def log
-          return unless logger && logger.debug? && !silence?
-          logger.debug(yield)
-        end
-
         def handle_expired_entry(entry, key, options)
           if entry && entry.expired?
             race_ttl = options[:race_condition_ttl].to_i
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
index 53a2b07536..925440a23f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       DIR_FORMATTER = "%03X"
       FILENAME_MAX_SIZE = 228 # max filename size on file system is 255, minus room for timestamp and random characters appended by Tempfile (used by atomic write)
       FILEPATH_MAX_SIZE = 900 # max is 1024, plus some room
-      EXCLUDED_DIRS = [".", ".."].freeze
       GITKEEP_FILES = [".gitkeep", ".keep"].freeze
 
       def initialize(cache_path, options = nil)
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # file store directory except for .keep or .gitkeep. Be careful which directory is specified in your
       # config file when using +FileStore+ because everything in that directory will be deleted.
       def clear(options = nil)
-        root_dirs = exclude_from(cache_path, EXCLUDED_DIRS + GITKEEP_FILES)
+        root_dirs = (Dir.children(cache_path) - GITKEEP_FILES)
         FileUtils.rm_r(root_dirs.collect { |f| File.join(cache_path, f) })
       rescue Errno::ENOENT
       end
@@ -73,7 +72,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def read_entry(key, options)
           if File.exist?(key)
             File.open(key) { |f| Marshal.load(f) }
@@ -108,12 +106,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def lock_file(file_name, &block)
           if File.exist?(file_name)
             File.open(file_name, "r+") do |f|
-              begin
-                f.flock File::LOCK_EX
-                yield
-              ensure
-                f.flock File::LOCK_UN
-              end
+              f.flock File::LOCK_EX
+              yield
+            ensure
+              f.flock File::LOCK_UN
             end
           else
             yield
@@ -156,7 +152,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # Delete empty directories in the cache.
         def delete_empty_directories(dir)
           return if File.realpath(dir) == File.realpath(cache_path)
-          if exclude_from(dir, EXCLUDED_DIRS).empty?
+          if Dir.children(dir).empty?
             Dir.delete(dir) rescue nil
             delete_empty_directories(File.dirname(dir))
           end
@@ -169,8 +165,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def search_dir(dir, &callback)
           return if !File.exist?(dir)
-          Dir.foreach(dir) do |d|
-            next if EXCLUDED_DIRS.include?(d)
+          Dir.each_child(dir) do |d|
             name = File.join(dir, d)
             if File.directory?(name)
               search_dir(name, &callback)
@@ -195,11 +190,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
             end
           end
         end
-
-        # Exclude entries from source directory
-        def exclude_from(source, excludes)
-          Dir.entries(source).reject { |f| excludes.include?(f) }
-        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
index 106b616529..fa24da91b4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
         return if pruning?
         @pruning = true
         begin
-          start_time = Time.now
+          start_time = Concurrent.monotonic_time
           cleanup
           instrument(:prune, target_size, from: @cache_size) do
             keys = synchronize { @key_access.keys.sort { |a, b| @key_access[a].to_f <=> @key_access[b].to_f } }
             keys.each do |key|
               delete_entry(key, options)
-              return if @cache_size <= target_size || (max_time && Time.now - start_time > max_time)
+              return if @cache_size <= target_size || (max_time && Concurrent.monotonic_time - start_time > max_time)
             end
           end
         ensure
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD = 240
 
         def cached_size(key, entry)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/redis_cache_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/redis_cache_store.rb
index 9a55e49e27..bb092fcde9 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/redis_cache_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/redis_cache_store.rb
@@ -152,12 +152,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       # Creates a new Redis cache store.
       #
-      # Handles three options: block provided to instantiate, single URL
-      # provided, and multiple URLs provided.
+      # Handles four options: :redis block, :redis instance, single :url
+      # string, and multiple :url strings.
       #
-      #   :redis Proc   -> options[:redis].call
-      #   :url   String -> Redis.new(url: …)
-      #   :url   Array  -> Redis::Distributed.new([{ url: … }, { url: … }, …])
+      #   Option  Class       Result
+      #   :redis  Proc    ->  options[:redis].call
+      #   :redis  Object  ->  options[:redis]
+      #   :url    String  ->  Redis.new(url: …)
+      #   :url    Array   ->  Redis::Distributed.new([{ url: … }, { url: … }, …])
       #
       # No namespace is set by default. Provide one if the Redis cache
       # server is shared with other apps: <tt>namespace: 'myapp-cache'</tt>.
@@ -361,6 +363,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def read_multi_mget(*names)
           options = names.extract_options!
           options = merged_options(options)
+          return {} if names == []
 
           keys = names.map { |name| normalize_key(name, options) }
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
index 39b32fc7f6..8e80946fbb 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/inflections"
 require "active_support/per_thread_registry"
 
@@ -75,7 +74,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
 
           def fetch_entry(key, options = nil) # :nodoc:
-            @data.fetch(key) { @data[key] = yield }
+            entry = @data.fetch(key) { @data[key] = yield }
+            dup_entry = entry.dup
+            dup_entry&.dup_value!
+            dup_entry
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
index d0644a0f7e..daf98c9528 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
-require "active_support/deprecation"
 require "thread"
 
 module ActiveSupport
@@ -142,7 +141,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       # A hook invoked every time a before callback is halted.
       # This can be overridden in ActiveSupport::Callbacks implementors in order
       # to provide better debugging/logging.
@@ -582,7 +580,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
           attr_reader :chain
 
         private
-
           def append_one(callback)
             @callbacks = nil
             remove_duplicates(callback)
@@ -843,7 +840,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         protected
-
           def get_callbacks(name) # :nodoc:
             __callbacks[name.to_sym]
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
index b0a0d845e5..708c445031 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       base.instance_variable_set(:@_dependencies, [])
     end
 
-    def append_features(base)
+    def append_features(base) #:nodoc:
       if base.instance_variable_defined?(:@_dependencies)
         base.instance_variable_get(:@_dependencies) << self
         false
@@ -123,16 +123,43 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    # Evaluate given block in context of base class,
+    # so that you can write class macros here.
+    # When you define more than one +included+ block, it raises an exception.
     def included(base = nil, &block)
       if base.nil?
-        raise MultipleIncludedBlocks if instance_variable_defined?(:@_included_block)
-
-        @_included_block = block
+        if instance_variable_defined?(:@_included_block)
+          if @_included_block.source_location != block.source_location
+            raise MultipleIncludedBlocks
+          end
+        else
+          @_included_block = block
+        end
       else
         super
       end
     end
 
+    # Define class methods from given block.
+    # You can define private class methods as well.
+    #
+    #   module Example
+    #     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    #
+    #     class_methods do
+    #       def foo; puts 'foo'; end
+    #
+    #       private
+    #         def bar; puts 'bar'; end
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class Buzz
+    #     include Example
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   Buzz.foo # => "foo"
+    #   Buzz.bar # => private method 'bar' called for Buzz:Class(NoMethodError)
     def class_methods(&class_methods_module_definition)
       mod = const_defined?(:ClassMethods, false) ?
         const_get(:ClassMethods) :
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb
index f18ccf1c88..eae7d4469f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb
@@ -200,7 +200,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         # Must be called within synchronize
         def busy_for_exclusive?(purpose)
           busy_for_sharing?(purpose) ||
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
index 9acf674c40..71c23dae9b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   end
       #   # => NameError: invalid config attribute name
       #
-      # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
-      # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
+      # To omit the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
+      # To omit the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
       #
       #   class User
       #     include ActiveSupport::Configurable
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   User.new.allowed_access = true # => NoMethodError
       #   User.new.allowed_access        # => NoMethodError
       #
-      # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
+      # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to omit both instance methods.
       #
       #   class User
       #     include ActiveSupport::Configurable
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
index a2569c798b..88b6567712 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
@@ -6,5 +6,4 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/array/conversions"
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract"
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/grouping"
-require "active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append"
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/inquiry"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
index b7ff7a3907..ea01e5891c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
@@ -29,16 +29,28 @@ class Array
     end
   end
 
-  # Returns a copy of the Array without the specified elements.
+  # Returns a new array that includes the passed elements.
   #
-  #   people = ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"]
-  #   people.without "Aaron", "Todd"
-  #   # => ["David", "Rafael"]
+  #   [ 1, 2, 3 ].including(4, 5) # => [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+  #   [ [ 0, 1 ] ].including([ [ 1, 0 ] ]) # => [ [ 0, 1 ], [ 1, 0 ] ]
+  def including(*elements)
+    self + elements.flatten(1)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a copy of the Array excluding the specified elements.
+  #
+  #   ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"].excluding("Aaron", "Todd") # => ["David", "Rafael"]
+  #   [ [ 0, 1 ], [ 1, 0 ] ].excluding([ [ 1, 0 ] ]) # => [ [ 0, 1 ] ]
   #
-  # Note: This is an optimization of <tt>Enumerable#without</tt> that uses <tt>Array#-</tt>
+  # Note: This is an optimization of <tt>Enumerable#excluding</tt> that uses <tt>Array#-</tt>
   # instead of <tt>Array#reject</tt> for performance reasons.
+  def excluding(*elements)
+    self - elements.flatten(1)
+  end
+
+  # Alias for #excluding.
   def without(*elements)
-    self - elements
+    excluding(*elements)
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[1]</tt>.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
index 661971d7cd..ba3739f640 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-class Array
-  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the end of a list is with append.
-  alias_method :append,  :push unless [].respond_to?(:append)
+require "active_support/deprecation"
 
-  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the beginning of a list is with prepend.
-  alias_method :prepend, :unshift unless [].respond_to?(:prepend)
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Ruby 2.5+ (required by Rails 6) provides Array#append and Array#prepend natively, so requiring active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append is no longer necessary. Requiring it will raise LoadError in Rails 6.1."
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
index fa33ff945f..255cbee55c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
@@ -84,16 +84,17 @@ class Class
   # To set a default value for the attribute, pass <tt>default:</tt>, like so:
   #
   #   class_attribute :settings, default: {}
-  def class_attribute(*attrs)
-    options = attrs.extract_options!
-    instance_reader    = options.fetch(:instance_accessor, true) && options.fetch(:instance_reader, true)
-    instance_writer    = options.fetch(:instance_accessor, true) && options.fetch(:instance_writer, true)
-    instance_predicate = options.fetch(:instance_predicate, true)
-    default_value      = options.fetch(:default, nil)
-
+  def class_attribute(
+    *attrs,
+    instance_accessor: true,
+    instance_reader: instance_accessor,
+    instance_writer: instance_accessor,
+    instance_predicate: true,
+    default: nil
+  )
     attrs.each do |name|
       singleton_class.silence_redefinition_of_method(name)
-      define_singleton_method(name) { nil }
+      define_singleton_method(name) { default }
 
       singleton_class.silence_redefinition_of_method("#{name}?")
       define_singleton_method("#{name}?") { !!public_send(name) } if instance_predicate
@@ -102,9 +103,7 @@ class Class
 
       singleton_class.silence_redefinition_of_method("#{name}=")
       define_singleton_method("#{name}=") do |val|
-        singleton_class.class_eval do
-          redefine_method(name) { val }
-        end
+        redefine_singleton_method(name) { val }
 
         if singleton_class?
           class_eval do
@@ -137,10 +136,6 @@ class Class
           instance_variable_set ivar, val
         end
       end
-
-      unless default_value.nil?
-        self.send("#{name}=", default_value)
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
index 1cd7acb05d..d03a8d3997 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
@@ -110,12 +110,13 @@ class Date
   # Provides precise Date calculations for years, months, and days. The +options+ parameter takes a hash with
   # any of these keys: <tt>:years</tt>, <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>.
   def advance(options)
-    options = options.dup
     d = self
-    d = d >> options.delete(:years) * 12 if options[:years]
-    d = d >> options.delete(:months)     if options[:months]
-    d = d +  options.delete(:weeks) * 7  if options[:weeks]
-    d = d +  options.delete(:days)       if options[:days]
+
+    d = d >> options[:years] * 12 if options[:years]
+    d = d >> options[:months] if options[:months]
+    d = d + options[:weeks] * 7 if options[:weeks]
+    d = d + options[:days] if options[:days]
+
     d
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
index 05abd83221..c7a2378e41 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
@@ -20,21 +20,11 @@ module DateAndTime
       advance(days: -1)
     end
 
-    # Returns a new date/time the specified number of days ago.
-    def prev_day(days = 1)
-      advance(days: -days)
-    end
-
     # Returns a new date/time representing tomorrow.
     def tomorrow
       advance(days: 1)
     end
 
-    # Returns a new date/time the specified number of days in the future.
-    def next_day(days = 1)
-      advance(days: days)
-    end
-
     # Returns true if the date/time is today.
     def today?
       to_date == ::Date.current
@@ -134,7 +124,7 @@ module DateAndTime
     #   now = DateTime.current # => Fri, 10 Jul 2015 18:41:29 +0000
     #   now.beginning_of_quarter # => Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000
     def beginning_of_quarter
-      first_quarter_month = [10, 7, 4, 1].detect { |m| m <= month }
+      first_quarter_month = month - (2 + month) % 3
       beginning_of_month.change(month: first_quarter_month)
     end
     alias :at_beginning_of_quarter :beginning_of_quarter
@@ -149,7 +139,7 @@ module DateAndTime
     #   now = DateTime.current # => Fri, 10 Jul 2015 18:41:29 +0000
     #   now.end_of_quarter # => Wed, 30 Sep 2015 23:59:59 +0000
     def end_of_quarter
-      last_quarter_month = [3, 6, 9, 12].detect { |m| m >= month }
+      last_quarter_month = month + (12 - month) % 3
       beginning_of_month.change(month: last_quarter_month).end_of_month
     end
     alias :at_end_of_quarter :end_of_quarter
@@ -198,21 +188,11 @@ module DateAndTime
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns a new date/time the specified number of months in the future.
-    def next_month(months = 1)
-      advance(months: months)
-    end
-
     # Short-hand for months_since(3)
     def next_quarter
       months_since(3)
     end
 
-    # Returns a new date/time the specified number of years in the future.
-    def next_year(years = 1)
-      advance(years: years)
-    end
-
     # Returns a new date/time representing the given day in the previous week.
     # Week is assumed to start on +start_day+, default is
     # +Date.beginning_of_week+ or +config.beginning_of_week+ when set.
@@ -233,11 +213,6 @@ module DateAndTime
     end
     alias_method :last_weekday, :prev_weekday
 
-    # Returns a new date/time the specified number of months ago.
-    def prev_month(months = 1)
-      advance(months: -months)
-    end
-
     # Short-hand for months_ago(1).
     def last_month
       months_ago(1)
@@ -249,11 +224,6 @@ module DateAndTime
     end
     alias_method :last_quarter, :prev_quarter
 
-    # Returns a new date/time the specified number of years ago.
-    def prev_year(years = 1)
-      advance(years: -years)
-    end
-
     # Short-hand for years_ago(1).
     def last_year
       years_ago(1)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb
index 894fd9b76d..fb6a27cb27 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ module DateAndTime
     end
 
     private
-
       def time_with_zone(time, zone)
         if time
           ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(time.utc? ? time : time.getutc, zone)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
index 29725c89f7..231bf870a2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ class DateTime
   end
 
   private
-
     def offset_in_seconds
       (offset * 86400).to_i
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce1427e13a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
index d87d63f287..4675c41936 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
@@ -97,23 +97,43 @@ module Enumerable
     end
   end
 
+  # Returns a new array that includes the passed elements.
+  #
+  #   [ 1, 2, 3 ].including(4, 5)
+  #   # => [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
+  #
+  #   ["David", "Rafael"].including %w[ Aaron Todd ]
+  #   # => ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"]
+  def including(*elements)
+    to_a.including(*elements)
+  end
+
   # The negative of the <tt>Enumerable#include?</tt>. Returns +true+ if the
   # collection does not include the object.
   def exclude?(object)
     !include?(object)
   end
 
-  # Returns a copy of the enumerable without the specified elements.
+  # Returns a copy of the enumerable excluding the specified elements.
+  #
+  #   ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"].excluding "Aaron", "Todd"
+  #   # => ["David", "Rafael"]
   #
-  #   ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"].without "Aaron", "Todd"
+  #   ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"].excluding %w[ Aaron Todd ]
   #   # => ["David", "Rafael"]
   #
-  #   {foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3}.without :bar
+  #   {foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3}.excluding :bar
   #   # => {foo: 1, baz: 3}
-  def without(*elements)
+  def excluding(*elements)
+    elements.flatten!(1)
     reject { |element| elements.include?(element) }
   end
 
+  # Alias for #excluding.
+  def without(*elements)
+    excluding(*elements)
+  end
+
   # Convert an enumerable to an array based on the given key.
   #
   #   [{ name: "David" }, { name: "Rafael" }, { name: "Aaron" }].pluck(:name)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
index 8e288833b6..9deceb1bb4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class File
       old_stat = if exist?(file_name)
         # Get original file permissions
         stat(file_name)
-      elsif temp_dir != dirname(file_name)
+      else
         # If not possible, probe which are the default permissions in the
         # destination directory.
         probe_stat_in(dirname(file_name))
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
index c4b9e5f1a0..2f0901d853 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge"
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_transform_values"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/except"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
index 28c8d86b9b..5cb858af5c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 require "active_support/deprecation"
 
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Ruby 2.4+ (required by Rails 6) provides Hash#compact and Hash#compact! natively, so requiring active_support/core_ext/hash/compact is no longer necessary. Requiring it will raise LoadError in Rails 6.1."
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Ruby 2.5+ (required by Rails 6) provides Hash#compact and Hash#compact! natively, so requiring active_support/core_ext/hash/compact is no longer necessary. Requiring it will raise LoadError in Rails 6.1."
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_transform_values.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_transform_values.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18acb1e70c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_transform_values.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Hash
+  # Returns a new hash with all values converted by the block operation.
+  # This includes the values from the root hash and from all
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
+  #
+  #  hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
+  #
+  #  hash.deep_transform_values{ |value| value.to_s.upcase }
+  #  # => {person: {name: "ROB", age: "28"}}
+  def deep_transform_values(&block)
+    _deep_transform_values_in_object(self, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Destructively converts all values by using the block operation.
+  # This includes the values from the root hash and from all
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
+  def deep_transform_values!(&block)
+    _deep_transform_values_in_object!(self, &block)
+  end
+
+  private
+    # support methods for deep transforming nested hashes and arrays
+    def _deep_transform_values_in_object(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.transform_values { |value| _deep_transform_values_in_object(value, &block) }
+      when Array
+        object.map { |e| _deep_transform_values_in_object(e, &block) }
+      else
+        yield(object)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _deep_transform_values_in_object!(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.transform_values! { |value| _deep_transform_values_in_object!(value, &block) }
+      when Array
+        object.map! { |e| _deep_transform_values_in_object!(e, &block) }
+      else
+        yield(object)
+      end
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
index 6258610c98..5013812460 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class Hash
   # This is useful for limiting a set of parameters to everything but a few known toggles:
   #   @person.update(params[:person].except(:admin))
   def except(*keys)
-    dup.except!(*keys)
+    slice(*self.keys - keys)
   end
 
   # Removes the given keys from hash and returns it.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
index bdf196ec3d..7d3495db2c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
@@ -1,35 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class Hash
-  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted using the +block+ operation.
-  #
-  #  hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
-  #
-  #  hash.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase } # => {"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}
-  #
-  # If you do not provide a +block+, it will return an Enumerator
-  # for chaining with other methods:
-  #
-  #  hash.transform_keys.with_index { |k, i| [k, i].join } # => {"name0"=>"Rob", "age1"=>"28"}
-  def transform_keys
-    return enum_for(:transform_keys) { size } unless block_given?
-    result = {}
-    each_key do |key|
-      result[yield(key)] = self[key]
-    end
-    result
-  end unless method_defined? :transform_keys
-
-  # Destructively converts all keys using the +block+ operations.
-  # Same as +transform_keys+ but modifies +self+.
-  def transform_keys!
-    return enum_for(:transform_keys!) { size } unless block_given?
-    keys.each do |key|
-      self[yield(key)] = delete(key)
-    end
-    self
-  end unless method_defined? :transform_keys!
-
   # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
   #
   #   hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
index 2bd0a56ea4..3d0f8a1e62 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
@@ -1,34 +1,12 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class Hash
-  # Slices a hash to include only the given keys. Returns a hash containing
-  # the given keys.
-  #
-  #   { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }.slice(:a, :b)
-  #   # => {:a=>1, :b=>2}
-  #
-  # This is useful for limiting an options hash to valid keys before
-  # passing to a method:
-  #
-  #   def search(criteria = {})
-  #     criteria.assert_valid_keys(:mass, :velocity, :time)
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   search(options.slice(:mass, :velocity, :time))
-  #
-  # If you have an array of keys you want to limit to, you should splat them:
-  #
-  #   valid_keys = [:mass, :velocity, :time]
-  #   search(options.slice(*valid_keys))
-  def slice(*keys)
-    keys.each_with_object(Hash.new) { |k, hash| hash[k] = self[k] if has_key?(k) }
-  end unless method_defined?(:slice)
-
   # Replaces the hash with only the given keys.
   # Returns a hash containing the removed key/value pairs.
   #
-  #   { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }.slice!(:a, :b)
-  #   # => {:c=>3, :d=>4}
+  #   hash = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }
+  #   hash.slice!(:a, :b)  # => {:c=>3, :d=>4}
+  #   hash                 # => {:a=>1, :b=>2}
   def slice!(*keys)
     omit = slice(*self.keys - keys)
     hash = slice(*keys)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
index fc15130c9e..e4aeb0e891 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 require "active_support/deprecation"
 
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Ruby 2.4+ (required by Rails 6) provides Hash#transform_values natively, so requiring active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values is no longer necessary. Requiring it will raise LoadError in Rails 6.1."
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Ruby 2.5+ (required by Rails 6) provides Hash#transform_values natively, so requiring active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values is no longer necessary. Requiring it will raise LoadError in Rails 6.1."
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
index 0f4356fbdd..7708069301 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/agnostics"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/agnostics.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/agnostics.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 403b5f31f0..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/agnostics.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-class Object
-  # Makes backticks behave (somewhat more) similarly on all platforms.
-  # On win32 `nonexistent_command` raises Errno::ENOENT; on Unix, the
-  # spawned shell prints a message to stderr and sets $?. We emulate
-  # Unix on the former but not the latter.
-  def `(command) #:nodoc:
-    super
-  rescue Errno::ENOENT => e
-    STDERR.puts "#$0: #{e}"
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
index d91e3fba6a..542af98c04 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/introspection"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous"
-require "active_support/core_ext/module/reachable"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors_per_thread"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
index 5850e0193f..cc1926e022 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class Module
   #   end
   #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name: 1_Badname
   #
-  # If you want to opt out the creation on the instance reader method, pass
+  # To omit the instance reader method, pass
   # <tt>instance_reader: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
   #
   #   module HairColors
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class Module
   #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red]
   #   HairColors.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:blonde, :red]
   #
-  # If you want to opt out the instance writer method, pass
+  # To omit the instance writer method, pass
   # <tt>instance_writer: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
   #
   #   module HairColors
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ class Module
   #   Citizen.new.hair_colors << :blue
   #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red, :blue]
   #
-  # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
-  # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
+  # To omit the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
+  # To omit the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
   #
   #   module HairColors
   #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class Module
   #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
   #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
   #
-  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
+  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to omit both instance methods.
   #
   #   module HairColors
   #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_accessor: false
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors_per_thread.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors_per_thread.rb
index cb996e9e6d..a6e87aeb68 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors_per_thread.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors_per_thread.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Module
   #   end
   #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name: 1_Badname
   #
-  # If you want to opt out of the creation of the instance reader method, pass
+  # To omit the instance reader method, pass
   # <tt>instance_reader: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
   #
   #   class Current
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class Module
   #   Current.user = "DHH"
   #   Thread.current[:attr_Current_user] # => "DHH"
   #
-  # If you want to opt out of the creation of the instance writer method, pass
+  # To omit the instance writer method, pass
   # <tt>instance_writer: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
   #
   #   class Current
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ class Module
   #   Customer.user # => "Rafael"
   #   Account.user  # => "DHH"
   #
-  # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
-  # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
+  # To omit the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
+  # To omit the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
   #
   #   class Current
   #     thread_mattr_accessor :user, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class Module
   #   Current.new.user = "DHH"  # => NoMethodError
   #   Current.new.user          # => NoMethodError
   #
-  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
+  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to omit both instance methods.
   #
   #   class Current
   #     thread_mattr_accessor :user, instance_accessor: false
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
index 3128539112..14d7f0c484 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Module
   # public methods as your own.
   #
   # ==== Options
-  # * <tt>:to</tt> - Specifies the target object
+  # * <tt>:to</tt> - Specifies the target object name as a symbol or string
   # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - Prefixes the new method with the target name or a custom prefix
   # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, prevents a +Module::DelegationError+
   #   from being raised
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class Module
   # The target method must be public, otherwise it will raise +NoMethodError+.
   def delegate(*methods, to: nil, prefix: nil, allow_nil: nil, private: nil)
     unless to
-      raise ArgumentError, "Delegation needs a target. Supply an options hash with a :to key as the last argument (e.g. delegate :hello, to: :greeter)."
+      raise ArgumentError, "Delegation needs a target. Supply a keyword argument 'to' (e.g. delegate :hello, to: :greeter)."
     end
 
     if prefix == true && /^[^a-z_]/.match?(to)
@@ -205,18 +205,18 @@ class Module
       if allow_nil
         method_def = [
           "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",
-          "_ = #{to}",
-          "if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})",
-          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",
-          "end",
-        "end"
+          "  _ = #{to}",
+          "  if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})",
+          "    _.#{method}(#{definition})",
+          "  end",
+          "end"
         ].join ";"
       else
         exception = %(raise DelegationError, "#{self}##{method_prefix}#{method} delegated to #{to}.#{method}, but #{to} is nil: \#{self.inspect}")
 
         method_def = [
           "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",
-          " _ = #{to}",
+          "  _ = #{to}",
           "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",
           "rescue NoMethodError => e",
           "  if _.nil? && e.name == :#{method}",
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class Module
   #     end
   #
   #     def person
-  #       @event.detail.person || @event.creator
+  #       detail.person || creator
   #     end
   #
   #     private
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class Module
   #     end
   #
   #     def person
-  #       @event.detail.person || @event.creator
+  #       detail.person || creator
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -274,8 +274,14 @@ class Module
   # variables, methods, constants, etc.
   #
   # The delegated method must be public on the target, otherwise it will
-  # raise +NoMethodError+.
-  def delegate_missing_to(target)
+  # raise +DelegationError+. If you wish to instead return +nil+,
+  # use the <tt>:allow_nil</tt> option.
+  #
+  # The <tt>marshal_dump</tt> and <tt>_dump</tt> methods are exempt from
+  # delegation due to possible interference when calling
+  # <tt>Marshal.dump(object)</tt>, should the delegation target method
+  # of <tt>object</tt> add or remove instance variables.
+  def delegate_missing_to(target, allow_nil: nil)
     target = target.to_s
     target = "self.#{target}" if DELEGATION_RESERVED_METHOD_NAMES.include?(target)
 
@@ -284,6 +290,7 @@ class Module
         # It may look like an oversight, but we deliberately do not pass
         # +include_private+, because they do not get delegated.
 
+        return false if name == :marshal_dump || name == :_dump
         #{target}.respond_to?(name) || super
       end
 
@@ -295,7 +302,11 @@ class Module
             super
           rescue NoMethodError
             if #{target}.nil?
-              raise DelegationError, "\#{method} delegated to #{target}, but #{target} is nil"
+              if #{allow_nil == true}
+                nil
+              else
+                raise DelegationError, "\#{method} delegated to #{target}, but #{target} is nil"
+              end
             else
               raise
             end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/reachable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/reachable.rb
index e9cbda5245..2020f5204c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/reachable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/reachable.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,4 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/inflections"
 
-class Module
-  def reachable? #:nodoc:
-    !anonymous? && name.safe_constantize.equal?(self)
-  end
-  deprecate :reachable?
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("reachable is deprecated and will be removed from the framework.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry.rb
index e05e40825b..6b5240d051 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 require "active_support/deprecation"
 
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Ruby 2.4+ (required by Rails 6) provides Numeric#positive? and Numeric#negative? natively, so requiring active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry is no longer necessary. Requiring it will raise LoadError in Rails 6.1."
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Ruby 2.5+ (required by Rails 6) provides Numeric#positive? and Numeric#negative? natively, so requiring active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry is no longer necessary. Requiring it will raise LoadError in Rails 6.1."
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
index c78ee6bbfc..3ebcdca02b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
@@ -28,96 +28,6 @@ class Object
   end
 end
 
-class NilClass
-  begin
-    nil.dup
-  rescue TypeError
-
-    # +nil+ is not duplicable:
-    #
-    #   nil.duplicable? # => false
-    #   nil.dup         # => TypeError: can't dup NilClass
-    def duplicable?
-      false
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class FalseClass
-  begin
-    false.dup
-  rescue TypeError
-
-    # +false+ is not duplicable:
-    #
-    #   false.duplicable? # => false
-    #   false.dup         # => TypeError: can't dup FalseClass
-    def duplicable?
-      false
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class TrueClass
-  begin
-    true.dup
-  rescue TypeError
-
-    # +true+ is not duplicable:
-    #
-    #   true.duplicable? # => false
-    #   true.dup         # => TypeError: can't dup TrueClass
-    def duplicable?
-      false
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Symbol
-  begin
-    :symbol.dup
-
-    # Some symbols couldn't be duped in Ruby 2.4.0 only, due to a bug.
-    # This feature check catches any regression.
-    "symbol_from_string".to_sym.dup
-  rescue TypeError
-
-    # Symbols are not duplicable:
-    #
-    #   :my_symbol.duplicable? # => false
-    #   :my_symbol.dup         # => TypeError: can't dup Symbol
-    def duplicable?
-      false
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Numeric
-  begin
-    1.dup
-  rescue TypeError
-
-    # Numbers are not duplicable:
-    #
-    #  3.duplicable? # => false
-    #  3.dup         # => TypeError: can't dup Integer
-    def duplicable?
-      false
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-require "bigdecimal"
-class BigDecimal
-  # BigDecimals are duplicable:
-  #
-  #   BigDecimal("1.2").duplicable? # => true
-  #   BigDecimal("1.2").dup         # => #<BigDecimal:...,'0.12E1',18(18)>
-  def duplicable?
-    true
-  end
-end
-
 class Method
   # Methods are not duplicable:
   #
@@ -128,32 +38,12 @@ class Method
   end
 end
 
-class Complex
-  begin
-    Complex(1).dup
-  rescue TypeError
-
-    # Complexes are not duplicable:
-    #
-    #   Complex(1).duplicable? # => false
-    #   Complex(1).dup         # => TypeError: can't copy Complex
-    def duplicable?
-      false
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Rational
-  begin
-    Rational(1).dup
-  rescue TypeError
-
-    # Rationals are not duplicable:
-    #
-    #   Rational(1).duplicable? # => false
-    #   Rational(1).dup         # => TypeError: can't copy Rational
-    def duplicable?
-      false
-    end
+class UnboundMethod
+  # Unbound methods are not duplicable:
+  #
+  #  method(:puts).unbind.duplicable? # => false
+  #  method(:puts).unbind.dup         # => TypeError: allocator undefined for UnboundMethod
+  def duplicable?
+    false
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/compare_range.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/compare_range.rb
index 6f6d2a27bb..ea1dc29a76 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/compare_range.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/compare_range.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@
 module ActiveSupport
   module CompareWithRange
     # Extends the default Range#=== to support range comparisons.
-    #  (1..5) === (1..5) # => true
-    #  (1..5) === (2..3) # => true
-    #  (1..5) === (2..6) # => false
+    #  (1..5) === (1..5)  # => true
+    #  (1..5) === (2..3)  # => true
+    #  (1..5) === (1...6) # => true
+    #  (1..5) === (2..6)  # => false
     #
     # The native Range#=== behavior is untouched.
     #  ('a'..'f') === ('c') # => true
@@ -13,17 +14,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def ===(value)
       if value.is_a?(::Range)
         # 1...10 includes 1..9 but it does not include 1..10.
+        # 1..10 includes 1...11 but it does not include 1...12.
         operator = exclude_end? && !value.exclude_end? ? :< : :<=
-        super(value.first) && value.last.send(operator, last)
+        value_max = !exclude_end? && value.exclude_end? ? value.max : value.last
+        super(value.first) && value_max.send(operator, last)
       else
         super
       end
     end
 
     # Extends the default Range#include? to support range comparisons.
-    #  (1..5).include?(1..5) # => true
-    #  (1..5).include?(2..3) # => true
-    #  (1..5).include?(2..6) # => false
+    #  (1..5).include?(1..5)  # => true
+    #  (1..5).include?(2..3)  # => true
+    #  (1..5).include?(1...6) # => true
+    #  (1..5).include?(2..6)  # => false
     #
     # The native Range#include? behavior is untouched.
     #  ('a'..'f').include?('c') # => true
@@ -31,17 +35,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def include?(value)
       if value.is_a?(::Range)
         # 1...10 includes 1..9 but it does not include 1..10.
+        # 1..10 includes 1...11 but it does not include 1...12.
         operator = exclude_end? && !value.exclude_end? ? :< : :<=
-        super(value.first) && value.last.send(operator, last)
+        value_max = !exclude_end? && value.exclude_end? ? value.max : value.last
+        super(value.first) && value_max.send(operator, last)
       else
         super
       end
     end
 
     # Extends the default Range#cover? to support range comparisons.
-    #  (1..5).cover?(1..5) # => true
-    #  (1..5).cover?(2..3) # => true
-    #  (1..5).cover?(2..6) # => false
+    #  (1..5).cover?(1..5)  # => true
+    #  (1..5).cover?(2..3)  # => true
+    #  (1..5).cover?(1...6) # => true
+    #  (1..5).cover?(2..6)  # => false
     #
     # The native Range#cover? behavior is untouched.
     #  ('a'..'f').cover?('c') # => true
@@ -49,8 +56,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def cover?(value)
       if value.is_a?(::Range)
         # 1...10 covers 1..9 but it does not cover 1..10.
+        # 1..10 covers 1...11 but it does not cover 1...12.
         operator = exclude_end? && !value.exclude_end? ? :< : :<=
-        super(value.first) && value.last.send(operator, last)
+        value_max = !exclude_end? && value.exclude_end? ? value.max : value.last
+        super(value.first) && value_max.send(operator, last)
       else
         super
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
index 2f22cd0e92..2d86997edf 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       def ensure_iteration_allowed
         raise TypeError, "can't iterate from #{first.class}" if first.is_a?(TimeWithZone)
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb
index b4a491f5fd..ef812f7e1a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb
@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@ require "securerandom"
 
 module SecureRandom
   BASE58_ALPHABET = ("0".."9").to_a + ("A".."Z").to_a + ("a".."z").to_a - ["0", "O", "I", "l"]
+  BASE36_ALPHABET = ("0".."9").to_a + ("a".."z").to_a
+
   # SecureRandom.base58 generates a random base58 string.
   #
-  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, of the random string to be generated.
+  # The argument _n_ specifies the length of the random string to be generated.
   #
   # If _n_ is not specified or is +nil+, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in the future.
   #
-  # The result may contain alphanumeric characters except 0, O, I and l
+  # The result may contain alphanumeric characters except 0, O, I and l.
   #
   #   p SecureRandom.base58 # => "4kUgL2pdQMSCQtjE"
   #   p SecureRandom.base58(24) # => "77TMHrHJFvFDwodq8w7Ev2m7"
-  #
   def self.base58(n = 16)
     SecureRandom.random_bytes(n).unpack("C*").map do |byte|
       idx = byte % 64
@@ -22,4 +23,23 @@ module SecureRandom
       BASE58_ALPHABET[idx]
     end.join
   end
+
+  # SecureRandom.base36 generates a random base36 string in lowercase.
+  #
+  # The argument _n_ specifies the length of the random string to be generated.
+  #
+  # If _n_ is not specified or is +nil+, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in the future.
+  # This method can be used over +base58+ if a deterministic case key is necessary.
+  #
+  # The result will contain alphanumeric characters in lowercase.
+  #
+  #   p SecureRandom.base36 # => "4kugl2pdqmscqtje"
+  #   p SecureRandom.base36(24) # => "77tmhrhjfvfdwodq8w7ev2m7"
+  def self.base36(n = 16)
+    SecureRandom.random_bytes(n).unpack("C*").map do |byte|
+      idx = byte % 64
+      idx = SecureRandom.random_number(36) if idx >= 36
+      BASE36_ALPHABET[idx]
+    end.join
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
index df0e79afa8..7f28bd52f2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class String
         length_with_room_for_omission
       end
 
-    "#{self[0, stop]}#{omission}"
+    +"#{self[0, stop]}#{omission}"
   end
 
   # Truncates +text+ to at most <tt>bytesize</tt> bytes in length without
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
index 8af301734a..5eb8d9f99b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
@@ -162,6 +162,11 @@ class String
 
   # Replaces special characters in a string so that it may be used as part of a 'pretty' URL.
   #
+  # If the optional parameter +locale+ is specified,
+  # the word will be parameterized as a word of that language.
+  # By default, this parameter is set to <tt>nil</tt> and it will use
+  # the configured <tt>I18n.locale</tt>.
+  #
   #   class Person
   #     def to_param
   #       "#{id}-#{name.parameterize}"
@@ -187,8 +192,8 @@ class String
   #
   #   <%= link_to(@person.name, person_path) %>
   #   # => <a href="/person/1-Donald-E-Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a>
-  def parameterize(separator: "-", preserve_case: false)
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(self, separator: separator, preserve_case: preserve_case)
+  def parameterize(separator: "-", preserve_case: false, locale: nil)
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(self, separator: separator, preserve_case: preserve_case, locale: locale)
   end
 
   # Creates the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names. This method
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
index 3a80de4617..f48ea56326 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
@@ -135,10 +135,12 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
   class SafeBuffer < String
     UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS = %w(
       capitalize chomp chop delete delete_prefix delete_suffix
-      downcase gsub lstrip next reverse rstrip slice squeeze strip
-      sub succ swapcase tr tr_s unicode_normalize upcase
+      downcase lstrip next reverse rstrip slice squeeze strip
+      succ swapcase tr tr_s unicode_normalize upcase
     )
 
+    UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS_WITH_BACKREF = %w(gsub sub)
+
     alias_method :original_concat, :concat
     private :original_concat
 
@@ -199,14 +201,24 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       super(html_escape_interpolated_argument(value))
     end
 
-    def []=(index, value)
-      super(index, html_escape_interpolated_argument(value))
+    def []=(*args)
+      if args.count == 3
+        super(args[0], args[1], html_escape_interpolated_argument(args[2]))
+      else
+        super(args[0], html_escape_interpolated_argument(args[1]))
+      end
     end
 
     def +(other)
       dup.concat(other)
     end
 
+    def *(*)
+      new_safe_buffer = super
+      new_safe_buffer.instance_variable_set(:@html_safe, @html_safe)
+      new_safe_buffer
+    end
+
     def %(args)
       case args
       when Hash
@@ -249,11 +261,43 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    private
+    UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS_WITH_BACKREF.each do |unsafe_method|
+      if unsafe_method.respond_to?(unsafe_method)
+        class_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def #{unsafe_method}(*args, &block)             # def gsub(*args, &block)
+            if block                                      #   if block
+              to_str.#{unsafe_method}(*args) { |*params|  #     to_str.gsub(*args) { |*params|
+                set_block_back_references(block, $~)      #       set_block_back_references(block, $~)
+                block.call(*params)                       #       block.call(*params)
+              }                                           #     }
+            else                                          #   else
+              to_str.#{unsafe_method}(*args)              #     to_str.gsub(*args)
+            end                                           #   end
+          end                                             # end
+
+          def #{unsafe_method}!(*args, &block)            # def gsub!(*args, &block)
+            @html_safe = false                            #   @html_safe = false
+            if block                                      #   if block
+              super(*args) { |*params|                    #     super(*args) { |*params|
+                set_block_back_references(block, $~)      #       set_block_back_references(block, $~)
+                block.call(*params)                       #       block.call(*params)
+              }                                           #     }
+            else                                          #   else
+              super                                       #     super
+            end                                           #   end
+          end                                             # end
+        EOT
+      end
+    end
 
+    private
       def html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg)
         (!html_safe? || arg.html_safe?) ? arg : CGI.escapeHTML(arg.to_s)
       end
+
+      def set_block_back_references(block, match_data)
+        block.binding.eval("proc { |m| $~ = m }").call(match_data)
+      end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
index 120768dec5..eed34965e3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
@@ -170,8 +170,7 @@ class Time
       options[:hours] = options.fetch(:hours, 0) + 24 * partial_days
     end
 
-    d = to_date.advance(options)
-    d = d.gregorian if d.julian?
+    d = to_date.gregorian.advance(options)
     time_advanced_by_date = change(year: d.year, month: d.month, day: d.day)
     seconds_to_advance = \
       options.fetch(:seconds, 0) +
@@ -312,4 +311,34 @@ class Time
   end
   alias_method :eql_without_coercion, :eql?
   alias_method :eql?, :eql_with_coercion
+
+  # Returns a new time the specified number of days ago.
+  def prev_day(days = 1)
+    advance(days: -days)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new time the specified number of days in the future.
+  def next_day(days = 1)
+    advance(days: days)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new time the specified number of months ago.
+  def prev_month(months = 1)
+    advance(months: -months)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new time the specified number of months in the future.
+  def next_month(months = 1)
+    advance(months: months)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new time the specified number of years ago.
+  def prev_year(years = 1)
+    advance(years: -years)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new time the specified number of years in the future.
+  def next_year(years = 1)
+    advance(years: years)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/current_attributes.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/current_attributes.rb
index 3145ff87a1..67ebe102d7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/current_attributes.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/current_attributes.rb
@@ -119,10 +119,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
+      # Calls this block before #reset is called on the instance. Used for resetting external collaborators that depend on current values.
+      def before_reset(&block)
+        set_callback :reset, :before, &block
+      end
+
       # Calls this block after #reset is called on the instance. Used for resetting external collaborators, like Time.zone.
       def resets(&block)
         set_callback :reset, :after, &block
       end
+      alias_method :after_reset, :resets
 
       delegate :set, :reset, to: :instance
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
index d5d00b5e6e..32cb3a53f4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
@@ -70,6 +70,11 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     # only once. All directories in this set must also be present in +autoload_paths+.
     mattr_accessor :autoload_once_paths, default: []
 
+    # This is a private set that collects all eager load paths during bootstrap.
+    # Useful for Zeitwerk integration. Its public interface is the config.* path
+    # accessors of each engine.
+    mattr_accessor :_eager_load_paths, default: Set.new
+
     # An array of qualified constant names that have been loaded. Adding a name
     # to this array will cause it to be unloaded the next time Dependencies are
     # cleared.
@@ -196,6 +201,11 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         end
       end
 
+      def self.include_into(base)
+        base.include(self)
+        append_features(base)
+      end
+
       def const_missing(const_name)
         from_mod = anonymous? ? guess_for_anonymous(const_name) : self
         Dependencies.load_missing_constant(from_mod, const_name)
@@ -225,6 +235,21 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         base.class_eval do
           define_method(:load, Kernel.instance_method(:load))
           private :load
+
+          define_method(:require, Kernel.instance_method(:require))
+          private :require
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.include_into(base)
+        base.include(self)
+
+        if base.instance_method(:load).owner == base
+          base.remove_method(:load)
+        end
+
+        if base.instance_method(:require).owner == base
+          base.remove_method(:require)
         end
       end
 
@@ -285,7 +310,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       end
 
       private
-
         def load(file, wrap = false)
           result = false
           load_dependency(file) { result = super }
@@ -321,9 +345,9 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def hook!
-      Object.class_eval { include Loadable }
-      Module.class_eval { include ModuleConstMissing }
-      Exception.class_eval { include Blamable }
+      Loadable.include_into(Object)
+      ModuleConstMissing.include_into(Module)
+      Exception.include(Blamable)
     end
 
     def unhook!
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/zeitwerk_integration.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/zeitwerk_integration.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..821e3f971e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/zeitwerk_integration.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "set"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/inflections"
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Dependencies
+    module ZeitwerkIntegration # :nodoc: all
+      module Decorations
+        def clear
+          Dependencies.unload_interlock do
+            Rails.autoloaders.main.reload
+          rescue Zeitwerk::ReloadingDisabledError
+            raise "reloading is disabled because config.cache_classes is true"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def constantize(cpath)
+          ActiveSupport::Inflector.constantize(cpath)
+        end
+
+        def safe_constantize(cpath)
+          ActiveSupport::Inflector.safe_constantize(cpath)
+        end
+
+        def autoloaded_constants
+          Rails.autoloaders.main.unloadable_cpaths
+        end
+
+        def autoloaded?(object)
+          cpath = object.is_a?(Module) ? object.name : object.to_s
+          Rails.autoloaders.main.unloadable_cpath?(cpath)
+        end
+
+        def verbose=(verbose)
+          l = verbose ? logger || Rails.logger : nil
+          Rails.autoloaders.each { |autoloader| autoloader.logger = l }
+        end
+
+        def unhook!
+          :no_op
+        end
+      end
+
+      module Inflector
+        def self.camelize(basename, _abspath)
+          basename.camelize
+        end
+      end
+
+      class << self
+        def take_over(enable_reloading:)
+          setup_autoloaders(enable_reloading)
+          freeze_paths
+          decorate_dependencies
+        end
+
+        private
+          def setup_autoloaders(enable_reloading)
+            Dependencies.autoload_paths.each do |autoload_path|
+              # Zeitwerk only accepts existing directories in `push_dir` to
+              # prevent misconfigurations.
+              next unless File.directory?(autoload_path)
+
+              autoloader = \
+                autoload_once?(autoload_path) ? Rails.autoloaders.once : Rails.autoloaders.main
+
+              autoloader.push_dir(autoload_path)
+              autoloader.do_not_eager_load(autoload_path) unless eager_load?(autoload_path)
+            end
+
+            Rails.autoloaders.main.enable_reloading if enable_reloading
+            Rails.autoloaders.each(&:setup)
+          end
+
+          def autoload_once?(autoload_path)
+            Dependencies.autoload_once_paths.include?(autoload_path)
+          end
+
+          def eager_load?(autoload_path)
+            Dependencies._eager_load_paths.member?(autoload_path)
+          end
+
+          def freeze_paths
+            Dependencies.autoload_paths.freeze
+            Dependencies.autoload_once_paths.freeze
+            Dependencies._eager_load_paths.freeze
+          end
+
+          def decorate_dependencies
+            Dependencies.unhook!
+            Dependencies.singleton_class.prepend(Decorations)
+            Object.class_eval { alias_method :require_dependency, :require }
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
index 7271ab565b..16db547016 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # and the second is a library name.
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new('2.0', 'MyLibrary')
-    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = "6.1", gem_name = "Rails")
+    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = "6.2", gem_name = "Rails")
       self.gem_name = gem_name
       self.deprecation_horizon = deprecation_horizon
       # By default, warnings are not silenced and debugging is off.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
index 81482092fe..7c0a54a1d0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/redefine_method"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   class Deprecation
@@ -52,27 +53,25 @@ module ActiveSupport
         options = method_names.extract_options!
         deprecator = options.delete(:deprecator) || self
         method_names += options.keys
+        mod = nil
 
         method_names.each do |method_name|
-          aliased_method, punctuation = method_name.to_s.sub(/([?!=])$/, ""), $1
-          with_method = "#{aliased_method}_with_deprecation#{punctuation}"
-          without_method = "#{aliased_method}_without_deprecation#{punctuation}"
-
-          target_module.send(:define_method, with_method) do |*args, &block|
-            deprecator.deprecation_warning(method_name, options[method_name])
-            send(without_method, *args, &block)
-          end
-
-          target_module.send(:alias_method, without_method, method_name)
-          target_module.send(:alias_method, method_name, with_method)
-
-          case
-          when target_module.protected_method_defined?(without_method)
-            target_module.send(:protected, method_name)
-          when target_module.private_method_defined?(without_method)
-            target_module.send(:private, method_name)
+          if target_module.method_defined?(method_name) || target_module.private_method_defined?(method_name)
+            method = target_module.instance_method(method_name)
+            target_module.redefine_method(method_name) do |*args, &block|
+              deprecator.deprecation_warning(method_name, options[method_name])
+              method.bind(self).call(*args, &block)
+            end
+          else
+            mod ||= Module.new
+            mod.define_method(method_name) do |*args, &block|
+              deprecator.deprecation_warning(method_name, options[method_name])
+              super(*args, &block)
+            end
           end
         end
+
+        target_module.prepend(mod) if mod
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb
index 56f1e23136..d7d3c30b97 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb
@@ -120,9 +120,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   # => DEPRECATION WARNING: PLANETS is deprecated! Use PLANETS_POST_2006 instead.
     #        (Backtrace information…)
     #        ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
-    class DeprecatedConstantProxy < DeprecationProxy
+    class DeprecatedConstantProxy < Module
+      def self.new(*args, &block)
+        object = args.first
+
+        return object unless object
+        super
+      end
+
       def initialize(old_const, new_const, deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.instance, message: "#{old_const} is deprecated! Use #{new_const} instead.")
-        require "active_support/inflector/methods"
+        Kernel.require "active_support/inflector/methods"
 
         @old_const = old_const
         @new_const = new_const
@@ -130,6 +137,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @message = message
       end
 
+      instance_methods.each { |m| undef_method m unless /^__|^object_id$/.match?(m) }
+
+      # Don't give a deprecation warning on inspect since test/unit and error
+      # logs rely on it for diagnostics.
+      def inspect
+        target.inspect
+      end
+
       # Returns the class of the new constant.
       #
       #   PLANETS_POST_2006 = %w(mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune)
@@ -144,8 +159,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
           ActiveSupport::Inflector.constantize(@new_const.to_s)
         end
 
-        def warn(callstack, called, args)
-          @deprecator.warn(@message, callstack)
+        def const_missing(name)
+          @deprecator.warn(@message, caller_locations)
+          target.const_get(name)
+        end
+
+        def method_missing(called, *args, &block)
+          @deprecator.warn(@message, caller_locations)
+          target.__send__(called, *args, &block)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/descendants_tracker.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/descendants_tracker.rb
index a4cee788b6..1dad4f923e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/descendants_tracker.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/descendants_tracker.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "weakref"
+
 module ActiveSupport
   # This module provides an internal implementation to track descendants
   # which is faster than iterating through ObjectSpace.
@@ -8,7 +10,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     class << self
       def direct_descendants(klass)
-        @@direct_descendants[klass] || []
+        descendants = @@direct_descendants[klass]
+        descendants ? descendants.to_a : []
       end
 
       def descendants(klass)
@@ -20,10 +23,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def clear
         if defined? ActiveSupport::Dependencies
           @@direct_descendants.each do |klass, descendants|
-            if ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(klass)
+            if Dependencies.autoloaded?(klass)
               @@direct_descendants.delete(klass)
             else
-              descendants.reject! { |v| ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(v) }
+              descendants.reject! { |v| Dependencies.autoloaded?(v) }
             end
           end
         else
@@ -34,16 +37,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # This is the only method that is not thread safe, but is only ever called
       # during the eager loading phase.
       def store_inherited(klass, descendant)
-        (@@direct_descendants[klass] ||= []) << descendant
+        (@@direct_descendants[klass] ||= DescendantsArray.new) << descendant
       end
 
       private
-      def accumulate_descendants(klass, acc)
-        if direct_descendants = @@direct_descendants[klass]
-          acc.concat(direct_descendants)
-          direct_descendants.each { |direct_descendant| accumulate_descendants(direct_descendant, acc) }
+        def accumulate_descendants(klass, acc)
+          if direct_descendants = @@direct_descendants[klass]
+            direct_descendants.each do |direct_descendant|
+              acc << direct_descendant
+              accumulate_descendants(direct_descendant, acc)
+            end
+          end
         end
-      end
     end
 
     def inherited(base)
@@ -58,5 +63,46 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def descendants
       DescendantsTracker.descendants(self)
     end
+
+    # DescendantsArray is an array that contains weak references to classes.
+    class DescendantsArray # :nodoc:
+      include Enumerable
+
+      def initialize
+        @refs = []
+      end
+
+      def initialize_copy(orig)
+        @refs = @refs.dup
+      end
+
+      def <<(klass)
+        cleanup!
+        @refs << WeakRef.new(klass)
+      end
+
+      def each
+        @refs.each do |ref|
+          yield ref.__getobj__
+        rescue WeakRef::RefError
+        end
+      end
+
+      def refs_size
+        @refs.size
+      end
+
+      def cleanup!
+        @refs.delete_if { |ref| !ref.weakref_alive? }
+      end
+
+      def reject!
+        @refs.reject! do |ref|
+          yield ref.__getobj__
+        rescue WeakRef::RefError
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
index 88897f811e..2b4f1288f1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/array/conversions"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
-require "active_support/deprecation"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # Provides accurate date and time measurements using Date#advance and
@@ -199,7 +198,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def calculate_total_seconds(parts)
           parts.inject(0) do |total, (part, value)|
             total + value * PARTS_IN_SECONDS[part]
@@ -214,8 +212,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def coerce(other) #:nodoc:
-      if Scalar === other
+      case other
+      when Scalar
         [other, self]
+      when Duration
+        [Scalar.new(other.value), self]
       else
         [Scalar.new(other), self]
       end
@@ -373,7 +374,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       return "0 seconds" if parts.empty?
 
       parts.
-        reduce(::Hash.new(0)) { |h, (l, r)| h[l] += r; h }.
         sort_by { |unit,  _ | PARTS.index(unit) }.
         map     { |unit, val| "#{val} #{val == 1 ? unit.to_s.chop : unit.to_s}" }.
         to_sentence(locale: ::I18n.default_locale)
@@ -398,7 +398,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       def sum(sign, time = ::Time.current)
         parts.inject(time) do |t, (type, number)|
           if t.acts_like?(:time) || t.acts_like?(:date)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration/iso8601_parser.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration/iso8601_parser.rb
index d3233e6111..83f3b28602 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration/iso8601_parser.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration/iso8601_parser.rb
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def finished?
           scanner.eos?
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration/iso8601_serializer.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration/iso8601_serializer.rb
index 1125454919..8314df12b0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration/iso8601_serializer.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration/iso8601_serializer.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         # Return pair of duration's parts and whole duration sign.
         # Parts are summarized (as they can become repetitive due to addition, etc).
         # Zero parts are removed as not significant.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/encrypted_file.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/encrypted_file.rb
index c66f1b557e..2b7db568a5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/encrypted_file.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/encrypted_file.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "pathname"
+require "tmpdir"
 require "active_support/message_encryptor"
 
 module ActiveSupport
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         write(updated_contents) if updated_contents != contents
       ensure
-        FileUtils.rm(tmp_path) if tmp_path.exist?
+        FileUtils.rm(tmp_path) if tmp_path&.exist?
       end
 
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/evented_file_update_checker.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/evented_file_update_checker.rb
index 97e982eb05..6075e0a3d3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/evented_file_update_checker.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/evented_file_update_checker.rb
@@ -52,16 +52,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @pid        = Process.pid
       @boot_mutex = Mutex.new
 
-      if (@dtw = directories_to_watch).any?
+      dtw = directories_to_watch
+      @dtw, @missing = dtw.partition(&:exist?)
+
+      if @dtw.any?
         # Loading listen triggers warnings. These are originated by a legit
         # usage of attr_* macros for private attributes, but adds a lot of noise
         # to our test suite. Thus, we lazy load it and disable warnings locally.
         silence_warnings do
-          begin
-            require "listen"
-          rescue LoadError => e
-            raise LoadError, "Could not load the 'listen' gem. Add `gem 'listen'` to the development group of your Gemfile", e.backtrace
-          end
+          require "listen"
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          raise LoadError, "Could not load the 'listen' gem. Add `gem 'listen'` to the development group of your Gemfile", e.backtrace
         end
       end
       boot!
@@ -75,6 +76,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
           @updated.make_true
         end
       end
+
+      if @missing.any?(&:exist?)
+        @boot_mutex.synchronize do
+          appeared, @missing = @missing.partition(&:exist?)
+          shutdown!
+
+          @dtw += appeared
+          boot!
+
+          @updated.make_true
+        end
+      end
+
       @updated.true?
     end
 
@@ -93,7 +107,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
       def boot!
-        Listen.to(*@dtw, &method(:changed)).start
+        normalize_dirs!
+
+        unless @dtw.empty?
+          Listen.to(*@dtw, &method(:changed)).start
+        end
+      end
+
+      def shutdown!
+        Listen.stop
+      end
+
+      def normalize_dirs!
+        @dirs.transform_keys! do |dir|
+          dir.exist? ? dir.realpath : dir
+        end
       end
 
       def changed(modified, added, removed)
@@ -113,7 +141,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
           ext = @ph.normalize_extension(file.extname)
 
           file.dirname.ascend do |dir|
-            if @dirs.fetch(dir, []).include?(ext)
+            matching = @dirs[dir]
+
+            if matching && (matching.empty? || matching.include?(ext))
               break true
             elsif dir == @lcsp || dir.root?
               break false
@@ -123,7 +153,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def directories_to_watch
-        dtw = (@files + @dirs.keys).map { |f| @ph.existing_parent(f) }
+        dtw = @files.map(&:dirname) + @dirs.keys
         dtw.compact!
         dtw.uniq!
 
@@ -167,13 +197,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
           lcsp
         end
 
-        # Returns the deepest existing ascendant, which could be the argument itself.
-        def existing_parent(dir)
-          dir.ascend do |ascendant|
-            break ascendant if ascendant.directory?
-          end
-        end
-
         # Filters out directories which are descendants of others in the collection (stable).
         def filter_out_descendants(dirs)
           return dirs if dirs.length < 2
@@ -194,7 +217,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         private
-
           def ascendant_of?(base, other)
             base != other && other.ascend do |ascendant|
               break true if base == ascendant
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
index 1a0bb10815..9b665e7f19 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       def watched
         @watched || begin
           all = @files.select { |f| File.exist?(f) }
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
index c951ad16a3..b1ac3e7969 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
index f1af76019a..5981763f0e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         super()
         update(constructor)
 
-        hash = constructor.to_hash
+        hash = constructor.is_a?(Hash) ? constructor : constructor.to_hash
         self.default = hash.default if hash.default
         self.default_proc = hash.default_proc if hash.default_proc
       else
@@ -164,6 +164,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
       super(convert_key(key))
     end
 
+    # Same as <tt>Hash#assoc</tt> where the key passed as argument can be
+    # either a string or a symbol:
+    #
+    #   counters = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    #   counters[:foo] = 1
+    #
+    #   counters.assoc('foo') # => ["foo", 1]
+    #   counters.assoc(:foo)  # => ["foo", 1]
+    #   counters.assoc(:zoo)  # => nil
+    def assoc(key)
+      super(convert_key(key))
+    end
+
     # Same as <tt>Hash#fetch</tt> where the key passed as argument can be
     # either a string or a symbol:
     #
@@ -212,8 +225,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   hash[:a] = 'x'
     #   hash[:b] = 'y'
     #   hash.values_at('a', 'b') # => ["x", "y"]
-    def values_at(*indices)
-      indices.collect { |key| self[convert_key(key)] }
+    def values_at(*keys)
+      super(*keys.map { |key| convert_key(key) })
     end
 
     # Returns an array of the values at the specified indices, but also
@@ -226,7 +239,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   hash.fetch_values('a', 'c') { |key| 'z' } # => ["x", "z"]
     #   hash.fetch_values('a', 'c') # => KeyError: key not found: "c"
     def fetch_values(*indices, &block)
-      indices.collect { |key| fetch(key, &block) }
+      super(*indices.map { |key| convert_key(key) }, &block)
     end
 
     # Returns a shallow copy of the hash.
@@ -280,6 +293,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       super(convert_key(key))
     end
 
+    def except(*keys)
+      slice(*self.keys - keys.map { |key| convert_key(key) })
+    end
     alias_method :without, :except
 
     def stringify_keys!; self end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
index 584930e413..8faa93a3e4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
@@ -97,7 +97,8 @@ module I18n
           If you desire the default locale to be included in the defaults, please
           explicitly configure it with `config.i18n.fallbacks.defaults =
           [I18n.default_locale]` or `config.i18n.fallbacks = [I18n.default_locale,
-          {...}]`
+          {...}]`. If you want to opt-in to the new behavior, use
+          `config.i18n.fallbacks.defaults = [nil, {...}]`.
         MSG
         args.unshift I18n.default_locale
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
index 2b86d233e5..efee74a1df 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "concurrent/map"
-require "active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append"
 require "active_support/i18n"
-require "active_support/deprecation"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Inflector
@@ -66,8 +64,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @__instance__[locale] ||= new
       end
 
-      attr_reader :plurals, :singulars, :uncountables, :humans, :acronyms, :acronym_regex
-      deprecate :acronym_regex
+      attr_reader :plurals, :singulars, :uncountables, :humans, :acronyms
 
       attr_reader :acronyms_camelize_regex, :acronyms_underscore_regex # :nodoc:
 
@@ -232,7 +229,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def define_acronym_regex_patterns
           @acronym_regex             = @acronyms.empty? ? /(?=a)b/ : /#{@acronyms.values.join("|")}/
           @acronyms_camelize_regex   = /^(?:#{@acronym_regex}(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
index 1af9833d46..18f3f53879 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
@@ -328,6 +328,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s)
     rescue ArgumentError => e
       raise unless /not missing constant #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}!$/.match?(e.message)
+    rescue LoadError => e
+      raise unless /Unable to autoload constant #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}/.match?(e.message)
     end
 
     # Returns the suffix that should be added to a number to denote the position
@@ -357,7 +359,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       # Mounts a regular expression, returned as a string to ease interpolation,
       # that will match part by part the given constant.
       #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
index 0d2a17970f..ec6e9ccb59 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
@@ -51,19 +51,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # Now you can have different transliterations for each locale:
     #
-    #   I18n.locale = :en
-    #   transliterate('Jürgen')
+    #   transliterate('Jürgen', locale: :en)
     #   # => "Jurgen"
     #
-    #   I18n.locale = :de
-    #   transliterate('Jürgen')
+    #   transliterate('Jürgen', locale: :de)
     #   # => "Juergen"
-    def transliterate(string, replacement = "?")
+    def transliterate(string, replacement = "?", locale: nil)
       raise ArgumentError, "Can only transliterate strings. Received #{string.class.name}" unless string.is_a?(String)
 
       I18n.transliterate(
         ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.tidy_bytes(string).unicode_normalize(:nfc),
-        replacement: replacement
+        replacement: replacement,
+        locale: locale
       )
     end
 
@@ -75,8 +74,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # To use a custom separator, override the +separator+ argument.
     #
-    #  parameterize("Donald E. Knuth", separator: '_') # => "donald_e_knuth"
-    #  parameterize("^très|Jolie__ ", separator: '_')  # => "tres_jolie"
+    #   parameterize("Donald E. Knuth", separator: '_') # => "donald_e_knuth"
+    #   parameterize("^très|Jolie__ ", separator: '_')  # => "tres_jolie"
     #
     # To preserve the case of the characters in a string, use the +preserve_case+ argument.
     #
@@ -85,13 +84,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # It preserves dashes and underscores unless they are used as separators:
     #
-    #  parameterize("^très|Jolie__ ")                 # => "tres-jolie__"
-    #  parameterize("^très|Jolie-- ", separator: "_") # => "tres_jolie--"
-    #  parameterize("^très_Jolie-- ", separator: ".") # => "tres_jolie--"
+    #   parameterize("^très|Jolie__ ")                 # => "tres-jolie__"
+    #   parameterize("^très|Jolie-- ", separator: "_") # => "tres_jolie--"
+    #   parameterize("^très_Jolie-- ", separator: ".") # => "tres_jolie--"
     #
-    def parameterize(string, separator: "-", preserve_case: false)
+    # If the optional parameter +locale+ is specified,
+    # the word will be parameterized as a word of that language.
+    # By default, this parameter is set to <tt>nil</tt> and it will use
+    # the configured <tt>I18n.locale<tt>.
+    def parameterize(string, separator: "-", preserve_case: false, locale: nil)
       # Replace accented chars with their ASCII equivalents.
-      parameterized_string = transliterate(string)
+      parameterized_string = transliterate(string, locale: locale)
 
       # Turn unwanted chars into the separator.
       parameterized_string.gsub!(/[^a-z0-9\-_]+/i, separator)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
index 8c0e016dc5..b4bf882bc3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
@@ -44,33 +44,32 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
-      def convert_dates_from(data)
-        case data
-        when nil
-          nil
-        when DATE_REGEX
-          begin
-            Date.parse(data)
-          rescue ArgumentError
-            data
-          end
-        when DATETIME_REGEX
-          begin
-            Time.zone.parse(data)
-          rescue ArgumentError
+        def convert_dates_from(data)
+          case data
+          when nil
+            nil
+          when DATE_REGEX
+            begin
+              Date.parse(data)
+            rescue ArgumentError
+              data
+            end
+          when DATETIME_REGEX
+            begin
+              Time.zone.parse(data)
+            rescue ArgumentError
+              data
+            end
+          when Array
+            data.map! { |d| convert_dates_from(d) }
+          when Hash
+            data.each do |key, value|
+              data[key] = convert_dates_from(value)
+            end
+          else
             data
           end
-        when Array
-          data.map! { |d| convert_dates_from(d) }
-        when Hash
-          data.each do |key, value|
-            data[key] = convert_dates_from(value)
-          end
-        else
-          data
         end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
index 00edcdd05a..8b61982883 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
@@ -38,36 +38,4 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @cache_keys[args.join] ||= @key_generator.generate_key(*args)
     end
   end
-
-  class LegacyKeyGenerator # :nodoc:
-    SECRET_MIN_LENGTH = 30 # Characters
-
-    def initialize(secret)
-      ensure_secret_secure(secret)
-      @secret = secret
-    end
-
-    def generate_key(salt)
-      @secret
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      # To prevent users from using something insecure like "Password" we make sure that the
-      # secret they've provided is at least 30 characters in length.
-      def ensure_secret_secure(secret)
-        if secret.blank?
-          raise ArgumentError, "A secret is required to generate an integrity hash " \
-            "for cookie session data. Set a secret_key_base of at least " \
-            "#{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters by running `rails credentials:edit`."
-        end
-
-        if secret.length < SECRET_MIN_LENGTH
-          raise ArgumentError, "Secret should be something secure, " \
-            "like \"#{SecureRandom.hex(16)}\". The value you " \
-            "provided, \"#{secret}\", is shorter than the minimum length " \
-            "of #{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters."
-        end
-      end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb
index a6b096a973..c6f7ccf0a2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       def with_execution_control(name, block, once)
         unless @run_once[name].include?(block)
           @run_once[name] << block if once
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
index 0f7be06c8e..8b9dd1fffe 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute"
 require "active_support/subscriber"
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  # ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber is an object set to consume
-  # ActiveSupport::Notifications with the sole purpose of logging them.
+  # <tt>ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber</tt> is an object set to consume
+  # <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications</tt> with the sole purpose of logging them.
   # The log subscriber dispatches notifications to a registered object based
   # on its given namespace.
   #
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   module ActiveRecord
   #     class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
   #       def sql(event)
-  #         "#{event.payload[:name]} (#{event.duration}) #{event.payload[:sql]}"
+  #         info "#{event.payload[:name]} (#{event.duration}) #{event.payload[:sql]}"
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -29,13 +29,39 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # subscriber, the line above should be called after your
   # <tt>ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber</tt> definition.
   #
-  # After configured, whenever a "sql.active_record" notification is published,
-  # it will properly dispatch the event (ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event) to
-  # the sql method.
+  # A logger also needs to be set with <tt>ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.logger=</tt>.
+  # This is assigned automatically in a Rails environment.
+  #
+  # After configured, whenever a <tt>"sql.active_record"</tt> notification is published,
+  # it will properly dispatch the event
+  # (<tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event</tt>) to the sql method.
+  #
+  # Being an <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications</tt> consumer,
+  # <tt>ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber</tt> exposes a simple interface to check if
+  # instrumented code raises an exception. It is common to log a different
+  # message in case of an error, and this can be achieved by extending
+  # the previous example:
+  #
+  #   module ActiveRecord
+  #     class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
+  #       def sql(event)
+  #         exception = event.payload[:exception]
+  #
+  #         if exception
+  #           exception_object = event.payload[:exception_object]
+  #
+  #           error "[ERROR] #{event.payload[:name]}: #{exception.join(', ')} " \
+  #                 "(#{exception_object.backtrace.first})"
+  #         else
+  #           # standard logger code
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
   #
   # Log subscriber also has some helpers to deal with logging and automatically
-  # flushes all logs when the request finishes (via action_dispatch.callback
-  # notification) in a Rails environment.
+  # flushes all logs when the request finishes
+  # (via <tt>action_dispatch.callback</tt> notification) in a Rails environment.
   class LogSubscriber < Subscriber
     # Embed in a String to clear all previous ANSI sequences.
     CLEAR   = "\e[0m"
@@ -89,7 +115,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
   private
-
     %w(info debug warn error fatal unknown).each do |level|
       class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{level}(progname = nil, &block)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
index 6f7302e732..7d6f8937f0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   crypt.encrypt_and_sign(parcel, expires_in: 1.month)
   #   crypt.encrypt_and_sign(doowad, expires_at: Time.now.end_of_year)
   #
-  # Then the messages can be verified and returned upto the expire time.
+  # Then the messages can be verified and returned up to the expire time.
   # Thereafter, verifying returns +nil+.
   #
   # === Rotating keys
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
index 64c557bec6..a5dc1181d8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   @verifier.generate(parcel, expires_in: 1.month)
   #   @verifier.generate(doowad, expires_at: Time.now.end_of_year)
   #
-  # Then the messages can be verified and returned upto the expire time.
+  # Then the messages can be verified and returned up to the expire time.
   # Thereafter, the +verified+ method returns +nil+ while +verify+ raises
   # <tt>ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature</tt>.
   #
@@ -178,8 +178,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Generates a signed message for the provided value.
     #
-    # The message is signed with the +MessageVerifier+'s secret. Without knowing
-    # the secret, the original value cannot be extracted from the message.
+    # The message is signed with the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    # Returns Base64-encoded message joined with the generated signature.
     #
     #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
     #   verifier.generate 'a private message' # => "BAhJIhRwcml2YXRlLW1lc3NhZ2UGOgZFVA==--e2d724331ebdee96a10fb99b089508d1c72bd772"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/messages/rotator.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/messages/rotator.rb
index 823a399d67..50ea7dcd8d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/messages/rotator.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/messages/rotator.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@
 module ActiveSupport
   module Messages
     module Rotator # :nodoc:
-      def initialize(*, **options)
+      def initialize(*, on_rotation: nil, **options)
         super
 
         @options   = options
         @rotations = []
+        @on_rotation = on_rotation
       end
 
       def rotate(*secrets, **options)
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       module Encryptor
         include Rotator
 
-        def decrypt_and_verify(*args, on_rotation: nil, **options)
+        def decrypt_and_verify(*args, on_rotation: @on_rotation, **options)
           super
         rescue MessageEncryptor::InvalidMessage, MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
           run_rotations(on_rotation) { |encryptor| encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(*args, options) } || raise
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       module Verifier
         include Rotator
 
-        def verified(*args, on_rotation: nil, **options)
+        def verified(*args, on_rotation: @on_rotation, **options)
           super || run_rotations(on_rotation) { |verifier| verifier.verified(*args, options) }
         end
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def run_rotations(on_rotation)
           @rotations.find do |rotation|
             if message = yield(rotation) rescue next
-              on_rotation.call if on_rotation
+              on_rotation&.call
               return message
             end
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
index a1e23aeaca..2ba3936cae 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
@@ -207,7 +207,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       end
 
       private
-
         def chars(string)
           self.class.new(string)
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
index ce8ecece69..3956137049 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
@@ -148,7 +148,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def recode_windows1252_chars(string)
           string.encode(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Windows_1252, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
index 01cc363e2b..a7a6112b0f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
@@ -38,6 +38,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #     payload # => Hash, the payload
   #   end
   #
+  # Here, the +start+ and +finish+ values represent wall-clock time. If you are
+  # concerned about accuracy, you can register a monotonic subscriber.
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.monotonic_subscribe('render') do |name, start, finish, id, payload|
+  #     name    # => String, name of the event (such as 'render' from above)
+  #     start   # => Monotonic time, when the instrumented block started execution
+  #     finish  # => Monotonic time, when the instrumented block ended execution
+  #     id      # => String, unique ID for the instrumenter that fired the event
+  #     payload # => Hash, the payload
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The +start+ and +finish+ values above represent monotonic time.
+  #
   # For instance, let's store all "render" events in an array:
   #
   #   events = []
@@ -67,9 +80,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # have a key <tt>:exception</tt> with an array of two elements as value: a string with
   # the name of the exception class, and the exception message.
   # The <tt>:exception_object</tt> key of the payload will have the exception
-  # itself as the value.
+  # itself as the value:
+  #
+  #   event.payload[:exception]         # => ["ArgumentError", "Invalid value"]
+  #   event.payload[:exception_object]  # => #<ArgumentError: Invalid value>
   #
-  # As the previous example depicts, the class <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event</tt>
+  # As the earlier example depicts, the class <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event</tt>
   # is able to take the arguments as they come and provide an object-oriented
   # interface to that data.
   #
@@ -132,6 +148,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # during the execution of the block. The callback is unsubscribed automatically
   # after that.
   #
+  # To record +started+ and +finished+ values with monotonic time,
+  # specify the optional <tt>:monotonic</tt> option to the
+  # <tt>subscribed</tt> method. The <tt>:monotonic</tt> option is set
+  # to +false+ by default.
+  #
+  #   callback = lambda {|name, started, finished, unique_id, payload| ... }
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(callback, "sql.active_record", monotonic: true) do
+  #     ...
+  #   end
+  #
   # === Manual Unsubscription
   #
   # The +subscribe+ method returns a subscriber object:
@@ -150,6 +176,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #
   #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("render")
   #
+  # Subscribers using a regexp or other pattern-matching object will remain subscribed
+  # to all events that match their original pattern, unless those events match a string
+  # passed to `unsubscribe`:
+  #
+  #   subscriber = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe(/render/) { }
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe('render_template.action_view')
+  #   subscriber.matches?('render_template.action_view') # => false
+  #   subscriber.matches?('render_partial.action_view') # => true
+  #
   # == Default Queue
   #
   # Notifications ships with a queue implementation that consumes and publishes events
@@ -177,7 +212,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # names, or by passing a Regexp to match all events that match a pattern.
       #
       #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe(/render/) do |*args|
-      #     ...
+      #     @event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
       #   end
       #
       # The +block+ will receive five parameters with information about the event:
@@ -189,12 +224,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #     id      # => String, unique ID for the instrumenter that fired the event
       #     payload # => Hash, the payload
       #   end
-      def subscribe(*args, &block)
-        notifier.subscribe(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # If the block passed to the method only takes one parameter,
+      # it will yield an event object to the block:
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe(/render/) do |event|
+      #     @event = event
+      #   end
+      def subscribe(pattern = nil, callback = nil, &block)
+        notifier.subscribe(pattern, callback, monotonic: false, &block)
+      end
+
+      def monotonic_subscribe(pattern = nil, callback = nil, &block)
+        notifier.subscribe(pattern, callback, monotonic: true, &block)
       end
 
-      def subscribed(callback, *args, &block)
-        subscriber = subscribe(*args, &callback)
+      def subscribed(callback, pattern = nil, monotonic: false, &block)
+        subscriber = notifier.subscribe(pattern, callback, monotonic: monotonic)
         yield
       ensure
         unsubscribe(subscriber)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
index 4e4ca70942..aa602329ec 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "mutex_m"
 require "concurrent/map"
+require "set"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Notifications
@@ -13,16 +14,22 @@ module ActiveSupport
       include Mutex_m
 
       def initialize
-        @subscribers = []
+        @string_subscribers = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+        @other_subscribers = []
         @listeners_for = Concurrent::Map.new
         super
       end
 
-      def subscribe(pattern = nil, block = Proc.new)
-        subscriber = Subscribers.new pattern, block
+      def subscribe(pattern = nil, callable = nil, monotonic: false, &block)
+        subscriber = Subscribers.new(pattern, callable || block, monotonic)
         synchronize do
-          @subscribers << subscriber
-          @listeners_for.clear
+          if String === pattern
+            @string_subscribers[pattern] << subscriber
+            @listeners_for.delete(pattern)
+          else
+            @other_subscribers << subscriber
+            @listeners_for.clear
+          end
         end
         subscriber
       end
@@ -31,12 +38,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
         synchronize do
           case subscriber_or_name
           when String
-            @subscribers.reject! { |s| s.matches?(subscriber_or_name) }
+            @string_subscribers[subscriber_or_name].clear
+            @listeners_for.delete(subscriber_or_name)
+            @other_subscribers.each { |sub| sub.unsubscribe!(subscriber_or_name) }
           else
-            @subscribers.delete(subscriber_or_name)
+            pattern = subscriber_or_name.try(:pattern)
+            if String === pattern
+              @string_subscribers[pattern].delete(subscriber_or_name)
+              @listeners_for.delete(pattern)
+            else
+              @other_subscribers.delete(subscriber_or_name)
+              @listeners_for.clear
+            end
           end
-
-          @listeners_for.clear
         end
       end
 
@@ -56,7 +70,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # this is correctly done double-checked locking (Concurrent::Map's lookups have volatile semantics)
         @listeners_for[name] || synchronize do
           # use synchronisation when accessing @subscribers
-          @listeners_for[name] ||= @subscribers.select { |s| s.subscribed_to?(name) }
+          @listeners_for[name] ||=
+            @string_subscribers[name] + @other_subscribers.select { |s| s.subscribed_to?(name) }
         end
       end
 
@@ -69,8 +84,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       module Subscribers # :nodoc:
-        def self.new(pattern, listener)
-          subscriber_class = Timed
+        def self.new(pattern, listener, monotonic)
+          subscriber_class = monotonic ? MonotonicTimed : Timed
 
           if listener.respond_to?(:start) && listener.respond_to?(:finish)
             subscriber_class = Evented
@@ -100,9 +115,33 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
         end
 
+        class Matcher #:nodoc:
+          attr_reader :pattern, :exclusions
+
+          def self.wrap(pattern)
+            return pattern if String === pattern
+            new(pattern)
+          end
+
+          def initialize(pattern)
+            @pattern = pattern
+            @exclusions = Set.new
+          end
+
+          def unsubscribe!(name)
+            exclusions << -name if pattern === name
+          end
+
+          def ===(name)
+            pattern === name && !exclusions.include?(name)
+          end
+        end
+
         class Evented #:nodoc:
+          attr_reader :pattern
+
           def initialize(pattern, delegate)
-            @pattern = pattern
+            @pattern = Matcher.wrap(pattern)
             @delegate = delegate
             @can_publish = delegate.respond_to?(:publish)
           end
@@ -122,11 +161,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
 
           def subscribed_to?(name)
-            @pattern === name
+            pattern === name
           end
 
           def matches?(name)
-            @pattern && @pattern === name
+            pattern && pattern === name
+          end
+
+          def unsubscribe!(name)
+            pattern.unsubscribe!(name)
           end
         end
 
@@ -147,6 +190,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
         end
 
+        class MonotonicTimed < Evented # :nodoc:
+          def publish(name, *args)
+            @delegate.call name, *args
+          end
+
+          def start(name, id, payload)
+            timestack = Thread.current[:_timestack_monotonic] ||= []
+            timestack.push Concurrent.monotonic_time
+          end
+
+          def finish(name, id, payload)
+            timestack = Thread.current[:_timestack_monotonic]
+            started = timestack.pop
+            @delegate.call(name, started, Concurrent.monotonic_time, id, payload)
+          end
+        end
+
         class EventObject < Evented
           def start(name, id, payload)
             stack = Thread.current[:_event_stack] ||= []
@@ -189,6 +249,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
             true
           end
 
+          def unsubscribe!(*)
+            false
+          end
+
           alias :matches? :===
         end
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
index a721187d2d..7ab39c9bfb 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
@@ -13,14 +13,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @notifier = notifier
       end
 
-      # Instrument the given block by measuring the time taken to execute it
-      # and publish it. Notice that events get sent even if an error occurs
-      # in the passed-in block.
+      # Given a block, instrument it by measuring the time taken to execute
+      # and publish it. Without a block, simply send a message via the
+      # notifier. Notice that events get sent even if an error occurs in the
+      # passed-in block.
       def instrument(name, payload = {})
         # some of the listeners might have state
         listeners_state = start name, payload
         begin
-          yield payload
+          yield payload if block_given?
         rescue Exception => e
           payload[:exception] = [e.class.name, e.message]
           payload[:exception_object] = e
@@ -45,7 +46,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def unique_id
           SecureRandom.hex(10)
         end
@@ -56,8 +56,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def self.clock_gettime_supported? # :nodoc:
         defined?(Process::CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) &&
-        !Gem.win_platform?
+          !Gem.win_platform?
       end
+      private_class_method :clock_gettime_supported?
 
       def initialize(name, start, ending, transaction_id, payload)
         @name           = name
@@ -66,9 +67,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @transaction_id = transaction_id
         @end            = ending
         @children       = []
-        @duration       = nil
-        @cpu_time_start = nil
-        @cpu_time_finish = nil
+        @cpu_time_start = 0
+        @cpu_time_finish = 0
         @allocation_count_start = 0
         @allocation_count_finish = 0
       end
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       #   @event.duration # => 1000.138
       def duration
-        @duration ||= 1000.0 * (self.end - time)
+        1000.0 * (self.end - time)
       end
 
       def <<(event)
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       private
         def now
-          Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          Concurrent.monotonic_time
         end
 
         if clock_gettime_supported?
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
index d19a2f64d4..0c87114c0d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/dependencies/autoload"
-
 module ActiveSupport
   module NumberHelper
     extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
@@ -228,7 +226,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
-    # representation (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.5 KB). This
+    # representation (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.46 KB). This
     # method is useful for reporting file sizes to users. You can
     # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
     #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb
index 06ba797a13..76dd12f27d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb
@@ -136,7 +136,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def options
           @options ||= format_options.merge(opts)
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
index 0e8ae82dd5..4ad89dc62e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def absolute_value(number)
           number.respond_to?(:abs) ? number.abs : number.sub(/\A-/, "")
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
index 467a580a2e..351444289c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def parts
           left, right = number.to_s.split(".")
           left.gsub!(delimiter_pattern) do |digit_to_delimit|
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
index 494408fc01..f089d7ae65 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def format
           options[:format] || translate_in_locale("human.decimal_units.format")
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
index 91262fa656..ed8acbda6e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def conversion_format
           translate_number_value_with_default("human.storage_units.format", locale: options[:locale], raise: true)
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb
index d5e72981b4..21eadfdcc7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def convert_to_phone_number(number)
           if opts[:area_code]
             convert_with_area_code(number)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
index 6ceb9a572e..767cfe22ad 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def strip_insignificant_zeros
           options[:strip_insignificant_zeros]
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/parameter_filter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/parameter_filter.rb
index 1389d82523..e1cd7c46c1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/parameter_filter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/parameter_filter.rb
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
   private
-
     def compiled_filter
       @compiled_filter ||= CompiledFilter.compile(@filters, mask: @mask)
     end
@@ -110,7 +109,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
         elsif value.is_a?(Hash)
           value = call(value, parents, original_params)
         elsif value.is_a?(Array)
-          value = value.map { |v| v.is_a?(Hash) ? call(v, parents, original_params) : v }
+          # If we don't pop the current parent it will be duplicated as we
+          # process each array value.
+          parents.pop if deep_regexps
+          value = value.map { |v| value_for_key(key, v, parents, original_params) }
+          # Restore the parent stack after processing the array.
+          parents.push(key) if deep_regexps
         elsif blocks.any?
           key = key.dup if key.duplicable?
           value = value.dup if value.duplicable?
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rails.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rails.rb
index 8b727a69ec..30857f04d8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rails.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rails.rb
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@
 # Defines Object#blank? and Object#present?.
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"
 
-# Rails own autoload, eager_load, etc.
-require "active_support/dependencies/autoload"
-
 # Support for ClassMethods and the included macro.
 require "active_support/concern"
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/reloader.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/reloader.rb
index fea18e9712..2f81cd4f80 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/reloader.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/reloader.rb
@@ -50,11 +50,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def self.reload!
       executor.wrap do
         new.tap do |instance|
-          begin
-            instance.run!
-          ensure
-            instance.complete!
-          end
+          instance.run!
+        ensure
+          instance.complete!
         end
       end
       prepare!
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/secure_compare_rotator.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/secure_compare_rotator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14a0aee947
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/secure_compare_rotator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/security_utils"
+require "active_support/messages/rotator"
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  # The ActiveSupport::SecureCompareRotator is a wrapper around +ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare+
+  # and allows you to rotate a previously defined value to a new one.
+  #
+  # It can be used as follow:
+  #
+  #   rotator = ActiveSupport::SecureCompareRotator.new('new_production_value')
+  #   rotator.rotate('previous_production_value')
+  #   rotator.secure_compare!('previous_production_value')
+  #
+  # One real use case example would be to rotate a basic auth credentials:
+  #
+  #   class MyController < ApplicationController
+  #     def authenticate_request
+  #       rotator = ActiveSupport::SecureComparerotator.new('new_password')
+  #       rotator.rotate('old_password')
+  #
+  #       authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic do |username, password|
+  #         rotator.secure_compare!(password)
+  #       rescue ActiveSupport::SecureCompareRotator::InvalidMatch
+  #         false
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  class SecureCompareRotator
+    include SecurityUtils
+    prepend Messages::Rotator
+
+    InvalidMatch = Class.new(StandardError)
+
+    def initialize(value, **_options)
+      @value = value
+    end
+
+    def secure_compare!(other_value, on_rotation: @rotation)
+      secure_compare(@value, other_value) ||
+        run_rotations(on_rotation) { |wrapper| wrapper.secure_compare!(other_value) } ||
+        raise(InvalidMatch)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def build_rotation(previous_value, _options)
+        self.class.new(previous_value)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb
index 20b6b9cd3f..5e455fca57 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # The values are first processed by SHA256, so that we don't leak length info
     # via timing attacks.
     def secure_compare(a, b)
-      fixed_length_secure_compare(::Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(a), ::Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(b)) && a == b
+      fixed_length_secure_compare(::Digest::SHA256.digest(a), ::Digest::SHA256.digest(b)) && a == b
     end
     module_function :secure_compare
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/string_inquirer.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/string_inquirer.rb
index a3af36720e..e5091e127a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/string_inquirer.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/string_inquirer.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   vehicle.bike?  # => false
   class StringInquirer < String
     private
-
       def respond_to_missing?(method_name, include_private = false)
         (method_name[-1] == "?") || super
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
index f3e902f9dd..c3cd175a52 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # After configured, whenever a "sql.active_record" notification is published,
   # it will properly dispatch the event (ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event) to
   # the +sql+ method.
+  #
+  # We can detach a subscriber as well:
+  #
+  #   ActiveRecord::StatsSubscriber.detach_from(:active_record)
   class Subscriber
     class << self
       # Attach the subscriber to a namespace.
@@ -40,6 +44,25 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
+      # Detach the subscriber from a namespace.
+      def detach_from(namespace, notifier = ActiveSupport::Notifications)
+        @namespace  = namespace
+        @subscriber = find_attached_subscriber
+        @notifier   = notifier
+
+        return unless subscriber
+
+        subscribers.delete(subscriber)
+
+        # Remove event subscribers of all existing methods on the class.
+        subscriber.public_methods(false).each do |event|
+          remove_event_subscriber(event)
+        end
+
+        # Reset notifier so that event subscribers will not add for new methods added to the class.
+        @notifier = nil
+      end
+
       # Adds event subscribers for all new methods added to the class.
       def method_added(event)
         # Only public methods are added as subscribers, and only if a notifier
@@ -58,15 +81,41 @@ module ActiveSupport
         attr_reader :subscriber, :notifier, :namespace
 
         def add_event_subscriber(event) # :doc:
-          return if %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
+          return if invalid_event?(event.to_s)
 
-          pattern = "#{event}.#{namespace}"
+          pattern = prepare_pattern(event)
 
           # Don't add multiple subscribers (eg. if methods are redefined).
-          return if subscriber.patterns.include?(pattern)
+          return if pattern_subscribed?(pattern)
+
+          subscriber.patterns[pattern] = notifier.subscribe(pattern, subscriber)
+        end
+
+        def remove_event_subscriber(event) # :doc:
+          return if invalid_event?(event.to_s)
+
+          pattern = prepare_pattern(event)
+
+          return unless pattern_subscribed?(pattern)
+
+          notifier.unsubscribe(subscriber.patterns[pattern])
+          subscriber.patterns.delete(pattern)
+        end
+
+        def find_attached_subscriber
+          subscribers.find { |attached_subscriber| attached_subscriber.instance_of?(self) }
+        end
+
+        def invalid_event?(event)
+          %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
+        end
+
+        def prepare_pattern(event)
+          "#{event}.#{namespace}"
+        end
 
-          subscriber.patterns << pattern
-          notifier.subscribe(pattern, subscriber)
+        def pattern_subscribed?(pattern)
+          subscriber.patterns.key?(pattern)
         end
     end
 
@@ -74,7 +123,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     def initialize
       @queue_key = [self.class.name, object_id].join "-"
-      @patterns  = []
+      @patterns  = {}
       super
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
index ef12c6b9b0..7be4108ed7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ require "active_support/testing/constant_lookup"
 require "active_support/testing/time_helpers"
 require "active_support/testing/file_fixtures"
 require "active_support/testing/parallelization"
+require "concurrent/utility/processor_counter"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase < ::Minitest::Test
@@ -58,16 +59,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # If the number of workers is set to +1+ or fewer, the tests will not be
       # parallelized.
       #
+      # If +workers+ is set to +:number_of_processors+, the number of workers will be
+      # set to the actual core count on the machine you are on.
+      #
       # The default parallelization method is to fork processes. If you'd like to
       # use threads instead you can pass <tt>with: :threads</tt> to the +parallelize+
       # method. Note the threaded parallelization does not create multiple
       # database and will not work with system tests at this time.
       #
-      #   parallelize(workers: 2, with: :threads)
+      #   parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors, with: :threads)
       #
       # The threaded parallelization uses minitest's parallel executor directly.
       # The processes parallelization uses a Ruby DRb server.
-      def parallelize(workers: 2, with: :processes)
+      def parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors, with: :processes)
+        workers = Concurrent.physical_processor_count if workers == :number_of_processors
         workers = ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"].to_i if ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"]
 
         return if workers <= 1
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/method_call_assertions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/method_call_assertions.rb
index eba41aa907..03c38be481 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/method_call_assertions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/method_call_assertions.rb
@@ -35,18 +35,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_called(object, method_name, message, times: 0, &block)
         end
 
-        # TODO: No need to resort to #send once support for Ruby 2.4 is
-        # dropped.
         def assert_called_on_instance_of(klass, method_name, message = nil, times: 1, returns: nil)
           times_called = 0
-          klass.send(:define_method, "stubbed_#{method_name}") do |*|
+          klass.define_method("stubbed_#{method_name}") do |*|
             times_called += 1
 
             returns
           end
 
-          klass.send(:alias_method, "original_#{method_name}", method_name)
-          klass.send(:alias_method, method_name, "stubbed_#{method_name}")
+          klass.alias_method "original_#{method_name}", method_name
+          klass.alias_method method_name, "stubbed_#{method_name}"
 
           yield
 
@@ -55,9 +53,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
           assert_equal times, times_called, error
         ensure
-          klass.send(:alias_method, method_name, "original_#{method_name}")
-          klass.send(:undef_method, "original_#{method_name}")
-          klass.send(:undef_method, "stubbed_#{method_name}")
+          klass.alias_method method_name, "original_#{method_name}"
+          klass.undef_method "original_#{method_name}"
+          klass.undef_method "stubbed_#{method_name}"
         end
 
         def assert_not_called_on_instance_of(klass, method_name, message = nil, &block)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/parallelization.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/parallelization.rb
index 8de01eb19b..96518a4a58 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/parallelization.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/parallelization.rb
@@ -23,9 +23,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def <<(o)
+          o[2] = DRbObject.new(o[2]) if o
           @queue << o
         end
 
+        def length
+          @queue.length
+        end
+
         def pop; @queue.pop; end
       end
 
@@ -67,32 +72,47 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def start
         @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
+          title = "Rails test worker #{worker}"
+
           fork do
-            begin
-              DRb.stop_service
+            Process.setproctitle("#{title} - (starting)")
+
+            DRb.stop_service
 
+            begin
               after_fork(worker)
+            rescue => setup_exception; end
+
+            queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri(@url)
+
+            while job = queue.pop
+              klass    = job[0]
+              method   = job[1]
+              reporter = job[2]
+
+              Process.setproctitle("#{title} - #{klass}##{method}")
 
-              queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri(@url)
-
-              while job = queue.pop
-                klass    = job[0]
-                method   = job[1]
-                reporter = job[2]
-                result   = Minitest.run_one_method(klass, method)
-
-                begin
-                  queue.record(reporter, result)
-                rescue DRb::DRbConnError
-                  result.failures.each do |failure|
-                    failure.exception = DRb::DRbRemoteError.new(failure.exception)
-                  end
-                  queue.record(reporter, result)
+              result = klass.with_info_handler reporter do
+                Minitest.run_one_method(klass, method)
+              end
+
+              add_setup_exception(result, setup_exception) if setup_exception
+
+              begin
+                queue.record(reporter, result)
+              rescue DRb::DRbConnError
+                result.failures.each do |failure|
+                  failure.exception = DRb::DRbRemoteError.new(failure.exception)
                 end
+                queue.record(reporter, result)
               end
-            ensure
-              run_cleanup(worker)
+
+              Process.setproctitle("#{title} - (idle)")
             end
+          ensure
+            Process.setproctitle("#{title} - (stopping)")
+
+            run_cleanup(worker)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -104,7 +124,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def shutdown
         @queue_size.times { @queue << nil }
         @pool.each { |pid| Process.waitpid pid }
+
+        if @queue.length > 0
+          raise "Queue not empty, but all workers have finished. This probably means that a worker crashed and #{@queue.length} tests were missed."
+        end
       end
+
+      private
+        def add_setup_exception(result, setup_exception)
+          result.failures.prepend Minitest::UnexpectedError.new(setup_exception)
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb
index 127cfe1e12..f895a74644 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Stream #:nodoc:
       private
-
         def silence_stream(stream)
           old_stream = stream.dup
           stream.reopen(IO::NULL)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
index f160e66971..84bd920d86 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         @stubs[object.object_id][method_name] = Stub.new(object, method_name, new_name)
 
-        object.singleton_class.send :alias_method, new_name, method_name
+        object.singleton_class.alias_method new_name, method_name
         object.define_singleton_method(method_name, &block)
       end
 
@@ -40,12 +40,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def unstub_object(stub)
           singleton_class = stub.object.singleton_class
-          singleton_class.send :silence_redefinition_of_method, stub.method_name
-          singleton_class.send :alias_method, stub.method_name, stub.original_method
-          singleton_class.send :undef_method, stub.original_method
+          singleton_class.silence_redefinition_of_method stub.method_name
+          singleton_class.alias_method stub.method_name, stub.original_method
+          singleton_class.undef_method stub.original_method
         end
     end
 
@@ -191,7 +190,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
-
         def simple_stubs
           @simple_stubs ||= SimpleStubs.new
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
index e42eee07a3..f6ae08bb5d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require "time"
 require "base64"
 require "bigdecimal"
+require "bigdecimal/util"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/inflections"
 require "active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations"
@@ -68,11 +69,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         "float"        => Proc.new { |float|   float.to_f },
         "decimal"      => Proc.new do |number|
           if String === number
-            begin
-              BigDecimal(number)
-            rescue ArgumentError
-              BigDecimal("0")
-            end
+            number.to_d
           else
             BigDecimal(number)
           end
@@ -158,7 +155,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       def _dasherize(key)
         # $2 must be a non-greedy regex for this to work
         left, middle, right = /\A(_*)(.*?)(_*)\Z/.match(key.strip)[1, 3]
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
index 32fe6ade28..12ca19a76f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-
       # Convert an XML element and merge into the hash
       #
       # hash::
diff --git a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 168d3655d3..01e60abd99 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def jruby_skip(message = "")
       skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
-
-    def frozen_error_class
-      Object.const_defined?(:FrozenError) ? FrozenError : RuntimeError
-    end
 end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/activesupport/test/actionable_error_test.rb b/activesupport/test/actionable_error_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63046b937c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/actionable_error_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+require "active_support/actionable_error"
+
+class ActionableErrorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  NonActionableError = Class.new(StandardError)
+
+  class DispatchableError < StandardError
+    include ActiveSupport::ActionableError
+
+    class_attribute :flip1, default: false
+    class_attribute :flip2, default: false
+
+    action "Flip 1" do
+      self.flip1 = true
+    end
+
+    action "Flip 2" do
+      self.flip2 = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "returns all action of an actionable error" do
+    assert_equal ["Flip 1", "Flip 2"], ActiveSupport::ActionableError.actions(DispatchableError).keys
+    assert_equal ["Flip 1", "Flip 2"], ActiveSupport::ActionableError.actions(DispatchableError.new).keys
+  end
+
+  test "returns no actions for non-actionable errors" do
+    assert ActiveSupport::ActionableError.actions(Exception).empty?
+    assert ActiveSupport::ActionableError.actions(Exception.new).empty?
+  end
+
+  test "dispatches actions from error and name" do
+    assert_changes "DispatchableError.flip1", from: false, to: true do
+      ActiveSupport::ActionableError.dispatch DispatchableError, "Flip 1"
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "cannot dispatch missing actions" do
+    err = assert_raises ActiveSupport::ActionableError::NonActionable do
+      ActiveSupport::ActionableError.dispatch NonActionableError, "action"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'Cannot find action "action"', err.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/raises_load_error.rb b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/raises_load_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f97be29b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/raises_load_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# raises a load error typical of the dynamic code that manually raises load errors
+raise LoadError, "required gem not present kind of error"
diff --git a/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/cache_store_behavior.rb b/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/cache_store_behavior.rb
index 9f54b1e7de..e6f014e08d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/cache_store_behavior.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/cache_store_behavior.rb
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
     assert_equal("fufu", @cache.read("fu"))
   end
 
-  def test_multi_with_objects
+  def test_fetch_multi_with_objects
     cache_struct = Struct.new(:cache_key, :title)
     foo = cache_struct.new("foo", "FOO!")
     bar = cache_struct.new("bar")
@@ -142,6 +142,14 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
     assert_equal({ foo => "FOO!", bar => "BAM!" }, values)
   end
 
+  def test_fetch_multi_returns_ordered_names
+    @cache.write("bam", "BAM")
+
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi("foo", "bar", "bam") { |key| key.upcase }
+
+    assert_equal(%w(foo bar bam), values.keys)
+  end
+
   def test_fetch_multi_without_block
     assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
       @cache.fetch_multi("foo")
@@ -499,7 +507,6 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_compressed(value, **options)
       assert_compression(true, value, **options)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/connection_pool_behavior.rb b/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/connection_pool_behavior.rb
index 4d1901a173..aed04d07d4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/connection_pool_behavior.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/connection_pool_behavior.rb
@@ -7,24 +7,22 @@ module ConnectionPoolBehavior
     threads = []
 
     emulating_latency do
-      begin
-        cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(store, { pool_size: 2, pool_timeout: 1 }.merge(store_options))
-        cache.clear
-
-        assert_raises Timeout::Error do
-          # One of the three threads will fail in 1 second because our pool size
-          # is only two.
-          3.times do
-            threads << Thread.new do
-              cache.read("latency")
-            end
+      cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, { pool_size: 2, pool_timeout: 1 }.merge(store_options))
+      cache.clear
+
+      assert_raises Timeout::Error do
+        # One of the three threads will fail in 1 second because our pool size
+        # is only two.
+        3.times do
+          threads << Thread.new do
+            cache.read("latency")
           end
-
-          threads.each(&:join)
         end
-      ensure
-        threads.each(&:kill)
+
+        threads.each(&:join)
       end
+    ensure
+      threads.each(&:kill)
     end
   ensure
     Thread.report_on_exception = original_report_on_exception
@@ -34,24 +32,22 @@ module ConnectionPoolBehavior
     threads = []
 
     emulating_latency do
-      begin
-        cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(store, store_options)
-        cache.clear
-
-        assert_nothing_raised do
-          # Default connection pool size is 5, assuming 10 will make sure that
-          # the connection pool isn't used at all.
-          10.times do
-            threads << Thread.new do
-              cache.read("latency")
-            end
+      cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, store_options)
+      cache.clear
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        # Default connection pool size is 5, assuming 10 will make sure that
+        # the connection pool isn't used at all.
+        10.times do
+          threads << Thread.new do
+            cache.read("latency")
           end
-
-          threads.each(&:join)
         end
-      ensure
-        threads.each(&:kill)
+
+        threads.each(&:join)
       end
+    ensure
+      threads.each(&:kill)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/local_cache_behavior.rb b/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/local_cache_behavior.rb
index baa38ba6ac..6f5d53c190 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/local_cache_behavior.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/cache/behaviors/local_cache_behavior.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,15 @@ module LocalCacheBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_local_cache_of_read_returns_a_copy_of_the_entry
+    @cache.with_local_cache do
+      @cache.write(:foo, type: "bar")
+      value = @cache.read(:foo)
+      assert_equal("bar", value.delete(:type))
+      assert_equal({ type: "bar" }, @cache.read(:foo))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_local_cache_of_read
     @cache.write("foo", "bar")
     @cache.with_local_cache do
diff --git a/activesupport/test/cache/cache_key_test.rb b/activesupport/test/cache/cache_key_test.rb
index c2240d03c2..f0cd991553 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/cache/cache_key_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/cache/cache_key_test.rb
@@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def with_env(kv)
       old_values = {}
       kv.each { |key, value| old_values[key], ENV[key] = ENV[key], value }
diff --git a/activesupport/test/cache/stores/file_store_test.rb b/activesupport/test/cache/stores/file_store_test.rb
index f6855bb308..0364d9ab64 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/cache/stores/file_store_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/cache/stores/file_store_test.rb
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
     assert File.exist?(cache_dir), "Parent of top level cache dir was deleted!"
     assert File.exist?(sub_cache_dir), "Top level cache dir was deleted!"
-    assert_empty Dir.entries(sub_cache_dir).reject { |f| ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore::EXCLUDED_DIRS.include?(f) }
+    assert_empty Dir.children(sub_cache_dir)
   end
 
   def test_log_exception_when_cache_read_fails
diff --git a/activesupport/test/cache/stores/mem_cache_store_test.rb b/activesupport/test/cache/stores/mem_cache_store_test.rb
index f426a37c66..3917d14d1c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/cache/stores/mem_cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/cache/stores/mem_cache_store_test.rb
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ end
 
 class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   begin
-    ss = Dalli::Client.new("localhost:11211").stats
-    raise Dalli::DalliError unless ss["localhost:11211"]
+    servers = ENV["MEMCACHE_SERVERS"] || "localhost:11211"
+    ss = Dalli::Client.new(servers).stats
+    raise Dalli::DalliError unless ss[servers]
 
     MEMCACHE_UP = true
   rescue Dalli::DalliError
@@ -37,8 +38,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     skip "memcache server is not up" unless MEMCACHE_UP
 
-    @cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store, expires_in: 60)
-    @peek = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store)
+    @cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, expires_in: 60)
+    @peek = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store)
     @data = @cache.instance_variable_get(:@data)
     @cache.clear
     @cache.silence!
@@ -56,21 +57,21 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include FailureSafetyBehavior
 
   def test_raw_values
-    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store, raw: true)
+    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, raw: true)
     cache.clear
     cache.write("foo", 2)
     assert_equal "2", cache.read("foo")
   end
 
   def test_raw_values_with_marshal
-    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store, raw: true)
+    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, raw: true)
     cache.clear
     cache.write("foo", Marshal.dump([]))
     assert_equal [], cache.read("foo")
   end
 
   def test_local_cache_raw_values
-    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store, raw: true)
+    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, raw: true)
     cache.clear
     cache.with_local_cache do
       cache.write("foo", 2)
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_increment_expires_in
-    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store, raw: true)
+    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, raw: true)
     cache.clear
     assert_called_with cache.instance_variable_get(:@data), :incr, [ "foo", 1, 60 ] do
       cache.increment("foo", 1, expires_in: 60)
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_decrement_expires_in
-    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store, raw: true)
+    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, raw: true)
     cache.clear
     assert_called_with cache.instance_variable_get(:@data), :decr, [ "foo", 1, 60 ] do
       cache.decrement("foo", 1, expires_in: 60)
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_local_cache_raw_values_with_marshal
-    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:mem_cache_store, raw: true)
+    cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(*store, raw: true)
     cache.clear
     cache.with_local_cache do
       cache.write("foo", Marshal.dump([]))
@@ -112,9 +113,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def store
-      :mem_cache_store
+      [:mem_cache_store, ENV["MEMCACHE_SERVERS"] || "localhost:11211"]
     end
 
     def emulating_latency
diff --git a/activesupport/test/cache/stores/redis_cache_store_test.rb b/activesupport/test/cache/stores/redis_cache_store_test.rb
index 305a2c184d..a2177e0476 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/cache/stores/redis_cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/cache/stores/redis_cache_store_test.rb
@@ -140,6 +140,12 @@ module ActiveSupport::Cache::RedisCacheStoreTests
       end
     end
 
+    def test_fetch_multi_without_names
+      assert_not_called(@cache.redis, :mget) do
+        @cache.fetch_multi() { }
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_increment_expires_in
       assert_called_with @cache.redis, :incrby, [ "#{@namespace}:foo", 1 ] do
         assert_called_with @cache.redis, :expire, [ "#{@namespace}:foo", 60 ] do
@@ -185,9 +191,8 @@ module ActiveSupport::Cache::RedisCacheStoreTests
     include ConnectionPoolBehavior
 
     private
-
       def store
-        :redis_cache_store
+        [:redis_cache_store]
       end
 
       def emulating_latency
@@ -204,7 +209,7 @@ module ActiveSupport::Cache::RedisCacheStoreTests
   class RedisDistributedConnectionPoolBehaviourTest < ConnectionPoolBehaviourTest
     private
       def store_options
-        { url: %w[ redis://localhost:6379/0 redis://localhost:6379/0 ] }
+        { url: [ENV["REDIS_URL"] || "redis://localhost:6379/0"] * 2 }
       end
   end
 
@@ -232,7 +237,6 @@ module ActiveSupport::Cache::RedisCacheStoreTests
     include FailureSafetyBehavior
 
     private
-
       def emulating_unavailability
         old_client = Redis.send(:remove_const, :Client)
         Redis.const_set(:Client, UnavailableRedisClient)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
index 466b364e9d..cc37c4fa99 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
 
       def callback_object(callback_method)
         klass = Class.new
-        klass.send(:define_method, callback_method) do |model|
+        klass.define_method(callback_method) do |model|
           model.history << [:"#{callback_method}_save", :object]
         end
         klass.new
@@ -397,7 +397,6 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
 
     private
-
       def record1
         @recorder << 1
       end
@@ -989,6 +988,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
         define_callbacks :foo, scope: [:name]
         set_callback :foo, :before, :foo, if: callback
         def run; run_callbacks :foo; end
+
         private
           def foo; end
       }
diff --git a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
index 98d8f3ee0d..4b3cfcd1d2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
@@ -128,4 +128,12 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_no_raise_on_same_included_call
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      2.times do
+        load File.expand_path("../fixtures/concern/some_concern.rb", __FILE__)
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
index 2c6145940b..cdb8441b81 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
@@ -112,6 +112,16 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_nil yield("A::Object::B")
     assert_nil yield("A::Object::Object::Object::B")
 
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      assert_nil yield("Em")
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(LoadError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesLoadError")
+      end
+    end
+
     assert_raises(NameError) do
       with_autoloading_fixtures do
         yield("RaisesNameError")
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
index 8c217023cf..427b058925 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,18 @@ class AccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal array[-2], array.second_to_last
   end
 
+  def test_including
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [1, 2, 4].including(3, 5).sort
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [1, 2, 4].including([3, 5]).sort
+    assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 0]], [[0, 1]].including([[1, 0]])
+  end
+
+  def test_excluding
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].excluding(3, 5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].excluding([3, 5])
+    assert_equal [[0, 1]], [[0, 1], [1, 0]].excluding([[1, 0]])
+  end
+
   def test_without
     assert_equal [1, 2, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].without(3, 5)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
index c34acd66ad..8573dbd5a6 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "abstract_unit"
-require "active_support/core_ext/array"
 
 class PrependAppendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_append
-    assert_equal [1, 2], [1].append(2)
-  end
-
-  def test_prepend
-    assert_equal [2, 1], [1].prepend(2)
+  def test_requiring_prepend_and_append_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      require "active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append"
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
index b77ea22701..6d31734f27 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
@@ -8,31 +8,11 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 28, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 3, 2, 10, 10, 10).yesterday.yesterday
   end
 
-  def test_prev_day
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 24, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(-2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 23, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(-1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(0)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 21, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 21, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 28, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 3, 2, 10, 10, 10).prev_day.prev_day
-  end
-
   def test_tomorrow
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 23, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).tomorrow
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 2, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 2, 28, 10, 10, 10).tomorrow.tomorrow
   end
 
-  def test_next_day
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(-2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 21, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(-1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(0)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 23, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 24, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 23, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 2, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 2, 28, 10, 10, 10).next_day.next_day
-  end
-
   def test_days_ago
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 6, 4, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).days_ago(1)
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 5, 31, 10, 10, 10),   date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).days_ago(5)
@@ -161,16 +141,6 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     assert_equal date_time_init(2015, 1, 5, 15, 15, 10), date_time_init(2015, 1, 3, 15, 15, 10).next_weekday
   end
 
-  def test_next_month
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 12, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(-2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 1, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(-1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(0)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 4, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 4, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month.next_month
-  end
-
   def test_next_month_on_31st
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 9, 30, 15, 15, 10), date_time_init(2005, 8, 31, 15, 15, 10).next_month
   end
@@ -179,16 +149,6 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 11, 30, 15, 15, 10), date_time_init(2005, 8, 31, 15, 15, 10).next_quarter
   end
 
-  def test_next_year
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2003, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(-2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(-1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(0)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2006, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2007, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2006, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2007, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year.next_year
-  end
-
   def test_prev_week
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 21, 0, 0, 0),  date_time_init(2005, 3, 1, 15, 15, 10).prev_week
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 0, 0, 0),  date_time_init(2005, 3, 1, 15, 15, 10).prev_week(:tuesday)
@@ -229,16 +189,6 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     assert_equal date_time_init(2015, 1, 2, 15, 15, 10), date_time_init(2015, 1, 4, 15, 15, 10).prev_weekday
   end
 
-  def test_prev_month
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 4, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(-2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(-1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(0)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 1, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 12, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 1, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 12, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month.prev_month
-  end
-
   def test_prev_month_on_31st
     assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 2, 29, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2004, 3, 31, 10, 10, 10).prev_month
   end
@@ -247,16 +197,6 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 2, 29, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2004, 5, 31, 10, 10, 10).prev_quarter
   end
 
-  def test_prev_year
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2007, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(-2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2006, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(-1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(0)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(1)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2003, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(2)
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year
-    assert_equal date_time_init(2003, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year.prev_year
-  end
-
   def test_last_month_on_31st
     assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 2, 29, 0, 0, 0), date_time_init(2004, 3, 31, 0, 0, 0).last_month
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
index b8652884ce..7060dd3c56 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
@@ -112,14 +112,6 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Date.new(2005, 4, 30), Date.new(2005, 4, 20).end_of_month
   end
 
-  def test_prev_year_in_leap_years
-    assert_equal Date.new(1999, 2, 28), Date.new(2000, 2, 29).prev_year
-  end
-
-  def test_prev_year_in_calendar_reform
-    assert_equal Date.new(1582, 10, 4), Date.new(1583, 10, 14).prev_year
-  end
-
   def test_last_year_in_leap_years
     assert_equal Date.new(1999, 2, 28), Date.new(2000, 2, 29).last_year
   end
@@ -128,14 +120,6 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Date.new(1582, 10, 4), Date.new(1583, 10, 14).last_year
   end
 
-  def test_next_year_in_leap_years
-    assert_equal Date.new(2001, 2, 28), Date.new(2000, 2, 29).next_year
-  end
-
-  def test_next_year_in_calendar_reform
-    assert_equal Date.new(1582, 10, 4), Date.new(1581, 10, 10).next_year
-  end
-
   def test_advance
     assert_equal Date.new(2006, 2, 28), Date.new(2005, 2, 28).advance(years: 1)
     assert_equal Date.new(2005, 6, 28), Date.new(2005, 2, 28).advance(months: 4)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
index b63464a36a..381b5a1f32 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
@@ -217,11 +217,18 @@ class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal false, GenericEnumerable.new([ 1 ]).exclude?(1)
   end
 
+  def test_excluding
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], GenericEnumerable.new((1..5).to_a).excluding(3, 5)
+    assert_equal [3, 4, 5], GenericEnumerable.new((1..5).to_a).excluding([1, 2])
+    assert_equal [[0, 1]], GenericEnumerable.new([[0, 1], [1, 0]]).excluding([[1, 0]])
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], (1..5).to_a.excluding(3, 5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], (1..5).to_set.excluding(3, 5)
+    assert_equal({ foo: 1, baz: 3 }, { foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3 }.excluding(:bar))
+  end
+
   def test_without
     assert_equal [1, 2, 4], GenericEnumerable.new((1..5).to_a).without(3, 5)
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], (1..5).to_a.without(3, 5)
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], (1..5).to_set.without(3, 5)
-    assert_equal({ foo: 1, baz: 3 }, { foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3 }.without(:bar))
+    assert_equal [3, 4, 5], GenericEnumerable.new((1..5).to_a).without([1, 2])
   end
 
   def test_pluck
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
index 9c97700e5d..186c863f91 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
@@ -59,6 +59,20 @@ class AtomicWriteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     File.unlink(file_name) rescue nil
   end
 
+  def test_atomic_write_preserves_file_permissions_same_directory
+    Dir.mktmpdir do |temp_dir|
+      File.chmod 0700, temp_dir
+
+      probed_permissions = File.probe_stat_in(temp_dir).mode.to_s(8)
+
+      File.atomic_write(File.join(temp_dir, file_name), &:close)
+
+      actual_permissions = File.stat(File.join(temp_dir, file_name)).mode.to_s(8)
+
+      assert_equal actual_permissions, probed_permissions
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_atomic_write_returns_result_from_yielded_block
     block_return_value = File.atomic_write(file_name, Dir.pwd) do |file|
       "Hello world!"
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b9e41f7b25..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "abstract_unit"
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
-
-class TransformKeysTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "transform_keys returns a new hash with the keys computed from the block" do
-    original = { a: "a", b: "b" }
-    mapped = original.transform_keys { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
-
-    assert_equal({ a: "a", b: "b" }, original)
-    assert_equal({ a!: "a", b!: "b" }, mapped)
-  end
-
-  test "transform_keys! modifies the keys of the original" do
-    original = { a: "a", b: "b" }
-    mapped = original.transform_keys! { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
-
-    assert_equal({ a!: "a", b!: "b" }, original)
-    assert_same original, mapped
-  end
-
-  test "transform_keys returns a sized Enumerator if no block is given" do
-    original = { a: "a", b: "b" }
-    enumerator = original.transform_keys
-    assert_equal original.size, enumerator.size
-    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
-  end
-
-  test "transform_keys! returns a sized Enumerator if no block is given" do
-    original = { a: "a", b: "b" }
-    enumerator = original.transform_keys!
-    assert_equal original.size, enumerator.size
-    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
-  end
-
-  test "transform_keys is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
-    original = { a: "a", b: "b" }
-    mapped = original.transform_keys.with_index { |k, i| [k, i].join.to_sym }
-    assert_equal({ a0: "a", b1: "b" }, mapped)
-  end
-
-  test "transform_keys! is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
-    original = { a: "a", b: "b" }
-    original.transform_keys!.with_index { |k, i| [k, i].join.to_sym }
-    assert_equal({ a0: "a", b1: "b" }, original)
-  end
-
-  test "transform_keys returns a Hash instance when self is inherited from Hash" do
-    class HashDescendant < ::Hash
-      def initialize(elements = nil)
-        super(elements)
-        (elements || {}).each_pair { |key, value| self[key] = value }
-      end
-    end
-
-    original = HashDescendant.new(a: "a", b: "b")
-    mapped = original.transform_keys { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
-
-    assert_equal({ a: "a", b: "b" }, original)
-    assert_equal({ a!: "a", b!: "b" }, mapped)
-    assert_equal(::Hash, mapped.class)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
index f4f0dd6b31..8572d56722 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_methods
     h = {}
-    assert_respond_to h, :transform_keys
-    assert_respond_to h, :transform_keys!
     assert_respond_to h, :deep_transform_keys
     assert_respond_to h, :deep_transform_keys!
+    assert_respond_to h, :deep_transform_values
+    assert_respond_to h, :deep_transform_values!
     assert_respond_to h, :symbolize_keys
     assert_respond_to h, :symbolize_keys!
     assert_respond_to h, :deep_symbolize_keys
@@ -49,18 +49,6 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_respond_to h, :except!
   end
 
-  def test_transform_keys
-    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @strings.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @symbols.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @mixed.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-  end
-
-  def test_transform_keys_not_mutates
-    transformed_hash = @mixed.dup
-    transformed_hash.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-    assert_equal @mixed, transformed_hash
-  end
-
   def test_deep_transform_keys
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
@@ -76,19 +64,6 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_mixed, transformed_hash
   end
 
-  def test_transform_keys!
-    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @symbols.dup.transform_keys! { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @strings.dup.transform_keys! { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-    assert_equal @upcase_strings, @mixed.dup.transform_keys! { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-  end
-
-  def test_transform_keys_with_bang_mutates
-    transformed_hash = @mixed.dup
-    transformed_hash.transform_keys! { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-    assert_equal @upcase_strings, transformed_hash
-    assert_equal({ :a => 1, "b" => 2 }, @mixed)
-  end
-
   def test_deep_transform_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys! { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys! { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
@@ -105,6 +80,31 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({ "a" => { b: { "c" => 3 } } }, @nested_mixed)
   end
 
+  def test_deep_transform_values
+    assert_equal({ "a" => "1", "b" => "2" }, @strings.deep_transform_values { |value| value.to_s })
+    assert_equal({ "a" => { "b" => { "c" => "3" } } }, @nested_strings.deep_transform_values { |value| value.to_s })
+    assert_equal({ "a" => [ { "b" => "2" }, { "c" => "3" }, "4" ] }, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_values { |value| value.to_s })
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_transform_values_not_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @nested_mixed.deep_dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_transform_values { |value| value.to_s }
+    assert_equal @nested_mixed, transformed_hash
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_transform_values!
+    assert_equal({ "a" => "1", "b" => "2" }, @strings.deep_transform_values! { |value| value.to_s })
+    assert_equal({ "a" => { "b" => { "c" => "3" } } }, @nested_strings.deep_transform_values! { |value| value.to_s })
+    assert_equal({ "a" => [ { "b" => "2" }, { "c" => "3" }, "4" ] }, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_values! { |value| value.to_s })
+  end
+
+  def test_deep_transform_values_with_bang_mutates
+    transformed_hash = @nested_mixed.deep_dup
+    transformed_hash.deep_transform_values! { |value| value.to_s }
+    assert_equal({ "a" => { b: { "c" => "3" } } }, transformed_hash)
+    assert_equal({ "a" => { b: { "c" => 3 } } }, @nested_mixed)
+  end
+
   def test_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @symbols, @symbols.symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @symbols, @strings.symbolize_keys
@@ -337,30 +337,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, merged
   end
 
-  def test_slice
-    original = { a: "x", b: "y", c: 10 }
-    expected = { a: "x", b: "y" }
-
-    # Should return a new hash with only the given keys.
-    assert_equal expected, original.slice(:a, :b)
-    assert_not_equal expected, original
-  end
-
   def test_slice_inplace
     original = { a: "x", b: "y", c: 10 }
-    expected = { c: 10 }
-
-    # Should replace the hash with only the given keys.
-    assert_equal expected, original.slice!(:a, :b)
-  end
+    expected_return = { c: 10 }
+    expected_original = { a: "x", b: "y" }
 
-  def test_slice_with_an_array_key
-    original = { :a => "x", :b => "y", :c => 10, [:a, :b] => "an array key" }
-    expected = { [:a, :b] => "an array key", :c => 10 }
+    # Should return a hash containing the removed key/value pairs.
+    assert_equal expected_return, original.slice!(:a, :b)
 
-    # Should return a new hash with only the given keys when given an array key.
-    assert_equal expected, original.slice([:a, :b], :c)
-    assert_not_equal expected, original
+    # Should replace the hash with only the given keys.
+    assert_equal expected_original, original
   end
 
   def test_slice_inplace_with_an_array_key
@@ -371,14 +357,6 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, original.slice!([:a, :b], :c)
   end
 
-  def test_slice_with_splatted_keys
-    original = { :a => "x", :b => "y", :c => 10, [:a, :b] => "an array key" }
-    expected = { a: "x", b: "y" }
-
-    # Should grab each of the splatted keys.
-    assert_equal expected, original.slice(*[:a, :b])
-  end
-
   def test_slice_bang_does_not_override_default
     hash = Hash.new(0)
     hash.update(a: 1, b: 2)
@@ -444,7 +422,7 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     original.freeze
     assert_nothing_raised { original.except(:a) }
 
-    assert_raise(frozen_error_class) { original.except!(:a) }
+    assert_raise(FrozenError) { original.except!(:a) }
   end
 
   def test_except_does_not_delete_values_in_original
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
index 126aa51cb4..6d3726e407 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ class TestLoadError < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_path
-    begin load "nor/this/one.rb"
-    rescue LoadError => e
-      assert_equal "nor/this/one.rb", e.path
-    end
+    load "nor/this/one.rb"
+  rescue LoadError => e
+    assert_equal "nor/this/one.rb", e.path
   end
 
   def test_is_missing_with_nil_path
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/reachable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/reachable_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f356d46957..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/reachable_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "abstract_unit"
-require "active_support/core_ext/module/reachable"
-
-class AnonymousTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "an anonymous class or module is not reachable" do
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_not_predicate Module.new, :reachable?
-      assert_not_predicate Class.new, :reachable?
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "ordinary named classes or modules are reachable" do
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_predicate Kernel, :reachable?
-      assert_predicate Object, :reachable?
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "a named class or module whose constant has gone is not reachable" do
-    c = eval "class C; end; C"
-    m = eval "module M; end; M"
-
-    self.class.send(:remove_const, :C)
-    self.class.send(:remove_const, :M)
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_not_predicate c, :reachable?
-      assert_not_predicate m, :reachable?
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "a named class or module whose constants store different objects are not reachable" do
-    c = eval "class C; end; C"
-    m = eval "module M; end; M"
-
-    self.class.send(:remove_const, :C)
-    self.class.send(:remove_const, :M)
-
-    eval "class C; end"
-    eval "module M; end"
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_predicate C, :reachable?
-      assert_predicate M, :reachable?
-      assert_not_predicate c, :reachable?
-      assert_not_predicate m, :reachable?
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
index 04692f1484..dd36a9373a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ Someone = Struct.new(:name, :place) do
   delegate :bar, to: :place, allow_nil: true
 
   private
-
     def private_name
       "Private"
     end
@@ -92,6 +91,16 @@ DecoratedTester = Struct.new(:client) do
   delegate_missing_to :client
 end
 
+class DecoratedMissingAllowNil
+  delegate_missing_to :case, allow_nil: true
+
+  attr_reader :case
+
+  def initialize(kase)
+    @case = kase
+  end
+end
+
 class DecoratedReserved
   delegate_missing_to :case
 
@@ -102,6 +111,24 @@ class DecoratedReserved
   end
 end
 
+class Maze
+  attr_accessor :cavern, :passages
+end
+
+class Cavern
+  delegate_missing_to :target
+
+  attr_reader :maze
+
+  def initialize(maze)
+    @maze = maze
+  end
+
+  def target
+    @maze.passages = :twisty
+  end
+end
+
 class Block
   def hello?
     true
@@ -382,6 +409,10 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "name delegated to client, but client is nil", e.message
   end
 
+  def test_delegate_missing_to_returns_nil_if_allow_nil_and_nil_target
+    assert_nil DecoratedMissingAllowNil.new(nil).name
+  end
+
   def test_delegate_missing_to_affects_respond_to
     assert_respond_to DecoratedTester.new(@david), :name
     assert_not_respond_to DecoratedTester.new(@david), :private_name
@@ -398,6 +429,17 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_respond_to DecoratedTester.new(@david), :extra_missing
   end
 
+  def test_delegate_missing_to_does_not_interfere_with_marshallization
+    maze = Maze.new
+    maze.cavern = Cavern.new(maze)
+
+    array = [maze, nil]
+    serialized_array = Marshal.dump(array)
+    deserialized_array = Marshal.load(serialized_array)
+
+    assert_nil deserialized_array[1]
+  end
+
   def test_delegate_with_case
     event = Event.new(Tester.new)
     assert_equal 1, event.foo
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
index 5203434ae6..a577c30c40 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
@@ -6,13 +6,8 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/time"
 
 class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.5.0"
-    RAISE_DUP = [method(:puts)]
-    ALLOW_DUP = ["1", "symbol_from_string".to_sym, Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new, BigDecimal("4.56"), nil, false, true, 1, 2.3, Complex(1), Rational(1)]
-  else
-    RAISE_DUP = [method(:puts), Complex(1), Rational(1)]
-    ALLOW_DUP = ["1", "symbol_from_string".to_sym, Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new, BigDecimal("4.56"), nil, false, true, 1, 2.3]
-  end
+  RAISE_DUP = [method(:puts), method(:puts).unbind]
+  ALLOW_DUP = ["1", "symbol_from_string".to_sym, Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new, BigDecimal("4.56"), nil, false, true, 1, 2.3, Complex(1), Rational(1)]
 
   def test_duplicable
     rubinius_skip "* Method#dup is allowed at the moment on Rubinius\n" \
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
index 4b8efb8a93..16d6a4c2f2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_include_other_with_exclusive_end
-    assert((1..10).include?(1...10))
+    assert((1..10).include?(1...11))
   end
 
   def test_should_compare_identical_inclusive
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_compare_other_with_exclusive_end
-    assert((1..10) === (1...10))
+    assert((1..10) === (1...11))
   end
 
   def test_exclusive_end_should_not_include_identical_with_inclusive_end
@@ -93,6 +93,10 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert range.method(:include?) != range.method(:cover?)
   end
 
+  def test_should_cover_other_with_exclusive_end
+    assert((1..10).cover?(1...11))
+  end
+
   def test_overlaps_on_time
     time_range_1 = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 15, 30)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 30)
     time_range_2 = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 00)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 18, 00)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/secure_random_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/secure_random_test.rb
index 7067fb524c..4b73233971 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/secure_random_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/secure_random_test.rb
@@ -19,4 +19,24 @@ class SecureRandomTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not_equal s1, s2
     assert_equal 24, s1.length
   end
+
+  def test_base36
+    s1 = SecureRandom.base36
+    s2 = SecureRandom.base36
+
+    assert_not_equal s1, s2
+    assert_equal 16, s1.length
+    assert_match(/^[a-z0-9]+$/, s1)
+    assert_match(/^[a-z0-9]+$/, s2)
+  end
+
+  def test_base36_with_length
+    s1 = SecureRandom.base36(24)
+    s2 = SecureRandom.base36(24)
+
+    assert_not_equal s1, s2
+    assert_equal 24, s1.length
+    assert_match(/^[a-z0-9]+$/, s1)
+    assert_match(/^[a-z0-9]+$/, s2)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
index 2468fe3603..c5a000b67a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
@@ -206,6 +206,12 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_parameterize_with_locale
+    word = "Fünf autos"
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, i18n: { transliterate: { rule: { "ü" => "ue" } } })
+    assert_equal("fuenf-autos", word.parameterize(locale: :de))
+  end
+
   def test_humanize
     UnderscoreToHuman.each do |underscore, human|
       assert_equal(human, underscore.humanize)
@@ -285,6 +291,11 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, omission: "[...]", separator: /\s/)
   end
 
+  def test_truncate_returns_frozen_string
+    assert_not "Hello World!".truncate(12).frozen?
+    assert_not "Hello World!!".truncate(12).frozen?
+  end
+
   def test_truncate_bytes
     assert_equal "👍👍👍👍", "👍👍👍👍".truncate_bytes(16)
     assert_equal "👍👍👍👍", "👍👍👍👍".truncate_bytes(16, omission: nil)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
index 7078f3506d..41ab98e721 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
@@ -514,6 +514,8 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.local(1582, 10, 15, 15, 15, 10), Time.local(1582, 10, 14, 15, 15, 10).advance(days: 1)
     assert_equal Time.local(1582, 10, 5, 15, 15, 10), Time.local(1582, 10, 4, 15, 15, 10).advance(days: 1)
     assert_equal Time.local(1582, 10, 4, 15, 15, 10), Time.local(1582, 10, 5, 15, 15, 10).advance(days: -1)
+    assert_equal Time.local(999, 10, 4, 15, 15, 10), Time.local(1000, 10, 4, 15, 15, 10).advance(years: -1)
+    assert_equal Time.local(1000, 10, 4, 15, 15, 10), Time.local(999, 10, 4, 15, 15, 10).advance(years: 1)
   end
 
   def test_last_week
@@ -947,6 +949,66 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "invalid date", exception.message
   end
+
+  def test_prev_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 24, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(-2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 23, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(-1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(0)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 21, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day(2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 21, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 28, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 3, 2, 10, 10, 10).prev_day.prev_day
+  end
+
+  def test_next_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(-2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 21, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(-1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(0)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 23, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 24, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day(2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 23, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 2, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 2, 28, 10, 10, 10).next_day.next_day
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_month
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 4, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(-2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(-1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(0)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 1, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 12, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month(2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 1, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 12, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).prev_month.prev_month
+  end
+
+  def test_next_month
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 12, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(-2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 1, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(-1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(0)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 4, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month(2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 3, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 4, 22, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 2, 22, 10, 10, 10).next_month.next_month
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_year
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2007, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(-2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(-1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(0)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2003, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year(2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2003, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10),  date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).prev_year.prev_year
+  end
+
+  def test_next_year
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2003, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(-2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2004, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(-1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(0)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(1)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2007, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year(2)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2007, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10), date_time_init(2005, 6, 5, 10, 10, 10).next_year.next_year
+  end
 end
 
 class TimeExtMarshalingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/current_attributes_test.rb b/activesupport/test/current_attributes_test.rb
index 1669f08f68..adbdc646bc 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/current_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/current_attributes_test.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,18 @@
 require "abstract_unit"
 
 class CurrentAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  Person = Struct.new(:name, :time_zone)
+  Person = Struct.new(:id, :name, :time_zone)
 
   class Current < ActiveSupport::CurrentAttributes
     attribute :world, :account, :person, :request
     delegate :time_zone, to: :person
 
-    resets { Time.zone = "UTC" }
+    before_reset { Session.previous = person.try(:id) }
+
+    resets do
+      Time.zone = "UTC"
+      Session.current = nil
+    end
 
     def account=(account)
       super
@@ -19,6 +24,7 @@ class CurrentAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def person=(person)
       super
       Time.zone = person.try(:time_zone)
+      Session.current = person.try(:id)
     end
 
     def request
@@ -30,9 +36,14 @@ class CurrentAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class Session < ActiveSupport::CurrentAttributes
+    attribute :current, :previous
+  end
+
   setup do
     @original_time_zone = Time.zone
     Current.reset
+    Session.reset
   end
 
   teardown do
@@ -56,16 +67,28 @@ class CurrentAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "set auxiliary class via overwritten method" do
-    Current.person = Person.new("David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
+    Current.person = Person.new(42, "David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
     assert_equal "Central Time (US & Canada)", Time.zone.name
+    assert_equal 42, Session.current
   end
 
-  test "resets auxiliary class via callback" do
-    Current.person = Person.new("David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
+  test "resets auxiliary classes via callback" do
+    Current.person = Person.new(42, "David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
     assert_equal "Central Time (US & Canada)", Time.zone.name
 
     Current.reset
     assert_equal "UTC", Time.zone.name
+    assert_nil Session.current
+  end
+
+  test "set auxiliary class based on current attributes via before callback" do
+    Current.person = Person.new(42, "David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
+    assert_nil Session.previous
+    assert_equal 42, Session.current
+
+    Current.reset
+    assert_equal 42, Session.previous
+    assert_nil Session.current
   end
 
   test "set attribute only via scope" do
@@ -92,13 +115,13 @@ class CurrentAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "delegation" do
-    Current.person = Person.new("David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
+    Current.person = Person.new(42, "David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
     assert_equal "Central Time (US & Canada)", Current.time_zone
     assert_equal "Central Time (US & Canada)", Current.instance.time_zone
   end
 
   test "all methods forward to the instance" do
-    Current.person = Person.new("David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
+    Current.person = Person.new(42, "David", "Central Time (US & Canada)")
     assert_equal "David, in Central Time (US & Canada)", Current.intro
     assert_equal "David, in Central Time (US & Canada)", Current.instance.intro
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
index 9f2755a25c..003a0dbccb 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_module_with_nested_class_requiring_lib_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      ModuleFolder::NestedWithRequire
+      _ = ModuleFolder::NestedWithRequire # assignment to silence parse-time warning "possibly useless use of :: in void context"
 
       assert defined?(ModuleFolder::LibClass)
       assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded_constants.include?("ModuleFolder::LibClass")
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_module_with_nested_class_and_parent_requiring_lib_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      NestedWithRequireParent
+      _ = NestedWithRequireParent # assignment to silence parse-time warning "possibly useless use of a constant in void context"
 
       assert defined?(ModuleFolder::LibClass)
       assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded_constants.include?("ModuleFolder::LibClass")
@@ -481,17 +481,14 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  # This raises only on 2.5.. (warns on ..2.4)
-  if RUBY_VERSION > "2.5"
-    def test_access_thru_and_upwards_fails
-      with_autoloading_fixtures do
-        assert_not defined?(ModuleFolder)
-        assert_raise(NameError) { ModuleFolder::Object }
-        assert_raise(NameError) { ModuleFolder::NestedClass::Object }
-      end
-    ensure
-      remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
+  def test_access_thru_and_upwards_fails
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      assert_not defined?(ModuleFolder)
+      assert_raise(NameError) { ModuleFolder::Object }
+      assert_raise(NameError) { ModuleFolder::NestedClass::Object }
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_non_existing_const_raises_name_error_with_fully_qualified_name
@@ -841,7 +838,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     remove_constants(:C)
   end
 
-  def test_new_contants_in_without_constants
+  def test_new_constants_in_without_constants
     assert_equal [], (ActiveSupport::Dependencies.new_constants_in(Object) { })
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? { |k, v| v.empty? }
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation/method_wrappers_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation/method_wrappers_test.rb
index b04bce7a11..8c40534452 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation/method_wrappers_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/deprecation/method_wrappers_test.rb
@@ -10,17 +10,22 @@ class MethodWrappersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       alias_method :old_method, :new_method
 
       protected
-
         def new_protected_method; "abc" end
         alias_method :old_protected_method, :new_protected_method
 
       private
-
         def new_private_method; "abc" end
         alias_method :old_private_method, :new_private_method
     end
   end
 
+  def test_deprecate_methods_without_alternate_method
+    warning = /old_method is deprecated and will be removed from Rails \d.\d./
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(@klass, :old_method)
+
+    assert_deprecated(warning) { assert_equal "abc", @klass.new.old_method }
+  end
+
   def test_deprecate_methods_warning_default
     warning = /old_method is deprecated and will be removed from Rails \d.\d \(use new_method instead\)/
     ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(@klass, old_method: :new_method)
@@ -82,12 +87,4 @@ class MethodWrappersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     warning = /old_method is deprecated and will be removed from Rails \d.\d \(use new_method instead\)/
     assert_deprecated(warning) { assert_equal "abc", @klass.old_method }
   end
-
-  def test_method_with_without_deprecation_is_exposed
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(@klass, old_method: :new_method)
-
-    warning = /old_method is deprecated and will be removed from Rails \d.\d \(use new_method instead\)/
-    assert_deprecated(warning) { assert_equal "abc", @klass.new.old_method_with_deprecation }
-    assert_equal "abc", @klass.new.old_method_without_deprecation
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
index 105153584d..ae2f4a6e58 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
@@ -31,10 +31,18 @@ class Deprecatee
   def f=(v); end
   deprecate :f=
 
+  deprecate :g
+  def g; end
+
   module B
     C = 1
   end
   A = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new("Deprecatee::A", "Deprecatee::B::C")
+
+  module New
+    class Descendant; end
+  end
+  Old = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new("Deprecatee::Old", "Deprecatee::New")
 end
 
 class DeprecateeWithAccessor
@@ -207,6 +215,18 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not_deprecated { assert_equal Deprecatee::B::C.class, Deprecatee::A.class }
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_constant_descendant
+    assert_not_deprecated { Deprecatee::New::Descendant }
+
+    assert_deprecated("Deprecatee::Old") do
+      assert_equal Deprecatee::Old::Descendant, Deprecatee::New::Descendant
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      assert_deprecated("Deprecatee::Old") { Deprecatee::Old::NON_EXISTENCE }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_deprecated_constant_accessor
     assert_not_deprecated { DeprecateeWithAccessor::B::C }
     assert_deprecated("DeprecateeWithAccessor::A") { assert_equal DeprecateeWithAccessor::B::C, DeprecateeWithAccessor::A }
@@ -425,6 +445,10 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_deprecate_work_before_define_method
+    assert_deprecated { @dtc.g }
+  end
+
   private
     def deprecator_with_messages
       klass = Class.new(ActiveSupport::Deprecation)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_test_cases.rb
index 2c94c3c56c..7d39783826 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_test_cases.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,15 @@ module DescendantsTrackerTestCases
     assert_equal_sets [], Child2.descendants
   end
 
+  def test_descendants_with_garbage_collected_classes
+    1.times do
+      child_klass = Class.new(Parent)
+      assert_equal_sets [Child1, Grandchild1, Grandchild2, Child2, child_klass], Parent.descendants
+    end
+    GC.start
+    assert_equal_sets [Child1, Grandchild1, Grandchild2, Child2], Parent.descendants
+  end
+
   def test_direct_descendants
     assert_equal_sets [Child1, Child2], Parent.direct_descendants
     assert_equal_sets [Grandchild1, Grandchild2], Child1.direct_descendants
@@ -43,7 +52,6 @@ module DescendantsTrackerTestCases
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_equal_sets(expected, actual)
       assert_equal Set.new(expected), Set.new(actual)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/evented_file_update_checker_test.rb b/activesupport/test/evented_file_update_checker_test.rb
index a557608986..4d5a9bed7a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/evented_file_update_checker_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/evented_file_update_checker_test.rb
@@ -76,6 +76,50 @@ class EventedFileUpdateCheckerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     Process.wait(pid)
   end
+
+  test "should detect changes through symlink" do
+    actual_dir = File.join(tmpdir, "actual")
+    linked_dir = File.join(tmpdir, "linked")
+
+    Dir.mkdir(actual_dir)
+    FileUtils.ln_s(actual_dir, linked_dir)
+
+    checker = new_checker([], linked_dir => ".rb") { }
+
+    assert_not_predicate checker, :updated?
+
+    FileUtils.touch(File.join(actual_dir, "a.rb"))
+    wait
+
+    assert_predicate checker, :updated?
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+  end
+
+  test "updated should become true when nonexistent directory is added later" do
+    watched_dir = File.join(tmpdir, "app")
+    unwatched_dir = File.join(tmpdir, "node_modules")
+    not_exist_watched_dir = File.join(tmpdir, "test")
+
+    Dir.mkdir(watched_dir)
+    Dir.mkdir(unwatched_dir)
+
+    checker = new_checker([], watched_dir => ".rb", not_exist_watched_dir => ".rb") { }
+
+    FileUtils.touch(File.join(watched_dir, "a.rb"))
+    wait
+    assert_predicate checker, :updated?
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+
+    Dir.mkdir(not_exist_watched_dir)
+    wait
+    assert_predicate checker, :updated?
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+
+    FileUtils.touch(File.join(unwatched_dir, "a.rb"))
+    wait
+    assert_not_predicate checker, :updated?
+    assert_not checker.execute_if_updated
+  end
 end
 
 class EventedFileUpdateCheckerPathHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -128,14 +172,6 @@ class EventedFileUpdateCheckerPathHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_nil @ph.longest_common_subpath([])
   end
 
-  test "#existing_parent returns the most specific existing ascendant" do
-    wd = Pathname.getwd
-
-    assert_equal wd, @ph.existing_parent(wd)
-    assert_equal wd, @ph.existing_parent(wd.join("non-existing/directory"))
-    assert_equal pn("/"), @ph.existing_parent(pn("/non-existing/directory"))
-  end
-
   test "#filter_out_descendants returns the same collection if there are no descendants (empty)" do
     assert_equal [], @ph.filter_out_descendants([])
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_shared_tests.rb b/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_shared_tests.rb
index 72683816b3..84d89fa0a7 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_shared_tests.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_shared_tests.rb
@@ -186,6 +186,18 @@ module FileUpdateCheckerSharedTests
     assert_equal 1, i
   end
 
+  test "should execute the block if files change in a watched directory any extensions" do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker([], tmpdir => []) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(tmpfile("foo.rb"))
+    wait
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
   test "should execute the block if files change in a watched directory several extensions" do
     i = 0
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/fixtures/concern/some_concern.rb b/activesupport/test/fixtures/concern/some_concern.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87f660a81e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/fixtures/concern/some_concern.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/concern"
+
+module SomeConcern
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  included do
+    # shouldn't raise when module is loaded more than once
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/hash_with_indifferent_access_test.rb b/activesupport/test/hash_with_indifferent_access_test.rb
index f81e0dc70f..af96231801 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/hash_with_indifferent_access_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/hash_with_indifferent_access_test.rb
@@ -447,6 +447,14 @@ class HashWithIndifferentAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, indifferent_strings
   end
 
+  def test_indifferent_assoc
+    indifferent_strings = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings)
+    key, value = indifferent_strings.assoc(:a)
+
+    assert_equal("a", key)
+    assert_equal(1, value)
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_compact
     hash_contain_nil_value = @strings.merge("z" => nil)
     hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(hash_contain_nil_value)
@@ -478,7 +486,7 @@ class HashWithIndifferentAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @strings, roundtrip
     assert_equal "1234", roundtrip.default
 
-    # Ensure nested hashes are not HashWithIndiffereneAccess
+    # Ensure nested hashes are not HashWithIndifferentAccess
     new_to_hash = @nested_mixed.with_indifferent_access.to_hash
     assert_not new_to_hash.instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
     assert_not new_to_hash["a"].instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
@@ -828,4 +836,32 @@ class HashWithIndifferentAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:foo]
     assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:bar]
   end
+
+  def test_should_copy_the_default_when_converting_non_hash_to_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    non_hash = Object.new
+
+    def non_hash.to_hash
+      h = { foo: :bar }
+      h.default = :baz
+      h
+    end
+
+    hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(non_hash)
+    assert_equal :bar, hash_wia[:foo]
+    assert_equal :baz, hash_wia[:missing]
+  end
+
+  def test_should_copy_the_default_proc_when_converting_non_hash_to_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    non_hash = Object.new
+
+    def non_hash.to_hash
+      h = { foo: :bar }
+      h.default_proc = ->(hash, key) { hash[key] = :baz }
+      h
+    end
+
+    hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(non_hash)
+    assert_equal :bar, hash_wia[:foo]
+    assert_equal :baz, hash_wia[:missing]
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
index 5e50acf5db..ddf765a220 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
@@ -224,12 +224,6 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal("json_html_api", ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore("JSONHTMLAPI"))
   end
 
-  def test_acronym_regexp_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.acronym_regex
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_underscore
     CamelToUnderscore.each do |camel, underscore|
       assert_equal(underscore, ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(camel))
@@ -310,6 +304,12 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_parameterize_with_locale
+    word = "Fünf autos"
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, i18n: { transliterate: { rule: { "ü" => "ue" } } })
+    assert_equal("fuenf-autos", ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(word, locale: :de))
+  end
+
   def test_classify
     ClassNameToTableName.each do |class_name, table_name|
       assert_equal(class_name, ActiveSupport::Inflector.classify(table_name))
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
index 8d9587f248..2e8ea01aca 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
@@ -113,7 +113,6 @@ class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def with_parse_json_times(value)
       old_value = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
       ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = value
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
index 8062873386..c4e0b71f26 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
@@ -21,20 +21,18 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   JSONTest::EncodingTestCases.constants.each do |class_tests|
     define_method("test_#{class_tests[0..-6].underscore}") do
-      begin
-        prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-
-        standard_class_tests = /Standard/.match?(class_tests)
-
-        ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = !standard_class_tests
-        ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = standard_class_tests
-        JSONTest::EncodingTestCases.const_get(class_tests).each do |pair|
-          assert_equal pair.last, sorted_json(ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(pair.first))
-        end
-      ensure
-        ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = false
-        ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
+      prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+
+      standard_class_tests = /Standard/.match?(class_tests)
+
+      ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = !standard_class_tests
+      ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = standard_class_tests
+      JSONTest::EncodingTestCases.const_get(class_tests).each do |pair|
+        assert_equal pair.last, sorted_json(ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(pair.first))
       end
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = false
+      ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
     end
   end
 
@@ -468,7 +466,6 @@ EXPECTED
   end
 
   private
-
     def object_keys(json_object)
       json_object[1..-2].scan(/([^{}:,\s]+):/).flatten.sort
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/lazy_load_hooks_test.rb b/activesupport/test/lazy_load_hooks_test.rb
index 50a703e49f..5e9a21f047 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/lazy_load_hooks_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/lazy_load_hooks_test.rb
@@ -175,7 +175,6 @@ class LazyLoadHooksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
 private
-
   def incr_amt
     5
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
index 9edf07f762..097aa8b5f8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
@@ -171,6 +171,34 @@ class MessageEncryptorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert rotated
   end
 
+  def test_on_rotation_can_be_passed_at_the_constructor_level
+    older_message = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secrets[:older], "older sign").encrypt_and_sign(encoded: "message")
+
+    rotated = false
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(@secret, on_rotation: proc { rotated = true })
+    encryptor.rotate secrets[:older], "older sign"
+
+    assert_changes(:rotated, from: false, to: true) do
+      message = encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(older_message)
+
+      assert_equal({ encoded: "message" }, message)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_on_rotation_option_takes_precedence_over_the_one_given_in_constructor
+    older_message = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secrets[:older], "older sign").encrypt_and_sign(encoded: "message")
+
+    rotated = false
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(@secret, on_rotation: proc { rotated = true })
+    encryptor.rotate secrets[:older], "older sign"
+
+    assert_changes(:rotated, from: false, to: "Yes") do
+      message = encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(older_message, on_rotation: proc { rotated = "Yes" })
+
+      assert_equal({ encoded: "message" }, message)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_with_rotated_metadata
     old_message = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secrets[:old], cipher: "aes-256-gcm").
       encrypt_and_sign("metadata", purpose: :rotation)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
index 5f4e3f3fd3..e0e0d9afc0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
@@ -783,7 +783,6 @@ class MultibyteCharsExtrasTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def string_from_classes(classes)
       # Characters from the character classes as described in UAX #29
       character_from_class = {
diff --git a/activesupport/test/notifications/evented_notification_test.rb b/activesupport/test/notifications/evented_notification_test.rb
index 4beb8194b9..ab2a9b8659 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/notifications/evented_notification_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/notifications/evented_notification_test.rb
@@ -84,6 +84,39 @@ module ActiveSupport
           [:finish, "hi", 1, {}]
         ], listener.events
       end
+
+      def test_listen_to_regexp
+        notifier = Fanout.new
+        listener = Listener.new
+        notifier.subscribe(/[a-z]*.world/, listener)
+        notifier.start("hi.world", 1, {})
+        notifier.finish("hi.world", 2, {})
+        notifier.start("hello.world", 1, {})
+        notifier.finish("hello.world", 2, {})
+
+        assert_equal [
+          [:start, "hi.world", 1, {}],
+          [:finish, "hi.world", 2, {}],
+          [:start, "hello.world", 1, {}],
+          [:finish, "hello.world", 2, {}]
+        ], listener.events
+      end
+
+      def test_listen_to_regexp_with_exclusions
+        notifier = Fanout.new
+        listener = Listener.new
+        notifier.subscribe(/[a-z]*.world/, listener)
+        notifier.unsubscribe("hi.world")
+        notifier.start("hi.world", 1, {})
+        notifier.finish("hi.world", 2, {})
+        notifier.start("hello.world", 1, {})
+        notifier.finish("hello.world", 2, {})
+
+        assert_equal [
+          [:start, "hello.world", 1, {}],
+          [:finish, "hello.world", 2, {}]
+        ], listener.events
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/notifications/instrumenter_test.rb b/activesupport/test/notifications/instrumenter_test.rb
index d5c9e82e9f..9729ad5c89 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/notifications/instrumenter_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/notifications/instrumenter_test.rb
@@ -44,6 +44,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
         assert_equal Hash[result: 2], payload
       end
 
+      def test_instrument_works_without_a_block
+        instrumenter.instrument("no.block", payload)
+        assert_equal 1, notifier.finishes.size
+        assert_equal "no.block", notifier.finishes.first.first
+      end
+
       def test_start
         instrumenter.start("foo", payload)
         assert_equal [["foo", instrumenter.id, payload]], notifier.starts
diff --git a/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb b/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
index 54fd4345fb..c9c63680e4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
@@ -20,13 +20,12 @@ module Notifications
     end
 
   private
-
     def event(*args)
       ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
     end
   end
 
-  class SubscribeEventObjects < TestCase
+  class SubscribeEventObjectsTest < TestCase
     def test_subscribe_events
       events = []
       @notifier.subscribe do |event|
@@ -62,6 +61,38 @@ module Notifications
     end
   end
 
+  class TimedAndMonotonicTimedSubscriberTest < TestCase
+    def test_subscribe
+      event_name = "foo"
+      class_of_started = nil
+      class_of_finished = nil
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe(event_name) do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+        class_of_started = started.class
+        class_of_finished = finished.class
+      end
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(event_name)
+
+      assert_equal [Time, Time], [class_of_started, class_of_finished]
+    end
+
+    def test_monotonic_subscribe
+      event_name = "foo"
+      class_of_started = nil
+      class_of_finished = nil
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.monotonic_subscribe(event_name) do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+        class_of_started = started.class
+        class_of_finished = finished.class
+      end
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(event_name)
+
+      assert_equal [Float, Float], [class_of_started, class_of_finished]
+    end
+  end
+
   class SubscribedTest < TestCase
     def test_subscribed
       name     = "foo"
@@ -81,7 +112,25 @@ module Notifications
       assert_equal expected, events
     end
 
-    def test_subsribing_to_instrumentation_while_inside_it
+    def test_subscribed_all_messages
+      name     = "foo"
+      name2    = name * 2
+      expected = [name, name2, name]
+
+      events   = []
+      callback = lambda { |*_| events << _.first }
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(callback) do
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name)
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name2)
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name)
+      end
+      assert_equal expected, events
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name)
+      assert_equal expected, events
+    end
+
+    def test_subscribing_to_instrumentation_while_inside_it
       # the repro requires that there are no evented subscribers for the "foo" event,
       # so we have to duplicate some of the setup code
       old_notifier = ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier
@@ -95,6 +144,42 @@ module Notifications
     ensure
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier = old_notifier
     end
+
+    def test_timed_subscribed
+      event_name = "foo"
+      class_of_started = nil
+      class_of_finished = nil
+      callback = lambda do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+        class_of_started = started.class
+        class_of_finished = finished.class
+      end
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(callback, event_name) do
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(event_name)
+      end
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(event_name)
+
+      assert_equal [Time, Time], [class_of_started, class_of_finished]
+    end
+
+    def test_monotonic_timed_subscribed
+      event_name = "foo"
+      class_of_started = nil
+      class_of_finished = nil
+      callback = lambda do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+        class_of_started = started.class
+        class_of_finished = finished.class
+      end
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(callback, event_name, monotonic: true) do
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(event_name)
+      end
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(event_name)
+
+      assert_equal [Float, Float], [class_of_started, class_of_finished]
+    end
   end
 
   class UnsubscribeTest < TestCase
@@ -128,6 +213,25 @@ module Notifications
       assert_equal [["named.subscription", :foo], ["named.subscription", :foo]], @events
     end
 
+    def test_unsubscribing_by_name_leaves_regexp_matched_subscriptions
+      @matched_events = []
+      @notifier.subscribe(/subscription/) { |*args| @matched_events << event(*args) }
+      @notifier.publish("named.subscription", :before)
+      @notifier.wait
+      [@events, @named_events, @matched_events].each do |collector|
+        assert_includes(collector, ["named.subscription", :before])
+      end
+      @notifier.unsubscribe("named.subscription")
+      @notifier.publish("named.subscription", :after)
+      @notifier.publish("other.subscription", :after)
+      @notifier.wait
+      assert_includes(@events, ["named.subscription", :after])
+      assert_includes(@events, ["other.subscription", :after])
+      assert_includes(@matched_events, ["other.subscription", :after])
+      assert_not_includes(@matched_events, ["named.subscription", :after])
+      assert_not_includes(@named_events, ["named.subscription", :after])
+    end
+
   private
     def event(*args)
       args
@@ -291,15 +395,22 @@ module Notifications
       assert_in_delta 10.0, event.duration, 0.00001
     end
 
+    def test_event_cpu_time_does_not_raise_error_when_start_or_finished_not_called
+      time = Time.now
+      event = event(:foo, time, time + 0.01, random_id, {})
+
+      assert_equal 0, event.cpu_time
+    end
+
     def test_events_consumes_information_given_as_payload
-      event = event(:foo, Time.now, Time.now + 1, random_id, payload: :bar)
+      event = event(:foo, Concurrent.monotonic_time, Concurrent.monotonic_time + 1, random_id, payload: :bar)
       assert_equal Hash[payload: :bar], event.payload
     end
 
     def test_event_is_parent_based_on_children
-      time = Time.utc(2009, 01, 01, 0, 0, 1)
+      time = Concurrent.monotonic_time
 
-      parent    = event(:foo, Time.utc(2009), Time.utc(2009) + 100, random_id, {})
+      parent    = event(:foo, Concurrent.monotonic_time, Concurrent.monotonic_time + 100, random_id, {})
       child     = event(:foo, time, time + 10, random_id, {})
       not_child = event(:foo, time, time + 100, random_id, {})
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/parameter_filter_test.rb b/activesupport/test/parameter_filter_test.rb
index d2dc71061d..e680a22479 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/parameter_filter_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/parameter_filter_test.rb
@@ -28,10 +28,17 @@ class ParameterFilterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         value.replace("world!") if original_params["barg"]["blah"] == "bar" && key == "hello"
       }
 
+      filter_words << lambda { |key, value|
+        value.upcase! if key == "array_elements"
+      }
+
       parameter_filter = ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter.new(filter_words)
       before_filter["barg"] = { :bargain => "gain", "blah" => "bar", "bar" => { "bargain" => { "blah" => "foo", "hello" => "world" } } }
       after_filter["barg"]  = { :bargain => "niag", "blah" => "[FILTERED]", "bar" => { "bargain" => { "blah" => "[FILTERED]", "hello" => "world!" } } }
 
+      before_filter["array_elements"] = %w(element1 element2)
+      after_filter["array_elements"] = %w(ELEMENT1 ELEMENT2)
+
       assert_equal after_filter, parameter_filter.filter(before_filter)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb b/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
index 49a3951623..f475e05c9a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
@@ -112,12 +112,52 @@ class SafeBufferTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "can assign value into zero-index" do
+    buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("012345")
+
+    buffer[0] = "<"
+
+    assert_equal "&lt;12345", buffer
+  end
+
+  test "can assign value into non zero-index" do
+    buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("012345")
+
+    buffer[2] = "<"
+
+    assert_equal "01&lt;345", buffer
+  end
+
+  test "can assign value into slice" do
+    buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("012345")
+
+    buffer[0, 3] = "<"
+
+    assert_equal "&lt;345", buffer
+  end
+
+  test "can assign value into offset slice" do
+    buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("012345")
+
+    buffer[1, 3] = "<"
+
+    assert_equal "0&lt;45", buffer
+  end
+
   test "Should escape dirty buffers on add" do
     clean = "hello".html_safe
     @buffer.gsub!("", "<>")
     assert_equal "hello&lt;&gt;", clean + @buffer
   end
 
+  test "Should preserve html_safe? status on multiplication" do
+    multiplied_safe_buffer = "<br />".html_safe * 2
+    assert_predicate multiplied_safe_buffer, :html_safe?
+
+    multiplied_unsafe_buffer = @buffer.gsub("", "<>") * 2
+    assert_not_predicate multiplied_unsafe_buffer, :html_safe?
+  end
+
   test "Should concat as a normal string when safe" do
     clean = "hello".html_safe
     @buffer.gsub!("", "<>")
@@ -151,7 +191,7 @@ class SafeBufferTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "", ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("foo").clone_empty
   end
 
-  test "clone_empty keeps the original dirtyness" do
+  test "clone_empty keeps the original dirtiness" do
     assert_predicate @buffer.clone_empty, :html_safe?
     assert_not_predicate @buffer.gsub!("", "").clone_empty, :html_safe?
   end
@@ -216,4 +256,22 @@ class SafeBufferTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     x = "Hello".html_safe
     assert_nil x[/a/, 1]
   end
+
+  test "Should set back references" do
+    a = "foo123".html_safe
+    a2 = a.sub(/([a-z]+)([0-9]+)/) { $2 + $1 }
+    assert_equal "123foo", a2
+    assert_not_predicate a2, :html_safe?
+    a.sub!(/([a-z]+)([0-9]+)/) { $2 + $1 }
+    assert_equal "123foo", a
+    assert_not_predicate a, :html_safe?
+
+    b = "foo123 bar456".html_safe
+    b2 = b.gsub(/([a-z]+)([0-9]+)/) { $2 + $1 }
+    assert_equal "123foo 456bar", b2
+    assert_not_predicate b2, :html_safe?
+    b.gsub!(/([a-z]+)([0-9]+)/) { $2 + $1 }
+    assert_equal "123foo 456bar", b
+    assert_not_predicate b, :html_safe?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/secure_compare_rotator_test.rb b/activesupport/test/secure_compare_rotator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8acf13e38f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/secure_compare_rotator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "abstract_unit"
+require "active_support/secure_compare_rotator"
+
+class SecureCompareRotatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "#secure_compare! works correctly after rotation" do
+    wrapper = ActiveSupport::SecureCompareRotator.new("old_secret")
+    wrapper.rotate("new_secret")
+
+    assert_equal(true, wrapper.secure_compare!("new_secret"))
+  end
+
+  test "#secure_compare! works correctly after multiple rotation" do
+    wrapper = ActiveSupport::SecureCompareRotator.new("old_secret")
+    wrapper.rotate("new_secret")
+    wrapper.rotate("another_secret")
+    wrapper.rotate("and_another_one")
+
+    assert_equal(true, wrapper.secure_compare!("and_another_one"))
+  end
+
+  test "#secure_compare! fails correctly when credential is not part of the rotation" do
+    wrapper = ActiveSupport::SecureCompareRotator.new("old_secret")
+    wrapper.rotate("new_secret")
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveSupport::SecureCompareRotator::InvalidMatch) do
+      wrapper.secure_compare!("different_secret")
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "#secure_compare! calls the on_rotation proc" do
+    wrapper = ActiveSupport::SecureCompareRotator.new("old_secret")
+    wrapper.rotate("new_secret")
+    wrapper.rotate("another_secret")
+    wrapper.rotate("and_another_one")
+
+    @witness = nil
+
+    assert_changes(:@witness, from: nil, to: true) do
+      assert_equal(true, wrapper.secure_compare!("and_another_one", on_rotation: -> { @witness = true }))
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/share_lock_test.rb b/activesupport/test/share_lock_test.rb
index 34479020e1..68e78ccc16 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/share_lock_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/share_lock_test.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ShareLockTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_multiple_exlusives_are_able_to_progress
+  def test_multiple_exclusives_are_able_to_progress
     with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
       exclusive_threads = (1..2).map do
         Thread.new do
@@ -115,68 +115,66 @@ class ShareLockTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_exclusive_conflicting_purpose
     [true, false].each do |use_upgrading|
       with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
-        begin
-          together = Concurrent::CyclicBarrier.new(2)
-          conflicting_exclusive_threads = [
-            Thread.new do
-              @lock.send(use_upgrading ? :sharing : :tap) do
-                together.wait
-                @lock.exclusive(purpose: :red, compatible: [:green, :purple]) { }
-              end
-            end,
-            Thread.new do
-              @lock.send(use_upgrading ? :sharing : :tap) do
-                together.wait
-                @lock.exclusive(purpose: :blue, compatible: [:green]) { }
-              end
+        together = Concurrent::CyclicBarrier.new(2)
+        conflicting_exclusive_threads = [
+          Thread.new do
+            @lock.send(use_upgrading ? :sharing : :tap) do
+              together.wait
+              @lock.exclusive(purpose: :red, compatible: [:green, :purple]) { }
+            end
+          end,
+          Thread.new do
+            @lock.send(use_upgrading ? :sharing : :tap) do
+              together.wait
+              @lock.exclusive(purpose: :blue, compatible: [:green]) { }
             end
-          ]
-
-          assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads # wait for threads to get into their respective `exclusive {}` blocks
-
-          # This thread will be stuck as long as any other thread is in
-          # a sharing block. While it's blocked, it holds no lock, so it
-          # doesn't interfere with any other attempts.
-          no_purpose_thread = Thread.new do
-            @lock.exclusive { }
           end
-          assert_threads_stuck no_purpose_thread
+        ]
 
-          # This thread is compatible with both of the "primary"
-          # attempts above. It's initially stuck on the outer share
-          # lock, but as soon as that's released, it can run --
-          # regardless of whether those threads hold share locks.
-          compatible_thread = Thread.new do
-            @lock.exclusive(purpose: :green, compatible: []) { }
-          end
-          assert_threads_stuck compatible_thread
+        assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads # wait for threads to get into their respective `exclusive {}` blocks
 
-          assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
+        # This thread will be stuck as long as any other thread is in
+        # a sharing block. While it's blocked, it holds no lock, so it
+        # doesn't interfere with any other attempts.
+        no_purpose_thread = Thread.new do
+          @lock.exclusive { }
+        end
+        assert_threads_stuck no_purpose_thread
+
+        # This thread is compatible with both of the "primary"
+        # attempts above. It's initially stuck on the outer share
+        # lock, but as soon as that's released, it can run --
+        # regardless of whether those threads hold share locks.
+        compatible_thread = Thread.new do
+          @lock.exclusive(purpose: :green, compatible: []) { }
+        end
+        assert_threads_stuck compatible_thread
 
-          sharing_thread_release_latch.count_down
+        assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
 
-          assert_threads_not_stuck compatible_thread # compatible thread is now able to squeak through
+        sharing_thread_release_latch.count_down
 
-          if use_upgrading
-            # The "primary" threads both each hold a share lock, and are
-            # mutually incompatible; they're still stuck.
-            assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
+        assert_threads_not_stuck compatible_thread # compatible thread is now able to squeak through
 
-            # The thread without a specified purpose is also stuck; it's
-            # not compatible with anything.
-            assert_threads_stuck no_purpose_thread
-          else
-            # As the primaries didn't hold a share lock, as soon as the
-            # outer one was released, all the exclusive locks are free
-            # to be acquired in turn.
+        if use_upgrading
+          # The "primary" threads both each hold a share lock, and are
+          # mutually incompatible; they're still stuck.
+          assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
 
-            assert_threads_not_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
-            assert_threads_not_stuck no_purpose_thread
-          end
-        ensure
-          conflicting_exclusive_threads.each(&:kill)
-          no_purpose_thread.kill
+          # The thread without a specified purpose is also stuck; it's
+          # not compatible with anything.
+          assert_threads_stuck no_purpose_thread
+        else
+          # As the primaries didn't hold a share lock, as soon as the
+          # outer one was released, all the exclusive locks are free
+          # to be acquired in turn.
+
+          assert_threads_not_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
+          assert_threads_not_stuck no_purpose_thread
         end
+      ensure
+        conflicting_exclusive_threads.each(&:kill)
+        no_purpose_thread.kill
       end
     end
   end
@@ -490,12 +488,10 @@ class ShareLockTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     module CustomAssertions
       SUFFICIENT_TIMEOUT = 0.2
 
       private
-
         def assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch(threads, latch)
           assert_threads_stuck threads
           latch.count_down
diff --git a/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
index 6b012e43af..829fba6057 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
@@ -17,12 +17,26 @@ class TestSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
   end
 
   private
-
     def private_party(event)
       events << event
     end
 end
 
+class TestSubscriber2 < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
+  attach_to :doodle
+  detach_from :doodle
+
+  cattr_reader :events
+
+  def self.clear
+    @@events = []
+  end
+
+  def open_party(event)
+    events << event
+  end
+end
+
 # Monkey patch subscriber to test that only one subscriber per method is added.
 class TestSubscriber
   remove_method :open_party
@@ -34,6 +48,7 @@ end
 class SubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     TestSubscriber.clear
+    TestSubscriber2.clear
   end
 
   def test_attaches_subscribers
@@ -53,4 +68,11 @@ class SubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal [], TestSubscriber.events
   end
+
+  def test_detaches_subscribers
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal [], TestSubscriber2.events
+    assert_equal 1, TestSubscriber.events.size
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
index 8698c66e6d..dd75548e9c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class AssertionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_expression_is_evaluated_in_the_appropriate_scope
     silence_warnings do
       local_scope = "foo"
-      local_scope = local_scope  # to suppress unused variable warning
+      _ = local_scope  # to suppress unused variable warning
       assert_difference("local_scope; @object.num") { @object.increment }
     end
   end
@@ -315,7 +315,6 @@ class SetupAndTeardownTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def reset_callback_record
       @called_back = []
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
index 8c47f2cdc7..a1f84bf69e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
@@ -3,24 +3,25 @@
 require "abstract_unit"
 require "active_support/core_ext/date_time"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/time"
+require "time_zone_test_helpers"
 
 class TimeTravelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   class TimeSubclass < ::Time; end
   class DateSubclass < ::Date; end
   class DateTimeSubclass < ::DateTime; end
 
   def test_time_helper_travel
     Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
-      begin
-        expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
-        travel 1.day
+      expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+      travel 1.day
 
-        assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
-        assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
-        assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime.to_s(:db), DateTime.now.to_s(:db)
-      ensure
-        travel_back
-      end
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime.to_s(:db), DateTime.now.to_s(:db)
+    ensure
+      travel_back
     end
   end
 
@@ -42,16 +43,14 @@ class TimeTravelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_time_helper_travel_to
     Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
-      begin
-        expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-        travel_to expected_time
+      expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      travel_to expected_time
 
-        assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-        assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-        assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
-      ensure
-        travel_back
-      end
+      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+    ensure
+      travel_back
     end
   end
 
@@ -71,23 +70,35 @@ class TimeTravelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to_with_time_zone
+    with_env_tz "US/Eastern" do
+      with_tz_default ActiveSupport::TimeZone["UTC"] do
+        Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
+          expected_time = 5.minutes.ago
+
+          travel_to 5.minutes.ago do
+            assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.zone.now.to_s(:db)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_time_helper_travel_back
     Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
-      begin
-        expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
 
-        travel_to expected_time
-        assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-        assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-        assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
-        travel_back
+      travel_to expected_time
+      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+      travel_back
 
-        assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
-        assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-        assert_not_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
-      ensure
-        travel_back
-      end
+      assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+      assert_not_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+    ensure
+      travel_back
     end
   end
 
@@ -122,24 +133,22 @@ class TimeTravelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_time_helper_travel_to_with_subsequent_calls
     Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
-      begin
-        initial_expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-        subsequent_expected_time = Time.new(2004, 10, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-        assert_nothing_raised do
-          travel_to initial_expected_time
-          travel_to subsequent_expected_time
+      initial_expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      subsequent_expected_time = Time.new(2004, 10, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        travel_to initial_expected_time
+        travel_to subsequent_expected_time
 
-          assert_equal subsequent_expected_time, Time.now
+        assert_equal subsequent_expected_time, Time.now
 
-          travel_back
-        end
-      ensure
         travel_back
       end
+    ensure
+      travel_back
     end
   end
 
-  def test_travel_to_will_reset_the_usec_to_avoid_mysql_rouding
+  def test_travel_to_will_reset_the_usec_to_avoid_mysql_rounding
     Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
       travel_to Time.utc(2014, 10, 10, 10, 10, 50, 999999) do
         assert_equal 50, Time.now.sec
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
index 6d45a6726d..f948c363df 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_period_for_local_with_ambigiuous_time
+  def test_period_for_local_with_ambiguous_time
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Moscow"]
     period = zone.period_for_local(Time.utc(2015, 1, 1))
     assert_equal period, zone.period_for_local(Time.utc(2014, 10, 26, 1, 0, 0))
diff --git a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
index 7d19447598..9e29a93ea0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ class TransliterateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     I18n.locale = default_locale
   end
 
+  def test_transliterate_respects_the_locale_argument
+    char = [117, 776].pack("U*") # "ü" as ASCII "u" plus COMBINING DIAERESIS
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, i18n: { transliterate: { rule: { "ü" => "ue" } } })
+    assert_equal "ue", ActiveSupport::Inflector.transliterate(char, locale: :de)
+  end
+
   def test_transliterate_should_allow_a_custom_replacement_char
     assert_equal "a*b", ActiveSupport::Inflector.transliterate("a索b", "*")
   end
diff --git a/ci/qunit-selenium-runner.rb b/ci/qunit-selenium-runner.rb
index 132b3d17eb..b7013c258a 100644
--- a/ci/qunit-selenium-runner.rb
+++ b/ci/qunit-selenium-runner.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "qunit/selenium/test_runner"
-require "chromedriver-helper"
 
-driver_options = Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Options.new
-driver_options.add_argument("--headless")
-driver_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
-driver_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
+if ARGV[1]
+  driver = ::Selenium::WebDriver.for(:remote, url: ARGV[1], desired_capabilities: :chrome)
+else
+  require "webdrivers"
+
+  driver_options = Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Options.new
+  driver_options.add_argument("--headless")
+  driver_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
+  driver_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
+
+  driver = ::Selenium::WebDriver.for(:chrome, options: driver_options)
+end
 
-driver = ::Selenium::WebDriver.for(:chrome, options: driver_options)
 result = QUnit::Selenium::TestRunner.new(driver).open(ARGV[0], timeout: 60)
 driver.quit
 
diff --git a/ci/travis.rb b/ci/travis.rb
index 1de281046f..038db476e9 100755
--- a/ci/travis.rb
+++ b/ci/travis.rb
@@ -20,20 +20,6 @@ commands.each do |command|
 end
 
 class Build
-  MAP = {
-    "railties" => "railties",
-    "ap"       => "actionpack",
-    "am"       => "actionmailer",
-    "amo"      => "activemodel",
-    "as"       => "activesupport",
-    "ar"       => "activerecord",
-    "av"       => "actionview",
-    "aj"       => "activejob",
-    "ac"       => "actioncable",
-    "ast"      => "activestorage",
-    "guides"   => "guides"
-  }
-
   attr_reader :component, :options
 
   def initialize(component, options = {})
@@ -114,7 +100,7 @@ class Build
   end
 
   def gem
-    MAP[component.split(":").first]
+    component.split(":").first
   end
   alias :dir :gem
 
@@ -149,7 +135,7 @@ class Build
   end
 end
 
-if ENV["GEM"] == "aj:integration"
+if ENV["GEM"] == "activejob:integration"
   ENV["QC_DATABASE_URL"]  = "postgres://postgres@localhost/active_jobs_qc_int_test"
   ENV["QUE_DATABASE_URL"] = "postgres://postgres@localhost/active_jobs_que_int_test"
 end
@@ -159,14 +145,16 @@ results = {}
 ENV["GEM"].split(",").each do |gem|
   [false, true].each do |isolated|
     next if ENV["TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST"] && ENV["TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST"] != "false" && isolated
-    next if RUBY_VERSION < "2.5" && isolated
+    next if RUBY_VERSION < "2.6" && isolated
     next if gem == "railties" && isolated
-    next if gem == "ac" && isolated
-    next if gem == "ac:integration" && isolated
-    next if gem == "aj:integration" && isolated
+    next if gem == "actioncable" && isolated
+    next if gem == "actioncable:integration" && isolated
+    next if gem == "activejob:integration" && isolated
     next if gem == "guides" && isolated
-    next if gem == "av:ujs" && isolated
-    next if gem == "ast" && isolated
+    next if gem == "actionview:ujs" && isolated
+    next if gem == "activestorage" && isolated
+    next if gem == "actionmailbox" && isolated
+    next if gem == "actiontext" && isolated
 
     build = Build.new(gem, isolated: isolated)
     results[build.key] = build.run!
diff --git a/guides/CHANGELOG.md b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
index 516b643cb8..37823047bc 100644
--- a/guides/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
-*   New section _Troubleshooting_ in the _Autoloading and Reloading Constants_ guide.
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
 
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
-
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/guides/Rakefile b/guides/Rakefile
index 4116e6f9cc..b7425f6de4 100644
--- a/guides/Rakefile
+++ b/guides/Rakefile
@@ -88,4 +88,15 @@ HELP
   end
 end
 
+task :test do
+  templates = Dir.glob("bug_report_templates/*.rb")
+  counter = templates.count do |file|
+    puts "--- Running #{file}"
+    Bundler.clean_system(Gem.ruby, "-w", file) ||
+      puts("+++ 💥 FAILED (exit #{$?.exitstatus})")
+  end
+  puts "+++ #{counter} / #{templates.size} templates executed successfully"
+  exit 1 if counter < templates.size
+end
+
 task default: "guides:help"
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png
index a1603f5d28..830b19bd9d 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png
index ec4758e085..e75b9780cc 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
index 6c74200761..3b3730c20e 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ gemfile(true) do
   git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }
 
   # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-  gem "rails", "5.2.0"
+  gem "rails", "6.0.0.rc1"
 end
 
 require "rack/test"
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
index 6d53e957d9..682269163a 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ require "action_controller/railtie"
 
 class TestApp < Rails::Application
   config.root = __dir__
+  config.hosts << "example.org"
   secrets.secret_key_base = "secret_key_base"
 
   config.logger = Logger.new($stdout)
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_gem.rb
index eb9d1316e9..b5a7bc4151 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_gem.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ gemfile(true) do
   git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }
 
   # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-  gem "activejob", "5.2.0"
+  gem "activejob", "6.0.0.rc1"
 end
 
 require "minitest/autorun"
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
index d88304a219..0cc80d195c 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ gemfile(true) do
   git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }
 
   # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-  gem "activerecord", "5.2.0"
+  gem "activerecord", "6.0.0.rc1"
   gem "sqlite3"
 end
 
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_gem.rb
index 5dfd49fb38..3d2f23176b 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_gem.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ gemfile(true) do
   git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }
 
   # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-  gem "activerecord", "5.2.0"
+  gem "activerecord", "6.0.0.rc1"
   gem "sqlite3"
 end
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ end
 class Payment < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class ChangeAmountToAddScale < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
+class ChangeAmountToAddScale < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
   def change
     reversible do |dir|
       dir.up do
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb
index 3fd54437f7..9c7ed2c2a1 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ gemfile(true) do
   git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }
 
   # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-  gem "activesupport", "5.2.0"
+  gem "activesupport", "6.0.0.rc1"
 end
 
 require "active_support"
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides.rb b/guides/rails_guides.rb
index b24c0205d5..a72acdbd06 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides.rb
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ version = env_value["RAILS_VERSION"]
 edge    = `git rev-parse HEAD`.strip unless version
 
 RailsGuides::Generator.new(
-  edge:     edge,
-  version:  version,
-  all:      env_flag["ALL"],
-  only:     env_value["ONLY"],
-  kindle:   env_flag["KINDLE"],
-  language: env_value["GUIDES_LANGUAGE"],
-  rtl:      env_value["RTL"]
+  edge:      edge,
+  version:   version,
+  all:       env_flag["ALL"],
+  only:      env_value["ONLY"],
+  kindle:    env_flag["KINDLE"],
+  language:  env_value["GUIDES_LANGUAGE"],
+  direction: env_value["DIRECTION"]
 ).generate
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
index 3d8f54ab34..2b2ccfa906 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ module RailsGuides
   class Generator
     GUIDES_RE = /\.(?:erb|md)\z/
 
-    def initialize(edge:, version:, all:, only:, kindle:, language:, rtl: false)
-      @edge     = edge
-      @version  = version
-      @all      = all
-      @only     = only
-      @kindle   = kindle
-      @language = language
-      @rtl      = rtl
+    def initialize(edge:, version:, all:, only:, kindle:, language:, direction: "ltr")
+      @edge      = edge
+      @version   = version
+      @all       = all
+      @only      = only
+      @kindle    = kindle
+      @language  = language
+      @direction = direction
 
       if @kindle
         check_for_kindlegen
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ module RailsGuides
     end
 
     private
-
       def register_kindle_mime_types
         Mime::Type.register_alias("application/xml", :opf, %w(opf))
         Mime::Type.register_alias("application/xml", :ncx, %w(ncx))
@@ -63,9 +62,9 @@ module RailsGuides
       end
 
       def mobi
-        mobi  = "ruby_on_rails_guides_#{@version || @edge[0, 7]}"
-        mobi += ".#{@language}" if @language
-        mobi += ".mobi"
+        mobi = +"ruby_on_rails_guides_#{@version || @edge[0, 7]}"
+        mobi << ".#{@language}" if @language
+        mobi << ".mobi"
       end
 
       def initialize_dirs
@@ -118,12 +117,15 @@ module RailsGuides
       def copy_assets
         FileUtils.cp_r(Dir.glob("#{@guides_dir}/assets/*"), @output_dir)
 
-        if @rtl
-          FileUtils.rm(Dir.glob("#{@output_dir}/stylesheets/main.css"))
-          FileUtils.mv("#{@output_dir}/stylesheets/main.rtl.css", "#{@output_dir}/stylesheets/main.css")
+        if @direction == "rtl"
+          overwrite_css_with_right_to_left_direction
         end
       end
 
+      def overwrite_css_with_right_to_left_direction
+        FileUtils.mv("#{@output_dir}/stylesheets/main.rtl.css", "#{@output_dir}/stylesheets/main.css")
+      end
+
       def output_file_for(guide)
         if guide.end_with?(".md")
           guide.sub(/md\z/, "html")
@@ -147,8 +149,8 @@ module RailsGuides
         puts "Generating #{guide} as #{output_file}"
         layout = @kindle ? "kindle/layout" : "layout"
 
-        view = ActionView::Base.new(
-          @source_dir,
+        view = ActionView::Base.with_empty_template_cache.with_view_paths(
+          [@source_dir],
           edge:     @edge,
           version:  @version,
           mobi:     "kindle/#{mobi}",
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ module RailsGuides
 
           # Generate the special pages like the home.
           # Passing a template handler in the template name is deprecated. So pass the file name without the extension.
-          result = view.render(layout: layout, formats: [$1], file: $`)
+          result = view.render(layout: layout, formats: [$1.to_sym], file: $`)
         else
           body = File.read("#{@source_dir}/#{guide}")
           result = RailsGuides::Markdown.new(
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb
index c707464cdf..576ec85b27 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ module RailsGuides
     end
 
     private
-
       def process(string, current_level = 3, counters = [1])
         s = StringScanner.new(string)
 
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
index a98aa8fe66..d926d233bb 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require "redcarpet"
 require "nokogiri"
 require "rails_guides/markdown/renderer"
+require "rails-html-sanitizer"
 
 module RailsGuides
   class Markdown
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ module RailsGuides
       @raw_body = body
       extract_raw_header_and_body
       generate_header
+      generate_description
       generate_title
       generate_body
       generate_structure
@@ -28,7 +30,6 @@ module RailsGuides
     end
 
     private
-
       def dom_id(nodes)
         dom_id = dom_id_text(nodes.last.text)
 
@@ -82,6 +83,11 @@ module RailsGuides
         @header = engine.render(@raw_header).html_safe
       end
 
+      def generate_description
+        sanitizer = Rails::Html::FullSanitizer.new
+        @description = sanitizer.sanitize(@header).squish
+      end
+
       def generate_structure
         @headings_for_index = []
         if @body.present?
@@ -165,6 +171,7 @@ module RailsGuides
 
       def render_page
         @view.content_for(:header_section) { @header }
+        @view.content_for(:description) { @description }
         @view.content_for(:page_title) { @title }
         @view.content_for(:index_section) { @index }
         @view.render(layout: @layout, html: @body.html_safe)
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
index f186ac526f..4877e806fd 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ HTML
       end
 
       def link(url, title, content)
-        if url.start_with?("http://api.rubyonrails.org")
+        if %r{https?://api\.rubyonrails\.org}.match?(url)
           %(<a href="#{api_link(url)}">#{content}</a>)
         elsif title
           %(<a href="#{url}" title="#{title}">#{content}</a>)
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ HTML
       end
 
       private
-
         def convert_footnotes(text)
           text.gsub(/\[<sup>(\d+)\]<\/sup>/i) do
             %(<sup class="footnote" id="footnote-#{$1}-ref">) +
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ HTML
         end
 
         def api_link(url)
-          if %r{http://api\.rubyonrails\.org/v\d+\.}.match?(url)
+          if %r{https?://api\.rubyonrails\.org/v\d+\.}.match?(url)
             url
           elsif edge
             url.sub("api", "edgeapi")
diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
index ee9a499953..b46d5ee4db 100644
--- a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ select_datetime(DateTime.now, :prompt =>
 
 ### AssetTag Timestamp Caching
 
-You're likely familiar with Rails' practice of adding timestamps to static asset paths as a "cache buster." This helps ensure that stale copies of things like images and stylesheets don't get served out of the user's browser cache when you change them on the server. You can now modify this behavior with the `cache_asset_timestamps` configuration option for Action View. If you enable the cache, then Rails will calculate the timestamp once when it first serves an asset, and save that value. This means fewer (expensive) file system calls to serve static assets - but it also means that you can't modify any of the assets while the server is running and expect the changes to get picked up by clients.
+You're likely familiar with Rails' practice of adding timestamps to static asset paths as a "cache buster". This helps ensure that stale copies of things like images and stylesheets don't get served out of the user's browser cache when you change them on the server. You can now modify this behavior with the `cache_asset_timestamps` configuration option for Action View. If you enable the cache, then Rails will calculate the timestamp once when it first serves an asset, and save that value. This means fewer (expensive) file system calls to serve static assets - but it also means that you can't modify any of the assets while the server is running and expect the changes to get picked up by clients.
 
 ### Asset Hosts as Objects
 
diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
index e936644daf..15704acefe 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ $ ruby script/plugin install git://github.com/rails/rails_upgrade.git
 
 You can see an example of how that works at [Rails Upgrade is now an Official Plugin](http://omgbloglol.com/post/364624593/rails-upgrade-is-now-an-official-plugin)
 
-Aside from Rails Upgrade tool, if you need more help, there are people on IRC and [rubyonrails-talk](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk) that are probably doing the same thing, possibly hitting the same issues. Be sure to blog your own experiences when upgrading so others can benefit from your knowledge!
+Aside from Rails Upgrade tool, if you need more help, there are people on IRC and [rubyonrails-talk](https://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk) that are probably doing the same thing, possibly hitting the same issues. Be sure to blog your own experiences when upgrading so others can benefit from your knowledge!
 
 Creating a Rails 3.0 application
 --------------------------------
@@ -607,6 +607,6 @@ More Information:
 Credits
 -------
 
-See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails 3. Kudos to all of them.
+See the [full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails 3. Kudos to all of them.
 
 Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by [Mikel Lindsaar](http://lindsaar.net).
diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
index d6981656ee..09faeea614 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Action Pack
 
 * Added `config.action_controller.include_all_helpers`. By default `helper :all` is done in `ActionController::Base`, which includes all the helpers by default. Setting `include_all_helpers` to `false` will result in including only application_helper and the helper corresponding to controller (like foo_helper for foo_controller).
 
-* `url_for` and named url helpers now accept `:subdomain` and `:domain` as options.
+* `url_for` and named URL helpers now accept `:subdomain` and `:domain` as options.
 
 * Added `Base.http_basic_authenticate_with` to do simple http basic authentication with a single class method call.
 
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ Action Pack
     end
     ```
 
-    You can restrict it to some actions by using `:only` or `:except`. Please read the docs at [`ActionController::Streaming`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v3.1.0/classes/ActionController/Streaming.html) for more information.
+    You can restrict it to some actions by using `:only` or `:except`. Please read the docs at [`ActionController::Streaming`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v3.1.0/classes/ActionController/Streaming.html) for more information.
 
-* The redirect route method now also accepts a hash of options which will only change the parts of the url in question, or an object which responds to call, allowing for redirects to be reused.
+* The redirect route method now also accepts a hash of options which will only change the parts of the URL in question, or an object which responds to call, allowing for redirects to be reused.
 
 ### Action Dispatch
 
@@ -556,6 +556,6 @@ Deprecations:
 Credits
 -------
 
-See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
+See the [full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
 
 Rails 3.1 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev)
diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
index c9bc7f937b..e4b1b04681 100644
--- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Major Features
 * **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`).
 * **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`.
 * **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation.
-* **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object.
+* **[Russian doll caching](https://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object.
 * **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body.
 * **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1.
 * **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel.
@@ -281,4 +281,4 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/a
 Credits
 -------
 
-See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
+See the [full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
diff --git a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
index b236f7ca24..d481a1f49b 100644
--- a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`.
 This can be configured using the `preview_path` option.
 
 See its
-[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html#class-ActionMailer::Base-label-Previewing+emails)
+[documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html#class-ActionMailer::Base-label-Previewing+emails)
 for a detailed write up.
 
 ### Active Record enums
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ extending it with `ActiveSupport::Concern`, then mixing it in to the
 `Todo` class.
 
 See its
-[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/Module/Concerning.html)
+[documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/Module/Concerning.html)
 for a detailed write up and the intended use cases.
 
 ### CSRF protection from remote `<script>` tags
@@ -727,6 +727,6 @@ Credits
 -------
 
 See the
-[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+[full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
 the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust
 framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
diff --git a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
index 51d06bd07d..6bbd738826 100644
--- a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
 ```
 
 See the API documentation on
-[add_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_foreign_key)
+[add_foreign_key](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_foreign_key)
 and
-[remove_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-remove_foreign_key)
+[remove_foreign_key](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-remove_foreign_key)
 for a full description.
 
 
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ Credits
 -------
 
 See the
-[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+[full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
 the many people who spent many hours making Rails the stable and robust
 framework it is today. Kudos to all of them.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md
index d63921507d..b090c71a57 100644
--- a/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ The type of an attribute is given the opportunity to change how dirty
 tracking is performed.
 
 See its
-[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v5.0.1/classes/ActiveRecord/Attributes/ClassMethods.html)
+[documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v5.0.1/classes/ActiveRecord/Attributes/ClassMethods.html)
 for a detailed write up.
 
 
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@ Credits
 -------
 
 See the
-[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+[full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
 the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust
 framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/5_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/5_1_release_notes.md
index a5a7eb4b2e..f870c4c47c 100644
--- a/guides/source/5_1_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/5_1_release_notes.md
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ Major Features
 [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26836)
 
 Rails 5.1 allows managing JavaScript dependencies
-from NPM via Yarn. This will make it easy to use libraries like React, VueJS
-or any other library from NPM world. The Yarn support is integrated with
+from npm via Yarn. This will make it easy to use libraries like React, VueJS
+or any other library from npm world. The Yarn support is integrated with
 the asset pipeline so that all dependencies will work seamlessly with the
 Rails 5.1 app.
 
@@ -350,9 +350,9 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes.
 
 *   Removed deprecated methods related to controller filters.
     ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d7be30e8babf5e37a891522869e7b0191b79b757))
-    
+
 *   Removed deprecated support to `:text` and `:nothing` in `render`.
-    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/79a5ea9eadb4d43b62afacedc0706cbe88c54496), 
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/79a5ea9eadb4d43b62afacedc0706cbe88c54496),
     [Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/57e1c99a280bdc1b324936a690350320a1cd8111))
 
 *   Removed deprecated support for calling `HashWithIndifferentAccess` methods on `ActionController::Parameters`.
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ Credits
 -------
 
 See the
-[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+[full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
 the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust
 framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/5_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/5_2_release_notes.md
index c5b914fffc..7aac07dbbe 100644
--- a/guides/source/5_2_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/5_2_release_notes.md
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes.
     select divider `option`.
     ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31088))
 
-*   Change `form_with` to generates ids by default.
+*   Change `form_with` to generate ids by default.
     ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/260d6f112a0ffdbe03e6f5051504cb441c1e94cd))
 
 *   Add `preload_link_tag` helper.
@@ -615,6 +615,10 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes.
     the parent class was getting deleted when the child was not.
     ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0fc04aa3af338d5a90608bf37248668d59fc881))
 
+*   Idle database connections (previously just orphaned connections) are now
+    periodically reaped by the connection pool reaper.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31221/commits/9027fafff6da932e6e64ddb828665f4b01fc8902))
+
 Active Model
 ------------
 
@@ -845,7 +849,7 @@ Credits
 -------
 
 See the
-[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/)
+[full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/)
 for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust
 framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/6_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/6_0_release_notes.md
index f3ed21dc45..7c5478a03d 100644
--- a/guides/source/6_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/6_0_release_notes.md
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ Ruby on Rails 6.0 Release Notes
 
 Highlights in Rails 6.0:
 
+* Action Mailbox
+* Action Text
 * Parallel Testing
+* Action Cable Testing
 
 These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
 fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
@@ -28,6 +31,29 @@ guide.
 Major Features
 --------------
 
+### Action Mailbox
+
+[Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34786)
+
+[Action Mailbox](https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/6-0-stable/actionmailbox) allows you
+to route incoming emails to controller-like mailboxes.
+You can read more about Action Mailbox in the [Action Mailbox Basics](action_mailbox_basics.html) guide.
+
+### Action Text
+
+[Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34873)
+
+[Action Text](https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/6-0-stable/actiontext)
+brings rich text content and editing to Rails. It includes
+the [Trix editor](https://trix-editor.org) that handles everything from formatting
+to links to quotes to lists to embedded images and galleries.
+The rich text content generated by the Trix editor is saved in its own
+RichText model that's associated with any existing Active Record model in the application.
+Any embedded images (or other attachments) are automatically stored using
+Active Storage and associated with the included RichText model.
+
+You can read more about Action Text in the [Action Text Overview](action_text_overview.html) guide.
+
 ### Parallel Testing
 
 [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31900)
@@ -37,6 +63,13 @@ test suite. While forking processes is the default method, threading is
 supported as well. Running tests in parallel reduces the time it takes
 your entire test suite to run.
 
+### Action Cable Testing
+
+[Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33659)
+
+[Action Cable testing tools](testing.html#testing-action-cable) allow you to test your
+Action Cable functionality at any level: connections, channels, broadcasts.
+
 Railties
 --------
 
@@ -44,10 +77,73 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Removals
 
+*   Remove deprecated `after_bundle` helper inside plugins templates.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4d51efe24e461a2a3ed562787308484cd48370c7))
+
+*   Remove deprecated support to `config.ru` that uses the application
+    class as argument of `run`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/553b86fc751c751db504bcbe2d033eb2bb5b6a0b))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `environment` argument from the rails commands.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e20589c9be09c7272d73492d4b0f7b24e5595571))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `capify!` method in generators and templates.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9d39f81d512e0d16a27e2e864ea2dd0e8dc41b17))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `config.secret_token`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/46ac5fe69a20d4539a15929fe48293e1809a26b0))
+
 ### Deprecations
 
+*   Deprecate passing Rack server name as a regular argument to `rails server`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32058))
+
+*   Deprecate support for using `HOST` environment to specify server IP.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32540))
+
+*   Deprecate accessing hashes returned by `config_for` by non-symbol keys.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35198))
+
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Add an explicit option `--using` or `-u` for specifying the server for the
+    `rails server` command.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32058))
+
+*   Add ability to see the output of `rails routes` in expanded format.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32130))
+
+*   Run the seed database task using inline Active Job adapter.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34953))
+
+*   Add a command `rails db:system:change` to change the database of the application.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34832))
+
+*   Add `rails test:channels` command to test only Action Cable channels.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34947))
+
+*   Introduce guard against DNS rebinding attacks.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33145))
+
+*   Add ability to abort on failure while running generator commands.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34420))
+
+*   Make Webpacker the default JavaScript compiler for Rails 6.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33079))
+
+*   Add multiple database support for `rails db:migrate:status` command.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34137))
+
+*   Add ability to use different migration paths from multiple databases in
+    the generators.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34021))
+
+*   Add support for multi environment credentials.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33521))
+
+*   Make `null_store` as default cache store in test environment.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33773))
+
 Action Cable
 ------------
 
@@ -55,10 +151,45 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][action-cable] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Removals
 
+*   Replace `ActionCable.startDebugging()` and `ActionCable.stopDebugging()`
+    with `ActionCable.logger.enabled`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34370))
+
 ### Deprecations
 
+*   There are no deprecations for Action Cable in Rails 6.0.
+
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Add support for the `channel_prefix` option for PostgreSQL subscription adapters
+    in `cable.yml`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35276))
+
+*   Allow passing a custom configuration to `ActionCable::Server::Base`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34714))
+
+*   Add `:action_cable_connection` and `:action_cable_channel` load hooks.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35094))
+
+*   Add `Channel::Base#broadcast_to` and `Channel::Base.broadcasting_for`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35021))
+
+*   Close a connection when calling `reject_unauthorized_connection` from an
+    `ActionCable::Connection`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34194))
+
+*   Convert the Action Cable JavaScript package from CoffeeScript to ES2015 and
+    publish the source code in the npm distribution.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34370))
+
+*   Move the configuration of the WebSocket adapter and logger adapter
+    from properties of `ActionCable` to `ActionCable.adapters`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34370))
+
+*   Add an `id` option to the Redis adapter to distinguish Action Cable's Redis
+    connections.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33798))
+
 Action Pack
 -----------
 
@@ -66,10 +197,82 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Removals
 
+*   Remove deprecated `fragment_cache_key` helper in favor of `combined_fragment_cache_key`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e70d3df7c9b05c129b0fdcca57f66eca316c5cfc))
+
+*   Remove deprecated methods in `ActionDispatch::TestResponse`:
+    `#success?` in favor of `#successful?`, `#missing?` in favor of `#not_found?`,
+    `#error?` in favor of `#server_error?`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/13ddc92e079e59a0b894e31bf5bb4fdecbd235d1))
+
 ### Deprecations
 
+*   Deprecate `ActionDispatch::Http::ParameterFilter` in favor of `ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34039))
+
+*   Deprecate controller level `force_ssl` in favor of `config.force_ssl`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32277))
+
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Change `ActionDispatch::Response#content_type` returning Content-Type
+    header as it is.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/36034))
+
+*   Raise an `ArgumentError` if a resource param contains a colon.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35236))
+
+*   Allow `ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase.driven_by` to be called with a block
+    to define specific browser capabilities.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35081))
+
+*   Add `ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization` middleware that guards against DNS rebinding
+    attacks.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33145))
+
+*   Allow the use of `parsed_body` in `ActionController::TestCase`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34717))
+
+*   Raise an `ArgumentError` when multiple root routes exist in the same context
+    without `as:` naming specifications.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34494))
+
+*   Allow the use of `#rescue_from` for handling parameter parsing errors.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34341))
+
+*   Add `ActionController::Parameters#each_value` for iterating through parameters.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33979))
+
+*   Encode Content-Disposition filenames on `send_data` and `send_file`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33829))
+
+*   Expose `ActionController::Parameters#each_key`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33758))
+
+*   Add purpose and expiry metadata inside signed/encrypted cookies to prevent copying the value of
+    cookies into one another.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32937))
+
+*   Raise `ActionController::RespondToMismatchError` for conflicting `respond_to` invocations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33446))
+
+*   Add an explicit error page for when a template is missing for a request format.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29286))
+
+*   Introduce `ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.register_interceptor`, a way to hook into
+    DebugExceptions and process the exception, before being rendered.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/23868))
+
+*   Output only one Content-Security-Policy nonce header value per request.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32602))
+
+*   Add a module specifically for the Rails default headers configuration
+    that can be explicitly included in controllers.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32484))
+
+*   Add `#dig` to `ActionDispatch::Request::Session`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32446))
+
 Action View
 -----------
 
@@ -77,10 +280,63 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Removals
 
+*   Remove deprecated `image_alt` helper.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/60c8a03c8d1e45e48fcb1055ba4c49ed3d5ff78f))
+
+*   Remove an empty `RecordTagHelper` module from which the functionality
+    was already moved to the `record_tag_helper` gem.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5c5ddd69b1e06fb6b2bcbb021e9b8dae17e7cb31))
+
 ### Deprecations
 
+*   Deprecate `ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods` with
+    no replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35036))
+
+*   Deprecate `config.action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods` with
+    no replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35036))
+
+*   Deprecate calling private model methods from the `options_from_collection_for_select` view helper.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33547))
+
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Clear Action View cache in development only on file changes, speeding up
+    development mode.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35629))
+
+*   Move all of the Rails npm packages into a `@rails` scope.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34905))
+
+*   Only accept formats from registered MIME types.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35604), [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35753))
+
+*   Add allocations to the template and partial rendering server output.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34136))
+
+*   Add a `year_format` option to `date_select` tag, making it possible to
+    customize year names.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32190))
+
+*   Add a `nonce: true` option for `javascript_include_tag` helper to
+    support automatic nonce generation for a Content Security Policy.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32607))
+
+*   Add a `action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods` configuration to disable or
+    enable `ActionView::Template` finalizers.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32418))
+
+*   Extract the JavaScript `confirm` call to its own, overridable method in `rails_ujs`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32404))
+
+*   Add a `action_controller.default_enforce_utf8` configuration option to handle
+    enforcing UTF-8 encoding. This defaults to `false`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32125))
+
+*   Add I18n key style support for locale keys to submit tags.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26799))
+
 Action Mailer
 -------------
 
@@ -90,8 +346,41 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][action-mailer] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Deprecations
 
+*   Deprecate `ActionMailer::Base.receive` in favor of Action Mailbox.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e3f832a7433a291a51c5df397dc3dd654c1858cb))
+
+*   Deprecate `DeliveryJob` and `Parameterized::DeliveryJob` in favor of
+    `MailDeliveryJob`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34591))
+
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Add `MailDeliveryJob` for delivering both regular and parameterized mail.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34591))
+
+*   Allow custom email delivery jobs to work with the Action Mailer test assertions.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34339))
+
+*   Allow specifying a template name for multipart emails with blocks instead of
+    using just the action name.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/22534))
+
+*   Add `perform_deliveries` to payload of `deliver.action_mailer` notification.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33824))
+
+*   Improve the logging message when `perform_deliveries` is false to indicate
+    that sending of emails was skipped.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33824))
+
+*   Allow calling `assert_enqueued_email_with` without block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33258))
+
+*   Perform the enqueued mail delivery jobs in the `assert_emails` block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32231))
+
+*   Allow `ActionMailer::Base` to unregister observers and interceptors.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32207))
+
 Active Record
 -------------
 
@@ -99,10 +388,237 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Removals
 
+*   Remove deprecated `#set_state` from the transaction object.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6c745b0c5152a4437163a67707e02f4464493983))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `#supports_statement_cache?` from the database adapters.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f3ed8784383fb4eb0f9959f31a9c28a991b7553))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `#insert_fixtures` from the database adapters.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/400ba786e1d154448235f5f90183e48a1043eece))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter#valid_alter_table_type?`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/45b4d5f81f0c0ca72c18d0dea4a3a7b2ecc589bf))
+
+*   Remove support for passing the column name to `sum` when a block is passed.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/91ddb30083430622188d76eb9f29b78131df67f9))
+
+*   Remove support for passing the column name to `count` when a block is passed.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/67356f2034ab41305af7218f7c8b2fee2d614129))
+
+*   Remove support for delegation of missing methods in a relation to Arel.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d97980a16d76ad190042b4d8578109714e9c53d0))
+
+*   Remove support for delegating missing methods in a relation to private methods of the class.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a7becf147afc85c354e5cfa519911a948d25fc4d))
+
+*   Remove support for specifying a timestamp name for `#cache_key`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0bef23e630f62e38f20b5ae1d1d5dbfb087050ea))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_path=`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d7842186591cae364fab3320b524e4d31a7d7d))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/27b252d6a85e300c7236d034d55ec8e44f57a83e))
+
+
 ### Deprecations
 
+*   Deprecate mismatched case-sensitivity collation comparisons for uniqueness validator.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9def05385f1cfa41924bb93daa187615e88c95b9))
+
+*   Deprecate using class level querying methods if the receiver scope has leaked.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35280))
+
+*   Deprecate `config.activerecord.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f59b08119bc0c01a00561d38279b124abc82561b))
+
+*   Deprecate passing `migrations_paths` to `connection.assume_migrated_upto_version`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c1b14aded27e063ead32fa911aa53163d7cfc21a))
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveRecord::Result#to_hash` in favor of `ActiveRecord::Result#to_a`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/16510d609c601aa7d466809f3073ec3313e08937))
+
+*   Deprecate methods in `DatabaseLimits`: `column_name_length`, `table_name_length`,
+    `columns_per_table`, `indexes_per_table`, `columns_per_multicolumn_index`,
+    `sql_query_length`, and `joins_per_query`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e0a1235f7df0fa193c7e299a5adee88db246b44f))
+
+*   Deprecate `update_attributes`/`!` in favor of `update`/`!`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5645149d3a27054450bd1130ff5715504638a5f5))
+
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Bump the minimum version of the `sqlite3` gem to 1.4.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35844))
+
+*   Add `rails db:prepare` to create a database if it doesn't exist, and run its migrations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35768))
+
+*   Add `after_save_commit` callback as shortcut for `after_commit :hook, on: [ :create, :update ]`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35804))
+
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#extract_associated` for extracting associated records from a relation.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35784))
+
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#annotate` for adding SQL comments to ActiveRecord::Relation queries.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35617))
+
+*   Add support for setting Optimizer Hints on databases.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35615))
+
+*   Add `insert_all`/`insert_all!`/`upsert_all` methods for doing bulk inserts.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35631))
+
+*   Add `rails db:seed:replant` that truncates tables of each database
+    for the current environment and loads the seeds.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34779))
+
+*   Add `reselect` method, which is a short-hand for `unscope(:select).select(fields)`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33611))
+
+*   Add negative scopes for all enum values.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35381))
+
+*   Add `#destroy_by` and `#delete_by` for conditional removals.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35316))
+
+*   Add the ability to automatically switch database connections.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35073))
+
+*   Add the ability to prevent writes to a database for the duration of a block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34505))
+
+*   Add an API for switching connections to support multiple databases.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34052))
+
+*   Make timestamps with precision the default for migrations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34970))
+
+*   Support `:size` option to change text and blob size in MySQL.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35071))
+
+*   Set both the foreign key and the foreign type columns to NULL for
+    polymorphic associations on `dependent: :nullify` strategy.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28078))
+
+*   Allow a permitted instance of `ActionController::Parameters` to be passed as an
+    argument to `ActiveRecord::Relation#exists?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34891))
+
+*   Add support in `#where` for endless ranges introduced in Ruby 2.6.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34906))
+
+*   Make `ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC` a default create table option for MySQL.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34742))
+
+*   Add the ability to disable scopes generated by `ActiveRecord.enum`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34605))
+
+*   Make implicit ordering configurable for a column.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34480))
+
+*   Bump the minimum PostgreSQL version to 9.3, dropping support for 9.1 and 9.2.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34520))
+
+*   Make the values of an enum frozen, raising an error when attempting to modify them.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34517))
+
+*   Make the SQL of `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` errors its own error property
+    and include SQL binds as a separate error property.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34468))
+
+*   Add an `:if_not_exists` option to `create_table`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31382))
+
+*   Add support for multiple databases to `rails db:schema:cache:dump`
+    and `rails db:schema:cache:clear`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34181))
+
+*   Add support for hash and url configs in database hash of `ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34196))
+
+*   Add support for default expressions and expression indexes for MySQL.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34307))
+
+*   Add an `index` option for `change_table` migration helpers.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/23593))
+
+*   Fix `transaction` reverting for migrations. Previously, commands inside of a `transaction`
+    in a reverted migration ran uninverted. This change fixes that.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31604))
+
+*   Allow `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations=` to be set with a symbolized hash.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33968))
+
+*   Fix the counter cache to only update if the record is actually saved.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33913))
+
+*   Add expression indexes support for the SQLite adapter.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33874))
+
+*   Allow subclasses to redefine autosave callbacks for associated records.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33378))
+
+*   Bump the minimum MySQL version to 5.5.8.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33853))
+
+*   Use the utf8mb4 character set by default in MySQL.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33608))
+
+*   Add the ability to filter out sensitive data in `#inspect`
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33756), [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34208))
+
+*   Change `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` to return an object instead of a hash.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33637))
+
+*   Add database configuration to disable advisory locks.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33691))
+
+*   Update SQLite3 adapter `alter_table` method to restore foreign keys.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33585))
+
+*   Allow the `:to_table` option of `remove_foreign_key` to be invertible.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33530))
+
+*   Fix default value for MySQL time types with specified precision.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33280))
+
+*   Fix the `touch` option to behave consistently with `Persistence#touch` method.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33107))
+
+*   Raise an exception for duplicate column definitions in Migrations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33029))
+
+*   Bump the minimum SQLite version to 3.8.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32923))
+
+*   Fix parent records to not get saved with duplicate children records.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32952))
+
+*   Ensure `Associations::CollectionAssociation#size` and `Associations::CollectionAssociation#empty?`
+    use loaded association ids if present.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32617))
+
+*   Add support to preload associations of polymorphic associations when not all the records have the requested associations.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/75ef18c67c29b1b51314b6c8a963cee53394080b))
+
+*   Add `touch_all` method to `ActiveRecord::Relation`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31513))
+
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.base_class?` predicate.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32417))
+
+*   Add custom prefix/suffix options to `ActiveRecord::Store.store_accessor`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32306))
+
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.create_or_find_by`/`!` to deal with the SELECT/INSERT race condition in
+    `ActiveRecord::Base.find_or_create_by`/`!` by leaning on unique constraints in the database.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31989))
+
+*   Add `Relation#pick` as short-hand for single-value plucks.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31941))
+
 Active Storage
 --------------
 
@@ -112,8 +628,72 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][active-storage] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Deprecations
 
+*   Deprecate  `config.active_storage.queue` in favor of `config.active_storage.queues.analysis`
+    and `config.active_storage.queues.purge`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34838))
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveStorage::Downloading` in favor of `ActiveStorage::Blob#open`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ee21b7c2eb64def8f00887a9fafbd77b85f464f1))
+
+*   Deprecate using `mini_magick` directly for generating image variants in favor of
+    `image_processing`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/697f4a93ad386f9fb7795f0ba68f815f16ebad0f))
+
+*   Deprecate `:combine_options` in Active Storage's ImageProcessing transformer
+    without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/697f4a93ad386f9fb7795f0ba68f815f16ebad0f))
+
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Add support for generating BMP image variants.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/36051))
+
+*   Add support for generating TIFF image variants.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34824))
+
+*   Add support for generating progressive JPEG image variants.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34455))
+
+*   Add `ActiveStorage.routes_prefix` for configuring the Active Storage generated routes.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33883))
+
+*   Generate a 404 Not Found response on `ActiveStorage::DiskController#show` when
+    the requested file is missing from the disk service.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33666))
+
+*   Raise `ActiveStorage::FileNotFoundError` when the requested file is missing for
+    `ActiveStorage::Blob#download` and `ActiveStorage::Blob#open`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33666))
+
+*   Add a generic `ActiveStorage::Error` class that Active Storage exceptions inherit from.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/18425b837149bc0d50f8d5349e1091a623762d6b))
+
+*   Persist uploaded files assigned to a record to storage when the record
+    is saved instead of immediately.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33303))
+
+*   Optionally replace existing files instead of adding to them when assigning to
+    a collection of attachments (as in `@user.update!(images: [ … ])`). Use
+    `config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many` to control this behavior.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33303),
+     [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/36716))
+
+*   Add the ability to reflect on defined attachments using the existing
+    Active Record reflection mechanism.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33018))
+
+*   Add `ActiveStorage::Blob#open`, which downloads a blob to a tempfile on disk
+    and yields the tempfile.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ee21b7c2eb64def8f00887a9fafbd77b85f464f1))
+
+*   Support streaming downloads from Google Cloud Storage. Require version 1.11+
+    of the `google-cloud-storage` gem.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32788))
+
+*   Use the `image_processing` gem for Active Storage variants. This replaces using
+    `mini_magick` directly.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32471))
+
 Active Model
 ------------
 
@@ -125,6 +705,42 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][active-model] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Add a configuration option to customize format of the `ActiveModel::Errors#full_message`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32956))
+
+*   Add support for configuring attribute name for `has_secure_password`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26764))
+
+*   Add `#slice!` method to `ActiveModel::Errors`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34489))
+
+*   Add `ActiveModel::Errors#of_kind?` to check presence of a specific error.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34866))
+
+*   Fix `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON#as_json` method for timestamps.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31503))
+
+*   Fix numericality validator to still use value before type cast except Active Record.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33654))
+
+*   Fix numericality equality validation of `BigDecimal` and `Float`
+    by casting to `BigDecimal` on both ends of the validation.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32852))
+
+*   Fix year value when casting a multiparameter time hash.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34990))
+
+*   Type cast falsy boolean symbols on boolean attribute as false.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35794))
+
+*   Return correct date while converting parameters in `value_from_multiparameter_assignment`
+    for `ActiveModel::Type::Date`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29651))
+
+*   Fall back to parent locale before falling back to the `:errors` namespace while fetching
+    error translations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35424))
+
 Active Support
 --------------
 
@@ -132,10 +748,196 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][active-support] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Removals
 
+*   Remove deprecated `#acronym_regex` method from `Inflections`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ce67d3cd6d1b7b9576b07fecae3dd5b422a5689))
+
+*   Remove deprecated `Module#reachable?` method.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6eb1d56a333fd2015610d31793ed6281acd66551))
+
+*   Remove `` Kernel#` `` without any replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31253))
+
 ### Deprecations
 
+*   Deprecate using negative integer arguments for `String#first` and
+    `String#last`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33058))
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode#downcase/upcase/swapcase`
+    in favor of `String#downcase/upcase/swapcase`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34123))
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode#normalize`
+    and `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars#normalize` in favor of
+    `String#unicode_normalize`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34202))
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.consumes?` in favor of
+    `String#is_utf8?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34215))
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode#pack_graphemes(array)`
+    and `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode#unpack_graphemes(string)`
+    in favor of `array.flatten.pack("U*")` and `string.scan(/\X/).map(&:codepoints)`,
+    respectively.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34254))
+
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Add support for parallel testing.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31900))
+
+*   Make sure that `String#strip_heredoc` preserves frozen-ness of strings.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32037))
+
+*   Add `String#truncate_bytes` to truncate a string to a maximum bytesize
+    without breaking multibyte characters or grapheme clusters.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/27319))
+
+*   Add `private` option to `delegate` method in order to delegate to
+    private methods. This option accepts `true/false` as the value.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31944))
+
+*   Add support for translations through I18n for `ActiveSupport::Inflector#ordinal`
+    and `ActiveSupport::Inflector#ordinalize`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32168))
+
+*   Add `before?` and `after?` methods to `Date`, `DateTime`,
+    `Time`, and `TimeWithZone`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32185))
+
+*   Fix bug where `URI.unescape` would fail with mixed Unicode/escaped character
+    input.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32183))
+
+*   Fix bug where `ActiveSupport::Cache` would massively inflate the storage
+    size when compression was enabled.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32539))
+
+*   Redis cache store: `delete_matched` no longer blocks the Redis server.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32614))
+
+*   Fix bug where `ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all` would fail when tzinfo data for
+    any timezone defined in `ActiveSupport::TimeZone::MAPPING` was missing.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32613))
+
+*   Add `Enumerable#index_with` which allows creating a hash from an enumerable
+    with the value from a passed block or a default argument.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32523))
+
+*   Allow `Range#===` and `Range#cover?` methods to work with `Range` argument.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32938))
+
+*   Support key expiry in `increment/decrement` operations of RedisCacheStore.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33254))
+
+*   Add cpu time, idle time, and allocations features to log subscriber events.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33449))
+
+*   Add support for event object to the Active Support notification system.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33451))
+
+*   Add support for not caching `nil` entries by introducing new option `skip_nil`
+    for `ActiveSupport::Cache#fetch`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/25437))
+
+*   Add `Array#extract!` method which removes and returns the elements for which
+    block returns a true value.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33137))
+
+*   Keep an HTML-safe string HTML-safe after slicing.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33808))
+
+*   Add support for tracing constant autoloads via logging.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c03bba4f1f03bad7dc034af555b7f2b329cf76f5))
+
+*   Define `unfreeze_time` as an alias of `travel_back`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33813))
+
+*   Change `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new` to return a new logger instance
+    instead of mutating the one received as argument.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/27792))
+
+*   Treat `#delete_prefix`, `#delete_suffix` and `#unicode_normalize` methods
+    as non HTML-safe methods.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33990))
+
+*   Fix bug where `#without` for `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`
+    would fail with symbol arguments.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34012))
+
+*   Rename `Module#parent`, `Module#parents`, and `Module#parent_name` to
+    `module_parent`, `module_parents`, and `module_parent_name`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34051))
+
+*   Add `ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34039))
+
+*   Fix issue where duration was being rounded to a full second when a float
+    was added to the duration.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34135))
+
+*   Make `#to_options` an alias for `#symbolize_keys` in
+    `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34360))
+
+*   Don't raise an exception anymore if the same block is included multiple times
+    for a Concern.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34553))
+
+*   Preserve key order passed to `ActiveSupport::CacheStore#fetch_multi`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34700))
+
+*   Fix `String#safe_constantize` to not throw a `LoadError` for incorrectly
+    cased constant references.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34892))
+
+*   Add `Hash#deep_transform_values` and `Hash#deep_transform_values!`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b8dc06b8fdc16874160f61dcf58743fcc10e57db))
+
+*   Add `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess#assoc`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35080))
+
+*   Add `before_reset` callback to `CurrentAttributes` and define
+    `after_reset` as an alias of `resets` for symmetry.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35063))
+
+*   Revise `ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe` to correctly
+    handle Regex or other multiple-pattern subscribers.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32861))
+
+*   Add new autoloading mechanism using Zeitwerk.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e53430fa9af239e21e11548499d814f540d421e5))
+
+*   Add `Array#including` and `Enumerable#including` to conveniently enlarge
+    a collection.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/bfaa3091c3c32b5980a614ef0f7b39cbf83f6db3))
+
+*   Rename `Array#without` and `Enumerable#without` to `Array#excluding`
+    and `Enumerable#excluding`. Old method names are retained as aliases.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/bfaa3091c3c32b5980a614ef0f7b39cbf83f6db3))
+
+*   Add support for supplying `locale` to `transliterate` and `parameterize`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35571))
+
+*   Fix `Time#advance` to work with dates before 1001-03-07.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35659))
+
+*   Update `ActiveSupport::Notifications::Instrumenter#instrument` to allow
+    not passing block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35705))
+
+*   Use weak references in descendants tracker to allow anonymous subclasses to
+    be garbage collected.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31442))
+
+*   Calling test methods with `with_info_handler` method to allow minitest-hooks
+    plugin to work.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/758ba117a008b6ea2d3b92c53b6a7a8d7ccbca69))
+
+*   Preserve `html_safe?` status on `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#*`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/36012))
+
 Active Job
 ----------
 
@@ -143,10 +945,56 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][active-job] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Removals
 
+*   Remove support for Qu gem.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32300))
+
 ### Deprecations
 
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Add support for custom serializers for Active Job arguments.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30941))
+
+*   Add support for executing Active Jobs in the timezone in which
+    they were enqueued.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/32085))
+
+*   Allow passing multiple exceptions to `retry_on`/`discard_on`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/3110caecbebdad7300daaf26bfdff39efda99e25))
+
+*   Allow calling `assert_enqueued_with` and `assert_enqueued_email_with` without a block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33258))
+
+*   Wrap the notifications for `enqueue` and `enqueue_at` in the `around_enqueue`
+    callback instead of `after_enqueue` callback.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33171))
+
+*   Allow calling `perform_enqueued_jobs` without a block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33626))
+
+*   Allow calling `assert_performed_with` without a block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33635))
+
+*   Add `:queue` option to job assertions and helpers.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33635))
+
+*   Add hooks to Active Job around retries and discards.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33751))
+
+*   Add a way to test for subset of arguments when performing jobs.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/33995))
+
+*   Include deserialized arguments in jobs returned by Active Job
+    test helpers.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34204))
+
+*   Allow Active Job assertion helpers to accept Proc for `only`
+    keyword.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34339))
+
+*   Drop microseconds and nanoseconds from the job arguments in assertion helpers.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35713))
+
 Ruby on Rails Guides
 --------------------
 
@@ -154,11 +1002,20 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][guides] for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
+*   Add a section about troubleshooting of autoloading constants.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c03bba4f1f03bad7dc034af555b7f2b329cf76f5))
+
+*   Add Action Mailbox Basics guide.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34812))
+
+*   Add Action Text Overview guide.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/34878))
+
 Credits
 -------
 
 See the
-[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/)
+[full list of contributors to Rails](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org/)
 for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust
 framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md b/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md
index 2f602c3e0a..f1e2a0081f 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md
@@ -27,6 +27,36 @@ client-side JavaScript framework and a server-side Ruby framework. You have
 access to your full domain model written with Active Record or your ORM of
 choice.
 
+Terminology
+-----------
+
+A single Action Cable server can handle multiple connection instances. It has one
+connection instance per WebSocket connection. A single user may have multiple
+WebSockets open to your application if they use multiple browser tabs or devices.
+The client of a WebSocket connection is called the consumer.
+
+Each consumer can in turn subscribe to multiple cable channels. Each channel
+encapsulates a logical unit of work, similar to what a controller does in
+a regular MVC setup. For example, you could have a `ChatChannel` and
+an `AppearancesChannel`, and a consumer could be subscribed to either
+or to both of these channels. At the very least, a consumer should be subscribed
+to one channel.
+
+When the consumer is subscribed to a channel, they act as a subscriber.
+The connection between the subscriber and the channel is, surprise-surprise,
+called a subscription. A consumer can act as a subscriber to a given channel
+any number of times. For example, a consumer could subscribe to multiple chat rooms
+at the same time. (And remember that a physical user may have multiple consumers,
+one per tab/device open to your connection).
+
+Each channel can then again be streaming zero or more broadcastings.
+A broadcasting is a pubsub link where anything transmitted by the broadcaster is
+sent directly to the channel subscribers who are streaming that named broadcasting.
+
+As you can see, this is a fairly deep architectural stack. There's a lot of new
+terminology to identify the new pieces, and on top of that, you're dealing
+with both client and server side reflections of each unit.
+
 What is Pub/Sub
 ---------------
 
@@ -147,32 +177,50 @@ established using the following JavaScript, which is generated by default by Rai
 #### Connect Consumer
 
 ```js
-// app/assets/javascripts/cable.js
-//= require action_cable
-//= require_self
-//= require_tree ./channels
+// app/javascript/channels/consumer.js
+// Action Cable provides the framework to deal with WebSockets in Rails.
+// You can generate new channels where WebSocket features live using the `rails generate channel` command.
 
-(function() {
-  this.App || (this.App = {});
+import { createConsumer } from "@rails/actioncable"
 
-  App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer();
-}).call(this);
+export default createConsumer()
 ```
 
 This will ready a consumer that'll connect against `/cable` on your server by default.
 The connection won't be established until you've also specified at least one subscription
 you're interested in having.
 
+The consumer can optionally take an argument that specifies the URL to connect to. This
+can be a string, or a function that returns a string that will be called when the
+WebSocket is opened.
+
+```js
+// Specify a different URL to connect to
+createConsumer('https://ws.example.com/cable')
+
+// Use a function to dynamically generate the URL
+createConsumer(getWebSocketURL)
+
+function getWebSocketURL {
+  const token = localStorage.get('auth-token')
+  return `https://ws.example.com/cable?token=${token}`
+}
+```
+
 #### Subscriber
 
 A consumer becomes a subscriber by creating a subscription to a given channel:
 
-```coffeescript
-# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/chat.coffee
-App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" }
+```js
+// app/javascript/channels/chat_channel.js
+import consumer from "./consumer"
+
+consumer.subscriptions.create({ channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" })
 
-# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/appearance.coffee
-App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "AppearanceChannel" }
+// app/javascript/channels/appearance_channel.js
+import consumer from "./consumer"
+
+consumer.subscriptions.create({ channel: "AppearanceChannel" })
 ```
 
 While this creates the subscription, the functionality needed to respond to
@@ -181,9 +229,12 @@ received data will be described later on.
 A consumer can act as a subscriber to a given channel any number of times. For
 example, a consumer could subscribe to multiple chat rooms at the same time:
 
-```coffeescript
-App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "1st Room" }
-App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "2nd Room" }
+```js
+// app/javascript/channels/chat_channel.js
+import consumer from "./consumer"
+
+consumer.subscriptions.create({ channel: "ChatChannel", room: "1st Room" })
+consumer.subscriptions.create({ channel: "ChatChannel", room: "2nd Room" })
 ```
 
 ## Client-Server Interactions
@@ -256,24 +307,31 @@ When a consumer is subscribed to a channel, they act as a subscriber. This
 connection is called a subscription. Incoming messages are then routed to
 these channel subscriptions based on an identifier sent by the cable consumer.
 
-```coffeescript
-# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/chat.coffee
-# Assumes you've already requested the right to send web notifications
-App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" },
-  received: (data) ->
-    @appendLine(data)
-
-  appendLine: (data) ->
-    html = @createLine(data)
-    $("[data-chat-room='Best Room']").append(html)
-
-  createLine: (data) ->
-    """
-    <article class="chat-line">
-      <span class="speaker">#{data["sent_by"]}</span>
-      <span class="body">#{data["body"]}</span>
-    </article>
-    """
+```js
+// app/javascript/channels/chat_channel.js
+// Assumes you've already requested the right to send web notifications
+import consumer from "./consumer"
+
+consumer.subscriptions.create({ channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" }, {
+  received(data) {
+    this.appendLine(data)
+  },
+
+  appendLine(data) {
+    const html = this.createLine(data)
+    const element = document.querySelector("[data-chat-room='Best Room']")
+    element.insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", html)
+  },
+
+  createLine(data) {
+    return `
+      <article class="chat-line">
+        <span class="speaker">${data["sent_by"]}</span>
+        <span class="body">${data["body"]}</span>
+      </article>
+    `
+  }
+})
 ```
 
 ### Passing Parameters to Channels
@@ -293,23 +351,30 @@ end
 An object passed as the first argument to `subscriptions.create` becomes the
 params hash in the cable channel. The keyword `channel` is required:
 
-```coffeescript
-# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/chat.coffee
-App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" },
-  received: (data) ->
-    @appendLine(data)
-
-  appendLine: (data) ->
-    html = @createLine(data)
-    $("[data-chat-room='Best Room']").append(html)
-
-  createLine: (data) ->
-    """
-    <article class="chat-line">
-      <span class="speaker">#{data["sent_by"]}</span>
-      <span class="body">#{data["body"]}</span>
-    </article>
-    """
+```js
+// app/javascript/channels/chat_channel.js
+import consumer from "./consumer"
+
+consumer.subscriptions.create({ channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" }, {
+  received(data) {
+    this.appendLine(data)
+  },
+
+  appendLine(data) {
+    const html = this.createLine(data)
+    const element = document.querySelector("[data-chat-room='Best Room']")
+    element.insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", html)
+  },
+
+  createLine(data) {
+    return `
+      <article class="chat-line">
+        <span class="speaker">${data["sent_by"]}</span>
+        <span class="body">${data["body"]}</span>
+      </article>
+    `
+  }
+})
 ```
 
 ```ruby
@@ -340,13 +405,17 @@ class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
 end
 ```
 
-```coffeescript
-# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/chat.coffee
-App.chatChannel = App.cable.subscriptions.create { channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" },
-  received: (data) ->
-    # data => { sent_by: "Paul", body: "This is a cool chat app." }
+```js
+// app/javascript/channels/chat_channel.js
+import consumer from "./consumer"
+
+const chatChannel = consumer.subscriptions.create({ channel: "ChatChannel", room: "Best Room" }, {
+  received(data) {
+    // data => { sent_by: "Paul", body: "This is a cool chat app." }
+  }
+}
 
-App.chatChannel.send({ sent_by: "Paul", body: "This is a cool chat app." })
+chatChannel.send({ sent_by: "Paul", body: "This is a cool chat app." })
 ```
 
 The rebroadcast will be received by all connected clients, _including_ the
@@ -396,46 +465,69 @@ appear/disappear API could be backed by Redis, a database, or whatever else.
 
 Create the client-side appearance channel subscription:
 
-```coffeescript
-# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/appearance.coffee
-App.cable.subscriptions.create "AppearanceChannel",
-  # Called when the subscription is ready for use on the server.
-  connected: ->
-    @install()
-    @appear()
-
-  # Called when the WebSocket connection is closed.
-  disconnected: ->
-    @uninstall()
-
-  # Called when the subscription is rejected by the server.
-  rejected: ->
-    @uninstall()
-
-  appear: ->
-    # Calls `AppearanceChannel#appear(data)` on the server.
-    @perform("appear", appearing_on: $("main").data("appearing-on"))
-
-  away: ->
-    # Calls `AppearanceChannel#away` on the server.
-    @perform("away")
-
-
-  buttonSelector = "[data-behavior~=appear_away]"
-
-  install: ->
-    $(document).on "turbolinks:load.appearance", =>
-      @appear()
-
-    $(document).on "click.appearance", buttonSelector, =>
-      @away()
-      false
-
-    $(buttonSelector).show()
-
-  uninstall: ->
-    $(document).off(".appearance")
-    $(buttonSelector).hide()
+```js
+// app/javascript/channels/appearance_channel.js
+import consumer from "./consumer"
+
+consumer.subscriptions.create("AppearanceChannel", {
+  // Called once when the subscription is created.
+  initialized() {
+    this.update = this.update.bind(this)
+  },
+
+  // Called when the subscription is ready for use on the server.
+  connected() {
+    this.install()
+    this.update()
+  },
+
+  // Called when the WebSocket connection is closed.
+  disconnected() {
+    this.uninstall()
+  },
+
+  // Called when the subscription is rejected by the server.
+  rejected() {
+    this.uninstall()
+  },
+
+  update() {
+    this.documentIsActive ? this.appear() : this.away()
+  },
+
+  appear() {
+    // Calls `AppearanceChannel#appear(data)` on the server.
+    this.perform("appear", { appearing_on: this.appearingOn })
+  },
+
+  away() {
+    // Calls `AppearanceChannel#away` on the server.
+    this.perform("away")
+  },
+
+  install() {
+    window.addEventListener("focus", this.update)
+    window.addEventListener("blur", this.update)
+    document.addEventListener("turbolinks:load", this.update)
+    document.addEventListener("visibilitychange", this.update)
+  },
+
+  uninstall() {
+    window.removeEventListener("focus", this.update)
+    window.removeEventListener("blur", this.update)
+    document.removeEventListener("turbolinks:load", this.update)
+    document.removeEventListener("visibilitychange", this.update)
+  },
+
+  get documentIsActive() {
+    return document.visibilityState == "visible" && document.hasFocus()
+  },
+
+  get appearingOn() {
+    const element = document.querySelector("[data-appearing-on]")
+    return element ? element.getAttribute("data-appearing-on") : null
+  }
+})
 ```
 
 ##### Client-Server Interaction
@@ -445,16 +537,16 @@ ActionCable.createConsumer("ws://cable.example.com")`. (`cable.js`). The
 **Server** identifies this connection by `current_user`.
 
 2. **Client** subscribes to the appearance channel via
-`App.cable.subscriptions.create(channel: "AppearanceChannel")`. (`appearance.coffee`)
+`consumer.subscriptions.create({ channel: "AppearanceChannel" })`. (`appearance_channel.js`)
 
 3. **Server** recognizes a new subscription has been initiated for the
 appearance channel and runs its `subscribed` callback, calling the `appear`
 method on `current_user`. (`appearance_channel.rb`)
 
 4. **Client** recognizes that a subscription has been established and calls
-`connected` (`appearance.coffee`) which in turn calls `@install` and `@appear`.
-`@appear` calls `AppearanceChannel#appear(data)` on the server, and supplies a
-data hash of `{ appearing_on: $("main").data("appearing-on") }`. This is
+`connected` (`appearance_channel.js`) which in turn calls `install` and `appear`.
+`appear` calls `AppearanceChannel#appear(data)` on the server, and supplies a
+data hash of `{ appearing_on: this.appearingOn }`. This is
 possible because the server-side channel instance automatically exposes all
 public methods declared on the class (minus the callbacks), so that these can be
 reached as remote procedure calls via a subscription's `perform` method.
@@ -488,13 +580,17 @@ end
 
 Create the client-side web notifications channel subscription:
 
-```coffeescript
-# app/assets/javascripts/cable/subscriptions/web_notifications.coffee
-# Client-side which assumes you've already requested
-# the right to send web notifications.
-App.cable.subscriptions.create "WebNotificationsChannel",
-  received: (data) ->
-    new Notification data["title"], body: data["body"]
+```js
+// app/javascript/channels/web_notifications_channel.js
+// Client-side which assumes you've already requested
+// the right to send web notifications.
+import consumer from "./consumer"
+
+consumer.subscriptions.create("WebNotificationsChannel", {
+  received(data) {
+    new Notification(data["title"], body: data["body"])
+  }
+})
 ```
 
 Broadcast content to a web notification channel instance from elsewhere in your
@@ -574,7 +670,7 @@ passed to the server config as an array. The origins can be instances of
 strings or regular expressions, against which a check for the match will be performed.
 
 ```ruby
-config.action_cable.allowed_request_origins = ['http://rubyonrails.com', %r{http://ruby.*}]
+config.action_cable.allowed_request_origins = ['https://rubyonrails.com', %r{http://ruby.*}]
 ```
 
 To disable and allow requests from any origin:
@@ -592,6 +688,21 @@ To configure the URL, add a call to `action_cable_meta_tag` in your HTML layout
 HEAD. This uses a URL or path typically set via `config.action_cable.url` in the
 environment configuration files.
 
+### Worker Pool Configuration
+
+The worker pool is used to run connection callbacks and channel actions in
+isolation from the server's main thread. Action Cable allows the application
+to configure the number of simultaneously processed threads in the worker pool.
+
+```ruby
+config.action_cable.worker_pool_size = 4
+```
+
+Also, note that your server must provide at least the same number of database
+connections as you have workers. The default worker pool size is set to 4, so
+that means you have to make at least 4 database connections available.
+ You can change that in `config/database.yml` through the `pool` attribute.
+
 ### Other Configurations
 
 The other common option to configure is the log tags applied to the
@@ -609,11 +720,6 @@ config.action_cable.log_tags = [
 For a full list of all configuration options, see the
 `ActionCable::Server::Configuration` class.
 
-Also, note that your server must provide at least the same number of database
-connections as you have workers. The default worker pool size is set to 4, so
-that means you have to make at least that available. You can change that in
-`config/database.yml` through the `pool` attribute.
-
 ## Running Standalone Cable Servers
 
 ### In App
@@ -629,10 +735,9 @@ class Application < Rails::Application
 end
 ```
 
-You can use `App.cable = ActionCable.createConsumer()` to connect to the cable
-server if `action_cable_meta_tag` is invoked in the layout. A custom path is
-specified as first argument to `createConsumer` (e.g. `App.cable =
-ActionCable.createConsumer("/websocket")`).
+You can use `ActionCable.createConsumer()` to connect to the cable
+server if `action_cable_meta_tag` is invoked in the layout. Otherwise, A path is
+specified as first argument to `createConsumer` (e.g. `ActionCable.createConsumer("/websocket")`).
 
 For every instance of your server you create and for every worker your server
 spawns, you will also have a new instance of Action Cable, but the use of Redis
@@ -690,3 +795,8 @@ internally, irrespective of whether the application server is multi-threaded or
 
 Accordingly, Action Cable works with popular servers like Unicorn, Puma, and
 Passenger.
+
+## Testing
+
+You can find detailed instructions on how to test your Action Cable functionality in the
+[testing guide](testing.html#testing-action-cable).
diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
index aa746e4731..f8367283fc 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ end
 
 The [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) explains this in more detail.
 
-`ApplicationController` inherits from `ActionController::Base`, which defines a number of helpful methods. This guide will cover some of these, but if you're curious to see what's in there, you can see all of them in the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController.html) or in the source itself.
+`ApplicationController` inherits from `ActionController::Base`, which defines a number of helpful methods. This guide will cover some of these, but if you're curious to see what's in there, you can see all of them in the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController.html) or in the source itself.
 
 Only public methods are callable as actions. It is a best practice to lower the visibility of methods (with `private` or `protected`) which are not intended to be actions, like auxiliary methods or filters.
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ And, assuming that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would th
 { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street", company: { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street" } }
 ```
 
-You can customize the name of the key or specific parameters you want to wrap by consulting the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ParamsWrapper.html)
+You can customize the name of the key or specific parameters you want to wrap by consulting the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ParamsWrapper.html)
 
 NOTE: Support for parsing XML parameters has been extracted into a gem named `actionpack-xml_parser`.
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   # This will pass with flying colors as long as there's a person key
-  # in the parameters, otherwise it'll raise a
+  # in the parameters, otherwise it'll raise an
   # ActionController::ParameterMissing exception, which will get
   # caught by ActionController::Base and turned into a 400 Bad
   # Request error.
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ To reset the entire session, use `reset_session`.
 
 The flash is a special part of the session which is cleared with each request. This means that values stored there will only be available in the next request, which is useful for passing error messages etc.
 
-It is accessed in much the same way as the session, as a hash (it's a [FlashHash](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Flash/FlashHash.html) instance).
+It is accessed in much the same way as the session, as a hash (it's a [FlashHash](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Flash/FlashHash.html) instance).
 
 Let's use the act of logging out as an example. The controller can send a message which will be displayed to the user on the next request:
 
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ Rails also provides a signed cookie jar and an encrypted cookie jar for storing
 sensitive data. The signed cookie jar appends a cryptographic signature on the
 cookie values to protect their integrity. The encrypted cookie jar encrypts the
 values in addition to signing them, so that they cannot be read by the end user.
-Refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies.html)
+Refer to the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies.html)
 for more details.
 
 These special cookie jars use a serializer to serialize the assigned values into
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ In every controller there are two accessor methods pointing to the request and t
 
 ### The `request` Object
 
-The request object contains a lot of useful information about the request coming in from the client. To get a full list of the available methods, refer to the [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Request.html) and [Rack Documentation](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/Rack/Request). Among the properties that you can access on this object are:
+The request object contains a lot of useful information about the request coming in from the client. To get a full list of the available methods, refer to the [Rails API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Request.html) and [Rack Documentation](https://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/Rack/Request). Among the properties that you can access on this object are:
 
 | Property of `request`                     | Purpose                                                                          |
 | ----------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ Rails collects all of the parameters sent along with the request in the `params`
 
 ### The `response` Object
 
-The response object is not usually used directly, but is built up during the execution of the action and rendering of the data that is being sent back to the user, but sometimes - like in an after filter - it can be useful to access the response directly. Some of these accessor methods also have setters, allowing you to change their values. To get a full list of the available methods, refer to the [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html) and [Rack Documentation](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/Rack/Response).
+The response object is not usually used directly, but is built up during the execution of the action and rendering of the data that is being sent back to the user, but sometimes - like in an after filter - it can be useful to access the response directly. Some of these accessor methods also have setters, allowing you to change their values. To get a full list of the available methods, refer to the [Rails API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html) and [Rack Documentation](https://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/Rack/Response).
 
 | Property of `response` | Purpose                                                                                             |
 | ---------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailbox_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailbox_basics.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de92401226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/action_mailbox_basics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Action Mailbox Basics
+=====================
+
+This guide provides you with all you need to get started in receiving
+emails to your application.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to receive email within a Rails application.
+* How to configure Action Mailbox.
+* How to generate and route emails to a mailbox.
+* How to test incoming emails.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Action Mailbox routes incoming emails to controller-like mailboxes for
+processing in Rails. It ships with ingresses for Mailgun, Mandrill, Postmark,
+and SendGrid. You can also handle inbound mails directly via the built-in Exim,
+Postfix, and Qmail ingresses.
+
+The inbound emails are turned into `InboundEmail` records using Active Record
+and feature lifecycle tracking, storage of the original email on cloud storage
+via Active Storage, and responsible data handling with
+on-by-default incineration.
+
+These inbound emails are routed asynchronously using Active Job to one or
+several dedicated mailboxes, which are capable of interacting directly
+with the rest of your domain model.
+
+## Setup
+
+Install migrations needed for `InboundEmail` and ensure Active Storage is set up:
+
+```bash
+$ rails action_mailbox:install
+$ rails db:migrate
+```
+
+## Configuration
+
+### Exim
+
+Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from an SMTP relay:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/production.rb
+config.action_mailbox.ingress = :relay
+```
+
+Generate a strong password that Action Mailbox can use to authenticate requests to the relay ingress.
+
+Use `rails credentials:edit` to add the password to your application's encrypted credentials under
+`action_mailbox.ingress_password`, where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+
+```yaml
+action_mailbox:
+  ingress_password: ...
+```
+
+Alternatively, provide the password in the `RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD` environment variable.
+
+Configure Exim to pipe inbound emails to `bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:exim`,
+providing the `URL` of the relay ingress and the `INGRESS_PASSWORD` you
+previously generated. If your application lived at `https://example.com`, the
+full command would look like this:
+
+```shell
+bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:exim URL=https://example.com/rails/action_mailbox/relay/inbound_emails INGRESS_PASSWORD=...
+```
+
+### Mailgun
+
+Give Action Mailbox your
+[Mailgun API key](https://help.mailgun.com/hc/en-us/articles/203380100-Where-can-I-find-my-API-key-and-SMTP-credentials)
+so it can authenticate requests to the Mailgun ingress.
+
+Use `rails credentials:edit` to add your API key to your application's
+encrypted credentials under `action_mailbox.mailgun_api_key`,
+where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+
+```yaml
+action_mailbox:
+  mailgun_api_key: ...
+```
+
+Alternatively, provide your API key in the `MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY` environment
+variable.
+
+Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from Mailgun:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/production.rb
+config.action_mailbox.ingress = :mailgun
+```
+
+[Configure Mailgun](https://documentation.mailgun.com/en/latest/user_manual.html#receiving-forwarding-and-storing-messages)
+to forward inbound emails to `/rails/action_mailbox/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime`.
+If your application lived at `https://example.com`, you would specify the
+fully-qualified URL `https://example.com/rails/action_mailbox/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime`.
+
+### Mandrill
+
+Give Action Mailbox your Mandrill API key so it can authenticate requests to
+the Mandrill ingress.
+
+Use `rails credentials:edit` to add your API key to your application's
+encrypted credentials under `action_mailbox.mandrill_api_key`,
+where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+
+```yaml
+action_mailbox:
+  mandrill_api_key: ...
+```
+
+Alternatively, provide your API key in the `MANDRILL_INGRESS_API_KEY`
+environment variable.
+
+Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from Mandrill:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/production.rb
+config.action_mailbox.ingress = :mandrill
+```
+
+[Configure Mandrill](https://mandrill.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/205583197-Inbound-Email-Processing-Overview)
+to route inbound emails to `/rails/action_mailbox/mandrill/inbound_emails`.
+If your application lived at `https://example.com`, you would specify
+the fully-qualified URL `https://example.com/rails/action_mailbox/mandrill/inbound_emails`.
+
+### Postfix
+
+Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from an SMTP relay:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/production.rb
+config.action_mailbox.ingress = :relay
+```
+
+Generate a strong password that Action Mailbox can use to authenticate requests to the relay ingress.
+
+Use `rails credentials:edit` to add the password to your application's encrypted credentials under
+`action_mailbox.ingress_password`, where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+
+```yaml
+action_mailbox:
+  ingress_password: ...
+```
+
+Alternatively, provide the password in the `RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD` environment variable.
+
+[Configure Postfix](https://serverfault.com/questions/258469/how-to-configure-postfix-to-pipe-all-incoming-email-to-a-script)
+to pipe inbound emails to `bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:postfix`, providing
+the `URL` of the Postfix ingress and the `INGRESS_PASSWORD` you previously
+generated. If your application lived at `https://example.com`, the full command
+would look like this:
+
+```shell
+$ bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:postfix URL=https://example.com/rails/action_mailbox/relay/inbound_emails INGRESS_PASSWORD=...
+```
+
+### Postmark
+
+Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from Postmark:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/production.rb
+config.action_mailbox.ingress = :postmark
+```
+
+Generate a strong password that Action Mailbox can use to authenticate
+requests to the Postmark ingress.
+
+Use `rails credentials:edit` to add the password to your application's
+encrypted credentials under `action_mailbox.ingress_password`,
+where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+
+```yaml
+action_mailbox:
+  ingress_password: ...
+```
+
+Alternatively, provide the password in the `RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD`
+environment variable.
+
+[Configure Postmark inbound webhook](https://postmarkapp.com/manual#configure-your-inbound-webhook-url)
+to forward inbound emails to `/rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails` with the username `actionmailbox`
+and the password you previously generated. If your application lived at `https://example.com`, you would
+configure Postmark with the following fully-qualified URL:
+
+```
+https://actionmailbox:PASSWORD@example.com/rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails
+```
+
+NOTE: When configuring your Postmark inbound webhook, be sure to check the box labeled **"Include raw email content in JSON payload"**.
+Action Mailbox needs the raw email content to work.
+
+### Qmail
+
+Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from an SMTP relay:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/production.rb
+config.action_mailbox.ingress = :relay
+```
+
+Generate a strong password that Action Mailbox can use to authenticate requests to the relay ingress.
+
+Use `rails credentials:edit` to add the password to your application's encrypted credentials under
+`action_mailbox.ingress_password`, where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+
+```yaml
+action_mailbox:
+  ingress_password: ...
+```
+
+Alternatively, provide the password in the `RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD` environment variable.
+
+Configure Qmail to pipe inbound emails to `bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:qmail`,
+providing the `URL` of the relay ingress and the `INGRESS_PASSWORD` you
+previously generated. If your application lived at `https://example.com`, the
+full command would look like this:
+
+```shell
+bin/rails action_mailbox:ingress:qmail URL=https://example.com/rails/action_mailbox/relay/inbound_emails INGRESS_PASSWORD=...
+```
+
+### SendGrid
+
+Tell Action Mailbox to accept emails from SendGrid:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/production.rb
+config.action_mailbox.ingress = :sendgrid
+```
+
+Generate a strong password that Action Mailbox can use to authenticate
+requests to the SendGrid ingress.
+
+Use `rails credentials:edit` to add the password to your application's
+encrypted credentials under `action_mailbox.ingress_password`,
+where Action Mailbox will automatically find it:
+
+```yaml
+action_mailbox:
+  ingress_password: ...
+```
+
+Alternatively, provide the password in the `RAILS_INBOUND_EMAIL_PASSWORD`
+environment variable.
+
+[Configure SendGrid Inbound Parse](https://sendgrid.com/docs/for-developers/parsing-email/setting-up-the-inbound-parse-webhook/)
+to forward inbound emails to
+`/rails/action_mailbox/sendgrid/inbound_emails` with the username `actionmailbox`
+and the password you previously generated. If your application lived at `https://example.com`,
+you would configure SendGrid with the following URL:
+
+```
+https://actionmailbox:PASSWORD@example.com/rails/action_mailbox/sendgrid/inbound_emails
+```
+
+NOTE: When configuring your SendGrid Inbound Parse webhook, be sure to check the box labeled **“Post the raw, full MIME message.”** Action Mailbox needs the raw MIME message to work.
+
+## Examples
+
+Configure basic routing:
+
+```ruby
+# app/mailboxes/application_mailbox.rb
+class ApplicationMailbox < ActionMailbox::Base
+  routing /^save@/i     => :forwards
+  routing /@replies\./i => :replies
+end
+```
+
+Then set up a mailbox:
+
+```ruby
+# Generate new mailbox
+$ bin/rails generate mailbox forwards
+```
+
+```ruby
+# app/mailboxes/forwards_mailbox.rb
+class ForwardsMailbox < ApplicationMailbox
+  # Callbacks specify prerequisites to processing
+  before_processing :require_forward
+
+  def process
+    if forwarder.buckets.one?
+      record_forward
+    else
+      stage_forward_and_request_more_details
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def require_forward
+      unless message.forward?
+        # Use Action Mailers to bounce incoming emails back to sender – this halts processing
+        bounce_with Forwards::BounceMailer.missing_forward(
+          inbound_email, forwarder: forwarder
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    def forwarder
+      @forwarder ||= Person.where(email_address: mail.from)
+    end
+
+    def record_forward
+      forwarder.buckets.first.record \
+        Forward.new forwarder: forwarder, subject: message.subject, content: mail.content
+    end
+
+    def stage_forward_and_request_more_details
+      Forwards::RoutingMailer.choose_project(mail).deliver_now
+    end
+end
+```
+
+## Incineration of InboundEmails
+
+By default, an InboundEmail that has been successfully processed will be
+incinerated after 30 days. This ensures you're not holding on to people's data
+willy-nilly after they may have canceled their accounts or deleted their
+content. The intention is that after you've processed an email, you should have
+extracted all the data you needed and turned it into domain models and content
+on your side of the application. The InboundEmail simply stays in the system
+for the extra time to provide debugging and forensics options.
+
+The actual incineration is done via the `IncinerationJob` that's scheduled
+to run after `config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after` time. This value is
+by default set to `30.days`, but you can change it in your production.rb
+configuration. (Note that this far-future incineration scheduling relies on
+your job queue being able to hold jobs for that long.)
+
+## Working with Action Mailbox in development
+
+It's helpful to be able to test incoming emails in development without actually
+sending and receiving real emails. To accomplish this, there's a conductor
+controller mounted at `/rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails`,
+which gives you an index of all the InboundEmails in the system, their
+state of processing, and a form to create a new InboundEmail as well.
+
+## Testing mailboxes
+
+Example:
+
+```ruby
+class ForwardsMailboxTest < ActionMailbox::TestCase
+  test "directly recording a client forward for a forwarder and forwardee corresponding to one project" do
+    assert_difference -> { people(:david).buckets.first.recordings.count } do
+      receive_inbound_email_from_mail \
+        to: 'save@example.com',
+        from: people(:david).email_address,
+        subject: "Fwd: Status update?",
+        body: <<~BODY
+          --- Begin forwarded message ---
+          From: Frank Holland <frank@microsoft.com>
+
+          What's the status?
+        BODY
+    end
+
+    recording = people(:david).buckets.first.recordings.last
+    assert_equal people(:david), recording.creator
+    assert_equal "Status update?", recording.forward.subject
+    assert_match "What's the status?", recording.forward.content.to_s
+  end
+end
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
index 1acb993cad..f600cf29ce 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 Action Mailer Basics
 ====================
 
-This guide provides you with all you need to get started in sending and
-receiving emails from and to your application, and many internals of Action
+This guide provides you with all you need to get started in sending
+emails from and to your application, and many internals of Action
 Mailer. It also covers how to test your mailers.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
-* How to send and receive email within a Rails application.
+* How to send email within a Rails application.
 * How to generate and edit an Action Mailer class and mailer view.
 * How to configure Action Mailer for your environment.
 * How to test your Action Mailer classes.
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ view and sending it over the HTTP protocol, they are just sending it out through
 the email protocols instead. Due to this, it makes sense to just have your
 controller tell the Mailer to send an email when a user is successfully created.
 
-Setting this up is painfully simple.
+Setting this up is simple.
 
 First, let's create a simple `User` scaffold:
 
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ If you would like to render a template located outside of the default `app/views
 ```ruby
 class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   prepend_view_path "custom/path/to/mailer/view"
-  
+
   # This will try to load "custom/path/to/mailer/view/welcome_email" template
   def welcome_email
     # ...
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ web addresses. Thus, you should always use the "_url" variant of named route
 helpers.
 
 If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to the
-url helper.
+URL helper.
 
 ```erb
 <%= user_url(@user, host: 'example.com') %>
@@ -651,48 +651,8 @@ class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
 end
 ```
 
-Receiving Emails
-----------------
-
-Receiving and parsing emails with Action Mailer can be a rather complex
-endeavor. Before your email reaches your Rails app, you would have had to
-configure your system to somehow forward emails to your app, which needs to be
-listening for that. So, to receive emails in your Rails app you'll need to:
-
-* Implement a `receive` method in your mailer.
-
-* Configure your email server to forward emails from the address(es) you would
-  like your app to receive to `/path/to/app/bin/rails runner
-  'UserMailer.receive(STDIN.read)'`.
-
-Once a method called `receive` is defined in any mailer, Action Mailer will
-parse the raw incoming email into an email object, decode it, instantiate a new
-mailer, and pass the email object to the mailer `receive` instance
-method. Here's an example:
-
-```ruby
-class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
-  def receive(email)
-    page = Page.find_by(address: email.to.first)
-    page.emails.create(
-      subject: email.subject,
-      body: email.body
-    )
-
-    if email.has_attachments?
-      email.attachments.each do |attachment|
-        page.attachments.create({
-          file: attachment,
-          description: email.subject
-        })
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
 Action Mailer Callbacks
----------------------------
+-----------------------
 
 Action Mailer allows for you to specify a `before_action`, `after_action` and
 `around_action`.
@@ -786,7 +746,7 @@ files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
 |`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default `"localhost"` setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain` (will send the password in the clear), `:login` (will send password Base64 encoded) or `:cram_md5` (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information)</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts to use it. Defaults to `true`.</li><li>`:openssl_verify_mode` - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name of an OpenSSL verify constant ('none' or 'peer') or directly the constant (`OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE` or `OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER`).</li></ul>|
 |`sendmail_settings`|Allows you to override options for the `:sendmail` delivery method.<ul><li>`:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.</li><li>`:arguments` - The command line arguments to be passed to sendmail. Defaults to `-i`.</li></ul>|
 |`raise_delivery_errors`|Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. This only works if the external email server is configured for immediate delivery.|
-|`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) for more info.|
+|`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) for more info.|
 |`perform_deliveries`|Determines whether deliveries are actually carried out when the `deliver` method is invoked on the Mail message. By default they are, but this can be turned off to help functional testing. If this value is `false`, `deliveries` array will not be populated even if `delivery_method` is `:test`.|
 |`deliveries`|Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with delivery_method :test. Most useful for unit and functional testing.|
 |`default_options`|Allows you to set default values for the `mail` method options (`:from`, `:reply_to`, etc.).|
@@ -882,7 +842,7 @@ class EmailDeliveryObserver
   end
 end
 ```
-Like interceptors, you need to register observers with the Action Mailer framework. You can do this in an initializer file 
+Like interceptors, you need to register observers with the Action Mailer framework. You can do this in an initializer file
 `config/initializers/email_delivery_observer.rb`
 
 ```ruby
diff --git a/guides/source/action_text_overview.md b/guides/source/action_text_overview.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a735ec2b0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/action_text_overview.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Action Text Overview
+====================
+
+This guide provides you with all you need to get started in handling
+rich text content.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to configure Action Text.
+* How to handle rich text content.
+* How to style rich text content.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Action Text brings rich text content and editing to Rails. It includes
+the [Trix editor](https://trix-editor.org) that handles everything from formatting
+to links to quotes to lists to embedded images and galleries.
+The rich text content generated by the Trix editor is saved in its own
+RichText model that's associated with any existing Active Record model in the application.
+Any embedded images (or other attachments) are automatically stored using
+Active Storage and associated with the included RichText model.
+
+## Trix compared to other rich text editors
+
+Most WYSIWYG editors are wrappers around HTML’s `contenteditable` and `execCommand` APIs,
+designed by Microsoft to support live editing of web pages in Internet Explorer 5.5,
+and [eventually reverse-engineered](https://blog.whatwg.org/the-road-to-html-5-contenteditable#history)
+and copied by other browsers.
+
+Because these APIs were never fully specified or documented,
+and because WYSIWYG HTML editors are enormous in scope, each
+browser's implementation has its own set of bugs and quirks,
+and JavaScript developers are left to resolve the inconsistencies.
+
+Trix sidesteps these inconsistencies by treating contenteditable
+as an I/O device: when input makes its way to the editor, Trix converts that input
+into an editing operation on its internal document model, then re-renders
+that document back into the editor. This gives Trix complete control over what
+happens after every keystroke, and avoids the need to use execCommand at all.
+
+## Installation
+
+Run `rails action_text:install` to add the Yarn package and copy over the necessary migration.
+Also, you need to set up Active Storage for embedded images and other attachments.
+Please refer to the [Active Storage Overview](active_storage_overview.html) guide.
+
+## Examples
+
+Adding a rich text field to an existing model:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/message.rb
+class Message < ApplicationRecord
+  has_rich_text :content
+end
+```
+
+Then refer to this field in the form for the model:
+
+```erb
+<%# app/views/messages/_form.html.erb %>
+<%= form_with(model: message) do |form| %>
+  <div class="field">
+    <%= form.label :content %>
+    <%= form.rich_text_area :content %>
+  </div>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+And finally display the sanitized rich text on a page:
+
+```erb
+<%= @message.content %>
+```
+
+To accept the rich text content, all you have to do is permit the referenced attribute:
+
+```ruby
+class MessagesController < ApplicationController
+  def create
+    message = Message.create! params.require(:message).permit(:title, :content)
+    redirect_to message
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Custom styling
+
+By default, the Action Text editor and content is styled by the Trix defaults.
+If you want to change these defaults, you'll want to remove
+the `app/assets/stylesheets/actiontext.scss` linker and base your stylings on
+the [contents of that file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/basecamp/trix/master/dist/trix.css).
+
+You can also style the HTML used for embedded images and other attachments (known as blobs).
+On installation, Action Text will copy over a partial to
+`app/views/active_storage/blobs/_blob.html.erb`, which you can specialize.
diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
index 495ae9d267..a1b69edd22 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ Here are some basic examples:
 ```ruby
 xml.em("emphasized")
 xml.em { xml.b("emph & bold") }
-xml.a("A Link", "href" => "http://rubyonrails.org")
+xml.a("A Link", "href" => "https://rubyonrails.org")
 xml.target("name" => "compile", "option" => "fast")
 ```
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ which would produce:
 ```html
 <em>emphasized</em>
 <em><b>emph &amp; bold</b></em>
-<a href="http://rubyonrails.org">A link</a>
+<a href="https://rubyonrails.org">A link</a>
 <target option="fast" name="compile" />
 ```
 
@@ -402,9 +402,9 @@ This will add `app/views/direct` to the end of the lookup paths.
 Overview of helpers provided by Action View
 -------------------------------------------
 
-WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html)
+WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html)
 
-The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point.
+The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point.
 
 ### AssetTagHelper
 
@@ -1446,7 +1446,7 @@ Sanitizes a block of CSS code.
 Strips all link tags from text leaving just the link text.
 
 ```ruby
-strip_links('<a href="http://rubyonrails.org">Ruby on Rails</a>')
+strip_links('<a href="https://rubyonrails.org">Ruby on Rails</a>')
 # => Ruby on Rails
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
index 39239852ca..0925ad3d74 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ production apps will need to pick a persistent backend.
 
 Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queuing backends (Sidekiq,
 Resque, Delayed Job, and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters
-see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
 
 ### Setting the Backend
 
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ Here is a noncomprehensive list of documentation:
 - [Sneakers](https://github.com/jondot/sneakers/wiki/How-To:-Rails-Background-Jobs-with-ActiveJob)
 - [Sucker Punch](https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch#active-job)
 - [Queue Classic](https://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic#active-job)
+- [Delayed Job](https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job#active-job)
 
 Queues
 ------
@@ -454,7 +455,7 @@ class RemoteServiceJob < ApplicationJob
 end
 ```
 
-To get more details see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::Exceptions](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/Exceptions/ClassMethods.html).
+To get more details see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::Exceptions](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/Exceptions/ClassMethods.html).
 
 ### Deserialization
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
index b9e24099b1..d765e32ac7 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Object Relational Mapping system.
 
 ### The Active Record Pattern
 
-[Active Record was described by Martin Fowler](http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/activeRecord.html)
+[Active Record was described by Martin Fowler](https://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/activeRecord.html)
 in his book _Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture_. In
 Active Record, objects carry both persistent data and behavior which
 operates on that data. Active Record takes the opinion that ensuring
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and
 retrieved from a database without writing SQL statements directly and with less
 overall database access code.
 
-NOTE: If you are not familiar enough with relational database management systems (RDBMS) or structured query language (SQL), please go through [this tutorial](https://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp) (or [this one](http://www.sqlcourse.com/)) or study them by other means. Understanding how relational databases work is crucial to understanding Active Records and Rails in general.
+NOTE: Basic knowledge of relational database management systems (RDBMS) and structured query language (SQL) is helpful in order to fully understand Active Record. Please refer to [this tutorial](https://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp) (or [this one](http://www.sqlcourse.com/)) or study them by other means if you would like to learn more.
 
 ### Active Record as an ORM Framework
 
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ depending on the purpose of these columns.
   fields that Active Record will look for when you create associations between
   your models.
 * **Primary keys** - By default, Active Record will use an integer column named
-  `id` as the table's primary key. When using [Active Record
-  Migrations](active_record_migrations.html) to create your tables, this column will be
-  automatically created.
+  `id` as the table's primary key (`bigint` for PostgreSQL and MySQL, `integer`
+  for SQLite). When using [Active Record Migrations](active_record_migrations.html)
+  to create your tables, this column will be automatically created.
 
 There are also some optional column names that will add additional features
 to Active Record instances:
@@ -117,10 +117,10 @@ to Active Record instances:
 * `updated_at` - Automatically gets set to the current date and time whenever
   the record is created or updated.
 * `lock_version` - Adds [optimistic
-  locking](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Locking.html) to
+  locking](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Locking.html) to
   a model.
 * `type` - Specifies that the model uses [Single Table
-  Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#class-ActiveRecord::Base-label-Single+table+inheritance).
+  Inheritance](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#class-ActiveRecord::Base-label-Single+table+inheritance).
 * `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for
   [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations).
 * `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on
@@ -202,6 +202,8 @@ class Product < ApplicationRecord
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: Active Record does not support using non-primary key columns named `id`.
+
 CRUD: Reading and Writing Data
 ------------------------------
 
@@ -307,12 +309,12 @@ user = User.find_by(name: 'David')
 user.destroy
 ```
 
-If you'd like to delete several records in bulk, you may use `destroy_all`
-method:
+If you'd like to delete several records in bulk, you may use `destroy_by`
+or `destroy_all` method:
 
 ```ruby
 # find and delete all users named David
-User.where(name: 'David').destroy_all
+User.destroy_by(name: 'David')
 
 # delete all users
 User.destroy_all
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
index ebdee446f9..617f81d37b 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
@@ -239,13 +239,12 @@ Skipping Callbacks
 
 Just as with validations, it is also possible to skip callbacks by using the following methods:
 
-* `decrement`
+* `decrement!`
 * `decrement_counter`
 * `delete`
 * `delete_all`
-* `increment`
+* `increment!`
 * `increment_counter`
-* `toggle`
 * `update_column`
 * `update_columns`
 * `update_all`
@@ -310,7 +309,7 @@ end
 
 ### Using `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc`
 
-Finally, it is possible to associate `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc` object. This option is best suited when writing short validation methods, usually one-liners:
+It is possible to associate `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc` object. This option is best suited when writing short validation methods, usually one-liners:
 
 ```ruby
 class Order < ApplicationRecord
@@ -338,6 +337,20 @@ class Comment < ApplicationRecord
 end
 ```
 
+### Combining Callback Conditions
+
+When multiple conditions define whether or not a callback should happen, an `Array` can be used. Moreover, you can apply both `:if` and `:unless` to the same callback.
+
+```ruby
+class Comment < ApplicationRecord
+  after_create :send_email_to_author,
+    if: [Proc.new { |c| c.user.allow_send_email? }, :author_wants_emails?],
+    unless: Proc.new { |c| c.article.ignore_comments? }
+end
+```
+
+The callback only runs when all the `:if` conditions and none of the `:unless` conditions are evaluated to `true`.
+
 Callback Classes
 ----------------
 
@@ -460,10 +473,25 @@ end
 => User was saved to database
 ```
 
-To register callbacks for both create and update actions, use `after_commit` instead.
+There is also an alias for using the `after_commit` callback for both create and update together:
+
+* `after_save_commit`
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ApplicationRecord
-  after_commit :log_user_saved_to_db, on: [:create, :update]
+  after_save_commit :log_user_saved_to_db
+
+  private
+  def log_user_saved_to_db
+    puts 'User was saved to database'
+  end
 end
+
+# creating a User
+>> @user = User.create
+=> User was saved to database
+
+# updating @user
+>> @user.save
+=> User was saved to database
 ```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
index 4d195988f8..9398244ccf 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ generator to handle making it for you:
 $ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
 ```
 
-This will create an empty but appropriately named migration:
+This will create an appropriately named empty migration:
 
 ```ruby
 class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
@@ -135,9 +135,14 @@ class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
 end
 ```
 
-If the migration name is of the form "AddXXXToYYY" or "RemoveXXXFromYYY" and is
-followed by a list of column names and types then a migration containing the
-appropriate `add_column` and `remove_column` statements will be created.
+This generator can do much more than append a timestamp to the file name.
+Based on naming conventions and additional (optional) arguments it can
+also start fleshing out the migration.
+
+If the migration name is of the form "AddColumnToTable" or
+"RemoveColumnFromTable" and is followed by a list of column names and
+types then a migration containing the appropriate `add_column` and
+`remove_column` statements will be created.
 
 ```bash
 $ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
@@ -220,6 +225,8 @@ class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
     create_table :products do |t|
       t.string :name
       t.string :part_number
+
+      t.timestamps
     end
   end
 end
@@ -247,7 +254,7 @@ end
 ```
 
 This migration will create a `user_id` column and appropriate index.
-For more `add_reference` options, visit the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_reference).
+For more `add_reference` options, visit the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_reference).
 
 There is also a generator which will produce join tables if `JoinTable` is part of the name:
 
@@ -460,7 +467,6 @@ number of digits after the decimal point.
 * `default`      Allows to set a default value on the column. Note that if you
 are using a dynamic value (such as a date), the default will only be calculated
 the first time (i.e. on the date the migration is applied).
-* `index`        Adds an index for the column.
 * `comment`      Adds a comment for the column.
 
 Some adapters may support additional options; see the adapter specific API docs
@@ -479,7 +485,7 @@ add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
 
 This adds a new foreign key to the `author_id` column of the `articles`
 table. The key references the `id` column of the `authors` table. If the
-column names can not be derived from the table names, you can use the
+column names cannot be derived from the table names, you can use the
 `:column` and `:primary_key` options.
 
 Rails will generate a name for every foreign key starting with
@@ -491,9 +497,6 @@ NOTE: Active Record only supports single column foreign keys. `execute` and
 `structure.sql` are required to use composite foreign keys. See
 [Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you).
 
-NOTE: The SQLite3 adapter doesn't support `add_foreign_key` since SQLite supports
-only [a limited subset of ALTER TABLE](https://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html).
-
 Removing a foreign key is easy as well:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -518,12 +521,12 @@ Product.connection.execute("UPDATE products SET price = 'free' WHERE 1=1")
 
 For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation.
 In particular the documentation for
-[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html)
+[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html)
 (which provides the methods available in the `change`, `up` and `down` methods),
-[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html)
+[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html)
 (which provides the methods available on the object yielded by `create_table`)
 and
-[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/Table.html)
+[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/Table.html)
 (which provides the methods available on the object yielded by `change_table`).
 
 ### Using the `change` Method
@@ -946,7 +949,7 @@ If `:ruby` is selected, then the schema is stored in `db/schema.rb`. If you look
 at this file you'll find that it looks an awful lot like one very big migration:
 
 ```ruby
-ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20080906171750) do
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 2008_09_06_171750) do
   create_table "authors", force: true do |t|
     t.string   "name"
     t.datetime "created_at"
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_multiple_databases.md b/guides/source/active_record_multiple_databases.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07be21a254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_multiple_databases.md
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Multiple Databases with Active Record
+=====================================
+
+This guide covers using multiple databases with your Rails application.
+
+After reading this guide you will know:
+
+* How to setup your application for multiple databases.
+* How automatic connection switching works.
+* What features are supported and what's still a work in progress.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+As an application grows in popularity and usage you'll need to scale the application
+to support your new users and their data. One way in which your application may need
+to scale is on the database level. Rails now has support for multiple databases
+so you don't have to store your data all in one place.
+
+At this time the following features are supported:
+
+* Multiple primary databases and a replica for each
+* Automatic connection switching for the model you're working with
+* Automatic swapping between the primary and replica depending on the HTTP verb
+and recent writes
+* Rails tasks for creating, dropping, migrating, and interacting with the multiple
+databases
+
+The following features are not (yet) supported:
+
+* Sharding
+* Joining across clusters
+* Load balancing replicas
+* Dumping schema caches for multiple databases
+
+## Setting up your application
+
+While Rails tries to do most of the work for you there are still some steps you'll
+need to do to get your application ready for multiple databases.
+
+Let's say we have an application with a single primary database and we need to add a
+new database for some new tables we're adding. The name of the new database will be
+"animals".
+
+The database.yml looks like this:
+
+```yaml
+production:
+  database: my_primary_database
+  user: root
+  adapter: mysql
+```
+
+Let's add a replica for the primary, a new writer called animals and a replica for that
+as well. To do this we need to change our database.yml from a 2-tier to a 3-tier config.
+
+```yaml
+production:
+  primary:
+    database: my_primary_database
+    user: root
+    adapter: mysql
+  primary_replica:
+    database: my_primary_database
+    user: root_readonly
+    adapter: mysql
+    replica: true
+  animals:
+    database: my_animals_database
+    user: animals_root
+    adapter: mysql
+    migrations_paths: db/animals_migrate
+  animals_replica:
+    database: my_animals_database
+    user: animals_readonly
+    adapter: mysql
+    replica: true
+```
+
+When using multiple databases there are a few important settings.
+
+First, the database name for the primary and replica should be the same because they contain
+the same data. Second, the username for the primary and replica should be different, and the
+replica user's permissions should be to read and not write.
+
+When using a replica database you need to add a `replica: true` entry to the replica in the
+`database.yml`. This is because Rails otherwise has no way of knowing which one is a replica
+and which one is the primary.
+
+Lastly, for new primary databases you need to set the `migrations_paths` to the directory
+where you will store migrations for that database. We'll look more at `migrations_paths`
+later on in this guide.
+
+Now that we have a new database, let's set up the model. In order to use the new database we
+need to create a new abstract class and connect to the animals databases.
+
+```ruby
+class AnimalsBase < ApplicationRecord
+  self.abstract_class = true
+
+  connects_to database: { writing: :animals, reading: :animals_replica }
+end
+```
+ Then we need to
+update `ApplicationRecord` to be aware of our new replica.
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.abstract_class = true
+
+  connects_to database: { writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica }
+end
+```
+
+By default Rails expects the database roles to be `writing` and `reading` for the primary
+and replica respectively. If you have a legacy system you may already have roles set up that
+you don't want to change. In that case you can set a new role name in your application config.
+
+```ruby
+config.active_record.writing_role = :default
+config.active_record.reading_role = :readonly
+```
+
+It's important to connect to your database in a single model and then inherit from that model
+for the tables rather than connect multiple individual models to the same database. Database
+clients have a limit to the number of open connections there can be and if you do this it will
+multiply the number of connections you have since Rails uses the model class name for the
+connection specification name.
+
+Now that we have the database.yml and the new model set up it's time to create the databases.
+Rails 6.0 ships with all the rails tasks you need to use multiple databases in Rails.
+
+You can run `rails -T` to see all the commands you're able to run. You should see the following:
+
+```
+$ rails -T
+rails db:create                          # Creates the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the ...
+rails db:create:animals                  # Create animals database for current environment
+rails db:create:primary                  # Create primary database for current environment
+rails db:drop                            # Drops the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the cu...
+rails db:drop:animals                    # Drop animals database for current environment
+rails db:drop:primary                    # Drop primary database for current environment
+rails db:migrate                         # Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false, SCOPE=blog)
+rails db:migrate:animals                 # Migrate animals database for current environment
+rails db:migrate:primary                 # Migrate primary database for current environment
+rails db:migrate:status                  # Display status of migrations
+rails db:migrate:status:animals          # Display status of migrations for animals database
+rails db:migrate:status:primary          # Display status of migrations for primary database
+```
+
+Running a command like `rails db:create` will create both the primary and animals databases.
+Note that there is no command for creating the users and you'll need to do that manually
+to support the readonly users for your replicas. If you want to create just the animals
+database you can run `rails db:create:animals`.
+
+## Migrations
+
+Migrations for multiple databases should live in their own folders prefixed with the
+name of the database key in the configuration.
+
+You also need to set the `migrations_paths` in the database configurations to tell Rails
+where to find the migrations.
+
+For example the `animals` database would look in the `db/animals_migrate` directory and
+`primary` would look in `db/migrate`. Rails generators now take a `--database` option
+so that the file is generated in the correct directory. The command can be run like so:
+
+```
+$ rails g migration CreateDogs name:string --database animals
+```
+
+## Activating automatic connection switching
+
+Finally, in order to use the read-only replica in your application you'll need to activate
+the middleware for automatic switching.
+
+Automatic switching allows the application to switch from the primary to replica or replica
+to primary based on the HTTP verb and whether there was a recent write.
+
+If the application is receiving a POST, PUT, DELETE, or PATCH request the application will
+automatically write to the primary. For the specified time after the write the application
+will read from the primary. For a GET or HEAD request the application will read from the
+replica unless there was a recent write.
+
+To activate the automatic connection switching middleware, add or uncomment the following
+lines in your application config.
+
+```ruby
+config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
+config.active_record.database_resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver
+config.active_record.database_resolver_context = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session
+```
+
+Rails guarantees "read your own write" and will send your GET or HEAD request to the
+primary if it's within the `delay` window. By default the delay is set to 2 seconds. You
+should change this based on your database infrastructure. Rails doesn't guarantee "read
+a recent write" for other users within the delay window and will send GET and HEAD requests
+to the replicas unless they wrote recently.
+
+The automatic connection switching in Rails is relatively primitive and deliberately doesn't
+do a whole lot. The goal was a system that demonstrated how to do automatic connection
+switching that was flexible enough to be customizable by app developers.
+
+The setup in Rails allows you to easily change how the switching is done and what
+parameters it's based on. Let's say you want to use a cookie instead of a session to
+decide when to swap connections. You can write your own class:
+
+```ruby
+class MyCookieResolver
+  # code for your cookie class
+end
+```
+
+And then pass it to the middleware:
+
+```ruby
+config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
+config.active_record.database_resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver
+config.active_record.database_resolver_context = MyCookieResolver
+```
+
+## Using manual connection switching
+
+There are some cases where you may want your application to connect to a primary or a replica
+and the automatic connection switching isn't adequate. For example, you may know that for a
+particular request you always want to send the request to a replica, even when you are in a
+POST request path.
+
+To do this Rails provides a `connected_to` method that will switch to the connection you
+need.
+
+```ruby
+ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+  # all code in this block will be connected to the reading role
+end
+```
+
+The "role" in the `connected_to` call looks up the connections that are connected on that
+connection handler (or role). The `reading` connection handler will hold all the connections
+that were connected via `connects_to` with the role name of `reading`.
+
+There also may be a case where you have a database that you don't always want to connect to
+on application boot but may need for a slow query or analytics. After defining that database
+in the database.yml you can connect by passing a database argument to `connected_to`
+
+```ruby
+ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: { reading_slow: :animals_slow_replica }) do
+  # do something while connected to the slow replica
+end
+```
+
+The `database` argument for `connected_to` will take a symbol or a config hash.
+
+Note that `connected_to` with a role will look up an existing connection and switch
+using the connection specification name. This means that if you pass an unknown role
+like `connected_to(role: :nonexistent)` you will get an error that says
+`ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished (No connection pool with 'AnimalsBase' found
+for the 'nonexistent' role.)`
+
+## Caveats
+
+### Sharding
+
+As noted at the top, Rails doesn't (yet) support sharding. We had to do a lot of work
+to support multiple databases for Rails 6.0. The lack of support for sharding isn't
+an oversight, but does require additional work that didn't make it in for 6.0. For now
+if you need sharding it may be advisable to continue using one of the many gems
+that supports this.
+
+### Load Balancing Replicas
+
+Rails also doesn't support automatic load balancing of replicas. This is very
+dependent on your infrastructure. We may implement basic, primitive load balancing
+in the future, but for an application at scale this should be something your application
+handles outside of Rails.
+
+### Joining Across Databases
+
+Applications cannot join across databases. Rails 6.1 will support using `has_many`
+relationships and creating 2 queries instead of joining, but Rails 6.0 will require
+you to split the joins into 2 selects manually.
+
+### Schema Cache
+
+If you use a schema cache and multiple databases you'll need to write an initializer
+that loads the schema cache from your app. This wasn't an issue we could resolve in
+time for Rails 6.0 but hope to have it in a future version soon.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
index 16c1567c69..12115d01ef 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-In order to use the PostgreSQL adapter you need to have at least version 9.1
+In order to use the PostgreSQL adapter you need to have at least version 9.3
 installed. Older versions are not supported.
 
 To get started with PostgreSQL have a look at the
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed")
 * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/rangetypes.html)
 * [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-range.html)
 
-This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.2/Range.html) objects.
+This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.2/Range.html) objects.
 
 ```ruby
 # db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ user.save!
 * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-net-types.html)
 
 The types `inet` and `cidr` are mapped to Ruby
-[`IPAddr`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.2.2/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html)
+[`IPAddr`](https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.2.2/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html)
 objects. The `macaddr` type is mapped to normal text.
 
 ```ruby
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
index 02055e59f0..5fb030fad4 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
@@ -59,11 +59,13 @@ To retrieve objects from the database, Active Record provides several finder met
 
 The methods are:
 
+* `annotate`
 * `find`
 * `create_with`
 * `distinct`
 * `eager_load`
 * `extending`
+* `extract_associated`
 * `from`
 * `group`
 * `having`
@@ -74,11 +76,13 @@ The methods are:
 * `lock`
 * `none`
 * `offset`
+* `optimizer_hints`
 * `order`
 * `preload`
 * `readonly`
 * `references`
 * `reorder`
+* `reselect`
 * `reverse_order`
 * `select`
 * `where`
@@ -611,7 +615,8 @@ If you want to call `order` multiple times, subsequent orders will be appended t
 Client.order("orders_count ASC").order("created_at DESC")
 # SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY orders_count ASC, created_at DESC
 ```
-WARNING: If you are using **MySQL 5.7.5** and above, then on selecting fields from a result set using methods like `select`, `pluck` and `ids`; the `order` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` exception unless the field(s) used in `order` clause are included in the select list. See the next section for selecting fields from the result set.
+
+WARNING: In most database systems, on selecting fields with `distinct` from a result set using methods like `select`, `pluck` and `ids`; the `order` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` exception unless the field(s) used in `order` clause are included in the select list. See the next section for selecting fields from the result set.
 
 Selecting Specific Fields
 -------------------------
@@ -623,6 +628,8 @@ To select only a subset of fields from the result set, you can specify the subse
 For example, to select only `viewable_by` and `locked` columns:
 
 ```ruby
+Client.select(:viewable_by, :locked)
+# OR
 Client.select("viewable_by, locked")
 ```
 
@@ -805,6 +812,32 @@ SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 20
 
 ```
 
+### `reselect`
+
+The `reselect` method overrides an existing select statement. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Post.select(:title, :body).reselect(:created_at)
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed:
+
+```sql
+SELECT `posts`.`created_at` FROM `posts`
+```
+
+In case the `reselect` clause is not used,
+
+```ruby
+Post.select(:title, :body).select(:created_at)
+```
+
+the SQL executed would be:
+
+```sql
+SELECT `posts`.`title`, `posts`.`body`, `posts`.`created_at` FROM `posts`
+```
+
 ### `reorder`
 
 The `reorder` method overrides the default scope order. For example:
@@ -1267,7 +1300,7 @@ This is because it is ambiguous whether they should appear on the parent record,
 Scopes
 ------
 
-Scoping allows you to specify commonly-used queries which can be referenced as method calls on the association objects or models. With these scopes, you can use every method previously covered such as `where`, `joins` and `includes`. All scope methods will return an `ActiveRecord::Relation` object which will allow for further methods (such as other scopes) to be called on it.
+Scoping allows you to specify commonly-used queries which can be referenced as method calls on the association objects or models. With these scopes, you can use every method previously covered such as `where`, `joins` and `includes`. All scope bodies should return an `ActiveRecord::Relation` or `nil` to allow for further methods (such as other scopes) to be called on it.
 
 To define a simple scope, we use the `scope` method inside the class, passing the query that we'd like to run when this scope is called:
 
@@ -1524,7 +1557,7 @@ book.available?   # => false
 ```
 
 Read the full documentation about enums
-[in the Rails API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Enum.html).
+[in the Rails API docs](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Enum.html).
 
 Understanding The Method Chaining
 ---------------------------------
@@ -1702,10 +1735,13 @@ Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients
 
 ### `select_all`
 
-`find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them. This method will return an instance of `ActiveRecord::Result` class and calling `to_hash` on this object would return you an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record.
+`find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve
+objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them.
+This method will return an instance of `ActiveRecord::Result` class and calling `to_a` on this
+object would return you an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record.
 
 ```ruby
-Client.connection.select_all("SELECT first_name, created_at FROM clients WHERE id = '1'").to_hash
+Client.connection.select_all("SELECT first_name, created_at FROM clients WHERE id = '1'").to_a
 # => [
 #   {"first_name"=>"Rafael", "created_at"=>"2012-11-10 23:23:45.281189"},
 #   {"first_name"=>"Eileen", "created_at"=>"2013-12-09 11:22:35.221282"}
@@ -1785,6 +1821,21 @@ Client.limit(1).pluck(:name)
 # => ["David"]
 ```
 
+NOTE: You should also know that using `pluck` will trigger eager loading if the relation object contains include values, even if the eager loading is not necessary for the query. For example:
+
+```ruby
+# store association for reusing it
+assoc = Company.includes(:account)
+assoc.pluck(:id)
+# SELECT "companies"."id" FROM "companies" LEFT OUTER JOIN "accounts" ON "accounts"."id" = "companies"."account_id"
+```
+
+One way to avoid this is to `unscope` the includes:
+
+```ruby
+assoc.unscope(:includes).pluck(:id)
+```
+
 ### `ids`
 
 `ids` can be used to pluck all the IDs for the relation using the table's primary key.
@@ -2035,9 +2086,9 @@ under MySQL and MariaDB.
 Interpretation of the output of EXPLAIN is beyond the scope of this guide. The
 following pointers may be helpful:
 
-* SQLite3: [EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN](http://www.sqlite.org/eqp.html)
+* SQLite3: [EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN](https://www.sqlite.org/eqp.html)
 
-* MySQL: [EXPLAIN Output Format](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain-output.html)
+* MySQL: [EXPLAIN Output Format](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain-output.html)
 
 * MariaDB: [EXPLAIN](https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/explain/)
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
index 0fda7c5cfd..f904d4de65 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ class Holiday < ApplicationRecord
     message: "should happen once per year" }
 end
 ```
-Should you wish to create a database constraint to prevent possible violations of a uniqueness validation using the `:scope` option, you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See [the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) for more details about multiple column indexes or [the PostgreSQL manual](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-constraints.html) for examples of unique constraints that refer to a group of columns.
+Should you wish to create a database constraint to prevent possible violations of a uniqueness validation using the `:scope` option, you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See [the MySQL manual](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) for more details about multiple column indexes or [the PostgreSQL manual](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-constraints.html) for examples of unique constraints that refer to a group of columns.
 
 There is also a `:case_sensitive` option that you can use to define whether the
 uniqueness constraint will be case sensitive or not. This option defaults to
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ This helper passes the record to a separate class for validation.
 class GoodnessValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
   def validate(record)
     if record.first_name == "Evil"
-      record.errors[:base] << "This person is evil"
+      record.errors.add :base, "This person is evil"
     end
   end
 end
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ validator class as `options`:
 class GoodnessValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
   def validate(record)
     if options[:fields].any?{|field| record.send(field) == "Evil" }
-      record.errors[:base] << "This person is evil"
+      record.errors.add :base, "This person is evil"
     end
   end
 end
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ class GoodnessValidator
 
   def validate
     if some_complex_condition_involving_ivars_and_private_methods?
-      @person.errors[:base] << "This person is evil"
+      @person.errors.add :base, "This person is evil"
     end
   end
 
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ end
 
 ### Using a Proc with `:if` and `:unless`
 
-Finally, it's possible to associate `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc` object
+It is possible to associate `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc` object
 which will be called. Using a `Proc` object gives you the ability to write an
 inline condition instead of a separate method. This option is best suited for
 one-liners.
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ and performs the validation on it. The custom validator is called using the
 class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
   def validate(record)
     unless record.name.starts_with? 'X'
-      record.errors[:name] << 'Need a name starting with X please!'
+      record.errors.add :name, "Need a name starting with X please!"
     end
   end
 end
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ instance.
 class EmailValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
   def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
     unless value =~ /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\z/i
-      record.errors[attribute] << (options[:message] || "is not an email")
+      record.errors.add attribute, (options[:message] || "is not an email")
     end
   end
 end
@@ -1044,7 +1044,7 @@ own custom validators.
 You can also create methods that verify the state of your models and add
 messages to the `errors` collection when they are invalid. You must then
 register these methods by using the `validate`
-([API](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveModel/Validations/ClassMethods.html#method-i-validate))
+([API](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveModel/Validations/ClassMethods.html#method-i-validate))
 class method, passing in the symbols for the validation methods' names.
 
 You can pass more than one symbol for each class method and the respective
@@ -1203,7 +1203,7 @@ You can add error messages that are related to the object's state as a whole, in
 ```ruby
 class Person < ApplicationRecord
   def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
-    errors[:base] << "This person is invalid because ..."
+    errors.add :base, "This person is invalid because ..."
   end
 end
 ```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md b/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md
index d5387219f5..932a5dc2e9 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ application (or upgrading your application to Rails 5.2), run
 `rails active_storage:install` to generate a migration that creates these
 tables. Use `rails db:migrate` to run the migration.
 
+WARNING: `active_storage_attachments` is a polymorphic join table that stores your model's class name. If your model's class name changes, you will need to run a migration on this table to update the underlying `record_type` to your model's new class name.
+
 Declare Active Storage services in `config/storage.yml`. For each service your
 application uses, provide a name and the requisite configuration. The example
 below declares three services named `local`, `test`, and `amazon`:
@@ -189,14 +191,21 @@ gem "google-cloud-storage", "~> 1.11", require: false
 
 ### Mirror Service
 
-You can keep multiple services in sync by defining a mirror service. When a file
-is uploaded or deleted, it's done across all the mirrored services. Mirrored
-services can be used to facilitate a migration between services in production.
-You can start mirroring to the new service, copy existing files from the old
-service to the new, then go all-in on the new service. Define each of the
-services you'd like to use as described above and reference them from a mirrored
+You can keep multiple services in sync by defining a mirror service. A mirror
+service replicates uploads and deletes across two or more subordinate services.
+
+A mirror service is intended to be used temporarily during a migration between
+services in production. You can start mirroring to a new service, copy
+pre-existing files from the old service to the new, then go all-in on the new
 service.
 
+NOTE: Mirroring is not atomic. It is possible for an upload to succeed on the
+primary service and fail on any of the subordinate services. Before going
+all-in on a new service, verify that all files have been copied.
+
+Define each of the services you'd like to mirror as described above. Reference
+them by name when defining a mirror service:
+
 ```yaml
 s3_west_coast:
   service: S3
@@ -219,9 +228,12 @@ production:
     - s3_west_coast
 ```
 
-NOTE: Files are served from the primary service.
+Although all secondary services receive uploads, downloads are always handled
+by the primary service.
 
-NOTE: This is not compatible with the [direct uploads](#direct-uploads) feature.
+Mirror services are compatible with direct uploads. New files are directly
+uploaded to the primary service. When a directly-uploaded file is attached to a
+record, a background job is enqueued to copy it to the secondary services.
 
 Attaching Files to Records
 --------------------------
@@ -421,7 +433,7 @@ Transforming Images
 To create a variation of the image, call `variant` on the `Blob`. You can pass
 any transformation to the method supported by the processor. The default
 processor is [MiniMagick](https://github.com/minimagick/minimagick), but you
-can also use [Vips](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/ruby-vips/Vips/Image).
+can also use [Vips](https://www.rubydoc.info/gems/ruby-vips/Vips/Image).
 
 To enable variants, add the `image_processing` gem to your `Gemfile`:
 
@@ -434,7 +446,7 @@ original blob into the specified format and redirect to its new service
 location.
 
 ```erb
-<%= image_tag user.avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]) %>
+<%= image_tag user.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]) %>
 ```
 
 To switch to the Vips processor, you would add the following to
@@ -489,8 +501,7 @@ directly from the client to the cloud.
     Using the npm package:
 
     ```js
-    import * as ActiveStorage from "activestorage"
-    ActiveStorage.start()
+    require("@rails/activestorage").start()
     ```
 
 2. Annotate file inputs with the direct upload URL.
@@ -616,7 +627,7 @@ of choice, instantiate a DirectUpload and call its create method. Create takes
 a callback to invoke when the upload completes.
 
 ```js
-import { DirectUpload } from "activestorage"
+import { DirectUpload } from "@rails/activestorage"
 
 const input = document.querySelector('input[type=file]')
 
@@ -635,7 +646,7 @@ input.addEventListener('change', (event) => {
   input.value = null
 })
 
-const uploadFile = (file) {
+const uploadFile = (file) => {
   // your form needs the file_field direct_upload: true, which
   //  provides data-direct-upload-url
   const url = input.dataset.directUploadUrl
@@ -664,7 +675,7 @@ will call the object's `directUploadWillStoreFileWithXHR` method. You can then
 bind your own progress handler on the XHR.
 
 ```js
-import { DirectUpload } from "activestorage"
+import { DirectUpload } from "@rails/activestorage"
 
 class Uploader {
   constructor(file, url) {
@@ -742,16 +753,22 @@ during the test are complete and you won't receive an error from Active Storage
 saying it can't find a file.
 
 ```ruby
+module RemoveUploadedFiles
+  def after_teardown
+    super
+    remove_uploaded_files
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def remove_uploaded_files
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(Rails.root.join('tmp', 'storage'))
+  end
+end
+
 module ActionDispatch
   class IntegrationTest
-    def remove_uploaded_files
-      FileUtils.rm_rf(Rails.root.join('tmp', 'storage'))
-    end
-
-    def after_teardown
-      super
-      remove_uploaded_files
-    end
+    prepend RemoveUploadedFiles
   end
 end
 ```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
index 6b0554bb5f..f36cacfe8d 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
@@ -155,15 +155,6 @@ Complex(1).duplicable?      # => true
 1.method(:+).duplicable?    # => false
 ```
 
-`duplicable?` matches the current Ruby version's `dup` behavior,
-so results will vary according the version of Ruby you're using.
-In Ruby 2.4, for example, Complex and Rational are not duplicable:
-
-```ruby
-Rational(1).duplicable?     # => false
-Complex(1).duplicable?      # => false
-```
-
 WARNING: Any class can disallow duplication by removing `dup` and `clone` or raising exceptions from them. Thus only `rescue` can tell whether a given arbitrary object is duplicable. `duplicable?` depends on the hard-coded list above, but it is much faster than `rescue`. Use it only if you know the hard-coded list is enough in your use case.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb`.
@@ -1201,6 +1192,8 @@ The `inquiry` method converts a string into a `StringInquirer` object making equ
 "active".inquiry.inactive?       # => false
 ```
 
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inquiry.rb`.
+
 ### `starts_with?` and `ends_with?`
 
 Active Support defines 3rd person aliases of `String#start_with?` and `String#end_with?`:
@@ -1339,7 +1332,7 @@ The method `pluralize` returns the plural of its receiver:
 "equipment".pluralize # => "equipment"
 ```
 
-As the previous example shows, Active Support knows some irregular plurals and uncountable nouns. Built-in rules can be extended in `config/initializers/inflections.rb`. That file is generated by the `rails` command and has instructions in comments.
+As the previous example shows, Active Support knows some irregular plurals and uncountable nouns. Built-in rules can be extended in `config/initializers/inflections.rb`. This file is generated by default, by the `rails new` command and has instructions in comments.
 
 `pluralize` can also take an optional `count` parameter. If `count == 1` the singular form will be returned. For any other value of `count` the plural form will be returned:
 
@@ -1999,7 +1992,7 @@ Addition only assumes the elements respond to `+`:
 ```ruby
 [[1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4]].sum    # => [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4]
 %w(foo bar baz).sum             # => "foobarbaz"
-{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.sum          # => [:b, 2, :c, 3, :a, 1]
+{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.sum          # => [:a, 1, :b, 2, :c, 3]
 ```
 
 The sum of an empty collection is zero by default, but this is customizable:
@@ -2132,30 +2125,6 @@ The methods `second`, `third`, `fourth`, and `fifth` return the corresponding el
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb`.
 
-### Adding Elements
-
-#### `prepend`
-
-This method is an alias of `Array#unshift`.
-
-```ruby
-%w(a b c d).prepend('e')  # => ["e", "a", "b", "c", "d"]
-[].prepend(10)            # => [10]
-```
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb`.
-
-#### `append`
-
-This method is an alias of `Array#<<`.
-
-```ruby
-%w(a b c d).append('e')  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
-[].append([1,2])         # => [[1, 2]]
-```
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb`.
-
 ### Extracting
 
 The method `extract!` removes and returns the elements for which the block returns a true value.
@@ -2380,10 +2349,6 @@ There's also a related idiom that uses the splat operator:
 [*object]
 ```
 
-which in Ruby 1.8 returns `[nil]` for `nil`, and calls to `Array(object)` otherwise. (Please if you know the exact behavior in 1.9 contact fxn.)
-
-Thus, in this case the behavior is different for `nil`, and the differences with `Kernel#Array` explained above apply to the rest of `object`s.
-
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb`.
 
 ### Duplicating
@@ -2646,48 +2611,6 @@ There's also the bang variant `except!` that removes keys in the very receiver.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb`.
 
-#### `transform_keys` and `transform_keys!`
-
-The method `transform_keys` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the keys in the receiver:
-
-```ruby
-{nil => nil, 1 => 1, a: :a}.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-# => {"" => nil, "1" => 1, "A" => :a}
-```
-
-In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
-
-```ruby
-{"a" => 1, a: 2}.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-# The result could either be
-# => {"A"=>2}
-# or
-# => {"A"=>1}
-```
-
-This method may be useful for example to build specialized conversions. For instance `stringify_keys` and `symbolize_keys` use `transform_keys` to perform their key conversions:
-
-```ruby
-def stringify_keys
-  transform_keys { |key| key.to_s }
-end
-...
-def symbolize_keys
-  transform_keys { |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
-end
-```
-
-There's also the bang variant `transform_keys!` that applies the block operations to keys in the very receiver.
-
-Besides that, one can use `deep_transform_keys` and `deep_transform_keys!` to perform the block operation on all the keys in the given hash and all the hashes nested into it. An example of the result is:
-
-```ruby
-{nil => nil, 1 => 1, nested: {a: 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-# => {""=>nil, "1"=>1, "NESTED"=>{"A"=>3, "5"=>5}}
-```
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
-
 #### `stringify_keys` and `stringify_keys!`
 
 The method `stringify_keys` returns a hash that has a stringified version of the keys in the receiver. It does so by sending `to_s` to them:
@@ -2697,14 +2620,12 @@ The method `stringify_keys` returns a hash that has a stringified version of the
 # => {"" => nil, "1" => 1, "a" => :a}
 ```
 
-In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
+In case of key collision, the value will be the one most recently inserted into the hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.stringify_keys
-# The result could either be
+# The result will be
 # => {"a"=>2}
-# or
-# => {"a"=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper` defines:
@@ -2741,14 +2662,12 @@ The method `symbolize_keys` returns a hash that has a symbolized version of the
 
 WARNING. Note in the previous example only one key was symbolized.
 
-In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
+In case of key collision, the value will be the one most recently inserted into the hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.symbolize_keys
-# The result could either be
+# The result will be
 # => {:a=>2}
-# or
-# => {:a=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionController::UrlRewriter` defines
@@ -2795,26 +2714,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
 
 ### Slicing
 
-Ruby has built-in support for taking slices out of strings and arrays. Active Support extends slicing to hashes:
-
-```ruby
-{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.slice(:a, :c)
-# => {:a=>1, :c=>3}
-
-{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.slice(:b, :X)
-# => {:b=>2} # non-existing keys are ignored
-```
-
-If the receiver responds to `convert_key` keys are normalized:
-
-```ruby
-{a: 1, b: 2}.with_indifferent_access.slice("a")
-# => {:a=>1}
-```
-
-NOTE. Slicing may come in handy for sanitizing option hashes with a white list of keys.
-
-There's also `slice!` which in addition to perform a slice in place returns what's removed:
+The method `slice!` replaces the hash with only the given keys and returns a hash containing the removed key/value pairs.
 
 ```ruby
 hash = {a: 1, b: 2}
@@ -2872,10 +2772,10 @@ Regexp.new('.', Regexp::MULTILINE).multiline? # => true
 Rails uses this method in a single place, also in the routing code. Multiline regexps are disallowed for route requirements and this flag eases enforcing that constraint.
 
 ```ruby
-def assign_route_options(segments, defaults, requirements)
+def verify_regexp_requirements(requirements)
   ...
   if requirement.multiline?
-    raise ArgumentError, "Regexp multiline option not allowed in routing requirements: #{requirement.inspect}"
+    raise ArgumentError, "Regexp multiline option is not allowed in routing requirements: #{requirement.inspect}"
   end
   ...
 end
@@ -3503,56 +3403,56 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb`.
 
 #### `prev_day`, `next_day`
 
-In Ruby 1.9 `prev_day` and `next_day` return the date in the last or next day:
+`prev_day` and `next_day` return the time in the last or next day:
 
 ```ruby
-d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010
-d.prev_day               # => Fri, 07 May 2010
-d.next_day               # => Sun, 09 May 2010
+t = Time.new(2010, 5, 8) # => 2010-05-08 00:00:00 +0900
+t.prev_day               # => 2010-05-07 00:00:00 +0900
+t.next_day               # => 2010-05-09 00:00:00 +0900
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb`.
 
 #### `prev_month`, `next_month`
 
-In Ruby 1.9 `prev_month` and `next_month` return the date with the same day in the last or next month:
+`prev_month` and `next_month` return the time with the same day in the last or next month:
 
 ```ruby
-d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010
-d.prev_month             # => Thu, 08 Apr 2010
-d.next_month             # => Tue, 08 Jun 2010
+t = Time.new(2010, 5, 8) # => 2010-05-08 00:00:00 +0900
+t.prev_month             # => 2010-04-08 00:00:00 +0900
+t.next_month             # => 2010-06-08 00:00:00 +0900
 ```
 
 If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned:
 
 ```ruby
-Date.new(2000, 5, 31).prev_month # => Sun, 30 Apr 2000
-Date.new(2000, 3, 31).prev_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
-Date.new(2000, 5, 31).next_month # => Fri, 30 Jun 2000
-Date.new(2000, 1, 31).next_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
+Time.new(2000, 5, 31).prev_month # => 2000-04-30 00:00:00 +0900
+Time.new(2000, 3, 31).prev_month # => 2000-02-29 00:00:00 +0900
+Time.new(2000, 5, 31).next_month # => 2000-06-30 00:00:00 +0900
+Time.new(2000, 1, 31).next_month # => 2000-02-29 00:00:00 +0900
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb`.
 
 #### `prev_year`, `next_year`
 
-In Ruby 1.9 `prev_year` and `next_year` return a date with the same day/month in the last or next year:
+`prev_year` and `next_year` return a time with the same day/month in the last or next year:
 
 ```ruby
-d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010
-d.prev_year              # => Fri, 08 May 2009
-d.next_year              # => Sun, 08 May 2011
+t = Time.new(2010, 5, 8) # => 2010-05-08 00:00:00 +0900
+t.prev_year              # => 2009-05-08 00:00:00 +0900
+t.next_year              # => 2011-05-08 00:00:00 +0900
 ```
 
 If date is the 29th of February of a leap year, you obtain the 28th:
 
 ```ruby
-d = Date.new(2000, 2, 29) # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
-d.prev_year               # => Sun, 28 Feb 1999
-d.next_year               # => Wed, 28 Feb 2001
+t = Time.new(2000, 2, 29) # => 2000-02-29 00:00:00 +0900
+t.prev_year               # => 1999-02-28 00:00:00 +0900
+t.next_year               # => 2001-02-28 00:00:00 +0900
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb`.
 
 #### `prev_quarter`, `next_quarter`
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
index 64db141381..9f15e70da6 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
@@ -203,6 +203,15 @@ INFO. Additional keys may be added by the caller.
 | ------- | ---------------- |
 | `:keys` | Unpermitted keys |
 
+Action Dispatch
+---------------
+
+### process_middleware.action_dispatch
+
+| Key           | Value                  |
+| ------------- | ---------------------- |
+| `:middleware` | Name of the middleware |
+
 Action View
 -----------
 
@@ -255,13 +264,16 @@ Active Record
 
 ### sql.active_record
 
-| Key              | Value                                    |
-| ---------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
-| `:sql`           | SQL statement                            |
-| `:name`          | Name of the operation                    |
-| `:connection_id` | `self.object_id`                         |
-| `:binds`         | Bind parameters                          |
-| `:cached`        | `true` is added when cached queries used |
+| Key                  | Value                                    |
+| -------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
+| `:sql`               | SQL statement                            |
+| `:name`              | Name of the operation                    |
+| `:connection_id`     | Object ID of the connection object       |
+| `:connection`        | Connection object                        |
+| `:binds`             | Bind parameters                          |
+| `:type_casted_binds` | Typecasted bind parameters               |
+| `:statement_name`    | SQL Statement name                       |
+| `:cached`            | `true` is added when cached queries used |
 
 INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well.
 
@@ -270,7 +282,10 @@ INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well.
   sql: "SELECT \"posts\".* FROM \"posts\" ",
   name: "Post Load",
   connection_id: 70307250813140,
-  binds: []
+  connection: #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter:0x00007f9f7a838850>,
+  binds: [#<ActiveModel::Attribute::WithCastValue:0x00007fe19d15dc00>],
+  type_casted_binds: [11],
+  statement_name: nil
 }
 ```
 
@@ -291,32 +306,6 @@ INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well.
 Action Mailer
 -------------
 
-### receive.action_mailer
-
-| Key           | Value                                        |
-| ------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
-| `:mailer`     | Name of the mailer class                     |
-| `:message_id` | ID of the message, generated by the Mail gem |
-| `:subject`    | Subject of the mail                          |
-| `:to`         | To address(es) of the mail                   |
-| `:from`       | From address of the mail                     |
-| `:bcc`        | BCC addresses of the mail                    |
-| `:cc`         | CC addresses of the mail                     |
-| `:date`       | Date of the mail                             |
-| `:mail`       | The encoded form of the mail                 |
-
-```ruby
-{
-  mailer: "Notification",
-  message_id: "4f5b5491f1774_181b23fc3d4434d38138e5@mba.local.mail",
-  subject: "Rails Guides",
-  to: ["users@rails.com", "dhh@rails.com"],
-  from: ["me@rails.com"],
-  date: Sat, 10 Mar 2012 14:18:09 +0100,
-  mail: "..." # omitted for brevity
-}
-```
-
 ### deliver.action_mailer
 
 | Key                   | Value                                                |
@@ -444,7 +433,7 @@ INFO. Cache stores may add their own keys
 ```
 
 Active Job
---------
+----------
 
 ### enqueue_at.active_job
 
@@ -556,6 +545,14 @@ Active Storage
 | `:key`       | Secure token        |
 | `:service`   | Name of the service |
 
+### service_download_chunk.active_storage
+
+| Key          | Value                           |
+| ------------ | ------------------------------- |
+| `:key`       | Secure token                    |
+| `:service`   | Name of the service             |
+| `:range`     | Byte range attempted to be read |
+
 ### service_download.active_storage
 
 | Key          | Value               |
@@ -591,7 +588,24 @@ Active Storage
 | ------------ | ------------------- |
 | `:key`       | Secure token        |
 | `:service`   | Name of the service |
-| `:url`       | Generated url       |
+| `:url`       | Generated URL       |
+
+### service_update_metadata.active_storage
+
+| Key             | Value                          |
+| --------------- | ------------------------------ |
+| `:key`          | Secure token                   |
+| `:service`      | Name of the service            |
+| `:content_type` | HTTP Content-Type field        |
+| `:disposition`  | HTTP Content-Disposition field |
+
+INFO. The only ActiveStorage service that provides this hook so far is GCS.
+
+### preview.active_storage
+
+| Key          | Value               |
+| ------------ | ------------------- |
+| `:key`       | Secure token        |
 
 Railties
 --------
@@ -629,7 +643,16 @@ The block receives the following arguments:
 ```ruby
 ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
   # your own custom stuff
-  Rails.logger.info "#{name} Received!"
+  Rails.logger.info "#{name} Received! (started: #{started}, finished: #{finished})" # process_action.action_controller Received (started: 2019-05-05 13:43:57 -0800, finished: 2019-05-05 13:43:58 -0800)
+end
+```
+
+If you are concerned about the accuracy of `started` and `finished` to compute a precise elapsed time then use `ActiveSupport::Notifications.monotonic_subscribe`. The given block would receive the same arguments as above but the `started` and `finished` will have values with an accurate monotonic time instead of wall-clock time.
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.monotonic_subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+  # your own custom stuff
+  Rails.logger.info "#{name} Received! (started: #{started}, finished: #{finished})" # process_action.action_controller Received (started: 1560978.425334, finished: 1560979.429234)
 end
 ```
 
@@ -648,6 +671,18 @@ ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |*a
 end
 ```
 
+You may also pass block with only one argument, it will yield an event object to the block:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |event|
+  event.name      # => "process_action.action_controller"
+  event.duration  # => 10 (in milliseconds)
+  event.payload   # => {:extra=>information}
+
+  Rails.logger.info "#{event} Received!"
+end
+```
+
 Most times you only care about the data itself. Here is a shortcut to just get the data.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -672,7 +707,7 @@ Creating custom events
 Adding your own events is easy as well. `ActiveSupport::Notifications` will take care of
 all the heavy lifting for you. Simply call `instrument` with a `name`, `payload` and a block.
 The notification will be sent after the block returns. `ActiveSupport` will generate the start and end times
-and add the instrumenter's unique ID. All data passed into the `instrument` call will make 
+and add the instrumenter's unique ID. All data passed into the `instrument` call will make
 it into the payload.
 
 Here's an example:
@@ -691,5 +726,16 @@ ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "my.custom.event" do |name, started, fini
 end
 ```
 
+You also have the option to call instrument without passing a block. This lets you leverage the
+instrumentation infrastructure for other messaging uses.
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "my.custom.event", this: :data
+
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "my.custom.event" do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+  puts data.inspect # {:this=>:data}
+end
+```
+
 You should follow Rails conventions when defining your own events. The format is: `event.library`.
 If your application is sending Tweets, you should create an event named `tweet.twitter`.
diff --git a/guides/source/api_app.md b/guides/source/api_app.md
index 85367c50e7..181d39e7e0 100644
--- a/guides/source/api_app.md
+++ b/guides/source/api_app.md
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Handled at the middleware layer:
 - Conditional GETs: Rails handles conditional `GET` (`ETag` and `Last-Modified`)
   processing request headers and returning the correct response headers and status
   code. All you need to do is use the
-  [`stale?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ConditionalGet.html#method-i-stale-3F)
+  [`stale?`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ConditionalGet.html#method-i-stale-3F)
   check in your controller, and Rails will handle all of the HTTP details for you.
 - HEAD requests: Rails will transparently convert `HEAD` requests into `GET` ones,
   and return just the headers on the way out. This makes `HEAD` work reliably in
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ environment's configuration file.
 
 You can learn more about how to use `Rack::Sendfile` with popular
 front-ends in [the Rack::Sendfile
-documentation](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Sendfile).
+documentation](https://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Sendfile).
 
 Here are some values for this header for some popular servers, once these servers are configured to support
 accelerated file sending:
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ controller modules by default:
 - `ActionController::Renderers::All`: Support for `render :json` and friends.
 - `ActionController::ConditionalGet`: Support for `stale?`.
 - `ActionController::BasicImplicitRender`: Makes sure to return an empty response, if there isn't an explicit one.
-- `ActionController::StrongParameters`: Support for parameters white-listing in combination with Active Model mass assignment.
+- `ActionController::StrongParameters`: Support for parameters filtering in combination with Active Model mass assignment.
 - `ActionController::DataStreaming`: Support for `send_file` and `send_data`.
 - `AbstractController::Callbacks`: Support for `before_action` and
   similar helpers.
@@ -420,6 +420,15 @@ Some common modules you might want to add:
 - `ActionController::MimeResponds`: Support for `respond_to`.
 - `ActionController::Cookies`: Support for `cookies`, which includes
   support for signed and encrypted cookies. This requires the cookies middleware.
+- `ActionController::Caching`: Support view caching for the API controller. Please notice that
+  you will need to manually specify cache store inside the controller like:
+  ```ruby
+  class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
+    include ::ActionController::Caching
+    self.cache_store = :mem_cached_store
+  end
+  ```
+  Rails does *not* pass this configuration automatically.
 
 The best place to add a module is in your `ApplicationController`, but you can
 also add modules to individual controllers.
diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
index b6ee7354f9..a7ffa4fbd4 100644
--- a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
+++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 RDoc
 ----
 
-The [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org) is generated with
+The [Rails API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org) is generated with
 [RDoc](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/). To generate it, make sure you are
 in the rails root directory, run `bundle install` and execute:
 
diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
index 500e230ff9..d853559440 100644
--- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
+++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
@@ -33,13 +33,11 @@ passing the `--skip-sprockets` option.
 rails new appname --skip-sprockets
 ```
 
-Rails automatically adds the `sass-rails`, `coffee-rails` and `uglifier`
-gems to your `Gemfile`, which are used by Sprockets for asset compression:
+Rails automatically adds the `sass-rails` gem to your `Gemfile`, which is used
+by Sprockets for asset compression:
 
 ```ruby
 gem 'sass-rails'
-gem 'uglifier'
-gem 'coffee-rails'
 ```
 
 Using the `--skip-sprockets` option will prevent Rails from adding
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ The query string strategy has several disadvantages:
 1. **Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by
 query parameters**
 
-    [Steve Souders recommends](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/),
+    [Steve Souders recommends](https://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/),
  "...avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources". He found that in this
 case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not
 work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation.
@@ -176,8 +174,7 @@ in `app/assets` are never served directly in production.
 
 ### Controller Specific Assets
 
-When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a JavaScript
-file (or CoffeeScript file if the `coffee-rails` gem is in the `Gemfile`) and a
+When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a
 Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`)
 for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates
 the file `scaffolds.css` (or `scaffolds.scss` if `sass-rails` is in the
@@ -434,9 +431,8 @@ one file rather than many, the load time of pages can be greatly reduced because
 the browser makes fewer requests. Compression also reduces file size, enabling
 the browser to download them faster.
 
-
-For example, a new Rails application includes a default
-`app/assets/javascripts/application.js` file containing the following lines:
+For example, with a `app/assets/javascripts/application.js` file containing the
+following lines:
 
 ```js
 // ...
@@ -476,8 +472,7 @@ which contains these lines:
 */
 ```
 
-Rails creates both `app/assets/javascripts/application.js` and
-`app/assets/stylesheets/application.css` regardless of whether the
+Rails create `app/assets/stylesheets/application.css` regardless of whether the
 --skip-sprockets option is used when creating a new Rails application. This is
 so you can easily add asset pipelining later if you like.
 
@@ -489,7 +484,7 @@ one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory.
 In this example, `require_self` is used. This puts the CSS contained within the
 file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call.
 
-NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import)
+NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](https://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import)
 instead of these Sprockets directives. When using Sprockets directives, Sass files exist within
 their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the document they were defined in.
 
@@ -517,8 +512,7 @@ The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is applied.
 When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default Rails gemset, a
 CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of a regular JavaScript
 and CSS file. The example used before was a controller called "projects", which
-generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee` and an
-`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss` file.
+generated an `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss` file.
 
 In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files are
 requested they are processed by the processors provided by the `coffee-script`
@@ -745,7 +739,7 @@ mapping requests back to Sprockets. A typical manifest file looks like:
 The default location for the manifest is the root of the location specified in
 `config.assets.prefix` ('/assets' by default).
 
-NOTE: If there are missing precompiled files in production you will get an
+NOTE: If there are missing precompiled files in production you will get a
 `Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper::AssetPaths::AssetNotPrecompiledError`
 exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
 
@@ -961,7 +955,7 @@ is present.
 ##### CDN Header Debugging
 
 One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using [curl](
-http://explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You
+https://explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You
 can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are
 the same:
 
@@ -1009,7 +1003,7 @@ such as `X-Cache` or for any additional headers they may add.
 ##### CDNs and the Cache-Control Header
 
 The [cache control
-header](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) is a W3C
+header](https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) is a W3C
 specification that describes how a request can be cached. When no CDN is used, a
 browser will use this information to cache contents. This is very helpful for
 assets that are not modified so that a browser does not need to re-download a
@@ -1083,7 +1077,7 @@ Possible options for JavaScript compression are `:closure`, `:uglifier` and
 `:yui`. These require the use of the `closure-compiler`, `uglifier` or
 `yui-compressor` gems, respectively.
 
-The default `Gemfile` includes [uglifier](https://github.com/lautis/uglifier).
+Take the `uglifier` gem, for example.
 This gem wraps [UglifyJS](https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS) (written for
 NodeJS) in Ruby. It compresses your code by removing white space and comments,
 shortening local variable names, and performing other micro-optimizations such
@@ -1101,7 +1095,7 @@ Windows you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system.
 
 
 
-### Serving GZipped version of assets
+### GZipping your assets
 
 By default, gzipped version of compiled assets will be generated, along with
 the non-gzipped version of assets. Gzipped assets help reduce the transmission
@@ -1111,6 +1105,8 @@ of data over the wire. You can configure this by setting the `gzip` flag.
 config.assets.gzip = false # disable gzipped assets generation
 ```
 
+Refer to your web server's documentation for instructions on how to serve gzipped assets.
+
 ### Using Your Own Compressor
 
 The compressor config settings for CSS and JavaScript also take any object.
@@ -1152,7 +1148,7 @@ The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response
 from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option
 is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled,
 this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is
-faster. Have a look at [send_file](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file)
+faster. Have a look at [send_file](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file)
 on how to use this feature.
 
 Apache and NGINX support this option, which can be enabled in
@@ -1170,7 +1166,7 @@ and any other environments you define with production behavior (not
 
 TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server:
 - [Apache](https://tn123.org/mod_xsendfile/)
-- [NGINX](http://wiki.nginx.org/XSendfile)
+- [NGINX](https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/examples/xsendfile/)
 
 Assets Cache Store
 ------------------
@@ -1228,4 +1224,3 @@ it as a preprocessor for your mime type.
 ```ruby
 Sprockets.register_preprocessor 'text/css', AddComment
 ```
-
diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md
index 4f3e8b2cff..27387ac3ac 100644
--- a/guides/source/association_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ end
 The corresponding migration might look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
   def change
     create_table :suppliers do |t|
       t.string :name
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
-      t.integer :supplier_id
+      t.bigint  :supplier_id
       t.string  :account_number
       t.timestamps
     end
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: Using `t.integer :supplier_id` makes the foreign key naming obvious and explicit. In current versions of Rails, you can abstract away this implementation detail by using `t.references :supplier` instead.
+NOTE: Using `t.bigint :supplier_id` makes the foreign key naming obvious and explicit. In current versions of Rails, you can abstract away this implementation detail by using `t.references :supplier` instead.
 
 ### Choosing Between `has_many :through` and `has_and_belongs_to_many`
 
@@ -466,11 +466,11 @@ Similarly, you can retrieve `@product.pictures`.
 If you have an instance of the `Picture` model, you can get to its parent via `@picture.imageable`. To make this work, you need to declare both a foreign key column and a type column in the model that declares the polymorphic interface:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
   def change
     create_table :pictures do |t|
       t.string  :name
-      t.integer :imageable_id
+      t.bigint  :imageable_id
       t.string  :imageable_type
       t.timestamps
     end
@@ -619,11 +619,11 @@ end
 These need to be backed up by a migration to create the `assemblies_parts` table. This table should be created without a primary key:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
   def change
     create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
-      t.integer :assembly_id
-      t.integer :part_id
+      t.bigint :assembly_id
+      t.bigint :part_id
     end
 
     add_index :assemblies_parts, :assembly_id
@@ -1231,6 +1231,7 @@ The `has_one` association supports these options:
 * `:source`
 * `:source_type`
 * `:through`
+* `:touch`
 * `:validate`
 
 ##### `:as`
@@ -1257,7 +1258,7 @@ Controls what happens to the associated object when its owner is destroyed:
 
 * `:destroy` causes the associated object to also be destroyed
 * `:delete` causes the associated object to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not execute)
-* `:nullify` causes the foreign key to be set to `NULL`. Callbacks are not executed.
+* `:nullify` causes the foreign key to be set to `NULL`. Polymorphic type column is also nullified on polymorphic associations. Callbacks are not executed.
 * `:restrict_with_exception` causes an `ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError` exception to be raised if there is an associated record
 * `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
 
@@ -1305,10 +1306,47 @@ The `:source` option specifies the source association name for a `has_one :throu
 
 The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_one :through` association that proceeds through a polymorphic association.
 
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :format, polymorphic: true
+  has_one :dust_jacket, through: :format, source: :dust_jacket, source_type: "Hardback"
+end
+
+class Paperback < ApplicationRecord; end
+
+class Hardback < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :dust_jacket
+end
+
+class DustJacket < ApplicationRecord; end
+```
+
 ##### `:through`
 
 The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#the-has-one-through-association).
 
+##### `:touch`
+
+If you set the `:touch` option to `true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, touch: true
+end
+
+class Account < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :supplier
+end
+```
+
+In this case, saving or destroying a supplier will update the timestamp on the associated account. You can also specify a particular timestamp attribute to update:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, touch: :suppliers_updated_at
+end
+```
+
 ##### `:validate`
 
 If you set the `:validate` option to `true`, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `false`: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved.
@@ -1544,7 +1582,7 @@ The `collection.size` method returns the number of objects in the collection.
 ##### `collection.find(...)`
 
 The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as
-[`ActiveRecord::Base.find`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-find).
+[`ActiveRecord::Base.find`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-find).
 
 ```ruby
 @available_book = @author.books.find(1)
@@ -1563,7 +1601,7 @@ The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the c
 
 The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied
 conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as
-[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F).
+[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F).
 
 ##### `collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)`
 
@@ -1658,7 +1696,7 @@ Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed:
 
 * `:destroy` causes all the associated objects to also be destroyed
 * `:delete_all` causes all the associated objects to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not execute)
-* `:nullify` causes the foreign keys to be set to `NULL`. Callbacks are not executed.
+* `:nullify` causes the foreign key to be set to `NULL`. Polymorphic type column is also nullified on polymorphic associations. Callbacks are not executed.
 * `:restrict_with_exception` causes an `ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError` exception to be raised if there are any associated records
 * `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects
 
@@ -1717,6 +1755,20 @@ The `:source` option specifies the source association name for a `has_many :thro
 
 The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_many :through` association that proceeds through a polymorphic association.
 
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+  has_many :paperbacks, through: :books, source: :format, source_type: "Paperback"
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :format, polymorphic: true
+end
+
+class Hardback < ApplicationRecord; end
+class Paperback < ApplicationRecord; end
+```
+
 ##### `:through`
 
 The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#the-has-many-through-association).
@@ -2077,7 +2129,7 @@ The `collection.size` method returns the number of objects in the collection.
 ##### `collection.find(...)`
 
 The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as
-[`ActiveRecord::Base.find`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-find).
+[`ActiveRecord::Base.find`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-find).
 
 ```ruby
 @assembly = @part.assemblies.find(1)
@@ -2095,7 +2147,7 @@ The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the c
 
 The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied
 conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as
-[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F).
+[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F).
 
 ##### `collection.build(attributes = {})`
 
@@ -2350,6 +2402,17 @@ end
 
 If a `before_add` callback throws an exception, the object does not get added to the collection. Similarly, if a `before_remove` callback throws an exception, the object does not get removed from the collection.
 
+NOTE: These callbacks are called only when the associated objects are added or removed through the association collection:
+
+```ruby
+# Triggers `before_add` callback
+author.books << book
+author.books = [book, book2]
+
+# Does not trigger the `before_add` callback
+book.update(author_id: 1)
+```
+
 ### Association Extensions
 
 You're not limited to the functionality that Rails automatically builds into association proxy objects. You can also extend these objects through anonymous modules, adding new finders, creators, or other methods. For example:
@@ -2388,8 +2451,8 @@ Extensions can refer to the internals of the association proxy using these three
 * `proxy_association.reflection` returns the reflection object that describes the association.
 * `proxy_association.target` returns the associated object for `belongs_to` or `has_one`, or the collection of associated objects for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many`.
 
-Single Table Inheritance
-------------------------
+Single Table Inheritance (STI)
+------------------------------
 
 Sometimes, you may want to share fields and behavior between different models.
 Let's say we have Car, Motorcycle, and Bicycle models. We will want to share
diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md
index b3f923a017..8cd2d353de 100644
--- a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md
+++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 **DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
 
-Autoloading and Reloading Constants
-===================================
+Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Zeitwerk Mode)
+======================================================
 
-This guide documents how constant autoloading and reloading works.
+This guide documents how autoloading and reloading works in `zeitwerk` mode.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
-* Key aspects of Ruby constants
-* What are the `autoload_paths` and how does eager loading work in production?
-* How constant autoloading works
-* What is `require_dependency`
-* How constant reloading works
-* Solutions to common autoloading gotchas
+* Autoloading modes
+* Related Rails configuration
+* Project structure
+* Autoloading, reloading, and eager loading
+* Single Table Inheritance
+* And more
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -20,13 +20,15 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Ruby on Rails allows applications to be written as if their code was preloaded.
+INFO. This guide documents autoloading in `zeitwerk` mode, which is new in Rails 6. If you'd like to read about `classic` mode instead, please check [Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Classic Mode)](autoloading_and_reloading_constants_classic_mode.html).
 
-In a normal Ruby program classes need to load their dependencies:
+In a normal Ruby program, dependencies need to be loaded by hand. For example, the following controller uses classes `ApplicationController` and `Post`, and normally you'd need to put `require` calls for them:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'application_controller'
-require 'post'
+# DO NOT DO THIS.
+require "application_controller"
+require "post"
+# DO NOT DO THIS.
 
 class PostsController < ApplicationController
   def index
@@ -35,16 +37,7 @@ class PostsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-Our Rubyist instinct quickly sees some redundancy in there: If classes were
-defined in files matching their name, couldn't their loading be automated
-somehow? We could save scanning the file for dependencies, which is brittle.
-
-Moreover, `Kernel#require` loads files once, but development is much more smooth
-if code gets refreshed when it changes without restarting the server. It would
-be nice to be able to use `Kernel#load` in development, and `Kernel#require` in
-production.
-
-Indeed, those features are provided by Ruby on Rails, where we just write
+This is not the case in Rails applications, where application classes and modules are just available everywhere:
 
 ```ruby
 class PostsController < ApplicationController
@@ -54,1330 +47,255 @@ class PostsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-This guide documents how that works.
-
-
-Constants Refresher
--------------------
-
-While constants are trivial in most programming languages, they are a rich
-topic in Ruby.
-
-It is beyond the scope of this guide to document Ruby constants, but we are
-nevertheless going to highlight a few key topics. Truly grasping the following
-sections is instrumental to understanding constant autoloading and reloading.
-
-### Nesting
-
-Class and module definitions can be nested to create namespaces:
-
-```ruby
-module XML
-  class SAXParser
-    # (1)
-  end
-end
-```
-
-The *nesting* at any given place is the collection of enclosing nested class and
-module objects outwards. The nesting at any given place can be inspected with
-`Module.nesting`. For example, in the previous example, the nesting at
-(1) is
-
-```ruby
-[XML::SAXParser, XML]
-```
-
-It is important to understand that the nesting is composed of class and module
-*objects*, it has nothing to do with the constants used to access them, and is
-also unrelated to their names.
-
-For instance, while this definition is similar to the previous one:
-
-```ruby
-class XML::SAXParser
-  # (2)
-end
-```
-
-the nesting in (2) is different:
-
-```ruby
-[XML::SAXParser]
-```
-
-`XML` does not belong to it.
-
-We can see in this example that the name of a class or module that belongs to a
-certain nesting does not necessarily correlate with the namespaces at the spot.
-
-Even more, they are totally independent, take for instance
-
-```ruby
-module X
-  module Y
-  end
-end
-
-module A
-  module B
-  end
-end
-
-module X::Y
-  module A::B
-    # (3)
-  end
-end
-```
-
-The nesting in (3) consists of two module objects:
-
-```ruby
-[A::B, X::Y]
-```
-
-So, it not only doesn't end in `A`, which does not even belong to the nesting,
-but it also contains `X::Y`, which is independent from `A::B`.
-
-The nesting is an internal stack maintained by the interpreter, and it gets
-modified according to these rules:
-
-* The class object following a `class` keyword gets pushed when its body is
-executed, and popped after it.
-
-* The module object following a `module` keyword gets pushed when its body is
-executed, and popped after it.
-
-* A singleton class opened with `class << object` gets pushed, and popped later.
-
-* When `instance_eval` is called using a string argument,
-the singleton class of the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed
-code. When `class_eval` or `module_eval` is called using a string argument,
-the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed code.
-
-* The nesting at the top-level of code interpreted by `Kernel#load` is empty
-unless the `load` call receives a true value as second argument, in which case
-a newly created anonymous module is pushed by Ruby.
-
-It is interesting to observe that blocks do not modify the stack. In particular
-the blocks that may be passed to `Class.new` and `Module.new` do not get the
-class or module being defined pushed to their nesting. That's one of the
-differences between defining classes and modules in one way or another.
-
-### Class and Module Definitions are Constant Assignments
-
-Let's suppose the following snippet creates a class (rather than reopening it):
-
-```ruby
-class C
-end
-```
-
-Ruby creates a constant `C` in `Object` and stores in that constant a class
-object. The name of the class instance is "C", a string, named after the
-constant.
+Idiomatic Rails applications only issue `require` calls to load stuff from their `lib` directory, the Ruby standard library, Ruby gems, etc. That is, anything that does not belong to their autoload paths, explained below.
 
-That is,
 
-```ruby
-class Project < ApplicationRecord
-end
-```
+Enabling Zeitwerk Mode
+----------------------
 
-performs a constant assignment equivalent to
+The autoloading `zeitwerk` mode is enabled by default in Rails 6 applications running on CRuby:
 
 ```ruby
-Project = Class.new(ApplicationRecord)
+# config/application.rb
+config.load_defaults "6.x" # enables zeitwerk mode in CRuby
 ```
 
-including setting the name of the class as a side-effect:
+In `zeitwerk` mode, Rails uses [Zeitwerk](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk) internally to autoload, reload, and eager load. Rails instantiates and configures a dedicated Zeitwerk instance that manages the project.
 
-```ruby
-Project.name # => "Project"
-```
+INFO. You do not configure Zeitwerk manually in a Rails application. Rather, you configure the application using the portable configuration points explained in this guide, and Rails translates that to Zeitwerk on your behalf.
 
-Constant assignment has a special rule to make that happen: if the object
-being assigned is an anonymous class or module, Ruby sets the object's name to
-the name of the constant.
+Project Structure
+-----------------
 
-INFO. From then on, what happens to the constant and the instance does not
-matter. For example, the constant could be deleted, the class object could be
-assigned to a different constant, be stored in no constant anymore, etc. Once
-the name is set, it doesn't change.
+In a Rails application file names have to match the constants they define, with directories acting as namespaces.
 
-Similarly, module creation using the `module` keyword as in
+For example, the file `app/helpers/users_helper.rb` should define `UsersHelper` and the file `app/controllers/admin/payments_controller.rb` should define `Admin::PaymentsController`.
 
-```ruby
-module Admin
-end
-```
-
-performs a constant assignment equivalent to
+Rails configures Zeitwerk to inflect file names with `String#camelize`. For example, it expects that `app/controllers/users_controller.rb` defines the constant `UsersController` because
 
 ```ruby
-Admin = Module.new
+"users_controller".camelize # => UsersController
 ```
 
-including setting the name as a side-effect:
+If you need to customize any of these inflections, for example to add an acronym, please have a look at `config/initializers/inflections.rb`.
 
-```ruby
-Admin.name # => "Admin"
-```
+Please, check the [Zeitwerk documentation](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#file-structure) for further details.
 
-WARNING. The execution context of a block passed to `Class.new` or `Module.new`
-is not entirely equivalent to the one of the body of the definitions using the
-`class` and `module` keywords. But both idioms result in the same constant
-assignment.
-
-Thus, an informal expression like "the `String` class" technically means the
-class object stored in the constant called "String". That constant, in turn,
-belongs to the class object stored in the constant called "Object".
-
-`String` is an ordinary constant, and everything related to them such as
-resolution algorithms applies to it.
-
-Likewise, in the controller
-
-```ruby
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
-  def index
-    @posts = Post.all
-  end
-end
-```
-
-`Post` is not syntax for a class. Rather, `Post` is a regular Ruby constant. If
-all is good, the constant is evaluated to an object that responds to `all`.
+Autoload paths
+--------------
 
-That is why we talk about *constant* autoloading, Rails has the ability to
-load constants on the fly.
+We call _autoload paths_ to the list of application directories whose contents are to be autoloaded. For example, `app/models`. Such directories represent the root namespace: `Object`.
 
-### Constants are Stored in Modules
+INFO. Autoload paths are called _root directories_ in Zeitwerk documentation, but we'll stay with "autoload path" in this guide.
 
-Constants belong to modules in a very literal sense. Classes and modules have
-a constant table; think of it as a hash table.
+Within an autoload path, file names must match the constants they define as documented [here](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#file-structure).
 
-Let's analyze an example to really understand what that means. While common
-abuses of language like "the `String` class" are convenient, the exposition is
-going to be precise here for didactic purposes.
+By default, the autoload paths of an application consist of all the subdirectories of `app` that exist when the application boots ---except for `aasets`, `javascripts`, `views`,--- plus the autoload paths of engines it might depend on.
 
-Let's consider the following module definition:
+For example, if `UsersHelper` is implemented in `app/helpers/users_helper.rb`, the module is autoloadable, you do not need (and should not write) a `require` call for it:
 
-```ruby
-module Colors
-  RED = '0xff0000'
-end
 ```
-
-First, when the `module` keyword is processed, the interpreter creates a new
-entry in the constant table of the class object stored in the `Object` constant.
-Said entry associates the name "Colors" to a newly created module object.
-Furthermore, the interpreter sets the name of the new module object to be the
-string "Colors".
-
-Later, when the body of the module definition is interpreted, a new entry is
-created in the constant table of the module object stored in the `Colors`
-constant. That entry maps the name "RED" to the string "0xff0000".
-
-In particular, `Colors::RED` is totally unrelated to any other `RED` constant
-that may live in any other class or module object. If there were any, they
-would have separate entries in their respective constant tables.
-
-Pay special attention in the previous paragraphs to the distinction between
-class and module objects, constant names, and value objects associated to them
-in constant tables.
-
-### Resolution Algorithms
-
-#### Resolution Algorithm for Relative Constants
-
-At any given place in the code, let's define *cref* to be the first element of
-the nesting if it is not empty, or `Object` otherwise.
-
-Without getting too much into the details, the resolution algorithm for relative
-constant references goes like this:
-
-1. If the nesting is not empty the constant is looked up in its elements and in
-order. The ancestors of those elements are ignored.
-
-2. If not found, then the algorithm walks up the ancestor chain of the cref.
-
-3. If not found and the cref is a module, the constant is looked up in `Object`.
-
-4. If not found, `const_missing` is invoked on the cref. The default
-implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden.
-
-Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is
-the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the cref. See more in [Relative
-References](#autoloading-algorithms-relative-references).
-
-#### Resolution Algorithm for Qualified Constants
-
-Qualified constants look like this:
-
-```ruby
-Billing::Invoice
+$ bin/rails runner 'p UsersHelper'
+UsersHelper
 ```
 
-`Billing::Invoice` is composed of two constants: `Billing` is relative and is
-resolved using the algorithm of the previous section.
-
-INFO. Leading colons would make the first segment absolute rather than
-relative: `::Billing::Invoice`. That would force `Billing` to be looked up
-only as a top-level constant.
-
-`Invoice` on the other hand is qualified by `Billing` and we are going to see
-its resolution next. Let's define *parent* to be that qualifying class or module
-object, that is, `Billing` in the example above. The algorithm for qualified
-constants goes like this:
-
-1. The constant is looked up in the parent and its ancestors. In Ruby >= 2.5,
-`Object` is skipped if present among the ancestors. `Kernel` and `BasicObject`
-are still checked though.
+Autoload paths automatically pick any custom directories under `app`. For example, if your application has `app/presenters`, or `app/services`, etc., they are added to autoload paths.
 
-2. If the lookup fails, `const_missing` is invoked in the parent. The default
-implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden.
+The array of autoload paths can be extended by mutating `config.autoload_paths`, in `config/application.rb`, but nowadays this is discouraged.
 
-INFO. In Ruby < 2.5 `String::Hash` evaluates to `Hash` and the interpreter
-issues a warning: "toplevel constant Hash referenced by String::Hash". Starting
-with 2.5, `String::Hash` raises `NameError` because `Object` is skipped.
+WARNING. Please, do not mutate `ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths`, the public interface to change autoload paths is `config.autoload_paths`.
 
-As you see, this algorithm is simpler than the one for relative constants. In
-particular, the nesting plays no role here, and modules are not special-cased,
-if neither they nor their ancestors have the constants, `Object` is **not**
-checked.
 
-Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is
-the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the parent. See more in
-[Qualified References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references).
-
-
-Vocabulary
+$LOAD_PATH
 ----------
 
-### Parent Namespaces
-
-Given a string with a constant path we define its *parent namespace* to be the
-string that results from removing its rightmost segment.
-
-For example, the parent namespace of the string "A::B::C" is the string "A::B",
-the parent namespace of "A::B" is "A", and the parent namespace of "A" is "".
-
-The interpretation of a parent namespace when thinking about classes and modules
-is tricky though. Let's consider a module M named "A::B":
-
-* The parent namespace, "A", may not reflect nesting at a given spot.
-
-* The constant `A` may no longer exist, some code could have removed it from
-`Object`.
-
-* If `A` exists, the class or module that was originally in `A` may not be there
-anymore. For example, if after a constant removal there was another constant
-assignment there would generally be a different object in there.
-
-* In such case, it could even happen that the reassigned `A` held a new class or
-module called also "A"!
-
-* In the previous scenarios M would no longer be reachable through `A::B` but
-the module object itself could still be alive somewhere and its name would
-still be "A::B".
-
-The idea of a parent namespace is at the core of the autoloading algorithms
-and helps explain and understand their motivation intuitively, but as you see
-that metaphor leaks easily. Given an edge case to reason about, take always into
-account that by "parent namespace" the guide means exactly that specific string
-derivation.
-
-### Loading Mechanism
-
-Rails autoloads files with `Kernel#load` when `config.cache_classes` is false,
-the default in development mode, and with `Kernel#require` otherwise, the
-default in production mode.
-
-`Kernel#load` allows Rails to execute files more than once if [constant
-reloading](#constant-reloading) is enabled.
-
-This guide uses the word "load" freely to mean a given file is interpreted, but
-the actual mechanism can be `Kernel#load` or `Kernel#require` depending on that
-flag.
-
-
-Autoloading Availability
-------------------------
-
-Rails is always able to autoload provided its environment is in place. For
-example the `runner` command autoloads:
-
-```
-$ rails runner 'p User.column_names'
-["id", "email", "created_at", "updated_at"]
-```
-
-The console autoloads, the test suite autoloads, and of course the application
-autoloads.
-
-By default, Rails eager loads the application files when it boots in production
-mode, so most of the autoloading going on in development does not happen. But
-autoloading may still be triggered during eager loading.
-
-For example, given
-
-```ruby
-class BeachHouse < House
-end
-```
-
-if `House` is still unknown when `app/models/beach_house.rb` is being eager
-loaded, Rails autoloads it.
-
-
-autoload_paths and eager_load_paths
------------------------------------
-
-As you probably know, when `require` gets a relative file name:
+Autoload paths are added to `$LOAD_PATH` by default. However, Zeitwerk uses absolute file names internally, and your application should not issue `require` calls for autoloadable files, so those directories are actually not needed there. You can opt-out with this flag:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'erb'
+config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path = false
 ```
 
-Ruby looks for the file in the directories listed in `$LOAD_PATH`. That is, Ruby
-iterates over all its directories and for each one of them checks whether they
-have a file called "erb.rb", or "erb.so", or "erb.o", or "erb.dll". If it finds
-any of them, the interpreter loads it and ends the search. Otherwise, it tries
-again in the next directory of the list. If the list gets exhausted, `LoadError`
-is raised.
-
-We are going to cover how constant autoloading works in more detail later, but
-the idea is that when a constant like `Post` is hit and missing, if there's a
-`post.rb` file for example in `app/models` Rails is going to find it, evaluate
-it, and have `Post` defined as a side-effect.
-
-All right, Rails has a collection of directories similar to `$LOAD_PATH` in which
-to look up `post.rb`. That collection is called `autoload_paths` and by
-default it contains:
-
-* All subdirectories of `app` in the application and engines present at boot
-  time. For example, `app/controllers`. They do not need to be the default
-  ones, any custom directories like `app/workers` belong automatically to
-  `autoload_paths`.
+That may speed legit `require` calls a bit, since there are less lookups. Also, if your application uses [Bootsnap](https://github.com/Shopify/bootsnap), that saves the library from building unnecessary indexes, and saves the RAM they would need.
 
-* Any existing second level directories called `app/*/concerns` in the
-  application and engines.
 
-* The directory `test/mailers/previews`.
+Reloading
+---------
 
-`eager_load_paths` is initially the `app` paths above
+Rails automatically reloads classes and modules if application files change.
 
-How files are autoloaded depends on `eager_load` and `cache_classes` config settings which typically vary in development, production, and test modes:
+More precisely, if the web server is running and application files have been modified, Rails unloads all autoloaded constants just before the next request is processed. That way, application classes or modules used during that request are going to be autoloaded, thus picking up their current implementation in the file system.
 
- * In **development**, you want quicker startup with incremental loading of application code.  So `eager_load` should be set to `false`, and Rails will autoload files as needed (see [Autoloading Algorithms](#autoloading-algorithms) below) -- and then reload them when they change (see [Constant Reloading](#constant-reloading) below).
- * In **production**, however, you want consistency and thread-safety and can live with a longer boot time. So `eager_load` is set to `true`, and then during boot (before the app is ready to receive requests) Rails loads all files in the `eager_load_paths`  and then turns off auto loading (NB: autoloading may be needed during eager loading). Not autoloading after boot is a `good thing`, as autoloading can cause the app to be have thread-safety problems.
- * In **test**, for speed of execution (of individual tests) `eager_load` is `false`, so Rails follows development behaviour.
+Reloading can be enabled or disabled. The setting that controls this behavior is `config.cache_classes`, which is false by default in `development` mode (reloading enabled), and true by default in `production` mode (reloading disabled).
 
-What is described above are the defaults with a newly generated Rails app. There are multiple ways this can be configured differently (see [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html#rails-general-configuration).
-). But using `autoload_paths` on its own  in the past (before Rails 5) developers might configure `autoload_paths` to add in extra locations (e.g. `lib` which used to be an autoload path list years ago, but no longer is).  However this is now discouraged for most purposes, as it is likely to lead to production-only errors. It is possible to add new locations to both `config.eager_load_paths` and `config.autoload_paths` but use at your own risk.
+Rails detects files have changed using an evented file monitor (default), or walking the autoload paths, depending on `config.file_watcher`.
 
-See also [Autoloading in the Test Environment](#autoloading-in-the-test-environment).
+In a Rails console there is no file watcher active regardless of the value of `config.cache_classes`. This is so because, normally, it would be confusing to have code reloaded in the middle of a console session, the same way you generally want an individual request to be served by a consistent, non-changing set of application classes and modules.
 
-`config.autoload_paths` is not changeable from environment-specific configuration files.
-
-The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just-generated application
-it is (edited):
+However, you can force a reload in the console executing `reload!`:
 
 ```
-$ rails r 'puts ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths'
-.../app/assets
-.../app/channels
-.../app/controllers
-.../app/controllers/concerns
-.../app/helpers
-.../app/jobs
-.../app/mailers
-.../app/models
-.../app/models/concerns
-.../activestorage/app/assets
-.../activestorage/app/controllers
-.../activestorage/app/javascript
-.../activestorage/app/jobs
-.../activestorage/app/models
-.../actioncable/app/assets
-.../actionview/app/assets
-.../test/mailers/previews
+$ bin/rails c
+Loading development environment (Rails 6.0.0)
+irb(main):001:0> User.object_id
+=> 70136277390120
+irb(main):002:0> reload!
+Reloading...
+=> true
+irb(main):003:0> User.object_id
+=> 70136284426020
 ```
 
-INFO. `autoload_paths` is computed and cached during the initialization process.
-The application needs to be restarted to reflect any changes in the directory
-structure.
+as you can see, the class object stored in the `User` constant is different after reloading.
 
+### Reloading and Stale Objects
 
-Autoloading Algorithms
-----------------------
+It is very important to understand that Ruby does not have a way to truly reload classes and modules in memory, and have that reflected everywhere they are already used. Technically, "unloading" the `User` class means removing the `User` constant via `Object.send(:remove_const, "User")`.
 
-### Relative References
+Therefore, if you store a reloadable class or module object in a place that is not reloaded, that value is going to become stale.
 
-A relative constant reference may appear in several places, for example, in
+For example, if an initializer stores and caches a certain class object
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
-  def index
-    @posts = Post.all
-  end
-end
+# config/initializers/configure_payment_gateway.rb
+# DO NOT DO THIS.
+$PAYMENT_GATEWAY = Rails.env.production? ? RealGateway : MockedGateway
+# DO NOT DO THIS.
 ```
 
-all three constant references are relative.
-
-#### Constants after the `class` and `module` Keywords
-
-Ruby performs a lookup for the constant that follows a `class` or `module`
-keyword because it needs to know if the class or module is going to be created
-or reopened.
-
-If the constant is not defined at that point it is not considered to be a
-missing constant, autoloading is **not** triggered.
-
-So, in the previous example, if `PostsController` is not defined when the file
-is interpreted Rails autoloading is not going to be triggered, Ruby will just
-define the controller.
-
-#### Top-Level Constants
-
-On the contrary, if `ApplicationController` is unknown, the constant is
-considered missing and an autoload is going to be attempted by Rails.
-
-In order to load `ApplicationController`, Rails iterates over `autoload_paths`.
-First it checks if `app/assets/application_controller.rb` exists. If it does not,
-which is normally the case, it continues and finds
-`app/controllers/application_controller.rb`.
+and `MockedGateway` gets reloaded, `$PAYMENT_GATEWAY` still stores the class object `MockedGateway` evaluated to when the initializer ran. Reloading does not change the class object stored in `$PAYMENT_GATEWAY`.
 
-If the file defines the constant `ApplicationController` all is fine, otherwise
-`LoadError` is raised:
+Similarly, in the Rails console, if you have a user instance and reload:
 
 ```
-unable to autoload constant ApplicationController, expected
-<full path to application_controller.rb> to define it (LoadError)
+> user = User.new
+> reload!
 ```
 
-INFO. Rails does not require the value of autoloaded constants to be a class or
-module object. For example, if the file `app/models/max_clients.rb` defines
-`MAX_CLIENTS = 100` autoloading `MAX_CLIENTS` works just fine.
-
-#### Namespaces
+the `user` object is instance of a stale class object. Ruby gives you a new class if you evaluate `User` again, but does not update the class `user` is instance of.
 
-Autoloading `ApplicationController` looks directly under the directories of
-`autoload_paths` because the nesting in that spot is empty. The situation of
-`Post` is different, the nesting in that line is `[PostsController]` and support
-for namespaces comes into play.
-
-The basic idea is that given
+Another use case of this gotcha is subclassing reloadable classes in a place that is not reloaded:
 
 ```ruby
-module Admin
-  class BaseController < ApplicationController
-    @@all_roles = Role.all
-  end
+# lib/vip_user.rb
+class VipUser < User
 end
 ```
 
-to autoload `Role` we are going to check if it is defined in the current or
-parent namespaces, one at a time. So, conceptually we want to try to autoload
-any of
-
-```
-Admin::BaseController::Role
-Admin::Role
-Role
-```
-
-in that order. That's the idea. To do so, Rails looks in `autoload_paths`
-respectively for file names like these:
-
-```
-admin/base_controller/role.rb
-admin/role.rb
-role.rb
-```
-
-modulus some additional directory lookups we are going to cover soon.
-
-INFO. `'Constant::Name'.underscore` gives the relative path without extension of
-the file name where `Constant::Name` is expected to be defined.
-
-Let's see how Rails autoloads the `Post` constant in the `PostsController`
-above assuming the application has a `Post` model defined in
-`app/models/post.rb`.
-
-First it checks for `posts_controller/post.rb` in `autoload_paths`:
-
-```
-app/assets/posts_controller/post.rb
-app/controllers/posts_controller/post.rb
-app/helpers/posts_controller/post.rb
-...
-test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post.rb
-```
-
-Since the lookup is exhausted without success, a similar search for a directory
-is performed, we are going to see why in the [next section](#automatic-modules):
+if `User` is reloaded, since `VipUser` is not, the superclass of `VipUser` is the original stale class object.
 
-```
-app/assets/posts_controller/post
-app/controllers/posts_controller/post
-app/helpers/posts_controller/post
-...
-test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post
-```
+Bottom line: **do not cache reloadable classes or modules**.
 
-If all those attempts fail, then Rails starts the lookup again in the parent
-namespace. In this case only the top-level remains:
 
-```
-app/assets/post.rb
-app/controllers/post.rb
-app/helpers/post.rb
-app/mailers/post.rb
-app/models/post.rb
-```
+Eager Loading
+-------------
 
-A matching file is found in `app/models/post.rb`. The lookup stops there and the
-file is loaded. If the file actually defines `Post` all is fine, otherwise
-`LoadError` is raised.
+In production-like environments it is generally better to load all the application code when the application boots. Eager loading puts everything in memory ready to serve requests right away, and it is also [CoW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write)-friendly.
 
-### Qualified References
+Eager loading is controlled by the flag `config.eager_load`, which is enabled by default in `production` mode.
 
-When a qualified constant is missing Rails does not look for it in the parent
-namespaces. But there is a caveat: when a constant is missing, Rails is
-unable to tell if the trigger was a relative reference or a qualified one.
+The order in which files are eager loaded is undefined.
 
-For example, consider
+if the `Zeitwerk` constant is defined, Rails invokes `Zeitwerk::Loader.eager_load_all` regardless of the application autoloading mode. That ensures dependencies managed by Zeitwerk are eager loaded.
 
-```ruby
-module Admin
-  User
-end
-```
 
-and
-
-```ruby
-Admin::User
-```
-
-If `User` is missing, in either case all Rails knows is that a constant called
-"User" was missing in a module called "Admin".
+Single Table Inheritance
+------------------------
 
-If there is a top-level `User` Ruby would resolve it in the former example, but
-wouldn't in the latter. In general, Rails does not emulate the Ruby constant
-resolution algorithms, but in this case it tries using the following heuristic:
+Single Table Inheritance is a feature that doesn't play well with lazy loading. Reason is, its API generally needs to be able to enumerate the STI hierarchy to work correctly, whereas lazy loading defers loading classes until they are referenced. You can't enumerate what you haven't referenced yet.
 
-> If none of the parent namespaces of the class or module has the missing
-> constant then Rails assumes the reference is relative. Otherwise qualified.
+In a sense, applications need to eager load STI hierarchies regardless of the loading mode.
 
-For example, if this code triggers autoloading
+Of course, if the application eager loads on boot, that is already accomplished. When it does not, it is in practice enough to instantiate the existing types in the database, which in development or test modes is usually fine. One way to do that is to throw this module into the `lib` directory:
 
 ```ruby
-Admin::User
-```
-
-and the `User` constant is already present in `Object`, it is not possible that
-the situation is
-
-```ruby
-module Admin
-  User
-end
-```
-
-because otherwise Ruby would have resolved `User` and no autoloading would have
-been triggered in the first place. Thus, Rails assumes a qualified reference and
-considers the file `admin/user.rb` and directory `admin/user` to be the only
-valid options.
-
-In practice, this works quite well as long as the nesting matches all parent
-namespaces respectively and the constants that make the rule apply are known at
-that time.
-
-However, autoloading happens on demand. If by chance the top-level `User` was
-not yet loaded, then Rails assumes a relative reference by contract.
-
-Naming conflicts of this kind are rare in practice, but if one occurs,
-`require_dependency` provides a solution by ensuring that the constant needed
-to trigger the heuristic is defined in the conflicting place.
-
-### Automatic Modules
-
-When a module acts as a namespace, Rails does not require the application to
-define a file for it, a directory matching the namespace is enough.
+module StiPreload
+  unless Rails.application.config.eager_load
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-Suppose an application has a back office whose controllers are stored in
-`app/controllers/admin`. If the `Admin` module is not yet loaded when
-`Admin::UsersController` is hit, Rails needs first to autoload the constant
-`Admin`.
-
-If `autoload_paths` has a file called `admin.rb` Rails is going to load that
-one, but if there's no such file and a directory called `admin` is found, Rails
-creates an empty module and assigns it to the `Admin` constant on the fly.
-
-### Generic Procedure
-
-Relative references are reported to be missing in the cref where they were hit,
-and qualified references are reported to be missing in their parent (see
-[Resolution Algorithm for Relative
-Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-relative-constants) at the beginning of
-this guide for the definition of *cref*, and [Resolution Algorithm for Qualified
-Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants) for the definition of
-*parent*).
-
-The procedure to autoload constant `C` in an arbitrary situation is as follows:
-
-```
-if the class or module in which C is missing is Object
-  let ns = ''
-else
-  let M = the class or module in which C is missing
-
-  if M is anonymous
-    let ns = ''
-  else
-    let ns = M.name
-  end
-end
-
-loop do
-  # Look for a regular file.
-  for dir in autoload_paths
-    if the file "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb" exists
-      load/require "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb"
-
-      if C is now defined
-        return
-      else
-        raise LoadError
-      end
+    included do
+      cattr_accessor :preloaded, instance_accessor: false
     end
-  end
 
-  # Look for an automatic module.
-  for dir in autoload_paths
-    if the directory "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c" exists
-      if ns is an empty string
-        let C = Module.new in Object and return
-      else
-        let C = Module.new in ns.constantize and return
+    class_methods do
+      def descendants
+        preload_sti unless preloaded
+        super
       end
-    end
-  end
-
-  if ns is empty
-    # We reached the top-level without finding the constant.
-    raise NameError
-  else
-    if C exists in any of the parent namespaces
-      # Qualified constants heuristic.
-      raise NameError
-    else
-      # Try again in the parent namespace.
-      let ns = the parent namespace of ns and retry
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-
-require_dependency
-------------------
-
-Constant autoloading is triggered on demand and therefore code that uses a
-certain constant may have it already defined or may trigger an autoload. That
-depends on the execution path and it may vary between runs.
-
-There are times, however, in which you want to make sure a certain constant is
-known when the execution reaches some code. `require_dependency` provides a way
-to load a file using the current [loading mechanism](#loading-mechanism), and
-keeping track of constants defined in that file as if they were autoloaded to
-have them reloaded as needed.
-
-`require_dependency` is rarely needed, but see a couple of use-cases in
-[Autoloading and STI](#autoloading-and-sti) and [When Constants aren't
-Triggered](#when-constants-aren-t-missed).
-
-WARNING. Unlike autoloading, `require_dependency` does not expect the file to
-define any particular constant. Exploiting this behavior would be a bad practice
-though, file and constant paths should match.
-
-
-Constant Reloading
-------------------
-
-When `config.cache_classes` is false Rails is able to reload autoloaded
-constants.
 
-For example, if you're in a console session and edit some file behind the
-scenes, the code can be reloaded with the `reload!` command:
-
-```
-> reload!
-```
-
-When the application runs, code is reloaded when something relevant to this
-logic changes. In order to do that, Rails monitors a number of things:
-
-* `config/routes.rb`.
-
-* Locales.
-
-* Ruby files under `autoload_paths`.
-
-* `db/schema.rb` and `db/structure.sql`.
-
-If anything in there changes, there is a middleware that detects it and reloads
-the code.
-
-Autoloading keeps track of autoloaded constants. Reloading is implemented by
-removing them all from their respective classes and modules using
-`Module#remove_const`. That way, when the code goes on, those constants are
-going to be unknown again, and files reloaded on demand.
-
-INFO. This is an all-or-nothing operation, Rails does not attempt to reload only
-what changed since dependencies between classes makes that really tricky.
-Instead, everything is wiped.
-
-
-Module#autoload isn't Involved
-------------------------------
-
-`Module#autoload` provides a lazy way to load constants that is fully integrated
-with the Ruby constant lookup algorithms, dynamic constant API, etc. It is quite
-transparent.
-
-Rails internals make extensive use of it to defer as much work as possible from
-the boot process. But constant autoloading in Rails is **not** implemented with
-`Module#autoload`.
-
-One possible implementation based on `Module#autoload` would be to walk the
-application tree and issue `autoload` calls that map existing file names to
-their conventional constant name.
-
-There are a number of reasons that prevent Rails from using that implementation.
-
-For example, `Module#autoload` is only capable of loading files using `require`,
-so reloading would not be possible. Not only that, it uses an internal `require`
-which is not `Kernel#require`.
-
-Then, it provides no way to remove declarations in case a file is deleted. If a
-constant gets removed with `Module#remove_const` its `autoload` is not triggered
-again. Also, it doesn't support qualified names, so files with namespaces should
-be interpreted during the walk tree to install their own `autoload` calls, but
-those files could have constant references not yet configured.
-
-An implementation based on `Module#autoload` would be awesome but, as you see,
-at least as of today it is not possible. Constant autoloading in Rails is
-implemented with `Module#const_missing`, and that's why it has its own contract,
-documented in this guide.
-
-
-Common Gotchas
---------------
-
-### Nesting and Qualified Constants
-
-Let's consider
-
-```ruby
-module Admin
-  class UsersController < ApplicationController
-    def index
-      @users = User.all
+      # Constantizes all types present in the database. There might be more on
+      # disk, but that does not matter in practice as far as the STI API is
+      # concerned.
+      #
+      # Assumes store_full_sti_class is true, the default.
+      def preload_sti
+        types_in_db = \
+          base_class.
+            select(inheritance_column).
+            distinct.
+            pluck(inheritance_column).
+            compact.
+            each(&:constantize)
+
+        types_in_db.each do |type|
+          logger.debug("Preloading STI type #{type}")
+          type.constantize
+        end
+
+        self.preloaded = true
+      end
     end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-and
+and then include it in the STI root classes of your project:
 
 ```ruby
-class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController
-  def index
-    @users = User.all
-  end
-end
-```
-
-To resolve `User` Ruby checks `Admin` in the former case, but it does not in
-the latter because it does not belong to the nesting (see [Nesting](#nesting)
-and [Resolution Algorithms](#resolution-algorithms)).
-
-Unfortunately Rails autoloading does not know the nesting in the spot where the
-constant was missing and so it is not able to act as Ruby would. In particular,
-`Admin::User` will get autoloaded in either case.
-
-Albeit qualified constants with `class` and `module` keywords may technically
-work with autoloading in some cases, it is preferable to use relative constants
-instead:
+# app/models/shape.rb
+require "sti_preload"
 
-```ruby
-module Admin
-  class UsersController < ApplicationController
-    def index
-      @users = User.all
-    end
-  end
+class Shape < ApplicationRecord
+  include StiPreload # Only in the root class.
 end
-```
 
-### Autoloading and STI
-
-Single Table Inheritance (STI) is a feature of Active Record that enables
-storing a hierarchy of models in one single table. The API of such models is
-aware of the hierarchy and encapsulates some common needs. For example, given
-these classes:
-
-```ruby
 # app/models/polygon.rb
-class Polygon < ApplicationRecord
+class Polygon < Shape
 end
 
 # app/models/triangle.rb
 class Triangle < Polygon
 end
-
-# app/models/rectangle.rb
-class Rectangle < Polygon
-end
-```
-
-`Triangle.create` creates a row that represents a triangle, and
-`Rectangle.create` creates a row that represents a rectangle. If `id` is the
-ID of an existing record, `Polygon.find(id)` returns an object of the correct
-type.
-
-Methods that operate on collections are also aware of the hierarchy. For
-example, `Polygon.all` returns all the records of the table, because all
-rectangles and triangles are polygons. Active Record takes care of returning
-instances of their corresponding class in the result set.
-
-Types are autoloaded as needed. For example, if `Polygon.first` is a rectangle
-and `Rectangle` has not yet been loaded, Active Record autoloads it and the
-record is correctly instantiated.
-
-All good, but if instead of performing queries based on the root class we need
-to work on some subclass, things get interesting.
-
-While working with `Polygon` you do not need to be aware of all its descendants,
-because anything in the table is by definition a polygon, but when working with
-subclasses Active Record needs to be able to enumerate the types it is looking
-for. Let's see an example.
-
-`Rectangle.all` only loads rectangles by adding a type constraint to the query:
-
-```sql
-SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
-WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle")
-```
-
-Let's introduce now a subclass of `Rectangle`:
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/square.rb
-class Square < Rectangle
-end
-```
-
-`Rectangle.all` should now return rectangles **and** squares:
-
-```sql
-SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
-WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle", "Square")
-```
-
-But there's a caveat here: How does Active Record know that the class `Square`
-exists at all?
-
-Even if the file `app/models/square.rb` exists and defines the `Square` class,
-if no code yet used that class, `Rectangle.all` issues the query
-
-```sql
-SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
-WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle")
-```
-
-That is not a bug, the query includes all *known* descendants of `Rectangle`.
-
-A way to ensure this works correctly regardless of the order of execution is to
-manually load the direct subclasses at the bottom of the file that defines each
-intermediate class:
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/rectangle.rb
-class Rectangle < Polygon
-end
-require_dependency 'square'
-```
-
-This needs to happen for every intermediate (non-root and non-leaf) class. The
-root class does not scope the query by type, and therefore does not necessarily
-have to know all its descendants.
-
-### Autoloading and `require`
-
-Files defining constants to be autoloaded should never be `require`d:
-
-```ruby
-require 'user' # DO NOT DO THIS
-
-class UsersController < ApplicationController
-  ...
-end
-```
-
-There are two possible gotchas here in development mode:
-
-1. If `User` is autoloaded before reaching the `require`, `app/models/user.rb`
-runs again because `load` does not update `$LOADED_FEATURES`.
-
-2. If the `require` runs first Rails does not mark `User` as an autoloaded
-constant and changes to `app/models/user.rb` aren't reloaded.
-
-Just follow the flow and use constant autoloading always, never mix
-autoloading and `require`. As a last resort, if some file absolutely needs to
-load a certain file use `require_dependency` to play nice with constant
-autoloading. This option is rarely needed in practice, though.
-
-Of course, using `require` in autoloaded files to load ordinary 3rd party
-libraries is fine, and Rails is able to distinguish their constants, they are
-not marked as autoloaded.
-
-### Autoloading and Initializers
-
-Consider this assignment in `config/initializers/set_auth_service.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-AUTH_SERVICE = if Rails.env.production?
-  RealAuthService
-else
-  MockedAuthService
-end
-```
-
-The purpose of this setup would be that the application uses the class that
-corresponds to the environment via `AUTH_SERVICE`. In development mode
-`MockedAuthService` gets autoloaded when the initializer runs. Let's suppose
-we do some requests, change its implementation, and hit the application again.
-To our surprise the changes are not reflected. Why?
-
-As [we saw earlier](#constant-reloading), Rails removes autoloaded constants,
-but `AUTH_SERVICE` stores the original class object. Stale, non-reachable
-using the original constant, but perfectly functional.
-
-The following code summarizes the situation:
-
-```ruby
-class C
-  def quack
-    'quack!'
-  end
-end
-
-X = C
-Object.instance_eval { remove_const(:C) }
-X.new.quack # => quack!
-X.name      # => C
-C           # => uninitialized constant C (NameError)
-```
-
-Because of that, it is not a good idea to autoload constants on application
-initialization.
-
-In the case above we could implement a dynamic access point:
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/auth_service.rb
-class AuthService
-  if Rails.env.production?
-    def self.instance
-      RealAuthService
-    end
-  else
-    def self.instance
-      MockedAuthService
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-and have the application use `AuthService.instance` instead. `AuthService`
-would be loaded on demand and be autoload-friendly.
-
-### `require_dependency` and Initializers
-
-As we saw before, `require_dependency` loads files in an autoloading-friendly
-way. Normally, though, such a call does not make sense in an initializer.
-
-One could think about doing some [`require_dependency`](#require-dependency)
-calls in an initializer to make sure certain constants are loaded upfront, for
-example as an attempt to address the [gotcha with STIs](#autoloading-and-sti).
-
-Problem is, in development mode [autoloaded constants are wiped](#constant-reloading)
-if there is any relevant change in the file system. If that happens then
-we are in the very same situation the initializer wanted to avoid!
-
-Calls to `require_dependency` have to be strategically written in autoloaded
-spots.
-
-### When Constants aren't Missed
-
-#### Relative References
-
-Let's consider a flight simulator. The application has a default flight model
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/flight_model.rb
-class FlightModel
-end
-```
-
-that can be overridden by each airplane, for instance
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/bell_x1/flight_model.rb
-module BellX1
-  class FlightModel < FlightModel
-  end
-end
-
-# app/models/bell_x1/aircraft.rb
-module BellX1
-  class Aircraft
-    def initialize
-      @flight_model = FlightModel.new
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-The initializer wants to create a `BellX1::FlightModel` and nesting has
-`BellX1`, that looks good. But if the default flight model is loaded and the
-one for the Bell-X1 is not, the interpreter is able to resolve the top-level
-`FlightModel` and autoloading is thus not triggered for `BellX1::FlightModel`.
-
-That code depends on the execution path.
-
-These kind of ambiguities can often be resolved using qualified constants:
-
-```ruby
-module BellX1
-  class Plane
-    def flight_model
-      @flight_model ||= BellX1::FlightModel.new
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-Also, `require_dependency` is a solution:
-
-```ruby
-require_dependency 'bell_x1/flight_model'
-
-module BellX1
-  class Plane
-    def flight_model
-      @flight_model ||= FlightModel.new
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-#### Qualified References
-
-WARNING. This gotcha is only possible in Ruby < 2.5.
-
-Given
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/hotel.rb
-class Hotel
-end
-
-# app/models/image.rb
-class Image
-end
-
-# app/models/hotel/image.rb
-class Hotel
-  class Image < Image
-  end
-end
-```
-
-the expression `Hotel::Image` is ambiguous because it depends on the execution
-path.
-
-As [we saw before](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants), Ruby looks
-up the constant in `Hotel` and its ancestors. If `app/models/image.rb` has
-been loaded but `app/models/hotel/image.rb` hasn't, Ruby does not find `Image`
-in `Hotel`, but it does in `Object`:
-
-```
-$ rails r 'Image; p Hotel::Image' 2>/dev/null
-Image # NOT Hotel::Image!
-```
-
-The code evaluating `Hotel::Image` needs to make sure
-`app/models/hotel/image.rb` has been loaded, possibly with
-`require_dependency`.
-
-In these cases the interpreter issues a warning though:
-
-```
-warning: toplevel constant Image referenced by Hotel::Image
-```
-
-This surprising constant resolution can be observed with any qualifying class:
-
-```
-2.1.5 :001 > String::Array
-(irb):1: warning: toplevel constant Array referenced by String::Array
- => Array
-```
-
-WARNING. To find this gotcha the qualifying namespace has to be a class,
-`Object` is not an ancestor of modules.
-
-### Autoloading within Singleton Classes
-
-Let's suppose we have these class definitions:
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/hotel/services.rb
-module Hotel
-  class Services
-  end
-end
-
-# app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb
-module Hotel
-  class GeoLocation
-    class << self
-      Services
-    end
-  end
-end
 ```
 
-If `Hotel::Services` is known by the time `app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb`
-is being loaded, `Services` is resolved by Ruby because `Hotel` belongs to the
-nesting when the singleton class of `Hotel::GeoLocation` is opened.
+Rails.autoloaders
+-----------------
 
-But if `Hotel::Services` is not known, Rails is not able to autoload it, the
-application raises `NameError`.
-
-The reason is that autoloading is triggered for the singleton class, which is
-anonymous, and as [we saw before](#generic-procedure), Rails only checks the
-top-level namespace in that edge case.
-
-An easy solution to this caveat is to qualify the constant:
+The Zeitwerk instances managing your application are availabe at
 
 ```ruby
-module Hotel
-  class GeoLocation
-    class << self
-      Hotel::Services
-    end
-  end
-end
+Rails.autoloaders.main
+Rails.autoloaders.once
 ```
 
-### Autoloading in `BasicObject`
-
-Direct descendants of `BasicObject` do not have `Object` among their ancestors
-and cannot resolve top-level constants:
-
-```ruby
-class C < BasicObject
-  String # NameError: uninitialized constant C::String
-end
-```
+The former is the main one. The latter is there mostly for backwards compatibily reasons, in case the application has something in `config.autoload_once_paths` (this is discouraged nowadays).
 
-When autoloading is involved that plot has a twist. Let's consider:
+You can check if `zeitwerk` mode is enabled with
 
 ```ruby
-class C < BasicObject
-  def user
-    User # WRONG
-  end
-end
+Rails.autoloaders.zeitwerk_enabled?
 ```
 
-Since Rails checks the top-level namespace `User` gets autoloaded just fine the
-first time the `user` method is invoked. You only get the exception if the
-`User` constant is known at that point, in particular in a *second* call to
-`user`:
-
-```ruby
-c = C.new
-c.user # surprisingly fine, User
-c.user # NameError: uninitialized constant C::User
-```
-
-because it detects that a parent namespace already has the constant (see [Qualified
-References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references)).
-
-As with pure Ruby, within the body of a direct descendant of `BasicObject` use
-always absolute constant paths:
-
-```ruby
-class C < BasicObject
-  ::String # RIGHT
-
-  def user
-    ::User # RIGHT
-  end
-end
-```
-
-### Autoloading in the Test Environment
-
-When configuring the `test` environment for autoloading you might consider multiple factors.
-
-For example it might be worth running your tests with an identical setup to production (`config.eager_load = true`, `config.cache_classes = true`) in order to catch any problems before they hit production (this is compensation for the lack of dev-prod parity). However this will slow down the boot time for individual tests on a dev machine (and is not immediately compatible with spring see below). So one possibility is to do this on a
-[CI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration) machine only (which should run without spring).
-
-On a development machine you can then have your tests running with whatever is fastest (ideally `config.eager_load = false`).
-
-With the [Spring](https://github.com/rails/spring) pre-loader (included with new Rails apps), you ideally keep `config.eager_load = false` as per development. Sometimes you may end up with a hybrid configuration (`config.eager_load = true`, `config.cache_classes = true` AND `config.enable_dependency_loading = true`), see [spring issue](https://github.com/rails/spring/issues/519#issuecomment-348324369). However it might be simpler to keep the same configuration as development, and work out whatever it is that is causing autoloading to fail (perhaps by the results of your CI test results).
-
-Occasionally you may need to explicitly eager_load by using `Rails
-.application.eager_load!` in the setup of your tests -- this might occur if your [tests involve multithreading](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25796409/in-rails-how-can-i-eager-load-all-code-before-a-specific-rspec-test).
-
-## Troubleshooting
-
-### Tracing Autoloads
-
-Active Support is able to report constants as they are autoloaded. To enable these traces in a Rails application, put the following two lines in some initializer:
-
-```ruby
-ActiveSupport::Dependencies.logger = Rails.logger
-ActiveSupport::Dependencies.verbose = true
-```
-
-### Where is a Given Autoload Triggered?
+Opting Out
+----------
 
-If constant `Foo` is being autoloaded, and you'd like to know where is that autoload coming from, just throw
+Applications can load Rails 6 defaults and still use the classic autoloader this way:
 
 ```ruby
-puts caller
+# config/application.rb
+config.load_defaults "6.x"
+config.autoloader = :classic
 ```
 
-at the top of `foo.rb` and inspect the printed stack trace.
-
-### Which Constants Have Been Autoloaded?
-
-At any given time,
-
-```ruby
-ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded_constants
-```
+That may be handy if upgrading to Rails 6 in different phases, but classic mode is discouraged for new applications.
 
-has the collection of constants that have been autoloaded so far.
+`zeitwerk` mode is not available in versions of Rails previous to 6.0.
diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants_classic_mode.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants_classic_mode.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0d9e076d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants_classic_mode.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1351 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Classic Mode)
+==================================================
+
+This guide documents how constant autoloading and reloading works in `classic` mode.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* Key aspects of Ruby constants
+* What are the `autoload_paths` and how does eager loading work in production?
+* How constant autoloading works
+* What is `require_dependency`
+* How constant reloading works
+* Solutions to common autoloading gotchas
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+INFO. This guide documents autoloading in `classic` mode, which is the traditional one. If you'd like to read about `zeiwerk` mode instead, the new one in Rails 6, please check [Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Zeitwerk Mode)](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html).
+
+Ruby on Rails allows applications to be written as if their code was preloaded.
+
+In a normal Ruby program classes need to load their dependencies:
+
+```ruby
+require 'application_controller'
+require 'post'
+
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Our Rubyist instinct quickly sees some redundancy in there: If classes were
+defined in files matching their name, couldn't their loading be automated
+somehow? We could save scanning the file for dependencies, which is brittle.
+
+Moreover, `Kernel#require` loads files once, but development is much more smooth
+if code gets refreshed when it changes without restarting the server. It would
+be nice to be able to use `Kernel#load` in development, and `Kernel#require` in
+production.
+
+Indeed, those features are provided by Ruby on Rails, where we just write
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This guide documents how that works.
+
+
+Constants Refresher
+-------------------
+
+While constants are trivial in most programming languages, they are a rich
+topic in Ruby.
+
+It is beyond the scope of this guide to document Ruby constants, but we are
+nevertheless going to highlight a few key topics. Truly grasping the following
+sections is instrumental to understanding constant autoloading and reloading.
+
+### Nesting
+
+Class and module definitions can be nested to create namespaces:
+
+```ruby
+module XML
+  class SAXParser
+    # (1)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The *nesting* at any given place is the collection of enclosing nested class and
+module objects outwards. The nesting at any given place can be inspected with
+`Module.nesting`. For example, in the previous example, the nesting at
+(1) is
+
+```ruby
+[XML::SAXParser, XML]
+```
+
+It is important to understand that the nesting is composed of class and module
+*objects*, it has nothing to do with the constants used to access them, and is
+also unrelated to their names.
+
+For instance, while this definition is similar to the previous one:
+
+```ruby
+class XML::SAXParser
+  # (2)
+end
+```
+
+the nesting in (2) is different:
+
+```ruby
+[XML::SAXParser]
+```
+
+`XML` does not belong to it.
+
+We can see in this example that the name of a class or module that belongs to a
+certain nesting does not necessarily correlate with the namespaces at the spot.
+
+Even more, they are totally independent, take for instance
+
+```ruby
+module X
+  module Y
+  end
+end
+
+module A
+  module B
+  end
+end
+
+module X::Y
+  module A::B
+    # (3)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The nesting in (3) consists of two module objects:
+
+```ruby
+[A::B, X::Y]
+```
+
+So, it not only doesn't end in `A`, which does not even belong to the nesting,
+but it also contains `X::Y`, which is independent from `A::B`.
+
+The nesting is an internal stack maintained by the interpreter, and it gets
+modified according to these rules:
+
+* The class object following a `class` keyword gets pushed when its body is
+executed, and popped after it.
+
+* The module object following a `module` keyword gets pushed when its body is
+executed, and popped after it.
+
+* A singleton class opened with `class << object` gets pushed, and popped later.
+
+* When `instance_eval` is called using a string argument,
+the singleton class of the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed
+code. When `class_eval` or `module_eval` is called using a string argument,
+the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed code.
+
+* The nesting at the top-level of code interpreted by `Kernel#load` is empty
+unless the `load` call receives a true value as second argument, in which case
+a newly created anonymous module is pushed by Ruby.
+
+It is interesting to observe that blocks do not modify the stack. In particular
+the blocks that may be passed to `Class.new` and `Module.new` do not get the
+class or module being defined pushed to their nesting. That's one of the
+differences between defining classes and modules in one way or another.
+
+### Class and Module Definitions are Constant Assignments
+
+Let's suppose the following snippet creates a class (rather than reopening it):
+
+```ruby
+class C
+end
+```
+
+Ruby creates a constant `C` in `Object` and stores in that constant a class
+object. The name of the class instance is "C", a string, named after the
+constant.
+
+That is,
+
+```ruby
+class Project < ApplicationRecord
+end
+```
+
+performs a constant assignment equivalent to
+
+```ruby
+Project = Class.new(ApplicationRecord)
+```
+
+including setting the name of the class as a side-effect:
+
+```ruby
+Project.name # => "Project"
+```
+
+Constant assignment has a special rule to make that happen: if the object
+being assigned is an anonymous class or module, Ruby sets the object's name to
+the name of the constant.
+
+INFO. From then on, what happens to the constant and the instance does not
+matter. For example, the constant could be deleted, the class object could be
+assigned to a different constant, be stored in no constant anymore, etc. Once
+the name is set, it doesn't change.
+
+Similarly, module creation using the `module` keyword as in
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+end
+```
+
+performs a constant assignment equivalent to
+
+```ruby
+Admin = Module.new
+```
+
+including setting the name as a side-effect:
+
+```ruby
+Admin.name # => "Admin"
+```
+
+WARNING. The execution context of a block passed to `Class.new` or `Module.new`
+is not entirely equivalent to the one of the body of the definitions using the
+`class` and `module` keywords. But both idioms result in the same constant
+assignment.
+
+Thus, an informal expression like "the `String` class" technically means the
+class object stored in the constant called "String". That constant, in turn,
+belongs to the class object stored in the constant called "Object".
+
+`String` is an ordinary constant, and everything related to them such as
+resolution algorithms applies to it.
+
+Likewise, in the controller
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+`Post` is not syntax for a class. Rather, `Post` is a regular Ruby constant. If
+all is good, the constant is evaluated to an object that responds to `all`.
+
+That is why we talk about *constant* autoloading, Rails has the ability to
+load constants on the fly.
+
+### Constants are Stored in Modules
+
+Constants belong to modules in a very literal sense. Classes and modules have
+a constant table; think of it as a hash table.
+
+Let's analyze an example to really understand what that means. While common
+abuses of language like "the `String` class" are convenient, the exposition is
+going to be precise here for didactic purposes.
+
+Let's consider the following module definition:
+
+```ruby
+module Colors
+  RED = '0xff0000'
+end
+```
+
+First, when the `module` keyword is processed, the interpreter creates a new
+entry in the constant table of the class object stored in the `Object` constant.
+Said entry associates the name "Colors" to a newly created module object.
+Furthermore, the interpreter sets the name of the new module object to be the
+string "Colors".
+
+Later, when the body of the module definition is interpreted, a new entry is
+created in the constant table of the module object stored in the `Colors`
+constant. That entry maps the name "RED" to the string "0xff0000".
+
+In particular, `Colors::RED` is totally unrelated to any other `RED` constant
+that may live in any other class or module object. If there were any, they
+would have separate entries in their respective constant tables.
+
+Pay special attention in the previous paragraphs to the distinction between
+class and module objects, constant names, and value objects associated to them
+in constant tables.
+
+### Resolution Algorithms
+
+#### Resolution Algorithm for Relative Constants
+
+At any given place in the code, let's define *cref* to be the first element of
+the nesting if it is not empty, or `Object` otherwise.
+
+Without getting too much into the details, the resolution algorithm for relative
+constant references goes like this:
+
+1. If the nesting is not empty the constant is looked up in its elements and in
+order. The ancestors of those elements are ignored.
+
+2. If not found, then the algorithm walks up the ancestor chain of the cref.
+
+3. If not found and the cref is a module, the constant is looked up in `Object`.
+
+4. If not found, `const_missing` is invoked on the cref. The default
+implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden.
+
+Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is
+the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the cref. See more in [Relative
+References](#autoloading-algorithms-relative-references).
+
+#### Resolution Algorithm for Qualified Constants
+
+Qualified constants look like this:
+
+```ruby
+Billing::Invoice
+```
+
+`Billing::Invoice` is composed of two constants: `Billing` is relative and is
+resolved using the algorithm of the previous section.
+
+INFO. Leading colons would make the first segment absolute rather than
+relative: `::Billing::Invoice`. That would force `Billing` to be looked up
+only as a top-level constant.
+
+`Invoice` on the other hand is qualified by `Billing` and we are going to see
+its resolution next. Let's define *parent* to be that qualifying class or module
+object, that is, `Billing` in the example above. The algorithm for qualified
+constants goes like this:
+
+1. The constant is looked up in the parent and its ancestors. In Ruby >= 2.5,
+`Object` is skipped if present among the ancestors. `Kernel` and `BasicObject`
+are still checked though.
+
+2. If the lookup fails, `const_missing` is invoked in the parent. The default
+implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden.
+
+INFO. In Ruby < 2.5 `String::Hash` evaluates to `Hash` and the interpreter
+issues a warning: "toplevel constant Hash referenced by String::Hash". Starting
+with 2.5, `String::Hash` raises `NameError` because `Object` is skipped.
+
+As you see, this algorithm is simpler than the one for relative constants. In
+particular, the nesting plays no role here, and modules are not special-cased,
+if neither they nor their ancestors have the constants, `Object` is **not**
+checked.
+
+Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is
+the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the parent. See more in
+[Qualified References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references).
+
+
+Vocabulary
+----------
+
+### Parent Namespaces
+
+Given a string with a constant path we define its *parent namespace* to be the
+string that results from removing its rightmost segment.
+
+For example, the parent namespace of the string "A::B::C" is the string "A::B",
+the parent namespace of "A::B" is "A", and the parent namespace of "A" is "".
+
+The interpretation of a parent namespace when thinking about classes and modules
+is tricky though. Let's consider a module M named "A::B":
+
+* The parent namespace, "A", may not reflect nesting at a given spot.
+
+* The constant `A` may no longer exist, some code could have removed it from
+`Object`.
+
+* If `A` exists, the class or module that was originally in `A` may not be there
+anymore. For example, if after a constant removal there was another constant
+assignment there would generally be a different object in there.
+
+* In such case, it could even happen that the reassigned `A` held a new class or
+module called also "A"!
+
+* In the previous scenarios M would no longer be reachable through `A::B` but
+the module object itself could still be alive somewhere and its name would
+still be "A::B".
+
+The idea of a parent namespace is at the core of the autoloading algorithms
+and helps explain and understand their motivation intuitively, but as you see
+that metaphor leaks easily. Given an edge case to reason about, take always into
+account that by "parent namespace" the guide means exactly that specific string
+derivation.
+
+### Loading Mechanism
+
+Rails autoloads files with `Kernel#load` when `config.cache_classes` is false,
+the default in development mode, and with `Kernel#require` otherwise, the
+default in production mode.
+
+`Kernel#load` allows Rails to execute files more than once if [constant
+reloading](#constant-reloading) is enabled.
+
+This guide uses the word "load" freely to mean a given file is interpreted, but
+the actual mechanism can be `Kernel#load` or `Kernel#require` depending on that
+flag.
+
+
+Autoloading Availability
+------------------------
+
+Rails is always able to autoload provided its environment is in place. For
+example the `runner` command autoloads:
+
+```
+$ rails runner 'p User.column_names'
+["id", "email", "created_at", "updated_at"]
+```
+
+The console autoloads, the test suite autoloads, and of course the application
+autoloads.
+
+By default, Rails eager loads the application files when it boots in production
+mode, so most of the autoloading going on in development does not happen. But
+autoloading may still be triggered during eager loading.
+
+For example, given
+
+```ruby
+class BeachHouse < House
+end
+```
+
+if `House` is still unknown when `app/models/beach_house.rb` is being eager
+loaded, Rails autoloads it.
+
+
+autoload_paths and eager_load_paths
+-----------------------------------
+
+As you probably know, when `require` gets a relative file name:
+
+```ruby
+require 'erb'
+```
+
+Ruby looks for the file in the directories listed in `$LOAD_PATH`. That is, Ruby
+iterates over all its directories and for each one of them checks whether they
+have a file called "erb.rb", or "erb.so", or "erb.o", or "erb.dll". If it finds
+any of them, the interpreter loads it and ends the search. Otherwise, it tries
+again in the next directory of the list. If the list gets exhausted, `LoadError`
+is raised.
+
+We are going to cover how constant autoloading works in more detail later, but
+the idea is that when a constant like `Post` is hit and missing, if there's a
+`post.rb` file for example in `app/models` Rails is going to find it, evaluate
+it, and have `Post` defined as a side-effect.
+
+All right, Rails has a collection of directories similar to `$LOAD_PATH` in which
+to look up `post.rb`. That collection is called `autoload_paths` and by
+default it contains:
+
+* All subdirectories of `app` in the application and engines present at boot
+  time. For example, `app/controllers`. They do not need to be the default
+  ones, any custom directories like `app/workers` belong automatically to
+  `autoload_paths`.
+
+* Any existing second level directories called `app/*/concerns` in the
+  application and engines.
+
+* The directory `test/mailers/previews`.
+
+`eager_load_paths` is initially the `app` paths above
+
+How files are autoloaded depends on `eager_load` and `cache_classes` config settings which typically vary in development, production, and test modes:
+
+ * In **development**, you want quicker startup with incremental loading of application code.  So `eager_load` should be set to `false`, and Rails will autoload files as needed (see [Autoloading Algorithms](#autoloading-algorithms) below) -- and then reload them when they change (see [Constant Reloading](#constant-reloading) below).
+ * In **production**, however, you want consistency and thread-safety and can live with a longer boot time. So `eager_load` is set to `true`, and then during boot (before the app is ready to receive requests) Rails loads all files in the `eager_load_paths`  and then turns off auto loading (NB: autoloading may be needed during eager loading). Not autoloading after boot is a `good thing`, as autoloading can cause the app to be have thread-safety problems.
+ * In **test**, for speed of execution (of individual tests) `eager_load` is `false`, so Rails follows development behaviour.
+
+What is described above are the defaults with a newly generated Rails app. There are multiple ways this can be configured differently (see [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html#rails-general-configuration).
+). But using `autoload_paths` on its own  in the past (before Rails 5) developers might configure `autoload_paths` to add in extra locations (e.g. `lib` which used to be an autoload path list years ago, but no longer is).  However this is now discouraged for most purposes, as it is likely to lead to production-only errors. It is possible to add new locations to both `config.eager_load_paths` and `config.autoload_paths` but use at your own risk.
+
+See also [Autoloading in the Test Environment](#autoloading-in-the-test-environment).
+
+`config.autoload_paths` is not changeable from environment-specific configuration files.
+
+The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just-generated application
+it is (edited):
+
+```
+$ rails r 'puts ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths'
+.../app/assets
+.../app/channels
+.../app/controllers
+.../app/controllers/concerns
+.../app/helpers
+.../app/jobs
+.../app/mailers
+.../app/models
+.../app/models/concerns
+.../activestorage/app/assets
+.../activestorage/app/controllers
+.../activestorage/app/javascript
+.../activestorage/app/jobs
+.../activestorage/app/models
+.../actioncable/app/assets
+.../actionview/app/assets
+.../test/mailers/previews
+```
+
+INFO. `autoload_paths` is computed and cached during the initialization process.
+The application needs to be restarted to reflect any changes in the directory
+structure.
+
+
+Autoloading Algorithms
+----------------------
+
+### Relative References
+
+A relative constant reference may appear in several places, for example, in
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+all three constant references are relative.
+
+#### Constants after the `class` and `module` Keywords
+
+Ruby performs a lookup for the constant that follows a `class` or `module`
+keyword because it needs to know if the class or module is going to be created
+or reopened.
+
+If the constant is not defined at that point it is not considered to be a
+missing constant, autoloading is **not** triggered.
+
+So, in the previous example, if `PostsController` is not defined when the file
+is interpreted Rails autoloading is not going to be triggered, Ruby will just
+define the controller.
+
+#### Top-Level Constants
+
+On the contrary, if `ApplicationController` is unknown, the constant is
+considered missing and an autoload is going to be attempted by Rails.
+
+In order to load `ApplicationController`, Rails iterates over `autoload_paths`.
+First it checks if `app/assets/application_controller.rb` exists. If it does not,
+which is normally the case, it continues and finds
+`app/controllers/application_controller.rb`.
+
+If the file defines the constant `ApplicationController` all is fine, otherwise
+`LoadError` is raised:
+
+```
+unable to autoload constant ApplicationController, expected
+<full path to application_controller.rb> to define it (LoadError)
+```
+
+INFO. Rails does not require the value of autoloaded constants to be a class or
+module object. For example, if the file `app/models/max_clients.rb` defines
+`MAX_CLIENTS = 100` autoloading `MAX_CLIENTS` works just fine.
+
+#### Namespaces
+
+Autoloading `ApplicationController` looks directly under the directories of
+`autoload_paths` because the nesting in that spot is empty. The situation of
+`Post` is different, the nesting in that line is `[PostsController]` and support
+for namespaces comes into play.
+
+The basic idea is that given
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class BaseController < ApplicationController
+    @@all_roles = Role.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+to autoload `Role` we are going to check if it is defined in the current or
+parent namespaces, one at a time. So, conceptually we want to try to autoload
+any of
+
+```
+Admin::BaseController::Role
+Admin::Role
+Role
+```
+
+in that order. That's the idea. To do so, Rails looks in `autoload_paths`
+respectively for file names like these:
+
+```
+admin/base_controller/role.rb
+admin/role.rb
+role.rb
+```
+
+modulus some additional directory lookups we are going to cover soon.
+
+INFO. `'Constant::Name'.underscore` gives the relative path without extension of
+the file name where `Constant::Name` is expected to be defined.
+
+Let's see how Rails autoloads the `Post` constant in the `PostsController`
+above assuming the application has a `Post` model defined in
+`app/models/post.rb`.
+
+First it checks for `posts_controller/post.rb` in `autoload_paths`:
+
+```
+app/assets/posts_controller/post.rb
+app/controllers/posts_controller/post.rb
+app/helpers/posts_controller/post.rb
+...
+test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post.rb
+```
+
+Since the lookup is exhausted without success, a similar search for a directory
+is performed, we are going to see why in the [next section](#automatic-modules):
+
+```
+app/assets/posts_controller/post
+app/controllers/posts_controller/post
+app/helpers/posts_controller/post
+...
+test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post
+```
+
+If all those attempts fail, then Rails starts the lookup again in the parent
+namespace. In this case only the top-level remains:
+
+```
+app/assets/post.rb
+app/controllers/post.rb
+app/helpers/post.rb
+app/mailers/post.rb
+app/models/post.rb
+```
+
+A matching file is found in `app/models/post.rb`. The lookup stops there and the
+file is loaded. If the file actually defines `Post` all is fine, otherwise
+`LoadError` is raised.
+
+### Qualified References
+
+When a qualified constant is missing Rails does not look for it in the parent
+namespaces. But there is a caveat: when a constant is missing, Rails is
+unable to tell if the trigger was a relative reference or a qualified one.
+
+For example, consider
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  User
+end
+```
+
+and
+
+```ruby
+Admin::User
+```
+
+If `User` is missing, in either case all Rails knows is that a constant called
+"User" was missing in a module called "Admin".
+
+If there is a top-level `User` Ruby would resolve it in the former example, but
+wouldn't in the latter. In general, Rails does not emulate the Ruby constant
+resolution algorithms, but in this case it tries using the following heuristic:
+
+> If none of the parent namespaces of the class or module has the missing
+> constant then Rails assumes the reference is relative. Otherwise qualified.
+
+For example, if this code triggers autoloading
+
+```ruby
+Admin::User
+```
+
+and the `User` constant is already present in `Object`, it is not possible that
+the situation is
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  User
+end
+```
+
+because otherwise Ruby would have resolved `User` and no autoloading would have
+been triggered in the first place. Thus, Rails assumes a qualified reference and
+considers the file `admin/user.rb` and directory `admin/user` to be the only
+valid options.
+
+In practice, this works quite well as long as the nesting matches all parent
+namespaces respectively and the constants that make the rule apply are known at
+that time.
+
+However, autoloading happens on demand. If by chance the top-level `User` was
+not yet loaded, then Rails assumes a relative reference by contract.
+
+Naming conflicts of this kind are rare in practice, but if one occurs,
+`require_dependency` provides a solution by ensuring that the constant needed
+to trigger the heuristic is defined in the conflicting place.
+
+### Automatic Modules
+
+When a module acts as a namespace, Rails does not require the application to
+define a file for it, a directory matching the namespace is enough.
+
+Suppose an application has a back office whose controllers are stored in
+`app/controllers/admin`. If the `Admin` module is not yet loaded when
+`Admin::UsersController` is hit, Rails needs first to autoload the constant
+`Admin`.
+
+If `autoload_paths` has a file called `admin.rb` Rails is going to load that
+one, but if there's no such file and a directory called `admin` is found, Rails
+creates an empty module and assigns it to the `Admin` constant on the fly.
+
+### Generic Procedure
+
+Relative references are reported to be missing in the cref where they were hit,
+and qualified references are reported to be missing in their parent (see
+[Resolution Algorithm for Relative
+Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-relative-constants) at the beginning of
+this guide for the definition of *cref*, and [Resolution Algorithm for Qualified
+Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants) for the definition of
+*parent*).
+
+The procedure to autoload constant `C` in an arbitrary situation is as follows:
+
+```
+if the class or module in which C is missing is Object
+  let ns = ''
+else
+  let M = the class or module in which C is missing
+
+  if M is anonymous
+    let ns = ''
+  else
+    let ns = M.name
+  end
+end
+
+loop do
+  # Look for a regular file.
+  for dir in autoload_paths
+    if the file "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb" exists
+      load/require "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb"
+
+      if C is now defined
+        return
+      else
+        raise LoadError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Look for an automatic module.
+  for dir in autoload_paths
+    if the directory "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c" exists
+      if ns is an empty string
+        let C = Module.new in Object and return
+      else
+        let C = Module.new in ns.constantize and return
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if ns is empty
+    # We reached the top-level without finding the constant.
+    raise NameError
+  else
+    if C exists in any of the parent namespaces
+      # Qualified constants heuristic.
+      raise NameError
+    else
+      # Try again in the parent namespace.
+      let ns = the parent namespace of ns and retry
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+require_dependency
+------------------
+
+Constant autoloading is triggered on demand and therefore code that uses a
+certain constant may have it already defined or may trigger an autoload. That
+depends on the execution path and it may vary between runs.
+
+There are times, however, in which you want to make sure a certain constant is
+known when the execution reaches some code. `require_dependency` provides a way
+to load a file using the current [loading mechanism](#loading-mechanism), and
+keeping track of constants defined in that file as if they were autoloaded to
+have them reloaded as needed.
+
+`require_dependency` is rarely needed, but see a couple of use cases in
+[Autoloading and STI](#autoloading-and-sti) and [When Constants aren't
+Triggered](#when-constants-aren-t-missed).
+
+WARNING. Unlike autoloading, `require_dependency` does not expect the file to
+define any particular constant. Exploiting this behavior would be a bad practice
+though, file and constant paths should match.
+
+
+Constant Reloading
+------------------
+
+When `config.cache_classes` is false Rails is able to reload autoloaded
+constants.
+
+For example, if you're in a console session and edit some file behind the
+scenes, the code can be reloaded with the `reload!` command:
+
+```
+> reload!
+```
+
+When the application runs, code is reloaded when something relevant to this
+logic changes. In order to do that, Rails monitors a number of things:
+
+* `config/routes.rb`.
+
+* Locales.
+
+* Ruby files under `autoload_paths`.
+
+* `db/schema.rb` and `db/structure.sql`.
+
+If anything in there changes, there is a middleware that detects it and reloads
+the code.
+
+Autoloading keeps track of autoloaded constants. Reloading is implemented by
+removing them all from their respective classes and modules using
+`Module#remove_const`. That way, when the code goes on, those constants are
+going to be unknown again, and files reloaded on demand.
+
+INFO. This is an all-or-nothing operation, Rails does not attempt to reload only
+what changed since dependencies between classes makes that really tricky.
+Instead, everything is wiped.
+
+Common Gotchas
+--------------
+
+### Nesting and Qualified Constants
+
+Let's consider
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class UsersController < ApplicationController
+    def index
+      @users = User.all
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+and
+
+```ruby
+class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @users = User.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To resolve `User` Ruby checks `Admin` in the former case, but it does not in
+the latter because it does not belong to the nesting (see [Nesting](#nesting)
+and [Resolution Algorithms](#resolution-algorithms)).
+
+Unfortunately Rails autoloading does not know the nesting in the spot where the
+constant was missing and so it is not able to act as Ruby would. In particular,
+`Admin::User` will get autoloaded in either case.
+
+Albeit qualified constants with `class` and `module` keywords may technically
+work with autoloading in some cases, it is preferable to use relative constants
+instead:
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class UsersController < ApplicationController
+    def index
+      @users = User.all
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Autoloading and STI
+
+Single Table Inheritance (STI) is a feature of Active Record that enables
+storing a hierarchy of models in one single table. The API of such models is
+aware of the hierarchy and encapsulates some common needs. For example, given
+these classes:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/polygon.rb
+class Polygon < ApplicationRecord
+end
+
+# app/models/triangle.rb
+class Triangle < Polygon
+end
+
+# app/models/rectangle.rb
+class Rectangle < Polygon
+end
+```
+
+`Triangle.create` creates a row that represents a triangle, and
+`Rectangle.create` creates a row that represents a rectangle. If `id` is the
+ID of an existing record, `Polygon.find(id)` returns an object of the correct
+type.
+
+Methods that operate on collections are also aware of the hierarchy. For
+example, `Polygon.all` returns all the records of the table, because all
+rectangles and triangles are polygons. Active Record takes care of returning
+instances of their corresponding class in the result set.
+
+Types are autoloaded as needed. For example, if `Polygon.first` is a rectangle
+and `Rectangle` has not yet been loaded, Active Record autoloads it and the
+record is correctly instantiated.
+
+All good, but if instead of performing queries based on the root class we need
+to work on some subclass, things get interesting.
+
+While working with `Polygon` you do not need to be aware of all its descendants,
+because anything in the table is by definition a polygon, but when working with
+subclasses Active Record needs to be able to enumerate the types it is looking
+for. Let's see an example.
+
+`Rectangle.all` only loads rectangles by adding a type constraint to the query:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle")
+```
+
+Let's introduce now a subclass of `Rectangle`:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/square.rb
+class Square < Rectangle
+end
+```
+
+`Rectangle.all` should now return rectangles **and** squares:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle", "Square")
+```
+
+But there's a caveat here: How does Active Record know that the class `Square`
+exists at all?
+
+Even if the file `app/models/square.rb` exists and defines the `Square` class,
+if no code yet used that class, `Rectangle.all` issues the query
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle")
+```
+
+That is not a bug, the query includes all *known* descendants of `Rectangle`.
+
+A way to ensure this works correctly regardless of the order of execution is to
+manually load the direct subclasses at the bottom of the file that defines each
+intermediate class:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/rectangle.rb
+class Rectangle < Polygon
+end
+require_dependency 'square'
+```
+
+This needs to happen for every intermediate (non-root and non-leaf) class. The
+root class does not scope the query by type, and therefore does not necessarily
+have to know all its descendants.
+
+### Autoloading and `require`
+
+Files defining constants to be autoloaded should never be `require`d:
+
+```ruby
+require 'user' # DO NOT DO THIS
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+There are two possible gotchas here in development mode:
+
+1. If `User` is autoloaded before reaching the `require`, `app/models/user.rb`
+runs again because `load` does not update `$LOADED_FEATURES`.
+
+2. If the `require` runs first Rails does not mark `User` as an autoloaded
+constant and changes to `app/models/user.rb` aren't reloaded.
+
+Just follow the flow and use constant autoloading always, never mix
+autoloading and `require`. As a last resort, if some file absolutely needs to
+load a certain file use `require_dependency` to play nice with constant
+autoloading. This option is rarely needed in practice, though.
+
+Of course, using `require` in autoloaded files to load ordinary 3rd party
+libraries is fine, and Rails is able to distinguish their constants, they are
+not marked as autoloaded.
+
+### Autoloading and Initializers
+
+Consider this assignment in `config/initializers/set_auth_service.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+AUTH_SERVICE = if Rails.env.production?
+  RealAuthService
+else
+  MockedAuthService
+end
+```
+
+The purpose of this setup would be that the application uses the class that
+corresponds to the environment via `AUTH_SERVICE`. In development mode
+`MockedAuthService` gets autoloaded when the initializer runs. Let's suppose
+we do some requests, change its implementation, and hit the application again.
+To our surprise the changes are not reflected. Why?
+
+As [we saw earlier](#constant-reloading), Rails removes autoloaded constants,
+but `AUTH_SERVICE` stores the original class object. Stale, non-reachable
+using the original constant, but perfectly functional.
+
+The following code summarizes the situation:
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  def quack
+    'quack!'
+  end
+end
+
+X = C
+Object.instance_eval { remove_const(:C) }
+X.new.quack # => quack!
+X.name      # => C
+C           # => uninitialized constant C (NameError)
+```
+
+Because of that, it is not a good idea to autoload constants on application
+initialization.
+
+In the case above we could implement a dynamic access point:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/auth_service.rb
+class AuthService
+  if Rails.env.production?
+    def self.instance
+      RealAuthService
+    end
+  else
+    def self.instance
+      MockedAuthService
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+and have the application use `AuthService.instance` instead. `AuthService`
+would be loaded on demand and be autoload-friendly.
+
+### `require_dependency` and Initializers
+
+As we saw before, `require_dependency` loads files in an autoloading-friendly
+way. Normally, though, such a call does not make sense in an initializer.
+
+One could think about doing some [`require_dependency`](#require-dependency)
+calls in an initializer to make sure certain constants are loaded upfront, for
+example as an attempt to address the [gotcha with STIs](#autoloading-and-sti).
+
+Problem is, in development mode [autoloaded constants are wiped](#constant-reloading)
+if there is any relevant change in the file system. If that happens then
+we are in the very same situation the initializer wanted to avoid!
+
+Calls to `require_dependency` have to be strategically written in autoloaded
+spots.
+
+### When Constants aren't Missed
+
+#### Relative References
+
+Let's consider a flight simulator. The application has a default flight model
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/flight_model.rb
+class FlightModel
+end
+```
+
+that can be overridden by each airplane, for instance
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/bell_x1/flight_model.rb
+module BellX1
+  class FlightModel < FlightModel
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/bell_x1/aircraft.rb
+module BellX1
+  class Aircraft
+    def initialize
+      @flight_model = FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The initializer wants to create a `BellX1::FlightModel` and nesting has
+`BellX1`, that looks good. But if the default flight model is loaded and the
+one for the Bell-X1 is not, the interpreter is able to resolve the top-level
+`FlightModel` and autoloading is thus not triggered for `BellX1::FlightModel`.
+
+That code depends on the execution path.
+
+These kind of ambiguities can often be resolved using qualified constants:
+
+```ruby
+module BellX1
+  class Plane
+    def flight_model
+      @flight_model ||= BellX1::FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Also, `require_dependency` is a solution:
+
+```ruby
+require_dependency 'bell_x1/flight_model'
+
+module BellX1
+  class Plane
+    def flight_model
+      @flight_model ||= FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Qualified References
+
+WARNING. This gotcha is only possible in Ruby < 2.5.
+
+Given
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/hotel.rb
+class Hotel
+end
+
+# app/models/image.rb
+class Image
+end
+
+# app/models/hotel/image.rb
+class Hotel
+  class Image < Image
+  end
+end
+```
+
+the expression `Hotel::Image` is ambiguous because it depends on the execution
+path.
+
+As [we saw before](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants), Ruby looks
+up the constant in `Hotel` and its ancestors. If `app/models/image.rb` has
+been loaded but `app/models/hotel/image.rb` hasn't, Ruby does not find `Image`
+in `Hotel`, but it does in `Object`:
+
+```
+$ rails r 'Image; p Hotel::Image' 2>/dev/null
+Image # NOT Hotel::Image!
+```
+
+The code evaluating `Hotel::Image` needs to make sure
+`app/models/hotel/image.rb` has been loaded, possibly with
+`require_dependency`.
+
+In these cases the interpreter issues a warning though:
+
+```
+warning: toplevel constant Image referenced by Hotel::Image
+```
+
+This surprising constant resolution can be observed with any qualifying class:
+
+```
+2.1.5 :001 > String::Array
+(irb):1: warning: toplevel constant Array referenced by String::Array
+ => Array
+```
+
+WARNING. To find this gotcha the qualifying namespace has to be a class,
+`Object` is not an ancestor of modules.
+
+### Autoloading within Singleton Classes
+
+Let's suppose we have these class definitions:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/hotel/services.rb
+module Hotel
+  class Services
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb
+module Hotel
+  class GeoLocation
+    class << self
+      Services
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If `Hotel::Services` is known by the time `app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb`
+is being loaded, `Services` is resolved by Ruby because `Hotel` belongs to the
+nesting when the singleton class of `Hotel::GeoLocation` is opened.
+
+But if `Hotel::Services` is not known, Rails is not able to autoload it, the
+application raises `NameError`.
+
+The reason is that autoloading is triggered for the singleton class, which is
+anonymous, and as [we saw before](#generic-procedure), Rails only checks the
+top-level namespace in that edge case.
+
+An easy solution to this caveat is to qualify the constant:
+
+```ruby
+module Hotel
+  class GeoLocation
+    class << self
+      Hotel::Services
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Autoloading in `BasicObject`
+
+Direct descendants of `BasicObject` do not have `Object` among their ancestors
+and cannot resolve top-level constants:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  String # NameError: uninitialized constant C::String
+end
+```
+
+When autoloading is involved that plot has a twist. Let's consider:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  def user
+    User # WRONG
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Since Rails checks the top-level namespace `User` gets autoloaded just fine the
+first time the `user` method is invoked. You only get the exception if the
+`User` constant is known at that point, in particular in a *second* call to
+`user`:
+
+```ruby
+c = C.new
+c.user # surprisingly fine, User
+c.user # NameError: uninitialized constant C::User
+```
+
+because it detects that a parent namespace already has the constant (see [Qualified
+References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references)).
+
+As with pure Ruby, within the body of a direct descendant of `BasicObject` use
+always absolute constant paths:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  ::String # RIGHT
+
+  def user
+    ::User # RIGHT
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Autoloading in the Test Environment
+
+When configuring the `test` environment for autoloading you might consider multiple factors.
+
+For example it might be worth running your tests with an identical setup to production (`config.eager_load = true`, `config.cache_classes = true`) in order to catch any problems before they hit production (this is compensation for the lack of dev-prod parity). However this will slow down the boot time for individual tests on a dev machine (and is not immediately compatible with spring see below). So one possibility is to do this on a
+[CI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration) machine only (which should run without spring).
+
+On a development machine you can then have your tests running with whatever is fastest (ideally `config.eager_load = false`).
+
+With the [Spring](https://github.com/rails/spring) pre-loader (included with new Rails apps), you ideally keep `config.eager_load = false` as per development. Sometimes you may end up with a hybrid configuration (`config.eager_load = true`, `config.cache_classes = true` AND `config.enable_dependency_loading = true`), see [spring issue](https://github.com/rails/spring/issues/519#issuecomment-348324369). However it might be simpler to keep the same configuration as development, and work out whatever it is that is causing autoloading to fail (perhaps by the results of your CI test results).
+
+Occasionally you may need to explicitly eager_load by using `Rails
+.application.eager_load!` in the setup of your tests -- this might occur if your [tests involve multithreading](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25796409/in-rails-how-can-i-eager-load-all-code-before-a-specific-rspec-test).
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Tracing Autoloads
+
+Active Support is able to report constants as they are autoloaded. To enable these traces in a Rails application, put the following two lines in some initializer:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Dependencies.logger = Rails.logger
+ActiveSupport::Dependencies.verbose = true
+```
+
+### Where is a Given Autoload Triggered?
+
+If constant `Foo` is being autoloaded, and you'd like to know where is that autoload coming from, just throw
+
+```ruby
+puts caller
+```
+
+at the top of `foo.rb` and inspect the printed stack trace.
+
+### Which Constants Have Been Autoloaded?
+
+At any given time,
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded_constants
+```
+
+has the collection of constants that have been autoloaded so far.
diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
index 67b097f2ae..3f013fff3a 100644
--- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ For instance, it will not impact low-level caching, that we address
 ### Page Caching
 
 Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page
-to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX) without having to go
+to be fulfilled by the web server (i.e. Apache or NGINX) without having to go
 through the entire Rails stack. While this is super fast it can't be applied to
 every situation (such as pages that need authentication). Also, because the
-webserver is serving a file directly from the filesystem you will need to
+web server is serving a file directly from the filesystem you will need to
 implement cache expiration.
 
 INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching).
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_cachi
 
 Page Caching cannot be used for actions that have before filters - for example, pages that require authentication. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except the incoming web request hits the Rails stack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restrictions to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.
 
-INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](https://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
 
 ### Fragment Caching
 
@@ -295,14 +295,14 @@ Consider the following example. An application has a `Product` model with an ins
 ```ruby
 class Product < ApplicationRecord
   def competing_price
-    Rails.cache.fetch("#{cache_key}/competing_price", expires_in: 12.hours) do
+    Rails.cache.fetch("#{cache_key_with_version}/competing_price", expires_in: 12.hours) do
       Competitor::API.find_price(id)
     end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: Notice that in this example we used the `cache_key_with_version` method, so the resulting cache key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key_with_version` generates a string based on the model's `id` and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key.
+NOTE: Notice that in this example we used the `cache_key_with_version` method, so the resulting cache key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key_with_version` generates a string based on the model's class name, `id`, and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key.
 
 ### SQL Caching
 
diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md
index bbebf97c3f..4681574edd 100644
--- a/guides/source/command_line.md
+++ b/guides/source/command_line.md
@@ -92,6 +92,28 @@ $ rails new commandsapp
 
 Rails will set you up with what seems like a huge amount of stuff for such a tiny command! You've got the entire Rails directory structure now with all the code you need to run our simple application right out of the box.
 
+If you wish to skip some files or components from being generated, you can append the following arguments to your `rails new` command:
+
+| Argument                | Description                                                 |
+| ----------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `--skip-gemfile`        | Don't create a Gemfile                                      |
+| `--skip-git`            | Skip .gitignore file                                        |
+| `--skip-keeps`          | Skip source control .keep files                             |
+| `--skip-action-mailer`  | Skip Action Mailer files                                    |
+| `--skip-action-text`    | Skip Action Text gem                                        |
+| `--skip-active-record`  | Skip Active Record files                                    |
+| `--skip-active-storage` | Skip Active Storage files                                   |
+| `--skip-puma`           | Skip Puma related files                                     |
+| `--skip-action-cable`   | Skip Action Cable files                                     |
+| `--skip-sprockets`      | Skip Sprockets files                                        |
+| `--skip-spring`         | Don't install Spring application preloader                  |
+| `--skip-listen`         | Don't generate configuration that depends on the listen gem |
+| `--skip-javascript`     | Skip JavaScript files                                       |
+| `--skip-turbolinks`     | Skip turbolinks gem                                         |
+| `--skip-test`           | Skip test files                                             |
+| `--skip-system-test`    | Skip system test files                                      |
+| `--skip-bootsnap`       | Skip bootsnap gem                                           |
+
 ### `rails server`
 
 The `rails server` command launches a web server named Puma which comes bundled with Rails. You'll use this any time you want to access your application through a web browser.
@@ -238,17 +260,20 @@ Usage:
 
 ...
 
-Active Record options:
-      [--migration]            # Indicates when to generate migration
-                               # Default: true
+ActiveRecord options:
+      [--migration], [--no-migration]        # Indicates when to generate migration
+                                             # Default: true
 
 ...
 
 Description:
-    Create rails files for model generator.
+    Stubs out a new model. Pass the model name, either CamelCased or
+    under_scored, and an optional list of attribute pairs as arguments.
+
+...
 ```
 
-NOTE: For a list of available field types for the `type` parameter, refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_column) for the add_column method for the `SchemaStatements` module. The `index` parameter generates a corresponding index for the column.
+NOTE: For a list of available field types for the `type` parameter, refer to the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_column) for the add_column method for the `SchemaStatements` module. The `index` parameter generates a corresponding index for the column.
 
 But instead of generating a model directly (which we'll be doing later), let's set up a scaffold. A **scaffold** in Rails is a full set of model, database migration for that model, controller to manipulate it, views to view and manipulate the data, and a test suite for each of the above.
 
@@ -257,7 +282,7 @@ We will set up a simple resource called "HighScore" that will keep track of our
 ```bash
 $ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
     invoke  active_record
-    create    db/migrate/20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb
+    create    db/migrate/20190416145729_create_high_scores.rb
     create    app/models/high_score.rb
     invoke    test_unit
     create      test/models/high_score_test.rb
@@ -275,20 +300,19 @@ $ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
     create      app/views/high_scores/_form.html.erb
     invoke    test_unit
     create      test/controllers/high_scores_controller_test.rb
+    create      test/system/high_scores_test.rb
     invoke    helper
     create      app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
+    invoke      test_unit
     invoke    jbuilder
     create      app/views/high_scores/index.json.jbuilder
     create      app/views/high_scores/show.json.jbuilder
-    invoke  test_unit
-    create    test/system/high_scores_test.rb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/_high_score.json.jbuilder
     invoke  assets
-    invoke    coffee
-    create      app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.coffee
     invoke    scss
     create      app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.scss
     invoke  scss
-   identical    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss
+    create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss
 ```
 
 The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the `high_scores` table and fields), takes care of the route for the **resource**, and new tests for everything.
@@ -344,7 +368,7 @@ irb(main):001:0>
 
 Inside the `rails console` you have access to the `app` and `helper` instances.
 
-With the `app` method you can access url and path helpers, as well as do requests.
+With the `app` method you can access URL and path helpers, as well as do requests.
 
 ```bash
 >> app.root_path
@@ -481,6 +505,22 @@ lib/school.rb:
   * [ 17] [FIXME]
 ```
 
+#### Tags
+
+You can add more default tags to search for by using `config.annotations.register_tags`. It receives a list of tags.
+
+```ruby
+config.annotations.register_tags("DEPRECATEME", "TESTME")
+```
+
+```bash
+$ rails notes
+app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
+  * [ 20] [TODO] do A/B testing on this
+  * [ 42] [TESTME] this needs more functional tests
+  * [132] [DEPRECATEME] ensure this method is deprecated in next release
+```
+
 #### Directories
 
 You can add more default directories to search from by using `config.annotations.register_directories`. It receives a list of directory names.
@@ -606,7 +646,7 @@ $ rails "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
 $ rails db:nothing
 ```
 
-NOTE: If your need to interact with your application models, perform database queries, and so on, your task should depend on the `environment` task, which will load your application code.
+NOTE: If you need to interact with your application models, perform database queries, and so on, your task should depend on the `environment` task, which will load your application code.
 
 The Rails Advanced Command Line
 -------------------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md
index de6766e12e..ded985debe 100644
--- a/guides/source/configuring.md
+++ b/guides/source/configuring.md
@@ -64,10 +64,12 @@ These configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such
 
 * `config.autoload_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants. Default is all directories under `app`. It is no longer recommended to adjust this. See [Autoloading and Reloading Constants](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html#autoload-paths-and-eager-load-paths)
 
+* `config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path` says whether autoload paths have to be added to `$LOAD_PATH`. This flag is `true` by default, but it is recommended to be set to `false` in `:zeitwerk` mode early, in `config/application.rb`. Zeitwerk uses absolute paths internally, and applications running in `:zeitwerk` mode do not need `require_dependency`, so models, controllers, jobs, etc. do not need to be in `$LOAD_PATH`. Setting this to `false` saves Ruby from checking these directories when resolving `require` calls with relative paths, and saves Bootsnap work and RAM, since it does not need to build an index for them.
+
 * `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to `false` in development mode, and `true` in test and production modes.
 
 * `config.beginning_of_week` sets the default beginning of week for the
-application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
+application. Accepts a valid day of week as a symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
 
 * `config.cache_store` configures which cache store to use for Rails caching. Options include one of the symbols `:memory_store`, `:file_store`, `:mem_cache_store`, `:null_store`, `:redis_cache_store`, or an object that implements the cache API. Defaults to `:file_store`.
 
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
     end
     ```
 
+* `config.disable_sandbox` controls whether or not someone can start a console in sandbox mode. This is helpful to avoid a long running session of sandbox console, that could lead a database server to run out of memory. Defaults to false.
+
 * `config.eager_load` when `true`, eager loads all registered `config.eager_load_namespaces`. This includes your application, engines, Rails frameworks, and any other registered namespace.
 
 * `config.eager_load_namespaces` registers namespaces that are eager loaded when `config.eager_load` is `true`. All namespaces in the list must respond to the `eager_load!` method.
@@ -106,7 +110,7 @@ application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
 you don't want shown in the logs, such as passwords or credit card
 numbers. It also filters out sensitive values of database columns when call `#inspect` on an Active Record object. By default, Rails filters out passwords by adding `Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:password]` in `config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb`. Parameters filter works by partial matching regular expression.
 
-* `config.force_ssl` forces all requests to be served over HTTPS by using the `ActionDispatch::SSL` middleware, and sets `config.action_mailer.default_url_options` to be `{ protocol: 'https' }`. This can be configured by setting `config.ssl_options` - see the [ActionDispatch::SSL documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/SSL.html) for details.
+* `config.force_ssl` forces all requests to be served over HTTPS by using the `ActionDispatch::SSL` middleware, and sets `config.action_mailer.default_url_options` to be `{ protocol: 'https' }`. This can be configured by setting `config.ssl_options` - see the [ActionDispatch::SSL documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/SSL.html) for details.
 
 * `config.log_formatter` defines the formatter of the Rails logger. This option defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter` for all modes. If you are setting a value for `config.logger` you must manually pass the value of your formatter to your logger before it is wrapped in an `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging` instance, Rails will not do it for you.
 
@@ -135,9 +139,13 @@ defaults to `:debug` for all environments. The available log levels are: `:debug
 
 * `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` enables or disables reloading of classes only when tracked files change. By default tracks everything on autoload paths and is set to `true`. If `config.cache_classes` is `true`, this option is ignored.
 
+* `config.credentials.content_path` configures lookup path for encrypted credentials.
+
+* `config.credentials.key_path` configures lookup path for encryption key.
+
 * `secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get a random generated key in test and development environments, other environments should set one in `config/credentials.yml.enc`.
 
-* `config.public_file_server.enabled` configures Rails to serve static files from the public directory. This option defaults to `true`, but in the production environment it is set to `false` because the server software (e.g. NGINX or Apache) used to run the application should serve static files instead. If you are running or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick (it is not recommended to use WEBrick in production) set the option to `true.` Otherwise, you won't be able to use page caching and request for files that exist under the public directory.
+* `config.public_file_server.enabled` configures Rails to serve static files from the public directory. This option defaults to `true`, but in the production environment it is set to `false` because the server software (e.g. NGINX or Apache) used to run the application should serve static files instead. If you are running or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick (it is not recommended to use WEBrick in production) set the option to `true`. Otherwise, you won't be able to use page caching and request for files that exist under the public directory.
 
 * `config.session_store` specifies what class to use to store the session. Possible values are `:cookie_store` which is the default, `:mem_cache_store`, and `:disabled`. The last one tells Rails not to deal with sessions. Defaults to a cookie store with application name as the session key. Custom session stores can also be specified:
 
@@ -149,6 +157,13 @@ defaults to `:debug` for all environments. The available log levels are: `:debug
 
 * `config.time_zone` sets the default time zone for the application and enables time zone awareness for Active Record.
 
+* `config.autoloader` sets the autoloading mode. This option defaults to `:zeitwerk` if `6.0` is specified in `config.load_defaults`. Applications can still use the classic autoloader by setting this value to `:classic` after loading the framework defaults:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.load_defaults "6.0"
+    config.autoloader = :classic
+    ```
+
 ### Configuring Assets
 
 * `config.assets.enabled` a flag that controls whether the asset
@@ -304,7 +319,7 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
 
 ### Configuring Active Model
 
-* `config.active_model.i18n_full_message` is a boolean value which controls whether the `full_message` error format can be overridden at the attribute or model level in the locale files. This is `false` by default.
+* `config.active_model.i18n_customize_full_message` is a boolean value which controls whether the `full_message` error format can be overridden at the attribute or model level in the locale files. This is `false` by default.
 
 ### Configuring Active Record
 
@@ -338,7 +353,7 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
 
 * `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` controls whether Active Record will use optimistic locking and is `true` by default.
 
-* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:nsec`.
+* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:usec`.
 
 * `config.active_record.record_timestamps` is a boolean value which controls whether or not timestamping of `create` and `update` operations on a model occur. The default value is `true`.
 
@@ -375,6 +390,12 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
   having to send a query to the database to get this information.
   Defaults to `true`.
 
+* `config.active_record.collection_cache_versioning` enables the same cache key
+  to be reused when the object being cached of type `ActiveRecord::Relation`
+  changes by moving the volatile information (max updated at and count) of
+  the relation's cache key into the cache version to support recycling cache key.
+  Defaults to `false`.
+
 The MySQL adapter adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.emulate_booleans` controls whether Active Record will consider all `tinyint(1)` columns as booleans. Defaults to `true`.
@@ -387,28 +408,6 @@ The PostgreSQL adapter adds one additional configuration option:
   highly recommended that you do not enable this in a production environment.
   Defaults to `false` in all environments.
 
-The SQLite3Adapter adapter adds one additional configuration option:
-
-* `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer`
-indicates whether boolean values are stored in sqlite3 databases as 1 and 0 or
-'t' and 'f'. Leaving `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer`
-set to false is deprecated. SQLite databases have used 't' and 'f' to serialize
-boolean values and must have old data converted to 1 and 0 (its native boolean
-serialization) before setting this flag to true. Conversion can be accomplished
-by setting up a Rake task which runs
-
-    ```ruby
-    ExampleModel.where("boolean_column = 't'").update_all(boolean_column: 1)
-    ExampleModel.where("boolean_column = 'f'").update_all(boolean_column: 0)
-    ```
-
-  for all models and all boolean columns, after which the flag must be set to true
-by adding the following to your `application.rb` file:
-
-    ```ruby
-    Rails.application.config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer = true
-    ```
-
 The schema dumper adds two additional configuration options:
 
 * `ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables` accepts an array of tables that should _not_ be included in any generated schema file.
@@ -425,7 +424,7 @@ The schema dumper adds two additional configuration options:
 
 * `config.action_controller.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets rather than the application server itself.
 
-* `config.action_controller.perform_caching` configures whether the application should perform the caching features provided by the Action Controller component or not. Set to `false` in development mode, `true` in production.
+* `config.action_controller.perform_caching` configures whether the application should perform the caching features provided by the Action Controller component or not. Set to `false` in development mode, `true` in production. If it's not specified, the default will be `true`.
 
 * `config.action_controller.default_static_extension` configures the extension used for cached pages. Defaults to `.html`.
 
@@ -441,7 +440,7 @@ The schema dumper adds two additional configuration options:
 
 * `config.action_controller.per_form_csrf_tokens` configures whether CSRF tokens are only valid for the method/action they were generated for.
 
-* `config.action_controller.default_protect_from_forgery` determines whether forgery protection is added on `ActionController:Base`. This is false by default, but enabled when loading defaults for Rails 5.2.
+* `config.action_controller.default_protect_from_forgery` determines whether forgery protection is added on `ActionController:Base`. This is false by default.
 
 * `config.action_controller.relative_url_root` can be used to tell Rails that you are [deploying to a subdirectory](configuring.html#deploy-to-a-subdirectory-relative-url-root). The default is `ENV['RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT']`.
 
@@ -554,6 +553,10 @@ Defaults to `'signed cookie'`.
 
   Any exceptions that are not configured will be mapped to 500 Internal Server Error.
 
+* `config.action_dispatch.return_only_media_type_on_content_type` change the
+  return value of `ActionDispatch::Response#content_type` to the Content-Type
+  header without modification. Defaults to `false`.
+
 * `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before` takes a block of code to run before the request.
 
 * `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after` takes a block of code to run after the request.
@@ -599,7 +602,7 @@ Defaults to `'signed cookie'`.
     The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/articles/_article.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/articles/_article.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `ArticlesController`.
 
 * `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` determines whether an
-  error should be raised for missing translations.
+  error should be raised for missing translations. This defaults to `false`.
 
 * `config.action_view.automatically_disable_submit_tag` determines whether
   `submit_tag` should automatically disable on click, this defaults to `true`.
@@ -608,16 +611,32 @@ Defaults to `'signed cookie'`.
 
 * `config.action_view.form_with_generates_remote_forms` determines whether `form_with` generates remote forms or not. This defaults to `true`.
 
-* `config.action_view.form_with_generates_ids` determines whether `form_with` generates ids on inputs. This defaults to `true`.
+* `config.action_view.form_with_generates_ids` determines whether `form_with` generates ids on inputs. This defaults to `false`.
 
 * `config.action_view.default_enforce_utf8` determines whether forms are generated with a hidden tag that forces older versions of Internet Explorer to submit forms encoded in UTF-8. This defaults to `false`.
 
-* `config.action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods` determines
-  whether the methods on `ActionView::CompiledTemplates` that templates
-  compile themselves to are removed when template instances are
-  destroyed by the garbage collector. This helps prevent memory leaks in
-  development mode, but for large test suites, disabling this option in
-  the test environment can improve performance. This defaults to `true`.
+
+### Configuring Action Mailbox
+
+`config.action_mailbox` provides the following configuration options:
+
+* `config.action_mailbox.logger` contains the logger used by Action Mailbox. It accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class. The default is `Rails.logger`.
+
+  ```ruby
+  config.action_mailbox.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
+  ```
+
+* `config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after` accepts an `ActiveSupport::Duration` indicating how long after processing `ActionMailbox::InboundEmail` records should be destroyed. It defaults to `30.days`.
+
+   ```ruby
+   # Incinerate inbound emails 14 days after processing.
+   config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after = 14.days
+   ```
+
+* `config.action_mailbox.queues.incineration` accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for incineration jobs. It defaults to `:action_mailbox_incineration`.
+
+* `config.action_mailbox.queues.routing` accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for routing jobs. It defaults to `:action_mailbox_routing`.
+
 
 ### Configuring Action Mailer
 
@@ -696,7 +715,9 @@ There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`:
 * `config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name` specifies the queue name for
   mailers. By default this is `mailers`.
 
-* `config.action_mailer.perform_caching` specifies whether the mailer templates should perform fragment caching or not. By default this is `false` in all environments.
+* `config.action_mailer.perform_caching` specifies whether the mailer templates should perform fragment caching or not. If it's not specified, the default will be `true`.
+
+* `config.action_mailer.delivery_job` specifies delivery job for mail. Defaults to `ActionMailer::DeliveryJob`.
 
 
 ### Configuring Active Support
@@ -715,7 +736,7 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * `config.active_support.use_sha1_digests` specifies whether to use SHA-1 instead of MD5 to generate non-sensitive digests, such as the ETag header. Defaults to false.
 
-* `config.active_support.use_authenticated_message_encryption` specifies whether to use AES-256-GCM authenticated encryption as the default cipher for encrypting messages instead of AES-256-CBC. This is false by default, but enabled when loading defaults for Rails 5.2.
+* `config.active_support.use_authenticated_message_encryption` specifies whether to use AES-256-GCM authenticated encryption as the default cipher for encrypting messages instead of AES-256-CBC. This is false by default.
 
 * `ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer` is set to `false` to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is `true`.
 
@@ -725,13 +746,13 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence` takes a block in which all deprecation warnings are silenced.
 
-* `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silenced` sets whether or not to display deprecation warnings.
+* `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silenced` sets whether or not to display deprecation warnings. The default is `false`.
 
 ### Configuring Active Job
 
 `config.active_job` provides the following configuration options:
 
-* `config.active_job.queue_adapter` sets the adapter for the queuing backend. The default adapter is `:async`. For an up-to-date list of built-in adapters see the [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+* `config.active_job.queue_adapter` sets the adapter for the queuing backend. The default adapter is `:async`. For an up-to-date list of built-in adapters see the [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
 
     ```ruby
     # Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile
@@ -782,6 +803,8 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * `config.active_job.custom_serializers` allows to set custom argument serializers. Defaults to `[]`.
 
+* `config.active_job.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue` change the return value of `#enqueue` to false instead of the job instance when the enqueuing is aborted. Defaults to `false`.
+
 ### Configuring Action Cable
 
 * `config.action_cable.url` accepts a string for the URL for where
@@ -793,6 +816,9 @@ main application.
 You can set this as nil to not mount Action Cable as part of your
 normal Rails server.
 
+You can find more detailed configuration options in the
+[Action Cable Overview](action_cable_overview.html#configuration).
+
 
 ### Configuring Active Storage
 
@@ -813,15 +839,27 @@ normal Rails server.
    config.active_storage.paths[:ffprobe] = '/usr/local/bin/ffprobe'
    ```
 
-* `config.active_storage.variable_content_types` accepts an array of strings indicating the content types that Active Storage can transform through ImageMagick. The default is `%w(image/png image/gif image/jpg image/jpeg image/vnd.adobe.photoshop image/vnd.microsoft.icon)`.
+* `config.active_storage.variable_content_types` accepts an array of strings indicating the content types that Active Storage can transform through ImageMagick. The default is `%w(image/png image/gif image/jpg image/jpeg image/pjpeg image/tiff image/bmp image/vnd.adobe.photoshop image/vnd.microsoft.icon)`.
 
 * `config.active_storage.content_types_to_serve_as_binary` accepts an array of strings indicating the content types that Active Storage will always serve as an attachment, rather than inline. The default is `%w(text/html
-text/javascript image/svg+xml application/postscript application/x-shockwave-flash text/xml application/xml application/xhtml+xml)`.
+text/javascript image/svg+xml application/postscript application/x-shockwave-flash text/xml application/xml application/xhtml+xml application/mathml+xml text/cache-manifest)`.
+
+* `config.active_storage.queues.analysis` accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for analysis jobs. When this option is `nil`, analysis jobs are sent to the default Active Job queue (see `config.active_job.default_queue_name`).
+
+   ```ruby
+   config.active_storage.queues.analysis = :low_priority
+   ```
+
+* `config.active_storage.queues.purge` accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for purge jobs. When this option is `nil`, purge jobs are sent to the default Active Job queue (see `config.active_job.default_queue_name`).
+
+  ```ruby
+  config.active_storage.queues.purge = :low_priority
+  ```
 
-* `config.active_storage.queue` can be used to set the name of the Active Job queue used to perform jobs like analyzing the content of a blob or purging a blog.
+* `config.active_storage.queues.mirror` accepts a symbol indicating the Active Job queue to use for direct upload mirroring jobs. The default is `:active_storage_mirror`.
 
   ```ruby
-  config.active_storage.queue = :low_priority
+  config.active_storage.queues.mirror = :low_priority
   ```
 
 * `config.active_storage.logger` can be used to set the logger used by Active Storage. Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class.
@@ -843,7 +881,48 @@ text/javascript image/svg+xml application/postscript application/x-shockwave-fla
   config.active_storage.routes_prefix = '/files'
   ```
 
-  The default is `/rails/active_storage`
+  The default is `/rails/active_storage`.
+
+* `config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many` determines whether assigning to a collection of attachments declared with `has_many_attached` replaces any existing attachments or appends to them. The default is `true`.
+
+* `config.active_storage.draw_routes` can be used to toggle Active Storage route generation. The default is `true`.
+
+### Results of `load_defaults`
+
+#### With '5.0':
+
+- `config.action_controller.per_form_csrf_tokens`: `true`
+- `config.action_controller.forgery_protection_origin_check`: `true`
+- `ActiveSupport.to_time_preserves_timezone`: `true`
+- `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default`: `true`
+- `config.ssl_options`: `{ hsts: { subdomains: true } }`
+
+#### With '5.1':
+
+- `config.assets.unknown_asset_fallback`: `false`
+- `config.action_view.form_with_generates_remote_forms`: `true`
+
+#### With '5.2':
+
+- `config.active_record.cache_versioning`: `true`
+- `config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption`: `true`
+- `config.active_support.use_authenticated_message_encryption`: `true`
+- `config.active_support.use_sha1_digests`: `true`
+- `config.action_controller.default_protect_from_forgery`: `true`
+- `config.action_view.form_with_generates_ids`: `true`
+
+#### With '6.0':
+
+- `config.autoloader`: `:zeitwerk`
+- `config.action_view.default_enforce_utf8`: `false`
+- `config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata`: `true`
+- `config.action_dispatch.return_only_media_type_on_content_type`: `false`
+- `config.action_mailer.delivery_job`: `"ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob"`
+- `config.active_job.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue`: `true`
+- `config.active_storage.queues.analysis`: `:active_storage_analysis`
+- `config.active_storage.queues.purge`: `:active_storage_purge`
+- `config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many`: `true`
+- `config.active_record.collection_cache_versioning`: `true`
 
 ### Configuring a Database
 
@@ -1116,7 +1195,7 @@ Imagine you have a server which mirrors the production environment but is only u
 That environment is no different than the default ones, start a server with `rails server -e staging`, a console with `rails console -e staging`, `Rails.env.staging?` works, etc.
 
 
-### Deploy to a subdirectory (relative url root)
+### Deploy to a subdirectory (relative URL root)
 
 By default Rails expects that your application is running at the root
 (eg. `/`). This section explains how to run your application inside a directory.
@@ -1195,6 +1274,8 @@ Using Initializer Files
 
 After loading the framework and any gems in your application, Rails turns to loading initializers. An initializer is any Ruby file stored under `config/initializers` in your application. You can use initializers to hold configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks and gems are loaded, such as options to configure settings for these parts.
 
+NOTE: There is no guarantee that your initializers will run after all the gem initializers, so any initialization code that depends on a given gem having been initialized should go into a `config.after_initialize` block.
+
 NOTE: You can use subfolders to organize your initializers if you like, because Rails will look into the whole file hierarchy from the initializers folder on down.
 
 TIP: While Rails supports numbering of initializer file names for load ordering purposes, a better technique is to place any code that need to load in a specific order within the same file. This reduces file name churn, makes dependencies more explicit, and can help surface new concepts within your application.
@@ -1402,7 +1483,7 @@ Custom configuration
 You can configure your own code through the Rails configuration object with
 custom configuration under either the `config.x` namespace, or `config` directly.
 The key difference between these two is that you should be using `config.x` if you
-are defining _nested_ configuration (ex: `config.x.nested.nested.hi`), and just
+are defining _nested_ configuration (ex: `config.x.nested.hi`), and just
 `config` for _single level_ configuration (ex: `config.hello`).
 
   ```ruby
@@ -1465,7 +1546,7 @@ Disallow: /
 ```
 
 To block just specific pages, it's necessary to use a more complex syntax. Learn
-it on the [official documentation](http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html).
+it on the [official documentation](https://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html).
 
 Evented File System Monitor
 ---------------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
index 709a5146e9..9c28ff6a9c 100644
--- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How to contribute to the Ruby on Rails documentation.
 * How to contribute to the Ruby on Rails code.
 
-Ruby on Rails is not "someone else's framework." Over the years, thousands of people have contributed to Ruby on Rails ranging from a single character to massive architectural changes or significant documentation - all with the goal of making Ruby on Rails better for everyone. Even if you don't feel up to writing code or documentation yet, there are a variety of other ways that you can contribute, from reporting issues to testing patches.
+Ruby on Rails is not "someone else's framework". Over the years, thousands of people have contributed to Ruby on Rails ranging from a single character to massive architectural changes or significant documentation - all with the goal of making Ruby on Rails better for everyone. Even if you don't feel up to writing code or documentation yet, there are a variety of other ways that you can contribute, from reporting issues to testing patches.
 
 As mentioned in [Rails'
-README](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/README.md), everyone interacting in Rails and its sub-projects' codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the Rails [code of conduct](http://rubyonrails.org/conduct/).
+README](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/README.md), everyone interacting in Rails and its sub-projects' codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the Rails [code of conduct](https://rubyonrails.org/conduct/).
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ You can then share your executable test case as a [gist](https://gist.github.com
 
 ### Special Treatment for Security Issues
 
-WARNING: Please do not report security vulnerabilities with public GitHub issue reports. The [Rails security policy page](http://rubyonrails.org/security) details the procedure to follow for security issues.
+WARNING: Please do not report security vulnerabilities with public GitHub issue reports. The [Rails security policy page](https://rubyonrails.org/security) details the procedure to follow for security issues.
 
 ### What about Feature Requests?
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ a patch, please send an email to the [rails-core mailing
 list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core). You
 might get no response, which means that everyone is indifferent. You might find
 someone who's also interested in building that feature. You might get a "This
-won't be accepted." But it's the proper place to discuss new ideas. GitHub
+won't be accepted". But it's the proper place to discuss new ideas. GitHub
 Issues are not a particularly good venue for the sometimes long and involved
 discussions new features require.
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ changes to the master branch.
 
 When working with documentation, please take into account the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html) and the [Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines](ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html).
 
-NOTE: To help our CI servers you should add [ci skip] to your documentation commit message to skip build on that commit. Please remember to use it for commits containing only documentation changes.
+NOTE: For documentation changes, your commit message should include [ci skip]. This will skip running the test suite, helping us to cut down on our server costs. Keep in mind that you should only skip CI when your change touches documentation exclusively.
 
 Translating Rails Guides
 ------------------------
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 
 * Two spaces, no tabs (for indentation).
 * No trailing whitespace. Blank lines should not have any spaces.
-* Indent after private/protected.
+* Indent and no blank line after private/protected.
 * Use Ruby >= 1.9 syntax for hashes. Prefer `{ a: :b }` over `{ :a => :b }`.
 * Prefer `&&`/`||` over `and`/`or`.
 * Prefer class << self over self.method for class methods.
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ the recommended workflow with the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails
 As a compromise, test what your code obviously affects, and if the change is
 not in railties, run the whole test suite of the affected component. If all
 tests are passing, that's enough to propose your contribution. We have
-[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails) as a safety net for catching
+[Buildkite](https://buildkite.com/rails/rails) as a safety net for catching
 unexpected breakages elsewhere.
 
 #### Entire Rails:
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ $ TEST_DIR=generators bundle exec rake test
 You can run the tests for a particular file by using:
 
 ```bash
-$ cd actionpack
+$ cd actionview
 $ bundle exec ruby -w -Itest test/template/form_helper_test.rb
 ```
 
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ To run a single test against all adapters, use:
 $ bundle exec rake TEST=test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
 ```
 
-You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
+You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests.
 
 ### Warnings
 
@@ -677,11 +677,11 @@ $ git apply ~/my_changes.patch
 
 This works well for simple changes. However, if your changes are complicated or if the code in master has deviated significantly from your target branch, it might require more work on your part. The difficulty of a backport varies greatly from case to case, and sometimes it is simply not worth the effort.
 
-Once you have resolved all conflicts and made sure all the tests are passing, push your changes and open a separate pull request for your backport. It is also worth noting that older branches might have a different set of build targets than master. When possible, it is best to first test your backport locally against the Ruby versions listed in `.travis.yml` before submitting your pull request.
+Once you have resolved all conflicts and made sure all the tests are passing, push your changes and open a separate pull request for your backport. It is also worth noting that older branches might have a different set of build targets than master. When possible, it is best to first test your backport locally against the oldest Ruby version permitted by the target branch's `rails.gemspec` before submitting your pull request.
 
 And then... think about your next contribution!
 
 Rails Contributors
 ------------------
 
-All contributions get credit in [Rails Contributors](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org).
+All contributions get credit in [Rails Contributors](https://contributors.rubyonrails.org).
diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
index 3a383cbd4d..170c22905b 100644
--- a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
+++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ TIP: The default Rails log level is `debug` in all environments.
 
 ### Sending Messages
 
-To write in the current log use the `logger.(debug|info|warn|error|fatal)` method from within a controller, model, or mailer:
+To write in the current log use the `logger.(debug|info|warn|error|fatal|unknown)` method from within a controller, model, or mailer:
 
 ```ruby
 logger.debug "Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"
@@ -962,15 +962,8 @@ Plugins for Debugging
 There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your
 application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging:
 
-* [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has
-footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via
-TextMate.
 * [Query Trace](https://github.com/ruckus/active-record-query-trace/tree/master) Adds query
 origin tracing to your logs.
-* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This Rails plugin
-not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but
-provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of
-warnings for each query that it analyzed.
 * [Exception Notifier](https://github.com/smartinez87/exception_notification/tree/master)
 Provides a mailer object and a default set of templates for sending email
 notifications when errors occur in a Rails application.
diff --git a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
index d52946be08..e84e5561f2 100644
--- a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
+++ b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ To install all run:
 # portmaster databases/redis
 ```
 
-Or install everyting through ports (these packages are located under the
+Or install everything through ports (these packages are located under the
 `databases` folder).
 
 NOTE: If you run into troubles during the installation of MySQL, please see
@@ -227,7 +227,6 @@ If you're using another database, check the file `activerecord/test/config.yml`
 If you installed Yarn, you will need to install the javascript dependencies:
 
 ```bash
-$ cd activestorage
 $ yarn install
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml
index 25c159d471..da11236064 100644
--- a/guides/source/documents.yaml
+++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml
@@ -74,7 +74,17 @@
     -
       name: Action Mailer Basics
       url: action_mailer_basics.html
-      description: This guide describes how to use Action Mailer to send and receive emails.
+      description: This guide describes how to use Action Mailer to send emails.
+    -
+      name: Action Mailbox Basics
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: action_mailbox_basics.html
+      description: This guide describes how to use Action Mailbox to receive emails.
+    -
+      name: Action Text Overview
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: action_text_overview.html
+      description: This guide describes how to use Action Text to handle rich text content.
     -
       name: Active Job Basics
       url: active_job_basics.html
@@ -129,9 +139,13 @@
       url: initialization.html
       description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process.
     -
-      name: Autoloading and Reloading Constants
+      name: Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Zeitwerk Mode)
       url: autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html
-      description: This guide documents how autoloading and reloading constants work.
+      description: This guide documents how autoloading and reloading constants work (Zeitwerk mode).
+    -
+      name: Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Classic Mode)
+      url: autoloading_and_reloading_constants_classic_mode.html
+      description: This guide documents how autoloading and reloading constants work (Classic mode).
     -
       name: "Caching with Rails: An Overview"
       url: caching_with_rails.html
@@ -145,6 +159,16 @@
       name: Using Rails for API-only Applications
       url: api_app.html
       description: This guide explains how to effectively use Rails to develop a JSON API application.
+    -
+      name: Active Record and PostgreSQL
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: active_record_postgresql.html
+      description: This guide covers PostgreSQL specific usage of Active Record.
+    -
+      name: Multiple Databases with Active Record
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: active_record_multiple_databases.html
+      description: This guide covers using multiple databases in your application.
 
 -
   name: Extending Rails
@@ -178,7 +202,7 @@
     -
       name: Contributing to Ruby on Rails
       url: contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html
-      description: Rails is not 'somebody else's framework.' This guide covers a variety of ways that you can get involved in the ongoing development of Rails.
+      description: Rails is not "someone else's framework". This guide covers a variety of ways that you can get involved in the ongoing development of Rails.
     -
       name: API Documentation Guidelines
       url: api_documentation_guidelines.html
diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md
index 1e93a19c84..8961a079b5 100644
--- a/guides/source/engines.md
+++ b/guides/source/engines.md
@@ -217,12 +217,10 @@ important parts about namespacing, and is discussed later in the
 #### `app` Directory
 
 Inside the `app` directory are the standard `assets`, `controllers`, `helpers`,
-`mailers`, `models` and `views` directories that you should be familiar with
-from an application. The `helpers`, `mailers` and `models` directories are
-empty, so they aren't described in this section. We'll look more into models in
-a future section, when we're writing the engine.
+`jobs`, `mailers`, `models`, and `views` directories that you should be familiar with
+from an application. We'll look more into models in a future section, when we're writing the engine.
 
-Within the `app/assets` directory, there are the `images`, `javascripts` and
+Within the `app/assets` directory, there are the `images` and
 `stylesheets` directories which, again, you should be familiar with due to their
 similarity to an application. One difference here, however, is that each
 directory contains a sub-directory with the engine name. Because this engine is
@@ -261,6 +259,30 @@ WARNING: Don't use `require` because it will break the automatic reloading of cl
 in the development environment - using `require_dependency` ensures that classes are
 loaded and unloaded in the correct manner.
 
+Within the `app/helpers` directory there is a `blorgh` directory that
+contains a file called `application_helper.rb`. This file will provide any
+common functionality for the helpers of the engine. The `blorgh` directory
+is where the other helpers for the engine will go. By placing them within
+this namespaced directory, you prevent them from possibly clashing with
+identically-named helpers within other engines or even within the
+application.
+
+Within the `app/jobs` directory there is a `blorgh` directory that
+contains a file called `application_job.rb`. This file will provide any
+common functionality for the jobs of the engine. The `blorgh` directory
+is where the other jobs for the engine will go. By placing them within
+this namespaced directory, you prevent them from possibly clashing with
+identically-named jobs within other engines or even within the
+application.
+
+Within the `app/mailers` directory there is a `blorgh` directory that
+contains a file called `application_mailer.rb`. This file will provide any
+common functionality for the mailers of the engine. The `blorgh` directory
+is where the other mailers for the engine will go. By placing them within
+this namespaced directory, you prevent them from possibly clashing with
+identically-named mailers within other engines or even within the
+application.
+
 Lastly, the `app/views` directory contains a `layouts` folder, which contains a
 file at `blorgh/application.html.erb`. This file allows you to specify a layout
 for the engine. If this engine is to be used as a stand-alone engine, then you
@@ -347,14 +369,11 @@ create      app/views/blorgh/articles/new.html.erb
 create      app/views/blorgh/articles/_form.html.erb
 invoke    test_unit
 create      test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb
+create      test/system/blorgh/articles_test.rb
 invoke    helper
 create      app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb
-invoke  test_unit
-create    test/application_system_test_case.rb
-create    test/system/articles_test.rb
+invoke      test_unit
 invoke  assets
-invoke    js
-create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js
 invoke    css
 create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css
 invoke  css
@@ -394,9 +413,8 @@ be isolated from those routes that are within the application. The
 Next, the `scaffold_controller` generator is invoked, generating a controller
 called `Blorgh::ArticlesController` (at
 `app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb`) and its related views at
-`app/views/blorgh/articles`. This generator also generates a test for the
-controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb`) and a helper
-(`app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb`).
+`app/views/blorgh/articles`. This generator also generates tests for the
+controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb` and `test/system/blorgh/articles_test.rb`) and a helper (`app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb`).
 
 Everything this generator has created is neatly namespaced. The controller's
 class is defined within the `Blorgh` module:
@@ -425,10 +443,7 @@ end
 This helps prevent conflicts with any other engine or application that may have
 an article resource as well.
 
-Finally, the assets for this resource are generated in two files:
-`app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js` and
-`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css`. You'll see how to use these a little
-later.
+Finally, the assets for this resource are generated in one file: `app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css`. You'll see how to use these a little later.
 
 You can see what the engine has so far by running `rails db:migrate` at the root
 of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then
@@ -579,9 +594,8 @@ invoke  test_unit
 create    test/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller_test.rb
 invoke  helper
 create    app/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper.rb
+invoke    test_unit
 invoke  assets
-invoke    js
-create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/comments.js
 invoke    css
 create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/comments.css
 ```
@@ -1091,16 +1105,15 @@ main Rails application.
 Engine model and controller classes can be extended by open classing them in the
 main Rails application (since model and controller classes are just Ruby classes
 that inherit Rails specific functionality). Open classing an Engine class
-redefines it for use in the main application. This is usually implemented by
-using the decorator pattern.
+redefines it for use in the main application.
 
 For simple class modifications, use `Class#class_eval`. For complex class
 modifications, consider using `ActiveSupport::Concern`.
 
-#### A note on Decorators and Loading Code
+#### A note on Overriding and Loading Code
 
-Because these decorators are not referenced by your Rails application itself,
-Rails' autoloading system will not kick in and load your decorators. This means
+Because these overrides are not referenced by your Rails application itself,
+Rails' autoloading system will not kick in and load your overrides. This means
 that you need to require them yourself.
 
 Here is some sample code to do this:
@@ -1112,7 +1125,7 @@ module Blorgh
     isolate_namespace Blorgh
 
     config.to_prepare do
-      Dir.glob(Rails.root + "app/decorators/**/*_decorator*.rb").each do |c|
+      Dir.glob(Rails.root + "app/overrides/**/*_override*.rb").each do |c|
         require_dependency(c)
       end
     end
@@ -1120,15 +1133,15 @@ module Blorgh
 end
 ```
 
-This doesn't apply to just Decorators, but anything that you add in an engine
+This doesn't apply to just overrides, but anything that you add in an engine
 that isn't referenced by your main application.
 
-#### Implementing Decorator Pattern Using Class#class_eval
+#### Reopening existing classes using Class#class_eval
 
 **Adding** `Article#time_since_created`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/article_decorator.rb
+# MyApp/app/overrides/models/blorgh/article_override.rb
 
 Blorgh::Article.class_eval do
   def time_since_created
@@ -1138,10 +1151,11 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
-
-class Article < ApplicationRecord
-  has_many :comments
+# Blorgh/app/models/blorgh/article.rb
+module Blorgh
+  class Article < ApplicationRecord
+    has_many :comments
+  end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1149,7 +1163,7 @@ end
 **Overriding** `Article#summary`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/article_decorator.rb
+# MyApp/app/overrides/models/blorgh/article_override.rb
 
 Blorgh::Article.class_eval do
   def summary
@@ -1159,21 +1173,22 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
-
-class Article < ApplicationRecord
-  has_many :comments
-  def summary
-    "#{title}"
+# Blorgh/app/models/blorgh/article.rb
+module Blorgh
+  class Article < ApplicationRecord
+    has_many :comments
+    def summary
+      "#{title}"
+    end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-#### Implementing Decorator Pattern Using ActiveSupport::Concern
+#### Reopening existing classes using ActiveSupport::Concern
 
 Using `Class#class_eval` is great for simple adjustments, but for more complex
 class modifications, you might want to consider using [`ActiveSupport::Concern`]
-(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html).
+(https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html).
 ActiveSupport::Concern manages load order of interlinked dependent modules and
 classes at run time allowing you to significantly modularize your code.
 
@@ -1196,10 +1211,11 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
-
-class Article < ApplicationRecord
-  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
+# Blorgh/app/models/blorgh/article.rb
+module Blorgh
+  class Article < ApplicationRecord
+    include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
+  end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1402,7 +1418,7 @@ s.add_development_dependency "moo"
 
 Both kinds of dependencies will be installed when `bundle install` is run inside
 of the application. The development dependencies for the gem will only be used
-when the tests for the engine are running.
+when the development and tests for the engine are running.
 
 Note that if you want to immediately require dependencies when the engine is
 required, you should require them before the engine's initialization. For
@@ -1495,25 +1511,35 @@ These are the hooks you can use in your own code.
 
 To hook into the initialization process of one of the following classes use the available hook.
 
-| Class                             | Available Hooks                      |
-| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
-| `ActionCable`                     | `action_cable`                       |
-| `ActionController::API`           | `action_controller_api`              |
-| `ActionController::API`           | `action_controller`                  |
-| `ActionController::Base`          | `action_controller_base`             |
-| `ActionController::Base`          | `action_controller`                  |
-| `ActionController::TestCase`      | `action_controller_test_case`        |
-| `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` | `action_dispatch_integration_test`   |
-| `ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase`  | `action_dispatch_system_test_case`   |
-| `ActionMailer::Base`              | `action_mailer`                      |
-| `ActionMailer::TestCase`          | `action_mailer_test_case`            |
-| `ActionView::Base`                | `action_view`                        |
-| `ActionView::TestCase`            | `action_view_test_case`              |
-| `ActiveJob::Base`                 | `active_job`                         |
-| `ActiveJob::TestCase`             | `active_job_test_case`               |
-| `ActiveRecord::Base`              | `active_record`                      |
-| `ActiveSupport::TestCase`         | `active_support_test_case`           |
-| `i18n`                            | `i18n`                               |
+| Class                                | Available Hooks                      |
+| -------------------------------------| ------------------------------------ |
+| `ActionCable`                        | `action_cable`                       |
+| `ActionCable::Channel::Base`         | `action_cable_channel`               |
+| `ActionCable::Connection::Base`      | `action_cable_connection`            |
+| `ActionCable::Connection::TestCase`  | `action_cable_connection_test_case`  |
+| `ActionController::API`              | `action_controller_api`              |
+| `ActionController::API`              | `action_controller`                  |
+| `ActionController::Base`             | `action_controller_base`             |
+| `ActionController::Base`             | `action_controller`                  |
+| `ActionController::TestCase`         | `action_controller_test_case`        |
+| `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`    | `action_dispatch_integration_test`   |
+| `ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase`     | `action_dispatch_system_test_case`   |
+| `ActionMailbox::Base`                | `action_mailbox`                     |
+| `ActionMailbox::InboundEmail`        | `action_mailbox_inbound_email`       |
+| `ActionMailbox::TestCase`            | `action_mailbox_test_case`           |
+| `ActionMailer::Base`                 | `action_mailer`                      |
+| `ActionMailer::TestCase`             | `action_mailer_test_case`            |
+| `ActionText::Content`                | `action_text_content`                |
+| `ActionText::RichText`               | `action_text_rich_text`              |
+| `ActionView::Base`                   | `action_view`                        |
+| `ActionView::TestCase`               | `action_view_test_case`              |
+| `ActiveJob::Base`                    | `active_job`                         |
+| `ActiveJob::TestCase`                | `active_job_test_case`               |
+| `ActiveRecord::Base`                 | `active_record`                      |
+| `ActiveStorage::Attachment`          | `active_storage_attachment`          |
+| `ActiveStorage::Blob`                | `active_storage_blob`                |
+| `ActiveSupport::TestCase`            | `active_support_test_case`           |
+| `i18n`                               | `i18n`                               |
 
 ## Configuration hooks
 
@@ -1528,4 +1554,6 @@ These are the available configuration hooks. They do not hook into any particula
 
 ### Example
 
-`config.before_configuration { puts 'I am called before any initializers' }`
+```ruby
+config.before_configuration { puts 'I am called before any initializers' }
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
index b5e2c49487..6418005921 100644
--- a/guides/source/form_helpers.md
+++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-NOTE: This guide is not intended to be a complete documentation of available form helpers and their arguments. Please visit [the Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/) for a complete reference.
+NOTE: This guide is not intended to be a complete documentation of available form helpers and their arguments. Please visit [the Rails API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/) for a complete reference.
 
 Dealing with Basic Forms
 ------------------------
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ value entered by the user for that field. For example, if the form contains
 `<%= text_field_tag(:query) %>`, then you would be able to get the value of this
 field in the controller with `params[:query]`.
 
-When naming inputs, Rails uses certain conventions that make it possible to submit parameters with non-scalar values such as arrays or hashes, which will also be accessible in `params`. You can read more about them in chapter [Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions) of this guide. For details on the precise usage of these helpers, please refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html).
+When naming inputs, Rails uses certain conventions that make it possible to submit parameters with non-scalar values such as arrays or hashes, which will also be accessible in `params`. You can read more about them in chapter [Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions) of this guide. For details on the precise usage of these helpers, please refer to the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html).
 
 #### Checkboxes
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ There are a few things to note here:
 * `@article` is the actual object being edited.
 * There is a single hash of options. HTML options (except `id` and `class`) are passed in the `:html` hash. Also you can provide a `:namespace` option for your form to ensure uniqueness of id attributes on form elements. The scope attribute will be prefixed with underscore on the generated HTML id.
 * The `form_with` method yields a **form builder** object (the `f` variable).
-* If you wish to direct your form request to a particular url, you would use `form_with url: my_nifty_url_path` instead. To see more in depth options on what `form_with` accepts be sure to [check out the API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with).
+* If you wish to direct your form request to a particular URL, you would use `form_with url: my_nifty_url_path` instead. To see more in depth options on what `form_with` accepts be sure to [check out the API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with).
 * Methods to create form controls are called **on** the form builder object `f`.
 
 The resulting HTML is:
@@ -527,13 +527,13 @@ NOTE: Pairs passed to `options_for_select` should have the text first and the va
 
 ### Time Zone and Country Select
 
-To leverage time zone support in Rails, you have to ask your users what time zone they are in. Doing so would require generating select options from a list of pre-defined [`ActiveSupport::TimeZone`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/TimeZone.html) objects using `collection_select`, but you can simply use the `time_zone_select` helper that already wraps this:
+To leverage time zone support in Rails, you have to ask your users what time zone they are in. Doing so would require generating select options from a list of pre-defined [`ActiveSupport::TimeZone`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/TimeZone.html) objects using `collection_select`, but you can simply use the `time_zone_select` helper that already wraps this:
 
 ```erb
 <%= time_zone_select(:person, :time_zone) %>
 ```
 
-There is also `time_zone_options_for_select` helper for a more manual (therefore more customizable) way of doing this. Read the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormOptionsHelper.html#method-i-time_zone_options_for_select) to learn about the possible arguments for these two methods.
+There is also `time_zone_options_for_select` helper for a more manual (therefore more customizable) way of doing this. Read the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormOptionsHelper.html#method-i-time_zone_options_for_select) to learn about the possible arguments for these two methods.
 
 Rails _used_ to have a `country_select` helper for choosing countries, but this has been extracted to the [country_select plugin](https://github.com/stefanpenner/country_select).
 
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ When this is passed to `Person.new` (or `update`), Active Record spots that thes
 
 ### Common Options
 
-Both families of helpers use the same core set of functions to generate the individual select tags and so both accept largely the same options. In particular, by default Rails will generate year options 5 years either side of the current year. If this is not an appropriate range, the `:start_year` and `:end_year` options override this. For an exhaustive list of the available options, refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/DateHelper.html).
+Both families of helpers use the same core set of functions to generate the individual select tags and so both accept largely the same options. In particular, by default Rails will generate year options 5 years either side of the current year. If this is not an appropriate range, the `:start_year` and `:end_year` options override this. For an exhaustive list of the available options, refer to the [API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/DateHelper.html).
 
 As a rule of thumb you should be using `date_select` when working with model objects and `select_date` in other cases, such as a search form which filters results by date.
 
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ Rails provides the usual pair of helpers: the barebones `file_field_tag` and the
 
 ### What Gets Uploaded
 
-The object in the `params` hash is an instance of [`ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Http/UploadedFile.html). The following snippet saves the uploaded file in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file.
+The object in the `params` hash is an instance of [`ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Http/UploadedFile.html). The following snippet saves the uploaded file in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file.
 
 ```ruby
 def upload
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging
 Customizing Form Builders
 -------------------------
 
-The object yielded by `form_with` and `fields_for` is an instance of [`ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormBuilder.html). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also create subclass `ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder` and add the helpers there. For example:
+The object yielded by `form_with` and `fields_for` is an instance of [`ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormBuilder.html). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also create subclass `ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder` and add the helpers there. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= form_with model: @person do |f| %>
diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md
index e2f558d74c..ce45dbb2a7 100644
--- a/guides/source/getting_started.md
+++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ curve diving straight into Rails. There are several curated lists of online reso
 for learning Ruby:
 
 * [Official Ruby Programming Language website](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/)
-* [List of Free Programming Books](https://github.com/vhf/free-programming-books/blob/master/free-programming-books.md#ruby)
+* [List of Free Programming Books](https://github.com/EbookFoundation/free-programming-books/blob/master/free-programming-books.md#ruby)
 
 Be aware that some resources, while still excellent, cover versions of Ruby as old as
 1.6, and commonly 1.8, and will not include some syntax that you will see in day-to-day
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ The Rails philosophy includes two major guiding principles:
 
 * **Don't Repeat Yourself:** DRY is a principle of software development which
   states that "Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative
-  representation within a system." By not writing the same information over and over
+  representation within a system". By not writing the same information over and over
   again, our code is more maintainable, more extensible, and less buggy.
 * **Convention Over Configuration:** Rails has opinions about the best way to do many
   things in a web application, and defaults to this set of conventions, rather than
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ $ ruby -v
 ruby 2.5.0
 ```
 
-Rails requires Ruby version 2.4.1 or later. If the version number returned is
+Rails requires Ruby version 2.5.0 or later. If the version number returned is
 less than that number, you'll need to install a fresh copy of Ruby.
 
 TIP: To quickly install Ruby and Ruby on Rails on your system in Windows, you can use
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ run the following:
 $ rails --version
 ```
 
-If it says something like "Rails 5.2.1", you are ready to continue.
+If it says something like "Rails 6.0.0", you are ready to continue.
 
 ### Creating the Blog Application
 
@@ -205,12 +205,10 @@ $ rails server
 TIP: If you are using Windows, you have to pass the scripts under the `bin`
 folder directly to the Ruby interpreter e.g. `ruby bin\rails server`.
 
-TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript and JavaScript asset compression requires you
+TIP: JavaScript asset compression requires you
 have a JavaScript runtime available on your system, in the absence
-of a runtime you will see an `execjs` error during asset compilation.
+of a runtime you will see an `execjs` error during asset compression.
 Usually macOS and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed.
-Rails adds the `mini_racer` gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a
-commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it.
 `therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by
 default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate
 all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme).
@@ -461,22 +459,19 @@ available, Rails will raise an exception.
 
 Let's look at the full error message again:
 
->ArticlesController#new is missing a template for this request format and variant. request.formats: ["text/html"] request.variant: [] NOTE! For XHR/Ajax or API requests, this action would normally respond with 204 No Content: an empty white screen. Since you're loading it in a web browser, we assume that you expected to actually render a template, not… nothing, so we're showing an error to be extra-clear. If you expect 204 No Content, carry on. That's what you'll get from an XHR or API request. Give it a shot.
+>ArticlesController#new is missing a template for request formats: text/html
 
-That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each
-part of it means.
+>NOTE!
+>Unless told otherwise, Rails expects an action to render a template with the same name, contained in a folder named after its controller. If this controller is an API responding with 204 (No Content), which does not require a template, then this error will occur when trying to access it via browser, since we expect an HTML template to be rendered for such requests. If that's the case, carry on.
 
-The first part identifies which template is missing. In this case, it's the
+The message identifies which template is missing. In this case, it's the
 `articles/new` template. Rails will first look for this template. If not found,
-then it will attempt to load a template called `application/new`. It looks for
-one here because the `ArticlesController` inherits from `ApplicationController`.
+then it will attempt to load a template called `application/new`, because the
+`ArticlesController` inherits from `ApplicationController`.
 
-The next part of the message contains `request.formats` which specifies
-the format of template to be served in response. It is set to `text/html` as we
-requested this page via browser, so Rails is looking for an HTML template.
-`request.variant` specifies what kind of physical devices would be served by
-the response and helps Rails determine which template to use in the response.
-It is empty because no information has been provided.
+Next the message contains `request.formats` which specifies the format of
+template to be served in response. It is set to `text/html` as we requested
+this page via browser, so Rails is looking for an HTML template.
 
 The simplest template that would work in this case would be one located at
 `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is important:
@@ -686,7 +681,7 @@ If you look in the `db/migrate/YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_create_articles.rb` file
 (remember, yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
   def change
     create_table :articles do |t|
       t.string :title
@@ -1212,7 +1207,7 @@ view above, will cause form helpers to fill in form fields with the correspondin
 values of the object.  Passing in a symbol scope such as `scope: :article`, as
 was done in the new view, only creates empty form fields.
 More details can be found in [form_with documentation]
-(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with).
+(https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with).
 
 Next, we need to create the `update` action in
 `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`.
@@ -1348,7 +1343,7 @@ to stand in for either of the other forms is that `@article` is a *resource*
 corresponding to a full set of RESTful routes, and Rails is able to infer
 which URI and method to use.
 For more information about this use of `form_with`, see [Resource-oriented style]
-(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with-label-Resource-oriented+style).
+(https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with-label-Resource-oriented+style).
 
 Now, let's update the `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` view to use this new
 partial, rewriting it completely:
@@ -1558,12 +1553,12 @@ In addition to the model, Rails has also made a migration to create the
 corresponding database table:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
   def change
     create_table :comments do |t|
       t.string :commenter
       t.text :body
-      t.references :article, foreign_key: true
+      t.references :article, null: false, foreign_key: true
 
       t.timestamps
     end
@@ -1655,7 +1650,7 @@ controller. Again, we'll use the same generator we used before:
 $ rails generate controller Comments
 ```
 
-This creates five files and one empty directory:
+This creates four files and one empty directory:
 
 | File/Directory                               | Purpose                                  |
 | -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md
index 10b1a6de7e..5d91a6df33 100644
--- a/guides/source/i18n.md
+++ b/guides/source/i18n.md
@@ -139,10 +139,12 @@ Note that appending directly to `I18n.load_paths` instead of to the application'
 
 ### Managing the Locale across Requests
 
-The default locale is used for all translations unless `I18n.locale` is explicitly set.
-
 A localized application will likely need to provide support for multiple locales. To accomplish this, the locale should be set at the beginning of each request so that all strings are translated using the desired locale during the lifetime of that request.
 
+The default locale is used for all translations unless `I18n.locale=` or `I18n.with_locale` is used.
+
+`I18n.locale` can leak into subsequent requests served by the same thread/process if it is not consistently set in every controller. For example executing `I18n.locale = :es` in one POST requests will have effects for all later requests to controllers that don't set the locale, but only in that particular thread/process. For that reason, instead of `I18n.locale =` you can use `I18n.with_locale` which does not have this leak issue.
+
 The locale can be set in an `around_action` in the `ApplicationController`:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -220,7 +222,7 @@ This approach has almost the same set of advantages as setting the locale from t
 
 Getting the locale from `params` and setting it accordingly is not hard; including it in every URL and thus **passing it through the requests** is. To include an explicit option in every URL, e.g. `link_to(books_url(locale: I18n.locale))`, would be tedious and probably impossible, of course.
 
-Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Base.html#method-i-default_url_options), which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/UrlFor.html#method-i-url_for) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding `default_url_options`).
+Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Base.html#method-i-default_url_options), which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/UrlFor.html#method-i-url_for) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding `default_url_options`).
 
 We can include something like this in our `ApplicationController` then:
 
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ Every helper method dependent on `url_for` (e.g. helpers for named routes like `
 
 You may be satisfied with this. It does impact the readability of URLs, though, when the locale "hangs" at the end of every URL in your application. Moreover, from the architectural standpoint, locale is usually hierarchically above the other parts of the application domain: and URLs should reflect this.
 
-You probably want URLs to look like this: `http://www.example.com/en/books` (which loads the English locale) and `http://www.example.com/nl/books` (which loads the Dutch locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding `default_url_options`" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with [`scope`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Scoping.html):
+You probably want URLs to look like this: `http://www.example.com/en/books` (which loads the English locale) and `http://www.example.com/nl/books` (which loads the Dutch locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding `default_url_options`" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with [`scope`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Scoping.html):
 
 ```ruby
 # config/routes.rb
@@ -299,7 +301,7 @@ A trivial implementation of using an `Accept-Language` header would be:
 def switch_locale(&action)
   logger.debug "* Accept-Language: #{request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']}"
   locale = extract_locale_from_accept_language_header
-  logger.debug "* Locale set to '#{I18n.locale}'"
+  logger.debug "* Locale set to '#{locale}'"
   I18n.with_locale(locale, &action)
 end
 
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@ You should have a good understanding of using the i18n library now and know how
 to internationalize a basic Rails application. In the following chapters, we'll
 cover its features in more depth.
 
-These chapters will show examples using both the `I18n.translate` method as well as the [`translate` view helper method](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TranslationHelper.html#method-i-translate) (noting the additional feature provide by the view helper method).
+These chapters will show examples using both the `I18n.translate` method as well as the [`translate` view helper method](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TranslationHelper.html#method-i-translate) (noting the additional feature provide by the view helper method).
 
 Covered are features like these:
 
@@ -990,27 +992,6 @@ So, for example, instead of the default error message `"cannot be blank"` you co
 | numericality | :odd                      | :odd                      | -             |
 | numericality | :even                     | :even                     | -             |
 
-#### Translations for the Active Record `error_messages_for` Helper
-
-If you are using the Active Record `error_messages_for` helper, you will want to add
-translations for it.
-
-Rails ships with the following translations:
-
-```yaml
-en:
-  activerecord:
-    errors:
-      template:
-        header:
-          one:   "1 error prohibited this %{model} from being saved"
-          other: "%{count} errors prohibited this %{model} from being saved"
-        body:    "There were problems with the following fields:"
-```
-
-NOTE: In order to use this helper, you need to install [DynamicForm](https://github.com/joelmoss/dynamic_form)
-gem by adding this line to your `Gemfile`: `gem 'dynamic_form'`.
-
 ### Translations for Action Mailer E-Mail Subjects
 
 If you don't pass a subject to the `mail` method, Action Mailer will try to find
@@ -1204,7 +1185,7 @@ The I18n API described in this guide is primarily intended for translating inter
 Several gems can help with this:
 
 * [Globalize](https://github.com/globalize/globalize): Store translations on separate translation tables, one for each translated model
-* [Mobility](https://github.com/shioyama/mobility): Provides support for storing translations in many formats, including translation tables, json columns (Postgres), etc.
+* [Mobility](https://github.com/shioyama/mobility): Provides support for storing translations in many formats, including translation tables, json columns (PostgreSQL), etc.
 * [Traco](https://github.com/barsoom/traco): Translatable columns for Rails 3 and 4, stored in the model table itself
 
 Conclusion
diff --git a/guides/source/index.html.erb b/guides/source/index.html.erb
index 76f01fea0a..10e388774c 100644
--- a/guides/source/index.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/index.html.erb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-<% content_for :page_title do %>
-Ruby on Rails Guides
-<% end %>
+<% content_for :page_title, "Ruby on Rails Guides" %>
+<% content_for :description, "Ruby on Rails Guides" %>
 
 <% content_for :header_section do %>
 <%= render 'welcome' %>
diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md
index c41eae18cf..556c85cc0f 100644
--- a/guides/source/initialization.md
+++ b/guides/source/initialization.md
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 * activerecord
 * activestorage
 * activesupport
+* actionmailbox
+* actiontext
 * arel
 * builder
 * bundler
@@ -160,8 +162,8 @@ namespace and executes the command if found.
 If Rails doesn't recognize the command, it hands the reins over to Rake
 to run a task of the same name.
 
-As shown, `Rails::Command` displays the help output automatically if the `args`
-are empty.
+As shown, `Rails::Command` displays the help output automatically if the `namespace`
+is empty.
 
 ```ruby
 module Rails::Command
@@ -289,7 +291,7 @@ def default_options
     environment:        (ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "development").dup,
     daemonize:          false,
     caching:            nil,
-    pid:                Options::DEFAULT_PID_PATH,
+    pid:                ENV.fetch("PIDFILE", Options::DEFAULT_PIDFILE).dup,
     restart_cmd:        restart_command)
 end
 ```
@@ -538,6 +540,8 @@ require "rails"
   action_mailer/railtie
   active_job/railtie
   action_cable/engine
+  action_mailbox/engine
+  action_text/engine
   rails/test_unit/railtie
   sprockets/railtie
 ).each do |railtie|
diff --git a/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
index 1f42d72756..3ffd7ff1ac 100644
--- a/guides/source/layout.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 <head>
   <meta charset="utf-8">
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-  <title><%= yield(:page_title) || 'Ruby on Rails Guides' %></title>
+  <title><%= yield(:page_title) %></title>
   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/style.css" data-turbolinks-track="reload">
   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/print.css" media="print">
   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css" data-turbolinks-track="reload">
@@ -14,6 +14,13 @@
   <script src="javascripts/turbolinks.js" data-turbolinks-track="reload"></script>
   <script src="javascripts/guides.js" data-turbolinks-track="reload"></script>
   <script src="javascripts/responsive-tables.js" data-turbolinks-track="reload"></script>
+  <meta property="og:title" content="<%= yield(:page_title) %>" />
+  <meta name="description" content="<%= yield(:description) %>" />
+  <meta property="og:description" content="<%= yield(:description) %>" />
+  <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
+  <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ruby on Rails Guides" />
+  <meta property="og:image" content="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4223" />
+  <meta property="og:type" content="website" />
 </head>
 <body class="guide">
   <% if @edge %>
@@ -23,14 +30,14 @@
   <% end %>
   <div id="topNav">
     <div class="wrapper">
-      <strong class="more-info-label">More at <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/">rubyonrails.org:</a> </strong>
+      <strong class="more-info-label">More at <a href="https://rubyonrails.org/">rubyonrails.org:</a> </strong>
       <span class="red-button more-info-button">
         More Ruby on Rails
       </span>
       <ul class="more-info-links s-hidden">
         <li class="more-info"><a href="https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/">Blog</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="https://guides.rubyonrails.org/">Guides</a></li>
-        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/">API</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="https://api.rubyonrails.org/">API</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/ruby-on-rails">Ask for help</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="https://github.com/rails/rails">Contribute on GitHub</a></li>
       </ul>
diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
index ad08e5a5a9..ce90a60e36 100644
--- a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
+++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ If we want to display the properties of all the books in our view, we can do so
 <%= link_to "New book", new_book_path %>
 ```
 
-NOTE: The actual rendering is done by nested classes of the module [`ActionView::Template::Handlers`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Template/Handlers.html). This guide does not dig into that process, but it's important to know that the file extension on your view controls the choice of template handler.
+NOTE: The actual rendering is done by nested classes of the module [`ActionView::Template::Handlers`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Template/Handlers.html). This guide does not dig into that process, but it's important to know that the file extension on your view controls the choice of template handler.
 
 ### Using `render`
 
@@ -149,25 +149,6 @@ Rails knows that this view belongs to a different controller because of the embe
 render template: "products/show"
 ```
 
-#### Rendering an Arbitrary File
-
-The `render` method can also use a view that's entirely outside of your application:
-
-```ruby
-render file: "/u/apps/warehouse_app/current/app/views/products/show"
-```
-
-The `:file` option takes an absolute file-system path. Of course, you need to have rights
-to the view that you're using to render the content.
-
-NOTE: Using the `:file` option in combination with users input can lead to security problems
-since an attacker could use this action to access security sensitive files in your file system.
-
-NOTE: By default, the file is rendered using the current layout.
-
-TIP: If you're running Rails on Microsoft Windows, you should use the `:file` option to
-render a file, because Windows filenames do not have the same format as Unix filenames.
-
 #### Wrapping it up
 
 The above three ways of rendering (rendering another template within the controller, rendering a template within another controller, and rendering an arbitrary file on the file system) are actually variants of the same action.
@@ -178,17 +159,9 @@ In fact, in the BooksController class, inside of the update action where we want
 render :edit
 render action: :edit
 render "edit"
-render "edit.html.erb"
 render action: "edit"
-render action: "edit.html.erb"
 render "books/edit"
-render "books/edit.html.erb"
 render template: "books/edit"
-render template: "books/edit.html.erb"
-render "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit"
-render "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit.html.erb"
-render file: "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit"
-render file: "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit.html.erb"
 ```
 
 Which one you use is really a matter of style and convention, but the rule of thumb is to use the simplest one that makes sense for the code you are writing.
@@ -287,6 +260,23 @@ time.
 NOTE: Unless overridden, your response returned from this render option will be
 `text/plain`, as that is the default content type of Action Dispatch response.
 
+#### Rendering raw file
+
+Rails can render a raw file from an absolute path. This is useful for
+conditionally rendering static files like error pages.
+
+```ruby
+render file: "#{Rails.root}/public/404.html", layout: false
+```
+
+This renders the raw file (it doesn't support ERB or other handlers). By
+default it is rendered within the current layout.
+
+WARNING: Using the `:file` option in combination with users input can lead to security problems
+since an attacker could use this action to access security sensitive files in your file system.
+
+TIP: `send_file` is often a faster and better option if a layout isn't required.
+
 #### Options for `render`
 
 Calls to the `render` method generally accept five options:
@@ -296,13 +286,14 @@ Calls to the `render` method generally accept five options:
 * `:location`
 * `:status`
 * `:formats`
+* `:variants`
 
 ##### The `:content_type` Option
 
 By default, Rails will serve the results of a rendering operation with the MIME content-type of `text/html` (or `application/json` if you use the `:json` option, or `application/xml` for the `:xml` option.). There are times when you might like to change this, and you can do so by setting the `:content_type` option:
 
 ```ruby
-render file: filename, content_type: "application/rss"
+render template: "feed", content_type: "application/rss"
 ```
 
 ##### The `:layout` Option
@@ -417,6 +408,44 @@ render formats: [:json, :xml]
 
 If a template with the specified format does not exist an `ActionView::MissingTemplate` error is raised.
 
+##### The `:variants` Option
+
+This tells Rails to look for template variations of the same format.
+You can specify a list of variants by passing the `:variants` option with a symbol or an array. 
+
+An example of use would be this.
+
+```ruby
+# called in HomeController#index
+render variants: [:mobile, :desktop]
+```
+
+With this set of variants Rails will look for the following set of templates and use the first that exists.
+
+- `app/views/home/index.html+mobile.erb`
+- `app/views/home/index.html+desktop.erb`
+- `app/views/home/index.html.erb`
+
+If a template with the specified format does not exist an `ActionView::MissingTemplate` error is raised.
+
+Instead of setting the variant on the render call you may also set it on the request object in your controller action.
+
+```ruby
+def index
+  request.variant = determine_variant
+end
+
+private
+
+def determine_variant
+  variant = nil 
+  # some code to determine the variant(s) to use
+  variant = :mobile if session[:use_mobile]
+  
+  variant    
+end
+```
+
 #### Finding Layouts
 
 To find the current layout, Rails first looks for a file in `app/views/layouts` with the same base name as the controller. For example, rendering actions from the `PhotosController` class will use `app/views/layouts/photos.html.erb` (or `app/views/layouts/photos.builder`). If there is no such controller-specific layout, Rails will use `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` or `app/views/layouts/application.builder`. If there is no `.erb` layout, Rails will use a `.builder` layout if one exists. Rails also provides several ways to more precisely assign specific layouts to individual controllers and actions.
@@ -650,7 +679,7 @@ Just like the `:status` option for `render`, `:status` for `redirect_to` accepts
 
 #### The Difference Between `render` and `redirect_to`
 
-Sometimes inexperienced developers think of `redirect_to` as a sort of `goto` command, moving execution from one place to another in your Rails code. This is _not_ correct. Your code stops running and waits for a new request for the browser. It just happens that you've told the browser what request it should make next, by sending back an HTTP 302 status code.
+Sometimes inexperienced developers think of `redirect_to` as a sort of `goto` command, moving execution from one place to another in your Rails code. This is _not_ correct. Your code stops running and waits for a new request from the browser. It just happens that you've told the browser what request it should make next, by sending back an HTTP 302 status code.
 
 Consider these actions to see the difference:
 
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
index bc68a555c5..e0e79fc41b 100644
--- a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
+++ b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ end
 
 Adds the given source to the generated application's `Gemfile`.
 
-For example, if you need to source a gem from `"http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"`:
+For example, if you need to source a gem from `"http://gems.github.com"`:
 
 ```ruby
-add_source "http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"
+add_source "http://gems.github.com"
 ```
 
 If block is given, gem entries in block are wrapped into the source group.
@@ -195,6 +195,12 @@ You can also run commands as a super-user:
 rails_command "log:clear", sudo: true
 ```
 
+You can also run commands that should abort application generation if they fail:
+
+```ruby
+rails_command "db:migrate", abort_on_failure: true
+```
+
 ### route(routing_code)
 
 Adds a routing entry to the `config/routes.rb` file. In the steps above, we generated a person scaffold and also removed `README.rdoc`. Now, to make `PeopleController#index` the default page for the application:
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
index c33851a0f9..d60e53b052 100644
--- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
+++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-WARNING: This guide assumes a working knowledge of Rack protocol and Rack concepts such as middlewares, url maps, and `Rack::Builder`.
+WARNING: This guide assumes a working knowledge of Rack protocol and Rack concepts such as middlewares, URL maps, and `Rack::Builder`.
 
 Introduction to Rack
 --------------------
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ application. Any Rack compliant web server should be using
 
 ### `rails server`
 
-`rails server` does the basic job of creating a `Rack::Server` object and starting the webserver.
+`rails server` does the basic job of creating a `Rack::Server` object and starting the web server.
 
 Here's how `rails server` creates an instance of `Rack::Server`
 
diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md
index 84de727c11..4aeb9ee585 100644
--- a/guides/source/routing.md
+++ b/guides/source/routing.md
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `
 | PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#update      | article_path(:id)      |
 | DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#destroy     | article_path(:id)      |
 
-TIP: _If you need to use a different controller namespace inside a `namespace` block you can specify an absolute controller path, e.g: `get '/foo' => '/foo#index'`._
+TIP: _If you need to use a different controller namespace inside a `namespace` block you can specify an absolute controller path, e.g: `get '/foo', to: '/foo#index'`._
 
 ### Nested Resources
 
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ end
 
 This will recognize `/photos/1/preview` with GET, and route to the `preview` action of `PhotosController`, with the resource id value passed in `params[:id]`. It will also create the `preview_photo_url` and `preview_photo_path` helpers.
 
-Within the block of member routes, each route name specifies the HTTP verb
+Within the block of member routes, each route name specifies the HTTP verb that
 will be recognized. You can use `get`, `patch`, `put`, `post`, or `delete` here
 . If you don't have multiple `member` routes, you can also pass `:on` to a
 route, eliminating the block:
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ resources :photos do
 end
 ```
 
-You can leave out the `:on` option, this will create the same member route except that the resource id value will be available in `params[:photo_id]` instead of `params[:id]`.
+You can leave out the `:on` option, this will create the same member route except that the resource id value will be available in `params[:photo_id]` instead of `params[:id]`. Route helpers will also be renamed from `preview_photo_url` and `preview_photo_path` to `photo_preview_url` and `photo_preview_path`.
 
 #### Adding Collection Routes
 
@@ -543,6 +543,8 @@ resources :photos do
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: If you're defining additional resource routes with a symbol as the first positional argument, be mindful that it is not equivalent to using a string. Symbols infer controller actions while strings infer paths.
+
 #### Adding Routes for Additional New Actions
 
 To add an alternate new action using the `:on` shortcut:
@@ -1188,6 +1190,33 @@ For example, here's a small section of the `rails routes` output for a RESTful r
 edit_user GET    /users/:id/edit(.:format) users#edit
 ```
 
+You can also use the `--expanded` option to turn on the expanded table formatting mode.
+
+```
+$ rails routes --expanded
+
+--[ Route 1 ]----------------------------------------------------
+Prefix            | users
+Verb              | GET
+URI               | /users(.:format)
+Controller#Action | users#index
+--[ Route 2 ]----------------------------------------------------
+Prefix            |
+Verb              | POST
+URI               | /users(.:format)
+Controller#Action | users#create
+--[ Route 3 ]----------------------------------------------------
+Prefix            | new_user
+Verb              | GET
+URI               | /users/new(.:format)
+Controller#Action | users#new
+--[ Route 4 ]----------------------------------------------------
+Prefix            | edit_user
+Verb              | GET
+URI               | /users/:id/edit(.:format)
+Controller#Action | users#edit
+```
+
 You can search through your routes with the grep option: -g. This outputs any routes that partially match the URL helper method name, the HTTP verb, or the URL path.
 
 ```
@@ -1205,11 +1234,11 @@ $ rails routes -c Comments
 $ rails routes -c Articles::CommentsController
 ```
 
-TIP: You'll find that the output from `rails routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap. You can also use --expanded option to turn on the expanded table formatting mode.
+TIP: You'll find that the output from `rails routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap.
 
 ### Testing Routes
 
-Routes should be included in your testing strategy (just like the rest of your application). Rails offers three [built-in assertions](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html) designed to make testing routes simpler:
+Routes should be included in your testing strategy (just like the rest of your application). Rails offers three [built-in assertions](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html) designed to make testing routes simpler:
 
 * `assert_generates`
 * `assert_recognizes`
diff --git a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
index 4b56cf6296..67b0e523a7 100644
--- a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
+++ b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Links to the API (`api.rubyonrails.org`) are processed by the guides generator i
 Links that include a release tag are left untouched. For example
 
 ```
-http://api.rubyonrails.org/v5.0.1/classes/ActiveRecord/Attributes/ClassMethods.html
+https://api.rubyonrails.org/v5.0.1/classes/ActiveRecord/Attributes/ClassMethods.html
 ```
 
 is not modified.
@@ -68,25 +68,25 @@ Please use these in release notes, since they should point to the corresponding
 If the link does not include a release tag and edge guides are being generated, the domain is replaced by `edgeapi.rubyonrails.org`. For example,
 
 ```
-http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html
+https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html
 ```
 
 becomes
 
 ```
-http://edgeapi.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html
+https://edgeapi.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html
 ```
 
 If the link does not include a release tag and release guides are being generated, the Rails version is injected. For example, if we are generating the guides for v5.1.0 the link
 
 ```
-http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html
+https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html
 ```
 
 becomes
 
 ```
-http://api.rubyonrails.org/v5.1.0/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html
+https://api.rubyonrails.org/v5.1.0/classes/ActionDispatch/Response.html
 ```
 
 Please don't link to `edgeapi.rubyonrails.org` manually.
diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md
index dbec3cdd2d..5bb7a51524 100644
--- a/guides/source/security.md
+++ b/guides/source/security.md
@@ -32,27 +32,17 @@ In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all l
 Sessions
 --------
 
-A good place to start looking at security is with sessions, which can be vulnerable to particular attacks.
+This chapter describes some particular attacks related to sessions, and security measures to protect your session data.
 
 ### What are Sessions?
 
-NOTE: _HTTP is a stateless protocol. Sessions make it stateful._
+INFO: Sessions enable the application to maintain user-specific state, while users interact with the application. For example, sessions allow users to authenticate once and remain signed in for future requests.
 
-Most applications need to keep track of certain state of a particular user. This could be the contents of a shopping basket or the user id of the currently logged in user. Without the idea of sessions, the user would have to identify, and probably authenticate, on every request.
-Rails will create a new session automatically if a new user accesses the application. It will load an existing session if the user has already used the application.
+Most applications need to keep track of state for users that interact with the application. This could be the contents of a shopping basket, or the user id of the currently logged in user. This kind of user-specific state can be stored in the session.
 
-A session usually consists of a hash of values and a session ID, usually a 32-character string, to identify the hash. Every cookie sent to the client's browser includes the session ID. And the other way round: the browser will send it to the server on every request from the client. In Rails you can save and retrieve values using the session method:
+Rails provides a session object for each user that accesses the application. If the user already has an active session, Rails uses the existing session. Otherwise a new session is created.
 
-```ruby
-session[:user_id] = @current_user.id
-User.find(session[:user_id])
-```
-
-### Session ID
-
-NOTE: _The session ID is a 32-character random hex string._
-
-The session ID is generated using `SecureRandom.hex` which generates a random hex string using platform specific methods (such as OpenSSL, /dev/urandom or Win32 CryptoAPI) for generating cryptographically secure random numbers. Currently it is not feasible to brute-force Rails' session IDs.
+NOTE: Read more about sessions and how to use them in [Action Controller Overview Guide](action_controller_overview.html#session).
 
 ### Session Hijacking
 
@@ -76,70 +66,43 @@ Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. An
 
 The main objective of most attackers is to make money. The underground prices for stolen bank login accounts range from 0.5%-10% of account balance, $0.5-$30 for credit card numbers ($20-$60 with full details), $0.1-$1.5 for identities (Name, SSN & DOB), $20-$50 for retailer accounts, and $6-$10 for cloud service provider accounts, according to the [Symantec Internet Security Threat Report (2017)](https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/reports/istr-22-2017-en.pdf).
 
-### Session Guidelines
-
-Here are some general guidelines on sessions.
-
-* _Do not store large objects in a session_. Instead you should store them in the database and save their id in the session. This will eliminate synchronization headaches and it won't fill up your session storage space (depending on what session storage you chose, see below).
-This will also be a good idea, if you modify the structure of an object and old versions of it are still in some user's cookies. With server-side session storages you can clear out the sessions, but with client-side storages, this is hard to mitigate.
-
-* _Critical data should not be stored in session_. If the user clears their cookies or closes the browser, they will be lost. And with a client-side session storage, the user can read the data.
+### Session Storage
 
-### Encrypted Session Storage
+NOTE: Rails uses `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore` as the default session storage.
 
-NOTE: _Rails provides several storage mechanisms for the session hashes. The most important is `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore`._
+TIP: Learn more about other session storages in [Action Controller Overview Guide](action_controller_overview.html#session).
 
-The `CookieStore` saves the session hash directly in a cookie on the
-client-side. The server retrieves the session hash from the cookie and
+Rails `CookieStore` saves the session hash in a cookie on the client-side.
+The server retrieves the session hash from the cookie and
 eliminates the need for a session ID. That will greatly increase the
 speed of the application, but it is a controversial storage option and
 you have to think about the security implications and storage
 limitations of it:
 
-* Cookies imply a strict size limit of 4kB. This is fine as you should
-  not store large amounts of data in a session anyway, as described
-  before. Storing the current user's database id in a session is common
-  practice.
+*  Cookies have a size limit of 4kB. Use cookies only for data which is relevant for the session.
+
+* Cookies are stored on the client-side. The client may preserve cookie contents even for expired cookies. The client may copy cookies to other machines. Avoid storing sensitive data in cookies.
+
+* Cookies are temporary by nature. The server can set expiration time for the cookie, but the client may delete the cookie and its contents before that. Persist all data that is of more permanent nature on the server side.
 
 * Session cookies do not invalidate themselves and can be maliciously
   reused. It may be a good idea to have your application invalidate old
   session cookies using a stored timestamp.
 
+* Rails encrypts cookies by default. The client cannot read or edit the contents of the cookie, without breaking encryption. If you take appropriate care of your secrets, you can consider your cookies to be generally secured.
+
 The `CookieStore` uses the
-[encrypted](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies/ChainedCookieJars.html#method-i-encrypted)
+[encrypted](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies/ChainedCookieJars.html#method-i-encrypted)
 cookie jar to provide a secure, encrypted location to store session
 data. Cookie-based sessions thus provide both integrity as well as
 confidentiality to their contents. The encryption key, as well as the
 verification key used for
-[signed](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies/ChainedCookieJars.html#method-i-signed)
+[signed](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies/ChainedCookieJars.html#method-i-signed)
 cookies, is derived from the `secret_key_base` configuration value.
 
-As of Rails 5.2 encrypted cookies and sessions are protected using AES
-GCM encryption. This form of encryption is a type of Authenticated
-Encryption and couples authentication and encryption in single step
-while also producing shorter ciphertexts as compared to other
-algorithms previously used. The key for cookies encrypted with AES GCM
-are derived using a salt value defined by the
-`config.action_dispatch.authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt`
-configuration value.
-
-Prior to this version, encrypted cookies were secured using AES in CBC
-mode with HMAC using SHA1 for authentication. The keys for this type of
-encryption and for HMAC verification were derived via the salts defined
-by `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt` and
-`config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt` respectively.
-
-Prior to Rails version 4 in both versions 2 and 3, session cookies were
-protected using only HMAC verification. As such, these session cookies
-only provided integrity to their content because the actual session data
-was stored in plaintext encoded as base64. This is how `signed` cookies
-work in the current version of Rails. These kinds of cookies are still
-useful for protecting the integrity of certain client-stored data and
-information.
-
-__Do not use a trivial secret for the `secret_key_base`, i.e. a word
-from a dictionary, or one which is shorter than 30 characters! Instead
-use `rails secret` to generate secret keys!__
+TIP: Secrets must be long and random. Use `rails secret` to get new unique secrets.
+
+INFO: Learn more about [managing credentials later in this guide](security.html#custom-credentials)
 
 It is also important to use different salt values for encrypted and
 signed cookies. Using the same value for different salt configuration
@@ -150,7 +113,7 @@ In test and development applications get a `secret_key_base` derived from the ap
 
     secret_key_base: 492f...
 
-If you have received an application where the secret was exposed (e.g. an application whose source was shared), strongly consider changing the secret.
+WARNING: If your application's secrets may have been exposed, strongly consider changing them. Changing `secret_key_base` will expire currently active sessions.
 
 ### Rotating Encrypted and Signed Cookies Configurations
 
@@ -192,9 +155,9 @@ rotations going at any one time.
 For more details on key rotation with encrypted and signed messages as
 well as the various options the `rotate` method accepts, please refer to
 the
-[MessageEncryptor API](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/MessageEncryptor.html)
+[MessageEncryptor API](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/MessageEncryptor.html)
 and
-[MessageVerifier API](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/MessageVerifier.html)
+[MessageVerifier API](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/MessageVerifier.html)
 documentation.
 
 ### Replay Attacks for CookieStore Sessions
@@ -1188,7 +1151,7 @@ The same works with `javascript_include_tag`:
 <%= javascript_include_tag "script", nonce: true %>
 ```
 
-Use [`csp_meta_tag`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/CspHelper.html#method-i-csp_meta_tag)
+Use [`csp_meta_tag`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/CspHelper.html#method-i-csp_meta_tag)
 helper to create a meta tag "csp-nonce" with the per-session nonce value
 for allowing inline `<script>` tags.
 
@@ -1204,23 +1167,18 @@ loaded inline `<script>` elements.
 Environmental Security
 ----------------------
 
-It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, and your server-side secret, e.g. stored in `config/secrets.yml`. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
+It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, master key for `credentials.yml`, and other unencrypted secrets. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
 
 ### Custom credentials
 
-Rails generates a `config/credentials.yml.enc` to store third-party credentials
-within the repo. This is only viable because Rails encrypts the file with a master
-key that's generated into a version control ignored `config/master.key` — Rails
-will also look for that key in `ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]`. Rails also requires the
-key to boot in production, so the credentials can be read.
+Rails stores secrets in `config/credentials.yml.enc`, which is encrypted and hence cannot be edited directly. Rails uses `config/master.key` or alternatively looks for environment variable `ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]` to encrypt the credentials file. The credentials file can be stored in version control, as long as master key is kept safe.
 
-To edit stored credentials use `rails credentials:edit`.
+To add new secret to credentials, first run `rails secret` to get a new secret. Then run `rails credentials:edit` to edit credentials, and add the secret. Running `credentials:edit` creates new credentials file and master key, if they did not already exist.
 
 By default, this file contains the application's
-`secret_key_base`, but it could also be used to store other credentials such as
-access keys for external APIs.
+`secret_key_base`, but it could also be used to store other credentials such as access keys for external APIs.
 
-The credentials added to this file are accessible via `Rails.application.credentials`.
+The secrets kept in credentials file are accessible via `Rails.application.credentials`.
 For example, with the following decrypted `config/credentials.yml.enc`:
 
     secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
@@ -1235,6 +1193,11 @@ version:
 Rails.application.credentials.some_api_key! # => raises KeyError: :some_api_key is blank
 ```
 
+
+TIP: Learn more about credentials with `rails credentials:help`.
+
+WARNING: Keep your master key safe. Do not commit your master key.
+
 Dependency Management and CVEs
 ------------------------------
 
@@ -1248,4 +1211,4 @@ The security landscape shifts and it is important to keep up to date, because mi
 * Subscribe to the Rails security [mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rubyonrails-security).
 * [Brakeman - Rails Security Scanner](https://brakemanscanner.org/) - To perform static security analysis for Rails applications.
 * [Keep up to date on the other application layers](http://secunia.com/) (they have a weekly newsletter, too).
-* A [good security blog](https://www.owasp.org) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/DOM_based_XSS_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet).
+* A [good security blog](https://www.owasp.org) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](https://github.com/OWASP/CheatSheetSeries/blob/master/cheatsheets/Cross_Site_Scripting_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.md).
diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md
index 8c21ccfba6..41bc54b924 100644
--- a/guides/source/testing.md
+++ b/guides/source/testing.md
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ Rails creates a `test` directory for you as soon as you create a Rails project u
 
 ```bash
 $ ls -F test
-application_system_test_case.rb  fixtures/                        integration/                     models/                          test_helper.rb
-controllers/                     helpers/                         mailers/                         system/
+application_system_test_case.rb  controllers/                     helpers/                         mailers/                         system/
+channels/                        fixtures/                        integration/                     models/                          test_helper.rb
 ```
 
-The `helpers`, `mailers`, and `models` directories are meant to hold tests for view helpers, mailers, and models, respectively. The `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for controllers, routes, and views. The `integration` directory is meant to hold tests for interactions between controllers.
+The `helpers`, `mailers`, and `models` directories are meant to hold tests for view helpers, mailers, and models, respectively. The `channels` directory is meant to hold tests for Action Cable connection and channels. The `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for controllers, routes, and views. The `integration` directory is meant to hold tests for interactions between controllers.
 
 The system test directory holds system tests, which are used for full browser
 testing of your application. System tests allow you to test your application
@@ -350,15 +350,15 @@ Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `minitest` framework:
 
 | Assertion                                                                         | Purpose |
 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
-| [`assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...}`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_difference) | Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.|
-| [`assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_no_difference) | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.|
-| [`assert_changes(expressions, message = nil, from:, to:, &block)`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_changes) | Test that the result of evaluating an expression is changed after invoking the passed in block.|
-| [`assert_no_changes(expressions, message = nil, &block)`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_no_changes) | Test the result of evaluating an expression is not changed after invoking the passed in block.|
-| [`assert_nothing_raised { block }`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_nothing_raised) | Ensures that the given block doesn't raise any exceptions.|
-| [`assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html#method-i-assert_recognizes) | Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.|
-| [`assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html#method-i-assert_generates) | Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.|
-| [`assert_response(type, message = nil)`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/ResponseAssertions.html#method-i-assert_response) | Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify `:success` to indicate 200-299, `:redirect` to indicate 300-399, `:missing` to indicate 404, or `:error` to match the 500-599 range. You can also pass an explicit status number or its symbolic equivalent. For more information, see [full list of status codes](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#HTTP_STATUS_CODES-constant) and how their [mapping](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE-constant) works.|
-| [`assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/ResponseAssertions.html#method-i-assert_redirected_to) | Asserts that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on. You can also pass named routes such as `assert_redirected_to root_path` and Active Record objects such as `assert_redirected_to @article`.|
+| [`assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...}`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_difference) | Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.|
+| [`assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_no_difference) | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.|
+| [`assert_changes(expressions, message = nil, from:, to:, &block)`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_changes) | Test that the result of evaluating an expression is changed after invoking the passed in block.|
+| [`assert_no_changes(expressions, message = nil, &block)`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_no_changes) | Test the result of evaluating an expression is not changed after invoking the passed in block.|
+| [`assert_nothing_raised { block }`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/Assertions.html#method-i-assert_nothing_raised) | Ensures that the given block doesn't raise any exceptions.|
+| [`assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html#method-i-assert_recognizes) | Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.|
+| [`assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html#method-i-assert_generates) | Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.|
+| [`assert_response(type, message = nil)`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/ResponseAssertions.html#method-i-assert_response) | Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify `:success` to indicate 200-299, `:redirect` to indicate 300-399, `:missing` to indicate 404, or `:error` to match the 500-599 range. You can also pass an explicit status number or its symbolic equivalent. For more information, see [full list of status codes](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#HTTP_STATUS_CODES-constant) and how their [mapping](https://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE-constant) works.|
+| [`assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/ResponseAssertions.html#method-i-assert_redirected_to) | Asserts that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on. You can also pass named routes such as `assert_redirected_to root_path` and Active Record objects such as `assert_redirected_to @article`.|
 
 You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.
 
@@ -366,13 +366,13 @@ You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.
 
 All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` defined in `Minitest::Assertions` are also available in the classes we use in our own test cases. In fact, Rails provides the following classes for you to inherit from:
 
-* [`ActiveSupport::TestCase`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/TestCase.html)
-* [`ActionMailer::TestCase`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/TestCase.html)
-* [`ActionView::TestCase`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/TestCase.html)
-* [`ActiveJob::TestCase`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/TestCase.html)
-* [`ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/IntegrationTest.html)
-* [`ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/SystemTestCase.html)
-* [`Rails::Generators::TestCase`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Generators/TestCase.html)
+* [`ActiveSupport::TestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/TestCase.html)
+* [`ActionMailer::TestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/TestCase.html)
+* [`ActionView::TestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/TestCase.html)
+* [`ActiveJob::TestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/TestCase.html)
+* [`ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/IntegrationTest.html)
+* [`ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/SystemTestCase.html)
+* [`Rails::Generators::TestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Generators/TestCase.html)
 
 Each of these classes include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
 
@@ -473,13 +473,12 @@ takes your entire test suite to run.
 ### Parallel testing with processes
 
 The default parallelization method is to fork processes using Ruby's DRb system. The processes
-are forked based on the number of workers provided. The default is 2, but can be changed by the
-number passed to the parallelize method. Active Record automatically handles creating and
-migrating a new database for each worker to use.
+are forked based on the number of workers provided. The default number is the actual core count
+on the machine you are on, but can be changed by the number passed to the parallelize method.
 
 To enable parallelization add the following to your `test_helper.rb`:
 
-```
+```ruby
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   parallelize(workers: 2)
 end
@@ -489,35 +488,35 @@ The number of workers passed is the number of times the process will be forked.
 parallelize your local test suite differently from your CI, so an environment variable is provided
 to be able to easily change the number of workers a test run should use:
 
-```
+```bash
 PARALLEL_WORKERS=15 rails test
 ```
 
-When parallelizing tests, Active Record automatically handles creating and migrating a database for each
+When parallelizing tests, Active Record automatically handles creating a database and loading the schema into the database for each
 process. The databases will be suffixed with the number corresponding to the worker. For example, if you
 have 2 workers the tests will create `test-database-0` and `test-database-1` respectively.
 
 If the number of workers passed is 1 or fewer the processes will not be forked and the tests will not
 be parallelized and the tests will use the original `test-database` database.
 
-Two hooks are provided, one runs when the process is forked, and one runs before the processes are closed.
+Two hooks are provided, one runs when the process is forked, and one runs before the forked process is closed.
 These can be useful if your app uses multiple databases or perform other tasks that depend on the number of
 workers.
 
 The `parallelize_setup` method is called right after the processes are forked. The `parallelize_teardown` method
 is called right before the processes are closed.
 
-```
+```ruby
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   parallelize_setup do |worker|
     # setup databases
   end
 
   parallelize_teardown do |worker|
-    # cleanup database
+    # cleanup databases
   end
 
-  parallelize(workers: 2)
+  parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors)
 end
 ```
 
@@ -530,9 +529,9 @@ parallelizer is backed by Minitest's `Parallel::Executor`.
 
 To change the parallelization method to use threads over forks put the following in your `test_helper.rb`
 
-```
+```ruby
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  parallelize(workers: 2, with: :threads)
+  parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors, with: :threads)
 end
 ```
 
@@ -542,7 +541,7 @@ The number of workers passed to `parallelize` determines the number of threads t
 want to parallelize your local test suite differently from your CI, so an environment variable is provided
 to be able to easily change the number of workers a test run should use:
 
-```
+```bash
 PARALLEL_WORKERS=15 rails test
 ```
 
@@ -573,7 +572,7 @@ be rebuilt. This can be done by executing `rails db:test:prepare`.
 
 For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data.
 In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
-You can find comprehensive documentation in the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
+You can find comprehensive documentation in the [Fixtures API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
 
 #### What Are Fixtures?
 
@@ -622,7 +621,7 @@ first:
 
 Notice the `category` key of the `first` article found in `fixtures/articles.yml` has a value of `about`. This tells Rails to load the category `about` found in `fixtures/categories.yml`.
 
-NOTE: For associations to reference one another by name, you can use the fixture name instead of specifying the `id:` attribute on the associated fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between runs. For more information on this association behavior please read the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
+NOTE: For associations to reference one another by name, you can use the fixture name instead of specifying the `id:` attribute on the associated fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between runs. For more information on this association behavior please read the [Fixtures API documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
 
 #### ERB'in It Up
 
@@ -685,7 +684,7 @@ create  test/models/article_test.rb
 create  test/fixtures/articles.yml
 ```
 
-Model tests don't have their own superclass like `ActionMailer::TestCase` instead they inherit from [`ActiveSupport::TestCase`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/TestCase.html).
+Model tests don't have their own superclass like `ActionMailer::TestCase` instead they inherit from [`ActiveSupport::TestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/TestCase.html).
 
 System Testing
 --------------
@@ -782,7 +781,7 @@ This can be helpful for viewing the browser at the point a test failed, or
 to view screenshots later for debugging.
 
 Two methods are provided: `take_screenshot` and `take_failed_screenshot`.
-`take_failed_screenshot` is automatically included in `after_teardown` inside
+`take_failed_screenshot` is automatically included in `before_teardown` inside
 Rails.
 
 The `take_screenshot` helper method can be included anywhere in your tests to
@@ -933,11 +932,11 @@ Here the test is inheriting from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`. This makes s
 
 In addition to the standard testing helpers, inheriting from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` comes with some additional helpers available when writing integration tests. Let's get briefly introduced to the three categories of helpers we get to choose from.
 
-For dealing with the integration test runner, see [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Runner`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Runner.html).
+For dealing with the integration test runner, see [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Runner`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Runner.html).
 
-When performing requests, we will have [`ActionDispatch::Integration::RequestHelpers`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/RequestHelpers.html) available for our use.
+When performing requests, we will have [`ActionDispatch::Integration::RequestHelpers`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/RequestHelpers.html) available for our use.
 
-If we need to modify the session, or state of our integration test, take a look at [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Session`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Session.html) to help.
+If we need to modify the session, or state of our integration test, take a look at [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Session`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Session.html) to help.
 
 ### Implementing an integration test
 
@@ -1013,7 +1012,7 @@ Finally we can assert that our response was successful and our new article is re
 
 #### Taking it further
 
-We were able to successfully test a very small workflow for visiting our blog and creating a new article. If we wanted to take this further we could add tests for commenting, removing articles, or editing comments. Integration tests are a great place to experiment with all kinds of use-cases for our applications.
+We were able to successfully test a very small workflow for visiting our blog and creating a new article. If we wanted to take this further we could add tests for commenting, removing articles, or editing comments. Integration tests are a great place to experiment with all kinds of use cases for our applications.
 
 
 Functional Tests for Your Controllers
@@ -1145,7 +1144,7 @@ test "ajax request" do
   get article_url(article), xhr: true
 
   assert_equal 'hello world', @response.body
-  assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+  assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.media_type
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1213,7 +1212,7 @@ Let's start by adding this assertion to our `test_should_create_article` test:
 ```ruby
 test "should create article" do
   assert_difference('Article.count') do
-    post article_url, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } }
+    post articles_url, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } }
   end
 
   assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last)
@@ -1398,6 +1397,56 @@ class ProfileControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 end
 ```
 
+#### Using Separate Files
+
+If you find your helpers are cluttering `test_helper.rb`, you can extract them into separate files. One good place to store them is `lib/test`.
+
+```ruby
+# lib/test/multiple_assertions.rb
+module MultipleAssertions
+  def assert_multiple_of_forty_two(number)
+    assert (number % 42 == 0), 'expected #{number} to be a multiple of 42'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+These helpers can then be explicitly required as needed and included as needed
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+require 'test/multiple_assertions'
+
+class NumberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include MultipleAssertions
+
+  test '420 is a multiple of forty two' do
+    assert_multiple_of_forty_two 420
+  end
+end
+```
+
+or they can continue to be included directly into the relevant parent classes
+
+```ruby
+# test/test_helper.rb
+require 'test/sign_in_helper'
+
+class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  include SignInHelper
+end
+```
+
+#### Eagerly Requiring Helpers
+
+You may find it convenient to eagerly require helpers in `test_helper.rb` so your test files have implicit access to them. This can be accomplished using globbing, as follows
+
+```ruby
+# test/test_helper.rb
+Dir[Rails.root.join('lib', 'test', '**', '*.rb')].each { |file| require file }
+```
+
+This has the downside of increasing the boot-up time, as opposed to manually requiring only the necessary files in your individual tests.
+
 Testing Routes
 --------------
 
@@ -1405,7 +1454,7 @@ Like everything else in your Rails application, you can test your routes. Route
 
 NOTE: If your application has complex routes, Rails provides a number of useful helpers to test them.
 
-For more information on routing assertions available in Rails, see the API documentation for [`ActionDispatch::Assertions::RoutingAssertions`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html).
+For more information on routing assertions available in Rails, see the API documentation for [`ActionDispatch::Assertions::RoutingAssertions`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html).
 
 Testing Views
 -------------
@@ -1593,27 +1642,43 @@ NOTE: The `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array is only reset automatically in
 If you want to have a clean slate outside these test cases, you can reset it
 manually with: `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear`
 
-### Functional Testing
+### Functional and System Testing
 
-Functional testing for mailers involves more than just checking that the email body, recipients, and so forth are correct. In functional mail tests you call the mail deliver methods and check that the appropriate emails have been appended to the delivery list. It is fairly safe to assume that the deliver methods themselves do their job. You are probably more interested in whether your own business logic is sending emails when you expect them to go out. For example, you can check that the invite friend operation is sending an email appropriately:
+Unit testing allows us to test the attributes of the email while functional and system testing allows us to test whether user interactions appropriately trigger the email to be delivered. For example, you can check that the invite friend operation is sending an email appropriately:
 
 ```ruby
+# Integration Test
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class UsersControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "invite friend" do
-    assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do
+    # Asserts the difference in the ActionMailer::Base.deliveries
+    assert_emails 1 do
       post invite_friend_url, params: { email: 'friend@example.com' }
     end
-    invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# System Test
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UsersTest < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase
+  driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_chrome
 
-    assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", invite_email.subject
-    assert_equal 'friend@example.com', invite_email.to[0]
-    assert_match(/Hi friend@example\.com/, invite_email.body.to_s)
+  test "inviting a friend" do
+    visit invite_users_url
+    fill_in 'Email', with: 'friend@example.com'
+    assert_emails 1 do
+      click_on 'Invite'
+    end
   end
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: The `assert_emails` method is not tied to a particular deliver method and will work with emails delivered with either the `deliver_now` or `deliver_later` method. If we explicitly want to assert that the email has been enqueued we can use the `assert_enqueued_emails` method. More information can be found in the  [documentation here](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/TestHelper.html).
+
 Testing Jobs
 ------------
 
@@ -1647,7 +1712,7 @@ no jobs have already been executed in the scope of each test.
 
 ### Custom Assertions And Testing Jobs Inside Other Components
 
-Active Job ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen the verbosity of tests. For a full list of available assertions, see the API documentation for [`ActiveJob::TestHelper`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/TestHelper.html).
+Active Job ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen the verbosity of tests. For a full list of available assertions, see the API documentation for [`ActiveJob::TestHelper`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/TestHelper.html).
 
 It's a good practice to ensure that your jobs correctly get enqueued or performed
 wherever you invoke them (e.g. inside your controllers). This is precisely where
@@ -1657,7 +1722,9 @@ within a model:
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class ProductTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+class ProductTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
   test 'billing job scheduling' do
     assert_enqueued_with(job: BillingJob) do
       product.charge(account)
@@ -1666,6 +1733,158 @@ class ProductTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
 end
 ```
 
+### Asserting Time Arguments in Jobs
+
+When serializing job arguments, `Time`, `DateTime`, and `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` lose microsecond precision. This means comparing deserialized time with actual time doesn't always work. To compensate for the loss of precision, `assert_enqueued_with` and `assert_performed_with` will remove microseconds from time objects in argument assertions.
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ProductTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
+  test 'that product is reserved at a given time' do
+    now = Time.now
+    assert_performed_with(job: ReservationJob, args: [product, now]) do
+      product.reserve(now)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Testing Action Cable
+--------------------
+
+Since Action Cable is used at different levels inside your application,
+you'll need to test both the channels, connection classes themselves, and that other
+entities broadcast correct messages.
+
+### Connection Test Case
+
+By default, when you generate new Rails application with Action Cable, a test for the base connection class (`ApplicationCable::Connection`) is generated as well under `test/channels/application_cable` directory.
+
+Connection tests aim to check whether a connection's identifiers get assigned properly
+or that any improper connection requests are rejected. Here is an example:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationCable::ConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+  test "connects with params" do
+    # Simulate a connection opening by calling the `connect` method
+    connect params: { user_id: 42 }
+
+    # You can access the Connection object via `connection` in tests
+    assert_equal connection.user_id, "42"
+  end
+
+  test "rejects connection without params" do
+    # Use `assert_reject_connection` matcher to verify that
+    # connection is rejected
+    assert_reject_connection { connect }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can also specify request cookies the same way you do in integration tests:
+
+```ruby
+test "connects with cookies" do
+  cookies.signed[:user_id] = "42"
+
+  connect
+
+  assert_equal connection.user_id, "42"
+end
+```
+
+See the API documentation for [`ActionCable::Connection::TestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionCable/Connection/TestCase.html) for more information.
+
+### Channel Test Case
+
+By default, when you generate a channel, an associated test will be generated as well
+under the `test/channels` directory. Here's an example test with a chat channel:
+
+```ruby
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ChatChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase
+  test "subscribes and stream for room" do
+    # Simulate a subscription creation by calling `subscribe`
+    subscribe room: "15"
+
+    # You can access the Channel object via `subscription` in tests
+    assert subscription.confirmed?
+    assert_has_stream "chat_15"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the channel subscribes the connection to a particular stream.
+
+You can also specify the underlying connection identifiers. Here's an example test with a web notifications channel:
+
+```ruby
+require "test_helper"
+
+class WebNotificationsChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase
+  test "subscribes and stream for user" do
+    stub_connection current_user: users(:john)
+
+    subscribe
+
+    assert_has_stream_for users(:john)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+See the API documentation for [`ActionCable::Channel::TestCase`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionCable/Channel/TestCase.html) for more information.
+
+### Custom Assertions And Testing Broadcasts Inside Other Components
+
+Action Cable ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen the verbosity of tests. For a full list of available assertions, see the API documentation for [`ActionCable::TestHelper`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionCable/TestHelper.html).
+
+It's a good practice to ensure that the correct message has been broadcasted inside other components (e.g. inside your controllers). This is precisely where
+the custom assertions provided by Action Cable are pretty useful. For instance,
+within a model:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ProductTest < ActionCable::TestCase
+  test "broadcast status after charge" do
+    assert_broadcast_on("products:#{product.id}", type: "charged") do
+      product.charge(account)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you want to test the broadcasting made with `Channel.broadcast_to`, you shoud use
+`Channel.broadcasting_for` to generate an underlying stream name:
+
+```ruby
+# app/jobs/chat_relay_job.rb
+class ChatRelayJob < ApplicationJob
+  def perform_later(room, message)
+    ChatChannel.broadcast_to room, text: message
+  end
+end
+
+# test/jobs/chat_relay_job_test.rb
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ChatRelayJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  include ActionCable::TestHelper
+
+  test "broadcast message to room" do
+    room = rooms(:all)
+
+    assert_broadcast_on(ChatChannel.broadcasting_for(room), text: "Hi!") do
+      ChatRelayJob.perform_now(room, "Hi!")
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
 Additional Testing Resources
 ----------------------------
 
@@ -1673,7 +1892,7 @@ Additional Testing Resources
 
 Rails provides built-in helper methods that enable you to assert that your time-sensitive code works as expected.
 
-Here is an example using the [`travel_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/TimeHelpers.html#method-i-travel_to) helper:
+Here is an example using the [`travel_to`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/TimeHelpers.html#method-i-travel_to) helper:
 
 ```ruby
 # Lets say that a user is eligible for gifting a month after they register.
@@ -1686,5 +1905,5 @@ end
 assert_equal Date.new(2004, 10, 24), user.activation_date # The change was visible only inside the `travel_to` block.
 ```
 
-Please see [`ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers` API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/TimeHelpers.html)
+Please see [`ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers` API Documentation](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/TimeHelpers.html)
 for in-depth information about the available time helpers.
diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
index a0553c1ccc..05980d1614 100644
--- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ You can find a list of all released Rails versions [here](https://rubygems.org/g
 
 Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released:
 
-* Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
+* Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.5.0 or newer.
 * Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.2 or newer.
 * Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer.
 * Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7.
@@ -85,18 +85,367 @@ Rails 6.1. You are encouraged to enable `config.force_ssl` to enforce HTTPS
 connections throughout your application. If you need to exempt certain endpoints
 from redirection, you can use `config.ssl_options` to configure that behavior.
 
-### Purpose in signed or encrypted cookie is now embedded in the cookies values
+### Purpose and expiry metadata is now embedded inside signed and encrypted cookies for increased security
 
-To improve security, Rails now embeds the purpose information in encrypted or signed cookies value.
-Rails can now thwart attacks that attempt to copy signed/encrypted value
+To improve security, Rails embeds the purpose and expiry metadata inside encrypted or signed cookies value.
+
+Rails can then thwart attacks that attempt to copy the signed/encrypted value
 of a cookie and use it as the value of another cookie.
 
-This new embed information make those cookies incompatible with versions of Rails older than 6.0.
+This new embed metadata make those cookies incompatible with versions of Rails older than 6.0.
 
-If you require your cookies to be read by 5.2 and older, or you are still validating your 6.0 deploy and want
-to allow you to rollback set
+If you require your cookies to be read by Rails 5.2 and older, or you are still validating your 6.0 deploy and want
+to be able to rollback set
 `Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata` to `false`.
 
+### Action Cable JavaScript API Changes
+
+The Action Cable JavaScript package has been converted from CoffeeScript
+to ES2015, and we now publish the source code in the npm distribution.
+
+This release includes some breaking changes to optional parts of the
+Action Cable JavaScript API:
+
+- Configuration of the WebSocket adapter and logger adapter have been moved
+  from properties of `ActionCable` to properties of `ActionCable.adapters`.
+  If you are configuring these adapters you will need to make
+  these changes:
+
+  ```diff
+  -    ActionCable.WebSocket = MyWebSocket
+  +    ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket = MyWebSocket
+  ```
+  ```diff
+  -    ActionCable.logger = myLogger
+  +    ActionCable.adapters.logger = myLogger
+  ```
+
+- The `ActionCable.startDebugging()` and `ActionCable.stopDebugging()`
+  methods have been removed and replaced with the property
+  `ActionCable.logger.enabled`. If you are using these methods you
+  will need to make these changes:
+
+  ```diff
+  -    ActionCable.startDebugging()
+  +    ActionCable.logger.enabled = true
+  ```
+  ```diff
+  -    ActionCable.stopDebugging()
+  +    ActionCable.logger.enabled = false
+  ```
+
+### `ActionDispatch::Response#content_type` now returns the Content-Type header without modification
+
+Previously, the return value of `ActionDispatch::Response#content_type` did NOT contain the charset part.
+This behavior has changed to include the previously omitted charset part as well.
+
+If you want just the MIME type, please use `ActionDispatch::Response#media_type` instead.
+
+Before:
+
+```ruby
+resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new(200, "Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16")
+resp.content_type #=> "text/csv; header=present"
+```
+
+After:
+
+```ruby
+resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new(200, "Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16")
+resp.content_type #=> "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16"
+resp.media_type   #=> "text/csv"
+```
+
+### Autoloading
+
+The default configuration for Rails 6
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+
+config.load_defaults "6.0"
+```
+
+enables `zeitwerk` autoloading mode on CRuby. In that mode, autoloading, reloading, and eager loading are managed by [Zeitwerk](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk).
+
+#### Public API
+
+In general, applications do not need to use the API of Zeitwerk directly. Rails sets things up according to the existing contract: `config.autoload_paths`, `config.cache_classes`, etc.
+
+While applications should stick to that interface, the actual Zeitwerk loader object can be accessed as
+
+```ruby
+Rails.autoloaders.main
+```
+
+That may be handy if you need to preload STIs or configure a custom inflector, for example.
+
+#### Project Structure
+
+If the application being upgraded autoloads correctly, the project structure should be already mostly compatible.
+
+However, `classic` mode infers file names from missing constant names (`underscore`), whereas `zeitwerk` mode infers constant names from file names (`camelize`). These helpers are not always inverse of each other, in particular if acronyms are involved. For instance, `"FOO".underscore` is `"foo"`, but `"foo".camelize` is `"Foo"`, not `"FOO"`.
+
+Compatibility can be checked with the `zeitwerk:check` task:
+
+```
+$ bin/rails zeitwerk:check
+Hold on, I am eager loading the application.
+All is good!
+```
+
+#### require_dependency
+
+All known use cases of `require_dependency` have been eliminated, you should grep the project and delete them.
+
+If your application has STIs, please check their section in the guide [Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Zeitwerk Mode)](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html#single-table-inheritance).
+
+#### Qualified names in class and module definitions
+
+You can now robustly use constant paths in class and module definitions:
+
+```ruby
+# Autoloading in this class' body matches Ruby semantics now.
+class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController
+  # ...
+end
+```
+
+A gotcha to be aware of is that, depending on the order of execution, the classic autoloader could sometimes be able to autoload `Foo::Wadus` in
+
+```ruby
+class Foo::Bar
+  Wadus
+end
+```
+
+That does not match Ruby semantics because `Foo` is not in the nesting, and won't work at all in `zeitwerk` mode. If you find such corner case you can use the qualified name `Foo::Wadus`:
+
+```ruby
+class Foo::Bar
+  Foo::Wadus
+end
+```
+
+or add `Foo` to the nesting:
+
+```ruby
+module Foo
+  class Bar
+    Wadus
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Concerns
+
+You can autoload and eager load from a standard structure like
+
+```
+app/models
+app/models/concerns
+```
+
+In that case, `app/models/concerns` is assumed to be a root directory (because it belongs to the autoload paths), and it is ignored as namespace. So, `app/models/concerns/foo.rb` should define `Foo`, not `Concerns::Foo`.
+
+The `Concerns::` namespace worked with the classic autoloader as a side-effect of the implementation, but it was not really an intended behavior. An application using `Concerns::` needs to rename those classes and modules to be able to run in `zeitwerk` mode.
+
+#### Having `app` in the autoload paths
+
+Some projects want something like `app/api/base.rb` to define `API::Base`, and add `app` to the autoload paths to accomplish that in `classic` mode. Since Rails adds all subdirectories of `app` to the autoload paths automatically, we have another situation in which there are nested root directories, so that setup no longer works. Similar principle we explained above with `concerns`.
+
+If you want to keep that structure, you'll need to delete the subdirectory from the autoload paths in an initializer:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.delete("#{Rails.root}/app/api")
+```
+
+#### Autoloaded Constants and Explicit Namespaces
+
+If a namespace is defined in a file, as `Hotel` is here:
+
+```
+app/models/hotel.rb         # Defines Hotel.
+app/models/hotel/pricing.rb # Defines Hotel::Pricing.
+```
+
+the `Hotel` constant has to be set using the `class` or `module` keywords. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Hotel
+end
+```
+
+is good.
+
+Alternatives like
+
+```ruby
+Hotel = Class.new
+```
+
+or
+
+```ruby
+Hotel = Struct.new
+```
+
+won't work, child objects like `Hotel::Pricing` won't be found.
+
+This restriction only applies to explicit namespaces. Classes and modules not defining a namespace can be defined using those idioms.
+
+#### One file, one constant (at the same top-level)
+
+In `classic` mode you could technically define several constants at the same top-level and have them all reloaded. For example, given
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/foo.rb
+
+class Foo
+end
+
+class Bar
+end
+```
+
+while `Bar` could not be autoloaded, autoloading `Foo` would mark `Bar` as autoloaded too. This is not the case in `zeitwerk` mode, you need to move `Bar` to its own file `bar.rb`. One file, one constant.
+
+This affects only to constants at the same top-level as in the example above. Inner classes and modules are fine. For example, consider
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/foo.rb
+
+class Foo
+  class InnerClass
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If the application reloads `Foo`, it will reload `Foo::InnerClass` too.
+
+#### Spring and the `test` Environment
+
+Spring reloads the application code if something changes. In the `test` environment you need to enable reloading for that to work:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/test.rb
+
+config.cache_classes = false
+```
+
+Otherwise you'll get this error:
+
+```
+reloading is disabled because config.cache_classes is true
+```
+
+#### Bootsnap
+
+Bootsnap should be at least version 1.4.2.
+
+In addition to that, Bootsnap needs to disable the iseq cache due to a bug in the interpreter if running Ruby 2.5. Please make sure to depend on at least Bootsnap 1.4.4 in that case.
+
+#### `config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path`
+
+The new configuration point
+
+```ruby
+config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path
+```
+
+is `true` by default for backwards compatibility, but allows you to opt-out from adding the autoload paths to `$LOAD_PATH`.
+
+This makes sense in most applications, since you never should require a file in `app/models`, for example, and Zeitwerk only uses absolute file names internally.
+
+By opting-out you optimize `$LOAD_PATH` lookups (less directories to check), and save Bootsnap work and memory consumption, since it does not need to build an index for these directories.
+
+#### Thread-safety
+
+In classic mode, constant autoloading is not thread-safe, though Rails has locks in place for example to make web requests thread-safe when autoloading is enabled, as it is common in `development` mode.
+
+Constant autoloading is thread-safe in `zeitwerk` mode. For example, you can now autoload in multi-threaded scripts executed by the `runner` command.
+
+#### Globs in config.autoload_paths
+
+Beware of configurations like
+
+```ruby
+config.autoload_paths += Dir["#{config.root}/lib/**/"]
+```
+
+Every element of `config.autoload_paths` should represent the top-level namespace (`Object`) and they cannot be nested in consequence (with the exception of `concerns` directories explained above).
+
+To fix this, just remove the wildcards:
+
+```ruby
+config.autoload_paths << "#{config.root}/lib"
+```
+
+#### Eager loading and autoloading are consistent
+
+In `classic` mode, if `app/models/foo.rb` defines `Bar`, you won't be able to autoload that file, but eager loading will work because it loads files recursively blindly. This can be a source of errors if you test things first eager loading, execution may fail later autoloading.
+
+In `zeitwerk` mode both loading modes are consistent, they fail and err in the same files.
+
+#### How to Use the Classic Autoloader in Rails 6
+
+Applications can load Rails 6 defaults and still use the classic autoloader by setting `config.autoloader` this way:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+
+config.load_defaults "6.0"
+config.autoloader = :classic
+```
+
+### Active Storage assignment behavior change
+
+In Rails 5.2, assigning to a collection of attachments declared with `has_many_attached` appended new files:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many_attached :highlights
+end
+
+user.highlights.attach(filename: "funky.jpg", ...)
+user.higlights.count # => 1
+
+blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg", ...)
+user.update!(highlights: [ blob ])
+
+user.highlights.count # => 2
+user.highlights.first.filename # => "funky.jpg"
+user.highlights.second.filename # => "town.jpg"
+```
+
+With the default configuration for Rails 6.0, assigning to a collection of attachments replaces existing files
+instead of appending to them. This matches Active Record behavior when assigning to a collection association:
+
+```ruby
+user.highlights.attach(filename: "funky.jpg", ...)
+user.highlights.count # => 1
+
+blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg", ...)
+user.update!(highlights: [ blob ])
+
+user.highlights.count # => 1
+user.highlights.first.filename # => "town.jpg"
+```
+
+`#attach` can be used to add new attachments without removing the existing ones:
+
+```ruby
+blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg", ...)
+user.highlights.attach(blob)
+
+user.highlights.count # => 2
+user.highlights.first.filename # => "funky.jpg"
+user.highlights.second.filename # => "town.jpg"
+```
+
+Opt in to the new default behavior by setting `config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many` to `true`.
+The old behavior will be deprecated in Rails 6.1 and removed in a subsequent release.
+
 Upgrading from Rails 5.1 to Rails 5.2
 -------------------------------------
 
@@ -407,7 +756,7 @@ want to add this feature it will need to be turned on in an initializer.
 
 Rails 5 now supports per-form CSRF tokens to mitigate against code-injection attacks with forms
 created by JavaScript. With this option turned on, forms in your application will each have their
-own CSRF token that is specified to the action and method for that form.
+own CSRF token that is specific to the action and method for that form.
 
     config.action_controller.per_form_csrf_tokens = true
 
@@ -622,7 +971,7 @@ gem 'rails-deprecated_sanitizer'
 
 ### Rails DOM Testing
 
-The [`TagAssertions` module](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/TagAssertions.html) (containing methods such as `assert_tag`), [has been deprecated](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6061472b8c310158a2a2e8e9a6b81a1aef6b60fe/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb) in favor of the `assert_select` methods from the `SelectorAssertions` module, which has been extracted into the [rails-dom-testing gem](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing).
+The [`TagAssertions` module](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/TagAssertions.html) (containing methods such as `assert_tag`), [has been deprecated](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6061472b8c310158a2a2e8e9a6b81a1aef6b60fe/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb) in favor of the `assert_select` methods from the `SelectorAssertions` module, which has been extracted into the [rails-dom-testing gem](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing).
 
 
 ### Masked Authenticity Tokens
@@ -1521,7 +1870,7 @@ config.assets.enabled = true
 config.assets.version = '1.0'
 ```
 
-If your application is using an "/assets" route for a resource you may want change the prefix used for assets to avoid conflicts:
+If your application is using an "/assets" route for a resource you may want to change the prefix used for assets to avoid conflicts:
 
 ```ruby
 # Defaults to '/assets'
diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
index c36b3faa6c..8cf8efefd0 100644
--- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ remote elements inside your application.
 
 #### form_with
 
-[`form_with`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with)
+[`form_with`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with)
 is a helper that assists with writing forms. By default, `form_with` assumes that
 your form will be using Ajax. You can opt out of this behavior by
 passing the `:local` option `form_with`.
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ have been bundled into `event.detail`. For information about the previously used
 
 #### link_to
 
-[`link_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-link_to)
+[`link_to`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-link_to)
 is a helper that assists with generating links. It has a `:remote` option you
 can use like this:
 
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ $ ->
 
 #### button_to
 
-[`button_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-button_to) is a helper that helps you create buttons. It has a `:remote` option that you can call like this:
+[`button_to`](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-button_to) is a helper that helps you create buttons. It has a `:remote` option that you can call like this:
 
 ```erb
 <%= button_to "An article", @article, remote: true %>
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 88029de141..e5c71777ba 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@
   "private": true,
   "workspaces": [
     "actioncable",
+    "actiontext",
     "activestorage",
-    "actionview",
-    "tmp/templates/app_template",
-    "railties/test/fixtures/tmp/bukkits/**/test/dummy",
-    "railties/test/fixtures/tmp/bukkits/**/spec/dummy"
+    "actionview"
   ],
   "dependencies": {
     "webpack": "^4.17.1"
diff --git a/rails.gemspec b/rails.gemspec
index 709ce642f3..5f2f1dfdcc 100644
--- a/rails.gemspec
+++ b/rails.gemspec
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "Full-stack web application framework."
   s.description = "Ruby on Rails is a full-stack web framework optimized for programmer happiness and sustainable productivity. It encourages beautiful code by favoring convention over configuration."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.5.0"
   s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 1.8.11"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files = ["README.md"]
 
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency "activejob",     version
   s.add_dependency "actioncable",   version
   s.add_dependency "activestorage", version
+  s.add_dependency "actionmailbox", version
+  s.add_dependency "actiontext",    version
   s.add_dependency "railties",      version
 
   s.add_dependency "bundler",         ">= 1.3.0"
diff --git a/railties/.gitignore b/railties/.gitignore
index c08562e016..17a49da08c 100644
--- a/railties/.gitignore
+++ b/railties/.gitignore
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@
 /test/500.html
 /test/fixtures/tmp/
 /test/initializer/root/log/
+/test/isolation/assets/yarn.lock
 /tmp/
diff --git a/railties/CHANGELOG.md b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
index 448fd48f10..cfb30719da 100644
--- a/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,192 +1,5 @@
-*   Remove `app/assets` and `app/javascript` from `eager_load_paths` and `autoload_paths`.
+* Support using environment variable to set pidfile
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+  *Ben Thorner*
 
-*   Add JSON support to rails properties route (`/rails/info/properties`).
-
-    Now, `Rails::Info` properties may be accessed in JSON format at `/rails/info/properties.json`.
-
-    *Yoshiyuki Hirano*
-
-*   Use Ids instead of memory addresses when displaying references in scaffold views.
-
-    Fixes #29200.
-
-    *Rasesh Patel*
-
-*   Adds support for multiple databases to `rails db:migrate:status`.
-    Subtasks are also added to get the status of individual databases (eg. `rails db:migrate:status:animals`).
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
-
-*   Use Webpacker by default to manage app-level JavaScript through the new app/javascript directory.
-    Sprockets is now solely in charge, by default, of compiling CSS and other static assets.
-    Action Cable channel generators will create ES6 stubs rather than use CoffeeScript.
-    Active Storage, Action Cable, Turbolinks, and Rails-UJS are loaded by a new application.js pack.
-    Generators no longer generate JavaScript stubs.
-
-    *DHH*, *Lachlan Sylvester*
-
-*   Add `database` (aliased as `db`) option to model generator to allow
-    setting the database. This is useful for applications that use
-    multiple databases and put migrations per database in their own directories.
-
-    ```
-    bin/rails g model Room capacity:integer --database=kingston
-          invoke  active_record
-          create    db/kingston_migrate/20180830151055_create_rooms.rb
-    ```
-
-    Because rails scaffolding uses the model generator, you can
-    also specify a database with the scaffold generator.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
-
-*   Raise an error when "recyclable cache keys" are being used by a cache store
-    that does not explicitly support it. Custom cache keys that do support this feature
-    can bypass this error by implementing the `supports_cache_versioning?` method on their
-    class and returning a truthy value.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Support environment specific credentials file.
-
-    For `production` environment look first for `config/credentials/production.yml.enc` file that can be decrypted by
-    `ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]` or `config/credentials/production.key` master key.
-    Edit given environment credentials file by command `rails credentials:edit --environment production`.
-    Default paths can be overwritten by setting `config.credentials.content_path` and `config.credentials.key_path`.
-
-    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
-
-*   Make `ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore` the default cache store in the test environment.
-
-    *Michael C. Nelson*
-
-*   Emit warning for unknown inflection rule when generating model.
-
-    *Yoshiyuki Kinjo*
-
-*   Add `database` (aliased as `db`) option to migration generator.
-
-    If you're using multiple databases and have a folder for each database
-    for migrations (ex db/migrate and db/new_db_migrate) you can now pass the
-    `--database` option to the generator to make sure the the migration
-    is inserted into the correct folder.
-
-    ```
-    rails g migration CreateHouses --database=kingston
-      invoke  active_record
-      create    db/kingston_migrate/20180830151055_create_houses.rb
-    ```
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Deprecate `rake routes` in favor of `rails routes`.
-
-    *Yuji Yaginuma*
-
-*   Deprecate `rake initializers` in favor of `rails initializers`.
-
-    *Annie-Claude Côté*
-
-*   Deprecate `rake dev:cache` in favor of `rails dev:cache`.
-
-    *Annie-Claude Côté*
-
-*   Deprecate `rails notes` subcommands in favor of passing an `annotations` argument to `rails notes`.
-
-    The following subcommands are replaced by passing `--annotations` or `-a` to `rails notes`:
-    - `rails notes:custom ANNOTATION=custom` is deprecated in favor of using `rails notes -a custom`.
-    - `rails notes:optimize` is deprecated in favor of using `rails notes -a OPTIMIZE`.
-    - `rails notes:todo` is deprecated in favor of  using`rails notes -a TODO`.
-    - `rails notes:fixme` is deprecated in favor of using `rails notes -a FIXME`.
-
-    *Annie-Claude Côté*
-
-*   Deprecate `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES` environment variable used by `rails notes`
-    through `Rails::SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation` in favor of using `config.annotations.register_directories`.
-
-    *Annie-Claude Côté*
-
-*   Deprecate `rake notes` in favor of `rails notes`.
-
-    *Annie-Claude Côté*
-
-*   Don't generate unused files in `app:update` task.
-
-    Skip the assets' initializer when sprockets isn't loaded.
-
-    Skip `config/spring.rb` when spring isn't loaded.
-
-    Skip yarn's contents when yarn integration isn't used.
-
-    *Tsukuru Tanimichi*
-
-*   Make the master.key file read-only for the owner upon generation on
-    POSIX-compliant systems.
-
-    Previously:
-
-        $ ls -l config/master.key
-        -rw-r--r--   1 owner  group      32 Jan 1 00:00 master.key
-
-    Now:
-
-        $ ls -l config/master.key
-        -rw-------   1 owner  group      32 Jan 1 00:00 master.key
-
-    Fixes #32604.
-
-    *Jose Luis Duran*
-
-*   Deprecate support for using the `HOST` environment to specify the server IP.
-
-    The `BINDING` environment should be used instead.
-
-    Fixes #29516.
-
-    *Yuji Yaginuma*
-
-*   Deprecate passing Rack server name as a regular argument to `rails server`.
-
-    Previously:
-
-        $ bin/rails server thin
-
-    There wasn't an explicit option for the Rack server to use, now we have the
-    `--using` option with the `-u` short switch.
-
-    Now:
-
-        $ bin/rails server -u thin
-
-    This change also improves the error message if a missing or mistyped rack
-    server is given.
-
-    *Genadi Samokovarov*
-
-*   Add "rails routes --expanded" option to output routes in expanded mode like
-    "psql --expanded". Result looks like:
-
-    ```
-    $ rails routes --expanded
-    --[ Route 1 ]------------------------------------------------------------
-    Prefix            | high_scores
-    Verb              | GET
-    URI               | /high_scores(.:format)
-    Controller#Action | high_scores#index
-    --[ Route 2 ]------------------------------------------------------------
-    Prefix            | new_high_score
-    Verb              | GET
-    URI               | /high_scores/new(.:format)
-    Controller#Action | high_scores#new
-    ```
-
-    *Benoit Tigeot*
-
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
-
-    *Jeremy Daer*
-
-
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/railties/MIT-LICENSE b/railties/MIT-LICENSE
index cce00cbc3a..ea8823d7ef 100644
--- a/railties/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/railties/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2018 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2019 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc b/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
index 89fc6bcbce..f1783a4737 100644
--- a/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
+++ b/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 \Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to
 create database-backed web applications according to the
-{Model-View-Controller (MVC)}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller]
+{Model-View-Controller (MVC)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller]
 pattern.
 
 Understanding the MVC pattern is key to understanding \Rails. MVC divides your
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ or to generate the body of an email. In \Rails, View generation is handled by {A
 {Active Record}[link:files/activerecord/README_rdoc.html], {Active Model}[link:files/activemodel/README_rdoc.html],
 {Action Pack}[link:files/actionpack/README_rdoc.html], and {Action View}[link:files/actionview/README_rdoc.html] can each be used independently outside \Rails.
 In addition to that, \Rails also comes with {Action Mailer}[link:files/actionmailer/README_rdoc.html], a library
-to generate and send emails; {Active Job}[link:files/activejob/README_md.html], a
-framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety of queueing
+to generate and send emails; {Action Mailbox}[link:files/actionmailbox/README_md.html], a library to receive emails within a Rails application;
+{Active Job}[link:files/activejob/README_md.html], a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety of queueing
 backends; {Action Cable}[link:files/actioncable/README_md.html], a framework to
 integrate WebSockets with a \Rails application; {Active Storage}[link:files/activestorage/README_md.html],
-a library to attach cloud and local files to \Rails applications;
+a library to attach cloud and local files to \Rails applications; {Action Text}[link:files/actiontext/README_md.html], a library to handle rich text content;
 and {Active Support}[link:files/activesupport/README_rdoc.html], a collection
 of utility classes and standard library extensions that are useful for \Rails,
 and may also be used independently outside \Rails.
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ and may also be used independently outside \Rails.
    * The \README file created within your application.
    * {Getting Started with \Rails}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html].
    * {Ruby on \Rails Guides}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org].
-   * {The API Documentation}[http://api.rubyonrails.org].
+   * {The API Documentation}[https://api.rubyonrails.org].
    * {Ruby on \Rails Tutorial}[https://www.railstutorial.org/book].
 
 == Contributing
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ We encourage you to contribute to Ruby on \Rails! Please check out the
 {Contributing to Ruby on \Rails guide}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html] for guidelines about how to proceed. {Join us!}[http://contributors.rubyonrails.org]
 
 Trying to report a possible security vulnerability in \Rails? Please
-check out our {security policy}[http://rubyonrails.org/security/] for
+check out our {security policy}[https://rubyonrails.org/security/] for
 guidelines about how to proceed.
 
 Everyone interacting in \Rails and its sub-projects' codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the \Rails {code of conduct}[http://rubyonrails.org/conduct/].
diff --git a/railties/README.rdoc b/railties/README.rdoc
index 2715ccac3f..51437e3147 100644
--- a/railties/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/README.rdoc
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Railties is released under the MIT license:
 
 API documentation is at
 
-* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+* https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
 Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
diff --git a/railties/Rakefile b/railties/Rakefile
index 445f6217b3..51f46d1817 100644
--- a/railties/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/Rakefile
@@ -11,6 +11,33 @@ task test: "test:isolated"
 
 namespace :test do
   task :isolated do
+    estimated_duration = {
+      "test/application/test_runner_test.rb" => 201,
+      "test/application/assets_test.rb" => 131,
+      "test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb" => 65,
+      "test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb" => 57,
+      "test/generators/plugin_test_runner_test.rb" => 57,
+      "test/application/test_test.rb" => 52,
+      "test/application/configuration_test.rb" => 49,
+      "test/generators/app_generator_test.rb" => 43,
+      "test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb" => 43,
+      "test/application/rake_test.rb" => 33,
+      "test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb" => 30,
+      "test/railties/engine_test.rb" => 27,
+      "test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb" => 23,
+      "test/railties/generators_test.rb" => 19,
+      "test/application/console_test.rb" => 16,
+      "test/engine/commands_test.rb" => 15,
+      "test/application/routing_test.rb" => 15,
+      "test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb" => 15,
+      "test/application/rake/multi_dbs_test.rb" => 13,
+      "test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb" => 12,
+      "test/application/bin_setup_test.rb" => 11,
+      "test/engine/test_test.rb" => 10,
+      "test/application/runner_test.rb" => 10,
+    }
+    estimated_duration.default = 1
+
     dash_i = [
       "test",
       "lib",
@@ -36,10 +63,30 @@ namespace :test do
     dirs = (ENV["TEST_DIR"] || ENV["TEST_DIRS"] || "**").split(",")
     test_options = ENV["TESTOPTS"].to_s.split(/[\s]+/)
 
-    test_files = dirs.map { |dir| "test/#{dir}/*_test.rb" }
-    Dir[*test_files].each do |file|
-      next true if file.start_with?("test/fixtures/")
+    test_patterns = dirs.map { |dir| "test/#{dir}/*_test.rb" }
+    test_files = Dir[*test_patterns].select do |file|
+      !file.start_with?("test/fixtures/") && !file.start_with?("test/isolation/assets/")
+    end
+
+    if ENV["BUILDKITE_PARALLEL_JOB_COUNT"]
+      n = ENV["BUILDKITE_PARALLEL_JOB"].to_i
+      m = ENV["BUILDKITE_PARALLEL_JOB_COUNT"].to_i
+
+      buckets = Array.new(m) { [] }
+      allocations = Array.new(m) { 0 }
+      test_files.sort_by { |file| [-estimated_duration[file], file] }.each do |file|
+        idx = allocations.index(allocations.min)
+        buckets[idx] << file
+        allocations[idx] += estimated_duration[file]
+      end
+
+      puts "Running #{buckets[n].size} of #{test_files.size} test files, estimated duration #{allocations[n]}s"
+
+      test_files = buckets[n]
+    end
 
+    test_files.each do |file|
+      puts "--- #{file}"
       fake_command = Shellwords.join([
         FileUtils::RUBY,
         "-w",
@@ -48,21 +95,28 @@ namespace :test do
       ])
       puts fake_command
 
-      # We could run these in parallel, but pretty much all of the
-      # railties tests already run in parallel, so ¯\_(⊙︿⊙)_/¯
-      Process.waitpid fork {
-        ARGV.clear.concat test_options
-        Rake.application = nil
-
-        load file
-      }
+      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        # We could run these in parallel, but pretty much all of the
+        # railties tests already run in parallel, so ¯\_(⊙︿⊙)_/¯
+        Process.waitpid fork {
+          ARGV.clear.concat test_options
+          Rake.application = nil
+
+          load file
+        }
+      else
+        Process.wait spawn(fake_command)
+      end
 
       unless $?.success?
         failing_files << file
+        puts "^^^ +++"
       end
     end
 
+    puts "--- All tests completed"
     unless failing_files.empty?
+      puts "^^^ +++"
       puts
       puts "Failed in:"
       failing_files.each do |file|
@@ -70,7 +124,7 @@ namespace :test do
       end
       puts
 
-      raise "Failure in isolated test runner"
+      exit 1
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/minitest/rails_plugin.rb b/railties/lib/minitest/rails_plugin.rb
index 6486fa1798..4b7df6360a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/minitest/rails_plugin.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/minitest/rails_plugin.rb
@@ -54,6 +54,6 @@ module Minitest
     end
   end
 
-  # Backwardscompatibility with Rails 5.0 generated plugin test scripts
+  # Backwards compatibility with Rails 5.0 generated plugin test scripts
   mattr_reader :run_via, default: {}
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails.rb b/railties/lib/rails.rb
index 092105d502..440d2953c3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ require "rails/ruby_version_check"
 require "pathname"
 
 require "active_support"
-require "active_support/dependencies/autoload"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"
 
 require "rails/application"
 require "rails/version"
+require "rails/autoloaders"
 
 require "active_support/railtie"
 require "action_dispatch/railtie"
@@ -110,5 +110,9 @@ module Rails
     def public_path
       application && Pathname.new(application.paths["public"].first)
     end
+
+    def autoloaders
+      Autoloaders
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
index f5dccd2381..da810f1eed 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+# rubocop:disable Style/RedundantBegin
+
 require "rails"
 
 %w(
@@ -10,6 +12,8 @@ require "rails"
   action_mailer/railtie
   active_job/railtie
   action_cable/engine
+  action_mailbox/engine
+  action_text/engine
   rails/test_unit/railtie
   sprockets/railtie
 ).each do |railtie|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
index e7f0557584..d5312843e4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
@@ -74,6 +74,22 @@ module Rails
           )
         },
 
+        "actionmailbox" => {
+          include: %w(
+            README.md
+            app/**/action_mailbox/**/*.rb
+            lib/action_mailbox/**/*.rb
+          )
+        },
+
+        "actiontext" => {
+          include: %w(
+            README.md
+            app/**/action_text/**/*.rb
+            lib/action_text/**/*.rb
+          )
+        },
+
         "railties" => {
           include: %w(
             README.rdoc
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/app_loader.rb b/railties/lib/rails/app_loader.rb
index aabcc5970c..cc057a407d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/app_loader.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/app_loader.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ control:
                                 # too that you may or may not want (like yarn)
 
 If you already have Rails binstubs in source control, you might be
-inadverently overwriting them during deployment by using bundle install
+inadvertently overwriting them during deployment by using bundle install
 with the --binstubs option.
 
 If your application was created prior to Rails 4, here's how to upgrade:
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
index 656786246d..cbaab6cc33 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ require "active_support/key_generator"
 require "active_support/message_verifier"
 require "active_support/encrypted_configuration"
 require "active_support/deprecation"
+require "active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access"
 require "rails/engine"
 require "rails/secrets"
 
@@ -172,14 +173,9 @@ module Rails
     def key_generator
       # number of iterations selected based on consultation with the google security
       # team. Details at https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/6952#issuecomment-7661220
-      @caching_key_generator ||=
-        if secret_key_base
-          ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(
-            ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(secret_key_base, iterations: 1000)
-          )
-        else
-          ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(secrets.secret_token)
-        end
+      @caching_key_generator ||= ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(
+        ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(secret_key_base, iterations: 1000)
+      )
     end
 
     # Returns a message verifier object.
@@ -232,10 +228,12 @@ module Rails
 
       if yaml.exist?
         require "erb"
-        require "active_support/ordered_options"
+        config = YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {}
+        config = (config["shared"] || {}).merge(config[env] || {})
 
-        config = (YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {})[env] || {}
-        ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new(config.deep_symbolize_keys)
+        ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new.tap do |options|
+          options.update(NonSymbolAccessDeprecatedHash.new(config))
+        end
       else
         raise "Could not load configuration. No such file - #{yaml}"
       end
@@ -252,7 +250,6 @@ module Rails
         super.merge(
           "action_dispatch.parameter_filter" => config.filter_parameters,
           "action_dispatch.redirect_filter" => config.filter_redirect,
-          "action_dispatch.secret_token" => secrets.secret_token,
           "action_dispatch.secret_key_base" => secret_key_base,
           "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions,
           "action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions" => config.consider_all_requests_local,
@@ -273,7 +270,9 @@ module Rails
           "action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata" => config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata,
           "action_dispatch.content_security_policy" => config.content_security_policy,
           "action_dispatch.content_security_policy_report_only" => config.content_security_policy_report_only,
-          "action_dispatch.content_security_policy_nonce_generator" => config.content_security_policy_nonce_generator
+          "action_dispatch.content_security_policy_nonce_generator" => config.content_security_policy_nonce_generator,
+          "action_dispatch.content_security_policy_nonce_directives" => config.content_security_policy_nonce_directives,
+          "action_dispatch.feature_policy" => config.feature_policy,
         )
       end
     end
@@ -402,14 +401,6 @@ module Rails
 
         # Fallback to config.secret_key_base if secrets.secret_key_base isn't set
         secrets.secret_key_base ||= config.secret_key_base
-        # Fallback to config.secret_token if secrets.secret_token isn't set
-        secrets.secret_token ||= config.secret_token
-
-        if secrets.secret_token.present?
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-            "`secrets.secret_token` is deprecated in favor of `secret_key_base` and will be removed in Rails 6.0."
-          )
-        end
 
         secrets
       end
@@ -420,14 +411,15 @@ module Rails
     # The secret_key_base is used as the input secret to the application's key generator, which in turn
     # is used to create all MessageVerifiers/MessageEncryptors, including the ones that sign and encrypt cookies.
     #
-    # In test and development, this is simply derived as a MD5 hash of the application's name.
+    # In development and test, this is randomly generated and stored in a
+    # temporary file in <tt>tmp/development_secret.txt</tt>.
     #
     # In all other environments, we look for it first in ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"],
     # then credentials.secret_key_base, and finally secrets.secret_key_base. For most applications,
     # the correct place to store it is in the encrypted credentials file.
     def secret_key_base
-      if Rails.env.test? || Rails.env.development?
-        secrets.secret_key_base || Digest::MD5.hexdigest(self.class.name)
+      if Rails.env.development? || Rails.env.test?
+        secrets.secret_key_base ||= generate_development_secret
       else
         validate_secret_key_base(
           ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] || credentials.secret_key_base || secrets.secret_key_base
@@ -511,7 +503,6 @@ module Rails
     end
 
   protected
-
     alias :build_middleware_stack :app
 
     def run_tasks_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
@@ -585,12 +576,27 @@ module Rails
         secret_key_base
       elsif secret_key_base
         raise ArgumentError, "`secret_key_base` for #{Rails.env} environment must be a type of String`"
-      elsif secrets.secret_token.blank?
+      else
         raise ArgumentError, "Missing `secret_key_base` for '#{Rails.env}' environment, set this string with `rails credentials:edit`"
       end
     end
 
     private
+      def generate_development_secret
+        if secrets.secret_key_base.nil?
+          key_file = Rails.root.join("tmp/development_secret.txt")
+
+          if !File.exist?(key_file)
+            random_key = SecureRandom.hex(64)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(key_file.dirname)
+            File.binwrite(key_file, random_key)
+          end
+
+          secrets.secret_key_base = File.binread(key_file)
+        end
+
+        secrets.secret_key_base
+      end
 
       def build_request(env)
         req = super
@@ -602,5 +608,51 @@ module Rails
       def build_middleware
         config.app_middleware + super
       end
+
+      class NonSymbolAccessDeprecatedHash < HashWithIndifferentAccess # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(value = nil)
+          if value.is_a?(Hash)
+            value.each_pair { |k, v| self[k] = v }
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def []=(key, value)
+          regular_writer(key.to_sym, convert_value(value, for: :assignment))
+        end
+
+        private
+          def convert_key(key)
+            unless key.kind_of?(Symbol)
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MESSAGE.squish)
+                Accessing hashes returned from config_for by non-symbol keys
+                is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1.
+                Use symbols for access instead.
+              MESSAGE
+
+              key = key.to_sym
+            end
+
+            key
+          end
+
+          def convert_value(value, options = {}) # :doc:
+            if value.is_a? Hash
+              if options[:for] == :to_hash
+                value.to_hash
+              else
+                self.class.new(value)
+              end
+            elsif value.is_a?(Array)
+              if options[:for] != :assignment || value.frozen?
+                value = value.dup
+              end
+              value.map! { |e| convert_value(e, options) }
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
index e3c0759f95..1fdc7b2d71 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ module Rails
 
       initializer :set_eager_load, group: :all do
         if config.eager_load.nil?
-          warn <<-INFO
-config.eager_load is set to nil. Please update your config/environments/*.rb files accordingly:
+          warn <<~INFO
+            config.eager_load is set to nil. Please update your config/environments/*.rb files accordingly:
 
-  * development - set it to false
-  * test - set it to false (unless you use a tool that preloads your test environment)
-  * production - set it to true
+              * development - set it to false
+              * test - set it to false (unless you use a tool that preloads your test environment)
+              * production - set it to true
 
-INFO
+          INFO
           config.eager_load = config.cache_classes
         end
       end
@@ -34,20 +34,12 @@ INFO
       # Initialize the logger early in the stack in case we need to log some deprecation.
       initializer :initialize_logger, group: :all do
         Rails.logger ||= config.logger || begin
-          path = config.paths["log"].first
-          unless File.exist? File.dirname path
-            FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname path
-          end
-
-          f = File.open path, "a"
-          f.binmode
-          f.sync = config.autoflush_log # if true make sure every write flushes
-
-          logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new f
+          logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(config.default_log_file)
           logger.formatter = config.log_formatter
           logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(logger)
           logger
         rescue StandardError
+          path = config.paths["log"].first
           logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDERR))
           logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger::WARN
           logger.warn(
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
index d6f8c4f47c..934578e9f1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "ipaddr"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting"
 require "active_support/file_update_checker"
 require "rails/engine/configuration"
@@ -11,15 +12,16 @@ module Rails
       attr_accessor :allow_concurrency, :asset_host, :autoflush_log,
                     :cache_classes, :cache_store, :consider_all_requests_local, :console,
                     :eager_load, :exceptions_app, :file_watcher, :filter_parameters,
-                    :force_ssl, :helpers_paths, :logger, :log_formatter, :log_tags,
-                    :railties_order, :relative_url_root, :secret_key_base, :secret_token,
+                    :force_ssl, :helpers_paths, :hosts, :logger, :log_formatter, :log_tags,
+                    :railties_order, :relative_url_root, :secret_key_base,
                     :ssl_options, :public_file_server,
                     :session_options, :time_zone, :reload_classes_only_on_change,
                     :beginning_of_week, :filter_redirect, :x, :enable_dependency_loading,
                     :read_encrypted_secrets, :log_level, :content_security_policy_report_only,
-                    :content_security_policy_nonce_generator, :require_master_key, :credentials
+                    :content_security_policy_nonce_generator, :content_security_policy_nonce_directives,
+                    :require_master_key, :credentials, :disable_sandbox, :add_autoload_paths_to_load_path
 
-      attr_reader :encoding, :api_only, :loaded_config_version
+      attr_reader :encoding, :api_only, :loaded_config_version, :autoloader
 
       def initialize(*)
         super
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ module Rails
         @filter_parameters                       = []
         @filter_redirect                         = []
         @helpers_paths                           = []
+        @hosts                                   = Array(([IPAddr.new("0.0.0.0/0"), IPAddr.new("::/0"), ".localhost"] if Rails.env.development?))
         @public_file_server                      = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
         @public_file_server.enabled              = true
         @public_file_server.index_name           = "index"
@@ -48,7 +51,6 @@ module Rails
         @autoflush_log                           = true
         @log_formatter                           = ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter.new
         @eager_load                              = nil
-        @secret_token                            = nil
         @secret_key_base                         = nil
         @api_only                                = false
         @debug_exception_response_format         = nil
@@ -58,11 +60,16 @@ module Rails
         @content_security_policy                 = nil
         @content_security_policy_report_only     = false
         @content_security_policy_nonce_generator = nil
+        @content_security_policy_nonce_directives = nil
         @require_master_key                      = false
         @loaded_config_version                   = nil
         @credentials                             = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
         @credentials.content_path                = default_credentials_content_path
         @credentials.key_path                    = default_credentials_key_path
+        @autoloader                              = :classic
+        @disable_sandbox                         = false
+        @add_autoload_paths_to_load_path         = true
+        @feature_policy                          = nil
       end
 
       def load_defaults(target_version)
@@ -95,10 +102,6 @@ module Rails
 
           if respond_to?(:active_record)
             active_record.cache_versioning = true
-            # Remove the temporary load hook from SQLite3Adapter when this is removed
-            ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_sqlite3adapter) do
-              ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer = true
-            end
           end
 
           if respond_to?(:action_dispatch)
@@ -120,13 +123,37 @@ module Rails
         when "6.0"
           load_defaults "5.2"
 
+          self.autoloader = :zeitwerk if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
+
           if respond_to?(:action_view)
             action_view.default_enforce_utf8 = false
           end
 
           if respond_to?(:action_dispatch)
             action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata = true
+            action_dispatch.return_only_media_type_on_content_type = false
+          end
+
+          if respond_to?(:action_mailer)
+            action_mailer.delivery_job = "ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob"
+          end
+
+          if respond_to?(:active_job)
+            active_job.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = true
+          end
+
+          if respond_to?(:active_storage)
+            active_storage.queues.analysis = :active_storage_analysis
+            active_storage.queues.purge    = :active_storage_purge
+
+            active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many = true
           end
+
+          if respond_to?(:active_record)
+            active_record.collection_cache_versioning = true
+          end
+        when "6.1"
+          load_defaults "6.0"
         else
           raise "Unknown version #{target_version.to_s.inspect}"
         end
@@ -171,6 +198,26 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      # Load the database YAML without evaluating ERB. This allows us to
+      # create the rake tasks for multiple databases without filling in the
+      # configuration values or loading the environment. Do not use this
+      # method.
+      #
+      # This uses a DummyERB custom compiler so YAML can ignore the ERB
+      # tags and load the database.yml for the rake tasks.
+      def load_database_yaml # :nodoc:
+        if path = paths["config/database"].existent.first
+          require "rails/application/dummy_erb_compiler"
+
+          yaml = Pathname.new(path)
+          erb = DummyERB.new(yaml.read)
+
+          YAML.load(erb.result) || {}
+        else
+          {}
+        end
+      end
+
       # Loads and returns the entire raw configuration of database from
       # values stored in <tt>config/database.yml</tt>.
       def database_configuration
@@ -257,6 +304,38 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def feature_policy(&block)
+        if block_given?
+          @feature_policy = ActionDispatch::FeaturePolicy.new(&block)
+        else
+          @feature_policy
+        end
+      end
+
+      def autoloader=(autoloader)
+        case autoloader
+        when :classic
+          @autoloader = autoloader
+        when :zeitwerk
+          require "zeitwerk"
+          @autoloader = autoloader
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "config.autoloader may be :classic or :zeitwerk, got #{autoloader.inspect} instead"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_log_file
+        path = paths["log"].first
+        unless File.exist? File.dirname path
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname path
+        end
+
+        f = File.open path, "a"
+        f.binmode
+        f.sync = autoflush_log # if true make sure every write flushes
+        f
+      end
+
       class Custom #:nodoc:
         def initialize
           @configurations = Hash.new
@@ -278,25 +357,25 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       private
-        def credentials_available_for_current_env?
-          File.exist?("#{root}/config/credentials/#{Rails.env}.yml.enc")
-        end
-
         def default_credentials_content_path
           if credentials_available_for_current_env?
-            File.join(root, "config", "credentials", "#{Rails.env}.yml.enc")
+            root.join("config", "credentials", "#{Rails.env}.yml.enc")
           else
-            File.join(root, "config", "credentials.yml.enc")
+            root.join("config", "credentials.yml.enc")
           end
         end
 
         def default_credentials_key_path
           if credentials_available_for_current_env?
-            File.join(root, "config", "credentials", "#{Rails.env}.key")
+            root.join("config", "credentials", "#{Rails.env}.key")
           else
-            File.join(root, "config", "master.key")
+            root.join("config", "master.key")
           end
         end
+
+        def credentials_available_for_current_env?
+          File.exist?(root.join("config", "credentials", "#{Rails.env}.yml.enc"))
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
index 433a7ab41f..572f51fca2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ module Rails
 
       def build_stack
         ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new do |middleware|
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization, config.hosts, config.action_dispatch.hosts_response_app
+
           if config.force_ssl
             middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::SSL, config.ssl_options
           end
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ module Rails
           middleware.use ::Rails::Rack::Logger, config.log_tags
           middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, show_exceptions_app
           middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, app, config.debug_exception_response_format
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions
 
           unless config.cache_classes
             middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Reloader, app.reloader
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ module Rails
 
           unless config.api_only
             middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Middleware
+            middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::FeaturePolicy::Middleware
           end
 
           middleware.use ::Rack::Head
@@ -76,7 +80,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       private
-
         def load_rack_cache
           rack_cache = config.action_dispatch.rack_cache
           return unless rack_cache
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/dummy_erb_compiler.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/dummy_erb_compiler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..028e790292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/dummy_erb_compiler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# These classes are used to strip out the ERB configuration
+# values so we can evaluate the database.yml without evaluating
+# the ERB values.
+class DummyERB < ERB # :nodoc:
+  def make_compiler(trim_mode)
+    DummyCompiler.new trim_mode
+  end
+end
+
+class DummyCompiler < ERB::Compiler # :nodoc:
+  def compile_content(stag, out)
+    if stag == "<%="
+      out.push "_erbout << ''"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
index 04aaf6dd9a..9f4009ad20 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/inflections"
+require "active_support/core_ext/array/conversions"
+
 module Rails
   class Application
     module Finisher
@@ -21,6 +24,53 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      # This will become an error if/when we remove classic mode. The plan is
+      # autoloaders won't be configured up to this point in the finisher, so
+      # constants just won't be found, raising regular NameError exceptions.
+      initializer :warn_if_autoloaded, before: :let_zeitwerk_take_over do
+        next if config.cache_classes
+        next if ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded_constants.empty?
+
+        autoloaded    = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded_constants
+        constants     = "constant".pluralize(autoloaded.size)
+        enum          = autoloaded.to_sentence
+        have          = autoloaded.size == 1 ? "has" : "have"
+        these         = autoloaded.size == 1 ? "This" : "These"
+        example       = autoloaded.first
+        example_klass = example.constantize.class
+
+        if config.autoloader == :zeitwerk
+          ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.clear
+          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+
+          unload_message = "#{these} autoloaded #{constants} #{have} been unloaded."
+        else
+          unload_message = "`config.autoloader` is set to `#{config.autoloader}`. #{these} autoloaded #{constants} would have been unloaded if `config.autoloader` had been set to `:zeitwerk`."
+        end
+
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~WARNING)
+          Initialization autoloaded the #{constants} #{enum}.
+
+          Being able to do this is deprecated. Autoloading during initialization is going
+          to be an error condition in future versions of Rails.
+
+          Reloading does not reboot the application, and therefore code executed during
+          initialization does not run again. So, if you reload #{example}, for example,
+          the expected changes won't be reflected in that stale #{example_klass} object.
+
+          #{unload_message}
+
+          Please, check the "Autoloading and Reloading Constants" guide for solutions.
+        WARNING
+      end
+
+      initializer :let_zeitwerk_take_over do
+        if config.autoloader == :zeitwerk
+          require "active_support/dependencies/zeitwerk_integration"
+          ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ZeitwerkIntegration.take_over(enable_reloading: !config.cache_classes)
+        end
+      end
+
       initializer :add_builtin_route do |app|
         if Rails.env.development?
           app.routes.prepend do
@@ -66,6 +116,10 @@ module Rails
       initializer :eager_load! do
         if config.eager_load
           ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:before_eager_load, self)
+          # Checks defined?(Zeitwerk) instead of zeitwerk_enabled? because we
+          # want to eager load any dependency managed by Zeitwerk regardless of
+          # the autoloading mode of the application.
+          Zeitwerk::Loader.eager_load_all if defined?(Zeitwerk)
           config.eager_load_namespaces.each(&:eager_load!)
         end
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
index 3ecb8e264e..1070362253 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
     private
-
       def updater
         @updater ||= ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(paths) { reload! }
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
index b3fe822218..8c00633515 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ class Rails::ApplicationController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
   end
 
   private
-
     def require_local!
       unless local_request?
         render html: "<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>".html_safe, status: :forbidden
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/autoloaders.rb b/railties/lib/rails/autoloaders.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bd3f18a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/autoloaders.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/dependencies/zeitwerk_integration"
+
+module Rails
+  module Autoloaders # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      include Enumerable
+
+      def main
+        if zeitwerk_enabled?
+          @main ||= Zeitwerk::Loader.new.tap do |loader|
+            loader.tag = "rails.main"
+            loader.inflector = ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ZeitwerkIntegration::Inflector
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def once
+        if zeitwerk_enabled?
+          @once ||= Zeitwerk::Loader.new.tap do |loader|
+            loader.tag = "rails.once"
+            loader.inflector = ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ZeitwerkIntegration::Inflector
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def each
+        if zeitwerk_enabled?
+          yield main
+          yield once
+        end
+      end
+
+      def logger=(logger)
+        each { |loader| loader.logger = logger }
+      end
+
+      def zeitwerk_enabled?
+        Rails.configuration.autoloader == :zeitwerk
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
index 19d331ff30..09082282f3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def print_line(name, statistics)
-      m_over_c   = (statistics.methods / statistics.classes) rescue m_over_c = 0
-      loc_over_m = (statistics.code_lines / statistics.methods) - 2 rescue loc_over_m = 0
+      m_over_c   = (statistics.methods / statistics.classes) rescue 0
+      loc_over_m = (statistics.code_lines / statistics.methods) - 2 rescue 0
 
       print "| #{name.ljust(20)} "
       HEADERS.each_key do |k|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/command.rb
index f09aa3ae0d..7e6e968c92 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/command.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_support"
-require "active_support/dependencies/autoload"
 require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/command/actions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/command/actions.rb
index cbb743346b..50651ad61a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/command/actions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/command/actions.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,20 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def require_application_and_environment!
+        require_application!
+        require_environment!
+      end
+
+      def require_application!
         require ENGINE_PATH if defined?(ENGINE_PATH)
 
         if defined?(APP_PATH)
           require APP_PATH
+        end
+      end
+
+      def require_environment!
+        if defined?(APP_PATH)
           Rails.application.require_environment!
         end
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/command/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/command/base.rb
index 766872de8a..a22b198c66 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/command/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/command/base.rb
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ module Rails
         # For a Rails::Command::TestCommand placed in <tt>rails/command/test_command.rb</tt>
         # would return <tt>rails/test</tt>.
         def default_command_root
-          path = File.expand_path(File.join("../commands", command_root_namespace), __dir__)
+          path = File.expand_path(relative_command_path, __dir__)
           path if File.exist?(path)
         end
 
@@ -135,12 +135,20 @@ module Rails
           end
 
           def command_root_namespace
-            (namespace.split(":") - %w( rails )).first
+            (namespace.split(":") - %w(rails)).join(":")
+          end
+
+          def relative_command_path
+            File.join("../commands", *command_root_namespace.split(":"))
           end
 
           def namespaced_commands
             commands.keys.map do |key|
-              key == command_root_namespace ? key : "#{command_root_namespace}:#{key}"
+              if command_root_namespace.match?(/(\A|\:)#{key}\z/)
+                command_root_namespace
+              else
+                "#{command_root_namespace}:#{key}"
+              end
             end
           end
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/command/behavior.rb b/railties/lib/rails/command/behavior.rb
index 718e2d9ab2..7fb2a99e67 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/command/behavior.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/command/behavior.rb
@@ -56,12 +56,10 @@ module Rails
           def lookup!
             $LOAD_PATH.each do |base|
               Dir[File.join(base, *file_lookup_paths)].each do |path|
-                begin
-                  path = path.sub("#{base}/", "")
-                  require path
-                rescue Exception
-                  # No problem
-                end
+                path = path.sub("#{base}/", "")
+                require path
+              rescue Exception
+                # No problem
               end
             end
           end
@@ -73,8 +71,9 @@ module Rails
             paths = []
             namespaces.each do |namespace|
               pieces = namespace.split(":")
-              paths << pieces.dup.push(pieces.last).join("/")
-              paths << pieces.join("/")
+              path = pieces.join("/")
+              paths << "#{path}/#{pieces.last}"
+              paths << path
             end
             paths.uniq!
             paths
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/command/environment_argument.rb b/railties/lib/rails/command/environment_argument.rb
index 5dc98b113d..9945fd1430 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/command/environment_argument.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/command/environment_argument.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_support"
+require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute"
 
 module Rails
   module Command
@@ -8,26 +9,18 @@ module Rails
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       included do
-        argument :environment, optional: true, banner: "environment"
-
-        class_option :environment, aliases: "-e", type: :string,
-          desc: "Specifies the environment to run this console under (test/development/production)."
+        no_commands do
+          class_attribute :environment_desc, default: "Specifies the environment to run this #{self.command_name} under (test/development/production)."
+        end
+        class_option :environment, aliases: "-e", type: :string, desc: environment_desc
       end
 
       private
-        def extract_environment_option_from_argument
-          if environment
-            self.options = options.merge(environment: acceptable_environment(environment))
-
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Passing the environment's name as a " \
-                                            "regular argument is deprecated and "  \
-                                            "will be removed in the next Rails "   \
-                                            "version. Please, use the -e option "  \
-                                            "instead."
-          elsif options[:environment]
+        def extract_environment_option_from_argument(default_environment: Rails::Command.environment)
+          if options[:environment]
             self.options = options.merge(environment: acceptable_environment(options[:environment]))
           else
-            self.options = options.merge(environment: Rails::Command.environment)
+            self.options = options.merge(environment: default_environment)
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/command/spellchecker.rb b/railties/lib/rails/command/spellchecker.rb
index 085d5b16df..c5d0253185 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/command/spellchecker.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/command/spellchecker.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         private
-
           # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation.
           # Copyright (c) 2006-2013 Paul Battley, Michael Neumann, Tim Fletcher.
           #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console/console_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console/console_command.rb
index e35faa5b01..7a9eaefea1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console/console_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console/console_command.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ module Rails
       @options = options
 
       app.sandbox = sandbox?
+
+      if sandbox? && app.config.disable_sandbox
+        puts "Error: Unable to start console in sandbox mode as sandbox mode is disabled (config.disable_sandbox is true)."
+        exit 1
+      end
+
       app.load_console
 
       @console = app.config.console || IRB
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/credentials/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/commands/credentials/USAGE
index 6b33d1ab74..c8d3fb9eda 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/credentials/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/credentials/USAGE
@@ -41,9 +41,18 @@ from leaking.
 
 === Environment Specific Credentials
 
-It is possible to have credentials for each environment. If the file for current environment exists it will take
-precedence over `config/credentials.yml.enc`, thus for `production` environment first look for
-`config/credentials/production.yml.enc` that can be decrypted using master key taken from `ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]`
-or stored in `config/credentials/production.key`.
-To edit given file use command `rails credentials:edit --environment production`
-Default paths can be overwritten by setting `config.credentials.content_path` and `config.credentials.key_path`.
+The `credentials` command supports passing an `--environment` option to create an
+environment specific override. That override will take precedence over the
+global `config/credentials.yml.enc` file when running in that environment. So:
+
+   rails credentials:edit --environment development
+
+will create `config/credentials/development.yml.enc` with the corresponding
+encryption key in `config/credentials/development.key` if the credentials file
+doesn't exist.
+
+The encryption key can also be put in `ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]`, which takes
+precedence over the file encryption key.
+
+In addition to that, the default credentials lookup paths can be overridden through
+`config.credentials.content_path` and `config.credentials.key_path`.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/credentials/credentials_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/credentials/credentials_command.rb
index 4b30d208e0..e23a1b3008 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/credentials/credentials_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/credentials/credentials_command.rb
@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
 
 require "active_support"
 require "rails/command/helpers/editor"
+require "rails/command/environment_argument"
 
 module Rails
   module Command
     class CredentialsCommand < Rails::Command::Base # :nodoc:
       include Helpers::Editor
+      include EnvironmentArgument
 
-      class_option :environment, aliases: "-e", type: :string,
-        desc: "Uses credentials from config/credentials/:environment.yml.enc encrypted by config/credentials/:environment.key key"
+      self.environment_desc = "Uses credentials from config/credentials/:environment.yml.enc encrypted by config/credentials/:environment.key key"
 
       no_commands do
         def help
@@ -20,17 +21,16 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def edit
-        require_application_and_environment!
+        extract_environment_option_from_argument(default_environment: nil)
+        require_application!
 
         ensure_editor_available(command: "bin/rails credentials:edit") || (return)
 
-        encrypted = Rails.application.encrypted(content_path, key_path: key_path)
-
-        ensure_encryption_key_has_been_added(key_path) if encrypted.key.nil?
-        ensure_encrypted_file_has_been_added(content_path, key_path)
+        ensure_encryption_key_has_been_added if credentials.key.nil?
+        ensure_credentials_have_been_added
 
         catch_editing_exceptions do
-          change_encrypted_file_in_system_editor(content_path, key_path)
+          change_credentials_in_system_editor
         end
 
         say "File encrypted and saved."
@@ -39,38 +39,53 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def show
-        require_application_and_environment!
-
-        encrypted = Rails.application.encrypted(content_path, key_path: key_path)
+        extract_environment_option_from_argument(default_environment: nil)
+        require_application!
 
-        say encrypted.read.presence || missing_encrypted_message(key: encrypted.key, key_path: key_path, file_path: content_path)
+        say credentials.read.presence || missing_credentials_message
       end
 
       private
-        def content_path
-          options[:environment] ? "config/credentials/#{options[:environment]}.yml.enc" : "config/credentials.yml.enc"
-        end
-
-        def key_path
-          options[:environment] ? "config/credentials/#{options[:environment]}.key" : "config/master.key"
+        def credentials
+          Rails.application.encrypted(content_path, key_path: key_path)
         end
 
-
-        def ensure_encryption_key_has_been_added(key_path)
+        def ensure_encryption_key_has_been_added
           encryption_key_file_generator.add_key_file(key_path)
           encryption_key_file_generator.ignore_key_file(key_path)
         end
 
-        def ensure_encrypted_file_has_been_added(file_path, key_path)
-          encrypted_file_generator.add_encrypted_file_silently(file_path, key_path)
+        def ensure_credentials_have_been_added
+          if options[:environment]
+            encrypted_file_generator.add_encrypted_file_silently(content_path, key_path)
+          else
+            credentials_generator.add_credentials_file_silently
+          end
         end
 
-        def change_encrypted_file_in_system_editor(file_path, key_path)
-          Rails.application.encrypted(file_path, key_path: key_path).change do |tmp_path|
+        def change_credentials_in_system_editor
+          credentials.change do |tmp_path|
             system("#{ENV["EDITOR"]} #{tmp_path}")
           end
         end
 
+        def missing_credentials_message
+          if credentials.key.nil?
+            "Missing '#{key_path}' to decrypt credentials. See `rails credentials:help`"
+          else
+            "File '#{content_path}' does not exist. Use `rails credentials:edit` to change that."
+          end
+        end
+
+
+        def content_path
+          options[:environment] ? "config/credentials/#{options[:environment]}.yml.enc" : "config/credentials.yml.enc"
+        end
+
+        def key_path
+          options[:environment] ? "config/credentials/#{options[:environment]}.key" : "config/master.key"
+        end
+
 
         def encryption_key_file_generator
           require "rails/generators"
@@ -86,12 +101,11 @@ module Rails
           Rails::Generators::EncryptedFileGenerator.new
         end
 
-        def missing_encrypted_message(key:, key_path:, file_path:)
-          if key.nil?
-            "Missing '#{key_path}' to decrypt credentials. See `rails credentials:help`"
-          else
-            "File '#{file_path}' does not exist. Use `rails credentials:edit` to change that."
-          end
+        def credentials_generator
+          require "rails/generators"
+          require "rails/generators/rails/credentials/credentials_generator"
+
+          Rails::Generators::CredentialsGenerator.new
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/db/system/change/change_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/db/system/change/change_command.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..760c229c07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/db/system/change/change_command.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rails/generators"
+require "rails/generators/rails/db/system/change/change_generator"
+
+module Rails
+  module Command
+    module Db
+      module System
+        class ChangeCommand < Base # :nodoc:
+          class_option :to, desc: "The database system to switch to."
+
+          def perform
+            Rails::Generators::Db::System::ChangeGenerator.start
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole/dbconsole_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole/dbconsole_command.rb
index 0fac7d34a0..72f3235ce3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole/dbconsole_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole/dbconsole_command.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "active_support/deprecation"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
 require "rails/command/environment_argument"
 
 module Rails
@@ -89,15 +91,15 @@ module Rails
 
     def config
       @config ||= begin
-        # We need to check whether the user passed the connection the
+        # We need to check whether the user passed the database the
         # first time around to show a consistent error message to people
         # relying on 2-level database configuration.
-        if @options["connection"] && configurations[connection].blank?
-          raise ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{connection}' connection is not configured. Available configuration: #{configurations.inspect}"
-        elsif configurations[environment].blank? && configurations[connection].blank?
+        if @options["database"] && configurations[database].blank?
+          raise ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{database}' database is not configured. Available configuration: #{configurations.inspect}"
+        elsif configurations[environment].blank? && configurations[database].blank?
           raise ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{environment}' database is not configured. Available configuration: #{configurations.inspect}"
         else
-          configurations[connection] || configurations[environment].presence
+          configurations[database] || configurations[environment].presence
         end
       end
     end
@@ -106,8 +108,8 @@ module Rails
       Rails.respond_to?(:env) ? Rails.env : Rails::Command.environment
     end
 
-    def connection
-      @options.fetch(:connection, "primary")
+    def database
+      @options.fetch(:database, "primary")
     end
 
     private
@@ -156,12 +158,22 @@ module Rails
       class_option :connection, aliases: "-c", type: :string,
         desc: "Specifies the connection to use."
 
+      class_option :database, aliases: "--db", type: :string,
+        desc: "Specifies the database to use."
+
       def perform
         extract_environment_option_from_argument
 
         # RAILS_ENV needs to be set before config/application is required.
         ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = options[:environment]
 
+        if options["connection"]
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            `connection` option is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1. Please use `database` option instead.
+          MSG
+          options["database"] = options["connection"]
+        end
+
         require_application_and_environment!
         Rails::DBConsole.start(options)
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dev/dev_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dev/dev_command.rb
index a3f02f3172..9b2cb2b04a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dev/dev_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dev/dev_command.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ require "rails/dev_caching"
 module Rails
   module Command
     class DevCommand < Base # :nodoc:
-      def help
-        say "rails dev:cache # Toggle development mode caching on/off."
+      no_commands do
+        def help
+          say "rails dev:cache # Toggle development mode caching on/off."
+        end
       end
 
       def cache
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/encrypted/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/commands/encrypted/USAGE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..253eec2378
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/encrypted/USAGE
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+=== Storing Encrypted Files in Source Control
+
+The Rails `encrypted` commands provide access to encrypted files or configurations.
+See the `Rails.application.encrypted` documentation for using them in your app.
+
+=== Encryption Keys
+
+By default, Rails looks for the encryption key in `config/master.key` or
+`ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]`, but that lookup can be overridden with `--key`:
+
+   rails encrypted:edit config/encrypted_file.yml.enc --key config/encrypted_file.key
+
+Don't commit the key! Add it to your source control's ignore file. If you use
+Git, Rails handles this for you.
+
+=== Editing Files
+
+To edit or create an encrypted file use:
+
+   rails encrypted:edit config/encrypted_file.yml.enc
+
+This opens a temporary file in `$EDITOR` with the decrypted contents for editing.
+
+=== Viewing Files
+
+To print the decrypted contents of an encrypted file use:
+
+   rails encrypted:show config/encrypted_file.yml.enc
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/encrypted/encrypted_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/encrypted/encrypted_command.rb
index 8d5947652a..f10a07cdf8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/encrypted/encrypted_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/encrypted/encrypted_command.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ module Rails
         def help
           say "Usage:\n  #{self.class.banner}"
           say ""
+          say self.class.desc
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/initializers/initializers_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/initializers/initializers_command.rb
index 33596177af..bd2f3bed67 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/initializers/initializers_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/initializers/initializers_command.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "rails/command/environment_argument"
+
 module Rails
   module Command
     class InitializersCommand < Base # :nodoc:
+      include EnvironmentArgument
+
       desc "initializers", "Print out all defined initializers in the order they are invoked by Rails."
       def perform
+        extract_environment_option_from_argument
+        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = options[:environment]
+
         require_application_and_environment!
 
         Rails.application.initializers.tsort_each do |initializer|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/notes/notes_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/notes/notes_command.rb
index 64b339b3cd..94cf183855 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/notes/notes_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/notes/notes_command.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require "rails/source_annotation_extractor"
 module Rails
   module Command
     class NotesCommand < Base # :nodoc:
-      class_option :annotations, aliases: "-a", desc: "Filter by specific annotations, e.g. Foobar TODO", type: :array, default: %w(OPTIMIZE FIXME TODO)
+      class_option :annotations, aliases: "-a", desc: "Filter by specific annotations, e.g. Foobar TODO", type: :array, default: Rails::SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.tags
 
       def perform(*)
         require_application_and_environment!
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner/runner_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner/runner_command.rb
index cb693bcf34..40fb5e4d89 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner/runner_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner/runner_command.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "rails/command/environment_argument"
+
 module Rails
   module Command
     class RunnerCommand < Base # :nodoc:
-      class_option :environment, aliases: "-e", type: :string,
-        default: Rails::Command.environment.dup,
-        desc: "The environment for the runner to operate under (test/development/production)"
+      include EnvironmentArgument
+
+      self.environment_desc = "The environment for the runner to operate under (test/development/production)"
 
       no_commands do
         def help
@@ -19,6 +21,8 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def perform(code_or_file = nil, *command_argv)
+        extract_environment_option_from_argument
+
         unless code_or_file
           help
           exit 1
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server/server_command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server/server_command.rb
index 70789e0303..84248e03c1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server/server_command.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server/server_command.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ require "rails"
 require "active_support/deprecation"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
 require "rails/dev_caching"
+require "rails/command/environment_argument"
 
 module Rails
   class Server < ::Rack::Server
@@ -21,19 +22,6 @@ module Rails
       set_environment
     end
 
-    def app
-      @app ||= begin
-        app = super
-        if app.is_a?(Class)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-            Using `Rails::Application` subclass to start the server is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.0.
-            Please change `run #{app}` to `run Rails.application` in config.ru.
-          MSG
-        end
-        app.respond_to?(:to_app) ? app.to_app : app
-      end
-    end
-
     def opt_parser
       Options.new
     end
@@ -104,12 +92,14 @@ module Rails
 
   module Command
     class ServerCommand < Base # :nodoc:
+      include EnvironmentArgument
+
       # Hard-coding a bunch of handlers here as we don't have a public way of
       # querying them from the Rack::Handler registry.
       RACK_SERVERS = %w(cgi fastcgi webrick lsws scgi thin puma unicorn)
 
       DEFAULT_PORT = 3000
-      DEFAULT_PID_PATH = "tmp/pids/server.pid"
+      DEFAULT_PIDFILE = "tmp/pids/server.pid"
 
       argument :using, optional: true
 
@@ -122,12 +112,10 @@ module Rails
         desc: "Uses a custom rackup configuration.", banner: :file
       class_option :daemon, aliases: "-d", type: :boolean, default: false,
         desc: "Runs server as a Daemon."
-      class_option :environment, aliases: "-e", type: :string,
-        desc: "Specifies the environment to run this server under (development/test/production).", banner: :name
       class_option :using, aliases: "-u", type: :string,
         desc: "Specifies the Rack server used to run the application (thin/puma/webrick).", banner: :name
-      class_option :pid, aliases: "-P", type: :string, default: DEFAULT_PID_PATH,
-        desc: "Specifies the PID file."
+      class_option :pid, aliases: "-P", type: :string,
+        desc: "Specifies the PID file - defaults to #{DEFAULT_PIDFILE}."
       class_option :dev_caching, aliases: "-C", type: :boolean, default: nil,
         desc: "Specifies whether to perform caching in development."
       class_option :restart, type: :boolean, default: nil, hide: true
@@ -143,6 +131,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def perform
+        extract_environment_option_from_argument
         set_application_directory!
         prepare_restart
 
@@ -218,6 +207,7 @@ module Rails
             end
             user_supplied_options << :Host if ENV["HOST"] || ENV["BINDING"]
             user_supplied_options << :Port if ENV["PORT"]
+            user_supplied_options << :pid if ENV["PIDFILE"]
             user_supplied_options.uniq
           end
         end
@@ -234,8 +224,8 @@ module Rails
 
             if ENV["HOST"] && !ENV["BINDING"]
               ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-                Using the `HOST` environment to specify the IP is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1.
-                Please use `BINDING` environment instead.
+                Using the `HOST` environment variable to specify the IP is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1.
+                Please use `BINDING` environment variable instead.
               MSG
 
               return ENV["HOST"]
@@ -264,20 +254,20 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def pid
-          File.expand_path(options[:pid])
+          File.expand_path(options[:pid] || ENV.fetch("PIDFILE", DEFAULT_PIDFILE))
         end
 
         def self.banner(*)
-          "rails server [thin/puma/webrick] [options]"
+          "rails server -u [thin/puma/webrick] [options]"
         end
 
         def prepare_restart
-          FileUtils.rm_f(options[:pid]) if options[:restart]
+          FileUtils.rm_f(pid) if options[:restart]
         end
 
         def deprecate_positional_rack_server_and_rewrite_to_option(original_options)
           if using
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG)
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG.squish)
               Passing the Rack server name as a regular argument is deprecated
               and will be removed in the next Rails version. Please, use the -u
               option instead.
@@ -302,9 +292,10 @@ module Rails
             MSG
           else
             suggestion = Rails::Command::Spellchecker.suggest(server, from: RACK_SERVERS)
+            suggestion_msg = "Maybe you meant #{suggestion.inspect}?" if suggestion
 
             <<~MSG
-              Could not find server "#{server}". Maybe you meant #{suggestion.inspect}?
+              Could not find server "#{server}". #{suggestion_msg}
               Run `rails server --help` for more options.
             MSG
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
index 6a13a84108..46f1d38b96 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # If +MyEngine+ is isolated, The routes above will point to
   # <tt>MyEngine::ArticlesController</tt>. You also don't need to use longer
-  # url helpers like +my_engine_articles_path+. Instead, you should simply use
+  # URL helpers like +my_engine_articles_path+. Instead, you should simply use
   # +articles_path+, like you would do with your main application.
   #
   # To make this behavior consistent with other parts of the framework,
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ module Rails
   # normal Rails app, when you use a namespaced model such as
   # <tt>Namespace::Article</tt>, <tt>ActiveModel::Naming</tt> will generate
   # names with the prefix "namespace". In an isolated engine, the prefix will
-  # be omitted in url helpers and form fields, for convenience.
+  # be omitted in URL helpers and form fields, for convenience.
   #
   #   polymorphic_url(MyEngine::Article.new)
   #   # => "articles_path" # not "my_engine_articles_path"
@@ -286,11 +286,11 @@ module Rails
   # Note that the <tt>:as</tt> option given to mount takes the <tt>engine_name</tt> as default, so most of the time
   # you can simply omit it.
   #
-  # Finally, if you want to generate a url to an engine's route using
+  # Finally, if you want to generate a URL to an engine's route using
   # <tt>polymorphic_url</tt>, you also need to pass the engine helper. Let's
   # say that you want to create a form pointing to one of the engine's routes.
   # All you need to do is pass the helper as the first element in array with
-  # attributes for url:
+  # attributes for URL:
   #
   #   form_for([my_engine, @user])
   #
@@ -469,13 +469,15 @@ module Rails
       self
     end
 
-    # Eager load the application by loading all ruby
-    # files inside eager_load paths.
     def eager_load!
+      # Already done by Zeitwerk::Loader.eager_load_all in the finisher.
+      return if Rails.autoloaders.zeitwerk_enabled?
+
       config.eager_load_paths.each do |load_path|
-        matcher = /\A#{Regexp.escape(load_path.to_s)}\/(.*)\.rb\Z/
+        # Starts after load_path plus a slash, ends before ".rb".
+        relname_range = (load_path.to_s.length + 1)...-3
         Dir.glob("#{load_path}/**/*.rb").sort.each do |file|
-          require_dependency file.sub(matcher, '\1')
+          require_dependency file[relname_range]
         end
       end
     end
@@ -531,9 +533,9 @@ module Rails
 
     # Defines the routes for this engine. If a block is given to
     # routes, it is appended to the engine.
-    def routes
+    def routes(&block)
       @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new_with_config(config)
-      @routes.append(&Proc.new) if block_given?
+      @routes.append(&block) if block_given?
       @routes
     end
 
@@ -548,12 +550,17 @@ module Rails
     # Blog::Engine.load_seed
     def load_seed
       seed_file = paths["db/seeds.rb"].existent.first
-      load(seed_file) if seed_file
+      return unless seed_file
+
+      if config.try(:active_job)&.queue_adapter == :async
+        with_inline_jobs { load(seed_file) }
+      else
+        load(seed_file)
+      end
     end
 
-    # Add configured load paths to Ruby's load path, and remove duplicate entries.
-    initializer :set_load_path, before: :bootstrap_hook do
-      _all_load_paths.reverse_each do |path|
+    initializer :set_load_path, before: :bootstrap_hook do |app|
+      _all_load_paths(app.config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path).reverse_each do |path|
         $LOAD_PATH.unshift(path) if File.directory?(path)
       end
       $LOAD_PATH.uniq!
@@ -568,12 +575,15 @@ module Rails
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.unshift(*_all_autoload_paths)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths.unshift(*_all_autoload_once_paths)
 
-      # Freeze so future modifications will fail rather than do nothing mysteriously
       config.autoload_paths.freeze
-      config.eager_load_paths.freeze
       config.autoload_once_paths.freeze
     end
 
+    initializer :set_eager_load_paths, before: :bootstrap_hook do
+      ActiveSupport::Dependencies._eager_load_paths.merge(config.eager_load_paths)
+      config.eager_load_paths.freeze
+    end
+
     initializer :add_routing_paths do |app|
       routing_paths = paths["config/routes.rb"].existent
 
@@ -644,20 +654,30 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     protected
-
       def run_tasks_blocks(*) #:nodoc:
         super
         paths["lib/tasks"].existent.sort.each { |ext| load(ext) }
       end
 
     private
-
       def load_config_initializer(initializer) # :doc:
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("load_config_initializer.railties", initializer: initializer) do
           load(initializer)
         end
       end
 
+      def with_inline_jobs
+        queue_adapter = config.active_job.queue_adapter
+        ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) do
+          self.queue_adapter = :inline
+        end
+        yield
+      ensure
+        ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) do
+          self.queue_adapter = queue_adapter
+        end
+      end
+
       def has_migrations?
         paths["db/migrate"].existent.any?
       end
@@ -686,8 +706,12 @@ module Rails
         @_all_autoload_paths ||= (config.autoload_paths + config.eager_load_paths + config.autoload_once_paths).uniq
       end
 
-      def _all_load_paths
-        @_all_load_paths ||= (config.paths.load_paths + _all_autoload_paths).uniq
+      def _all_load_paths(add_autoload_paths_to_load_path)
+        @_all_load_paths ||= begin
+          load_paths  = config.paths.load_paths
+          load_paths += _all_autoload_paths if add_autoload_paths_to_load_path
+          load_paths.uniq
+        end
       end
 
       def build_request(env)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
index 54bfbdd516..a6b3ccf8f8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Rails
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
index 5e8cebc50a..436315ce1e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ $:.unshift(activesupport_path) if File.directory?(activesupport_path) && !$:.inc
 require "thor/group"
 require "rails/command"
 
-require "active_support"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"
 require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
 require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge"
@@ -23,6 +21,8 @@ module Rails
     autoload :ActiveModel,     "rails/generators/active_model"
     autoload :Base,            "rails/generators/base"
     autoload :Migration,       "rails/generators/migration"
+    autoload :Database,        "rails/generators/database"
+    autoload :AppName,         "rails/generators/app_name"
     autoload :NamedBase,       "rails/generators/named_base"
     autoload :ResourceHelpers, "rails/generators/resource_helpers"
     autoload :TestCase,        "rails/generators/test_case"
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ module Rails
       rails: {
         actions: "-a",
         orm: "-o",
+        javascripts: "-j",
+        javascript_engine: "-je",
         resource_controller: "-c",
         scaffold_controller: "-c",
         stylesheets: "-y",
@@ -218,6 +220,7 @@ module Rails
         rails.delete("encryption_key_file")
         rails.delete("master_key")
         rails.delete("credentials")
+        rails.delete("db:system:change")
 
         hidden_namespaces.each { |n| groups.delete(n.to_s) }
 
@@ -272,15 +275,16 @@ module Rails
         else
           options     = sorted_groups.flat_map(&:last)
           suggestion  = Rails::Command::Spellchecker.suggest(namespace.to_s, from: options)
+          suggestion_msg = "Maybe you meant #{suggestion.inspect}?" if suggestion
+
           puts <<~MSG
-            Could not find generator '#{namespace}'. Maybe you meant #{suggestion.inspect}?
+            Could not find generator '#{namespace}'. #{suggestion_msg}
             Run `rails generate --help` for more options.
           MSG
         end
       end
 
       private
-
         def print_list(base, namespaces) # :doc:
           namespaces = namespaces.reject { |n| hidden_namespaces.include?(n) }
           super
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
index 78d2471890..b6225cd8c0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ module Rails
       def initialize(*) # :nodoc:
         super
         @indentation = 0
-        @after_bundle_callbacks = []
       end
 
       # Adds an entry into +Gemfile+ for the supplied gem.
@@ -41,8 +40,7 @@ module Rails
         in_root do
           str = "gem #{parts.join(", ")}"
           str = indentation + str
-          str = "\n" + str
-          append_file "Gemfile", str, verbose: false
+          append_file_with_newline "Gemfile", str, verbose: false
         end
       end
 
@@ -59,9 +57,9 @@ module Rails
         log :gemfile, "group #{str}"
 
         in_root do
-          append_file "Gemfile", "\ngroup #{str} do", force: true
+          append_file_with_newline "Gemfile", "\ngroup #{str} do", force: true
           with_indentation(&block)
-          append_file "Gemfile", "\nend\n", force: true
+          append_file_with_newline "Gemfile", "end", force: true
         end
       end
 
@@ -72,9 +70,13 @@ module Rails
         log :github, "github #{str}"
 
         in_root do
-          append_file "Gemfile", "\n#{indentation}github #{str} do", force: true
+          if @indentation.zero?
+            append_file_with_newline "Gemfile", "\ngithub #{str} do", force: true
+          else
+            append_file_with_newline "Gemfile", "#{indentation}github #{str} do", force: true
+          end
           with_indentation(&block)
-          append_file "Gemfile", "\n#{indentation}end", force: true
+          append_file_with_newline "Gemfile", "#{indentation}end", force: true
         end
       end
 
@@ -92,9 +94,9 @@ module Rails
 
         in_root do
           if block
-            append_file "Gemfile", "\nsource #{quote(source)} do", force: true
+            append_file_with_newline "Gemfile", "\nsource #{quote(source)} do", force: true
             with_indentation(&block)
-            append_file "Gemfile", "\nend\n", force: true
+            append_file_with_newline "Gemfile", "end", force: true
           else
             prepend_file "Gemfile", "source #{quote(source)}\n", verbose: false
           end
@@ -221,9 +223,12 @@ module Rails
       #   generate(:authenticated, "user session")
       def generate(what, *args)
         log :generate, what
+
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        options[:without_rails_env] = true
         argument = args.flat_map(&:to_s).join(" ")
 
-        in_root { run_ruby_script("bin/rails generate #{what} #{argument}", verbose: false) }
+        execute_command :rails, "generate #{what} #{argument}", options
       end
 
       # Runs the supplied rake task (invoked with 'rake ...')
@@ -246,15 +251,6 @@ module Rails
         execute_command :rails, command, options
       end
 
-      # Just run the capify command in root
-      #
-      #   capify!
-      def capify!
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("`capify!` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails.")
-        log :capify, ""
-        in_root { run("#{extify(:capify)} .", verbose: false) }
-      end
-
       # Make an entry in Rails routing file <tt>config/routes.rb</tt>
       #
       #   route "root 'welcome#index'"
@@ -274,18 +270,7 @@ module Rails
         log File.read(find_in_source_paths(path))
       end
 
-      # Registers a callback to be executed after bundle and spring binstubs
-      # have run.
-      #
-      #   after_bundle do
-      #     git add: '.'
-      #   end
-      def after_bundle(&block)
-        @after_bundle_callbacks << block
-      end
-
       private
-
         # Define log for backwards compatibility. If just one argument is sent,
         # invoke say, otherwise invoke say_status. Differently from say and
         # similarly to say_status, this method respects the quiet? option given.
@@ -302,13 +287,15 @@ module Rails
         # based on the executor parameter provided.
         def execute_command(executor, command, options = {}) # :doc:
           log executor, command
-          env  = options[:env] || ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || "development"
+          env = options[:env] || ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || "development"
+          rails_env = " RAILS_ENV=#{env}" unless options[:without_rails_env]
           sudo = options[:sudo] && !Gem.win_platform? ? "sudo " : ""
           config = { verbose: false }
 
           config[:capture] = options[:capture] if options[:capture]
+          config[:abort_on_failure] = options[:abort_on_failure] if options[:abort_on_failure]
 
-          in_root { run("#{sudo}#{extify(executor)} #{command} RAILS_ENV=#{env}", config) }
+          in_root { run("#{sudo}#{extify(executor)} #{command}#{rails_env}", config) }
         end
 
         # Add an extension to the given name based on the platform.
@@ -360,6 +347,13 @@ module Rails
         ensure
           @indentation -= 1
         end
+
+        # Append string to a file with a newline if necessary
+        def append_file_with_newline(path, str, options = {})
+          gsub_file path, /\n?\z/, options do |match|
+            match.end_with?("\n") ? "" : "\n#{str}\n"
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
index 05bc242447..67a8139cd3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ module Rails
         alias :exists? :existing_migration
 
         private
-
           def on_conflict_behavior # :doc:
             options = base.options.merge(config)
             if identical?
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
index 4dc4d27a46..dbfb7337f0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
 module Rails
   module Generators
     class AppBase < Base # :nodoc:
-      DATABASES = %w( mysql postgresql sqlite3 oracle frontbase ibm_db sqlserver )
-      JDBC_DATABASES = %w( jdbcmysql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcpostgresql jdbc )
-      DATABASES.concat(JDBC_DATABASES)
+      include Database
+      include AppName
 
       attr_accessor :rails_template
       add_shebang_option!
@@ -44,6 +43,12 @@ module Rails
                                            default: false,
                                            desc: "Skip Action Mailer files"
 
+        class_option :skip_action_mailbox, type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                           desc: "Skip Action Mailbox gem"
+
+        class_option :skip_action_text,    type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                           desc: "Skip Action Text gem"
+
         class_option :skip_active_record,  type: :boolean, aliases: "-O", default: false,
                                            desc: "Skip Active Record files"
 
@@ -100,11 +105,9 @@ module Rails
         @gem_filter    = lambda { |gem| true }
         @extra_entries = []
         super
-        convert_database_option_for_jruby
       end
 
     private
-
       def gemfile_entry(name, *args) # :doc:
         options = args.extract_options!
         version = args.first
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ module Rails
       def gemfile_entries # :doc:
         [rails_gemfile_entry,
          database_gemfile_entry,
-         webserver_gemfile_entry,
+         web_server_gemfile_entry,
          assets_gemfile_entry,
          webpacker_gemfile_entry,
          javascript_gemfile_entry,
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ module Rails
                             "Use #{options[:database]} as the database for Active Record"
       end
 
-      def webserver_gemfile_entry # :doc:
+      def web_server_gemfile_entry # :doc:
         return [] if options[:skip_puma]
         comment = "Use Puma as the app server"
         GemfileEntry.new("puma", "~> 3.11", comment)
@@ -200,7 +203,9 @@ module Rails
             :skip_sprockets,
             :skip_action_cable
           ),
-          skip_active_storage?
+          skip_active_storage?,
+          skip_action_mailbox?,
+          skip_action_text?
         ].flatten.none?
       end
 
@@ -229,6 +234,14 @@ module Rails
         options[:skip_active_storage] || options[:skip_active_record]
       end
 
+      def skip_action_mailbox? # :doc:
+        options[:skip_action_mailbox] || skip_active_storage?
+      end
+
+      def skip_action_text? # :doc:
+        options[:skip_action_text] || skip_active_storage?
+      end
+
       class GemfileEntry < Struct.new(:name, :version, :comment, :options, :commented_out)
         def initialize(name, version, comment, options = {}, commented_out = false)
           super
@@ -290,38 +303,10 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      def gem_for_database
-        # %w( mysql postgresql sqlite3 oracle frontbase ibm_db sqlserver jdbcmysql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcpostgresql )
-        case options[:database]
-        when "mysql"          then ["mysql2", [">= 0.4.4"]]
-        when "postgresql"     then ["pg", [">= 0.18", "< 2.0"]]
-        when "oracle"         then ["activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter", nil]
-        when "frontbase"      then ["ruby-frontbase", nil]
-        when "sqlserver"      then ["activerecord-sqlserver-adapter", nil]
-        when "jdbcmysql"      then ["activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter", nil]
-        when "jdbcsqlite3"    then ["activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter", nil]
-        when "jdbcpostgresql" then ["activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter", nil]
-        when "jdbc"           then ["activerecord-jdbc-adapter", nil]
-        else [options[:database], nil]
-        end
-      end
-
-      def convert_database_option_for_jruby
-        if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-          opt = options.dup
-          case opt[:database]
-          when "postgresql" then opt[:database] = "jdbcpostgresql"
-          when "mysql"      then opt[:database] = "jdbcmysql"
-          when "sqlite3"    then opt[:database] = "jdbcsqlite3"
-          end
-          self.options = opt.freeze
-        end
-      end
-
       def assets_gemfile_entry
         return [] if options[:skip_sprockets]
 
-        GemfileEntry.version("sass-rails", "~> 5.0", "Use SCSS for stylesheets")
+        GemfileEntry.version("sass-rails", ">= 5", "Use SCSS for stylesheets")
       end
 
       def webpacker_gemfile_entry
@@ -330,13 +315,13 @@ module Rails
         if options.dev? || options.edge?
           GemfileEntry.github "webpacker", "rails/webpacker", nil, "Use development version of Webpacker"
         else
-          GemfileEntry.new "webpacker", nil, "Transpile app-like JavaScript. Read more: https://github.com/rails/webpacker"
+          GemfileEntry.version "webpacker", "~> 4.0", "Transpile app-like JavaScript. Read more: https://github.com/rails/webpacker"
         end
       end
 
       def jbuilder_gemfile_entry
         comment = "Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder"
-        GemfileEntry.new "jbuilder", "~> 2.5", comment, {}, options[:api]
+        GemfileEntry.new "jbuilder", "~> 2.7", comment, {}, options[:api]
       end
 
       def javascript_gemfile_entry
@@ -364,7 +349,7 @@ module Rails
         gems
       end
 
-      def bundle_command(command)
+      def bundle_command(command, env = {})
         say_status :run, "bundle #{command}"
 
         # We are going to shell out rather than invoking Bundler::CLI.new(command)
@@ -372,19 +357,21 @@ module Rails
         # its own vendored Thor, which could be a different version. Running both
         # things in the same process is a recipe for a night with paracetamol.
         #
-        # We unset temporary bundler variables to load proper bundler and Gemfile.
-        #
         # Thanks to James Tucker for the Gem tricks involved in this call.
         _bundle_command = Gem.bin_path("bundler", "bundle")
 
         require "bundler"
-        Bundler.with_clean_env do
-          full_command = %Q["#{Gem.ruby}" "#{_bundle_command}" #{command}]
-          if options[:quiet]
-            system(full_command, out: File::NULL)
-          else
-            system(full_command)
-          end
+        Bundler.with_original_env do
+          exec_bundle_command(_bundle_command, command, env)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def exec_bundle_command(bundle_command, command, env)
+        full_command = %Q["#{Gem.ruby}" "#{bundle_command}" #{command}]
+        if options[:quiet]
+          system(env, full_command, out: File::NULL)
+        else
+          system(env, full_command)
         end
       end
 
@@ -417,7 +404,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def run_bundle
-        bundle_command("install") if bundle_install?
+        bundle_command("install", "BUNDLE_IGNORE_MESSAGES" => "1") if bundle_install?
       end
 
       def run_webpack
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_name.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_name.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5bb735c4e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_name.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    module AppName # :nodoc:
+      RESERVED_NAMES = %w(application destroy plugin runner test)
+
+      private
+        def app_name
+          @app_name ||= original_app_name.tr('\\', "").tr("-. ", "_")
+        end
+
+        def original_app_name
+          @original_app_name ||= defined_app_const_base? ? defined_app_name : File.basename(destination_root)
+        end
+
+        def defined_app_name
+          defined_app_const_base.underscore
+        end
+
+        def defined_app_const_base
+          Rails.respond_to?(:application) && defined?(Rails::Application) &&
+            Rails.application.is_a?(Rails::Application) && Rails.application.class.name.chomp("::Application")
+        end
+
+        alias :defined_app_const_base? :defined_app_const_base
+
+        def app_const_base
+          @app_const_base ||= defined_app_const_base || app_name.gsub(/\W/, "_").squeeze("_").camelize
+        end
+        alias :camelized :app_const_base
+
+        def app_const
+          @app_const ||= "#{app_const_base}::Application"
+        end
+
+        def valid_const?
+          if /^\d/.match?(app_const)
+            raise Error, "Invalid application name #{original_app_name}. Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
+          elsif RESERVED_NAMES.include?(original_app_name)
+            raise Error, "Invalid application name #{original_app_name}. Please give a " \
+                         "name which does not match one of the reserved rails " \
+                         "words: #{RESERVED_NAMES.join(", ")}"
+          elsif Object.const_defined?(app_const_base)
+            raise Error, "Invalid application name #{original_app_name}, constant #{app_const_base} is already in use. Please choose another application name."
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
index 5523a3f659..a153923ce3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ module Rails
 
       class_option :skip_namespace, type: :boolean, default: false,
                                     desc: "Skip namespace (affects only isolated applications)"
+      class_option :skip_collision_check, type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                          desc: "Skip collision check"
 
       add_runtime_options!
       strict_args_position!
@@ -245,11 +247,11 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       private
-
         # Check whether the given class names are already taken by user
         # application or Ruby on Rails.
         def class_collisions(*class_names)
           return unless behavior == :invoke
+          return if options.skip_collision_check?
 
           class_names.flatten.each do |class_name|
             class_name = class_name.to_s
@@ -262,8 +264,8 @@ module Rails
 
             if last && last.const_defined?(last_name.camelize, false)
               raise Error, "The name '#{class_name}' is either already used in your application " \
-                           "or reserved by Ruby on Rails. Please choose an alternative and run "  \
-                           "this generator again."
+                           "or reserved by Ruby on Rails. Please choose an alternative or use --skip-collision-check "  \
+                           "to skip this check and run this generator again."
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/database.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/database.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc6e7b50e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/database.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    module Database # :nodoc:
+      JDBC_DATABASES = %w( jdbcmysql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcpostgresql jdbc )
+      DATABASES = %w( mysql postgresql sqlite3 oracle frontbase ibm_db sqlserver ) + JDBC_DATABASES
+
+      def initialize(*)
+        super
+        convert_database_option_for_jruby
+      end
+
+      def gem_for_database(database = options[:database])
+        case database
+        when "mysql"          then ["mysql2", [">= 0.4.4"]]
+        when "postgresql"     then ["pg", [">= 0.18", "< 2.0"]]
+        when "sqlite3"        then ["sqlite3", ["~> 1.4"]]
+        when "oracle"         then ["activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter", nil]
+        when "frontbase"      then ["ruby-frontbase", nil]
+        when "sqlserver"      then ["activerecord-sqlserver-adapter", nil]
+        when "jdbcmysql"      then ["activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter", nil]
+        when "jdbcsqlite3"    then ["activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter", nil]
+        when "jdbcpostgresql" then ["activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter", nil]
+        when "jdbc"           then ["activerecord-jdbc-adapter", nil]
+        else [database, nil]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_database_option_for_jruby
+        if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+          opt = options.dup
+          case opt[:database]
+          when "postgresql" then opt[:database] = "jdbcpostgresql"
+          when "mysql"      then opt[:database] = "jdbcmysql"
+          when "sqlite3"    then opt[:database] = "jdbcsqlite3"
+          end
+          self.options = opt.freeze
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def mysql_socket
+          @mysql_socket ||= [
+            "/tmp/mysql.sock",                        # default
+            "/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock",            # debian/gentoo
+            "/var/tmp/mysql.sock",                    # freebsd
+            "/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock",              # fedora
+            "/opt/local/lib/mysql/mysql.sock",        # fedora
+            "/opt/local/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock",  # mac + darwinports + mysql
+            "/opt/local/var/run/mysql4/mysqld.sock",  # mac + darwinports + mysql4
+            "/opt/local/var/run/mysql5/mysqld.sock",  # mac + darwinports + mysql5
+            "/opt/lampp/var/mysql/mysql.sock"         # xampp for linux
+          ].find { |f| File.exist?(f) } unless Gem.win_platform?
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
index ba20bcd32a..aab2d634d3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
   module Generators # :nodoc:
     class Base < Rails::Generators::NamedBase #:nodoc:
       private
-
         def formats
           [format]
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index 997602cb8c..f66be1ee44 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
       end
 
       private
-
         def formats
           [:text, :html]
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index 2fc04e4094..6d3bccab0b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
       end
 
     private
-
       def available_views
         %w(index edit show new _form)
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb.tt
index 518cb1121e..1dddc3d698 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb.tt
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
       <h2><%%= pluralize(<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this <%= singular_table_name %> from being saved:</h2>
 
       <ul>
-      <%% <%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
-        <li><%%= message %></li>
-      <%% end %>
+        <%% <%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
+          <li><%%= message %></li>
+        <%% end %>
       </ul>
     </div>
   <%% end %>
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
   <div class="field">
     <%%= form.label :password_confirmation %>
     <%%= form.password_field :password_confirmation %>
+<% elsif attribute.attachments? -%>
+    <%%= form.label :<%= attribute.column_name %> %>
+    <%%= form.<%= attribute.field_type %> :<%= attribute.column_name %>, multiple: true %>
 <% else -%>
     <%%= form.label :<%= attribute.column_name %> %>
     <%%= form.<%= attribute.field_type %> :<%= attribute.column_name %> %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/show.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/show.html.erb.tt
index 7deba07926..d3f996188c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/show.html.erb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/show.html.erb.tt
@@ -3,7 +3,15 @@
 <% attributes.reject(&:password_digest?).each do |attribute| -%>
 <p>
   <strong><%= attribute.human_name %>:</strong>
+<% if attribute.attachment? -%>
+  <%%= link_to @<%= singular_table_name %>.<%= attribute.column_name %>.filename, @<%= singular_table_name %>.<%= attribute.column_name %> if @<%= singular_table_name %>.<%= attribute.column_name %>.attached? %>
+<% elsif attribute.attachments? -%>
+  <%% @<%= singular_table_name %>.<%= attribute.column_name %>.each do |<%= attribute.singular_name %>| %>
+    <div><%%= link_to <%= attribute.singular_name %>.filename, <%= attribute.singular_name %> %></div>
+  <%% end %>
+<% else -%>
   <%%= @<%= singular_table_name %>.<%= attribute.column_name %> %>
+<% end -%>
 </p>
 
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
index 3f20f5a718..4e348be9be 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "active_support/time"
+require "active_support/deprecation"
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -38,24 +39,29 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         private
-
-        # parse possible attribute options like :limit for string/text/binary/integer, :precision/:scale for decimals or :polymorphic for references/belongs_to
-        # when declaring options curly brackets should be used
-        def parse_type_and_options(type)
-          case type
-          when /(string|text|binary|integer)\{(\d+)\}/
-            return $1, limit: $2.to_i
-          when /decimal\{(\d+)[,.-](\d+)\}/
-            return :decimal, precision: $1.to_i, scale: $2.to_i
-          when /(references|belongs_to)\{(.+)\}/
-            type = $1
-            provided_options = $2.split(/[,.-]/)
-            options = Hash[provided_options.map { |opt| [opt.to_sym, true] }]
-            return type, options
-          else
-            return type, {}
+          # parse possible attribute options like :limit for string/text/binary/integer, :precision/:scale for decimals or :polymorphic for references/belongs_to
+          # when declaring options curly brackets should be used
+          def parse_type_and_options(type)
+            case type
+            when /(string|text|binary|integer)\{(\d+)\}/
+              return $1, limit: $2.to_i
+            when /decimal\{(\d+)[,.-](\d+)\}/
+              return :decimal, precision: $1.to_i, scale: $2.to_i
+            when /(references|belongs_to)\{(.+)\}/
+              type = $1
+              provided_options = $2.split(/[,.-]/)
+              options = Hash[provided_options.map { |opt| [opt.to_sym, true] }]
+
+              if options[:required]
+                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing {required} option has no effect on the model generator. It will be removed in Rails 6.1.\n")
+                options.delete(:required)
+              end
+
+              return type, options
+            else
+              return type, {}
+            end
           end
-        end
       end
 
       def initialize(name, type = nil, index_type = false, attr_options = {})
@@ -68,13 +74,15 @@ module Rails
 
       def field_type
         @field_type ||= case type
-                        when :integer              then :number_field
-                        when :float, :decimal      then :text_field
-                        when :time                 then :time_select
-                        when :datetime, :timestamp then :datetime_select
-                        when :date                 then :date_select
-                        when :text                 then :text_area
-                        when :boolean              then :check_box
+                        when :integer                  then :number_field
+                        when :float, :decimal          then :text_field
+                        when :time                     then :time_select
+                        when :datetime, :timestamp     then :datetime_select
+                        when :date                     then :date_select
+                        when :text                     then :text_area
+                        when :rich_text                then :rich_text_area
+                        when :boolean                  then :check_box
+                        when :attachment, :attachments then :file_field
                         else
                           :text_field
         end
@@ -90,7 +98,9 @@ module Rails
                      when :string                      then name == "type" ? "" : "MyString"
                      when :text                        then "MyText"
                      when :boolean                     then false
-                     when :references, :belongs_to     then nil
+                     when :references, :belongs_to,
+                          :attachment, :attachments,
+                          :rich_text                   then nil
                      else
                        ""
         end
@@ -133,7 +143,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def required?
-        attr_options[:required]
+        reference? && Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default
       end
 
       def has_index?
@@ -152,6 +162,22 @@ module Rails
         type == :token
       end
 
+      def rich_text?
+        type == :rich_text
+      end
+
+      def attachment?
+        type == :attachment
+      end
+
+      def attachments?
+        type == :attachments
+      end
+
+      def virtual?
+        rich_text? || attachment? || attachments?
+      end
+
       def inject_options
         (+"").tap { |s| options_for_migration.each { |k, v| s << ", #{k}: #{v.inspect}" } }
       end
@@ -163,7 +189,6 @@ module Rails
       def options_for_migration
         @attr_options.dup.tap do |options|
           if required?
-            options.delete(:required)
             options[:null] = false
           end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
index 5081060895..b6ec0160cf 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
@@ -63,8 +63,7 @@ module Rails
         numbered_destination = File.join(dir, ["%migration_number%", base].join("_"))
 
         create_migration numbered_destination, nil, config do
-          match = ERB.version.match(/\Aerb\.rb \[(?<version>[^ ]+) /)
-          if match && match[:version] >= "2.2.0" # Ruby 2.6+
+          if ERB.instance_method(:initialize).parameters.assoc(:key) # Ruby 2.6+
             ERB.new(::File.binread(source), trim_mode: "-", eoutvar: "@output_buffer").result(context)
           else
             ERB.new(::File.binread(source), nil, "-", "@output_buffer").result(context)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
index 33002790d4..ea3968bf39 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ module Rails
       empty_directory_with_keep_file "test/helpers"
       empty_directory_with_keep_file "test/integration"
 
+      template "test/channels/application_cable/connection_test.rb"
       template "test/test_helper.rb"
     end
 
@@ -241,9 +242,10 @@ module Rails
     # We need to store the RAILS_DEV_PATH in a constant, otherwise the path
     # can change in Ruby 1.8.7 when we FileUtils.cd.
     RAILS_DEV_PATH = File.expand_path("../../../../../..", __dir__)
-    RESERVED_NAMES = %w[application destroy plugin runner test]
 
-    class AppGenerator < AppBase # :nodoc:
+    class AppGenerator < AppBase
+      # :stopdoc:
+
       WEBPACKS = %w( react vue angular elm stimulus )
 
       add_shared_options_for "application"
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ module Rails
         super
 
         if !options[:skip_active_record] && !DATABASES.include?(options[:database])
-          raise Error, "Invalid value for --database option. Supported for preconfiguration are: #{DATABASES.join(", ")}."
+          raise Error, "Invalid value for --database option. Supported preconfigurations are: #{DATABASES.join(", ")}."
         end
 
         # Force sprockets and yarn to be skipped when generating API only apps.
@@ -276,6 +278,8 @@ module Rails
         if options[:api]
           self.options = options.merge(skip_sprockets: true, skip_javascript: true).freeze
         end
+
+        @after_bundle_callbacks = []
       end
 
       public_task :set_default_accessors!
@@ -305,6 +309,13 @@ module Rails
       end
       remove_task :update_bin_files
 
+      def update_active_storage
+        unless skip_active_storage?
+          rails_command "active_storage:update"
+        end
+      end
+      remove_task :update_active_storage
+
       def create_config_files
         build(:config)
       end
@@ -440,6 +451,7 @@ module Rails
         if options[:skip_action_cable]
           remove_dir "app/javascript/channels"
           remove_dir "app/channels"
+          remove_dir "test/channels"
         end
       end
 
@@ -482,65 +494,22 @@ module Rails
         "rails new #{arguments.map(&:usage).join(' ')} [options]"
       end
 
-    private
+    # :startdoc:
 
+    private
       # Define file as an alias to create_file for backwards compatibility.
       def file(*args, &block)
         create_file(*args, &block)
       end
 
-      def app_name
-        @app_name ||= original_app_name.tr("-", "_")
-      end
-
-      def original_app_name
-        @original_app_name ||= (defined_app_const_base? ? defined_app_name : File.basename(destination_root)).tr('\\', "").tr(". ", "_")
-      end
-
-      def defined_app_name
-        defined_app_const_base.underscore
-      end
-
-      def defined_app_const_base
-        Rails.respond_to?(:application) && defined?(Rails::Application) &&
-          Rails.application.is_a?(Rails::Application) && Rails.application.class.name.sub(/::Application$/, "")
-      end
-
-      alias :defined_app_const_base? :defined_app_const_base
-
-      def app_const_base
-        @app_const_base ||= defined_app_const_base || app_name.gsub(/\W/, "_").squeeze("_").camelize
-      end
-      alias :camelized :app_const_base
-
-      def app_const
-        @app_const ||= "#{app_const_base}::Application"
-      end
-
-      def valid_const?
-        if /^\d/.match?(app_const)
-          raise Error, "Invalid application name #{original_app_name}. Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
-        elsif RESERVED_NAMES.include?(original_app_name)
-          raise Error, "Invalid application name #{original_app_name}. Please give a " \
-                       "name which does not match one of the reserved rails " \
-                       "words: #{RESERVED_NAMES.join(", ")}"
-        elsif Object.const_defined?(app_const_base)
-          raise Error, "Invalid application name #{original_app_name}, constant #{app_const_base} is already in use. Please choose another application name."
-        end
-      end
-
-      def mysql_socket
-        @mysql_socket ||= [
-          "/tmp/mysql.sock",                        # default
-          "/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock",            # debian/gentoo
-          "/var/tmp/mysql.sock",                    # freebsd
-          "/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock",              # fedora
-          "/opt/local/lib/mysql/mysql.sock",        # fedora
-          "/opt/local/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock",  # mac + darwinports + mysql
-          "/opt/local/var/run/mysql4/mysqld.sock",  # mac + darwinports + mysql4
-          "/opt/local/var/run/mysql5/mysqld.sock",  # mac + darwinports + mysql5
-          "/opt/lampp/var/mysql/mysql.sock"         # xampp for linux
-        ].find { |f| File.exist?(f) } unless Gem.win_platform?
+      # Registers a callback to be executed after bundle and spring binstubs
+      # have run.
+      #
+      #   after_bundle do
+      #     git add: '.'
+      #   end
+      def after_bundle(&block) # :doc:
+        @after_bundle_callbacks << block
       end
 
       def get_builder_class
@@ -572,7 +541,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       private
-
         def handle_version_request!(argument)
           if ["--version", "-v"].include?(argument)
             require "rails/version"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile.tt
index fb264935bd..cf5462f7dc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile.tt
@@ -18,20 +18,17 @@ ruby <%= "'#{RUBY_VERSION}'" -%>
 <% end -%>
 <% end -%>
 
-# Use ActiveModel has_secure_password
+# Use Active Model has_secure_password
 # gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
 <% unless skip_active_storage? -%>
 
-# Use ActiveStorage variant
+# Use Active Storage variant
 # gem 'image_processing', '~> 1.2'
 <% end -%>
 
-# Use Capistrano for deployment
-# gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
-
 <% if depend_on_bootsnap? -%>
 # Reduces boot times through caching; required in config/boot.rb
-gem 'bootsnap', '>= 1.1.0', require: false
+gem 'bootsnap', '>= 1.4.4', require: false
 
 <%- end -%>
 <%- if options.api? -%>
@@ -72,8 +69,8 @@ group :test do
   # Adds support for Capybara system testing and selenium driver
   gem 'capybara', '>= 2.15'
   gem 'selenium-webdriver'
-  # Easy installation and use of chromedriver to run system tests with Chrome
-  gem 'chromedriver-helper'
+  # Easy installation and use of web drivers to run system tests with browsers
+  gem 'webdrivers'
 end
 <%- end -%>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/javascript/channels/consumer.js b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/javascript/channels/consumer.js
index 76ca3d0f2f..0eceb59b18 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/javascript/channels/consumer.js
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/javascript/channels/consumer.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Action Cable provides the framework to deal with WebSockets in Rails.
 // You can generate new channels where WebSocket features live using the `rails generate channel` command.
 
-import ActionCable from "actioncable"
+import { createConsumer } from "@rails/actioncable"
 
-export default ActionCable.createConsumer()
+export default createConsumer()
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/javascript/packs/application.js.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/javascript/packs/application.js.tt
index 4d7a145cd6..e67e742263 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/javascript/packs/application.js.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/javascript/packs/application.js.tt
@@ -3,19 +3,21 @@
 // a relevant structure within app/javascript and only use these pack files to reference
 // that code so it'll be compiled.
 
-import Rails from "rails-ujs"
-Rails.start()
+require("@rails/ujs").start()
 <%- unless options[:skip_turbolinks] -%>
-
-import Turbolinks from "turbolinks"
-Turbolinks.start()
+require("turbolinks").start()
 <%- end -%>
 <%- unless skip_active_storage? -%>
-
-import * as ActiveStorage from "activestorage"
-ActiveStorage.start()
+require("@rails/activestorage").start()
 <%- end -%>
 <%- unless options[:skip_action_cable] -%>
-
-import "channels"
+require("channels")
 <%- end -%>
+
+
+// Uncomment to copy all static images under ../images to the output folder and reference
+// them with the image_pack_tag helper in views (e.g <%%= image_pack_tag 'rails.png' %>)
+// or the `imagePath` JavaScript helper below.
+//
+// const images = require.context('../images', true)
+// const imagePath = (name) => images(name, true)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
index 9a7267c783..b8c1f21c0b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     <%%= csp_meta_tag %>
 
     <%- if options[:skip_javascript] -%>
-    <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
+    <%%= stylesheet_link_tag 'application', media: 'all' %>
     <%- else -%>
       <%- unless options[:skip_turbolinks] -%>
     <%%= stylesheet_link_tag 'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track': 'reload' %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup.tt
index 3f73bae3da..5928deb6aa 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup.tt
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ def system!(*args)
 end
 
 FileUtils.chdir APP_ROOT do
-  # This script is a starting point to setup your application.
+  # This script is a way to setup or update your development environment automatically.
+  # This script is idempotent, so that you can run it at anytime and get an expectable outcome.
   # Add necessary setup steps to this file.
 
   puts '== Installing dependencies =='
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ FileUtils.chdir APP_ROOT do
   # end
 
   puts "\n== Preparing database =="
-  system! 'bin/rails db:setup'
+  system! 'bin/rails db:prepare'
 <% end -%>
 
   puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb.tt
index 9a427113c7..1b0ee54071 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb.tt
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ require "active_job/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_storage %>require "active_storage/engine"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_action_mailer %>require "action_mailer/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_action_mailbox %>require "action_mailbox/engine"
+<%= comment_if :skip_action_text %>require "action_text/engine"
 require "action_view/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_action_cable %>require "action_cable/engine"
 <%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml.tt
index 33f422c622..6ab4a26084 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml.tt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml.tt
index 681c765e93..e422aa31fc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml.tt
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_tst
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml.tt
index af69f12059..678455c622 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml.tt
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_test
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml.tt
index f39593372c..b5a0efef47 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml.tt
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml.tt
index df8a6ad627..009a81a6b8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml.tt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# PostgreSQL. Versions 9.1 and up are supported.
+# PostgreSQL. Versions 9.3 and up are supported.
 #
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter'
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml.tt
index 371415e6a8..006b0a74c3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml.tt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# SQLite version 3.x
+# SQLite. Versions 3.8.0 and up are supported.
 #   gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter'
 #
 # Configure Using Gemfile
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml.tt
index b6c2e7448a..386eb511e5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml.tt
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml.tt
index 8d9d33ba6c..f7b6dfafab 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml.tt
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml.tt
index dcd57425e2..44dafbd0c0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml.tt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# PostgreSQL. Versions 9.1 and up are supported.
+# PostgreSQL. Versions 9.3 and up are supported.
 #
 # Install the pg driver:
 #   gem install pg
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml.tt
index 9510568124..a7c2bf2eac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml.tt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# SQLite version 3.x
+# SQLite. Versions 3.8.0 and up are supported.
 #   gem install sqlite3
 #
 #   Ensure the SQLite 3 gem is defined in your Gemfile
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml.tt
index 0246fb0d02..27e8f2f35d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml.tt
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# As with config/credentials.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
 # like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
 # ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
index 3807c8a9aa..404ab8b5de 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Enable/disable caching. By default caching is disabled.
   # Run rails dev:cache to toggle caching.
   if Rails.root.join('tmp', 'caching-dev.txt').exist?
+    <%- unless options.api? -%>
     config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+    config.action_controller.enable_fragment_cache_logging = true
 
+    <%- end -%>
     config.cache_store = :memory_store
     config.public_file_server.headers = {
       'Cache-Control' => "public, max-age=#{2.days.to_i}"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
index 08befd9196..08d437a0be 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ Rails.application.configure do
 
   # Full error reports are disabled and caching is turned on.
   config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
+  <%- unless options.api? -%>
   config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+  <%- end -%>
 
   # Ensures that a master key has been made available in either ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]
   # or in config/master.key. This key is used to decrypt credentials (and other encrypted files).
@@ -98,4 +100,25 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Do not dump schema after migrations.
   config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false
   <%- end -%>
+
+  # Inserts middleware to perform automatic connection switching.
+  # The `database_selector` hash is used to pass options to the DatabaseSelector
+  # middleware. The `delay` is used to determine how long to wait after a write
+  # to send a subsequent read to the primary.
+  #
+  # The `database_resolver` class is used by the middleware to determine which
+  # database is appropriate to use based on the time delay.
+  #
+  # The `database_resolver_context` class is used by the middleware to set
+  # timestamps for the last write to the primary. The resolver uses the context
+  # class timestamps to determine how long to wait before reading from the
+  # replica.
+  #
+  # By default Rails will store a last write timestamp in the session. The
+  # DatabaseSelector middleware is designed as such you can define your own
+  # strategy for connection switching and pass that into the middleware through
+  # these configuration options.
+  # config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
+  # config.active_record.database_resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver
+  # config.active_record.database_resolver_context = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
index 223aa56187..c66e349442 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
+# The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
+# test suite. You never need to work with it otherwise. Remember that
+# your test database is "scratch space" for the test suite and is wiped
+# and recreated between test runs. Don't rely on the data there!
+
 Rails.application.configure do
   # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
-  # test suite. You never need to work with it otherwise. Remember that
-  # your test database is "scratch space" for the test suite and is wiped
-  # and recreated between test runs. Don't rely on the data there!
+  <%# Spring executes the reloaders when files change. %>
+  <%- if spring_install? -%>
+  config.cache_classes = false
+  <%- else -%>
   config.cache_classes = true
+  <%- end -%>
 
   # Do not eager load code on boot. This avoids loading your whole application
   # just for the purpose of running a single test. If you are using a tool that
@@ -48,7 +53,4 @@ Rails.application.configure do
 
   # Raises error for missing translations.
   # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
-
-  # Prevent expensive template finalization at end of test suite runs.
-  config.action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods = false
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
index fe48fc34ee..e92382f2d9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ Rails.application.config.assets.version = '1.0'
 
 # Add additional assets to the asset load path.
 # Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Emoji.images_path
+<%- unless options[:skip_javascript] -%>
+# Add Yarn node_modules folder to the asset load path.
+Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Rails.root.join('node_modules')
+<%- end -%>
 
 # Precompile additional assets.
 # application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in the app/assets
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb.tt
index c517b0f96b..3d468f7633 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb.tt
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 # If you are using UJS then enable automatic nonce generation
 # Rails.application.config.content_security_policy_nonce_generator = -> request { SecureRandom.base64(16) }
 
+# Set the nonce only to specific directives
+# Rails.application.config.content_security_policy_nonce_directives = %w(script-src)
+
 # Report CSP violations to a specified URI
 # For further information see the following documentation:
 # https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/feature_policy.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/feature_policy.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1c46695d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/feature_policy.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Define an application-wide HTTP feature policy. For further
+# information see https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2018/06/feature-policy
+#
+# Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |f|
+#   f.camera      :none
+#   f.gyroscope   :none
+#   f.microphone  :none
+#   f.usb         :none
+#   f.fullscreen  :self
+#   f.payment     :self, "https://secure.example.com"
+# end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb.tt
index 54eb0cb1d2..ffe53497bf 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb.tt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #
 # Read the Guide for Upgrading Ruby on Rails for more info on each option.
 
-# Don't force requests from old versions of IE to be UTF-8 encoded
+# Don't force requests from old versions of IE to be UTF-8 encoded.
 # Rails.application.config.action_view.default_enforce_utf8 = false
 
 # Embed purpose and expiry metadata inside signed and encrypted
@@ -15,3 +15,26 @@
 # This option is not backwards compatible with earlier Rails versions.
 # It's best enabled when your entire app is migrated and stable on 6.0.
 # Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata = true
+
+# Change the return value of `ActionDispatch::Response#content_type` to Content-Type header without modification.
+# Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.return_only_media_type_on_content_type = true
+
+# Return false instead of self when enqueuing is aborted from a callback.
+# Rails.application.config.active_job.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = true
+
+# Send Active Storage analysis and purge jobs to dedicated queues.
+# Rails.application.config.active_storage.queues.analysis = :active_storage_analysis
+# Rails.application.config.active_storage.queues.purge    = :active_storage_purge
+
+# When assigning to a collection of attachments declared via `has_many_attached`, replace existing
+# attachments instead of appending. Use #attach to add new attachments without replacing existing ones.
+# Rails.application.config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many = true
+
+# Use ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob for sending parameterized and normal mail.
+#
+# The default delivery jobs (ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob, ActionMailer::DeliveryJob),
+# will be removed in Rails 6.1. This setting is not backwards compatible with earlier Rails versions.
+# If you send mail in the background, job workers need to have a copy of
+# MailDeliveryJob to ensure all delivery jobs are processed properly.
+# Make sure your entire app is migrated and stable on 6.0 before using this setting.
+# Rails.application.config.action_mailer.delivery_job = "ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/puma.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/puma.rb.tt
index f6146e7259..5ed4437744 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/puma.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/puma.rb.tt
@@ -16,8 +16,11 @@ port        ENV.fetch("PORT") { 3000 }
 #
 environment ENV.fetch("RAILS_ENV") { "development" }
 
+# Specifies the `pidfile` that Puma will use.
+pidfile ENV.fetch("PIDFILE") { "tmp/pids/server.pid" }
+
 # Specifies the number of `workers` to boot in clustered mode.
-# Workers are forked webserver processes. If using threads and workers together
+# Workers are forked web server processes. If using threads and workers together
 # the concurrency of the application would be max `threads` * `workers`.
 # Workers do not work on JRuby or Windows (both of which do not support
 # processes).
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/package.json.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/package.json.tt
index 7174116989..07207e1747 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/package.json.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/package.json.tt
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
   "name": "<%= app_name %>",
   "private": true,
   "dependencies": {
-    "rails-ujs": ">=5.2.1"<% unless options[:skip_turbolinks] %>,
-    "turbolinks": "5.1.1"<% end -%><% unless skip_active_storage? %>,
-    "activestorage": ">=5.2.1"<% end -%><% unless options[:skip_action_cable] %>,
-    "actioncable": ">=5.2.1"<% end %>
+    "@rails/ujs": "^6.0.0-alpha"<% unless options[:skip_turbolinks] %>,
+    "turbolinks": "^5.2.0"<% end -%><% unless skip_active_storage? %>,
+    "@rails/activestorage": "^6.0.0-alpha"<% end -%><% unless options[:skip_action_cable] %>,
+    "@rails/actioncable": "^6.0.0-alpha"<% end %>
   },
   "version": "0.1.0"
 }
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
index 37b576a4a0..c19f78ab68 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-# See http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
+# See https://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/ruby-version.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/ruby-version.tt
index bac1339923..096cfd36a8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/ruby-version.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/ruby-version.tt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-<%= ENV["RBENV_VERSION"] || ENV["rvm_ruby_string"] || "#{RUBY_ENGINE}-#{RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION}" -%>
+<%= ENV["RBENV_VERSION"] || ENV["rvm_ruby_string"] || "#{RUBY_ENGINE}-#{RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION}" %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/channels/application_cable/connection_test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/channels/application_cable/connection_test.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..800405f15e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/channels/application_cable/connection_test.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ApplicationCable::ConnectionTest < ActionCable::Connection::TestCase
+  # test "connects with cookies" do
+  #   cookies.signed[:user_id] = 42
+  #
+  #   connect
+  #
+  #   assert_equal connection.user_id, "42"
+  # end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb.tt
index c06cd525d7..47b4cf745c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb.tt
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ require 'rails/test_help'
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # Run tests in parallel with specified workers
 <% if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) || Gem.win_platform? -%>
-  parallelize(workers: 2, with: :threads)
+  parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors, with: :threads)
 <%- else -%>
-  parallelize(workers: 2)
+  parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors)
 <% end -%>
 
 <% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/assets/assets_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/assets/assets_generator.rb
index 9ce8570172..e60637ff37 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/assets/assets_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/assets/assets_generator.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@
 module Rails
   module Generators
     class AssetsGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
+      class_option :javascripts, type: :boolean, desc: "Generate JavaScripts"
       class_option :stylesheets, type: :boolean, desc: "Generate Stylesheets"
+
+      class_option :javascript_engine, desc: "Engine for JavaScripts"
       class_option :stylesheet_engine, desc: "Engine for Stylesheets"
 
       private
@@ -11,6 +14,10 @@ module Rails
           file_name
         end
 
+        hook_for :javascript_engine do |javascript_engine|
+          invoke javascript_engine, [name] if options[:javascripts]
+        end
+
         hook_for :stylesheet_engine do |stylesheet_engine|
           invoke stylesheet_engine, [name] if options[:stylesheets]
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
index eb75e7e661..88729545f3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       private
-
         def file_name
           @_file_name ||= remove_possible_suffix(super)
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/db/system/change/change_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/db/system/change/change_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24db92fad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/db/system/change/change_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "rails/generators/base"
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    module Db
+      module System
+        class ChangeGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
+          include Database
+          include AppName
+
+          class_option :to, required: true,
+            desc: "The database system to switch to."
+
+          def self.default_generator_root
+            path = File.expand_path(File.join(base_name, "app"), base_root)
+            path if File.exist?(path)
+          end
+
+          def initialize(*)
+            super
+
+            unless DATABASES.include?(options[:to])
+              raise Error, "Invalid value for --to option. Supported preconfigurations are: #{DATABASES.join(", ")}."
+            end
+
+            opt = options.dup
+            opt[:database] ||= opt[:to]
+            self.options = opt.freeze
+          end
+
+          def edit_database_config
+            template("config/databases/#{options[:database]}.yml", "config/database.yml")
+          end
+
+          def edit_gemfile
+            name, version = gem_for_database
+            gsub_file("Gemfile", all_database_gems_regex, name)
+            gsub_file("Gemfile", gem_entry_regex_for(name), gem_entry_for(name, *version))
+          end
+
+          private
+            def all_database_gems
+              DATABASES.map { |database| gem_for_database(database) }
+            end
+
+            def all_database_gems_regex
+              all_database_gem_names = all_database_gems.map(&:first)
+              /(\b#{all_database_gem_names.join('\b|\b')}\b)/
+            end
+
+            def gem_entry_regex_for(gem_name)
+              /^gem.*\b#{gem_name}\b.*/
+            end
+
+            def gem_entry_for(*gem_name_and_version)
+              gem_name_and_version.map! { |segment| "'#{segment}'" }
+              "gem #{gem_name_and_version.join(", ")}"
+            end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator.rb
index 747acd68d1..b0146641b4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module Rails
       hook_for :test_framework
 
       private
-
         def generator_dir
           if options[:namespace]
             File.join("lib", "generators", regular_class_path, file_name)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/helper_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/helper_generator.rb
index 3837c10ca0..542eb4c9e8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/helper_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/helper_generator.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       hook_for :test_framework
+
+      private
+        def file_name
+          @_file_name ||= super.sub(/_helper\z/i, "")
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
index 239b3a5739..4c18bdb430 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
@@ -144,17 +144,6 @@ task default: :test
       end
     end
 
-    def javascripts
-      return if options.skip_javascript?
-
-      if mountable?
-        template "rails/javascripts.js",
-                 "app/assets/javascripts/#{namespaced_name}/application.js"
-      elsif full?
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/javascripts/#{namespaced_name}"
-      end
-    end
-
     def bin(force = false)
       bin_file = engine? ? "bin/rails.tt" : "bin/test.tt"
       template bin_file, force: force do |content|
@@ -236,10 +225,6 @@ task default: :test
         build(:stylesheets) unless api?
       end
 
-      def create_javascript_files
-        build(:javascripts) unless api?
-      end
-
       def create_bin_files
         build(:bin)
       end
@@ -263,16 +248,6 @@ task default: :test
 
       public_task :apply_rails_template
 
-      def run_after_bundle_callbacks
-        unless @after_bundle_callbacks.empty?
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("`after_bundle` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails. ")
-        end
-
-        @after_bundle_callbacks.each do |callback|
-          callback.call
-        end
-      end
-
       def name
         @name ||= begin
           # same as ActiveSupport::Inflector#underscore except not replacing '-'
@@ -294,7 +269,6 @@ task default: :test
       end
 
     private
-
       def create_dummy_app(path = nil)
         dummy_path(path) if path
 
@@ -349,9 +323,9 @@ task default: :test
       def wrap_in_modules(unwrapped_code)
         unwrapped_code = "#{unwrapped_code}".strip.gsub(/\s$\n/, "")
         modules.reverse.inject(unwrapped_code) do |content, mod|
-          str = "module #{mod}\n"
-          str += content.lines.map { |line| "  #{line}" }.join
-          str += content.present? ? "\nend" : "end"
+          str = +"module #{mod}\n"
+          str << content.lines.map { |line| "  #{line}" }.join
+          str << (content.present? ? "\nend" : "end")
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
index 7030561a33..b2cdeee6d1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,19 @@ module Rails
       hook_for :helper, as: :scaffold do |invoked|
         invoke invoked, [ controller_name ]
       end
+
+      private
+        def permitted_params
+          attachments, others = attributes_names.partition { |name| attachments?(name) }
+          params = others.map { |name| ":#{name}" }
+          params += attachments.map { |name| "#{name}: []" }
+          params.join(", ")
+        end
+
+        def attachments?(name)
+          attribute = attributes.find { |attr| attr.name == name }
+          attribute&.attachments?
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/api_controller.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/api_controller.rb.tt
index 400afec6dc..bb26370276 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/api_controller.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/api_controller.rb.tt
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
       <%- if attributes_names.empty? -%>
       params.fetch(:<%= singular_table_name %>, {})
       <%- else -%>
-      params.require(:<%= singular_table_name %>).permit(<%= attributes_names.map { |name| ":#{name}" }.join(', ') %>)
+      params.require(:<%= singular_table_name %>).permit(<%= permitted_params %>)
       <%- end -%>
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb.tt
index 05f1c2b2d3..82b43987b4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb.tt
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
       <%- if attributes_names.empty? -%>
       params.fetch(:<%= singular_table_name %>, {})
       <%- else -%>
-      params.require(:<%= singular_table_name %>).permit(<%= attributes_names.map { |name| ":#{name}" }.join(', ') %>)
+      params.require(:<%= singular_table_name %>).permit(<%= permitted_params %>)
       <%- end -%>
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/controller/templates/functional_test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/controller/templates/functional_test.rb.tt
index ff41fef9e9..a69a24e281 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/controller/templates/functional_test.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/controller/templates/functional_test.rb.tt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class <%= class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get <%= url_helper_prefix %>_<%= action %>_url
     assert_response :success
   end
-
+<%= "\n" unless action == actions.last -%>
 <% end -%>
 <% end -%>
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/generator_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/generator_generator.rb
index 19be4f2f51..ae7e28580e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/generator_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/generator_generator.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
       end
 
     private
-
       def generator_path
         if options[:namespace]
           File.join("generators", regular_class_path, file_name, "#{file_name}_generator")
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/integration/integration_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/integration/integration_generator.rb
index ae307c5cd9..86fea3f677 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/integration/integration_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/integration/integration_generator.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
       def create_test_files
         template "integration_test.rb", File.join("test/integration", class_path, "#{file_name}_test.rb")
       end
+
+      private
+        def file_name
+          @_file_name ||= super.sub(/_test\z/i, "")
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml.tt
index 0681780c97..0fd9f305d7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml.tt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
+# Read about fixtures at https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
 <% unless attributes.empty? -%>
 <% %w(one two).each do |name| %>
 <%= name %>:
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   password_digest: <%%= BCrypt::Password.create('secret') %>
   <%- elsif attribute.reference? -%>
   <%= yaml_key_value(attribute.column_name.sub(/_id$/, ''), attribute.default || name) %>
-  <%- else -%>
+  <%- elsif !attribute.virtual? -%>
   <%= yaml_key_value(attribute.column_name, attribute.default) %>
   <%- end -%>
   <%- if attribute.polymorphic? -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index e2e8b18eab..a4bc81cad6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
       end
 
       private
-
         def attributes_string
           attributes_hash.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v}" }.join(", ")
         end
@@ -49,10 +48,20 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
           attributes_names.map do |name|
             if %w(password password_confirmation).include?(name) && attributes.any?(&:password_digest?)
               ["#{name}", "'secret'"]
-            else
+            elsif !virtual?(name)
               ["#{name}", "@#{singular_table_name}.#{name}"]
             end
-          end.sort.to_h
+          end.compact.sort.to_h
+        end
+
+        def boolean?(name)
+          attribute = attributes.find { |attr| attr.name == name }
+          attribute&.type == :boolean
+        end
+
+        def virtual?(name)
+          attribute = attributes.find { |attr| attr.name == name }
+          attribute&.virtual?
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/system_test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/system_test.rb.tt
index 15bd7956b6..4f5bbf1108 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/system_test.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/system_test.rb.tt
@@ -16,8 +16,12 @@ class <%= class_name.pluralize %>Test < ApplicationSystemTestCase
     click_on "New <%= class_name.titleize %>"
 
     <%- attributes_hash.each do |attr, value| -%>
+    <%- if boolean?(attr) -%>
+    check "<%= attr.humanize %>" if <%= value %>
+    <%- else -%>
     fill_in "<%= attr.humanize %>", with: <%= value %>
     <%- end -%>
+    <%- end -%>
     click_on "Create <%= human_name %>"
 
     assert_text "<%= human_name %> was successfully created"
@@ -29,8 +33,12 @@ class <%= class_name.pluralize %>Test < ApplicationSystemTestCase
     click_on "Edit", match: :first
 
     <%- attributes_hash.each do |attr, value| -%>
+    <%- if boolean?(attr) -%>
+    check "<%= attr.humanize %>" if <%= value %>
+    <%- else -%>
     fill_in "<%= attr.humanize %>", with: <%= value %>
     <%- end -%>
+    <%- end -%>
     click_on "Update <%= human_name %>"
 
     assert_text "<%= human_name %> was successfully updated"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/system/system_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/system/system_generator.rb
index 08504d4124..adecf74b70 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/system/system_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/system/system_generator.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
 
         template "system_test.rb", File.join("test/system", class_path, "#{file_name.pluralize}_test.rb")
       end
+
+      private
+        def file_name
+          @_file_name ||= super.sub(/_test\z/i, "")
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
index ec29ad12ba..a092faec89 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         private
-
           def destination_root_is_set?
             raise "You need to configure your Rails::Generators::TestCase destination root." unless destination_root
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
index b8173c8d11..72b555ec19 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
@@ -54,10 +54,6 @@ module Rails
           table << "</table>"
         end
       end
-
-      def to_json
-        Hash[properties].to_json
-      end
     end
 
     # The Rails version.
@@ -67,7 +63,7 @@ module Rails
 
     # The Ruby version and platform, e.g. "2.0.0-p247 (x86_64-darwin12.4.0)".
     property "Ruby version" do
-      "#{RUBY_VERSION}-p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL} (#{RUBY_PLATFORM})"
+      RUBY_DESCRIPTION
     end
 
     # The RubyGems version, if it's installed.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
index 50fe176946..d51010d422 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require "rails/application_controller"
 require "action_dispatch/routing/inspector"
 
 class Rails::InfoController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
-  prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
+  prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugView::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
   layout -> { request.xhr? ? false : "application" }
 
   before_action :require_local!
@@ -14,16 +14,8 @@ class Rails::InfoController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   end
 
   def properties
-    respond_to do |format|
-      format.html do
-        @info = Rails::Info.to_html
-        @page_title = "Properties"
-      end
-
-      format.json do
-        render json: Rails::Info.to_json
-      end
-    end
+    @info = Rails::Info.to_html
+    @page_title = "Properties"
   end
 
   def routes
@@ -41,7 +33,6 @@ class Rails::InfoController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   end
 
   private
-
     def match_route
       _routes.routes.select { |route|
         yield route.path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
index e2d36d7654..4a1942790b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 require "rails/application_controller"
 
 class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
-  prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
+  prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugView::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
 
+  around_action :set_locale, only: :preview
+  before_action :find_preview, only: :preview
   before_action :require_local!, unless: :show_previews?
-  before_action :find_preview, :set_locale, only: :preview
 
   helper_method :part_query, :locale_query
 
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
           end
         else
           @part = find_preferred_part(request.format, Mime[:html], Mime[:text])
-          render action: "email", layout: false, formats: %w[html]
+          render action: "email", layout: false, formats: [:html]
         end
       else
         raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email '#{@email_action}' not found in #{@preview.name}"
@@ -92,6 +93,8 @@ class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
     end
 
     def set_locale
-      I18n.locale = params[:locale] || I18n.default_locale
+      I18n.with_locale(params[:locale] || I18n.default_locale) do
+        yield
+      end
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
index 8367ac8980..838fe55acc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
     private
-
       def filter_by(&block)
         all_paths.find_all(&block).flat_map { |path|
           paths = path.existent
@@ -223,7 +222,6 @@ module Rails
       alias to_a expanded
 
       private
-
         def files_in(path)
           Dir.chdir(path) do
             files = Dir.glob(@glob)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
index 3a95b55811..8d69663dbd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       private
-
         def call_app(request, env) # :doc:
           instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
           instrumenter.start "request.action_dispatch", request: request
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
index a67b90e285..178c584f95 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
@@ -228,7 +228,6 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     protected
-
       def run_console_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
         each_registered_block(:console) { |block| block.call(app) }
       end
@@ -247,7 +246,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
     private
-
       # run `&block` in every registered block in `#register_block_for`
       def each_registered_block(type, &block)
         klass = self.class
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configurable.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configurable.rb
index 7f42fae10a..ba14089a2a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configurable.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configurable.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         private
-
           def method_missing(*args, &block)
             instance.send(*args, &block)
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
index 70274b948c..c90fcac51a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
     private
-
       def method_missing(name, *args, &blk)
         if name.to_s =~ /=$/
           @@options[$`.to_sym] = args.first
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb b/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
index b2d44d9b8e..ab5339bf24 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-if Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new("2.4.1") && RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
+if Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new("2.5.0") && RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
   desc = defined?(RUBY_DESCRIPTION) ? RUBY_DESCRIPTION : "ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})"
   abort <<-end_message
 
-    Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer.
+    Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.5.0 or newer.
 
     You're running
       #{desc}
 
-    Please upgrade to Ruby 2.4.1 or newer to continue.
+    Please upgrade to Ruby 2.5.0 or newer to continue.
 
   end_message
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
index d7170e6282..77a99036ec 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,6 @@
 
 require "active_support/deprecation"
 
-# Remove this deprecated class in the next minor version
-#:nodoc:
-SourceAnnotationExtractor = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.
-  new("SourceAnnotationExtractor", "Rails::SourceAnnotationExtractor")
-
 module Rails
   # Implements the logic behind <tt>Rails::Command::NotesCommand</tt>. See <tt>rails notes --help</tt> for usage information.
   #
@@ -29,6 +24,16 @@ module Rails
         directories.push(*dirs)
       end
 
+      def self.tags
+        @@tags ||= %w(OPTIMIZE FIXME TODO)
+      end
+
+      # Registers additional tags
+      #   Rails::SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.register_tags("TESTME", "DEPRECATEME")
+      def self.register_tags(*additional_tags)
+        tags.push(*additional_tags)
+      end
+
       def self.extensions
         @@extensions ||= {}
       end
@@ -66,6 +71,8 @@ module Rails
     # Prints all annotations with tag +tag+ under the root directories +app+,
     # +config+, +db+, +lib+, and +test+ (recursively).
     #
+    # If +tag+ is <tt>nil</tt>, annotations with either default or registered tags are printed.
+    #
     # Specific directories can be explicitly set using the <tt>:dirs</tt> key in +options+.
     #
     #   Rails::SourceAnnotationExtractor.enumerate 'TODO|FIXME', dirs: %w(app lib), tag: true
@@ -75,7 +82,8 @@ module Rails
     # See <tt>#find_in</tt> for a list of file extensions that will be taken into account.
     #
     # This class method is the single entry point for the `rails notes` command.
-    def self.enumerate(tag, options = {})
+    def self.enumerate(tag = nil, options = {})
+      tag ||= Annotation.tags.join("|")
       extractor = new(tag)
       dirs = options.delete(:dirs) || Annotation.directories
       extractor.display(extractor.find(dirs), options)
@@ -147,3 +155,8 @@ module Rails
     end
   end
 end
+
+# Remove this deprecated class in the next minor version
+#:nodoc:
+SourceAnnotationExtractor = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.
+  new("SourceAnnotationExtractor", "Rails::SourceAnnotationExtractor")
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb b/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
index 2f644a20c9..0e592e15c3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ require "rake"
   routes
   tmp
   yarn
+  zeitwerk
 ).tap { |arr|
   arr << "statistics" if Rake.application.current_scope.empty?
 }.each do |task|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
index 1a3711c446..2886986865 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace :app do
   desc "Update configs and some other initially generated files (or use just update:configs or update:bin)"
-  task update: [ "update:configs", "update:bin", "update:upgrade_guide_info" ]
+  task update: [ "update:configs", "update:bin", "update:active_storage", "update:upgrade_guide_info" ]
 
   desc "Applies the template supplied by LOCATION=(/path/to/template) or URL"
   task template: :environment do
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ namespace :app do
       Rails::AppUpdater.invoke_from_app_generator :update_bin_files
     end
 
+    task :active_storage do
+      Rails::AppUpdater.invoke_from_app_generator :update_active_storage
+    end
+
     task :upgrade_guide_info do
       Rails::AppUpdater.invoke_from_app_generator :display_upgrade_guide_info
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
index 8cacf4a49f..5abba7d3b4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ STATS_DIRECTORIES = [
   %w(Jobs               app/jobs),
   %w(Models             app/models),
   %w(Mailers            app/mailers),
+  %w(Mailboxes          app/mailboxes),
   %w(Channels           app/channels),
   %w(JavaScripts        app/assets/javascripts),
   %w(JavaScript         app/javascript),
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@ STATS_DIRECTORIES = [
   %w(Helper\ tests      test/helpers),
   %w(Model\ tests       test/models),
   %w(Mailer\ tests      test/mailers),
+  %w(Mailbox\ tests     test/mailboxes),
+  %w(Channel\ tests     test/channels),
   %w(Job\ tests         test/jobs),
   %w(Integration\ tests test/integration),
   %w(System\ tests      test/system),
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/yarn.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/yarn.rake
index 4fb8586b69..48a8d8e143 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/yarn.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/yarn.rake
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ namespace :yarn do
     # Install only production deps when for not usual envs.
     valid_node_envs = %w[test development production]
     node_env = ENV.fetch("NODE_ENV") do
-      rails_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
-      valid_node_envs.include?(rails_env) ? rails_env : "production"
+      valid_node_envs.include?(Rails.env) ? Rails.env : "production"
     end
     system({ "NODE_ENV" => node_env }, "#{Rails.root}/bin/yarn install --no-progress --frozen-lockfile")
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/zeitwerk.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/zeitwerk.rake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5421af6e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/zeitwerk.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+ensure_zeitwerk_mode = ->() do
+  unless Rails.autoloaders.zeitwerk_enabled?
+    abort "Please, enable :zeitwerk mode in config/application.rb and try again."
+  end
+end
+
+eager_load = ->() do
+  puts "Hold on, I am eager loading the application."
+  Zeitwerk::Loader.eager_load_all
+end
+
+report_not_checked = ->(not_checked) do
+  puts
+  puts <<~EOS
+    WARNING: The files in these directories cannot be checked because they
+    are not eager loaded:
+  EOS
+  puts
+
+  not_checked.each { |dir| puts "  #{dir}" }
+  puts
+
+  puts <<~EOS
+    You may verify them manually, or add them to config.eager_load_paths
+    in config/application.rb and run zeitwerk:check again.
+  EOS
+  puts
+end
+
+report = ->(not_checked) do
+  if not_checked.any?
+    report_not_checked[not_checked]
+    puts "Otherwise, all is good!"
+  else
+    puts "All is good!"
+  end
+end
+
+namespace :zeitwerk do
+  desc "Checks project structure for Zeitwerk compatibility"
+  task check: :environment do
+    ensure_zeitwerk_mode[]
+
+    begin
+      eager_load[]
+    rescue NameError => e
+      if e.message =~ /expected file .*? to define constant \S+/
+        abort $&.sub(/#{Regexp.escape(Rails.root.to_s)}./, "")
+      else
+        raise
+      end
+    end
+
+    eager_load_paths = Rails.configuration.eager_load_namespaces.map do |eln|
+      eln.config.eager_load_paths if eln.respond_to?(:config)
+    end.compact.flatten
+
+    not_checked = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths - eager_load_paths
+    not_checked.select! { |dir| Dir.exist?(dir) }
+    not_checked.reject! { |dir| Dir.empty?(dir) }
+
+    report[not_checked]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
index b6823457c0..6750e01029 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 
       <p class="version">
         <strong>Rails version:</strong> <%= Rails.version %><br />
-        <strong>Ruby version:</strong> <%= RUBY_VERSION %> (<%= RUBY_PLATFORM %>)
+        <strong>Ruby version:</strong> <%= RUBY_DESCRIPTION %>
       </p>
     </section>
   </div>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/runner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/runner.rb
index d38952bb30..7b294751fc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/runner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/runner.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module Rails
           patterns = extract_filters(argv)
 
           tests = Rake::FileList[patterns.any? ? patterns : "test/**/*_test.rb"]
-          tests.exclude("test/system/**/*") if patterns.empty?
+          tests.exclude("test/system/**/*", "test/dummy/**/*") if patterns.empty?
 
           tests.to_a.each { |path| require File.expand_path(path) }
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
index 32ac27a135..3a1b62d9d1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace :test do
   desc "Run tests quickly, but also reset db"
   task db: %w[db:test:prepare test]
 
-  ["models", "helpers", "controllers", "mailers", "integration", "jobs"].each do |name|
+  ["models", "helpers", "channels", "controllers", "mailers", "integration", "jobs", "mailboxes"].each do |name|
     task name => "test:prepare" do
       $: << "test"
       Rails::TestUnit::Runner.rake_run(["test/#{name}"])
diff --git a/railties/railties.gemspec b/railties/railties.gemspec
index 4e4a504c97..519b08746a 100644
--- a/railties/railties.gemspec
+++ b/railties/railties.gemspec
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "Tools for creating, working with, and running Rails applications."
   s.description = "Rails internals: application bootup, plugins, generators, and rake tasks."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.1"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.5.0"
 
   s.license = "MIT"
 
   s.author   = "David Heinemeier Hansson"
   s.email    = "david@loudthinking.com"
-  s.homepage = "http://rubyonrails.org"
+  s.homepage = "https://rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.files        = Dir["CHANGELOG.md", "README.rdoc", "MIT-LICENSE", "RDOC_MAIN.rdoc", "exe/**/*", "lib/**/{*,.[a-z]*}"]
   s.require_path = "lib"
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency "actionpack",    version
 
   s.add_dependency "rake", ">= 0.8.7"
-  s.add_dependency "thor", ">= 0.19.0", "< 2.0"
+  s.add_dependency "thor", ">= 0.20.3", "< 2.0"
   s.add_dependency "method_source"
 
   s.add_development_dependency "actionview", version
diff --git a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 9c866263f0..9600194ed6 100644
--- a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -32,3 +32,5 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
       skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
 end
+
+require_relative "../../tools/test_common"
diff --git a/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb b/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
index 3e0f31860b..7623e8e352 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
-    test "public url methods are not over-written by the asset pipeline" do
+    test "public URL methods are not over-written by the asset pipeline" do
       contents = "doesnotexist"
       cases = {
         asset_url:       %r{http://example.org/#{contents}},
diff --git a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
index 46ee0d670e..a7dd233f3d 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 0, files.length, "Expected application.js asset to be removed, but still exists"
     end
 
-    test "asset urls should use the request's protocol by default" do
+    test "asset URLs should use the request's protocol by default" do
       app_with_assets_in_view
       add_to_config "config.asset_host = 'example.com'"
       add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match('src="https://example.com/assets/application.self.js', last_response.body)
     end
 
-    test "asset urls should be protocol-relative if no request is in scope" do
+    test "asset URLs should be protocol-relative if no request is in scope" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
       add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png image_loader.js}"
@@ -491,7 +491,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     private
-
       def app_with_assets_in_view
         app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "//= require_tree ."
         app_file "app/assets/javascripts/xmlhr.js", "function f1() { alert(); }"
diff --git a/railties/test/application/bin_setup_test.rb b/railties/test/application/bin_setup_test.rb
index a952d2466b..d84ab61cf9 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/bin_setup_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/bin_setup_test.rb
@@ -6,21 +6,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
   class BinSetupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
 
-    def setup
-      build_app
-    end
-
-    def teardown
-      teardown_app
-    end
+    setup :build_app
+    teardown :teardown_app
 
     def test_bin_setup
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        app_file "db/schema.rb", <<-RUBY
-          ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20140423102712) do
-            create_table(:articles) {}
-          end
-        RUBY
+        rails "generate", "model", "article"
 
         list_tables = lambda { rails("runner", "p ActiveRecord::Base.connection.tables").strip }
         File.write("log/test.log", "zomg!")
@@ -28,15 +19,20 @@ module ApplicationTests
         assert_equal "[]", list_tables.call
         assert_equal 5, File.size("log/test.log")
         assert_not File.exist?("tmp/restart.txt")
+
         `bin/setup 2>&1`
         assert_equal 0, File.size("log/test.log")
-        assert_equal '["articles", "schema_migrations", "ar_internal_metadata"]', list_tables.call
+        assert_equal '["schema_migrations", "ar_internal_metadata", "articles"]', list_tables.call
         assert File.exist?("tmp/restart.txt")
       end
     end
 
     def test_bin_setup_output
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        # SQLite3 seems to auto-create the database on first checkout.
+        rails "db:system:change", "--to=postgresql"
+        rails "db:drop", allow_failure: true
+
         app_file "db/schema.rb", ""
 
         output = `bin/setup 2>&1`
@@ -53,8 +49,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
           The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied
 
           == Preparing database ==
-          Created database 'db/development.sqlite3'
-          Created database 'db/test.sqlite3'
+          Created database 'app_development'
+          Created database 'app_test'
 
           == Removing old logs and tempfiles ==
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
index b8a0434432..96678c395c 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require "isolation/abstract_unit"
 require "rack/test"
 require "env_helpers"
 require "set"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/starts_ends_with"
 
 class ::MyMailInterceptor
   def self.delivering_email(email); email; end
@@ -331,7 +332,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_not_includes Post.instance_methods, :title
     end
 
-    test "eager loads attribute methods in production" do
+    test "does not eager load attribute methods in production when the schema cache is empty" do
       app_file "app/models/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
         end
@@ -354,9 +355,71 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "production"
 
+      assert_not_includes Post.instance_methods, :title
+    end
+
+    test "eager loads attribute methods in production when the schema cache is populated" do
+      app_file "app/models/post.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/active_record.rb", <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: "sqlite3", database: ":memory:")
+        ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 1) do
+          create_table :posts do |t|
+            t.string :title
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.eager_load = true
+        config.cache_classes = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/schema_cache.rb", <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.add("posts")
+      RUBY
+
+      app "production"
+
       assert_includes Post.instance_methods, :title
     end
 
+    test "does not attempt to eager load attribute methods for models that aren't connected" do
+      app_file "app/models/post.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/active_record.rb", <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: "sqlite3", database: ":memory:")
+        ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 1) do
+          create_table :posts do |t|
+            t.string :title
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.eager_load = true
+        config.cache_classes = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "app/models/comment.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+          establish_connection(adapter: "mysql2", database: "does_not_exist")
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        app "production"
+      end
+    end
+
     test "initialize an eager loaded, cache classes app" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.eager_load = true
@@ -534,45 +597,30 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "some_value", verifier.verify(message)
     end
 
-    test "application message verifier can be used when the key_generator is ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator" do
+    test "application will generate secret_key_base in tmp file if blank in development" do
       app_file "config/initializers/secret_token.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.credentials.secret_key_base = nil
-        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
       RUBY
 
-      app "production"
+      # For test that works even if tmp dir does not exist.
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) { FileUtils.remove_dir("tmp") }
 
-      assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator, Rails.application.key_generator
-      message = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).generate("some_value")
-      assert_equal "some_value", Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).verify(message)
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_not_nil app.secrets.secret_key_base
+      assert File.exist?(app_path("tmp/development_secret.txt"))
     end
 
-    test "config.secret_token is deprecated" do
+    test "application will not generate secret_key_base in tmp file if blank in production" do
       app_file "config/initializers/secret_token.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+        Rails.application.credentials.secret_key_base = nil
       RUBY
 
-      app "production"
-
-      assert_deprecated(/secret_token/) do
-        app.secrets
-      end
-    end
-
-    test "secrets.secret_token is deprecated" do
-      app_file "config/secrets.yml", <<-YAML
-        production:
-          secret_token: "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-      YAML
-
-      app "production"
-
-      assert_deprecated(/secret_token/) do
-        app.secrets
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        app "production"
       end
     end
 
-
     test "raises when secret_key_base is blank" do
       app_file "config/initializers/secret_token.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.credentials.secret_key_base = nil
@@ -594,23 +642,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
-    test "prefer secrets.secret_token over config.secret_token" do
-      app_file "config/initializers/secret_token.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.config.secret_token = ""
-      RUBY
-      app_file "config/secrets.yml", <<-YAML
-        development:
-          secret_token: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
-      YAML
-
-      app "development"
-
-      assert_equal "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3", app.secrets.secret_token
-    end
-
     test "application verifier can build different verifiers" do
       make_basic_app do |application|
-        application.credentials.secret_key_base = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
         application.config.session_store :disabled
       end
 
@@ -649,22 +682,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3", app.secrets.secret_key_base
     end
 
-    test "config.secret_token over-writes a blank secrets.secret_token" do
-      app_file "config/initializers/secret_token.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-      RUBY
-      app_file "config/secrets.yml", <<-YAML
-        development:
-          secret_key_base:
-          secret_token:
-      YAML
-
-      app "development"
-
-      assert_equal "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", app.secrets.secret_token
-      assert_equal "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", app.config.secret_token
-    end
-
     test "custom secrets saved in config/secrets.yml are loaded in app secrets" do
       app_file "config/secrets.yml", <<-YAML
         development:
@@ -727,19 +744,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "iaminallyoursecretkeybase", app.secrets.secret_key_base
     end
 
-    test "uses ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator as app.key_generator when secrets.secret_key_base is blank" do
-      app_file "config/initializers/secret_token.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.credentials.secret_key_base = nil
-        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-      RUBY
-
-      app "production"
-
-      assert_equal "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", app.config.secret_token
-      assert_nil app.credentials.secret_key_base
-      assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator, app.key_generator
-    end
-
     test "that nested keys are symbolized the same as parents for hashes more than one level deep" do
       app_file "config/secrets.yml", <<-YAML
         development:
@@ -1177,6 +1181,38 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    test "autoloaders" do
+      app "development"
+
+      config = Rails.application.config
+      assert Rails.autoloaders.zeitwerk_enabled?
+      assert_instance_of Zeitwerk::Loader, Rails.autoloaders.main
+      assert_equal "rails.main", Rails.autoloaders.main.tag
+      assert_instance_of Zeitwerk::Loader, Rails.autoloaders.once
+      assert_equal "rails.once", Rails.autoloaders.once.tag
+      assert_equal [Rails.autoloaders.main, Rails.autoloaders.once], Rails.autoloaders.to_a
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ZeitwerkIntegration::Inflector, Rails.autoloaders.main.inflector
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ZeitwerkIntegration::Inflector, Rails.autoloaders.once.inflector
+
+      config.autoloader = :classic
+      assert_not Rails.autoloaders.zeitwerk_enabled?
+      assert_nil Rails.autoloaders.main
+      assert_nil Rails.autoloaders.once
+      assert_equal 0, Rails.autoloaders.count
+
+      config.autoloader = :zeitwerk
+      assert Rails.autoloaders.zeitwerk_enabled?
+      assert_instance_of Zeitwerk::Loader, Rails.autoloaders.main
+      assert_equal "rails.main", Rails.autoloaders.main.tag
+      assert_instance_of Zeitwerk::Loader, Rails.autoloaders.once
+      assert_equal "rails.once", Rails.autoloaders.once.tag
+      assert_equal [Rails.autoloaders.main, Rails.autoloaders.once], Rails.autoloaders.to_a
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ZeitwerkIntegration::Inflector, Rails.autoloaders.main.inflector
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ZeitwerkIntegration::Inflector, Rails.autoloaders.once.inflector
+
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { config.autoloader = :unknown }
+    end
+
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading with cache_classes default" do
       add_to_config "config.cache_classes = true"
 
@@ -1493,14 +1529,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "config.session_store with :active_record_store with activerecord-session_store gem" do
-      begin
-        make_basic_app do |application|
-          ActionDispatch::Session::ActiveRecordStore = Class.new(ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore)
-          application.config.session_store :active_record_store
-        end
-      ensure
-        ActionDispatch::Session.send :remove_const, :ActiveRecordStore
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        ActionDispatch::Session::ActiveRecordStore = Class.new(ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore)
+        application.config.session_store :active_record_store
       end
+    ensure
+      ActionDispatch::Session.send :remove_const, :ActiveRecordStore
     end
 
     test "config.session_store with :active_record_store without activerecord-session_store gem" do
@@ -1573,6 +1607,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_not_nil Rails::SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.extensions[/\.(coffee)$/]
     end
 
+    test "config.default_log_file returns a File instance" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_instance_of File, app.config.default_log_file
+      assert_equal Rails.application.config.paths["log"].first, app.config.default_log_file.path
+    end
+
     test "rake_tasks block works at instance level" do
       app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.configure do
@@ -1671,6 +1712,93 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    test "autoload paths are added to $LOAD_PATH by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      # Action Mailer modifies AS::Dependencies.autoload_paths in-place.
+      autoload_paths = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths
+      autoload_paths_from_app_and_engines = autoload_paths.reject do |path|
+        path.ends_with?("mailers/previews")
+      end
+      assert_equal true, Rails.configuration.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path
+      assert_empty autoload_paths_from_app_and_engines - $LOAD_PATH
+
+      # Precondition, ensure we are testing something next.
+      assert_not_empty Rails.configuration.paths.load_paths
+      assert_empty Rails.configuration.paths.load_paths - $LOAD_PATH
+    end
+
+    test "autoload paths are not added to $LOAD_PATH if opted-out" do
+      add_to_config "config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path = false"
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_empty ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths & $LOAD_PATH
+
+      # Precondition, ensure we are testing something next.
+      assert_not_empty Rails.configuration.paths.load_paths
+      assert_empty Rails.configuration.paths.load_paths - $LOAD_PATH
+    end
+
+    test "autoloading during initialization gets deprecation message and clearing if config.cache_classes is false" do
+      app_file "lib/c.rb", <<~EOS
+        class C
+          extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
+        end
+
+        class X < C
+        end
+      EOS
+
+      app_file "app/models/d.rb", <<~EOS
+        require "c"
+
+        class D < C
+        end
+      EOS
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/autoload.rb", "D.class"
+
+      app "development"
+
+      # TODO: Test deprecation message, assert_depcrecated { app "development" }
+      # does not collect it.
+
+      assert_equal [X], C.descendants
+      assert_empty ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded_constants
+    end
+
+    test "autoloading during initialization triggers nothing if config.cache_classes is true" do
+      app_file "lib/c.rb", <<~EOS
+        class C
+          extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
+        end
+
+        class X < C
+        end
+      EOS
+
+      app_file "app/models/d.rb", <<~EOS
+        require "c"
+
+        class D < C
+        end
+      EOS
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/autoload.rb", "D.class"
+
+      app "production"
+
+      # TODO: Test no deprecation message is issued.
+
+      assert_equal [X, D], C.descendants
+    end
+
+    test "load_database_yaml returns blank hash if configuration file is blank" do
+      app_file "config/database.yml", ""
+      app "development"
+      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.load_database_yaml)
+    end
+
     test "raises with proper error message if no database configuration found" do
       FileUtils.rm("#{app_path}/config/database.yml")
       err = assert_raises RuntimeError do
@@ -1736,7 +1864,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal true, Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
     end
 
-    test "config_for loads custom configuration from yaml files" do
+    test "config_for loads custom configuration from yaml accessible as symbol or string" do
       app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
       development:
         foo: 'bar'
@@ -1748,13 +1876,16 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "development"
 
+      assert_equal "bar", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config[:foo]
       assert_equal "bar", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config["foo"]
     end
 
-    test "config_for loads custom configuration from yaml accessible as symbol" do
+    test "config_for loads nested custom configuration from yaml as symbol keys" do
       app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
       development:
-        foo: 'bar'
+        foo:
+          bar:
+            baz: 1
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
@@ -1763,13 +1894,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "development"
 
-      assert_equal "bar", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config[:foo]
+      assert_equal 1, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config[:foo][:bar][:baz]
     end
 
-    test "config_for loads custom configuration from yaml accessible as method" do
+    test "config_for loads nested custom configuration from yaml with deprecated non-symbol access" do
       app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
       development:
-        foo: 'bar'
+        foo:
+          bar:
+            baz: 1
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
@@ -1778,15 +1911,17 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "development"
 
-      assert_equal "bar", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config.foo
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal 1, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config["foo"]["bar"]["baz"]
+      end
     end
 
-    test "config_for loads nested custom configuration from yaml as symbol keys" do
+    test "config_for loads nested custom configuration inside array from yaml with deprecated non-symbol access" do
       app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
       development:
         foo:
           bar:
-            baz: 1
+          - baz: 1
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
@@ -1795,7 +1930,117 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "development"
 
-      assert_equal 1, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config.foo[:bar][:baz]
+      config = Rails.application.config.my_custom_config
+      assert_instance_of Rails::Application::NonSymbolAccessDeprecatedHash, config[:foo][:bar].first
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal 1, config[:foo][:bar].first["baz"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "config_for makes all hash methods available" do
+      app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        foo: 0
+        bar:
+          baz: 1
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      actual = Rails.application.config.my_custom_config
+
+      assert_equal({ foo: 0, bar: { baz: 1 } }, actual)
+      assert_equal([ :foo, :bar ], actual.keys)
+      assert_equal([ 0, baz: 1], actual.values)
+      assert_equal({ foo: 0, bar: { baz: 1 } }, actual.to_h)
+      assert_equal(0, actual[:foo])
+      assert_equal({ baz: 1 }, actual[:bar])
+    end
+
+    test "config_for generates deprecation notice when nested hash methods are called with non-symbols" do
+      app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        foo:
+          bar: 1
+          baz: 2
+          qux:
+            boo: 3
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      actual = Rails.application.config_for("custom")[:foo]
+
+      # slice
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal({ bar: 1, baz: 2 }, actual.slice("bar", "baz"))
+      end
+
+      # except
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal({ qux: { boo: 3 } }, actual.except("bar", "baz"))
+      end
+
+      # dig
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal(3, actual.dig("qux", "boo"))
+      end
+
+      # fetch - hit
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal(1, actual.fetch("bar", 0))
+      end
+
+      # fetch - miss
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal(0, actual.fetch("does-not-exist", 0))
+      end
+
+      # fetch_values
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal([1, 2], actual.fetch_values("bar", "baz"))
+      end
+
+      # key? - hit
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert(actual.key?("bar"))
+      end
+
+      # key? - miss
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_not(actual.key?("does-not-exist"))
+      end
+
+      # slice!
+      actual = Rails.application.config_for("custom")[:foo]
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        slice = actual.slice!("bar", "baz")
+        assert_equal({ bar: 1, baz: 2 }, actual)
+        assert_equal({ qux: { boo: 3 } }, slice)
+      end
+
+      # extract!
+      actual = Rails.application.config_for("custom")[:foo]
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        extracted = actual.extract!("bar", "baz")
+        assert_equal({ bar: 1, baz: 2 }, extracted)
+        assert_equal({ qux: { boo: 3 } }, actual)
+      end
+
+      # except!
+      actual = Rails.application.config_for("custom")[:foo]
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        actual.except!("bar", "baz")
+        assert_equal({ qux: { boo: 3 } }, actual)
+      end
     end
 
     test "config_for uses the Pathname object if it is provided" do
@@ -1810,7 +2055,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "development"
 
-      assert_equal "custom key", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config["key"]
+      assert_equal "custom key", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config[:key]
     end
 
     test "config_for raises an exception if the file does not exist" do
@@ -1840,8 +2085,29 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
     end
 
-    test "config_for with empty file returns an empty hash" do
+    test "config_for implements shared configuration as secrets case found" do
+      app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
+      shared:
+        foo: :bar
+      test:
+        foo: :baz
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      app "test"
+
+      assert_equal(:baz, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config[:foo])
+    end
+
+    test "config_for implements shared configuration as secrets case not found" do
       app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
+      shared:
+        foo: :bar
+      test:
+        foo: :baz
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
@@ -1850,40 +2116,45 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "development"
 
-      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
+      assert_equal(:bar, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config[:foo])
     end
 
-    test "default SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer for 5.1 is false" do
-      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+    test "config_for with empty file returns an empty hash" do
+      app_file "config/custom.yml", <<-RUBY
+      RUBY
 
-      app_file "app/models/post.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-        end
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
       RUBY
 
       app "development"
-      force_lazy_load_hooks { Post }
 
-      assert_not ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer
+      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
     end
 
-    test "default SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer for new installs is true" do
+    test "represent_boolean_as_integer is deprecated" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer = true
+      RUBY
+
       app_file "app/models/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
         end
       RUBY
 
       app "development"
-      force_lazy_load_hooks { Post }
-
-      assert ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer
+      assert_deprecated do
+        force_lazy_load_hooks { Post }
+      end
     end
 
-    test "represent_boolean_as_integer should be able to set via config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer" do
+    test "represent_boolean_as_integer raises when the value is false" do
       remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
 
       app_file "config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer = true
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer = false
       RUBY
 
       app_file "app/models/post.rb", <<-RUBY
@@ -1892,9 +2163,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app "development"
-      force_lazy_load_hooks { Post }
-
-      assert ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.represent_boolean_as_integer
+      assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        force_lazy_load_hooks { Post }
+      end
     end
 
     test "config_for containing ERB tags should evaluate" do
@@ -1909,7 +2180,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "development"
 
-      assert_equal "custom key", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config["key"]
+      assert_equal "custom key", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config[:key]
     end
 
     test "config_for with syntax error show a more descriptive exception" do
@@ -1942,7 +2213,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      assert_equal "unicorn", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config["key"]
+      assert_equal "unicorn", Rails.application.config.my_custom_config[:key]
     end
 
     test "api_only is false by default" do
@@ -2096,7 +2367,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods is true by default" do
       app "test"
-      assert_equal true, ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods
+      assert_deprecated do
+        ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods
+      end
     end
 
     test "ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods can be configured via config.action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods" do
@@ -2108,7 +2381,189 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app "test"
 
-      assert_equal false, ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods
+      assert_deprecated do
+        ActionView::Template.finalize_compiled_template_methods
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue is true by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal true, ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue
+    end
+
+    test "ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue is false in the 5.x defaults" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+      add_to_config 'config.load_defaults "5.2"'
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal false, ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue
+    end
+
+    test "ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue can be configured in the new framework defaults" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_job.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal true, ActiveJob::Base.return_false_on_aborted_enqueue
+    end
+
+    test "ActiveStorage.queues[:analysis] is :active_storage_analysis by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal :active_storage_analysis, ActiveStorage.queues[:analysis]
+    end
+
+    test "ActiveStorage.queues[:analysis] is nil without Rails 6 defaults" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_nil ActiveStorage.queues[:analysis]
+    end
+
+    test "ActiveStorage.queues[:purge] is :active_storage_purge by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal :active_storage_purge, ActiveStorage.queues[:purge]
+    end
+
+    test "ActiveStorage.queues[:purge] is nil without Rails 6 defaults" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_nil ActiveStorage.queues[:purge]
+    end
+
+    test "ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type is false by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal false, ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type
+    end
+
+    test "ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type is true in the 5.x defaults" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+      add_to_config 'config.load_defaults "5.2"'
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal true, ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type
+    end
+
+    test "ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type can be configured in the new framework defaults" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.return_only_media_type_on_content_type = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal true, ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailbox.logger is Rails.logger by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal Rails.logger, ActionMailbox.logger
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailbox.logger can be configured" do
+      app_file "lib/my_logger.rb", <<-RUBY
+        require "logger"
+        class MyLogger < ::Logger
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        require "my_logger"
+        config.action_mailbox.logger = MyLogger.new(STDOUT)
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal "MyLogger", ActionMailbox.logger.class.name
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailbox.incinerate_after is 30.days by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal 30.days, ActionMailbox.incinerate_after
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailbox.incinerate_after can be configured" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailbox.incinerate_after = 14.days
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal 14.days, ActionMailbox.incinerate_after
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailbox.queues[:incineration] is :action_mailbox_incineration by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal :action_mailbox_incineration, ActionMailbox.queues[:incineration]
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailbox.queues[:incineration] can be configured" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailbox.queues.incineration = :another_queue
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal :another_queue, ActionMailbox.queues[:incineration]
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailbox.queues[:routing] is :action_mailbox_routing by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal :action_mailbox_routing, ActionMailbox.queues[:routing]
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailbox.queues[:routing] can be configured" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailbox.queues.routing = :another_queue
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal :another_queue, ActionMailbox.queues[:routing]
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailer::Base.delivery_job is ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, ActionMailer::Base.delivery_job
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailer::Base.delivery_job is ActionMailer::DeliveryJob in the 5.x defaults" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+      add_to_config 'config.load_defaults "5.2"'
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, ActionMailer::Base.delivery_job
+    end
+
+    test "ActionMailer::Base.delivery_job can be configured in the new framework defaults" do
+      remove_from_config '.*config\.load_defaults.*\n'
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_6_0.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.action_mailer.delivery_job = "ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob"
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, ActionMailer::Base.delivery_job
     end
 
     test "ActiveRecord::Base.filter_attributes should equal to filter_parameters" do
@@ -2138,6 +2593,42 @@ module ApplicationTests
       MESSAGE
     end
 
+    test "ActiveStorage.draw_routes can be configured via config.active_storage.draw_routes" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.active_storage.draw_routes = false
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      output = rails("routes")
+      assert_not_includes(output, "rails_service_blob")
+      assert_not_includes(output, "rails_blob_representation")
+      assert_not_includes(output, "rails_disk_service")
+      assert_not_includes(output, "update_rails_disk_service")
+      assert_not_includes(output, "rails_direct_uploads")
+    end
+
+    test "hosts include .localhost in development" do
+      app "development"
+      assert_includes Rails.application.config.hosts, ".localhost"
+    end
+
+    test "disable_sandbox is false by default" do
+      app "development"
+
+      assert_equal false, Rails.configuration.disable_sandbox
+    end
+
+    test "disable_sandbox can be overridden" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.disable_sandbox = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app "development"
+
+      assert Rails.configuration.disable_sandbox
+    end
+
     private
       def force_lazy_load_hooks
         yield # Tasty clarifying sugar, homie! We only need to reference a constant to load it.
diff --git a/railties/test/application/console_test.rb b/railties/test/application/console_test.rb
index 29f8b1e3d9..db16f4cc56 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/console_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/console_test.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_app_method_should_return_integration_session
-    TestHelpers::Rack.send :remove_method, :app
+    TestHelpers::Rack.remove_method :app
     load_environment
     console_session = irb_context.app
     assert_instance_of ActionDispatch::Integration::Session, console_session
@@ -123,13 +123,17 @@ class FullStackConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_output "> ", @primary
   end
 
-  def spawn_console(options)
-    Process.spawn(
+  def spawn_console(options, wait_for_prompt: true)
+    pid = Process.spawn(
       "#{app_path}/bin/rails console #{options}",
       in: @replica, out: @replica, err: @replica
     )
 
-    assert_output "> ", @primary, 30
+    if wait_for_prompt
+      assert_output "> ", @primary, 30
+    end
+
+    pid
   end
 
   def test_sandbox
@@ -148,8 +152,19 @@ class FullStackConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @primary.puts "quit"
   end
 
+  def test_sandbox_when_sandbox_is_disabled
+    add_to_config <<-RUBY
+      config.disable_sandbox = true
+    RUBY
+
+    output = `#{app_path}/bin/rails console --sandbox`
+
+    assert_includes output, "sandbox mode is disabled"
+    assert_equal 1, $?.exitstatus
+  end
+
   def test_environment_option_and_irb_option
-    spawn_console("test -- --verbose")
+    spawn_console("-e test -- --verbose")
 
     write_prompt "a = 1", "a = 1"
     write_prompt "puts Rails.env", "puts Rails.env\r\ntest"
diff --git a/railties/test/application/content_security_policy_test.rb b/railties/test/application/content_security_policy_test.rb
index 0d28df16f8..0bb6ee917a 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/content_security_policy_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/content_security_policy_test.rb
@@ -119,6 +119,38 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_policy "default-src 'self' https:", report_only: true
     end
 
+    test "global content security policy nonce directives in an initializer" do
+      controller :pages, <<-RUBY
+        class PagesController < ApplicationController
+          def index
+            render html: "<h1>Welcome to Rails!</h1>"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.content_security_policy do |p|
+          p.default_src :self, :https
+          p.script_src  :self, :https
+          p.style_src   :self, :https
+        end
+
+        Rails.application.config.content_security_policy_nonce_generator = proc { "iyhD0Yc0W+c=" }
+        Rails.application.config.content_security_policy_nonce_directives = %w(script-src)
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          root to: "pages#index"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("development")
+
+      get "/"
+      assert_policy "default-src 'self' https:; script-src 'self' https: 'nonce-iyhD0Yc0W+c='; style-src 'self' https:"
+    end
+
     test "override content security policy in a controller" do
       controller :pages, <<-RUBY
         class PagesController < ApplicationController
@@ -204,7 +236,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     private
-
       def assert_policy(expected, report_only: false)
         assert_equal 200, last_response.status
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/credentials_test.rb b/railties/test/application/credentials_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f6b109b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/credentials_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "env_helpers"
+
+class Rails::CredentialsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation, EnvHelpers
+
+  setup :build_app
+  teardown :teardown_app
+
+  test "reads credentials from environment specific path" do
+    write_credentials_override(:production)
+
+    app("production")
+
+    assert_equal "revealed", Rails.application.credentials.mystery
+  end
+
+  test "reads credentials from customized path and key" do
+    write_credentials_override(:staging)
+    add_to_env_config("production", "config.credentials.content_path = config.root.join('config/credentials/staging.yml.enc')")
+    add_to_env_config("production", "config.credentials.key_path = config.root.join('config/credentials/staging.key')")
+
+    app("production")
+
+    assert_equal "revealed", Rails.application.credentials.mystery
+  end
+
+  test "reads credentials using environment variable key" do
+    write_credentials_override(:production, with_key: false)
+
+    switch_env("RAILS_MASTER_KEY", credentials_key) do
+      app("production")
+
+      assert_equal "revealed", Rails.application.credentials.mystery
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def write_credentials_override(name, with_key: true)
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        Dir.mkdir  "config/credentials"
+        File.write "config/credentials/#{name}.key", credentials_key if with_key
+
+        # secret_key_base: secret
+        # mystery: revealed
+        File.write "config/credentials/#{name}.yml.enc",
+          "vgvKu4MBepIgZ5VHQMMPwnQNsLlWD9LKmJHu3UA/8yj6x+3fNhz3DwL9brX7UA==--qLdxHP6e34xeTAiI--nrcAsleXuo9NqiEuhntAhw=="
+      end
+    end
+
+    def credentials_key
+      "2117e775dc2024d4f49ddf3aeb585919"
+    end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/feature_policy_test.rb b/railties/test/application/feature_policy_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e751d782ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/feature_policy_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "rack/test"
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  class FeaturePolicyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+    include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+    def setup
+      build_app
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      teardown_app
+    end
+
+    test "feature policy is not enabled by default" do
+      controller :pages, <<-RUBY
+        class PagesController < ApplicationController
+          def index
+            render html: "<h1>Welcome to Rails!</h1>"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          root to: "pages#index"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("development")
+
+      get "/"
+      assert_nil last_response.headers["Feature-Policy"]
+    end
+
+    test "global feature policy in an initializer" do
+      controller :pages, <<-RUBY
+        class PagesController < ApplicationController
+          def index
+            render html: "<h1>Welcome to Rails!</h1>"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/feature_policy.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |p|
+          p.geolocation :none
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          root to: "pages#index"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("development")
+
+      get "/"
+      assert_policy "geolocation 'none'"
+    end
+
+    test "override feature policy using same directive in a controller" do
+      controller :pages, <<-RUBY
+        class PagesController < ApplicationController
+          feature_policy do |p|
+            p.geolocation "https://example.com"
+          end
+
+          def index
+            render html: "<h1>Welcome to Rails!</h1>"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/feature_policy.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |p|
+          p.geolocation :none
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          root to: "pages#index"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("development")
+
+      get "/"
+      assert_policy "geolocation https://example.com"
+    end
+
+    test "override feature policy by unsetting a directive in a controller" do
+      controller :pages, <<-RUBY
+        class PagesController < ApplicationController
+          feature_policy do |p|
+            p.geolocation nil
+          end
+
+          def index
+            render html: "<h1>Welcome to Rails!</h1>"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/feature_policy.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |p|
+          p.geolocation :none
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          root to: "pages#index"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("development")
+
+      get "/"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_nil last_response.headers["Feature-Policy"]
+    end
+
+    test "override feature policy using different directives in a controller" do
+      controller :pages, <<-RUBY
+        class PagesController < ApplicationController
+          feature_policy do |p|
+            p.geolocation nil
+            p.payment     "https://secure.example.com"
+            p.autoplay    :none
+          end
+
+          def index
+            render html: "<h1>Welcome to Rails!</h1>"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/initializers/feature_policy.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |p|
+          p.geolocation :none
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          root to: "pages#index"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("development")
+
+      get "/"
+      assert_policy "payment https://secure.example.com; autoplay 'none'"
+    end
+
+    test "global feature policy added to rack app" do
+      app_file "config/initializers/feature_policy.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |p|
+          p.payment :none
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          app = ->(env) {
+            [200, { "Content-Type" => "text/html" }, ["<p>Hello, World!</p>"]]
+          }
+          root to: app
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app("development")
+
+      get "/"
+      assert_policy "payment 'none'"
+    end
+
+    private
+      def assert_policy(expected)
+        assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+        assert_equal expected, last_response.headers["Feature-Policy"]
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
index e5e557d204..8ec26db772 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
@@ -198,5 +198,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
         assert_no_match "active_record:migration", output
       end
     end
+
+    test "skip collision check" do
+      rails("generate", "model", "post", "title:string")
+
+      output = rails("generate", "model", "post", "title:string", "body:string")
+      assert_match(/The name 'Post' is either already used in your application or reserved/, output)
+
+      output = rails("generate", "model", "post", "title:string", "body:string", "--skip-collision-check")
+      assert_no_match(/The name 'Post' is either already used in your application or reserved/, output)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
index 1530ea82d6..05978e1d99 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal expanded_path, ActionMailer::Base.view_paths[0].to_s
     end
 
-    test "allows me to configure default url options for ActionMailer" do
+    test "allows me to configure default URL options for ActionMailer" do
       app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.configure do
           config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { :host => "test.rails" }
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "https", ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options[:protocol]
     end
 
-    test "includes url helpers as action methods" do
+    test "includes URL helpers as action methods" do
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get "/foo", :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }, :as => :foo
@@ -218,8 +218,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       rails %w(generate model post title:string)
       rails %w(db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump)
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table("posts") # force drop posts table for test.
       assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.data_sources("posts")
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table("posts", if_exists: true) # force drop posts table for test.
     end
 
     test "expire schema cache dump" do
@@ -230,35 +231,31 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "active record establish_connection uses Rails.env if DATABASE_URL is not set" do
-      begin
-        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        orig_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
-        orig_rails_env, Rails.env = Rails.env, "development"
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
-        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        assert_match(/#{ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']}/, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = orig_database_url if orig_database_url
-        Rails.env = orig_rails_env if orig_rails_env
-      end
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      orig_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
+      orig_rails_env, Rails.env = Rails.env, "development"
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
+      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      assert_match(/#{ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']}/, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+      ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = orig_database_url if orig_database_url
+      Rails.env = orig_rails_env if orig_rails_env
     end
 
     test "active record establish_connection uses DATABASE_URL even if Rails.env is set" do
-      begin
-        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        orig_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
-        orig_rails_env, Rails.env = Rails.env, "development"
-        database_url_db_name = "db/database_url_db.sqlite3"
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
-        assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        assert_match(/#{database_url_db_name}/, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = orig_database_url if orig_database_url
-        Rails.env = orig_rails_env if orig_rails_env
-      end
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      orig_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
+      orig_rails_env, Rails.env = Rails.env, "development"
+      database_url_db_name = "db/database_url_db.sqlite3"
+      ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
+      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      assert_match(/#{database_url_db_name}/, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+      ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = orig_database_url if orig_database_url
+      Rails.env = orig_rails_env if orig_rails_env
     end
 
     test "connections checked out during initialization are returned to the pool" do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
index bfa66770bd..9ab400acfc 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,22 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "omg", p.title
   end
 
+  test "constants without a matching file raise NameError" do
+    app_file "app/models/post.rb", <<-RUBY
+      class Post
+        NON_EXISTING_CONSTANT
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    boot_app
+
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) { User }
+    assert_equal "uninitialized constant #{self.class}::User", e.message
+
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) { Post }
+    assert_equal "uninitialized constant Post::NON_EXISTING_CONSTANT", e.message
+  end
+
   test "concerns in app are autoloaded" do
     app_file "app/controllers/concerns/trackable.rb", <<-CONCERN
       module Trackable
@@ -100,7 +116,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     RUBY
 
     app_file "app/models/post.rb", <<-MODEL
-      class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      class Post < ApplicationRecord
       end
     MODEL
 
@@ -117,11 +133,12 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
     setup_ar!
 
-    assert_equal [ActiveStorage::Blob, ActiveStorage::Attachment, ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration, ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata].collect(&:to_s).sort, ActiveRecord::Base.descendants.collect(&:to_s).sort
+    initial = [ActiveStorage::Blob, ActiveStorage::Attachment, ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration, ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata, ApplicationRecord, "primary::SchemaMigration"].collect(&:to_s).sort
+    assert_equal initial, ActiveRecord::Base.descendants.collect(&:to_s).sort
     get "/load"
-    assert_equal [ActiveStorage::Blob, ActiveStorage::Attachment, ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration, ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata, Post].collect(&:to_s).sort, ActiveRecord::Base.descendants.collect(&:to_s).sort
+    assert_equal [Post].collect(&:to_s).sort, ActiveRecord::Base.descendants.collect(&:to_s).sort - initial
     get "/unload"
-    assert_equal [ActiveStorage::Blob, ActiveStorage::Attachment, ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration, ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata].collect(&:to_s).sort, ActiveRecord::Base.descendants.collect(&:to_s).sort
+    assert_equal ["ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata", "ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration", "primary::SchemaMigration"], ActiveRecord::Base.descendants.collect(&:to_s).sort.uniq
   end
 
   test "initialize cant be called twice" do
@@ -438,7 +455,6 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def setup_ar!
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: "sqlite3", database: ":memory:")
       ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
diff --git a/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
index ba186bda44..fa9ed868c4 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "mailer previews are loaded from a custom preview_path" do
+      app_dir "lib/mailer_previews"
       add_to_config "config.action_mailer.preview_path = '#{app_path}/lib/mailer_previews'"
 
       mailer "notifier", <<-RUBY
@@ -254,6 +255,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "mailer previews are reloaded from a custom preview_path" do
+      app_dir "lib/mailer_previews"
       add_to_config "config.action_mailer.preview_path = '#{app_path}/lib/mailer_previews'"
 
       app("development")
@@ -513,6 +515,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match '<option selected value="locale=ja">ja', last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "preview does not leak I18n global setting changes" do
+      I18n.with_locale(:en) do
+        get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo.txt?locale=ja"
+        assert_equal :en, I18n.locale
+      end
+    end
+
     test "mailer previews create correct links when loaded on a subdirectory" do
       mailer "notifier", <<-RUBY
         class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
@@ -818,6 +827,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       def build_app
         super
         app_file "config/routes.rb", "Rails.application.routes.draw do; end"
+        app_dir "test/mailers/previews"
       end
 
       def mailer(name, contents)
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
index 2d659ade8d..5fae521937 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "YOU FAILED", last_response.body
     end
 
-    test "url generation error when action_dispatch.show_exceptions is set raises an exception" do
+    test "URL generation error when action_dispatch.show_exceptions is set raises an exception" do
       controller :foo, <<-RUBY
         class FooController < ActionController::Base
           def index
@@ -136,5 +136,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match(/boooom/, last_response.body)
       assert_match(/測試テスト시험/, last_response.body)
     end
+
+    test "displays diagnostics message when malformed query parameters are provided" do
+      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
+        class FooController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app.config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = true
+      app.config.consider_all_requests_local = true
+
+      get "/foo?x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2"
+      assert_equal 400, last_response.status
+      assert_match "Invalid query parameters", last_response.body
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
index 83cf8a27f7..515b32080e 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       remote_ip = nil
       env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/").merge(env).merge!(
         "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false,
-        "action_dispatch.key_generator"   => ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33")
+        "action_dispatch.key_generator"   => ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(
+          ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", iterations: 1000)
+        )
       )
 
       endpoint = Proc.new do |e|
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
index b25e56b625..479615c133 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
@@ -215,8 +215,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
-
         # Enable AEAD cookies
         config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption = true
       RUBY
@@ -238,68 +236,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 1, encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(last_response.body, purpose: "cookie._myapp_session")["foo"]
     end
 
-    test "session upgrading signature to encryption cookie store upgrades session to encrypted mode" do
-      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.routes.draw do
-          get ':controller(/:action)'
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
-        class FooController < ActionController::Base
-          def write_raw_session
-            # {"session_id"=>"1965d95720fffc123941bdfb7d2e6870", "foo"=>1}
-            cookies[:_myapp_session] = "BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFRkkiJTE5NjVkOTU3MjBmZmZjMTIzOTQxYmRmYjdkMmU2ODcwBjsAVEkiCGZvbwY7AEZpBg==--315fb9931921a87ae7421aec96382f0294119749"
-            head :ok
-          end
-
-          def write_session
-            session[:foo] = session[:foo] + 1
-            head :ok
-          end
-
-          def read_session
-            render plain: session[:foo]
-          end
-
-          def read_encrypted_cookie
-            render plain: cookies.encrypted[:_myapp_session]['foo']
-          end
-
-          def read_raw_cookie
-            render plain: cookies[:_myapp_session]
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
-
-        # Enable AEAD cookies
-        config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption = true
-      RUBY
-
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-
-      get "/foo/write_raw_session"
-      get "/foo/read_session"
-      assert_equal "1", last_response.body
-
-      get "/foo/write_session"
-      get "/foo/read_session"
-      assert_equal "2", last_response.body
-
-      get "/foo/read_encrypted_cookie"
-      assert_equal "2", last_response.body
-
-      cipher = "aes-256-gcm"
-      secret = app.key_generator.generate_key("authenticated encrypted cookie")
-      encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret[0, ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.key_len(cipher)], cipher: cipher)
-
-      get "/foo/read_raw_cookie"
-      assert_equal 2, encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(last_response.body, purpose: "cookie._myapp_session")["foo"]
-    end
-
     test "session upgrading from AES-CBC-HMAC encryption to AES-GCM encryption" do
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.routes.draw do
@@ -370,70 +306,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
-    test "session upgrading legacy signed cookies to new signed cookies" do
-      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.routes.draw do
-          get ':controller(/:action)'
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
-        class FooController < ActionController::Base
-          def write_raw_session
-            # {"session_id"=>"1965d95720fffc123941bdfb7d2e6870", "foo"=>1}
-            cookies[:_myapp_session] = "BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFRkkiJTE5NjVkOTU3MjBmZmZjMTIzOTQxYmRmYjdkMmU2ODcwBjsAVEkiCGZvbwY7AEZpBg==--315fb9931921a87ae7421aec96382f0294119749"
-            head :ok
-          end
-
-          def write_session
-            session[:foo] = session[:foo] + 1
-            head :ok
-          end
-
-          def read_session
-            render plain: session[:foo]
-          end
-
-          def read_signed_cookie
-            render plain: cookies.signed[:_myapp_session]['foo']
-          end
-
-          def read_raw_cookie
-            render plain: cookies[:_myapp_session]
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
-        Rails.application.credentials.secret_key_base = nil
-      RUBY
-
-      begin
-        old_rails_env, ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = ENV["RAILS_ENV"], "production"
-
-        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-
-        get "/foo/write_raw_session"
-        get "/foo/read_session"
-        assert_equal "1", last_response.body
-
-        get "/foo/write_session"
-        get "/foo/read_session"
-        assert_equal "2", last_response.body
-
-        get "/foo/read_signed_cookie"
-        assert_equal "2", last_response.body
-
-        verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(app.secrets.secret_token)
-
-        get "/foo/read_raw_cookie"
-        assert_equal 2, verifier.verify(last_response.body, purpose: "cookie._myapp_session")["foo"]
-      ensure
-        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = old_rails_env
-      end
-    end
-
     test "calling reset_session on request does not trigger an error for API apps" do
       add_to_config "config.api_only = true"
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
index 631f5bac7f..e93f2f5aa4 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       assert_equal [
         "Webpacker::DevServerProxy",
+        "ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization",
         "Rack::Sendfile",
         "ActionDispatch::Static",
         "ActionDispatch::Executor",
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         "Rails::Rack::Logger",
         "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions",
         "ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions",
+        "ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions",
         "ActionDispatch::Reloader",
         "ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
         "ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending",
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         "ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore",
         "ActionDispatch::Flash",
         "ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Middleware",
+        "ActionDispatch::FeaturePolicy::Middleware",
         "Rack::Head",
         "Rack::ConditionalGet",
         "Rack::ETag",
@@ -58,6 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       assert_equal [
         "Webpacker::DevServerProxy",
+        "ActionDispatch::HostAuthorization",
         "Rack::Sendfile",
         "ActionDispatch::Static",
         "ActionDispatch::Executor",
@@ -68,6 +72,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         "Rails::Rack::Logger",
         "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions",
         "ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions",
+        "ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions",
         "ActionDispatch::Reloader",
         "ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
         "Rack::Head",
@@ -140,7 +145,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.ssl_options = { redirect: { host: 'example.com' } }"
       boot!
 
-      assert_equal [{ redirect: { host: "example.com" } }], Rails.application.middleware[1].args
+      assert_equal [{ redirect: { host: "example.com" } }], Rails.application.middleware[2].args
     end
 
     test "removing Active Record omits its middleware" do
@@ -224,7 +229,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "insert middleware after" do
       add_to_config "config.middleware.insert_after Rack::Sendfile, Rack::Config"
       boot!
-      assert_equal "Rack::Config", middleware.third
+      assert_equal "Rack::Config", middleware.fourth
     end
 
     test "unshift middleware" do
@@ -236,24 +241,24 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "Rails.cache does not respond to middleware" do
       add_to_config "config.cache_store = :memory_store"
       boot!
-      assert_equal "Rack::Runtime", middleware.fifth
+      assert_equal "Rack::Runtime", middleware[5]
     end
 
     test "Rails.cache does respond to middleware" do
       boot!
-      assert_equal "ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache", middleware.fifth
-      assert_equal "Rack::Runtime", middleware[5]
+      assert_equal "ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache", middleware[5]
+      assert_equal "Rack::Runtime", middleware[6]
     end
 
     test "insert middleware before" do
       add_to_config "config.middleware.insert_before Rack::Sendfile, Rack::Config"
       boot!
-      assert_equal "Rack::Config", middleware.second
+      assert_equal "Rack::Config", middleware.third
     end
 
     test "can't change middleware after it's built" do
       boot!
-      assert_raise frozen_error_class do
+      assert_raise FrozenError do
         app.config.middleware.use Rack::Config
       end
     end
@@ -305,7 +310,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     private
-
       def boot!
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
index d6c81c1fe2..f0f1112f6b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
@@ -100,30 +100,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_nothing_raised { AppTemplate::Application.new }
     end
 
-    def test_initializers_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
-      run_count = 0
-
-      AppTemplate::Application.initializer :init0 do
-        run_count += 1
-      end
-
-      application1.initializer :init1 do
-        run_count += 1
-      end
-
-      AppTemplate::Application.new.initializer :init2 do
-        run_count += 1
-      end
-
-      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the initializers, the count should be 0"
-
-      # Set config.eager_load to false so that an eager_load warning doesn't pop up
-      AppTemplate::Application.create { config.eager_load = false }.initialize!
-
-      assert_equal 3, run_count, "There should have been three initializers that incremented the count"
-    end
-
     def test_consoles_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
       run_count = 0
       AppTemplate::Application.console { run_count += 1 }
@@ -165,12 +141,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app.config.some_setting = "a_different_setting"
       assert_equal "a_different_setting", app.config.some_setting, "The configuration's some_setting should be set."
 
-      new_config = Rails::Application::Configuration.new("root_of_application")
+      new_config = Rails::Application::Configuration.new(Pathname.new("root_of_application"))
       new_config.some_setting = "some_setting_dude"
       app.config = new_config
 
       assert_equal "some_setting_dude", app.config.some_setting, "The configuration's some_setting should have changed."
-      assert_equal "root_of_application", app.config.root, "The root should have changed to the new config's root."
+      assert_equal "root_of_application", app.config.root.to_s, "The root should have changed to the new config's root."
       assert_equal new_config, app.config, "The application's config should have changed to the new config."
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
index 039987ac8c..c9931c45a6 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "env_helpers"
 
 module ApplicationTests
   module RakeTests
     class RakeDbsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation, EnvHelpers
 
       def setup
         build_app
@@ -39,12 +40,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
 
-      test "db:create and db:drop without database url" do
+      def db_create_with_warning(expected_database)
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          output = rails("db:create")
+          assert_match(/Rails couldn't infer whether you are using multiple databases/, output)
+          assert_match(/Created database/, output)
+          assert File.exist?(expected_database)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "db:create and db:drop without database URL" do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         db_create_and_drop ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]["database"]
       end
 
-      test "db:create and db:drop with database url" do
+      test "db:create and db:drop with database URL" do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
         db_create_and_drop database_url_db_name
@@ -52,27 +62,125 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test "db:create and db:drop respect environment setting" do
         app_file "config/database.yml", <<-YAML
+          <% 1 %>
           development:
+            database: <%= Rails.application.config.database %>
+            adapter: sqlite3
+        YAML
+
+        app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+          Rails.application.configure do
+            config.database = "db/development.sqlite3"
+          end
+        RUBY
+
+        db_create_and_drop("db/development.sqlite3", environment_loaded: false)
+      end
+
+      test "db:create and db:drop don't raise errors when loading YAML with multiline ERB" do
+        app_file "config/database.yml", <<-YAML
+          development:
+            database: <%=
+              Rails.application.config.database
+            %>
+            adapter: sqlite3
+        YAML
+
+        app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+          Rails.application.configure do
+            config.database = "db/development.sqlite3"
+          end
+        RUBY
+
+        db_create_and_drop("db/development.sqlite3", environment_loaded: false)
+      end
+
+      test "db:create and db:drop show warning but doesn't raise errors when loading YAML with alias ERB" do
+        app_file "config/database.yml", <<-YAML
+          sqlite: &sqlite
+            adapter: sqlite3
             database: db/development.sqlite3
+
+          development:
+            <<: *<%= ENV["DB"] || "sqlite" %>
+        YAML
+
+        app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+          Rails.application.configure do
+            config.database = "db/development.sqlite3"
+          end
+        RUBY
+
+        db_create_with_warning("db/development.sqlite3")
+      end
+
+      test "db:create and db:drop don't raise errors when loading YAML containing conditional statements in ERB" do
+        app_file "config/database.yml", <<-YAML
+          development:
+          <% if Rails.application.config.database %>
+            database: <%= Rails.application.config.database %>
+          <% else %>
+            database: db/default.sqlite3
+          <% end %>
             adapter: sqlite3
         YAML
 
         app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
           Rails.application.configure do
-            config.read_encrypted_secrets = true
+            config.database = "db/development.sqlite3"
           end
         RUBY
 
-        app_file "lib/tasks/check_env.rake", <<-RUBY
-          Rake::Task["db:create"].enhance do
-            File.write("tmp/config_value", Rails.application.config.read_encrypted_secrets)
+        db_create_and_drop("db/development.sqlite3", environment_loaded: false)
+      end
+
+      test "db:create and db:drop don't raise errors when loading YAML containing multiple ERB statements on the same line" do
+        app_file "config/database.yml", <<-YAML
+          development:
+            database: <% if Rails.application.config.database %><%= Rails.application.config.database %><% else %>db/default.sqlite3<% end %>
+            adapter: sqlite3
+        YAML
+
+        app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+          Rails.application.configure do
+            config.database = "db/development.sqlite3"
           end
         RUBY
 
-        db_create_and_drop("db/development.sqlite3", environment_loaded: false) do
-          assert File.exist?("tmp/config_value")
-          assert_equal "true", File.read("tmp/config_value")
-        end
+        db_create_and_drop("db/development.sqlite3", environment_loaded: false)
+      end
+
+      test "db:create and db:drop dont raise errors when loading YAML with FIXME ERB" do
+        app_file "config/database.yml", <<-YAML
+          development:
+            <%= Rails.application.config.database ? 'database: db/development.sqlite3' : 'database: db/development.sqlite3' %>
+            adapter: sqlite3
+        YAML
+
+        app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+          Rails.application.configure do
+            config.database = "db/development.sqlite3"
+          end
+        RUBY
+
+        db_create_and_drop("db/development.sqlite3", environment_loaded: false)
+      end
+
+      test "db:create and db:drop don't raise errors when loading YAML which contains a key's value as an ERB statement" do
+        app_file "config/database.yml", <<-YAML
+          development:
+            database: <%= Rails.application.config.database ? 'db/development.sqlite3' : 'db/development.sqlite3' %>
+            custom_option: <%= ENV['CUSTOM_OPTION'] %>
+            adapter: sqlite3
+        YAML
+
+        app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+          Rails.application.configure do
+            config.database = "db/development.sqlite3"
+          end
+        RUBY
+
+        db_create_and_drop("db/development.sqlite3", environment_loaded: false)
       end
 
       def with_database_existing
@@ -93,6 +201,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       def with_bad_permissions
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          skip "Can't avoid permissions as root" if Process.uid.zero?
+
           set_database_url
           FileUtils.chmod("-w", "db")
           yield
@@ -137,6 +247,59 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
 
+      test "db:truncate_all truncates all non-internal tables" do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
+          rails "db:migrate"
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+          Book.create!(title: "Remote")
+          assert_equal 1, Book.count
+          schema_migrations = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}\"")
+          internal_metadata = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}\"")
+
+          rails "db:truncate_all"
+
+          assert_equal(
+            schema_migrations,
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}\"")
+          )
+          assert_equal(
+            internal_metadata,
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}\"")
+          )
+          assert_equal 0, Book.count
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "db:truncate_all does not truncate any tables when environment is protected" do
+        with_rails_env "production" do
+          Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+            rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
+            rails "db:migrate"
+            require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+            Book.create!(title: "Remote")
+            assert_equal 1, Book.count
+            schema_migrations = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}\"")
+            internal_metadata = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}\"")
+            books = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"books\"")
+
+            output = rails("db:truncate_all", allow_failure: true)
+            assert_match(/ActiveRecord::ProtectedEnvironmentError/, output)
+
+            assert_equal(
+              schema_migrations,
+              ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}\"")
+            )
+            assert_equal(
+              internal_metadata,
+              ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}\"")
+            )
+            assert_equal 1, Book.count
+            assert_equal(books, ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"books\""))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def db_migrate_and_status(expected_database)
         rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
         rails "db:migrate"
@@ -177,9 +340,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
       def db_fixtures_load(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
+          reload
           rails "db:migrate", "db:fixtures:load"
+
           assert_match expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
-          require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           assert_equal 2, Book.count
         end
       end
@@ -199,8 +363,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
         rails "generate", "model", "admin::book", "title:string"
+        reload
         rails "db:migrate", "db:fixtures:load"
-        require "#{app_path}/app/models/admin/book"
+
         assert_equal 2, Admin::Book.count
       end
 
@@ -321,13 +486,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       test "db:setup loads schema and seeds database" do
-        begin
-          @old_rails_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
-          @old_rack_env = ENV["RACK_ENV"]
-          ENV.delete "RAILS_ENV"
-          ENV.delete "RACK_ENV"
+        @old_rails_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
+        @old_rack_env = ENV["RACK_ENV"]
+        ENV.delete "RAILS_ENV"
+        ENV.delete "RACK_ENV"
 
-          app_file "db/schema.rb", <<-RUBY
+        app_file "db/schema.rb", <<-RUBY
             ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: "1") do
               create_table :users do |t|
                 t.string :name
@@ -335,16 +499,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
             end
           RUBY
 
-          app_file "db/seeds.rb", <<-RUBY
-            puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
-          RUBY
+        app_file "db/seeds.rb", <<-RUBY
+          puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
+        RUBY
 
-          database_path = rails("db:setup")
-          assert_equal "development.sqlite3", File.basename(database_path.strip)
-        ensure
-          ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = @old_rails_env
-          ENV["RACK_ENV"] = @old_rack_env
-        end
+        database_path = rails("db:setup")
+        assert_equal "development.sqlite3", File.basename(database_path.strip)
+      ensure
+        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = @old_rails_env
+        ENV["RACK_ENV"] = @old_rack_env
       end
 
       test "db:setup sets ar_internal_metadata" do
@@ -385,6 +548,104 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         assert_equal "test", test_environment.call
       end
+
+      test "db:seed:replant truncates all non-internal tables and loads the seeds" do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
+          rails "db:migrate"
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+          Book.create!(title: "Remote")
+          assert_equal 1, Book.count
+          schema_migrations = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}\"")
+          internal_metadata = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}\"")
+
+          app_file "db/seeds.rb", <<-RUBY
+            Book.create!(title: "Rework")
+            Book.create!(title: "Ruby Under a Microscope")
+          RUBY
+
+          rails "db:seed:replant"
+
+          assert_equal(
+            schema_migrations,
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}\"")
+          )
+          assert_equal(
+            internal_metadata,
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}\"")
+          )
+          assert_equal 2, Book.count
+          assert_not_predicate Book.where(title: "Remote"), :exists?
+          assert_predicate Book.where(title: "Rework"), :exists?
+          assert_predicate Book.where(title: "Ruby Under a Microscope"), :exists?
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "db:seed:replant does not truncate any tables and does not load the seeds when environment is protected" do
+        with_rails_env "production" do
+          Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+            rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
+            rails "db:migrate"
+            require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+            Book.create!(title: "Remote")
+            assert_equal 1, Book.count
+            schema_migrations = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}\"")
+            internal_metadata = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}\"")
+            books = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"books\"")
+
+            app_file "db/seeds.rb", <<-RUBY
+              Book.create!(title: "Rework")
+            RUBY
+
+            output = rails("db:seed:replant", allow_failure: true)
+            assert_match(/ActiveRecord::ProtectedEnvironmentError/, output)
+
+            assert_equal(
+              schema_migrations,
+              ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}\"")
+            )
+            assert_equal(
+              internal_metadata,
+              ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"#{ActiveRecord::Base.internal_metadata_table_name}\"")
+            )
+            assert_equal 1, Book.count
+            assert_equal(books, ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * from \"books\""))
+            assert_not_predicate Book.where(title: "Rework"), :exists?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "db:prepare setup the database" do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
+          output = rails("db:prepare")
+          assert_match(/CreateBooks: migrated/, output)
+
+          output = rails("db:drop")
+          assert_match(/Dropped database/, output)
+
+          rails "generate", "model", "recipe", "title:string"
+          output = rails("db:prepare")
+          assert_match(/CreateBooks: migrated/, output)
+          assert_match(/CreateRecipes: migrated/, output)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "db:prepare does not touch schema when dumping is disabled" do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
+          rails "db:create", "db:migrate"
+
+          app_file "db/schema.rb", "Not touched"
+          app_file "config/initializers/disable_dumping_schema.rb", <<-RUBY
+            Rails.application.config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false
+          RUBY
+
+          rails "db:prepare"
+
+          assert_equal("Not touched", File.read("db/schema.rb").strip)
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/multi_dbs_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/multi_dbs_test.rb
index ef99365e75..2606e64424 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/multi_dbs_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/multi_dbs_test.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_no_match(/already exists/, output)
           assert File.exist?(expected_database)
 
-
           output = rails("db:drop")
           assert_match(/Dropped database/, output)
           assert_match_namespace(namespace, output)
@@ -137,6 +136,51 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
 
+      def db_up_and_down(version, namespace = nil)
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          generate_models_for_animals
+          rails("db:migrate")
+
+          if namespace
+            down_output = rails("db:migrate:down:#{namespace}", "VERSION=#{version}")
+            up_output = rails("db:migrate:up:#{namespace}", "VERSION=#{version}")
+          else
+            assert_raises RuntimeError, /You're using a multiple database application/ do
+              down_output = rails("db:migrate:down", "VERSION=#{version}")
+            end
+
+            assert_raises RuntimeError, /You're using a multiple database application/ do
+              up_output = rails("db:migrate:up", "VERSION=#{version}")
+            end
+          end
+
+          case namespace
+          when "primary"
+            assert_match(/OneMigration: reverting/, down_output)
+            assert_match(/OneMigration: migrated/, up_output)
+          when nil
+          else
+            assert_match(/TwoMigration: reverting/, down_output)
+            assert_match(/TwoMigration: migrated/, up_output)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def db_prepare
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          generate_models_for_animals
+          output = rails("db:prepare")
+
+          ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env).each do |db_config|
+            if db_config.spec_name == "primary"
+              assert_match(/CreateBooks: migrated/, output)
+            else
+              assert_match(/CreateDogs: migrated/, output)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def write_models_for_animals
         # make a directory for the animals migration
         FileUtils.mkdir_p("#{app_path}/db/animals_migrate")
@@ -170,6 +214,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         rails "generate", "model", "book", "title:string"
         rails "generate", "model", "dog", "name:string"
         write_models_for_animals
+        reload
       end
 
       test "db:create and db:drop works on all databases for env" do
@@ -203,6 +248,34 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
 
+      test "db:migrate:down and db:migrate:up without a namespace raises in a multi-db application" do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+        app_file "db/migrate/01_one_migration.rb", <<-MIGRATION
+          class OneMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+          end
+        MIGRATION
+
+        db_up_and_down "01"
+      end
+
+      test "db:migrate:down:namespace and db:migrate:up:namespace works" do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+        app_file "db/migrate/01_one_migration.rb", <<-MIGRATION
+          class OneMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+          end
+        MIGRATION
+
+        app_file "db/animals_migrate/02_two_migration.rb", <<-MIGRATION
+          class TwoMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+          end
+        MIGRATION
+
+        db_up_and_down "01", "primary"
+        db_up_and_down "02", "animals"
+      end
+
       test "db:migrate:status works on all databases" do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         db_migrate_and_migrate_status
@@ -225,6 +298,57 @@ module ApplicationTests
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         db_migrate_and_schema_cache_dump_and_schema_cache_clear
       end
+
+      test "db:abort_if_pending_migrations works on all databases" do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+        app_file "db/animals_migrate/02_two_migration.rb", <<-MIGRATION
+          class TwoMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+          end
+        MIGRATION
+
+        output = rails("db:abort_if_pending_migrations", allow_failure: true)
+        assert_match(/You have 1 pending migration/, output)
+      end
+
+      test "db:abort_if_pending_migrations:namespace works" do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+        app_file "db/animals_migrate/02_two_migration.rb", <<-MIGRATION
+          class TwoMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+          end
+        MIGRATION
+
+        output = rails("db:abort_if_pending_migrations:primary")
+        assert_no_match(/You have \d+ pending migration/, output)
+        output = rails("db:abort_if_pending_migrations:animals", allow_failure: true)
+        assert_match(/You have 1 pending migration/, output)
+      end
+
+      test "db:prepare works on all databases" do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        db_prepare
+      end
+
+      test "db:prepare setups missing database without clearing existing one" do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          # Bug not visible on SQLite3. Can be simplified when https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/36383 resolved
+          use_postgresql(multi_db: true)
+          generate_models_for_animals
+
+          rails "db:create:animals", "db:migrate:animals", "db:create:primary", "db:migrate:primary", "db:schema:dump"
+          rails "db:drop:primary"
+          Dog.create!
+          output = rails("db:prepare")
+
+          assert_match(/Created database/, output)
+          assert_equal 1, Dog.count
+        ensure
+          Dog.connection.disconnect!
+          rails "db:drop" rescue nil
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
index 60802ef7c4..47822e55b9 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
@@ -159,7 +159,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       private
-
         def run_rake_notes(command = "bin/rake notes")
           Dir.chdir(app_path) do
             output = `#{command}`
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/routes_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/routes_test.rb
index 2c23ff4679..dffdae7bde 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/routes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/routes_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
   module RakeTests
     class RakeRoutesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
       setup :build_app
       teardown :teardown_app
 
@@ -17,13 +18,27 @@ module ApplicationTests
         RUBY
 
         assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, run_rake_routes
-                   Prefix Verb URI Pattern                                                                              Controller#Action
-                     cart GET  /cart(.:format)                                                                          cart#show
-       rails_service_blob GET  /rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/*filename(.:format)                               active_storage/blobs#show
-rails_blob_representation GET  /rails/active_storage/representations/:signed_blob_id/:variation_key/*filename(.:format) active_storage/representations#show
-       rails_disk_service GET  /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_key/*filename(.:format)                              active_storage/disk#show
-update_rails_disk_service PUT  /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_token(.:format)                                      active_storage/disk#update
-     rails_direct_uploads POST /rails/active_storage/direct_uploads(.:format)                                           active_storage/direct_uploads#create
+                                         Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                                                                              Controller#Action
+                                           cart GET    /cart(.:format)                                                                          cart#show
+                  rails_mandrill_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/mandrill/inbound_emails(.:format)                                  action_mailbox/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails#create
+                  rails_postmark_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails(.:format)                                  action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails#create
+                     rails_relay_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/relay/inbound_emails(.:format)                                     action_mailbox/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails#create
+                  rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/sendgrid/inbound_emails(.:format)                                  action_mailbox/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails#create
+                   rails_mailgun_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime(.:format)                              action_mailbox/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails#create
+                 rails_conductor_inbound_emails GET    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails(.:format)                                 rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#index
+                                                POST   /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails(.:format)                                 rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#create
+              new_rails_conductor_inbound_email GET    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/new(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#new
+             edit_rails_conductor_inbound_email GET    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id/edit(.:format)                        rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#edit
+                  rails_conductor_inbound_email GET    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#show
+                                                PATCH  /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#update
+                                                PUT    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#update
+                                                DELETE /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#destroy
+          rails_conductor_inbound_email_reroute POST   /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/:inbound_email_id/reroute(.:format)                      rails/conductor/action_mailbox/reroutes#create
+                             rails_service_blob GET    /rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/*filename(.:format)                               active_storage/blobs#show
+                      rails_blob_representation GET    /rails/active_storage/representations/:signed_blob_id/:variation_key/*filename(.:format) active_storage/representations#show
+                             rails_disk_service GET    /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_key/*filename(.:format)                              active_storage/disk#show
+                      update_rails_disk_service PUT    /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_token(.:format)                                      active_storage/disk#update
+                           rails_direct_uploads POST   /rails/active_storage/direct_uploads(.:format)                                           active_storage/direct_uploads#create
         MESSAGE
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
index c38b91ef03..fe56e3d076 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       # loading a specific fixture
       rails "db:fixtures:load", "FIXTURES=products"
 
-      assert_equal 2, ::AppTemplate::Application::Product.count
-      assert_equal 0, ::AppTemplate::Application::User.count
+      assert_equal 2, Product.count
+      assert_equal 0, User.count
     end
 
     def test_loading_only_yml_fixtures
@@ -160,7 +160,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default
       rails "generate", "scaffold", "user", "username:string", "password:string"
-      with_rails_env("test") { rails("db:migrate") }
+      with_rails_env("test") do
+        rails("db:migrate")
+        rails("webpacker:compile")
+      end
       output = rails("test")
 
       assert_match(/7 runs, 9 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
diff --git a/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb b/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
index 8f5f48c281..dfb9540093 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
@@ -105,6 +105,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match "development", rails("runner", "puts Rails.env")
     end
 
+    def test_environment_option
+      assert_match "production", rails("runner", "-e", "production", "puts Rails.env")
+    end
+
+    def test_environment_option_is_properly_expanded
+      assert_match "production", rails("runner", "-e", "prod", "puts Rails.env")
+    end
+
     def test_runner_detects_syntax_errors
       output = rails("runner", "puts 'hello world", allow_failure: true)
       assert_not_predicate $?, :success?
diff --git a/railties/test/application/server_test.rb b/railties/test/application/server_test.rb
index ab9e910aed..5fe1b4e6e7 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/server_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/server_test.rb
@@ -18,20 +18,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       teardown_app
     end
 
-    test "deprecate support of older `config.ru`" do
-      remove_file "config.ru"
-      app_file "config.ru", <<-RUBY
-        require_relative 'config/environment'
-        run AppTemplate::Application
-      RUBY
-
-      server = Rails::Server.new(config: "#{app_path}/config.ru")
-      server.app
-
-      log = File.read(Rails.application.config.paths["log"].first)
-      assert_match(/DEPRECATION WARNING: Using `Rails::Application` subclass to start the server is deprecated/, log)
-    end
-
     test "restart rails server with custom pid file path" do
       skip "PTY unavailable" unless available_pty?
 
@@ -43,14 +29,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
       primary, replica = PTY.open
       pid = nil
 
-      begin
-        pid = Process.spawn("#{app_path}/bin/rails server -P tmp/dummy.pid", in: replica, out: replica, err: replica)
+      Bundler.with_original_env do
+        pid = Process.spawn("bin/rails server -b localhost -P tmp/dummy.pid", chdir: app_path, in: replica, out: replica, err: replica)
         assert_output("Listening", primary)
 
         rails("restart")
 
         assert_output("Restarting", primary)
-        assert_output("Inherited", primary)
+        assert_output("tcp://localhost:3000", primary)
       ensure
         kill(pid) if pid
       end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/system_test_case_test.rb b/railties/test/application/system_test_case_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d15a0d9210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/system_test_case_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "rack/test"
+
+class SystemTestCaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+  def setup
+    build_app
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    teardown_app
+  end
+
+  test "url helpers are delegated to a proxy class" do
+    app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
+        get 'foo', to: 'foo#index', as: 'test_foo'
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    app("test")
+
+    assert_not_includes(ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase.runnable_methods, :test_foo_url)
+  end
+
+  test "system tests set the Capybara host in the url_options by default" do
+    app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
+        get 'foo', to: 'foo#index', as: 'test_foo'
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    app("test")
+    system_test = ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase.new("my_test")
+    previous_app_host = ::Capybara.app_host
+    ::Capybara.app_host = "https://my_test_example.com"
+
+    assert_equal("https://my_test_example.com/foo", system_test.test_foo_url)
+  ensure
+    ::Capybara.app_host = previous_app_host
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
index 140703e118..7fc918898b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       teardown_app
     end
 
-    def test_run_via_backwardscompatibility
+    def test_run_via_backwards_compatibility
       require "minitest/rails_plugin"
 
       assert_nothing_raised do
@@ -98,6 +98,17 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    def test_run_channels
+      create_test_file :channels, "foo_channel"
+      create_test_file :channels, "bar_channel"
+
+      rails("test:channels").tap do |output|
+        assert_match "FooChannelTest", output
+        assert_match "BarChannelTest", output
+        assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_run_controllers
       create_test_file :controllers, "foo_controller"
       create_test_file :controllers, "bar_controller"
@@ -131,6 +142,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    def test_run_mailboxes
+      create_test_file :mailboxes, "foo_mailbox"
+      create_test_file :mailboxes, "bar_mailbox"
+      create_test_file :models, "foo"
+
+      rails("test:mailboxes").tap do |output|
+        assert_match "FooMailboxTest", output
+        assert_match "BarMailboxTest", output
+        assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_run_functionals
       create_test_file :mailers, "foo_mailer"
       create_test_file :controllers, "bar_controller"
@@ -155,11 +178,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_run_all_suites
-      suites = [:models, :helpers, :unit, :controllers, :mailers, :functional, :integration, :jobs]
+      suites = [:models, :helpers, :unit, :channels, :controllers, :mailers, :functional, :integration, :jobs, :mailboxes]
       suites.each { |suite| create_test_file suite, "foo_#{suite}" }
       run_test_command("") .tap do |output|
         suites.each { |suite| assert_match "Foo#{suite.to_s.camelize}Test", output }
-        assert_match "8 runs, 8 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "10 runs, 10 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -523,6 +546,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_run_in_parallel_with_processes
+      exercise_parallelization_regardless_of_machine_core_count(with: :processes)
+
       file_name = create_parallel_processes_test_file
 
       app_file "db/schema.rb", <<-RUBY
@@ -539,12 +564,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_no_match "create_table(:users)", output
     end
 
+    def test_run_in_parallel_with_process_worker_crash
+      exercise_parallelization_regardless_of_machine_core_count(with: :processes)
+
+      file_name = app_file("test/models/parallel_test.rb", <<-RUBY)
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class ParallelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          def test_crash
+            Kernel.exit 1
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      output = run_test_command(file_name)
+
+      assert_match %r{Queue not empty, but all workers have finished. This probably means that a worker crashed and 1 tests were missed.}, output
+    end
+
     def test_run_in_parallel_with_threads
-      app_path("/test/test_helper.rb") do |file_name|
-        file = File.read(file_name)
-        file.sub!(/parallelize\(([^\)]*)\)/, "parallelize(\\1, with: :threads)")
-        File.write(file_name, file)
-      end
+      exercise_parallelization_regardless_of_machine_core_count(with: :threads)
 
       file_name = create_parallel_threads_test_file
 
@@ -563,6 +602,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_run_in_parallel_with_unmarshable_exception
+      exercise_parallelization_regardless_of_machine_core_count(with: :processes)
+
       file = app_file "test/fail_test.rb", <<-RUBY
         require "test_helper"
         class FailTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -587,7 +628,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_run_in_parallel_with_unknown_object
+      exercise_parallelization_regardless_of_machine_core_count(with: :processes)
+
       create_scaffold
+
       app_file "config/environments/test.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.configure do
           config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = true
@@ -716,6 +760,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_reset_sessions_before_rollback_on_system_tests
       app_file "test/system/reset_session_before_rollback_test.rb", <<-RUBY
         require "application_system_test_case"
+        require "selenium/webdriver"
 
         class ResetSessionBeforeRollbackTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
           def teardown_fixtures
@@ -744,6 +789,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_reset_sessions_on_failed_system_test_screenshot
       app_file "test/system/reset_sessions_on_failed_system_test_screenshot_test.rb", <<~RUBY
         require "application_system_test_case"
+        require "selenium/webdriver"
 
         class ResetSessionsOnFailedSystemTestScreenshotTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
           ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase.class_eval do
@@ -766,6 +812,32 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match "Capybara.reset_sessions! called", output
     end
 
+    def test_failed_system_test_screenshot_should_be_taken_before_other_teardown
+      app_file "test/system/failed_system_test_screenshot_should_be_taken_before_other_teardown_test.rb", <<~RUBY
+        require "application_system_test_case"
+        require "selenium/webdriver"
+
+        class FailedSystemTestScreenshotShouldBeTakenBeforeOtherTeardownTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
+          ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase.class_eval do
+            def take_failed_screenshot
+              puts "take_failed_screenshot called"
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def teardown
+            puts "test teardown called"
+            super
+          end
+
+          test "dummy" do
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+      output = run_test_command("test/system/failed_system_test_screenshot_should_be_taken_before_other_teardown_test.rb")
+      assert_match(/take_failed_screenshot called\n.*test teardown called/, output)
+    end
+
     def test_system_tests_are_not_run_with_the_default_test_command
       app_file "test/system/dummy_test.rb", <<-RUBY
         require "application_system_test_case"
@@ -800,6 +872,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_system_tests_are_run_through_rake_test_when_given_in_TEST
       app_file "test/system/dummy_test.rb", <<-RUBY
         require "application_system_test_case"
+        require "selenium/webdriver"
 
         class DummyTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
           test "something" do
@@ -966,6 +1039,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
         RUBY
       end
 
+      def exercise_parallelization_regardless_of_machine_core_count(with:)
+        app_path("test/test_helper.rb") do |file_name|
+          file = File.read(file_name)
+          file.sub!(/parallelize\(([^\)]*)\)/, "parallelize(workers: 2, with: :#{with})")
+          File.write(file_name, file)
+        end
+      end
+
       def create_env_test
         app_file "test/unit/env_test.rb", <<-RUBY
           require 'test_helper'
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
index fb43bebfbe..83e63718df 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     # TODO: would be nice if we could detect the schema change automatically.
     # For now, the user has to synchronize the schema manually.
-    # This test-case serves as a reminder for this use-case.
+    # This test case serves as a reminder for this use case.
     test "manually synchronize test schema after rollback" do
       output  = rails("generate", "model", "user", "name:string")
       version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
diff --git a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
index f22b9fda3d..dc737089f6 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
         config.active_support.deprecation = :log
         config.eager_load = false
+        config.hosts << proc { true }
+        config.secret_key_base = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
       end
 
       Rails.application.initialize!
diff --git a/railties/test/application/zeitwerk_integration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/zeitwerk_integration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9146222f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/zeitwerk_integration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "active_support/dependencies/zeitwerk_integration"
+
+class ZeitwerkIntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+  def setup
+    build_app
+  end
+
+  def boot(env = "development")
+    app(env)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    teardown_app
+  end
+
+  def deps
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies
+  end
+
+  def decorated?
+    deps.singleton_class < deps::ZeitwerkIntegration::Decorations
+  end
+
+  test "ActiveSupport::Dependencies is decorated by default" do
+    boot
+
+    assert decorated?
+    assert Rails.autoloaders.zeitwerk_enabled?
+    assert_instance_of Zeitwerk::Loader, Rails.autoloaders.main
+    assert_instance_of Zeitwerk::Loader, Rails.autoloaders.once
+    assert_equal [Rails.autoloaders.main, Rails.autoloaders.once], Rails.autoloaders.to_a
+  end
+
+  test "ActiveSupport::Dependencies is not decorated in classic mode" do
+    add_to_config "config.autoloader = :classic"
+    boot
+
+    assert_not decorated?
+    assert_not Rails.autoloaders.zeitwerk_enabled?
+    assert_nil Rails.autoloaders.main
+    assert_nil Rails.autoloaders.once
+    assert_equal 0, Rails.autoloaders.count
+  end
+
+  test "autoloaders inflect with Active Support" do
+    app_file "config/initializers/inflections.rb", <<-RUBY
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
+        inflect.acronym 'RESTful'
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    app_file "app/controllers/restful_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+      class RESTfulController < ApplicationController
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    boot
+
+    basename  = "restful_controller"
+    abspath   = "#{Rails.root}/app/controllers/#{basename}.rb"
+    camelized = "RESTfulController"
+
+    Rails.autoloaders.each do |autoloader|
+      assert_equal camelized, autoloader.inflector.camelize(basename, abspath)
+    end
+
+    assert RESTfulController
+  end
+
+  test "constantize returns the value stored in the constant" do
+    app_file "app/models/admin/user.rb", "class Admin::User; end"
+    boot
+
+    assert_same Admin::User, deps.constantize("Admin::User")
+  end
+
+  test "constantize raises if the constant is unknown" do
+    boot
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) { deps.constantize("Admin") }
+  end
+
+  test "safe_constantize returns the value stored in the constant" do
+    app_file "app/models/admin/user.rb", "class Admin::User; end"
+    boot
+
+    assert_same Admin::User, deps.safe_constantize("Admin::User")
+  end
+
+  test "safe_constantize returns nil for unknown constants" do
+    boot
+
+    assert_nil deps.safe_constantize("Admin")
+  end
+
+  test "unloadable constants (main)" do
+    app_file "app/models/user.rb", "class User; end"
+    app_file "app/models/post.rb", "class Post; end"
+    boot
+
+    assert Post
+
+    assert deps.autoloaded?("Post")
+    assert deps.autoloaded?(Post)
+    assert_not deps.autoloaded?("User")
+
+    assert_equal ["Post"], deps.autoloaded_constants
+  end
+
+  test "unloadable constants (once)" do
+    add_to_config 'config.autoload_once_paths << "#{Rails.root}/extras"'
+    app_file "extras/foo.rb", "class Foo; end"
+    app_file "extras/bar.rb", "class Bar; end"
+    boot
+
+    assert Foo
+
+    assert_not deps.autoloaded?("Foo")
+    assert_not deps.autoloaded?(Foo)
+    assert_not deps.autoloaded?("Bar")
+
+    assert_empty deps.autoloaded_constants
+  end
+
+  test "unloadable constants (reloading disabled)" do
+    app_file "app/models/user.rb", "class User; end"
+    app_file "app/models/post.rb", "class Post; end"
+    boot("production")
+
+    assert Post
+
+    assert_not deps.autoloaded?("Post")
+    assert_not deps.autoloaded?(Post)
+    assert_not deps.autoloaded?("User")
+
+    assert_empty deps.autoloaded_constants
+  end
+
+  test "eager loading loads the application code" do
+    $zeitwerk_integration_test_user = false
+    $zeitwerk_integration_test_post = false
+
+    app_file "app/models/user.rb", "class User; end; $zeitwerk_integration_test_user = true"
+    app_file "app/models/post.rb", "class Post; end; $zeitwerk_integration_test_post = true"
+
+    boot("production")
+
+    assert $zeitwerk_integration_test_user
+    assert $zeitwerk_integration_test_post
+  end
+
+  test "reloading is enabled if config.cache_classes is false" do
+    boot
+
+    assert     Rails.autoloaders.main.reloading_enabled?
+    assert_not Rails.autoloaders.once.reloading_enabled?
+  end
+
+  test "reloading is disabled if config.cache_classes is true" do
+    boot("production")
+
+    assert_not Rails.autoloaders.main.reloading_enabled?
+    assert_not Rails.autoloaders.once.reloading_enabled?
+  end
+
+  test "reloading raises if config.cache_classes is true" do
+    boot("production")
+
+    e = assert_raises(StandardError) do
+      deps.clear
+    end
+    assert_equal "reloading is disabled because config.cache_classes is true", e.message
+  end
+
+  test "eager loading loads code in engines" do
+    $test_blog_engine_eager_loaded = false
+
+    engine("blog") do |bukkit|
+      bukkit.write("lib/blog.rb", "class BlogEngine < Rails::Engine; end")
+      bukkit.write("app/models/post.rb", "Post = $test_blog_engine_eager_loaded = true")
+    end
+
+    boot("production")
+
+    assert $test_blog_engine_eager_loaded
+  end
+
+  test "eager loading loads anything managed by Zeitwerk" do
+    $zeitwerk_integration_test_user = false
+    app_file "app/models/user.rb", "class User; end; $zeitwerk_integration_test_user = true"
+
+    $zeitwerk_integration_test_extras = false
+    app_dir "extras"
+    app_file "extras/webhook_hacks.rb", "WebhookHacks = 1; $zeitwerk_integration_test_extras = true"
+
+    require "zeitwerk"
+    autoloader = Zeitwerk::Loader.new
+    autoloader.push_dir("#{app_path}/extras")
+    autoloader.setup
+
+    boot("production")
+
+    assert $zeitwerk_integration_test_user
+    assert $zeitwerk_integration_test_extras
+  end
+
+  test "autoload directories not present in eager load paths are not eager loaded" do
+    $zeitwerk_integration_test_user = false
+    app_file "app/models/user.rb", "class User; end; $zeitwerk_integration_test_user = true"
+
+    $zeitwerk_integration_test_lib = false
+    app_dir "lib"
+    app_file "lib/webhook_hacks.rb", "WebhookHacks = 1; $zeitwerk_integration_test_lib = true"
+
+    $zeitwerk_integration_test_extras = false
+    app_dir "extras"
+    app_file "extras/websocket_hacks.rb", "WebsocketHacks = 1; $zeitwerk_integration_test_extras = true"
+
+    add_to_config "config.autoload_paths      << '#{app_path}/lib'"
+    add_to_config "config.autoload_once_paths << '#{app_path}/extras'"
+
+    boot("production")
+
+    assert $zeitwerk_integration_test_user
+    assert_not $zeitwerk_integration_test_lib
+    assert_not $zeitwerk_integration_test_extras
+
+    assert WebhookHacks
+    assert WebsocketHacks
+
+    assert $zeitwerk_integration_test_lib
+    assert $zeitwerk_integration_test_extras
+  end
+
+  test "autoload_paths are set as root dirs of main, and in the same order" do
+    boot
+
+    existing_autoload_paths = deps.autoload_paths.select { |dir| File.directory?(dir) }
+    assert_equal existing_autoload_paths, Rails.autoloaders.main.dirs
+  end
+
+  test "autoload_once_paths go to the once autoloader, and in the same order" do
+    extras = %w(e1 e2 e3)
+    extras.each do |extra|
+      app_dir extra
+      add_to_config %(config.autoload_once_paths << "\#{Rails.root}/#{extra}")
+    end
+
+    boot
+
+    extras = extras.map { |extra| "#{app_path}/#{extra}" }
+    extras.each do |extra|
+      assert_not_includes Rails.autoloaders.main.dirs, extra
+    end
+    assert_equal extras, Rails.autoloaders.once.dirs
+  end
+
+  test "clear reloads the main autoloader, and does not reload the once one" do
+    boot
+
+    $zeitwerk_integration_reload_test = []
+
+    main_autoloader = Rails.autoloaders.main
+    def main_autoloader.reload
+      $zeitwerk_integration_reload_test << :main_autoloader
+      super
+    end
+
+    once_autoloader = Rails.autoloaders.once
+    def once_autoloader.reload
+      $zeitwerk_integration_reload_test << :once_autoloader
+      super
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+
+    assert_equal %i(main_autoloader), $zeitwerk_integration_reload_test
+  end
+
+  test "verbose = true sets the dependencies logger if present" do
+    boot
+
+    logger = Logger.new(File::NULL)
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.logger = logger
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.verbose = true
+
+    Rails.autoloaders.each do |autoloader|
+      assert_same logger, autoloader.logger
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "verbose = true sets the Rails logger as fallback" do
+    boot
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.verbose = true
+
+    Rails.autoloaders.each do |autoloader|
+      assert_same Rails.logger, autoloader.logger
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "verbose = false sets loggers to nil" do
+    boot
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.verbose = true
+    Rails.autoloaders.each do |autoloader|
+      assert autoloader.logger
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.verbose = false
+    Rails.autoloaders.each do |autoloader|
+      assert_nil autoloader.logger
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "unhooks" do
+    boot
+
+    assert_equal Module, Module.method(:const_missing).owner
+    assert_equal :no_op, deps.unhook!
+  end
+
+  test "autoloaders.logger=" do
+    boot
+
+    logger = ->(_msg) { }
+    Rails.autoloaders.logger = logger
+
+    Rails.autoloaders.each do |autoloader|
+      assert_same logger, autoloader.logger
+    end
+
+    Rails.autoloaders.logger = Rails.logger
+
+    Rails.autoloaders.each do |autoloader|
+      assert_same Rails.logger, autoloader.logger
+    end
+
+    Rails.autoloaders.logger = nil
+
+    Rails.autoloaders.each do |autoloader|
+      assert_nil autoloader.logger
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/backtrace_cleaner_test.rb b/railties/test/backtrace_cleaner_test.rb
index 90e084ddca..6de23acebe 100644
--- a/railties/test/backtrace_cleaner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/backtrace_cleaner_test.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,18 @@ class BacktraceCleanerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, result.length
   end
 
+  test "can filter for noise" do
+    backtrace = [ "(irb):1",
+                  "/Path/to/rails/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb:77:in `start'",
+                  "bin/rails:4:in `<main>'" ]
+    result = @cleaner.clean(backtrace, :noise)
+    assert_equal "/Path/to/rails/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb:77:in `start'", result[0]
+    assert_equal "bin/rails:4:in `<main>'", result[1]
+    assert_equal 2, result.length
+  end
+
   test "should omit ActionView template methods names" do
-    method_name = ActionView::Template.new(nil, "app/views/application/index.html.erb", nil, {}).send :method_name
+    method_name = ActionView::Template.new(nil, "app/views/application/index.html.erb", nil, locals: []).send :method_name
     backtrace = [ "app/views/application/index.html.erb:4:in `block in #{method_name}'"]
     result = @cleaner.clean(backtrace, :all)
     assert_equal "app/views/application/index.html.erb:4", result[0]
diff --git a/railties/test/command/base_test.rb b/railties/test/command/base_test.rb
index a49ae8aae7..9132c8b4af 100644
--- a/railties/test/command/base_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/command/base_test.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ require "abstract_unit"
 require "rails/command"
 require "rails/commands/generate/generate_command"
 require "rails/commands/secrets/secrets_command"
+require "rails/commands/db/system/change/change_command"
 
 class Rails::Command::BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "printing commands" do
     assert_equal %w(generate), Rails::Command::GenerateCommand.printing_commands
     assert_equal %w(secrets:setup secrets:edit secrets:show), Rails::Command::SecretsCommand.printing_commands
+    assert_equal %w(db:system:change), Rails::Command::Db::System::ChangeCommand.printing_commands
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
index 0b2fe204f8..ee4335e31d 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
@@ -94,28 +94,7 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_match(/\sspecial-production\s/, output)
   end
 
-  def test_rails_env_is_production_when_first_argument_is_p
-    assert_deprecated do
-      start ["p"]
-      assert_match(/\sproduction\s/, output)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_rails_env_is_test_when_first_argument_is_t
-    assert_deprecated do
-      start ["t"]
-      assert_match(/\stest\s/, output)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_rails_env_is_development_when_argument_is_d
-    assert_deprecated do
-      start ["d"]
-      assert_match(/\sdevelopment\s/, output)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_argument_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
+  def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_environment_option_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
     Rails::Command::ConsoleCommand.class_eval do
       alias_method :old_environments, :available_environments
 
@@ -124,9 +103,7 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_match("dev", parse_arguments(["dev"])[:environment])
-    end
+    assert_match("dev", parse_arguments(["-e", "dev"])[:environment])
   ensure
     Rails::Command::ConsoleCommand.class_eval do
       undef_method :available_environments
@@ -139,7 +116,6 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   private :output
 
   private
-
     def start(argv = [])
       rails_console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(argv))
       @output = capture(:stdout) { rails_console.start }
@@ -152,7 +128,7 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def build_app(console)
       mocked_console = Class.new do
         attr_accessor :sandbox
-        attr_reader :console
+        attr_reader :console, :disable_sandbox
 
         def initialize(console)
           @console = console
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/credentials_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/credentials_test.rb
index 7842b0db61..0ee36081c0 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/credentials_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/credentials_test.rb
@@ -63,11 +63,36 @@ class Rails::Command::CredentialsCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "edit command properly expands environment option" do
+    assert_match(/access_key_id: 123/, run_edit_command(environment: "prod"))
+    Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+      assert File.exist?("config/credentials/production.key")
+      assert File.exist?("config/credentials/production.yml.enc")
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "edit command does not raise when an initializer tries to access non-existent credentials" do
+    app_file "config/initializers/raise_when_loaded.rb", <<-RUBY
+      Rails.application.credentials.missing_key!
+    RUBY
+
+    assert_match(/access_key_id: 123/, run_edit_command(environment: "qa"))
+  end
+
+  test "edit command generates template file when the file does not exist" do
+    FileUtils.rm("#{app_path}/config/credentials.yml.enc")
+    run_edit_command
+
+    output = run_show_command
+    assert_match(/access_key_id: 123/, output)
+    assert_match(/secret_key_base/, output)
+  end
+
   test "show credentials" do
     assert_match(/access_key_id: 123/, run_show_command)
   end
 
-  test "show command raise error when require_master_key is specified and key does not exist" do
+  test "show command raises error when require_master_key is specified and key does not exist" do
     remove_file "config/master.key"
     add_to_config "config.require_master_key = true"
 
@@ -87,6 +112,14 @@ class Rails::Command::CredentialsCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_match(/access_key_id: 123/, run_show_command(environment: "production"))
   end
 
+  test "show command properly expands environment option" do
+    run_edit_command(environment: "production")
+
+    output = run_show_command(environment: "prod")
+    assert_match(/access_key_id: 123/, output)
+    assert_no_match(/secret_key_base/, output)
+  end
+
   private
     def run_edit_command(editor: "cat", environment: nil, **options)
       switch_env("EDITOR", editor) do
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/db_system_change_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/db_system_change_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ff45a7878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/commands/db_system_change_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "rails/command"
+require "rails/commands/db/system/change/change_command"
+
+class Rails::Command::Db::System::ChangeCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+  setup { build_app }
+
+  teardown { teardown_app }
+
+  test "change to existing database" do
+    change_database(to: "sqlite3")
+
+    output = change_database(to: "sqlite3")
+
+    assert_match "identical  config/database.yml", output
+    assert_match "gsub  Gemfile", output
+  end
+
+  test "change to invalid database" do
+    output = change_database(to: "invalid-db")
+
+    assert_match <<~MSG.squish, output
+      Invalid value for --to option.
+      Supported preconfigurations are:
+      mysql, postgresql, sqlite3, oracle, frontbase,
+      ibm_db, sqlserver, jdbcmysql, jdbcsqlite3,
+      jdbcpostgresql, jdbc.
+    MSG
+  end
+
+  test "change to postgresql" do
+    output = change_database(to: "postgresql")
+
+    assert_match "force  config/database.yml", output
+    assert_match "gsub  Gemfile", output
+  end
+
+  test "change to mysql" do
+    output = change_database(to: "mysql")
+
+    assert_match "force  config/database.yml", output
+    assert_match "gsub  Gemfile", output
+  end
+
+  test "change to sqlite3" do
+    change_database(to: "postgresql")
+    output = change_database(to: "sqlite3")
+
+    assert_match "force  config/database.yml", output
+    assert_match "gsub  Gemfile", output
+  end
+
+  private
+    def change_database(to:, **options)
+      args = ["--to", to]
+      rails "db:system:change", args, **options
+    end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
index 5e3eca6585..45b72fd909 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
@@ -99,28 +99,12 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ENV["RACK_ENV"] = nil
   end
 
-  def test_rails_env_is_development_when_argument_is_dev
-    assert_deprecated do
-      stub_available_environments([ "development", "test" ]) do
-        assert_match("development", parse_arguments([ "dev" ])[:environment])
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_rails_env_is_development_when_environment_option_is_dev
     stub_available_environments([ "development", "test" ]) do
       assert_match("development", parse_arguments([ "-e", "dev" ])[:environment])
     end
   end
 
-  def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_argument_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
-    assert_deprecated do
-      stub_available_environments([ "dev" ]) do
-        assert_match("dev", parse_arguments([ "dev" ])[:environment])
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_mysql
     start(adapter: "mysql2", database: "db")
     assert_not aborted
@@ -128,9 +112,9 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_mysql_full
-    start(adapter: "mysql2", database: "db", host: "locahost", port: 1234, socket: "socket", username: "user", password: "qwerty", encoding: "UTF-8")
+    start(adapter: "mysql2", database: "db", host: "localhost", port: 1234, socket: "socket", username: "user", password: "qwerty", encoding: "UTF-8")
     assert_not aborted
-    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], "--host=locahost", "--port=1234", "--socket=socket", "--user=user", "--default-character-set=UTF-8", "-p", "db"], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], "--host=localhost", "--port=1234", "--socket=socket", "--user=user", "--default-character-set=UTF-8", "-p", "db"], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_mysql_include_password
@@ -232,22 +216,22 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_specifying_a_custom_connection_and_environment
+  def test_specifying_a_custom_database_and_environment
     stub_available_environments(["development"]) do
-      dbconsole = parse_arguments(["-c", "custom", "-e", "development"])
+      dbconsole = parse_arguments(["--db", "custom", "-e", "development"])
 
       assert_equal "development", dbconsole[:environment]
-      assert_equal "custom", dbconsole.connection
+      assert_equal "custom", dbconsole.database
     end
   end
 
-  def test_specifying_a_missing_connection
+  def test_specifying_a_missing_database
     app_db_config({}) do
       e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified) do
-        Rails::Command.invoke(:dbconsole, ["-c", "i_do_not_exist"])
+        Rails::Command.invoke(:dbconsole, ["--db", "i_do_not_exist"])
       end
 
-      assert_includes e.message, "'i_do_not_exist' connection is not configured."
+      assert_includes e.message, "'i_do_not_exist' database is not configured."
     end
   end
 
@@ -261,25 +245,36 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_connection_options_is_deprecate
+    command = Rails::Command::DbconsoleCommand.new([], ["-c", "custom"])
+    Rails::DBConsole.stub(:start, nil) do
+      assert_deprecated("`connection` option is deprecated") do
+        command.perform
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "custom", command.options["connection"]
+    assert_equal "custom", command.options["database"]
+  end
+
   def test_print_help_short
     stdout = capture(:stdout) do
       Rails::Command.invoke(:dbconsole, ["-h"])
     end
-    assert_match(/rails dbconsole \[environment\]/, stdout)
+    assert_match(/rails dbconsole \[options\]/, stdout)
   end
 
   def test_print_help_long
     stdout = capture(:stdout) do
       Rails::Command.invoke(:dbconsole, ["--help"])
     end
-    assert_match(/rails dbconsole \[environment\]/, stdout)
+    assert_match(/rails dbconsole \[options\]/, stdout)
   end
 
   attr_reader :aborted, :output
   private :aborted, :output
 
   private
-
     def app_db_config(results)
       Rails.application.config.stub(:database_configuration, results || {}) do
         yield
@@ -308,11 +303,9 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def capture_abort
       @aborted = false
       @output = capture(:stderr) do
-        begin
-          yield
-        rescue SystemExit
-          @aborted = true
-        end
+        yield
+      rescue SystemExit
+        @aborted = true
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/initializers_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/initializers_test.rb
index bdfbb3021c..793365ef3d 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/initializers_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/initializers_test.rb
@@ -25,8 +25,24 @@ class Rails::Command::InitializersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert final_output.include?("set_added_test_module")
   end
 
+
+  test "prints out initializers only specified in environment option" do
+    add_to_config <<-RUBY
+      initializer(:set_added_development_module) { } if Rails.env.development?
+      initializer(:set_added_production_module) { } if Rails.env.production?
+    RUBY
+
+    output = run_initializers_command.split("\n")
+    assert_includes output, "AppTemplate::Application.set_added_development_module"
+    assert_not_includes output, "AppTemplate::Application.set_added_production_module"
+
+    output = run_initializers_command(["-e", "production"]).split("\n")
+    assert_not_includes output, "AppTemplate::Application.set_added_development_module"
+    assert_includes output, "AppTemplate::Application.set_added_production_module"
+  end
+
   private
-    def run_initializers_command
-      rails "initializers"
+    def run_initializers_command(args = [])
+      rails "initializers", args
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/notes_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/notes_test.rb
index 147019e299..9182541413 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/notes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/notes_test.rb
@@ -121,6 +121,47 @@ class Rails::Command::NotesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     OUTPUT
   end
 
+  test "displays results from additional tags added to the default tags from a config file" do
+    app_file "app/models/profile.rb", "# TESTME: some method to test"
+    app_file "app/controllers/hello_controller.rb", "# DEPRECATEME: this action is no longer needed"
+    app_file "db/some_seeds.rb", "# TODO: default tags such as TODO are still present"
+
+    add_to_config 'config.annotations.register_tags "TESTME", "DEPRECATEME"'
+
+    assert_equal <<~OUTPUT, run_notes_command
+      app/controllers/hello_controller.rb:
+        * [1] [DEPRECATEME] this action is no longer needed
+
+      app/models/profile.rb:
+        * [1] [TESTME] some method to test
+
+      db/some_seeds.rb:
+        * [1] [TODO] default tags such as TODO are still present
+
+    OUTPUT
+  end
+
+  test "does not display results from tags that are neither default nor registered" do
+    app_file "app/models/profile.rb", "# TESTME: some method to test"
+    app_file "app/controllers/hello_controller.rb", "# DEPRECATEME: this action is no longer needed"
+    app_file "db/some_seeds.rb", "# TODO: default tags such as TODO are still present"
+    app_file "db/some_other_seeds.rb", "# BAD: this note should not be listed"
+
+    add_to_config 'config.annotations.register_tags "TESTME", "DEPRECATEME"'
+
+    assert_equal <<~OUTPUT, run_notes_command
+      app/controllers/hello_controller.rb:
+        * [1] [DEPRECATEME] this action is no longer needed
+
+      app/models/profile.rb:
+        * [1] [TESTME] some method to test
+
+      db/some_seeds.rb:
+        * [1] [TODO] default tags such as TODO are still present
+
+    OUTPUT
+  end
+
   private
     def run_notes_command(args = [])
       rails "notes", args
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/routes_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/routes_test.rb
index 693e532c5b..a2dbd944f5 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/routes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/routes_test.rb
@@ -17,29 +17,28 @@ class Rails::Command::RoutesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     RUBY
 
-    expected_post_output = ["   Prefix Verb   URI Pattern          Controller#Action",
-                            " new_post GET    /post/new(.:format)  posts#new",
-                            "edit_post GET    /post/edit(.:format) posts#edit",
-                            "     post GET    /post(.:format)      posts#show",
-                            "          PATCH  /post(.:format)      posts#update",
-                            "          PUT    /post(.:format)      posts#update",
-                            "          DELETE /post(.:format)      posts#destroy",
-                            "          POST   /post(.:format)      posts#create\n"].join("\n")
-
-    output = run_routes_command(["-c", "PostController"])
-    assert_equal expected_post_output, output
-
-    expected_perm_output = ["              Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                     Controller#Action",
-                            " new_user_permission GET    /user_permission/new(.:format)  user_permissions#new",
-                            "edit_user_permission GET    /user_permission/edit(.:format) user_permissions#edit",
-                            "     user_permission GET    /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#show",
-                            "                     PATCH  /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#update",
-                            "                     PUT    /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#update",
-                            "                     DELETE /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#destroy",
-                            "                     POST   /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#create\n"].join("\n")
-
-    output = run_routes_command(["-c", "UserPermissionController"])
-    assert_equal expected_perm_output, output
+    assert_equal <<~OUTPUT, run_routes_command([ "-c", "PostController" ])
+                             Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                                             Controller#Action
+                           new_post GET    /post/new(.:format)                                     posts#new
+                          edit_post GET    /post/edit(.:format)                                    posts#edit
+                               post GET    /post(.:format)                                         posts#show
+                                    PATCH  /post(.:format)                                         posts#update
+                                    PUT    /post(.:format)                                         posts#update
+                                    DELETE /post(.:format)                                         posts#destroy
+                                    POST   /post(.:format)                                         posts#create
+      rails_postmark_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails(.:format) action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails#create
+    OUTPUT
+
+    assert_equal <<~OUTPUT, run_routes_command([ "-c", "UserPermissionController" ])
+                    Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                     Controller#Action
+       new_user_permission GET    /user_permission/new(.:format)  user_permissions#new
+      edit_user_permission GET    /user_permission/edit(.:format) user_permissions#edit
+           user_permission GET    /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#show
+                           PATCH  /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#update
+                           PUT    /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#update
+                           DELETE /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#destroy
+                           POST   /user_permission(.:format)      user_permissions#create
+    OUTPUT
   end
 
   test "rails routes with global search key" do
@@ -51,25 +50,32 @@ class Rails::Command::RoutesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     RUBY
 
-    output = run_routes_command(["-g", "show"])
-    assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, output
-                         Prefix Verb URI Pattern                                                                              Controller#Action
-                           cart GET  /cart(.:format)                                                                          cart#show
-             rails_service_blob GET  /rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/*filename(.:format)                               active_storage/blobs#show
-      rails_blob_representation GET  /rails/active_storage/representations/:signed_blob_id/:variation_key/*filename(.:format) active_storage/representations#show
-             rails_disk_service GET  /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_key/*filename(.:format)                              active_storage/disk#show
+    assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, run_routes_command([ "-g", "show" ])
+                             Prefix Verb URI Pattern                                                                              Controller#Action
+                               cart GET  /cart(.:format)                                                                          cart#show
+      rails_conductor_inbound_email GET  /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#show
+                 rails_service_blob GET  /rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/*filename(.:format)                               active_storage/blobs#show
+          rails_blob_representation GET  /rails/active_storage/representations/:signed_blob_id/:variation_key/*filename(.:format) active_storage/representations#show
+                 rails_disk_service GET  /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_key/*filename(.:format)                              active_storage/disk#show
     MESSAGE
 
-    output = run_routes_command(["-g", "POST"])
-    assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, output
-                    Prefix Verb URI Pattern                                    Controller#Action
-                           POST /cart(.:format)                                cart#create
-      rails_direct_uploads POST /rails/active_storage/direct_uploads(.:format) active_storage/direct_uploads#create
+    assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, run_routes_command([ "-g", "POST" ])
+                                     Prefix Verb URI Pattern                                                         Controller#Action
+                                            POST /cart(.:format)                                                     cart#create
+              rails_mandrill_inbound_emails POST /rails/action_mailbox/mandrill/inbound_emails(.:format)             action_mailbox/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails#create
+              rails_postmark_inbound_emails POST /rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails(.:format)             action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails#create
+                 rails_relay_inbound_emails POST /rails/action_mailbox/relay/inbound_emails(.:format)                action_mailbox/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails#create
+              rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails POST /rails/action_mailbox/sendgrid/inbound_emails(.:format)             action_mailbox/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails#create
+               rails_mailgun_inbound_emails POST /rails/action_mailbox/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime(.:format)         action_mailbox/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails#create
+                                            POST /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails(.:format)            rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#create
+      rails_conductor_inbound_email_reroute POST /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/:inbound_email_id/reroute(.:format) rails/conductor/action_mailbox/reroutes#create
+                       rails_direct_uploads POST /rails/active_storage/direct_uploads(.:format)                      active_storage/direct_uploads#create
     MESSAGE
 
-    output = run_routes_command(["-g", "basketballs"])
-    assert_equal "     Prefix Verb URI Pattern            Controller#Action\n" \
-                 "basketballs GET  /basketballs(.:format) basketball#index\n", output
+    assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, run_routes_command([ "-g", "basketballs" ])
+           Prefix Verb URI Pattern            Controller#Action
+      basketballs GET  /basketballs(.:format) basketball#index
+    MESSAGE
   end
 
   test "rails routes with controller search key" do
@@ -113,35 +119,42 @@ class Rails::Command::RoutesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     RUBY
 
-    expected_post_output = ["         Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                Controller#Action",
-                            " new_admin_post GET    /admin/post/new(.:format)  admin/posts#new",
-                            "edit_admin_post GET    /admin/post/edit(.:format) admin/posts#edit",
-                            "     admin_post GET    /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#show",
-                            "                PATCH  /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#update",
-                            "                PUT    /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#update",
-                            "                DELETE /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#destroy",
-                            "                POST   /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#create\n"].join("\n")
-
-    output = run_routes_command(["-c", "Admin::PostController"])
-    assert_equal expected_post_output, output
-
-    output = run_routes_command(["-c", "PostController"])
-    assert_equal expected_post_output, output
-
-    expected_perm_output = ["                    Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                           Controller#Action",
-                            " new_admin_user_permission GET    /admin/user_permission/new(.:format)  admin/user_permissions#new",
-                            "edit_admin_user_permission GET    /admin/user_permission/edit(.:format) admin/user_permissions#edit",
-                            "     admin_user_permission GET    /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#show",
-                            "                           PATCH  /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#update",
-                            "                           PUT    /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#update",
-                            "                           DELETE /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#destroy",
-                            "                           POST   /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#create\n"].join("\n")
-
-    output = run_routes_command(["-c", "Admin::UserPermissionController"])
-    assert_equal expected_perm_output, output
-
-    output = run_routes_command(["-c", "UserPermissionController"])
-    assert_equal expected_perm_output, output
+    assert_equal <<~OUTPUT, run_routes_command([ "-c", "Admin::PostController" ])
+               Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                Controller#Action
+       new_admin_post GET    /admin/post/new(.:format)  admin/posts#new
+      edit_admin_post GET    /admin/post/edit(.:format) admin/posts#edit
+           admin_post GET    /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#show
+                      PATCH  /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#update
+                      PUT    /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#update
+                      DELETE /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#destroy
+                      POST   /admin/post(.:format)      admin/posts#create
+    OUTPUT
+
+    assert_equal <<~OUTPUT, run_routes_command([ "-c", "PostController" ])
+                             Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                                             Controller#Action
+                     new_admin_post GET    /admin/post/new(.:format)                               admin/posts#new
+                    edit_admin_post GET    /admin/post/edit(.:format)                              admin/posts#edit
+                         admin_post GET    /admin/post(.:format)                                   admin/posts#show
+                                    PATCH  /admin/post(.:format)                                   admin/posts#update
+                                    PUT    /admin/post(.:format)                                   admin/posts#update
+                                    DELETE /admin/post(.:format)                                   admin/posts#destroy
+                                    POST   /admin/post(.:format)                                   admin/posts#create
+      rails_postmark_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails(.:format) action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails#create
+    OUTPUT
+
+    expected_permission_output = <<~OUTPUT
+                          Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                           Controller#Action
+       new_admin_user_permission GET    /admin/user_permission/new(.:format)  admin/user_permissions#new
+      edit_admin_user_permission GET    /admin/user_permission/edit(.:format) admin/user_permissions#edit
+           admin_user_permission GET    /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#show
+                                 PATCH  /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#update
+                                 PUT    /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#update
+                                 DELETE /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#destroy
+                                 POST   /admin/user_permission(.:format)      admin/user_permissions#create
+    OUTPUT
+
+    assert_equal expected_permission_output, run_routes_command([ "-c", "Admin::UserPermissionController" ])
+    assert_equal expected_permission_output, run_routes_command([ "-c", "UserPermissionController" ])
   end
 
   test "rails routes displays message when no routes are defined" do
@@ -151,63 +164,145 @@ class Rails::Command::RoutesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     RUBY
 
     assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, run_routes_command
-                         Prefix Verb URI Pattern                                                                              Controller#Action
-             rails_service_blob GET  /rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/*filename(.:format)                               active_storage/blobs#show
-      rails_blob_representation GET  /rails/active_storage/representations/:signed_blob_id/:variation_key/*filename(.:format) active_storage/representations#show
-             rails_disk_service GET  /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_key/*filename(.:format)                              active_storage/disk#show
-      update_rails_disk_service PUT  /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_token(.:format)                                      active_storage/disk#update
-           rails_direct_uploads POST /rails/active_storage/direct_uploads(.:format)                                           active_storage/direct_uploads#create
+                                     Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                                                                              Controller#Action
+              rails_mandrill_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/mandrill/inbound_emails(.:format)                                  action_mailbox/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails#create
+              rails_postmark_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails(.:format)                                  action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails#create
+                 rails_relay_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/relay/inbound_emails(.:format)                                     action_mailbox/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails#create
+              rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/sendgrid/inbound_emails(.:format)                                  action_mailbox/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails#create
+               rails_mailgun_inbound_emails POST   /rails/action_mailbox/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime(.:format)                              action_mailbox/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails#create
+             rails_conductor_inbound_emails GET    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails(.:format)                                 rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#index
+                                            POST   /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails(.:format)                                 rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#create
+          new_rails_conductor_inbound_email GET    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/new(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#new
+         edit_rails_conductor_inbound_email GET    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id/edit(.:format)                        rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#edit
+              rails_conductor_inbound_email GET    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#show
+                                            PATCH  /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#update
+                                            PUT    /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#update
+                                            DELETE /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)                             rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#destroy
+      rails_conductor_inbound_email_reroute POST   /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/:inbound_email_id/reroute(.:format)                      rails/conductor/action_mailbox/reroutes#create
+                         rails_service_blob GET    /rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/*filename(.:format)                               active_storage/blobs#show
+                  rails_blob_representation GET    /rails/active_storage/representations/:signed_blob_id/:variation_key/*filename(.:format) active_storage/representations#show
+                         rails_disk_service GET    /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_key/*filename(.:format)                              active_storage/disk#show
+                  update_rails_disk_service PUT    /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_token(.:format)                                      active_storage/disk#update
+                       rails_direct_uploads POST   /rails/active_storage/direct_uploads(.:format)                                           active_storage/direct_uploads#create
     MESSAGE
   end
 
   test "rails routes with expanded option" do
-    begin
-      previous_console_winsize = IO.console.winsize
-      IO.console.winsize = [0, 27]
+    previous_console_winsize = IO.console.winsize
+    IO.console.winsize = [0, 27]
 
-      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        Rails.application.routes.draw do
-          get '/cart', to: 'cart#show'
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      output = run_routes_command(["--expanded"])
-
-      assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, output
-        --[ Route 1 ]--------------
-        Prefix            | cart
-        Verb              | GET
-        URI               | /cart(.:format)
-        Controller#Action | cart#show
-        --[ Route 2 ]--------------
-        Prefix            | rails_service_blob
-        Verb              | GET
-        URI               | /rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/*filename(.:format)
-        Controller#Action | active_storage/blobs#show
-        --[ Route 3 ]--------------
-        Prefix            | rails_blob_representation
-        Verb              | GET
-        URI               | /rails/active_storage/representations/:signed_blob_id/:variation_key/*filename(.:format)
-        Controller#Action | active_storage/representations#show
-        --[ Route 4 ]--------------
-        Prefix            | rails_disk_service
-        Verb              | GET
-        URI               | /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_key/*filename(.:format)
-        Controller#Action | active_storage/disk#show
-        --[ Route 5 ]--------------
-        Prefix            | update_rails_disk_service
-        Verb              | PUT
-        URI               | /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_token(.:format)
-        Controller#Action | active_storage/disk#update
-        --[ Route 6 ]--------------
-        Prefix            | rails_direct_uploads
-        Verb              | POST
-        URI               | /rails/active_storage/direct_uploads(.:format)
-        Controller#Action | active_storage/direct_uploads#create
-      MESSAGE
-    ensure
-      IO.console.winsize = previous_console_winsize
-    end
+    app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
+        get '/cart', to: 'cart#show'
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    # rubocop:disable Layout/TrailingWhitespace
+    assert_equal <<~MESSAGE, run_routes_command([ "--expanded" ])
+      --[ Route 1 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | cart
+      Verb              | GET
+      URI               | /cart(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | cart#show
+      --[ Route 2 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | rails_mandrill_inbound_emails
+      Verb              | POST
+      URI               | /rails/action_mailbox/mandrill/inbound_emails(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | action_mailbox/ingresses/mandrill/inbound_emails#create
+      --[ Route 3 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | rails_postmark_inbound_emails
+      Verb              | POST
+      URI               | /rails/action_mailbox/postmark/inbound_emails(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | action_mailbox/ingresses/postmark/inbound_emails#create
+      --[ Route 4 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | rails_relay_inbound_emails
+      Verb              | POST
+      URI               | /rails/action_mailbox/relay/inbound_emails(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | action_mailbox/ingresses/relay/inbound_emails#create
+      --[ Route 5 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | rails_sendgrid_inbound_emails
+      Verb              | POST
+      URI               | /rails/action_mailbox/sendgrid/inbound_emails(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | action_mailbox/ingresses/sendgrid/inbound_emails#create
+      --[ Route 6 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | rails_mailgun_inbound_emails
+      Verb              | POST
+      URI               | /rails/action_mailbox/mailgun/inbound_emails/mime(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | action_mailbox/ingresses/mailgun/inbound_emails#create
+      --[ Route 7 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | rails_conductor_inbound_emails
+      Verb              | GET
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#index
+      --[ Route 8 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | 
+      Verb              | POST
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#create
+      --[ Route 9 ]--------------
+      Prefix            | new_rails_conductor_inbound_email
+      Verb              | GET
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/new(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#new
+      --[ Route 10 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | edit_rails_conductor_inbound_email
+      Verb              | GET
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id/edit(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#edit
+      --[ Route 11 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | rails_conductor_inbound_email
+      Verb              | GET
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#show
+      --[ Route 12 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | 
+      Verb              | PATCH
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#update
+      --[ Route 13 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | 
+      Verb              | PUT
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#update
+      --[ Route 14 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | 
+      Verb              | DELETE
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails/:id(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/inbound_emails#destroy
+      --[ Route 15 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | rails_conductor_inbound_email_reroute
+      Verb              | POST
+      URI               | /rails/conductor/action_mailbox/:inbound_email_id/reroute(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | rails/conductor/action_mailbox/reroutes#create
+      --[ Route 16 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | rails_service_blob
+      Verb              | GET
+      URI               | /rails/active_storage/blobs/:signed_id/*filename(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | active_storage/blobs#show
+      --[ Route 17 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | rails_blob_representation
+      Verb              | GET
+      URI               | /rails/active_storage/representations/:signed_blob_id/:variation_key/*filename(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | active_storage/representations#show
+      --[ Route 18 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | rails_disk_service
+      Verb              | GET
+      URI               | /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_key/*filename(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | active_storage/disk#show
+      --[ Route 19 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | update_rails_disk_service
+      Verb              | PUT
+      URI               | /rails/active_storage/disk/:encoded_token(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | active_storage/disk#update
+      --[ Route 20 ]-------------
+      Prefix            | rails_direct_uploads
+      Verb              | POST
+      URI               | /rails/active_storage/direct_uploads(.:format)
+      Controller#Action | active_storage/direct_uploads#create
+    MESSAGE
+    # rubocop:enable Layout/TrailingWhitespace
+  ensure
+    IO.console.winsize = previous_console_winsize
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
index e5b1da6ea4..c9026e2d95 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ class Rails::Command::ServerCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_nil options[:server]
   end
 
+  def test_environment_option_is_properly_expanded
+    args = ["-e", "prod"]
+    options = parse_arguments(args)
+    assert_equal "production", options[:environment]
+  end
+
   def test_explicit_using_option
     args = ["-u", "thin"]
     options = parse_arguments(args)
@@ -32,6 +38,12 @@ class Rails::Command::ServerCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_match(/Could not find server "tin". Maybe you meant "thin"?/, run_command("--using", "tin"))
   end
 
+  def test_using_server_mistype_without_suggestion
+    output = run_command("--using", "t")
+    assert_match(/Could not find server "t"/, output)
+    assert_no_match(/Maybe you meant/, output)
+  end
+
   def test_using_positional_argument_deprecation
     assert_match(/DEPRECATION WARNING/, run_command("tin"))
   end
@@ -104,6 +116,13 @@ class Rails::Command::ServerCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_environment_with_pidfile
+    switch_env "PIDFILE", "/tmp/rails.pid" do
+      options = parse_arguments
+      assert_equal "/tmp/rails.pid", options[:pid]
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_caching_without_option
     args = []
     options = parse_arguments(args)
@@ -222,13 +241,19 @@ class Rails::Command::ServerCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       options = parse_arguments(args)
       assert_equal "127.0.0.1", options[:Host]
     end
+
+    switch_env "PIDFILE", "/tmp/rails.pid" do
+      args = ["-P", "/somewhere/else.pid"]
+      options = parse_arguments(args)
+      assert_equal "/somewhere/else.pid", options[:pid]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_records_user_supplied_options
-    server_options = parse_arguments(["-p", 3001])
+    server_options = parse_arguments(["-p", "3001"])
     assert_equal [:Port], server_options[:user_supplied_options]
 
-    server_options = parse_arguments(["--port", 3001])
+    server_options = parse_arguments(["--port", "3001"])
     assert_equal [:Port], server_options[:user_supplied_options]
 
     server_options = parse_arguments(["-p3001", "-C", "--binding", "127.0.0.1"])
@@ -241,6 +266,16 @@ class Rails::Command::ServerCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       server_options = parse_arguments
       assert_equal [:Host], server_options[:user_supplied_options]
     end
+
+    switch_env "PORT", "3001" do
+      server_options = parse_arguments
+      assert_equal [:Port], server_options[:user_supplied_options]
+    end
+
+    switch_env "PIDFILE", "/tmp/server.pid" do
+      server_options = parse_arguments
+      assert_equal [:pid], server_options[:user_supplied_options]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_options
@@ -279,6 +314,8 @@ class Rails::Command::ServerCommandTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 
     def parse_arguments(args = [])
-      Rails::Command::ServerCommand.new([], args).server_options
+      command = Rails::Command::ServerCommand.new([], args)
+      command.send(:extract_environment_option_from_argument)
+      command.server_options
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
index bc72b7f0c9..b67142f4c2 100644
--- a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       private
-
         def assert_playback(msg_name, args)
           mock = Minitest::Mock.new
           mock.expect :send, nil, [msg_name, args]
diff --git a/railties/test/credentials_test.rb b/railties/test/credentials_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 03370e0fc7..0000000000
--- a/railties/test/credentials_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "isolation/abstract_unit"
-
-class Rails::CredentialsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
-
-  setup :build_app
-  teardown :teardown_app
-
-  test "reads credentials from environment specific path" do
-    with_credentials do |content, key|
-      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        Dir.mkdir("config/credentials")
-        File.write("config/credentials/production.yml.enc", content)
-        File.write("config/credentials/production.key", key)
-      end
-
-      app("production")
-
-      assert_equal "revealed", Rails.application.credentials.mystery
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "reads credentials from customized path and key" do
-    with_credentials do |content, key|
-      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        Dir.mkdir("config/credentials")
-        File.write("config/credentials/staging.yml.enc", content)
-        File.write("config/credentials/staging.key", key)
-      end
-
-      add_to_env_config("production", "config.credentials.content_path = config.root.join('config/credentials/staging.yml.enc')")
-      add_to_env_config("production", "config.credentials.key_path = config.root.join('config/credentials/staging.key')")
-      app("production")
-
-      assert_equal "revealed", Rails.application.credentials.mystery
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    def with_credentials
-      key = "2117e775dc2024d4f49ddf3aeb585919"
-      # secret_key_base: secret
-      # mystery: revealed
-      content = "vgvKu4MBepIgZ5VHQMMPwnQNsLlWD9LKmJHu3UA/8yj6x+3fNhz3DwL9brX7UA==--qLdxHP6e34xeTAiI--nrcAsleXuo9NqiEuhntAhw=="
-      yield(content, key)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/railties/test/env_helpers.rb b/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
index 336832b867..e3157e0c77 100644
--- a/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ require "rails"
 
 module EnvHelpers
   private
-
     def with_rails_env(env)
       Rails.instance_variable_set :@_env, nil
       switch_env "RAILS_ENV", env do
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
index a2b35124c5..5d6d7f1595 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_add_source_adds_source_to_gemfile
     run_generator
     action :add_source, "http://gems.github.com"
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /source 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com'/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /source 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com'\n/
   end
 
   def test_add_source_with_block_adds_source_to_gemfile_with_gem
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     action :add_source, "http://gems.github.com" do
       gem "rspec-rails"
     end
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /source 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com' do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /\n\nsource 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com' do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend\n\z/
   end
 
   def test_add_source_with_block_adds_source_to_gemfile_after_gem
@@ -60,13 +60,25 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     action :add_source, "http://gems.github.com" do
       gem "rspec-rails"
     end
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'will-paginate'\nsource 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com' do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /\ngem 'will-paginate'\n\nsource 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com' do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend\n\z/
+  end
+
+  def test_add_source_should_create_newline_between_blocks
+    run_generator
+    action :add_source, "http://gems.github.com" do
+      gem "rspec-rails"
+    end
+
+    action :add_source, "http://gems2.github.com" do
+      gem "fakeweb"
+    end
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /\n\nsource 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com' do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend\n\nsource 'http:\/\/gems2\.github\.com' do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend\n\z/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_put_gem_dependency_in_gemfile
     run_generator
     action :gem, "will-paginate"
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'will\-paginate'/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'will\-paginate'\n\z/
   end
 
   def test_gem_with_version_should_include_version_in_gemfile
@@ -141,7 +153,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       gem "fakeweb"
     end
 
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /\ngroup :development, :test do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /\n\ngroup :development, :test do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend\n\z/
   end
 
   def test_github_should_create_an_indented_block
@@ -153,7 +165,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       gem "baz"
     end
 
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /\ngithub 'user\/repo' do\n  gem 'foo'\n  gem 'bar'\n  gem 'baz'\nend/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /\n\ngithub 'user\/repo' do\n  gem 'foo'\n  gem 'bar'\n  gem 'baz'\nend\n\z/
   end
 
   def test_github_should_create_an_indented_block_with_options
@@ -165,7 +177,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       gem "baz"
     end
 
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /\ngithub 'user\/repo', a: 'correct', other: true do\n  gem 'foo'\n  gem 'bar'\n  gem 'baz'\nend/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /\n\ngithub 'user\/repo', a: 'correct', other: true do\n  gem 'foo'\n  gem 'bar'\n  gem 'baz'\nend\n\z/
   end
 
   def test_github_should_create_an_indented_block_within_a_group
@@ -177,9 +189,73 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
         gem "bar"
         gem "baz"
       end
+      github "user/repo2", a: "correct", other: true do
+        gem "foo"
+        gem "bar"
+        gem "baz"
+      end
     end
 
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /\ngroup :magic do\n  github 'user\/repo', a: 'correct', other: true do\n    gem 'foo'\n    gem 'bar'\n    gem 'baz'\n  end\nend\n/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /\n\ngroup :magic do\n  github 'user\/repo', a: 'correct', other: true do\n    gem 'foo'\n    gem 'bar'\n    gem 'baz'\n  end\n  github 'user\/repo2', a: 'correct', other: true do\n    gem 'foo'\n    gem 'bar'\n    gem 'baz'\n  end\nend\n\z/
+  end
+
+  def test_github_should_create_newline_between_blocks
+    run_generator
+
+    action :github, "user/repo", a: "correct", other: true do
+      gem "foo"
+      gem "bar"
+      gem "baz"
+    end
+
+    action :github, "user/repo2", a: "correct", other: true do
+      gem "foo"
+      gem "bar"
+      gem "baz"
+    end
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /\n\ngithub 'user\/repo', a: 'correct', other: true do\n  gem 'foo'\n  gem 'bar'\n  gem 'baz'\nend\n\ngithub 'user\/repo2', a: 'correct', other: true do\n  gem 'foo'\n  gem 'bar'\n  gem 'baz'\nend\n\z/
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_with_gemfile_without_newline_at_the_end
+    run_generator
+    File.open("Gemfile", "a") { |f| f.write("gem 'rspec-rails'") }
+
+    action :gem, "will-paginate"
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'rspec-rails'\ngem 'will-paginate'\n\z/
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_group_with_gemfile_without_newline_at_the_end
+    run_generator
+    File.open("Gemfile", "a") { |f| f.write("gem 'rspec-rails'") }
+
+    action :gem_group, :test do
+      gem "fakeweb"
+    end
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'rspec-rails'\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend\n\z/
+  end
+
+  def test_add_source_with_gemfile_without_newline_at_the_end
+    run_generator
+    File.open("Gemfile", "a") { |f| f.write("gem 'rspec-rails'") }
+
+    action :add_source, "http://gems.github.com" do
+      gem "fakeweb"
+    end
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'rspec-rails'\n\nsource 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com' do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend\n\z/
+  end
+
+  def test_github_with_gemfile_without_newline_at_the_end
+    run_generator
+    File.open("Gemfile", "a") { |f| f.write("gem 'rspec-rails'") }
+
+    action :github, "user/repo" do
+      gem "fakeweb"
+    end
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'rspec-rails'\n\ngithub 'user\/repo' do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend\n\z/
   end
 
   def test_environment_should_include_data_in_environment_initializer_block
@@ -200,7 +276,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
 
     action :environment do
-      _ = "# This wont be added"# assignment to silence parse-time warning "unused literal ignored"
+      _ = "# This wont be added" # assignment to silence parse-time warning "unused literal ignored"
       "# This will be added"
     end
 
@@ -303,8 +379,26 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_should_run_script_generate_with_argument_and_options
-    assert_called_with(generator, :run_ruby_script, ["bin/rails generate model MyModel", verbose: false]) do
-      action :generate, "model", "MyModel"
+    run_generator
+    action :generate, "model", "MyModel"
+    assert_file "app/models/my_model.rb", /MyModel/
+  end
+
+  def test_generate_aborts_when_subprocess_fails_if_requested
+    run_generator
+    content = capture(:stderr) do
+      assert_raises SystemExit do
+        action :generate, "model", "MyModel:ADsad", abort_on_failure: true
+        action :generate, "model", "MyModel"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match(/wrong constant name MyModel:aDsad/, content)
+    assert_no_file "app/models/my_model.rb"
+  end
+
+  def test_generate_should_run_command_without_env
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, ["rails generate model MyModel name:string", verbose: false]) do
+      action :generate, "model", "MyModel", "name:string"
     end
   end
 
@@ -400,15 +494,6 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_capify_should_run_the_capify_command
-    content = capture(:stderr) do
-      assert_called_with(generator, :run, ["capify .", verbose: false]) do
-        action :capify!
-      end
-    end
-    assert_match(/DEPRECATION WARNING: `capify!` is deprecated/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_route_should_add_data_to_the_routes_block_in_config_routes
     run_generator
     route_command = "route '/login', controller: 'sessions', action: 'new'"
@@ -496,7 +581,6 @@ F
   end
 
   private
-
     def action(*args, &block)
       capture(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/api_app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/api_app_generator_test.rb
index 4f2894e71e..099bad8fb9 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/api_app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/api_app_generator_test.rb
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ class ApiAppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     super
 
     Kernel.silence_warnings do
-      Thor::Base.shell.send(:attr_accessor, :always_force)
+      Thor::Base.shell.attr_accessor :always_force
       @shell = Thor::Base.shell.new
-      @shell.send(:always_force=, true)
+      @shell.always_force = true
     end
   end
 
@@ -50,6 +50,13 @@ class ApiAppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /config\.api_only = true/
     assert_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", /ActionController::API/
+
+    assert_file "config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/action_controller\.perform_caching = true/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/action_controller\.perform_caching = true/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_generator_if_skip_action_cable_is_given
@@ -102,7 +109,6 @@ class ApiAppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def default_files
       %w(.gitignore
         .ruby-version
@@ -120,7 +126,6 @@ class ApiAppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
         bin/rails
         bin/rake
         bin/setup
-        bin/update
         config/application.rb
         config/boot.rb
         config/cable.yml
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
index 32d00f3157..5b439fdcba 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   bin/rails
   bin/rake
   bin/setup
-  bin/update
   bin/yarn
   config/application.rb
   config/boot.rb
@@ -81,6 +80,7 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   test/test_helper.rb
   test/fixtures
   test/fixtures/files
+  test/channels/application_cable/connection_test.rb
   test/controllers
   test/models
   test/helpers
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_new_application_use_json_serialzier
+  def test_new_application_use_json_serializer
     run_generator
 
     assert_file("config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
@@ -320,10 +320,6 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_file "#{app_root}/bin/setup" do |content|
         assert_no_match(/system\('bin\/yarn'\)/, content)
       end
-
-      assert_file "#{app_root}/bin/update" do |content|
-        assert_no_match(/system\('bin\/yarn'\)/, content)
-      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -344,24 +340,29 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     app_root = File.join(destination_root, "myapp")
     run_generator [app_root, "--skip-spring"]
 
-    FileUtils.cd(app_root) do
-      quietly { system("bin/rails app:update") }
-    end
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { update: true, skip_spring: true }, { destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell }
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
 
-    assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/spring.rb"
+      assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/spring.rb"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_app_update_does_not_generate_action_cable_contents_when_skip_action_cable_is_given
     app_root = File.join(destination_root, "myapp")
     run_generator [app_root, "--skip-action-cable"]
 
-    FileUtils.cd(app_root) do
-      quietly { system("bin/rails app:update") }
-    end
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { update: true, skip_action_cable: true }, { destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell }
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
 
-    assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/cable.yml"
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/config\.action_cable/, content)
+      assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/cable.yml"
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/config\.action_cable/, content)
+      end
+      assert_no_file "#{app_root}/test/channels/application_cable/connection_test.rb"
     end
   end
 
@@ -369,12 +370,14 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     app_root = File.join(destination_root, "myapp")
     run_generator [app_root, "--skip-bootsnap"]
 
-    FileUtils.cd(app_root) do
-      quietly { system("bin/rails app:update") }
-    end
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { update: true, skip_bootsnap: true }, { destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell }
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
 
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/boot.rb" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/require 'bootsnap\/setup'/, content)
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/boot.rb" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/require 'bootsnap\/setup'/, content)
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -393,59 +396,94 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     app_root = File.join(destination_root, "myapp")
     run_generator [app_root, "--skip-active-storage"]
 
-    FileUtils.cd(app_root) do
-      quietly { system("bin/rails app:update") }
-    end
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { update: true, skip_active_storage: true }, { destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell }
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
 
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
-    end
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
+      end
 
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
-    end
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
+      end
 
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
-    end
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
+      end
 
-    assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/storage.yml"
+      assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/storage.yml"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_app_update_does_not_generate_active_storage_contents_when_skip_active_record_is_given
     app_root = File.join(destination_root, "myapp")
     run_generator [app_root, "--skip-active-record"]
 
-    FileUtils.cd(app_root) do
-      quietly { system("bin/rails app:update") }
-    end
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { update: true, skip_active_record: true }, { destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell }
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
 
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
-    end
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
+      end
 
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
-    end
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
+      end
+
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
+      end
 
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/config\.active_storage/, content)
+      assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/storage.yml"
     end
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_skips_action_mailbox_when_skip_action_mailbox_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-mailbox"]
+    assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_mailbox\/engine["']/
+  end
 
-    assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/storage.yml"
+  def test_generator_skips_action_mailbox_when_skip_active_record_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
+    assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_mailbox\/engine["']/
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_skips_action_mailbox_when_skip_active_storage_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-storage"]
+    assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_mailbox\/engine["']/
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_skips_action_text_when_skip_action_text_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-text"]
+    assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_text\/engine["']/
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_skips_action_text_when_skip_active_record_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
+    assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_text\/engine["']/
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_skips_action_text_when_skip_active_storage_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-storage"]
+    assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_text\/engine["']/
   end
 
   def test_app_update_does_not_change_config_target_version
-    run_generator
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, "myapp")
+    run_generator [app_root, "--skip-spring"]
 
-    FileUtils.cd(destination_root) do
+    FileUtils.cd(app_root) do
       config = "config/application.rb"
       content = File.read(config)
       File.write(config, content.gsub(/config\.load_defaults #{Rails::VERSION::STRING.to_f}/, "config.load_defaults 5.1"))
       quietly { system("bin/rails app:update") }
     end
 
-    assert_file "config/application.rb", /\s+config\.load_defaults 5\.1/
+    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/application.rb", /\s+config\.load_defaults 5\.1/
   end
 
   def test_app_update_does_not_change_app_name_when_app_name_is_hyphenated_name
@@ -462,13 +500,15 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_no_match(/hyphenated-app/, content)
     end
 
-    FileUtils.cd(app_root) do
-      quietly { system("bin/rails app:update") }
-    end
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { update: true }, { destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell }
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
 
-    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/cable.yml" do |content|
-      assert_match(/hyphenated_app/, content)
-      assert_no_match(/hyphenated-app/, content)
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/cable.yml" do |content|
+        assert_match(/hyphenated_app/, content)
+        assert_no_match(/hyphenated-app/, content)
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -493,7 +533,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
     else
-      assert_gem "sqlite3"
+      assert_gem "sqlite3", "'~> 1.4'"
     end
   end
 
@@ -584,7 +624,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_no_gem "capybara"
     assert_no_gem "selenium-webdriver"
-    assert_no_gem "chromedriver-helper"
+    assert_no_gem "webdrivers"
 
     assert_no_directory("test")
   end
@@ -593,7 +633,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-system-test"]
     assert_no_gem "capybara"
     assert_no_gem "selenium-webdriver"
-    assert_no_gem "chromedriver-helper"
+    assert_no_gem "webdrivers"
 
     assert_directory("test")
 
@@ -645,6 +685,21 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_inclusion_of_listen_related_configuration_on_other_rubies
+    ruby_engine = Object.send(:remove_const, :RUBY_ENGINE)
+    Object.const_set(:RUBY_ENGINE, "MyRuby")
+
+    run_generator
+    if RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"] =~ /darwin|linux/
+      assert_listen_related_configuration
+    else
+      assert_no_listen_related_configuration
+    end
+  ensure
+    Object.send(:remove_const, :RUBY_ENGINE)
+    Object.const_set(:RUBY_ENGINE, ruby_engine)
+  end
+
   def test_non_inclusion_of_listen_related_configuration_if_skip_listen
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-listen"]
     assert_no_listen_related_configuration
@@ -743,6 +798,24 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_bundler_command_called("install")
   end
 
+  def test_generation_use_original_bundle_environment
+    generator([destination_root], skip_webpack_install: true)
+
+    mock_original_env = -> do
+      { "BUNDLE_RUBYONRAILS__ORG" => "user:pass" }
+    end
+
+    ensure_environment_is_set = -> *_args do
+      assert_equal "user:pass", ENV["BUNDLE_RUBYONRAILS__ORG"]
+    end
+
+    Bundler.stub :original_env, mock_original_env do
+      generator.stub :exec_bundle_command, ensure_environment_is_set do
+        quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_dev_option
     generator([destination_root], dev: true, skip_webpack_install: true)
 
@@ -761,6 +834,9 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_spring
     run_generator
     assert_gem "spring"
+    assert_file("config/environments/test.rb") do |contents|
+      assert_match("config.cache_classes = false", contents)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_bundler_binstub
@@ -779,7 +855,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_spring_no_fork
     jruby_skip "spring doesn't run on JRuby"
-    assert_called_with(Process, :respond_to?, [[:fork], [:fork]], returns: false) do
+    assert_called_with(Process, :respond_to?, [[:fork], [:fork], [:fork]], returns: false) do
       run_generator
 
       assert_no_gem "spring"
@@ -791,6 +867,9 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_no_file "config/spring.rb"
     assert_no_gem "spring"
+    assert_file("config/environments/test.rb") do |contents|
+      assert_match("config.cache_classes = true", contents)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_spring_with_dev_option
@@ -917,6 +996,8 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       else
         assert_match(/#{RUBY_ENGINE}-#{RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION}/, content)
       end
+
+      assert content.end_with?("\n"), "expected .ruby-version to end with newline"
     end
   end
 
@@ -1059,7 +1140,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
 
     def assert_bundler_command_called(target_command)
-      command_check = -> command do
+      command_check = -> (command, env = {}) do
         @command_called ||= 0
 
         case command
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/channel_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/channel_generator_test.rb
index 1cb8465539..1a25422c3c 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/channel_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/channel_generator_test.rb
@@ -67,12 +67,23 @@ class ChannelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/javascript/channels/consumer.js"
   end
 
+  def test_invokes_default_test_framework
+    run_generator %w(chat -t=test_unit)
+
+    assert_file "test/channels/chat_channel_test.rb" do |test|
+      assert_match(/class ChatChannelTest < ActionCable::Channel::TestCase/, test)
+      assert_match(/# test "subscribes" do/, test)
+      assert_match(/#   assert subscription.confirmed\?/, test)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_channel_on_revoke
     run_generator ["chat"]
     run_generator ["chat"], behavior: :revoke
 
     assert_no_file "app/channels/chat_channel.rb"
     assert_no_file "app/javascript/channels/chat_channel.js"
+    assert_no_file "test/channels/chat_channel_test.rb"
 
     assert_file "app/channels/application_cable/channel.rb"
     assert_file "app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb"
@@ -88,5 +99,8 @@ class ChannelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_no_file "app/javascript/channels/chat_channel_channel.js"
     assert_file "app/javascript/channels/chat_channel.js"
+
+    assert_no_file "test/channels/chat_channel_channel_test.rb"
+    assert_file "test/channels/chat_channel_test.rb"
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/db_system_change_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/db_system_change_generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..607db96906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/db_system_change_generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "generators/generators_test_helper"
+require "rails/generators/rails/db/system/change/change_generator"
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    module Db
+      module System
+        class ChangeGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+          include GeneratorsTestHelper
+
+          setup do
+            copy_gemfile(
+              GemfileEntry.new("sqlite3", nil, "Use sqlite3 as the database for Active Record")
+            )
+          end
+
+          test "change to invalid database" do
+            output = capture(:stderr) do
+              run_generator ["--to", "invalid-db"]
+            end
+
+            assert_match <<~MSG.squish, output
+              Invalid value for --to option.
+              Supported preconfigurations are:
+              mysql, postgresql, sqlite3, oracle, frontbase,
+              ibm_db, sqlserver, jdbcmysql, jdbcsqlite3,
+              jdbcpostgresql, jdbc.
+            MSG
+          end
+
+          test "change to postgresql" do
+            run_generator ["--to", "postgresql"]
+
+            assert_file("config/database.yml") do |content|
+              assert_match "adapter: postgresql", content
+              assert_match "database: test_app", content
+            end
+
+            assert_file("Gemfile") do |content|
+              assert_match "# Use pg as the database for Active Record", content
+              assert_match "gem 'pg', '>= 0.18', '< 2.0'", content
+            end
+          end
+
+          test "change to mysql" do
+            run_generator ["--to", "mysql"]
+
+            assert_file("config/database.yml") do |content|
+              assert_match "adapter: mysql2", content
+              assert_match "database: test_app", content
+            end
+
+            assert_file("Gemfile") do |content|
+              assert_match "# Use mysql2 as the database for Active Record", content
+              assert_match "gem 'mysql2', '>= 0.4.4'", content
+            end
+          end
+
+          test "change to sqlite3" do
+            run_generator ["--to", "sqlite3"]
+
+            assert_file("config/database.yml") do |content|
+              assert_match "adapter: sqlite3", content
+              assert_match "db/development.sqlite3", content
+            end
+
+            assert_file("Gemfile") do |content|
+              assert_match "# Use sqlite3 as the database for Active Record", content
+              assert_match "gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.4'", content
+            end
+          end
+
+          test "change from versioned gem to other versioned gem" do
+            run_generator ["--to", "sqlite3"]
+            run_generator ["--to", "mysql", "--force"]
+
+            assert_file("config/database.yml") do |content|
+              assert_match "adapter: mysql2", content
+              assert_match "database: test_app", content
+            end
+
+            assert_file("Gemfile") do |content|
+              assert_match "# Use mysql2 as the database for Active Record", content
+              assert_match "gem 'mysql2', '>= 0.4.4'", content
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
index 772b4f6f0d..82d550a124 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,15 @@ require "rails/generators/generated_attribute"
 class GeneratedAttributeTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
 
+  def setup
+    @old_belongs_to_required_by_default = Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = @old_belongs_to_required_by_default
+  end
+
   def test_field_type_returns_number_field
     assert_field_type :integer, :number_field
   end
@@ -38,6 +47,16 @@ class GeneratedAttributeTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_field_type :boolean, :check_box
   end
 
+  def test_field_type_returns_rich_text_area
+    assert_field_type :rich_text, :rich_text_area
+  end
+
+  def test_field_type_returns_file_field
+    %w(attachment attachments).each do |attribute_type|
+      assert_field_type attribute_type, :file_field
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_field_type_with_unknown_type_returns_text_field
     %w(foo bar baz).each do |attribute_type|
       assert_field_type attribute_type, :text_field
@@ -84,7 +103,7 @@ class GeneratedAttributeTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_value_is_nil
-    %w(references belongs_to).each do |attribute_type|
+    %w(references belongs_to rich_text attachment attachments).each do |attribute_type|
       assert_field_default_value attribute_type, nil
     end
   end
@@ -145,10 +164,16 @@ class GeneratedAttributeTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_parse_required_attribute_with_index
-    att = Rails::Generators::GeneratedAttribute.parse("supplier:references{required}:index")
+    att = Rails::Generators::GeneratedAttribute.parse("supplier:references:index")
     assert_equal "supplier", att.name
     assert_equal :references, att.type
     assert_predicate att, :has_index?
     assert_predicate att, :required?
   end
+
+  def test_parse_required_attribute_with_index_false_when_belongs_to_required_by_default_global_config_is_false
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = false
+    att = Rails::Generators::GeneratedAttribute.parse("supplier:references:index")
+    assert_not_predicate att, :required?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
index 25d5dba1d8..8b42cb83db 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ module GeneratorsTestHelper
   include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
   include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
 
+  GemfileEntry = Struct.new(:name, :version, :comment, :options, :commented_out) do
+    def initialize(name, version, comment, options = {}, commented_out = false)
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
   def self.included(base)
     base.class_eval do
       destination File.join(Rails.root, "tmp")
@@ -63,4 +69,38 @@ module GeneratorsTestHelper
     FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination)
     FileUtils.cp routes, File.join(destination, "routes.rb")
   end
+
+  def copy_gemfile(*gemfile_entries)
+    locals = gemfile_locals.merge(gemfile_entries: gemfile_entries)
+    gemfile = File.expand_path("../../lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile.tt", __dir__)
+    gemfile = evaluate_template(gemfile, locals)
+    destination = File.join(destination_root)
+    File.write File.join(destination, "Gemfile"), gemfile
+  end
+
+  def evaluate_template(file, locals = {})
+    erb = if ERB.instance_method(:initialize).parameters.assoc(:key) # Ruby 2.6+
+      ERB.new(File.read(file), trim_mode: "-", eoutvar: "@output_buffer")
+    else
+      ERB.new(File.read(file), nil, "-", "@output_buffer")
+    end
+    context = Class.new do
+      locals.each do |local, value|
+        class_attribute local, default: value
+      end
+    end
+    erb.result(context.new.instance_eval("binding"))
+  end
+
+  private
+    def gemfile_locals
+      {
+        skip_active_storage: true,
+        depend_on_bootsnap: false,
+        depend_on_listen: false,
+        spring_install: false,
+        depends_on_system_test: false,
+        options: ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new,
+      }
+    end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
index 4cdb6adf82..192839799e 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
@@ -30,12 +30,17 @@ class HelperGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     require "#{destination_root}/app/helpers/products_helper"
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      begin
-        run_generator ["admin::products"]
-      ensure
-        # cleanup
-        Object.send(:remove_const, :ProductsHelper)
-      end
+      run_generator ["admin::products"]
+    ensure
+      # cleanup
+      Object.send(:remove_const, :ProductsHelper)
     end
   end
+
+  def test_helper_suffix_is_not_duplicated
+    run_generator %w(products_helper)
+
+    assert_no_file "app/helpers/products_helper_helper.rb"
+    assert_file "app/helpers/products_helper.rb"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/integration_test_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/integration_test_generator_test.rb
index 82791f1a27..2ec4895096 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/integration_test_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/integration_test_generator_test.rb
@@ -15,4 +15,11 @@ class IntegrationTestGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator %w(iguchi/integration)
     assert_file "test/integration/iguchi/integration_test.rb", /class Iguchi::IntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest/
   end
+
+  def test_test_suffix_is_not_duplicated
+    run_generator %w(integration_test)
+
+    assert_no_file "test/integration/integration_test_test.rb"
+    assert_file "test/integration/integration_test.rb"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
index ddac6e1a1e..099e06c4d3 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_match(/haml \[not found\]/, content)
   end
 
-  def test_mailer_with_namedspaced_mailer
+  def test_mailer_with_namespaced_mailer
     run_generator ["Farm::Animal", "moos"]
     assert_file "app/mailers/farm/animal_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
       assert_match(/class Farm::AnimalMailer < ApplicationMailer/, mailer)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
index 5812cbdfc9..080e54a1ca 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,16 @@ require "rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator"
 class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
 
+  def setup
+    @old_belongs_to_required_by_default = Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default
+
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = @old_belongs_to_required_by_default
+  end
+
   def test_migration
     migration = "change_title_body_from_posts"
     run_generator [migration]
@@ -196,9 +206,9 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_add_migration_with_required_references
+  def test_add_migration_with_references_adds_null_false_by_default
     migration = "add_references_to_books"
-    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to{required}", "distributor:references{polymorphic,required}"]
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
       assert_method :change, content do |change|
@@ -208,6 +218,21 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_add_migration_with_references_does_not_add_belongs_to_when_required_by_default_global_config_is_false
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = false
+
+    migration = "add_references_to_books"
+
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :author/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor, polymorphic: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_add_migration_with_references_adds_foreign_keys
     migration = "add_references_to_books"
     run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
@@ -245,6 +270,21 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_create_table_migration_with_timestamps
+    run_generator ["create_books", "title:string", "content:text"]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_books.rb", /t.timestamps/
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_timestamps_are_skipped
+    run_generator ["create_books", "title:string", "content:text", "--no-timestamps"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_books.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |change|
+        assert_no_match(/t.timestamps/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_add_uuid_to_create_table_migration
     run_generator ["create_books", "--primary_key_type=uuid"]
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_books.rb" do |content|
@@ -265,6 +305,17 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_database_puts_migrations_in_configured_folder_with_aliases
+    with_secondary_database_configuration do
+      run_generator ["create_books", "--db=secondary"]
+      assert_migration "db/secondary_migrate/create_books.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/create_table :books/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_should_create_empty_migrations_if_name_not_start_with_add_or_remove_or_create
     migration = "delete_books"
     run_generator [migration, "title:string", "content:text"]
@@ -355,8 +406,45 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     Rails.application.config.paths["db/migrate"] = old_paths
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_add_migration_ignores_virtual_attributes
+    migration = "add_rich_text_content_to_messages"
+    run_generator [migration, "content:rich_text", "video:attachment", "photos:attachments"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_no_match(/add_column :messages, :content, :rich_text/, change)
+        assert_no_match(/add_column :messages, :video, :attachment/, change)
+        assert_no_match(/add_column :messages, :photos, :attachments/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_migration_ignores_virtual_attributes
+    run_generator ["create_messages", "content:rich_text", "video:attachment", "photos:attachments"]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_messages.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/create_table :messages/, change)
+        assert_no_match(/  t\.rich_text :content/, change)
+        assert_no_match(/  t\.attachment :video/, change)
+        assert_no_match(/  t\.attachments :photos/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_migration_with_virtual_attributes
+    migration = "remove_content_from_messages"
+    run_generator [migration, "content:rich_text", "video:attachment", "photos:attachments"]
 
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_no_match(/remove_column :messages, :content, :rich_text/, change)
+        assert_no_match(/remove_column :messages, :video, :attachment/, change)
+        assert_no_match(/remove_column :messages, :photos, :attachments/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
     def with_singular_table_name
       old_state = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
       ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
index b06db6dd8a..d6abaf7a6f 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,14 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def setup
     super
     Rails::Generators::ModelHelpers.skip_warn = false
+    @old_belongs_to_required_by_default = Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default
+
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
+  end
+
+
+  def teardown
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = @old_belongs_to_required_by_default
   end
 
   def test_help_shows_invoked_generators_options
@@ -104,7 +112,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
   end
 
-  def test_migration_with_namespaces_in_model_name_without_plurization
+  def test_migration_with_namespaces_in_model_name_without_pluralization
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
     run_generator ["Gallery::Image"]
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_image", /class CreateGalleryImage < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
@@ -403,45 +411,68 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_required_belongs_to_adds_required_association
-    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+  def test_database_puts_migrations_in_configured_folder_with_aliases
+    with_secondary_database_configuration do
+      run_generator ["account", "--db=secondary"]
+      assert_migration "db/secondary_migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/create_table :accounts/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_belongs_to_generates_correct_model
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{polymorphic}"]
 
     expected_file = <<~FILE
       class Account < ApplicationRecord
-        belongs_to :supplier, required: true
+        belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true
       end
     FILE
     assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
   end
 
-  def test_required_polymorphic_belongs_to_generages_correct_model
-    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required,polymorphic}"]
+  def test_passing_required_to_model_generator_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+    end
 
-    expected_file = <<~FILE
-      class Account < ApplicationRecord
-        belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true, required: true
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_match(/t\.references :supplier,.*\snull: false/, up)
       end
-    FILE
-    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_required_and_polymorphic_are_order_independent
-    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{polymorphic.required}"]
+  def test_null_false_is_added_for_references_by_default
+    run_generator ["account", "user:references"]
 
-    expected_file = <<~FILE
-      class Account < ApplicationRecord
-        belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true, required: true
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_match(/t\.references :user,.*\snull: false/, up)
       end
-    FILE
-    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_required_adds_null_false_to_column
-    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+  def test_null_false_is_added_for_belongs_to_by_default
+    run_generator ["account", "user:belongs_to"]
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
       assert_method :change, m do |up|
-        assert_match(/t\.references :supplier,.*\snull: false/, up)
+        assert_match(/t\.belongs_to :user,.*\snull: false/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_null_false_is_not_added_when_belongs_to_required_by_default_global_config_is_false
+    Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = false
+
+    run_generator ["account", "user:belongs_to"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_match(/t\.belongs_to :user/, up)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -488,6 +519,43 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/models/user.rb", expected_file
   end
 
+  def test_model_with_rich_text_attribute_adds_has_rich_text
+    run_generator ["message", "content:rich_text"]
+    expected_file = <<~FILE
+      class Message < ApplicationRecord
+        has_rich_text :content
+      end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/message.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_model_with_attachment_attribute_adds_has_one_attached
+    run_generator ["message", "video:attachment"]
+    expected_file = <<~FILE
+      class Message < ApplicationRecord
+        has_one_attached :video
+      end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/message.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_model_with_attachments_attribute_adds_has_many_attached
+    run_generator ["message", "photos:attachments"]
+    expected_file = <<~FILE
+      class Message < ApplicationRecord
+        has_many_attached :photos
+      end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/message.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_virtual_fields_in_fixtures
+    run_generator ["message", "content:rich_text", "video:attachment", "photos:attachments"]
+
+    assert_generated_fixture("test/fixtures/messages.yml",
+                             "one" => nil, "two" => nil)
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_generated_fixture(path, parsed_contents)
       fixture_file = File.new File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
index 4e61b660d7..1b45c58b0e 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
@@ -169,7 +169,6 @@ class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-
     def assert_name(generator, value, method)
       assert_equal value, generator.send(method)
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
index 66286fc554..db774f6ac1 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_dummy_appplication_skip_listen_by_default
+  def test_dummy_application_skip_listen_by_default
     run_generator
 
     assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb" do |contents|
@@ -712,40 +712,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     Object.send(:remove_const, "ENGINE_ROOT")
   end
 
-  def test_after_bundle_callback
-    path = "http://example.org/rails_template"
-    template = +%{ after_bundle { run "echo ran after_bundle" } }
-    template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
-
-    check_open = -> *args do
-      assert_equal [ path, "Accept" => "application/x-thor-template" ], args
-      template
-    end
-
-    sequence = ["echo ran after_bundle"]
-    @sequence_step ||= 0
-    ensure_bundler_first = -> command do
-      assert_equal sequence[@sequence_step], command, "commands should be called in sequence #{sequence}"
-      @sequence_step += 1
-    end
-
-    content = nil
-    generator([destination_root], template: path).stub(:open, check_open, template) do
-      generator.stub(:bundle_command, ensure_bundler_first) do
-        generator.stub(:run, ensure_bundler_first) do
-          silence_stream($stdout) do
-            content = capture(:stderr) { generator.invoke_all }
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_equal 1, @sequence_step
-    assert_match(/DEPRECATION WARNING: `after_bundle` is deprecated/, content)
-  end
-
   private
-
     def action(*args, &block)
       silence(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
index fd5aa817b4..8278b72a5a 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -80,6 +80,24 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_controller_permit_attachment_attributes
+    run_generator ["Message", "video:attachment", "photos:attachments"]
+
+    assert_file "app/controllers/messages_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/def message_params/, content)
+      assert_match(/params\.require\(:message\)\.permit\(:video, photos: \[\]\)/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_controller_permit_attachments_attributes_only
+    run_generator ["Message", "photos:attachments"]
+
+    assert_file "app/controllers/messages_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/def message_params/, content)
+      assert_match(/params\.require\(:message\)\.permit\(photos: \[\]\)/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_helper_are_invoked_with_a_pluralized_name
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/users_helper.rb", /module UsersHelper/
@@ -276,4 +294,13 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_no_match(/assert_redirected_to/, content)
     end
   end
+
+  def test_api_only_generates_params_for_attachments
+    run_generator ["Message", "video:attachment", "photos:attachments", "--api"]
+
+    assert_file "app/controllers/messages_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/def message_params/, content)
+      assert_match(/params\.require\(:message\)\.permit\(:video, photos: \[\]\)/, content)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
index 3cffdddd38..fa9a42215b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require "rails/generators/rails/scaffold/scaffold_generator"
 
 class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
-  arguments %w(product_line title:string product:belongs_to user:references)
+  arguments %w(product_line title:string approved:boolean product:belongs_to user:references)
 
   setup :copy_routes
 
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/models/product_line_test.rb", /class ProductLineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase/
     assert_file "test/fixtures/product_lines.yml"
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /belongs_to :product/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /boolean :approved/
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /references :user/
 
     # Route
@@ -60,8 +61,8 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "test/controllers/product_lines_controller_test.rb" do |test|
       assert_match(/class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest/, test)
-      assert_match(/post product_lines_url, params: \{ product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
-      assert_match(/patch product_line_url\(@product_line\), params: \{ product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
+      assert_match(/post product_lines_url, params: \{ product_line: \{ approved: @product_line\.approved, product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
+      assert_match(/patch product_line_url\(@product_line\), params: \{ product_line: \{ approved: @product_line\.approved, product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
     end
 
     # System tests
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_match(/class ProductLinesTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase/, test)
       assert_match(/visit product_lines_url/, test)
       assert_match(/fill_in "Title", with: @product_line\.title/, test)
+      assert_match(/check "Approved" if @product_line\.approved/, test)
       assert_match(/assert_text "Product line was successfully updated"/, test)
     end
 
@@ -469,6 +471,54 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_scaffold_generator_attachments
+    run_generator ["message", "video:attachment", "photos:attachments", "images:attachments"]
+
+    assert_file "app/models/message.rb", /has_one_attached :video/
+    assert_file "app/models/message.rb", /has_many_attached :photos/
+
+    assert_file "app/controllers/messages_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_instance_method :message_params, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/permit\(:video, photos: \[\], images: \[\]\)/, m)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/messages/_form.html.erb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/^\W{4}<%= form\.file_field :video %>/, content)
+      assert_match(/^\W{4}<%= form\.file_field :photos, multiple: true %>/, content)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/messages/show.html.erb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/^\W{2}<%= link_to @message\.video\.filename, @message\.video if @message\.video\.attached\? %>/, content)
+      assert_match(/^\W{4}<div><%= link_to photo\.filename, photo %>/, content)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "test/system/messages_test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/fill_in "Video"/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/fill_in "Photos"/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_generator_rich_text
+    run_generator ["message", "content:rich_text"]
+
+    assert_file "app/models/message.rb", /rich_text :content/
+
+    assert_file "app/controllers/messages_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_instance_method :message_params, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/permit\(:content\)/, m)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/messages/_form.html.erb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/^\W{4}<%= form\.rich_text_area :content %>/, content)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "test/system/messages_test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/fill_in "Content"/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_scaffold_generator_database
     with_secondary_database_configuration do
       run_generator ["posts", "--database=secondary"]
@@ -477,6 +527,14 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_scaffold_generator_database_with_aliases
+    with_secondary_database_configuration do
+      run_generator ["posts", "--db=secondary"]
+
+      assert_migration "db/secondary_migrate/create_posts.rb"
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_scaffold_generator_password_digest
     run_generator ["user", "name", "password:digest"]
 
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
index 2dda856f25..3e8ce1c018 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.instance_variable_set("@desc", nil)
 
     Kernel.silence_warnings do
-      Thor::Base.shell.send(:attr_accessor, :always_force)
+      Thor::Base.shell.attr_accessor :always_force
       @shell = Thor::Base.shell.new
-      @shell.send(:always_force=, true)
+      @shell.always_force = true
     end
   end
 
@@ -127,6 +127,8 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
       "--skip-active-record",
       "--skip-active-storage",
       "--skip-action-mailer",
+      "--skip-action-mailbox",
+      "--skip-action-text",
       "--skip-action-cable",
       "--skip-sprockets"
     ]
@@ -138,6 +140,10 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /^# require\s+["']active_storage\/engine["']/
     assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /^require\s+["']action_controller\/railtie["']/
     assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /^# require\s+["']action_mailer\/railtie["']/
+    unless generator_class.name == "Rails::Generators::PluginGenerator"
+      assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /^# require\s+["']action_mailbox\/engine["']/
+      assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /^# require\s+["']action_text\/engine["']/
+    end
     assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /^require\s+["']action_view\/railtie["']/
     assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /^# require\s+["']action_cable\/engine["']/
     assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /^# require\s+["']sprockets\/railtie["']/
@@ -185,10 +191,7 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
       assert_no_match(/fixtures :all/, helper_content)
     end
     assert_file "#{application_path}/bin/setup" do |setup_content|
-      assert_no_match(/db:setup/, setup_content)
-    end
-    assert_file "#{application_path}/bin/update" do |update_content|
-      assert_no_match(/db:migrate/, update_content)
+      assert_no_match(/db:prepare/, setup_content)
     end
     assert_file ".gitignore" do |content|
       assert_no_match(/sqlite/i, content)
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
 
     unless generator_class.name == "Rails::Generators::PluginGenerator"
       assert_file "#{application_path}/app/javascript/packs/application.js" do |content|
-        assert_match(/^import \* as ActiveStorage from "activestorage"\nActiveStorage.start\(\)/, content)
+        assert_match(/^require\("@rails\/activestorage"\)\.start\(\)/, content)
       end
     end
 
@@ -261,7 +264,7 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     assert_file "#{application_path}/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_storage\/engine["']/
 
     assert_file "#{application_path}/app/javascript/packs/application.js" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/^import * as ActiveStorage from "activestorage"\nActiveStorage.start\(\)/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/^require\("@rails\/activestorage"\)\.start\(\)/, content)
     end
 
     assert_file "#{application_path}/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
@@ -340,11 +343,16 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     run_generator
     assert_file "#{application_path}/package.json", /dependencies/
     assert_file "#{application_path}/bin/yarn"
+    assert_file "#{application_path}/config/initializers/assets.rb", /node_modules/
   end
 
   def test_generator_for_yarn_skipped
     run_generator([destination_root, "--skip-javascript"])
     assert_no_file "#{application_path}/package.json"
     assert_no_file "#{application_path}/bin/yarn"
+
+    assert_file "#{application_path}/config/initializers/assets.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/node_modules/, content)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/system_test_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/system_test_generator_test.rb
index efa70a050b..5742ba444d 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/system_test_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/system_test_generator_test.rb
@@ -16,4 +16,18 @@ class SystemTestGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator %w(admin/user)
     assert_file "test/system/admin/users_test.rb", /class Admin::UsersTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase/
   end
+
+  def test_test_name_is_pluralized
+    run_generator %w(user)
+
+    assert_no_file "test/system/user_test.rb"
+    assert_file "test/system/users_test.rb"
+  end
+
+  def test_test_suffix_is_not_duplicated
+    run_generator %w(users_test)
+
+    assert_no_file "test/system/users_test_test.rb"
+    assert_file "test/system/users_test.rb"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
index f98c1f78f7..abdc04a8d3 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     output = capture(:stdout) { Rails::Generators.invoke name }
     assert_match "Could not find generator '#{name}'", output
     assert_match "`rails generate --help`", output
+    assert_no_match "Maybe you meant", output
   end
 
   def test_generator_suggestions
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
index d4eed69a87..0fe62df8ba 100644
--- a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ require "active_support/testing/method_call_assertions"
 require "active_support/test_case"
 require "minitest/retry"
 
-Minitest::Retry.use!(verbose: false, retry_count: 1)
+if ENV["BUILDKITE"]
+  Minitest::Retry.use!(verbose: false, retry_count: 1)
+end
 
 RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT = File.expand_path("../../..", __dir__)
 
@@ -123,6 +125,8 @@ module TestHelpers
             adapter: sqlite3
             pool: 5
             timeout: 5000
+            variables:
+              statement_timeout: 1000
           development:
             primary:
               <<: *default
@@ -197,6 +201,7 @@ module TestHelpers
       end
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.hosts << proc { true }
         config.eager_load = false
         config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
         config.active_support.deprecation = :log
@@ -220,10 +225,12 @@ module TestHelpers
       @app = Class.new(Rails::Application) do
         def self.name; "RailtiesTestApp"; end
       end
+      @app.config.hosts << proc { true }
       @app.config.eager_load = false
       @app.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
       @app.config.active_support.deprecation = :log
       @app.config.log_level = :info
+      @app.secrets.secret_key_base = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
 
       yield @app if block_given?
       @app.initialize!
@@ -419,6 +426,10 @@ module TestHelpers
       file_name
     end
 
+    def app_dir(path)
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p("#{app_path}/#{path}")
+    end
+
     def remove_file(path)
       FileUtils.rm_rf "#{app_path}/#{path}"
     end
@@ -428,7 +439,7 @@ module TestHelpers
     end
 
     def use_frameworks(arr)
-      to_remove = [:actionmailer, :activerecord, :activestorage, :activejob] - arr
+      to_remove = [:actionmailer, :activerecord, :activestorage, :activejob, :actionmailbox] - arr
 
       if to_remove.include?(:activerecord)
         remove_from_config "config.active_record.*"
@@ -437,33 +448,54 @@ module TestHelpers
       $:.reject! { |path| path =~ %r'/(#{to_remove.join('|')})/' }
     end
 
-    def use_postgresql
-      File.open("#{app_path}/config/database.yml", "w") do |f|
-        f.puts <<-YAML
-        default: &default
-          adapter: postgresql
-          pool: 5
-          database: railties_test
-        development:
-          <<: *default
-        test:
-          <<: *default
-        YAML
+    def use_postgresql(multi_db: false)
+      if multi_db
+        File.open("#{app_path}/config/database.yml", "w") do |f|
+          f.puts <<-YAML
+          default: &default
+            adapter: postgresql
+            pool: 5
+          development:
+            primary:
+              <<: *default
+              database: railties_test
+            animals:
+              <<: *default
+              database: railties_animals_test
+              migrations_paths: db/animals_migrate
+          YAML
+        end
+      else
+        File.open("#{app_path}/config/database.yml", "w") do |f|
+          f.puts <<-YAML
+          default: &default
+            adapter: postgresql
+            pool: 5
+            database: railties_test
+          development:
+            <<: *default
+          test:
+            <<: *default
+          YAML
+        end
       end
     end
   end
+
+  module Reload
+    def reload
+      ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include TestHelpers::Paths
   include TestHelpers::Rack
   include TestHelpers::Generation
+  include TestHelpers::Reload
   include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
   include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
-
-  def frozen_error_class
-    Object.const_defined?(:FrozenError) ? FrozenError : RuntimeError
-  end
 end
 
 # Create a scope and build a fixture rails app
@@ -474,21 +506,24 @@ Module.new do
   FileUtils.rm_rf(app_template_path)
   FileUtils.mkdir_p(app_template_path)
 
-  Dir.chdir "#{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/actionview" do
-    `yarn build`
-  end
-
-  `#{Gem.ruby} #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/exe/rails new #{app_template_path} --skip-gemfile --skip-listen --no-rc`
+  `#{Gem.ruby} #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/exe/rails new #{app_template_path} --skip-bundle --skip-listen --no-rc --skip-webpack-install`
   File.open("#{app_template_path}/config/boot.rb", "w") do |f|
     f.puts "require 'rails/all'"
   end
 
-  Dir.chdir(app_template_path) { `yarn add https://github.com/rails/webpacker.git` } # Use the latest version.
+  unless File.exist?("#{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/actionview/lib/assets/compiled/rails-ujs.js")
+    Dir.chdir("#{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/actionview") { `yarn build` }
+  end
 
-  # Manually install `webpack` as bin symlinks are not created for subdependencies
-  # in workspaces. See https://github.com/yarnpkg/yarn/issues/4964
-  Dir.chdir(app_template_path) { `yarn add webpack@4.17.1 --tilde` }
-  Dir.chdir(app_template_path) { `yarn add webpack-cli` }
+  assets_path = "#{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/test/isolation/assets"
+  unless Dir.exist?("#{assets_path}/node_modules")
+    Dir.chdir(assets_path) { `yarn install` }
+  end
+  FileUtils.cp("#{assets_path}/package.json", "#{app_template_path}/package.json")
+  FileUtils.cp("#{assets_path}/config/webpacker.yml", "#{app_template_path}/config/webpacker.yml")
+  FileUtils.cp_r("#{assets_path}/config/webpack", "#{app_template_path}/config/webpack")
+  FileUtils.ln_s("#{assets_path}/node_modules", "#{app_template_path}/node_modules")
+  FileUtils.chdir(app_template_path) { `bin/rails webpacker:binstubs` }
 
   # Fake 'Bundler.require' -- we run using the repo's Gemfile, not an
   # app-specific one: we don't want to require every gem that lists.
@@ -506,6 +541,8 @@ Module.new do
   require "action_view"
   require "active_storage"
   require "action_cable"
+  require "action_mailbox"
+  require "action_text"
   require "sprockets"
 
   require "action_view/helpers"
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/development.js b/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/development.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..395290f431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/development.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+process.env.NODE_ENV = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development'
+const { environment } = require('@rails/webpacker')
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/production.js b/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/production.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d064a6a7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/production.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+process.env.NODE_ENV = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'production'
+const { environment } = require('@rails/webpacker')
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/test.js b/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..395290f431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpack/test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+process.env.NODE_ENV = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development'
+const { environment } = require('@rails/webpacker')
+module.exports = environment.toWebpackConfig()
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpacker.yml b/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpacker.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b1f43a407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/assets/config/webpacker.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+default: &default
+  check_yarn_integrity: false
+development:
+  <<: *default
+test:
+  <<: *default
+production:
+  <<: *default
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/assets/package.json b/railties/test/isolation/assets/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c34450fe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/assets/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "name": "dummy",
+  "private": true,
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@rails/actioncable": "file:../../../../actioncable",
+    "@rails/activestorage": "file:../../../../activestorage",
+    "@rails/ujs": "file:../../../../actionview",
+    "@rails/webpacker": "https://github.com/rails/webpacker.git",
+    "turbolinks": "^5.2.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
index 849b183b37..0c1ee259b0 100644
--- a/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class PathGenerationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         super
         app = self
         @routes = TestSet.new ->(c) { app.controller = c }
-        secrets.secret_token = "foo"
+        secrets.secret_key_base = "foo"
       end
       def app; routes; end
     }
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
index 6ab68f8333..185a2f9f09 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ end
 
 class InfoControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests Rails::InfoController
+  Rails.application.config.secret_key_base = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
 
   def setup
     Rails.application.routes.draw do
@@ -50,11 +51,6 @@ class InfoControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_select "table"
   end
 
-  test "info controller renders json with properties" do
-    get :properties, format: :json
-    assert_equal Rails::Info.to_json, response.body
-  end
-
   test "info controller renders with routes" do
     get :routes
     assert_response :success
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
index d167a86e56..50522c1be6 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
@@ -43,18 +43,6 @@ class InfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_json_includes_middleware
-    Rails::Info.module_eval do
-      property "Middleware", ["Rack::Lock", "Rack::Static"]
-    end
-
-    hash = JSON.parse(Rails::Info.to_json)
-    assert_includes hash.keys, "Middleware"
-    properties.value_for("Middleware").each do |value|
-      assert_includes hash["Middleware"], value
-    end
-  end
-
   private
     def properties
       Rails::Info.properties
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
index 4ac8f8d741..7f05b9d9cf 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
     def migrations
       migration_root = File.expand_path(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths.first, app_path)
-      ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migration_root).migrations
+      ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(migration_root, ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration).migrations
     end
 
     test "serving sprocket's assets" do
@@ -87,11 +87,10 @@ module RailtiesTest
         end
       RUBY
 
+      restrict_frameworks
       boot_rails
 
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        # Install Active Storage migration file first so as not to affect test.
-        `bundle exec rake active_storage:install`
         output = `bundle exec rake bukkits:install:migrations`
 
         ["CreateUsers", "AddLastNameToUsers", "CreateSessions"].each do |migration_name|
@@ -174,11 +173,10 @@ module RailtiesTest
         class CreateKeys < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current; end
       RUBY
 
+      restrict_frameworks
       boot_rails
 
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        # Install Active Storage migration file first so as not to affect test.
-        `bundle exec rake active_storage:install`
         output = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
 
         assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_users\.core_engine\.rb from core_engine/, output.first)
@@ -706,25 +704,27 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkits/foo_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class Bukkits::FooController < ActionController::Base
-          def index
-            render inline: "<%= help_the_engine %>"
-          end
+        module Bukkits
+          class FooController < ActionController::Base
+            def index
+              render inline: "<%= help_the_engine %>"
+            end
 
-          def show
-            render plain: foo_path
-          end
+            def show
+              render plain: foo_path
+            end
 
-          def from_app
-            render inline: "<%= (self.respond_to?(:bar_path) || self.respond_to?(:something)) %>"
-          end
+            def from_app
+              render inline: "<%= (self.respond_to?(:bar_path) || self.respond_to?(:something)) %>"
+            end
 
-          def routes_helpers_in_view
-            render inline: "<%= foo_path %>, <%= main_app.bar_path %>"
-          end
+            def routes_helpers_in_view
+              render inline: "<%= foo_path %>, <%= main_app.bar_path %>"
+            end
 
-          def polymorphic_path_without_namespace
-            render plain: polymorphic_path(Post.new)
+            def polymorphic_path_without_namespace
+              render plain: polymorphic_path(Post.new)
+            end
           end
         end
       RUBY
@@ -879,6 +879,57 @@ YAML
       assert Bukkits::Engine.config.bukkits_seeds_loaded
     end
 
+    test "jobs are ran inline while loading seeds with async adapter configured" do
+      app_file "db/seeds.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.seed_queue_adapter = ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+      Rails.application.load_seed
+
+      assert_instance_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::InlineAdapter, Rails.application.config.seed_queue_adapter
+      assert_instance_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::AsyncAdapter, ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter
+    end
+
+    test "jobs are ran with original adapter while loading seeds with custom adapter configured" do
+      app_file "db/seeds.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.seed_queue_adapter = ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+      Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :delayed_job
+      Rails.application.load_seed
+
+      assert_instance_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::DelayedJobAdapter, Rails.application.config.seed_queue_adapter
+      assert_instance_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::DelayedJobAdapter, ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter
+    end
+
+    test "seed data can be loaded when ActiveJob is not present" do
+      @plugin.write "db/seeds.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Bukkits::Engine.config.bukkits_seeds_loaded = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "db/seeds.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.app_seeds_loaded = true
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      # In a real app, config.active_job would be undefined when
+      # NOT requiring rails/all AND NOT requiring active_job/railtie
+      # that doesn't work as expected in this test environment, so:
+      undefine_config_option(:active_job)
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Rails.application.config.active_job }
+
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Rails.application.config.app_seeds_loaded }
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Bukkits::Engine.config.bukkits_seeds_loaded }
+
+      Rails.application.load_seed
+      assert Rails.application.config.app_seeds_loaded
+      Bukkits::Engine.load_seed
+      assert Bukkits::Engine.config.bukkits_seeds_loaded
+    end
+
     test "skips nonexistent seed data" do
       FileUtils.rm "#{app_path}/db/seeds.rb"
       boot_rails
@@ -1497,5 +1548,29 @@ YAML
     def app
       Rails.application
     end
+
+    def undefine_config_option(name)
+      Rails.application.config.class.class_variable_get(:@@options).delete(name)
+    end
+
+    # Restrict frameworks to load in order to avoid engine frameworks affect tests.
+    def restrict_frameworks
+      remove_from_config("require 'rails/all'")
+      remove_from_config("require_relative 'boot'")
+      remove_from_env_config("development", "config.active_storage.*")
+      frameworks = <<~RUBY
+        require "rails"
+        require "active_model/railtie"
+        require "active_job/railtie"
+        require "active_record/railtie"
+        require "action_controller/railtie"
+        require "action_mailer/railtie"
+        require "action_view/railtie"
+        require "sprockets/railtie"
+        require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
+      RUBY
+      environment = File.read("#{app_path}/config/application.rb")
+      File.open("#{app_path}/config/application.rb", "w") { |f| f.puts frameworks + "\n" + environment }
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
index 48f0fbc80f..9755823e51 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       get "/someone/blog/generate_application_route"
       assert_equal "/", last_response.body
 
-      get "/somone/blog/application_route_in_view"
+      get "/someone/blog/application_route_in_view"
       assert_equal "/", last_response.body
 
       # test generating engine's route from other engine
@@ -258,8 +258,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "http://example.org/anonymous/blog/posts/44", last_response.body
 
       # test that correct path is generated for the same polymorphic_path call in an engine
-      get "/somone/blog/engine_polymorphic_path"
-      assert_equal "/somone/blog/posts/44", last_response.body
+      get "/someone/blog/engine_polymorphic_path"
+      assert_equal "/someone/blog/posts/44", last_response.body
 
       # and in an application
       get "/application_polymorphic_path"
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
index 7c3d1e3759..b9725ca0ad 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
@@ -25,12 +25,10 @@ module RailtiesTest
     end
 
     test "Railtie provides railtie_name" do
-      begin
-        class ::FooBarBaz < Rails::Railtie ; end
-        assert_equal "foo_bar_baz", FooBarBaz.railtie_name
-      ensure
-        Object.send(:remove_const, :"FooBarBaz")
-      end
+      class ::FooBarBaz < Rails::Railtie ; end
+      assert_equal "foo_bar_baz", FooBarBaz.railtie_name
+    ensure
+      Object.send(:remove_const, :"FooBarBaz")
     end
 
     test "railtie_name can be set manually" do
@@ -203,14 +201,12 @@ module RailtiesTest
     end
 
     test "we can change our environment if we want to" do
-      begin
-        original_env = Rails.env
-        Rails.env = "foo"
-        assert_equal("foo", Rails.env)
-      ensure
-        Rails.env = original_env
-        assert_equal(original_env, Rails.env)
-      end
+      original_env = Rails.env
+      Rails.env = "foo"
+      assert_equal("foo", Rails.env)
+    ensure
+      Rails.env = original_env
+      assert_equal(original_env, Rails.env)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/secrets_test.rb b/railties/test/secrets_test.rb
index 06877bc76a..133d851819 100644
--- a/railties/test/secrets_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/secrets_test.rb
@@ -35,15 +35,13 @@ class Rails::SecretsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "reading with ENV variable" do
     run_secrets_generator do
-      begin
-        old_key = ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]
-        ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"] = IO.binread("config/secrets.yml.key").strip
-        FileUtils.rm("config/secrets.yml.key")
-
-        assert_match "# production:\n#   external_api_key:", Rails::Secrets.read
-      ensure
-        ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"] = old_key
-      end
+      old_key = ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"]
+      ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"] = IO.binread("config/secrets.yml.key").strip
+      FileUtils.rm("config/secrets.yml.key")
+
+      assert_match "# production:\n#   external_api_key:", Rails::Secrets.read
+    ensure
+      ENV["RAILS_MASTER_KEY"] = old_key
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/tasks/release.rb b/tasks/release.rb
index 1e83814bae..82d1fb6a68 100644
--- a/tasks/release.rb
+++ b/tasks/release.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionview actionpack activejob actionmailer actioncable activestorage railties )
+# Order dependent. E.g. Action Mailbox depends on Active Record so it should be after.
+FRAMEWORKS = %w(
+  activesupport
+  activemodel
+  activerecord
+  actionview
+  actionpack
+  activejob
+  actionmailer
+  actioncable
+  activestorage
+  actionmailbox
+  actiontext
+  railties
+)
 FRAMEWORK_NAMES = Hash.new { |h, k| k.split(/(?<=active|action)/).map(&:capitalize).join(" ") }
 
 root    = File.expand_path("..", __dir__)
@@ -122,15 +136,24 @@ namespace :changelog do
     end
   end
 
-  task :release_summary do
-    (FRAMEWORKS + ["guides"]).each do |fw|
-      puts "## #{fw}"
+  task :release_summary, [:base_release, :release] do |_, args|
+    release_regexp = args[:base_release] ? Regexp.escape(args[:base_release]) : /\d+\.\d+\.\d+/
+
+    puts release
+
+    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+      puts "## #{FRAMEWORK_NAMES[fw]}"
       fname    = File.join fw, "CHANGELOG.md"
       contents = File.readlines fname
       contents.shift
       changes = []
-      changes << contents.shift until contents.first =~ /^\*Rails \d+\.\d+\.\d+/
-      puts changes.reject { |change| change.strip.empty? }.join
+      until contents.first =~ /^## Rails #{release_regexp}.*$/ ||
+          contents.first =~ /^Please check.*for previous changes\.$/ ||
+          contents.empty?
+        changes << contents.shift
+      end
+
+      puts changes.join
       puts
     end
   end
@@ -154,15 +177,58 @@ namespace :all do
   end
 
   task verify: :install do
-    app_name = "pkg/verify-#{version}-#{Time.now.to_i}"
+    require "tmpdir"
+
+    cd Dir.tmpdir
+    app_name = "verify-#{version}-#{Time.now.to_i}"
     sh "rails _#{version}_ new #{app_name} --skip-bundle" # Generate with the right version.
     cd app_name
 
+    substitute = -> (file_name, regex, replacement) do
+      File.write(file_name, File.read(file_name).sub(regex, replacement))
+    end
+
     # Replace the generated gemfile entry with the exact version.
-    File.write("Gemfile", File.read("Gemfile").sub(/^gem 'rails.*/, "gem 'rails', '#{version}'"))
+    substitute.call("Gemfile", /^gem 'rails.*/, "gem 'rails', '#{version}'")
+    substitute.call("Gemfile", /^# gem 'image_processing/, "gem 'image_processing")
     sh "bundle"
+    sh "rails action_mailbox:install"
+    sh "rails action_text:install"
+
+    sh "rails generate scaffold user name description:text admin:boolean"
+    sh "rails db:migrate"
 
-    sh "rails generate scaffold user name admin:boolean && rails db:migrate"
+    # Replace the generated gemfile entry with the exact version.
+    substitute.call("app/models/user.rb", /end\n\z/, <<~CODE)
+        has_one_attached :avatar
+        has_rich_text :description
+      end
+    CODE
+
+    substitute.call("app/views/users/_form.html.erb", /text_area :description %>\n  <\/div>/, <<~CODE)
+      rich_text_area :description %>\n  </div>
+
+      <div class="field">
+        Avatar: <%= form.file_field :avatar %>
+      </div>
+    CODE
+
+    substitute.call("app/views/users/show.html.erb", /description %>\n<\/p>/, <<~CODE)
+      description %>\n</p>
+
+      <p>
+        <% if @user.avatar.attached? -%>
+          <%= image_tag @user.avatar.representation(resize_to_limit: [500, 500]) %>
+        <% end -%>
+      </p>
+    CODE
+
+    # Permit the avatar param.
+    substitute.call("app/controllers/users_controller.rb", /:admin/, ":admin, :avatar")
+
+    if ENV["EDITOR"]
+      `#{ENV["EDITOR"]} #{File.expand_path(app_name)}`
+    end
 
     puts "Booting a Rails server. Verify the release by:"
     puts
@@ -248,8 +314,7 @@ task :announce do
     require "erb"
     template = File.read("../tasks/release_announcement_draft.erb")
 
-    match = ERB.version.match(/\Aerb\.rb \[(?<version>[^ ]+) /)
-    if match && match[:version] >= "2.2.0" # Ruby 2.6+
+    if ERB.instance_method(:initialize).parameters.assoc(:key) # Ruby 2.6+
       puts ERB.new(template, trim_mode: "<>").result(binding)
     else
       puts ERB.new(template, nil, "<>").result(binding)
diff --git a/tasks/release_announcement_draft.erb b/tasks/release_announcement_draft.erb
index 3dbb8c053f..19c4b14cd4 100644
--- a/tasks/release_announcement_draft.erb
+++ b/tasks/release_announcement_draft.erb
@@ -12,15 +12,22 @@ If you find one, please open an [issue on GitHub](https://github.com/rails/rails
 ## CHANGES since <%= version.previous %>
 
 To view the changes for each gem, please read the changelogs on GitHub:
-  <% FRAMEWORKS.sort.each do |framework| %>
+<% FRAMEWORKS.sort.each do |framework| %>
 <%= "* [#{FRAMEWORK_NAMES[framework]} CHANGELOG](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/v#{version}/#{framework}/CHANGELOG.md)" %>
-  <% end %>
+
+<% end %>
+
+To see a summary of changes, please read the release on GitHub:
+
+<%= "[#{version} CHANGELOG](https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v#{version})" %>
+
 
 *Full listing*
 
 To see the full list of changes, [check out all the commits on
 GitHub](https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/v<%= "#{version.previous}...v#{version}" %>).
-  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+
 ## SHA-256
 
 If you'd like to verify that your gem is the same as the one I've uploaded,
diff --git a/tools/profile b/tools/profile
index 6fb571f43b..d38ba1dd84 100755
--- a/tools/profile
+++ b/tools/profile
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ module CodeTools
     end
 
     private
-
       def assert_ruby_file_exists(path)
         fail Error.new("No such file") unless File.exist?(path)
         fail Error.new("#{path} is a directory") if File.directory?(path)
diff --git a/tools/test_common.rb b/tools/test_common.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9959f55ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/test_common.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+if ENV["BUILDKITE"]
+  require "minitest/reporters"
+  require "fileutils"
+
+  module Minitest
+    def self.plugin_rails_ci_junit_format_test_report_for_buildkite_init(*)
+      dir = File.join(__dir__, "../test-reports/#{ENV['BUILDKITE_JOB_ID']}")
+      reporter << Minitest::Reporters::JUnitReporter.new(dir, false)
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(dir)
+    end
+  end
+
+  Minitest.load_plugins
+  Minitest.extensions.unshift "rails_ci_junit_format_test_report_for_buildkite"
+end
diff --git a/version.rb b/version.rb
index 54bfbdd516..a6b3ccf8f8 100644
--- a/version.rb
+++ b/version.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Rails
 
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 6
-    MINOR = 0
+    MINOR = 1
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"
 
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42f8b5bd87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,6080 @@
+# THIS IS AN AUTOGENERATED FILE. DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY.
+# yarn lockfile v1
+
+
+"@rails/activestorage@^6.0.0-alpha":
+  version "6.0.0-alpha"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@rails/activestorage/-/activestorage-6.0.0-alpha.tgz#6eb6c0f49bcaa4ad68fcd13a750b9a17f76f086f"
+  integrity sha512-ZQneYyDWrazLFZgyfZ3G4h9Q+TxvSQE5BEenBhvusyAeYMVaYxrZU/PWFcbeyiQe5xz1SeN3g/UejU3ytCYJwQ==
+  dependencies:
+    spark-md5 "^3.0.0"
+
+"@types/estree@0.0.38":
+  version "0.0.38"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/estree/-/estree-0.0.38.tgz#c1be40aa933723c608820a99a373a16d215a1ca2"
+  integrity sha512-F/v7t1LwS4vnXuPooJQGBRKRGIoxWUTmA4VHfqjOccFsNDThD5bfUNpITive6s352O7o384wcpEaDV8rHCehDA==
+
+"@types/node@*":
+  version "10.12.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/node/-/node-10.12.11.tgz#715c476c99a5f6898a1ae61caf9825e43c03912e"
+  integrity sha512-3iIOhNiPGTdcUNVCv9e5G7GotfvJJe2pc9w2UgDXlUwnxSZ3RgcUocIU+xYm+rTU54jIKih998QE4dMOyMN1NQ==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/ast@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/ast/-/ast-1.7.11.tgz#b988582cafbb2b095e8b556526f30c90d057cace"
+  integrity sha512-ZEzy4vjvTzScC+SH8RBssQUawpaInUdMTYwYYLh54/s8TuT0gBLuyUnppKsVyZEi876VmmStKsUs28UxPgdvrA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-parser" "1.7.11"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/floating-point-hex-parser@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/floating-point-hex-parser/-/floating-point-hex-parser-1.7.11.tgz#a69f0af6502eb9a3c045555b1a6129d3d3f2e313"
+  integrity sha512-zY8dSNyYcgzNRNT666/zOoAyImshm3ycKdoLsyDw/Bwo6+/uktb7p4xyApuef1dwEBo/U/SYQzbGBvV+nru2Xg==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error/-/helper-api-error-1.7.11.tgz#c7b6bb8105f84039511a2b39ce494f193818a32a"
+  integrity sha512-7r1qXLmiglC+wPNkGuXCvkmalyEstKVwcueZRP2GNC2PAvxbLYwLLPr14rcdJaE4UtHxQKfFkuDFuv91ipqvXg==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer/-/helper-buffer-1.7.11.tgz#3122d48dcc6c9456ed982debe16c8f37101df39b"
+  integrity sha512-MynuervdylPPh3ix+mKZloTcL06P8tenNH3sx6s0qE8SLR6DdwnfgA7Hc9NSYeob2jrW5Vql6GVlsQzKQCa13w==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame/-/helper-code-frame-1.7.11.tgz#cf8f106e746662a0da29bdef635fcd3d1248364b"
+  integrity sha512-T8ESC9KMXFTXA5urJcyor5cn6qWeZ4/zLPyWeEXZ03hj/x9weSokGNkVCdnhSabKGYWxElSdgJ+sFa9G/RdHNw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-printer" "1.7.11"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm/-/helper-fsm-1.7.11.tgz#df38882a624080d03f7503f93e3f17ac5ac01181"
+  integrity sha512-nsAQWNP1+8Z6tkzdYlXT0kxfa2Z1tRTARd8wYnc/e3Zv3VydVVnaeePgqUzFrpkGUyhUUxOl5ML7f1NuT+gC0A==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context/-/helper-module-context-1.7.11.tgz#d874d722e51e62ac202476935d649c802fa0e209"
+  integrity sha512-JxfD5DX8Ygq4PvXDucq0M+sbUFA7BJAv/GGl9ITovqE+idGX+J3QSzJYz+LwQmL7fC3Rs+utvWoJxDb6pmC0qg==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode/-/helper-wasm-bytecode-1.7.11.tgz#dd9a1e817f1c2eb105b4cf1013093cb9f3c9cb06"
+  integrity sha512-cMXeVS9rhoXsI9LLL4tJxBgVD/KMOKXuFqYb5oCJ/opScWpkCMEz9EJtkonaNcnLv2R3K5jIeS4TRj/drde1JQ==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section/-/helper-wasm-section-1.7.11.tgz#9c9ac41ecf9fbcfffc96f6d2675e2de33811e68a"
+  integrity sha512-8ZRY5iZbZdtNFE5UFunB8mmBEAbSI3guwbrsCl4fWdfRiAcvqQpeqd5KHhSWLL5wuxo53zcaGZDBU64qgn4I4Q==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.7.11"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/ieee754@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.7.11.tgz#c95839eb63757a31880aaec7b6512d4191ac640b"
+  integrity sha512-Mmqx/cS68K1tSrvRLtaV/Lp3NZWzXtOHUW2IvDvl2sihAwJh4ACE0eL6A8FvMyDG9abes3saB6dMimLOs+HMoQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@xtuc/ieee754" "^1.2.0"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/leb128@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/leb128/-/leb128-1.7.11.tgz#d7267a1ee9c4594fd3f7e37298818ec65687db63"
+  integrity sha512-vuGmgZjjp3zjcerQg+JA+tGOncOnJLWVkt8Aze5eWQLwTQGNgVLcyOTqgSCxWTR4J42ijHbBxnuRaL1Rv7XMdw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.1"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/utf8@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/utf8/-/utf8-1.7.11.tgz#06d7218ea9fdc94a6793aa92208160db3d26ee82"
+  integrity sha512-C6GFkc7aErQIAH+BMrIdVSmW+6HSe20wg57HEC1uqJP8E/xpMjXqQUxkQw07MhNDSDcGpxI9G5JSNOQCqJk4sA==
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit/-/wasm-edit-1.7.11.tgz#8c74ca474d4f951d01dbae9bd70814ee22a82005"
+  integrity sha512-FUd97guNGsCZQgeTPKdgxJhBXkUbMTY6hFPf2Y4OedXd48H97J+sOY2Ltaq6WGVpIH8o/TGOVNiVz/SbpEMJGg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-section" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-printer" "1.7.11"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen/-/wasm-gen-1.7.11.tgz#9bbba942f22375686a6fb759afcd7ac9c45da1a8"
+  integrity sha512-U/KDYp7fgAZX5KPfq4NOupK/BmhDc5Kjy2GIqstMhvvdJRcER/kUsMThpWeRP8BMn4LXaKhSTggIJPOeYHwISA==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/ieee754" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/leb128" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/utf8" "1.7.11"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-opt/-/wasm-opt-1.7.11.tgz#b331e8e7cef8f8e2f007d42c3a36a0580a7d6ca7"
+  integrity sha512-XynkOwQyiRidh0GLua7SkeHvAPXQV/RxsUeERILmAInZegApOUAIJfRuPYe2F7RcjOC9tW3Cb9juPvAC/sCqvg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-buffer" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-gen" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.7.11"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser/-/wasm-parser-1.7.11.tgz#6e3d20fa6a3519f6b084ef9391ad58211efb0a1a"
+  integrity sha512-6lmXRTrrZjYD8Ng8xRyvyXQJYUQKYSXhJqXOBLw24rdiXsHAOlvw5PhesjdcaMadU/pyPQOJ5dHreMjBxwnQKg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-wasm-bytecode" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/ieee754" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/leb128" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/utf8" "1.7.11"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wast-parser@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wast-parser/-/wast-parser-1.7.11.tgz#25bd117562ca8c002720ff8116ef9072d9ca869c"
+  integrity sha512-lEyVCg2np15tS+dm7+JJTNhNWq9yTZvi3qEhAIIOaofcYlUp0UR5/tVqOwa/gXYr3gjwSZqw+/lS9dscyLelbQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/floating-point-hex-parser" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-api-error" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-code-frame" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-fsm" "1.7.11"
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.1"
+
+"@webassemblyjs/wast-printer@1.7.11":
+  version "1.7.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@webassemblyjs/wast-printer/-/wast-printer-1.7.11.tgz#c4245b6de242cb50a2cc950174fdbf65c78d7813"
+  integrity sha512-m5vkAsuJ32QpkdkDOUPGSltrg8Cuk3KBx4YrmAGQwCZPRdUHXxG4phIOuuycLemHFr74sWL9Wthqss4fzdzSwg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wast-parser" "1.7.11"
+    "@xtuc/long" "4.2.1"
+
+"@xtuc/ieee754@^1.2.0":
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@xtuc/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.2.0.tgz#eef014a3145ae477a1cbc00cd1e552336dceb790"
+  integrity sha512-DX8nKgqcGwsc0eJSqYt5lwP4DH5FlHnmuWWBRy7X0NcaGR0ZtuyeESgMwTYVEtxmsNGY+qit4QYT/MIYTOTPeA==
+
+"@xtuc/long@4.2.1":
+  version "4.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@xtuc/long/-/long-4.2.1.tgz#5c85d662f76fa1d34575766c5dcd6615abcd30d8"
+  integrity sha512-FZdkNBDqBRHKQ2MEbSC17xnPFOhZxeJ2YGSfr2BKf3sujG49Qe3bB+rGCwQfIaA7WHnGeGkSijX4FuBCdrzW/g==
+
+abbrev@1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/abbrev/-/abbrev-1.1.1.tgz#f8f2c887ad10bf67f634f005b6987fed3179aac8"
+  integrity sha512-nne9/IiQ/hzIhY6pdDnbBtz7DjPTKrY00P/zvPSm5pOFkl6xuGrGnXn/VtTNNfNtAfZ9/1RtehkszU9qcTii0Q==
+
+accepts@~1.3.4:
+  version "1.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/accepts/-/accepts-1.3.5.tgz#eb777df6011723a3b14e8a72c0805c8e86746bd2"
+  integrity sha1-63d99gEXI6OxTopywIBcjoZ0a9I=
+  dependencies:
+    mime-types "~2.1.18"
+    negotiator "0.6.1"
+
+acorn-dynamic-import@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn-dynamic-import/-/acorn-dynamic-import-3.0.0.tgz#901ceee4c7faaef7e07ad2a47e890675da50a278"
+  integrity sha512-zVWV8Z8lislJoOKKqdNMOB+s6+XV5WERty8MnKBeFgwA+19XJjJHs2RP5dzM57FftIs+jQnRToLiWazKr6sSWg==
+  dependencies:
+    acorn "^5.0.0"
+
+acorn-jsx@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn-jsx/-/acorn-jsx-3.0.1.tgz#afdf9488fb1ecefc8348f6fb22f464e32a58b36b"
+  integrity sha1-r9+UiPsezvyDSPb7IvRk4ypYs2s=
+  dependencies:
+    acorn "^3.0.4"
+
+acorn@^3.0.4:
+  version "3.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn/-/acorn-3.3.0.tgz#45e37fb39e8da3f25baee3ff5369e2bb5f22017a"
+  integrity sha1-ReN/s56No/JbruP/U2niu18iAXo=
+
+acorn@^5.0.0, acorn@^5.5.0, acorn@^5.6.2:
+  version "5.7.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/acorn/-/acorn-5.7.3.tgz#67aa231bf8812974b85235a96771eb6bd07ea279"
+  integrity sha512-T/zvzYRfbVojPWahDsE5evJdHb3oJoQfFbsrKM7w5Zcs++Tr257tia3BmMP8XYVjp1S9RZXQMh7gao96BlqZOw==
+
+adm-zip@~0.4.3:
+  version "0.4.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/adm-zip/-/adm-zip-0.4.13.tgz#597e2f8cc3672151e1307d3e95cddbc75672314a"
+  integrity sha512-fERNJX8sOXfel6qCBCMPvZLzENBEhZTzKqg6vrOW5pvoEaQuJhRU4ndTAh6lHOxn1I6jnz2NHra56ZODM751uw==
+
+after@0.8.2:
+  version "0.8.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/after/-/after-0.8.2.tgz#fedb394f9f0e02aa9768e702bda23b505fae7e1f"
+  integrity sha1-/ts5T58OAqqXaOcCvaI7UF+ufh8=
+
+agent-base@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/agent-base/-/agent-base-4.2.1.tgz#d89e5999f797875674c07d87f260fc41e83e8ca9"
+  integrity sha512-JVwXMr9nHYTUXsBFKUqhJwvlcYU/blreOEUkhNR2eXZIvwd+c+o5V4MgDPKWnMS/56awN3TRzIP+KoPn+roQtg==
+  dependencies:
+    es6-promisify "^5.0.0"
+
+ajv-errors@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-errors/-/ajv-errors-1.0.0.tgz#ecf021fa108fd17dfb5e6b383f2dd233e31ffc59"
+  integrity sha1-7PAh+hCP0X37Xms4Py3SM+Mf/Fk=
+
+ajv-keywords@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-keywords/-/ajv-keywords-1.5.1.tgz#314dd0a4b3368fad3dfcdc54ede6171b886daf3c"
+  integrity sha1-MU3QpLM2j609/NxU7eYXG4htrzw=
+
+ajv-keywords@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-keywords/-/ajv-keywords-2.1.1.tgz#617997fc5f60576894c435f940d819e135b80762"
+  integrity sha1-YXmX/F9gV2iUxDX5QNgZ4TW4B2I=
+
+ajv-keywords@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv-keywords/-/ajv-keywords-3.2.0.tgz#e86b819c602cf8821ad637413698f1dec021847a"
+  integrity sha1-6GuBnGAs+IIa1jdBNpjx3sAhhHo=
+
+ajv@^4.7.0:
+  version "4.11.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv/-/ajv-4.11.8.tgz#82ffb02b29e662ae53bdc20af15947706739c536"
+  integrity sha1-gv+wKynmYq5TvcIK8VlHcGc5xTY=
+  dependencies:
+    co "^4.6.0"
+    json-stable-stringify "^1.0.1"
+
+ajv@^5.2.3, ajv@^5.3.0:
+  version "5.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv/-/ajv-5.5.2.tgz#73b5eeca3fab653e3d3f9422b341ad42205dc965"
+  integrity sha1-c7Xuyj+rZT49P5Qis0GtQiBdyWU=
+  dependencies:
+    co "^4.6.0"
+    fast-deep-equal "^1.0.0"
+    fast-json-stable-stringify "^2.0.0"
+    json-schema-traverse "^0.3.0"
+
+ajv@^6.1.0, ajv@^6.5.5:
+  version "6.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ajv/-/ajv-6.6.1.tgz#6360f5ed0d80f232cc2b294c362d5dc2e538dd61"
+  integrity sha512-ZoJjft5B+EJBjUyu9C9Hc0OZyPZSSlOF+plzouTrg6UlA8f+e/n8NIgBFG/9tppJtpPWfthHakK7juJdNDODww==
+  dependencies:
+    fast-deep-equal "^2.0.1"
+    fast-json-stable-stringify "^2.0.0"
+    json-schema-traverse "^0.4.1"
+    uri-js "^4.2.2"
+
+ansi-escapes@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-escapes/-/ansi-escapes-1.4.0.tgz#d3a8a83b319aa67793662b13e761c7911422306e"
+  integrity sha1-06ioOzGapneTZisT52HHkRQiMG4=
+
+ansi-escapes@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-escapes/-/ansi-escapes-3.1.0.tgz#f73207bb81207d75fd6c83f125af26eea378ca30"
+  integrity sha512-UgAb8H9D41AQnu/PbWlCofQVcnV4Gs2bBJi9eZPxfU/hgglFh3SMDMENRIqdr7H6XFnXdoknctFByVsCOotTVw==
+
+ansi-regex@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-2.1.1.tgz#c3b33ab5ee360d86e0e628f0468ae7ef27d654df"
+  integrity sha1-w7M6te42DYbg5ijwRorn7yfWVN8=
+
+ansi-regex@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-3.0.0.tgz#ed0317c322064f79466c02966bddb605ab37d998"
+  integrity sha1-7QMXwyIGT3lGbAKWa922Bas32Zg=
+
+ansi-styles@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-2.2.1.tgz#b432dd3358b634cf75e1e4664368240533c1ddbe"
+  integrity sha1-tDLdM1i2NM914eRmQ2gkBTPB3b4=
+
+ansi-styles@^3.2.1:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-3.2.1.tgz#41fbb20243e50b12be0f04b8dedbf07520ce841d"
+  integrity sha512-VT0ZI6kZRdTh8YyJw3SMbYm/u+NqfsAxEpWO0Pf9sq8/e94WxxOpPKx9FR1FlyCtOVDNOQ+8ntlqFxiRc+r5qA==
+  dependencies:
+    color-convert "^1.9.0"
+
+anymatch@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/anymatch/-/anymatch-2.0.0.tgz#bcb24b4f37934d9aa7ac17b4adaf89e7c76ef2eb"
+  integrity sha512-5teOsQWABXHHBFP9y3skS5P3d/WfWXpv3FUpy+LorMrNYaT9pI4oLMQX7jzQ2KklNpGpWHzdCXTDT2Y3XGlZBw==
+  dependencies:
+    micromatch "^3.1.4"
+    normalize-path "^2.1.1"
+
+aproba@^1.0.3, aproba@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/aproba/-/aproba-1.2.0.tgz#6802e6264efd18c790a1b0d517f0f2627bf2c94a"
+  integrity sha512-Y9J6ZjXtoYh8RnXVCMOU/ttDmk1aBjunq9vO0ta5x85WDQiQfUF9sIPBITdbiiIVcBo03Hi3jMxigBtsddlXRw==
+
+archiver-utils@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/archiver-utils/-/archiver-utils-1.3.0.tgz#e50b4c09c70bf3d680e32ff1b7994e9f9d895174"
+  integrity sha1-5QtMCccL89aA4y/xt5lOn52JUXQ=
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^7.0.0"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.0"
+    lazystream "^1.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.8.0"
+    normalize-path "^2.0.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+
+archiver@2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/archiver/-/archiver-2.1.1.tgz#ff662b4a78201494a3ee544d3a33fe7496509ebc"
+  integrity sha1-/2YrSnggFJSj7lRNOjP+dJZQnrw=
+  dependencies:
+    archiver-utils "^1.3.0"
+    async "^2.0.0"
+    buffer-crc32 "^0.2.1"
+    glob "^7.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.8.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+    tar-stream "^1.5.0"
+    zip-stream "^1.2.0"
+
+are-we-there-yet@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/are-we-there-yet/-/are-we-there-yet-1.1.5.tgz#4b35c2944f062a8bfcda66410760350fe9ddfc21"
+  integrity sha512-5hYdAkZlcG8tOLujVDTgCT+uPX0VnpAH28gWsLfzpXYm7wP6mp5Q/gYyR7YQ0cKVJcXJnl3j2kpBan13PtQf6w==
+  dependencies:
+    delegates "^1.0.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.6"
+
+argparse@^1.0.7:
+  version "1.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/argparse/-/argparse-1.0.10.tgz#bcd6791ea5ae09725e17e5ad988134cd40b3d911"
+  integrity sha512-o5Roy6tNG4SL/FOkCAN6RzjiakZS25RLYFrcMttJqbdd8BWrnA+fGz57iN5Pb06pvBGvl5gQ0B48dJlslXvoTg==
+  dependencies:
+    sprintf-js "~1.0.2"
+
+arr-diff@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/arr-diff/-/arr-diff-2.0.0.tgz#8f3b827f955a8bd669697e4a4256ac3ceae356cf"
+  integrity sha1-jzuCf5Vai9ZpaX5KQlasPOrjVs8=
+  dependencies:
+    arr-flatten "^1.0.1"
+
+arr-diff@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
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+  integrity sha1-WykhmP/dVTs6DyDe0FkrlWlVyLQ=
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+    bytes "3.0.0"
+    content-type "~1.0.4"
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    depd "~1.1.2"
+    http-errors "~1.6.3"
+    iconv-lite "0.4.23"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    qs "6.5.2"
+    raw-body "2.3.3"
+    type-is "~1.6.16"
+
+brace-expansion@^1.1.7:
+  version "1.1.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.11.tgz#3c7fcbf529d87226f3d2f52b966ff5271eb441dd"
+  integrity sha512-iCuPHDFgrHX7H2vEI/5xpz07zSHB00TpugqhmYtVmMO6518mCuRMoOYFldEBl0g187ufozdaHgWKcYFb61qGiA==
+  dependencies:
+    balanced-match "^1.0.0"
+    concat-map "0.0.1"
+
+braces@^0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/braces/-/braces-0.1.5.tgz#c085711085291d8b75fdd74eab0f8597280711e6"
+  integrity sha1-wIVxEIUpHYt1/ddOqw+FlygHEeY=
+  dependencies:
+    expand-range "^0.1.0"
+
+braces@^1.8.2:
+  version "1.8.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/braces/-/braces-1.8.5.tgz#ba77962e12dff969d6b76711e914b737857bf6a7"
+  integrity sha1-uneWLhLf+WnWt2cR6RS3N4V79qc=
+  dependencies:
+    expand-range "^1.8.1"
+    preserve "^0.2.0"
+    repeat-element "^1.1.2"
+
+braces@^2.3.0, braces@^2.3.1:
+  version "2.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/braces/-/braces-2.3.2.tgz#5979fd3f14cd531565e5fa2df1abfff1dfaee729"
+  integrity sha512-aNdbnj9P8PjdXU4ybaWLK2IF3jc/EoDYbC7AazW6to3TRsfXxscC9UXOB5iDiEQrkyIbWp2SLQda4+QAa7nc3w==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-flatten "^1.1.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    fill-range "^4.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    repeat-element "^1.1.2"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    snapdragon-node "^2.0.1"
+    split-string "^3.0.2"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+brorand@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brorand/-/brorand-1.1.0.tgz#12c25efe40a45e3c323eb8675a0a0ce57b22371f"
+  integrity sha1-EsJe/kCkXjwyPrhnWgoM5XsiNx8=
+
+browserify-aes@^1.0.0, browserify-aes@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-aes/-/browserify-aes-1.2.0.tgz#326734642f403dabc3003209853bb70ad428ef48"
+  integrity sha512-+7CHXqGuspUn/Sl5aO7Ea0xWGAtETPXNSAjHo48JfLdPWcMng33Xe4znFvQweqc/uzk5zSOI3H52CYnjCfb5hA==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-xor "^1.0.3"
+    cipher-base "^1.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.3"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+browserify-cipher@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-cipher/-/browserify-cipher-1.0.1.tgz#8d6474c1b870bfdabcd3bcfcc1934a10e94f15f0"
+  integrity sha512-sPhkz0ARKbf4rRQt2hTpAHqn47X3llLkUGn+xEJzLjwY8LRs2p0v7ljvI5EyoRO/mexrNunNECisZs+gw2zz1w==
+  dependencies:
+    browserify-aes "^1.0.4"
+    browserify-des "^1.0.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.0"
+
+browserify-des@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-des/-/browserify-des-1.0.2.tgz#3af4f1f59839403572f1c66204375f7a7f703e9c"
+  integrity sha512-BioO1xf3hFwz4kc6iBhI3ieDFompMhrMlnDFC4/0/vd5MokpuAc3R+LYbwTA9A5Yc9pq9UYPqffKpW2ObuwX5A==
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.1"
+    des.js "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+
+browserify-rsa@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-rsa/-/browserify-rsa-4.0.1.tgz#21e0abfaf6f2029cf2fafb133567a701d4135524"
+  integrity sha1-IeCr+vbyApzy+vsTNWenAdQTVSQ=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.1"
+
+browserify-sign@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-sign/-/browserify-sign-4.0.4.tgz#aa4eb68e5d7b658baa6bf6a57e630cbd7a93d298"
+  integrity sha1-qk62jl17ZYuqa/alfmMMvXqT0pg=
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.1"
+    browserify-rsa "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.2"
+    elliptic "^6.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    parse-asn1 "^5.0.0"
+
+browserify-zlib@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserify-zlib/-/browserify-zlib-0.2.0.tgz#2869459d9aa3be245fe8fe2ca1f46e2e7f54d73f"
+  integrity sha512-Z942RysHXmJrhqk88FmKBVq/v5tqmSkDz7p54G/MGyjMnCFFnC79XWNbg+Vta8W6Wb2qtSZTSxIGkJrRpCFEiA==
+  dependencies:
+    pako "~1.0.5"
+
+browserslist@^3.2.6:
+  version "3.2.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/browserslist/-/browserslist-3.2.8.tgz#b0005361d6471f0f5952797a76fc985f1f978fc6"
+  integrity sha512-WHVocJYavUwVgVViC0ORikPHQquXwVh939TaelZ4WDqpWgTX/FsGhl/+P4qBUAGcRvtOgDgC+xftNWWp2RUTAQ==
+  dependencies:
+    caniuse-lite "^1.0.30000844"
+    electron-to-chromium "^1.3.47"
+
+bser@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bser/-/bser-2.0.0.tgz#9ac78d3ed5d915804fd87acb158bc797147a1719"
+  integrity sha1-mseNPtXZFYBP2HrLFYvHlxR6Fxk=
+  dependencies:
+    node-int64 "^0.4.0"
+
+buffer-alloc-unsafe@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-alloc-unsafe/-/buffer-alloc-unsafe-1.1.0.tgz#bd7dc26ae2972d0eda253be061dba992349c19f0"
+  integrity sha512-TEM2iMIEQdJ2yjPJoSIsldnleVaAk1oW3DBVUykyOLsEsFmEc9kn+SFFPz+gl54KQNxlDnAwCXosOS9Okx2xAg==
+
+buffer-alloc@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-alloc/-/buffer-alloc-1.2.0.tgz#890dd90d923a873e08e10e5fd51a57e5b7cce0ec"
+  integrity sha512-CFsHQgjtW1UChdXgbyJGtnm+O/uLQeZdtbDo8mfUgYXCHSM1wgrVxXm6bSyrUuErEb+4sYVGCzASBRot7zyrow==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-alloc-unsafe "^1.1.0"
+    buffer-fill "^1.0.0"
+
+buffer-crc32@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-crc32/-/buffer-crc32-0.2.13.tgz#0d333e3f00eac50aa1454abd30ef8c2a5d9a7242"
+  integrity sha1-DTM+PwDqxQqhRUq9MO+MKl2ackI=
+
+buffer-fill@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-fill/-/buffer-fill-1.0.0.tgz#f8f78b76789888ef39f205cd637f68e702122b2c"
+  integrity sha1-+PeLdniYiO858gXNY39o5wISKyw=
+
+buffer-from@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-from/-/buffer-from-1.1.1.tgz#32713bc028f75c02fdb710d7c7bcec1f2c6070ef"
+  integrity sha512-MQcXEUbCKtEo7bhqEs6560Hyd4XaovZlO/k9V3hjVUF/zwW7KBVdSK4gIt/bzwS9MbR5qob+F5jusZsb0YQK2A==
+
+buffer-xor@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer-xor/-/buffer-xor-1.0.3.tgz#26e61ed1422fb70dd42e6e36729ed51d855fe8d9"
+  integrity sha1-JuYe0UIvtw3ULm42cp7VHYVf6Nk=
+
+buffer@^4.3.0:
+  version "4.9.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer/-/buffer-4.9.1.tgz#6d1bb601b07a4efced97094132093027c95bc298"
+  integrity sha1-bRu2AbB6TvztlwlBMgkwJ8lbwpg=
+  dependencies:
+    base64-js "^1.0.2"
+    ieee754 "^1.1.4"
+    isarray "^1.0.0"
+
+buffer@^5.1.0:
+  version "5.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/buffer/-/buffer-5.2.1.tgz#dd57fa0f109ac59c602479044dca7b8b3d0b71d6"
+  integrity sha512-c+Ko0loDaFfuPWiL02ls9Xd3GO3cPVmUobQ6t3rXNUk304u6hGq+8N/kFi+QEIKhzK3uwolVhLzszmfLmMLnqg==
+  dependencies:
+    base64-js "^1.0.2"
+    ieee754 "^1.1.4"
+
+builtin-modules@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/builtin-modules/-/builtin-modules-1.1.1.tgz#270f076c5a72c02f5b65a47df94c5fe3a278892f"
+  integrity sha1-Jw8HbFpywC9bZaR9+Uxf46J4iS8=
+
+builtin-modules@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/builtin-modules/-/builtin-modules-2.0.0.tgz#60b7ef5ae6546bd7deefa74b08b62a43a232648e"
+  integrity sha512-3U5kUA5VPsRUA3nofm/BXX7GVHKfxz0hOBAPxXrIvHzlDRkQVqEn6yi8QJegxl4LzOHLdvb7XF5dVawa/VVYBg==
+
+builtin-status-codes@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/builtin-status-codes/-/builtin-status-codes-3.0.0.tgz#85982878e21b98e1c66425e03d0174788f569ee8"
+  integrity sha1-hZgoeOIbmOHGZCXgPQF0eI9Wnug=
+
+bytes@3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/bytes/-/bytes-3.0.0.tgz#d32815404d689699f85a4ea4fa8755dd13a96048"
+  integrity sha1-0ygVQE1olpn4Wk6k+odV3ROpYEg=
+
+cacache@^11.0.2:
+  version "11.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cacache/-/cacache-11.3.1.tgz#d09d25f6c4aca7a6d305d141ae332613aa1d515f"
+  integrity sha512-2PEw4cRRDu+iQvBTTuttQifacYjLPhET+SYO/gEFMy8uhi+jlJREDAjSF5FWSdV/Aw5h18caHA7vMTw2c+wDzA==
+  dependencies:
+    bluebird "^3.5.1"
+    chownr "^1.0.1"
+    figgy-pudding "^3.1.0"
+    glob "^7.1.2"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.11"
+    lru-cache "^4.1.3"
+    mississippi "^3.0.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    move-concurrently "^1.0.1"
+    promise-inflight "^1.0.1"
+    rimraf "^2.6.2"
+    ssri "^6.0.0"
+    unique-filename "^1.1.0"
+    y18n "^4.0.0"
+
+cache-base@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cache-base/-/cache-base-1.0.1.tgz#0a7f46416831c8b662ee36fe4e7c59d76f666ab2"
+  integrity sha512-AKcdTnFSWATd5/GCPRxr2ChwIJ85CeyrEyjRHlKxQ56d4XJMGym0uAiKn0xbLOGOl3+yRpOTi484dVCEc5AUzQ==
+  dependencies:
+    collection-visit "^1.0.0"
+    component-emitter "^1.2.1"
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    has-value "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+    set-value "^2.0.0"
+    to-object-path "^0.3.0"
+    union-value "^1.0.0"
+    unset-value "^1.0.0"
+
+caller-path@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caller-path/-/caller-path-0.1.0.tgz#94085ef63581ecd3daa92444a8fe94e82577751f"
+  integrity sha1-lAhe9jWB7NPaqSREqP6U6CV3dR8=
+  dependencies:
+    callsites "^0.2.0"
+
+callsite@1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/callsite/-/callsite-1.0.0.tgz#280398e5d664bd74038b6f0905153e6e8af1bc20"
+  integrity sha1-KAOY5dZkvXQDi28JBRU+borxvCA=
+
+callsites@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/callsites/-/callsites-0.2.0.tgz#afab96262910a7f33c19a5775825c69f34e350ca"
+  integrity sha1-r6uWJikQp/M8GaV3WCXGnzTjUMo=
+
+caniuse-lite@^1.0.30000844:
+  version "1.0.30000912"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caniuse-lite/-/caniuse-lite-1.0.30000912.tgz#08e650d4090a9c0ab06bfd2b46b7d3ad6dcaea28"
+  integrity sha512-M3zAtV36U+xw5mMROlTXpAHClmPAor6GPKAMD5Yi7glCB5sbMPFtnQ3rGpk4XqPdUrrTIaVYSJZxREZWNy8QJg==
+
+capture-exit@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/capture-exit/-/capture-exit-1.2.0.tgz#1c5fcc489fd0ab00d4f1ac7ae1072e3173fbab6f"
+  integrity sha1-HF/MSJ/QqwDU8ax64QcuMXP7q28=
+  dependencies:
+    rsvp "^3.3.3"
+
+caseless@~0.12.0:
+  version "0.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/caseless/-/caseless-0.12.0.tgz#1b681c21ff84033c826543090689420d187151dc"
+  integrity sha1-G2gcIf+EAzyCZUMJBolCDRhxUdw=
+
+chalk@^1.0.0, chalk@^1.1.1, chalk@^1.1.3:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chalk/-/chalk-1.1.3.tgz#a8115c55e4a702fe4d150abd3872822a7e09fc98"
+  integrity sha1-qBFcVeSnAv5NFQq9OHKCKn4J/Jg=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-styles "^2.2.1"
+    escape-string-regexp "^1.0.2"
+    has-ansi "^2.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.0"
+    supports-color "^2.0.0"
+
+chalk@^2.0.0, chalk@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chalk/-/chalk-2.4.1.tgz#18c49ab16a037b6eb0152cc83e3471338215b66e"
+  integrity sha512-ObN6h1v2fTJSmUXoS3nMQ92LbDK9be4TV+6G+omQlGJFdcUX5heKi1LZ1YnRMIgwTLEj3E24bT6tYni50rlCfQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-styles "^3.2.1"
+    escape-string-regexp "^1.0.5"
+    supports-color "^5.3.0"
+
+chardet@^0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chardet/-/chardet-0.4.2.tgz#b5473b33dc97c424e5d98dc87d55d4d8a29c8bf2"
+  integrity sha1-tUc7M9yXxCTl2Y3IfVXU2KKci/I=
+
+chokidar@^2.0.2, chokidar@^2.0.3:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chokidar/-/chokidar-2.0.4.tgz#356ff4e2b0e8e43e322d18a372460bbcf3accd26"
+  integrity sha512-z9n7yt9rOvIJrMhvDtDictKrkFHeihkNl6uWMmZlmL6tJtX9Cs+87oK+teBx+JIgzvbX3yZHT3eF8vpbDxHJXQ==
+  dependencies:
+    anymatch "^2.0.0"
+    async-each "^1.0.0"
+    braces "^2.3.0"
+    glob-parent "^3.1.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    is-binary-path "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^4.0.0"
+    lodash.debounce "^4.0.8"
+    normalize-path "^2.1.1"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+    readdirp "^2.0.0"
+    upath "^1.0.5"
+  optionalDependencies:
+    fsevents "^1.2.2"
+
+chownr@^1.0.1, chownr@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chownr/-/chownr-1.1.1.tgz#54726b8b8fff4df053c42187e801fb4412df1494"
+  integrity sha512-j38EvO5+LHX84jlo6h4UzmOwi0UgW61WRyPtJz4qaadK5eY3BTS5TY/S1Stc3Uk2lIM6TPevAlULiEJwie860g==
+
+chrome-trace-event@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/chrome-trace-event/-/chrome-trace-event-1.0.0.tgz#45a91bd2c20c9411f0963b5aaeb9a1b95e09cc48"
+  integrity sha512-xDbVgyfDTT2piup/h8dK/y4QZfJRSa73bw1WZ8b4XM1o7fsFubUVGYcE+1ANtOzJJELGpYoG2961z0Z6OAld9A==
+  dependencies:
+    tslib "^1.9.0"
+
+cipher-base@^1.0.0, cipher-base@^1.0.1, cipher-base@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cipher-base/-/cipher-base-1.0.4.tgz#8760e4ecc272f4c363532f926d874aae2c1397de"
+  integrity sha512-Kkht5ye6ZGmwv40uUDZztayT2ThLQGfnj/T71N/XzeZeo3nf8foyW7zGTsPYkEya3m5f3cAypH+qe7YOrM1U2Q==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+circular-json@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/circular-json/-/circular-json-0.3.3.tgz#815c99ea84f6809529d2f45791bdf82711352d66"
+  integrity sha512-UZK3NBx2Mca+b5LsG7bY183pHWt5Y1xts4P3Pz7ENTwGVnJOUWbRb3ocjvX7hx9tq/yTAdclXm9sZ38gNuem4A==
+
+circular-json@^0.5.5:
+  version "0.5.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/circular-json/-/circular-json-0.5.9.tgz#932763ae88f4f7dead7a0d09c8a51a4743a53b1d"
+  integrity sha512-4ivwqHpIFJZBuhN3g/pEcdbnGUywkBblloGbkglyloVjjR3uT6tieI89MVOfbP2tHX5sgb01FuLgAOzebNlJNQ==
+
+class-utils@^0.3.5:
+  version "0.3.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/class-utils/-/class-utils-0.3.6.tgz#f93369ae8b9a7ce02fd41faad0ca83033190c463"
+  integrity sha512-qOhPa/Fj7s6TY8H8esGu5QNpMMQxz79h+urzrNYN6mn+9BnxlDGf5QZ+XeCDsxSjPqsSR56XOZOJmpeurnLMeg==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-union "^3.1.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+    static-extend "^0.1.1"
+
+cli-cursor@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cli-cursor/-/cli-cursor-1.0.2.tgz#64da3f7d56a54412e59794bd62dc35295e8f2987"
+  integrity sha1-ZNo/fValRBLll5S9Ytw1KV6PKYc=
+  dependencies:
+    restore-cursor "^1.0.1"
+
+cli-cursor@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cli-cursor/-/cli-cursor-2.1.0.tgz#b35dac376479facc3e94747d41d0d0f5238ffcb5"
+  integrity sha1-s12sN2R5+sw+lHR9QdDQ9SOP/LU=
+  dependencies:
+    restore-cursor "^2.0.0"
+
+cli-width@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cli-width/-/cli-width-2.2.0.tgz#ff19ede8a9a5e579324147b0c11f0fbcbabed639"
+  integrity sha1-/xnt6Kml5XkyQUewwR8PvLq+1jk=
+
+co@^4.6.0:
+  version "4.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/co/-/co-4.6.0.tgz#6ea6bdf3d853ae54ccb8e47bfa0bf3f9031fb184"
+  integrity sha1-bqa989hTrlTMuOR7+gvz+QMfsYQ=
+
+code-point-at@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/code-point-at/-/code-point-at-1.1.0.tgz#0d070b4d043a5bea33a2f1a40e2edb3d9a4ccf77"
+  integrity sha1-DQcLTQQ6W+ozovGkDi7bPZpMz3c=
+
+coffeelint@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/coffeelint/-/coffeelint-2.1.0.tgz#af65df3634e999d9ac01480736c36d3cd2f5dad8"
+  integrity sha1-r2XfNjTpmdmsAUgHNsNtPNL12tg=
+  dependencies:
+    coffeescript "^2.1.0"
+    glob "^7.0.6"
+    ignore "^3.0.9"
+    optimist "^0.6.1"
+    resolve "^0.6.3"
+    strip-json-comments "^1.0.2"
+
+coffeescript@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/coffeescript/-/coffeescript-2.3.2.tgz#e854a7020dfe47b7cf4dd412042e32ef1e269810"
+  integrity sha512-YObiFDoukx7qPBi/K0kUKyntEZDfBQiqs/DbrR1xzASKOBjGT7auD85/DiPeRr9k++lRj7l3uA9TNMLfyfcD/Q==
+
+collection-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/collection-visit/-/collection-visit-1.0.0.tgz#4bc0373c164bc3291b4d368c829cf1a80a59dca0"
+  integrity sha1-S8A3PBZLwykbTTaMgpzxqApZ3KA=
+  dependencies:
+    map-visit "^1.0.0"
+    object-visit "^1.0.0"
+
+color-convert@^1.9.0:
+  version "1.9.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-convert/-/color-convert-1.9.3.tgz#bb71850690e1f136567de629d2d5471deda4c1e8"
+  integrity sha512-QfAUtd+vFdAtFQcC8CCyYt1fYWxSqAiK2cSD6zDB8N3cpsEBAvRxp9zOGg6G/SHHJYAT88/az/IuDGALsNVbGg==
+  dependencies:
+    color-name "1.1.3"
+
+color-name@1.1.3:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.3.tgz#a7d0558bd89c42f795dd42328f740831ca53bc25"
+  integrity sha1-p9BVi9icQveV3UIyj3QIMcpTvCU=
+
+colors@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/colors/-/colors-1.3.2.tgz#2df8ff573dfbf255af562f8ce7181d6b971a359b"
+  integrity sha512-rhP0JSBGYvpcNQj4s5AdShMeE5ahMop96cTeDl/v9qQQm2fYClE2QXZRi8wLzc+GmXSxdIqqbOIAhyObEXDbfQ==
+
+combine-lists@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/combine-lists/-/combine-lists-1.0.1.tgz#458c07e09e0d900fc28b70a3fec2dacd1d2cb7f6"
+  integrity sha1-RYwH4J4NkA/Ci3Cj/sLazR0st/Y=
+  dependencies:
+    lodash "^4.5.0"
+
+combined-stream@^1.0.6, combined-stream@~1.0.6:
+  version "1.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/combined-stream/-/combined-stream-1.0.7.tgz#2d1d24317afb8abe95d6d2c0b07b57813539d828"
+  integrity sha512-brWl9y6vOB1xYPZcpZde3N9zDByXTosAeMDo4p1wzo6UMOX4vumB+TP1RZ76sfE6Md68Q0NJSrE/gbezd4Ul+w==
+  dependencies:
+    delayed-stream "~1.0.0"
+
+commander@2.12.2:
+  version "2.12.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/commander/-/commander-2.12.2.tgz#0f5946c427ed9ec0d91a46bb9def53e54650e555"
+  integrity sha512-BFnaq5ZOGcDN7FlrtBT4xxkgIToalIIxwjxLWVJ8bGTpe1LroqMiqQXdA7ygc7CRvaYS+9zfPGFnJqFSayx+AA==
+
+commander@~2.13.0:
+  version "2.13.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/commander/-/commander-2.13.0.tgz#6964bca67685df7c1f1430c584f07d7597885b9c"
+  integrity sha512-MVuS359B+YzaWqjCL/c+22gfryv+mCBPHAv3zyVI2GN8EY6IRP8VwtasXn8jyyhvvq84R4ImN1OKRtcbIasjYA==
+
+commander@~2.17.1:
+  version "2.17.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/commander/-/commander-2.17.1.tgz#bd77ab7de6de94205ceacc72f1716d29f20a77bf"
+  integrity sha512-wPMUt6FnH2yzG95SA6mzjQOEKUU3aLaDEmzs1ti+1E9h+CsrZghRlqEM/EJ4KscsQVG8uNN4uVreUeT8+drlgg==
+
+commondir@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/commondir/-/commondir-1.0.1.tgz#ddd800da0c66127393cca5950ea968a3aaf1253b"
+  integrity sha1-3dgA2gxmEnOTzKWVDqloo6rxJTs=
+
+component-bind@1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/component-bind/-/component-bind-1.0.0.tgz#00c608ab7dcd93897c0009651b1d3a8e1e73bbd1"
+  integrity sha1-AMYIq33Nk4l8AAllGx06jh5zu9E=
+
+component-emitter@1.2.1, component-emitter@^1.2.1:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/component-emitter/-/component-emitter-1.2.1.tgz#137918d6d78283f7df7a6b7c5a63e140e69425e6"
+  integrity sha1-E3kY1teCg/ffemt8WmPhQOaUJeY=
+
+component-inherit@0.0.3:
+  version "0.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/component-inherit/-/component-inherit-0.0.3.tgz#645fc4adf58b72b649d5cae65135619db26ff143"
+  integrity sha1-ZF/ErfWLcrZJ1crmUTVhnbJv8UM=
+
+compress-commons@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/compress-commons/-/compress-commons-1.2.2.tgz#524a9f10903f3a813389b0225d27c48bb751890f"
+  integrity sha1-UkqfEJA/OoEzibAiXSfEi7dRiQ8=
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-crc32 "^0.2.1"
+    crc32-stream "^2.0.0"
+    normalize-path "^2.0.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+
+concat-map@0.0.1:
+  version "0.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/concat-map/-/concat-map-0.0.1.tgz#d8a96bd77fd68df7793a73036a3ba0d5405d477b"
+  integrity sha1-2Klr13/Wjfd5OnMDajug1UBdR3s=
+
+concat-stream@^1.4.6, concat-stream@^1.5.0, concat-stream@^1.6.0:
+  version "1.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/concat-stream/-/concat-stream-1.6.2.tgz#904bdf194cd3122fc675c77fc4ac3d4ff0fd1a34"
+  integrity sha512-27HBghJxjiZtIk3Ycvn/4kbJk/1uZuJFfuPEns6LaEvpvG1f0hTea8lilrouyo9mVc2GWdcEZ8OLoGmSADlrCw==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-from "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.2.2"
+    typedarray "^0.0.6"
+
+connect@^3.6.0:
+  version "3.6.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/connect/-/connect-3.6.6.tgz#09eff6c55af7236e137135a72574858b6786f524"
+  integrity sha1-Ce/2xVr3I24TcTWnJXSFi2eG9SQ=
+  dependencies:
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    finalhandler "1.1.0"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+    utils-merge "1.0.1"
+
+console-browserify@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/console-browserify/-/console-browserify-1.1.0.tgz#f0241c45730a9fc6323b206dbf38edc741d0bb10"
+  integrity sha1-8CQcRXMKn8YyOyBtvzjtx0HQuxA=
+  dependencies:
+    date-now "^0.1.4"
+
+console-control-strings@^1.0.0, console-control-strings@~1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/console-control-strings/-/console-control-strings-1.1.0.tgz#3d7cf4464db6446ea644bf4b39507f9851008e8e"
+  integrity sha1-PXz0Rk22RG6mRL9LOVB/mFEAjo4=
+
+constants-browserify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/constants-browserify/-/constants-browserify-1.0.0.tgz#c20b96d8c617748aaf1c16021760cd27fcb8cb75"
+  integrity sha1-wguW2MYXdIqvHBYCF2DNJ/y4y3U=
+
+contains-path@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/contains-path/-/contains-path-0.1.0.tgz#fe8cf184ff6670b6baef01a9d4861a5cbec4120a"
+  integrity sha1-/ozxhP9mcLa67wGp1IYaXL7EEgo=
+
+content-type@~1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/content-type/-/content-type-1.0.4.tgz#e138cc75e040c727b1966fe5e5f8c9aee256fe3b"
+  integrity sha512-hIP3EEPs8tB9AT1L+NUqtwOAps4mk2Zob89MWXMHjHWg9milF/j4osnnQLXBCBFBk/tvIG/tUc9mOUJiPBhPXA==
+
+convert-source-map@^1.5.1:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/convert-source-map/-/convert-source-map-1.6.0.tgz#51b537a8c43e0f04dec1993bffcdd504e758ac20"
+  integrity sha512-eFu7XigvxdZ1ETfbgPBohgyQ/Z++C0eEhTor0qRwBw9unw+L0/6V8wkSuGgzdThkiS5lSpdptOQPD8Ak40a+7A==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.1"
+
+cookie@0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cookie/-/cookie-0.3.1.tgz#e7e0a1f9ef43b4c8ba925c5c5a96e806d16873bb"
+  integrity sha1-5+Ch+e9DtMi6klxcWpboBtFoc7s=
+
+copy-concurrently@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/copy-concurrently/-/copy-concurrently-1.0.5.tgz#92297398cae34937fcafd6ec8139c18051f0b5e0"
+  integrity sha512-f2domd9fsVDFtaFcbaRZuYXwtdmnzqbADSwhSWYxYB/Q8zsdUUFMXVRwXGDMWmbEzAn1kdRrtI1T/KTFOL4X2A==
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+    fs-write-stream-atomic "^1.0.8"
+    iferr "^0.1.5"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    rimraf "^2.5.4"
+    run-queue "^1.0.0"
+
+copy-descriptor@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/copy-descriptor/-/copy-descriptor-0.1.1.tgz#676f6eb3c39997c2ee1ac3a924fd6124748f578d"
+  integrity sha1-Z29us8OZl8LuGsOpJP1hJHSPV40=
+
+core-js@^2.2.0, core-js@^2.4.0, core-js@^2.5.0:
+  version "2.5.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-js/-/core-js-2.5.7.tgz#f972608ff0cead68b841a16a932d0b183791814e"
+  integrity sha512-RszJCAxg/PP6uzXVXL6BsxSXx/B05oJAQ2vkJRjyjrEcNVycaqOmNb5OTxZPE3xa5gwZduqza6L9JOCenh/Ecw==
+
+core-util-is@1.0.2, core-util-is@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/core-util-is/-/core-util-is-1.0.2.tgz#b5fd54220aa2bc5ab57aab7140c940754503c1a7"
+  integrity sha1-tf1UIgqivFq1eqtxQMlAdUUDwac=
+
+crc32-stream@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/crc32-stream/-/crc32-stream-2.0.0.tgz#e3cdd3b4df3168dd74e3de3fbbcb7b297fe908f4"
+  integrity sha1-483TtN8xaN10494/u8t7KX/pCPQ=
+  dependencies:
+    crc "^3.4.4"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+
+crc@^3.4.4:
+  version "3.8.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/crc/-/crc-3.8.0.tgz#ad60269c2c856f8c299e2c4cc0de4556914056c6"
+  integrity sha512-iX3mfgcTMIq3ZKLIsVFAbv7+Mc10kxabAGQb8HvjA1o3T1PIYprbakQ65d3I+2HGHt6nSKkM9PYjgoJO2KcFBQ==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer "^5.1.0"
+
+create-ecdh@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-ecdh/-/create-ecdh-4.0.3.tgz#c9111b6f33045c4697f144787f9254cdc77c45ff"
+  integrity sha512-GbEHQPMOswGpKXM9kCWVrremUcBmjteUaQ01T9rkKCPDXfUHX0IoP9LpHYo2NPFampa4e+/pFDc3jQdxrxQLaw==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    elliptic "^6.0.0"
+
+create-hash@^1.1.0, create-hash@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-hash/-/create-hash-1.2.0.tgz#889078af11a63756bcfb59bd221996be3a9ef196"
+  integrity sha512-z00bCGNHDG8mHAkP7CtT1qVu+bFQUPjYq/4Iv3C3kWjTFV10zIjfSoeqXo9Asws8gwSHDGj/hl2u4OGIjapeCg==
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.1"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    md5.js "^1.3.4"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.1"
+    sha.js "^2.4.0"
+
+create-hmac@^1.1.0, create-hmac@^1.1.2, create-hmac@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/create-hmac/-/create-hmac-1.1.7.tgz#69170c78b3ab957147b2b8b04572e47ead2243ff"
+  integrity sha512-MJG9liiZ+ogc4TzUwuvbER1JRdgvUFSB5+VR/g5h82fGaIRWMWddtKBHi7/sVhfjQZ6SehlyhvQYrcYkaUIpLg==
+  dependencies:
+    cipher-base "^1.0.3"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+    sha.js "^2.4.8"
+
+cross-spawn@^5.1.0:
+  version "5.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-5.1.0.tgz#e8bd0efee58fcff6f8f94510a0a554bbfa235449"
+  integrity sha1-6L0O/uWPz/b4+UUQoKVUu/ojVEk=
+  dependencies:
+    lru-cache "^4.0.1"
+    shebang-command "^1.2.0"
+    which "^1.2.9"
+
+cross-spawn@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-6.0.5.tgz#4a5ec7c64dfae22c3a14124dbacdee846d80cbc4"
+  integrity sha512-eTVLrBSt7fjbDygz805pMnstIs2VTBNkRm0qxZd+M7A5XDdxVRWO5MxGBXZhjY4cqLYLdtrGqRf8mBPmzwSpWQ==
+  dependencies:
+    nice-try "^1.0.4"
+    path-key "^2.0.1"
+    semver "^5.5.0"
+    shebang-command "^1.2.0"
+    which "^1.2.9"
+
+crypto-browserify@^3.11.0:
+  version "3.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/crypto-browserify/-/crypto-browserify-3.12.0.tgz#396cf9f3137f03e4b8e532c58f698254e00f80ec"
+  integrity sha512-fz4spIh+znjO2VjL+IdhEpRJ3YN6sMzITSBijk6FK2UvTqruSQW+/cCZTSNsMiZNvUeq0CqurF+dAbyiGOY6Wg==
+  dependencies:
+    browserify-cipher "^1.0.0"
+    browserify-sign "^4.0.0"
+    create-ecdh "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.0"
+    diffie-hellman "^5.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    pbkdf2 "^3.0.3"
+    public-encrypt "^4.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.0"
+    randomfill "^1.0.3"
+
+custom-event@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/custom-event/-/custom-event-1.0.1.tgz#5d02a46850adf1b4a317946a3928fccb5bfd0425"
+  integrity sha1-XQKkaFCt8bSjF5RqOSj8y1v9BCU=
+
+cyclist@~0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cyclist/-/cyclist-0.2.2.tgz#1b33792e11e914a2fd6d6ed6447464444e5fa640"
+  integrity sha1-GzN5LhHpFKL9bW7WRHRkRE5fpkA=
+
+d@1:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/d/-/d-1.0.0.tgz#754bb5bfe55451da69a58b94d45f4c5b0462d58f"
+  integrity sha1-dUu1v+VUUdpppYuU1F9MWwRi1Y8=
+  dependencies:
+    es5-ext "^0.10.9"
+
+dashdash@^1.12.0:
+  version "1.14.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dashdash/-/dashdash-1.14.1.tgz#853cfa0f7cbe2fed5de20326b8dd581035f6e2f0"
+  integrity sha1-hTz6D3y+L+1d4gMmuN1YEDX24vA=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+
+date-format@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/date-format/-/date-format-1.2.0.tgz#615e828e233dd1ab9bb9ae0950e0ceccfa6ecad8"
+  integrity sha1-YV6CjiM90aubua4JUODOzPpuytg=
+
+date-now@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/date-now/-/date-now-0.1.4.tgz#eaf439fd4d4848ad74e5cc7dbef200672b9e345b"
+  integrity sha1-6vQ5/U1ISK105cx9vvIAZyueNFs=
+
+debug@2.6.9, debug@^2.1.1, debug@^2.1.2, debug@^2.2.0, debug@^2.3.3, debug@^2.6.8, debug@^2.6.9:
+  version "2.6.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-2.6.9.tgz#5d128515df134ff327e90a4c93f4e077a536341f"
+  integrity sha512-bC7ElrdJaJnPbAP+1EotYvqZsb3ecl5wi6Bfi6BJTUcNowp6cvspg0jXznRTKDjm/E7AdgFBVeAPVMNcKGsHMA==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "2.0.0"
+
+debug@=3.1.0, debug@~3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-3.1.0.tgz#5bb5a0672628b64149566ba16819e61518c67261"
+  integrity sha512-OX8XqP7/1a9cqkxYw2yXss15f26NKWBpDXQd0/uK/KPqdQhxbPa994hnzjcE2VqQpDslf55723cKPUOGSmMY3g==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "2.0.0"
+
+debug@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.2.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/debug/-/debug-3.2.6.tgz#e83d17de16d8a7efb7717edbe5fb10135eee629b"
+  integrity sha512-mel+jf7nrtEl5Pn1Qx46zARXKDpBbvzezse7p7LqINmdoIk8PYP5SySaxEmYv6TZ0JyEKA1hsCId6DIhgITtWQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ms "^2.1.1"
+
+decode-uri-component@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/decode-uri-component/-/decode-uri-component-0.2.0.tgz#eb3913333458775cb84cd1a1fae062106bb87545"
+  integrity sha1-6zkTMzRYd1y4TNGh+uBiEGu4dUU=
+
+deep-extend@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/deep-extend/-/deep-extend-0.6.0.tgz#c4fa7c95404a17a9c3e8ca7e1537312b736330ac"
+  integrity sha512-LOHxIOaPYdHlJRtCQfDIVZtfw/ufM8+rVj649RIHzcm/vGwQRXFt6OPqIFWsm2XEMrNIEtWR64sY1LEKD2vAOA==
+
+deep-is@~0.1.3:
+  version "0.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/deep-is/-/deep-is-0.1.3.tgz#b369d6fb5dbc13eecf524f91b070feedc357cf34"
+  integrity sha1-s2nW+128E+7PUk+RsHD+7cNXzzQ=
+
+define-property@^0.2.5:
+  version "0.2.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-0.2.5.tgz#c35b1ef918ec3c990f9a5bc57be04aacec5c8116"
+  integrity sha1-w1se+RjsPJkPmlvFe+BKrOxcgRY=
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^0.1.0"
+
+define-property@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-1.0.0.tgz#769ebaaf3f4a63aad3af9e8d304c9bbe79bfb0e6"
+  integrity sha1-dp66rz9KY6rTr56NMEybvnm/sOY=
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+
+define-property@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/define-property/-/define-property-2.0.2.tgz#d459689e8d654ba77e02a817f8710d702cb16e9d"
+  integrity sha512-jwK2UV4cnPpbcG7+VRARKTZPUWowwXA8bzH5NP6ud0oeAxyYPuGZUAC7hMugpCdz4BeSZl2Dl9k66CHJ/46ZYQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-descriptor "^1.0.2"
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+delayed-stream@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/delayed-stream/-/delayed-stream-1.0.0.tgz#df3ae199acadfb7d440aaae0b29e2272b24ec619"
+  integrity sha1-3zrhmayt+31ECqrgsp4icrJOxhk=
+
+delegates@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/delegates/-/delegates-1.0.0.tgz#84c6e159b81904fdca59a0ef44cd870d31250f9a"
+  integrity sha1-hMbhWbgZBP3KWaDvRM2HDTElD5o=
+
+depd@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/depd/-/depd-1.1.2.tgz#9bcd52e14c097763e749b274c4346ed2e560b5a9"
+  integrity sha1-m81S4UwJd2PnSbJ0xDRu0uVgtak=
+
+des.js@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/des.js/-/des.js-1.0.0.tgz#c074d2e2aa6a8a9a07dbd61f9a15c2cd83ec8ecc"
+  integrity sha1-wHTS4qpqipoH29YfmhXCzYPsjsw=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+
+detect-file@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-file/-/detect-file-1.0.0.tgz#f0d66d03672a825cb1b73bdb3fe62310c8e552b7"
+  integrity sha1-8NZtA2cqglyxtzvbP+YjEMjlUrc=
+
+detect-indent@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-indent/-/detect-indent-4.0.0.tgz#f76d064352cdf43a1cb6ce619c4ee3a9475de208"
+  integrity sha1-920GQ1LN9Docts5hnE7jqUdd4gg=
+  dependencies:
+    repeating "^2.0.0"
+
+detect-libc@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/detect-libc/-/detect-libc-1.0.3.tgz#fa137c4bd698edf55cd5cd02ac559f91a4c4ba9b"
+  integrity sha1-+hN8S9aY7fVc1c0CrFWfkaTEups=
+
+di@^0.0.1:
+  version "0.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/di/-/di-0.0.1.tgz#806649326ceaa7caa3306d75d985ea2748ba913c"
+  integrity sha1-gGZJMmzqp8qjMG112YXqJ0i6kTw=
+
+diffie-hellman@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/diffie-hellman/-/diffie-hellman-5.0.3.tgz#40e8ee98f55a2149607146921c63e1ae5f3d2875"
+  integrity sha512-kqag/Nl+f3GwyK25fhUMYj81BUOrZ9IuJsjIcDE5icNM9FJHAVm3VcUDxdLPoQtTuUylWm6ZIknYJwwaPxsUzg==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    miller-rabin "^4.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.0"
+
+doctrine@1.5.0, doctrine@^1.2.2:
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/doctrine/-/doctrine-1.5.0.tgz#379dce730f6166f76cefa4e6707a159b02c5a6fa"
+  integrity sha1-N53Ocw9hZvds76TmcHoVmwLFpvo=
+  dependencies:
+    esutils "^2.0.2"
+    isarray "^1.0.0"
+
+doctrine@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/doctrine/-/doctrine-2.1.0.tgz#5cd01fc101621b42c4cd7f5d1a66243716d3f39d"
+  integrity sha512-35mSku4ZXK0vfCuHEDAwt55dg2jNajHZ1odvF+8SSr82EsZY4QmXfuWso8oEd8zRhVObSN18aM0CjSdoBX7zIw==
+  dependencies:
+    esutils "^2.0.2"
+
+dom-serialize@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/dom-serialize/-/dom-serialize-2.2.1.tgz#562ae8999f44be5ea3076f5419dcd59eb43ac95b"
+  integrity sha1-ViromZ9Evl6jB29UGdzVnrQ6yVs=
+  dependencies:
+    custom-event "~1.0.0"
+    ent "~2.2.0"
+    extend "^3.0.0"
+    void-elements "^2.0.0"
+
+domain-browser@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/domain-browser/-/domain-browser-1.2.0.tgz#3d31f50191a6749dd1375a7f522e823d42e54eda"
+  integrity sha512-jnjyiM6eRyZl2H+W8Q/zLMA481hzi0eszAaBUzIVnmYVDBbnLxVNnfu1HgEBvCbL+71FrxMl3E6lpKH7Ge3OXA==
+
+duplexify@^3.4.2, duplexify@^3.6.0:
+  version "3.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/duplexify/-/duplexify-3.6.1.tgz#b1a7a29c4abfd639585efaecce80d666b1e34125"
+  integrity sha512-vM58DwdnKmty+FSPzT14K9JXb90H+j5emaR4KYbr2KTIz00WHGbWOe5ghQTx233ZCLZtrGDALzKwcjEtSt35mA==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+    stream-shift "^1.0.0"
+
+ecc-jsbn@~0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ecc-jsbn/-/ecc-jsbn-0.1.2.tgz#3a83a904e54353287874c564b7549386849a98c9"
+  integrity sha1-OoOpBOVDUyh4dMVkt1SThoSamMk=
+  dependencies:
+    jsbn "~0.1.0"
+    safer-buffer "^2.1.0"
+
+ee-first@1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ee-first/-/ee-first-1.1.1.tgz#590c61156b0ae2f4f0255732a158b266bc56b21d"
+  integrity sha1-WQxhFWsK4vTwJVcyoViyZrxWsh0=
+
+electron-to-chromium@^1.3.47:
+  version "1.3.86"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/electron-to-chromium/-/electron-to-chromium-1.3.86.tgz#a45ea01da5b26500d12bca5e0f194ebb3e1fd14e"
+  integrity sha512-BcmXOu37FCPxrrh0wyKgKi5dAjIu2ohxN5ptapkLPKRC3IBK2NeIwh9n1x/8HzSRQiEKamJkDce1ZgOGgEX9iw==
+
+elliptic@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/elliptic/-/elliptic-6.4.1.tgz#c2d0b7776911b86722c632c3c06c60f2f819939a"
+  integrity sha512-BsXLz5sqX8OHcsh7CqBMztyXARmGQ3LWPtGjJi6DiJHq5C/qvi9P3OqgswKSDftbu8+IoI/QDTAm2fFnQ9SZSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.4.0"
+    brorand "^1.0.1"
+    hash.js "^1.0.0"
+    hmac-drbg "^1.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+    minimalistic-crypto-utils "^1.0.0"
+
+emojis-list@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/emojis-list/-/emojis-list-2.1.0.tgz#4daa4d9db00f9819880c79fa457ae5b09a1fd389"
+  integrity sha1-TapNnbAPmBmIDHn6RXrlsJof04k=
+
+encodeurl@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/encodeurl/-/encodeurl-1.0.2.tgz#ad3ff4c86ec2d029322f5a02c3a9a606c95b3f59"
+  integrity sha1-rT/0yG7C0CkyL1oCw6mmBslbP1k=
+
+end-of-stream@^1.0.0, end-of-stream@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/end-of-stream/-/end-of-stream-1.4.1.tgz#ed29634d19baba463b6ce6b80a37213eab71ec43"
+  integrity sha512-1MkrZNvWTKCaigbn+W15elq2BB/L22nqrSY5DKlo3X6+vclJm8Bb5djXJBmEX6fS3+zCh/F4VBK5Z2KxJt4s2Q==
+  dependencies:
+    once "^1.4.0"
+
+engine.io-client@~3.2.0:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/engine.io-client/-/engine.io-client-3.2.1.tgz#6f54c0475de487158a1a7c77d10178708b6add36"
+  integrity sha512-y5AbkytWeM4jQr7m/koQLc5AxpRKC1hEVUb/s1FUAWEJq5AzJJ4NLvzuKPuxtDi5Mq755WuDvZ6Iv2rXj4PTzw==
+  dependencies:
+    component-emitter "1.2.1"
+    component-inherit "0.0.3"
+    debug "~3.1.0"
+    engine.io-parser "~2.1.1"
+    has-cors "1.1.0"
+    indexof "0.0.1"
+    parseqs "0.0.5"
+    parseuri "0.0.5"
+    ws "~3.3.1"
+    xmlhttprequest-ssl "~1.5.4"
+    yeast "0.1.2"
+
+engine.io-parser@~2.1.0, engine.io-parser@~2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/engine.io-parser/-/engine.io-parser-2.1.3.tgz#757ab970fbf2dfb32c7b74b033216d5739ef79a6"
+  integrity sha512-6HXPre2O4Houl7c4g7Ic/XzPnHBvaEmN90vtRO9uLmwtRqQmTOw0QMevL1TOfL2Cpu1VzsaTmMotQgMdkzGkVA==
+  dependencies:
+    after "0.8.2"
+    arraybuffer.slice "~0.0.7"
+    base64-arraybuffer "0.1.5"
+    blob "0.0.5"
+    has-binary2 "~1.0.2"
+
+engine.io@~3.2.0:
+  version "3.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/engine.io/-/engine.io-3.2.1.tgz#b60281c35484a70ee0351ea0ebff83ec8c9522a2"
+  integrity sha512-+VlKzHzMhaU+GsCIg4AoXF1UdDFjHHwMmMKqMJNDNLlUlejz58FCy4LBqB2YVJskHGYl06BatYWKP2TVdVXE5w==
+  dependencies:
+    accepts "~1.3.4"
+    base64id "1.0.0"
+    cookie "0.3.1"
+    debug "~3.1.0"
+    engine.io-parser "~2.1.0"
+    ws "~3.3.1"
+
+enhanced-resolve@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/enhanced-resolve/-/enhanced-resolve-4.1.0.tgz#41c7e0bfdfe74ac1ffe1e57ad6a5c6c9f3742a7f"
+  integrity sha512-F/7vkyTtyc/llOIn8oWclcB25KdRaiPBpZYDgJHgh/UHtpgT2p2eldQgtQnLtUvfMKPKxbRaQM/hHkvLHt1Vng==
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    memory-fs "^0.4.0"
+    tapable "^1.0.0"
+
+ensure-posix-path@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ensure-posix-path/-/ensure-posix-path-1.0.2.tgz#a65b3e42d0b71cfc585eb774f9943c8d9b91b0c2"
+  integrity sha1-pls+QtC3HPxYXrd0+ZQ8jZuRsMI=
+
+ent@~2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ent/-/ent-2.2.0.tgz#e964219325a21d05f44466a2f686ed6ce5f5dd1d"
+  integrity sha1-6WQhkyWiHQX0RGai9obtbOX13R0=
+
+errno@^0.1.3, errno@~0.1.7:
+  version "0.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/errno/-/errno-0.1.7.tgz#4684d71779ad39af177e3f007996f7c67c852618"
+  integrity sha512-MfrRBDWzIWifgq6tJj60gkAwtLNb6sQPlcFrSOflcP1aFmmruKQ2wRnze/8V6kgyz7H3FF8Npzv78mZ7XLLflg==
+  dependencies:
+    prr "~1.0.1"
+
+error-ex@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/error-ex/-/error-ex-1.3.2.tgz#b4ac40648107fdcdcfae242f428bea8a14d4f1bf"
+  integrity sha512-7dFHNmqeFSEt2ZBsCriorKnn3Z2pj+fd9kmI6QoWw4//DL+icEBfc0U7qJCisqrTsKTjw4fNFy2pW9OqStD84g==
+  dependencies:
+    is-arrayish "^0.2.1"
+
+es5-ext@^0.10.14, es5-ext@^0.10.35, es5-ext@^0.10.9, es5-ext@~0.10.14:
+  version "0.10.46"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es5-ext/-/es5-ext-0.10.46.tgz#efd99f67c5a7ec789baa3daa7f79870388f7f572"
+  integrity sha512-24XxRvJXNFwEMpJb3nOkiRJKRoupmjYmOPVlI65Qy2SrtxwOTB+g6ODjBKOtwEHbYrhWRty9xxOWLNdClT2djw==
+  dependencies:
+    es6-iterator "~2.0.3"
+    es6-symbol "~3.1.1"
+    next-tick "1"
+
+es6-iterator@^2.0.1, es6-iterator@~2.0.1, es6-iterator@~2.0.3:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es6-iterator/-/es6-iterator-2.0.3.tgz#a7de889141a05a94b0854403b2d0a0fbfa98f3b7"
+  integrity sha1-p96IkUGgWpSwhUQDstCg+/qY87c=
+  dependencies:
+    d "1"
+    es5-ext "^0.10.35"
+    es6-symbol "^3.1.1"
+
+es6-map@^0.1.3:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es6-map/-/es6-map-0.1.5.tgz#9136e0503dcc06a301690f0bb14ff4e364e949f0"
+  integrity sha1-kTbgUD3MBqMBaQ8LsU/042TpSfA=
+  dependencies:
+    d "1"
+    es5-ext "~0.10.14"
+    es6-iterator "~2.0.1"
+    es6-set "~0.1.5"
+    es6-symbol "~3.1.1"
+    event-emitter "~0.3.5"
+
+es6-promise@^4.0.3:
+  version "4.2.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es6-promise/-/es6-promise-4.2.5.tgz#da6d0d5692efb461e082c14817fe2427d8f5d054"
+  integrity sha512-n6wvpdE43VFtJq+lUDYDBFUwV8TZbuGXLV4D6wKafg13ldznKsyEvatubnmUe31zcvelSzOHF+XbaT+Bl9ObDg==
+
+es6-promisify@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es6-promisify/-/es6-promisify-5.0.0.tgz#5109d62f3e56ea967c4b63505aef08291c8a5203"
+  integrity sha1-UQnWLz5W6pZ8S2NQWu8IKRyKUgM=
+  dependencies:
+    es6-promise "^4.0.3"
+
+es6-set@~0.1.5:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es6-set/-/es6-set-0.1.5.tgz#d2b3ec5d4d800ced818db538d28974db0a73ccb1"
+  integrity sha1-0rPsXU2ADO2BjbU40ol02wpzzLE=
+  dependencies:
+    d "1"
+    es5-ext "~0.10.14"
+    es6-iterator "~2.0.1"
+    es6-symbol "3.1.1"
+    event-emitter "~0.3.5"
+
+es6-symbol@3.1.1, es6-symbol@^3.1.1, es6-symbol@~3.1.1:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es6-symbol/-/es6-symbol-3.1.1.tgz#bf00ef4fdab6ba1b46ecb7b629b4c7ed5715cc77"
+  integrity sha1-vwDvT9q2uhtG7Le2KbTH7VcVzHc=
+  dependencies:
+    d "1"
+    es5-ext "~0.10.14"
+
+es6-weak-map@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/es6-weak-map/-/es6-weak-map-2.0.2.tgz#5e3ab32251ffd1538a1f8e5ffa1357772f92d96f"
+  integrity sha1-XjqzIlH/0VOKH45f+hNXdy+S2W8=
+  dependencies:
+    d "1"
+    es5-ext "^0.10.14"
+    es6-iterator "^2.0.1"
+    es6-symbol "^3.1.1"
+
+escape-html@~1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/escape-html/-/escape-html-1.0.3.tgz#0258eae4d3d0c0974de1c169188ef0051d1d1988"
+  integrity sha1-Aljq5NPQwJdN4cFpGI7wBR0dGYg=
+
+escape-string-regexp@^1.0.2, escape-string-regexp@^1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/escape-string-regexp/-/escape-string-regexp-1.0.5.tgz#1b61c0562190a8dff6ae3bb2cf0200ca130b86d4"
+  integrity sha1-G2HAViGQqN/2rjuyzwIAyhMLhtQ=
+
+escope@^3.6.0:
+  version "3.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/escope/-/escope-3.6.0.tgz#e01975e812781a163a6dadfdd80398dc64c889c3"
+  integrity sha1-4Bl16BJ4GhY6ba392AOY3GTIicM=
+  dependencies:
+    es6-map "^0.1.3"
+    es6-weak-map "^2.0.1"
+    esrecurse "^4.1.0"
+    estraverse "^4.1.1"
+
+eslint-import-resolver-node@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-import-resolver-node/-/eslint-import-resolver-node-0.3.2.tgz#58f15fb839b8d0576ca980413476aab2472db66a"
+  integrity sha512-sfmTqJfPSizWu4aymbPr4Iidp5yKm8yDkHp+Ir3YiTHiiDfxh69mOUsmiqW6RZ9zRXFaF64GtYmN7e+8GHBv6Q==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^2.6.9"
+    resolve "^1.5.0"
+
+eslint-module-utils@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-module-utils/-/eslint-module-utils-2.2.0.tgz#b270362cd88b1a48ad308976ce7fa54e98411746"
+  integrity sha1-snA2LNiLGkitMIl2zn+lTphBF0Y=
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^2.6.8"
+    pkg-dir "^1.0.0"
+
+eslint-plugin-import@^2.7.0:
+  version "2.14.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-plugin-import/-/eslint-plugin-import-2.14.0.tgz#6b17626d2e3e6ad52cfce8807a845d15e22111a8"
+  integrity sha512-FpuRtniD/AY6sXByma2Wr0TXvXJ4nA/2/04VPlfpmUDPOpOY264x+ILiwnrk/k4RINgDAyFZByxqPUbSQ5YE7g==
+  dependencies:
+    contains-path "^0.1.0"
+    debug "^2.6.8"
+    doctrine "1.5.0"
+    eslint-import-resolver-node "^0.3.1"
+    eslint-module-utils "^2.2.0"
+    has "^1.0.1"
+    lodash "^4.17.4"
+    minimatch "^3.0.3"
+    read-pkg-up "^2.0.0"
+    resolve "^1.6.0"
+
+eslint-scope@^3.7.1:
+  version "3.7.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-scope/-/eslint-scope-3.7.3.tgz#bb507200d3d17f60247636160b4826284b108535"
+  integrity sha512-W+B0SvF4gamyCTmUc+uITPY0989iXVfKvhwtmJocTaYoc/3khEHmEmvfY/Gn9HA9VV75jrQECsHizkNw1b68FA==
+  dependencies:
+    esrecurse "^4.1.0"
+    estraverse "^4.1.1"
+
+eslint-scope@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-scope/-/eslint-scope-4.0.0.tgz#50bf3071e9338bcdc43331794a0cb533f0136172"
+  integrity sha512-1G6UTDi7Jc1ELFwnR58HV4fK9OQK4S6N985f166xqXxpjU6plxFISJa2Ba9KCQuFa8RCnj/lSFJbHo7UFDBnUA==
+  dependencies:
+    esrecurse "^4.1.0"
+    estraverse "^4.1.1"
+
+eslint-visitor-keys@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-visitor-keys/-/eslint-visitor-keys-1.0.0.tgz#3f3180fb2e291017716acb4c9d6d5b5c34a6a81d"
+  integrity sha512-qzm/XxIbxm/FHyH341ZrbnMUpe+5Bocte9xkmFMzPMjRaZMcXww+MpBptFvtU+79L362nqiLhekCxCxDPaUMBQ==
+
+eslint@^2.13.1:
+  version "2.13.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint/-/eslint-2.13.1.tgz#e4cc8fa0f009fb829aaae23855a29360be1f6c11"
+  integrity sha1-5MyPoPAJ+4KaquI4VaKTYL4fbBE=
+  dependencies:
+    chalk "^1.1.3"
+    concat-stream "^1.4.6"
+    debug "^2.1.1"
+    doctrine "^1.2.2"
+    es6-map "^0.1.3"
+    escope "^3.6.0"
+    espree "^3.1.6"
+    estraverse "^4.2.0"
+    esutils "^2.0.2"
+    file-entry-cache "^1.1.1"
+    glob "^7.0.3"
+    globals "^9.2.0"
+    ignore "^3.1.2"
+    imurmurhash "^0.1.4"
+    inquirer "^0.12.0"
+    is-my-json-valid "^2.10.0"
+    is-resolvable "^1.0.0"
+    js-yaml "^3.5.1"
+    json-stable-stringify "^1.0.0"
+    levn "^0.3.0"
+    lodash "^4.0.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.0"
+    optionator "^0.8.1"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+    path-is-inside "^1.0.1"
+    pluralize "^1.2.1"
+    progress "^1.1.8"
+    require-uncached "^1.0.2"
+    shelljs "^0.6.0"
+    strip-json-comments "~1.0.1"
+    table "^3.7.8"
+    text-table "~0.2.0"
+    user-home "^2.0.0"
+
+eslint@^4.3.0:
+  version "4.19.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint/-/eslint-4.19.1.tgz#32d1d653e1d90408854bfb296f076ec7e186a300"
+  integrity sha512-bT3/1x1EbZB7phzYu7vCr1v3ONuzDtX8WjuM9c0iYxe+cq+pwcKEoQjl7zd3RpC6YOLgnSy3cTN58M2jcoPDIQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^5.3.0"
+    babel-code-frame "^6.22.0"
+    chalk "^2.1.0"
+    concat-stream "^1.6.0"
+    cross-spawn "^5.1.0"
+    debug "^3.1.0"
+    doctrine "^2.1.0"
+    eslint-scope "^3.7.1"
+    eslint-visitor-keys "^1.0.0"
+    espree "^3.5.4"
+    esquery "^1.0.0"
+    esutils "^2.0.2"
+    file-entry-cache "^2.0.0"
+    functional-red-black-tree "^1.0.1"
+    glob "^7.1.2"
+    globals "^11.0.1"
+    ignore "^3.3.3"
+    imurmurhash "^0.1.4"
+    inquirer "^3.0.6"
+    is-resolvable "^1.0.0"
+    js-yaml "^3.9.1"
+    json-stable-stringify-without-jsonify "^1.0.1"
+    levn "^0.3.0"
+    lodash "^4.17.4"
+    minimatch "^3.0.2"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    natural-compare "^1.4.0"
+    optionator "^0.8.2"
+    path-is-inside "^1.0.2"
+    pluralize "^7.0.0"
+    progress "^2.0.0"
+    regexpp "^1.0.1"
+    require-uncached "^1.0.3"
+    semver "^5.3.0"
+    strip-ansi "^4.0.0"
+    strip-json-comments "~2.0.1"
+    table "4.0.2"
+    text-table "~0.2.0"
+
+espree@^3.1.6, espree@^3.5.4:
+  version "3.5.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/espree/-/espree-3.5.4.tgz#b0f447187c8a8bed944b815a660bddf5deb5d1a7"
+  integrity sha512-yAcIQxtmMiB/jL32dzEp2enBeidsB7xWPLNiw3IIkpVds1P+h7qF9YwJq1yUNzp2OKXgAprs4F61ih66UsoD1A==
+  dependencies:
+    acorn "^5.5.0"
+    acorn-jsx "^3.0.0"
+
+esprima@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esprima/-/esprima-4.0.1.tgz#13b04cdb3e6c5d19df91ab6987a8695619b0aa71"
+  integrity sha512-eGuFFw7Upda+g4p+QHvnW0RyTX/SVeJBDM/gCtMARO0cLuT2HcEKnTPvhjV6aGeqrCB/sbNop0Kszm0jsaWU4A==
+
+esquery@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esquery/-/esquery-1.0.1.tgz#406c51658b1f5991a5f9b62b1dc25b00e3e5c708"
+  integrity sha512-SmiyZ5zIWH9VM+SRUReLS5Q8a7GxtRdxEBVZpm98rJM7Sb+A9DVCndXfkeFUd3byderg+EbDkfnevfCwynWaNA==
+  dependencies:
+    estraverse "^4.0.0"
+
+esrecurse@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esrecurse/-/esrecurse-4.2.1.tgz#007a3b9fdbc2b3bb87e4879ea19c92fdbd3942cf"
+  integrity sha512-64RBB++fIOAXPw3P9cy89qfMlvZEXZkqqJkjqqXIvzP5ezRZjW+lPWjw35UX/3EhUPFYbg5ER4JYgDw4007/DQ==
+  dependencies:
+    estraverse "^4.1.0"
+
+estraverse@^4.0.0, estraverse@^4.1.0, estraverse@^4.1.1, estraverse@^4.2.0:
+  version "4.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/estraverse/-/estraverse-4.2.0.tgz#0dee3fed31fcd469618ce7342099fc1afa0bdb13"
+  integrity sha1-De4/7TH81GlhjOc0IJn8GvoL2xM=
+
+estree-walker@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/estree-walker/-/estree-walker-0.2.1.tgz#bdafe8095383d8414d5dc2ecf4c9173b6db9412e"
+  integrity sha1-va/oCVOD2EFNXcLs9MkXO225QS4=
+
+estree-walker@^0.5.2:
+  version "0.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/estree-walker/-/estree-walker-0.5.2.tgz#d3850be7529c9580d815600b53126515e146dd39"
+  integrity sha512-XpCnW/AE10ws/kDAs37cngSkvgIR8aN3G0MS85m7dUpuK2EREo9VJ00uvw6Dg/hXEpfsE1I1TvJOJr+Z+TL+ig==
+
+esutils@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/esutils/-/esutils-2.0.2.tgz#0abf4f1caa5bcb1f7a9d8acc6dea4faaa04bac9b"
+  integrity sha1-Cr9PHKpbyx96nYrMbepPqqBLrJs=
+
+event-emitter@~0.3.5:
+  version "0.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/event-emitter/-/event-emitter-0.3.5.tgz#df8c69eef1647923c7157b9ce83840610b02cc39"
+  integrity sha1-34xp7vFkeSPHFXuc6DhAYQsCzDk=
+  dependencies:
+    d "1"
+    es5-ext "~0.10.14"
+
+eventemitter3@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eventemitter3/-/eventemitter3-3.1.0.tgz#090b4d6cdbd645ed10bf750d4b5407942d7ba163"
+  integrity sha512-ivIvhpq/Y0uSjcHDcOIccjmYjGLcP09MFGE7ysAwkAvkXfpZlC985pH2/ui64DKazbTW/4kN3yqozUxlXzI6cA==
+
+events@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/events/-/events-1.1.1.tgz#9ebdb7635ad099c70dcc4c2a1f5004288e8bd924"
+  integrity sha1-nr23Y1rQmccNzEwqH1AEKI6L2SQ=
+
+evp_bytestokey@^1.0.0, evp_bytestokey@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/evp_bytestokey/-/evp_bytestokey-1.0.3.tgz#7fcbdb198dc71959432efe13842684e0525acb02"
+  integrity sha512-/f2Go4TognH/KvCISP7OUsHn85hT9nUkxxA9BEWxFn+Oj9o8ZNLm/40hdlgSLyuOimsrTKLUMEorQexp/aPQeA==
+  dependencies:
+    md5.js "^1.3.4"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.1"
+
+exec-sh@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/exec-sh/-/exec-sh-0.2.2.tgz#2a5e7ffcbd7d0ba2755bdecb16e5a427dfbdec36"
+  integrity sha512-FIUCJz1RbuS0FKTdaAafAByGS0CPvU3R0MeHxgtl+djzCc//F8HakL8GzmVNZanasTbTAY/3DRFA0KpVqj/eAw==
+  dependencies:
+    merge "^1.2.0"
+
+exec-sh@^0.3.2:
+  version "0.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/exec-sh/-/exec-sh-0.3.2.tgz#6738de2eb7c8e671d0366aea0b0db8c6f7d7391b"
+  integrity sha512-9sLAvzhI5nc8TpuQUh4ahMdCrWT00wPWz7j47/emR5+2qEfoZP5zzUXvx+vdx+H6ohhnsYC31iX04QLYJK8zTg==
+
+execa@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/execa/-/execa-1.0.0.tgz#c6236a5bb4df6d6f15e88e7f017798216749ddd8"
+  integrity sha512-adbxcyWV46qiHyvSp50TKt05tB4tK3HcmF7/nxfAdhnox83seTDbwnaqKO4sXRy7roHAIFqJP/Rw/AuEbX61LA==
+  dependencies:
+    cross-spawn "^6.0.0"
+    get-stream "^4.0.0"
+    is-stream "^1.1.0"
+    npm-run-path "^2.0.0"
+    p-finally "^1.0.0"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.0"
+    strip-eof "^1.0.0"
+
+exists-stat@1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/exists-stat/-/exists-stat-1.0.0.tgz#0660e3525a2e89d9e446129440c272edfa24b529"
+  integrity sha1-BmDjUlouidnkRhKUQMJy7foktSk=
+
+exit-hook@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/exit-hook/-/exit-hook-1.1.1.tgz#f05ca233b48c05d54fff07765df8507e95c02ff8"
+  integrity sha1-8FyiM7SMBdVP/wd2XfhQfpXAL/g=
+
+expand-braces@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-braces/-/expand-braces-0.1.2.tgz#488b1d1d2451cb3d3a6b192cfc030f44c5855fea"
+  integrity sha1-SIsdHSRRyz06axks/AMPRMWFX+o=
+  dependencies:
+    array-slice "^0.2.3"
+    array-unique "^0.2.1"
+    braces "^0.1.2"
+
+expand-brackets@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-brackets/-/expand-brackets-0.1.5.tgz#df07284e342a807cd733ac5af72411e581d1177b"
+  integrity sha1-3wcoTjQqgHzXM6xa9yQR5YHRF3s=
+  dependencies:
+    is-posix-bracket "^0.1.0"
+
+expand-brackets@^2.1.4:
+  version "2.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-brackets/-/expand-brackets-2.1.4.tgz#b77735e315ce30f6b6eff0f83b04151a22449622"
+  integrity sha1-t3c14xXOMPa27/D4OwQVGiJEliI=
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^2.3.3"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    posix-character-classes "^0.1.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+expand-range@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-range/-/expand-range-0.1.1.tgz#4cb8eda0993ca56fa4f41fc42f3cbb4ccadff044"
+  integrity sha1-TLjtoJk8pW+k9B/ELzy7TMrf8EQ=
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^0.1.1"
+    repeat-string "^0.2.2"
+
+expand-range@^1.8.1:
+  version "1.8.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-range/-/expand-range-1.8.2.tgz#a299effd335fe2721ebae8e257ec79644fc85337"
+  integrity sha1-opnv/TNf4nIeuujiV+x5ZE/IUzc=
+  dependencies:
+    fill-range "^2.1.0"
+
+expand-tilde@^2.0.0, expand-tilde@^2.0.2:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/expand-tilde/-/expand-tilde-2.0.2.tgz#97e801aa052df02454de46b02bf621642cdc8502"
+  integrity sha1-l+gBqgUt8CRU3kawK/YhZCzchQI=
+  dependencies:
+    homedir-polyfill "^1.0.1"
+
+extend-shallow@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend-shallow/-/extend-shallow-2.0.1.tgz#51af7d614ad9a9f610ea1bafbb989d6b1c56890f"
+  integrity sha1-Ua99YUrZqfYQ6huvu5idaxxWiQ8=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extendable "^0.1.0"
+
+extend-shallow@^3.0.0, extend-shallow@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend-shallow/-/extend-shallow-3.0.2.tgz#26a71aaf073b39fb2127172746131c2704028db8"
+  integrity sha1-Jqcarwc7OfshJxcnRhMcJwQCjbg=
+  dependencies:
+    assign-symbols "^1.0.0"
+    is-extendable "^1.0.1"
+
+extend@^3.0.0, extend@~3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extend/-/extend-3.0.2.tgz#f8b1136b4071fbd8eb140aff858b1019ec2915fa"
+  integrity sha512-fjquC59cD7CyW6urNXK0FBufkZcoiGG80wTuPujX590cB5Ttln20E2UB4S/WARVqhXffZl2LNgS+gQdPIIim/g==
+
+external-editor@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/external-editor/-/external-editor-2.2.0.tgz#045511cfd8d133f3846673d1047c154e214ad3d5"
+  integrity sha512-bSn6gvGxKt+b7+6TKEv1ZycHleA7aHhRHyAqJyp5pbUFuYYNIzpZnQDk7AsYckyWdEnTeAnay0aCy2aV6iTk9A==
+  dependencies:
+    chardet "^0.4.0"
+    iconv-lite "^0.4.17"
+    tmp "^0.0.33"
+
+extglob@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extglob/-/extglob-0.3.2.tgz#2e18ff3d2f49ab2765cec9023f011daa8d8349a1"
+  integrity sha1-Lhj/PS9JqydlzskCPwEdqo2DSaE=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extglob "^1.0.0"
+
+extglob@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extglob/-/extglob-2.0.4.tgz#ad00fe4dc612a9232e8718711dc5cb5ab0285543"
+  integrity sha512-Nmb6QXkELsuBr24CJSkilo6UHHgbekK5UiZgfE6UHD3Eb27YC6oD+bhcT+tJ6cl8dmsgdQxnWlcry8ksBIBLpw==
+  dependencies:
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    expand-brackets "^2.1.4"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+extsprintf@1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extsprintf/-/extsprintf-1.3.0.tgz#96918440e3041a7a414f8c52e3c574eb3c3e1e05"
+  integrity sha1-lpGEQOMEGnpBT4xS48V06zw+HgU=
+
+extsprintf@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/extsprintf/-/extsprintf-1.4.0.tgz#e2689f8f356fad62cca65a3a91c5df5f9551692f"
+  integrity sha1-4mifjzVvrWLMplo6kcXfX5VRaS8=
+
+fast-deep-equal@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-deep-equal/-/fast-deep-equal-1.1.0.tgz#c053477817c86b51daa853c81e059b733d023614"
+  integrity sha1-wFNHeBfIa1HaqFPIHgWbcz0CNhQ=
+
+fast-deep-equal@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-deep-equal/-/fast-deep-equal-2.0.1.tgz#7b05218ddf9667bf7f370bf7fdb2cb15fdd0aa49"
+  integrity sha1-ewUhjd+WZ79/Nwv3/bLLFf3Qqkk=
+
+fast-json-stable-stringify@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-json-stable-stringify/-/fast-json-stable-stringify-2.0.0.tgz#d5142c0caee6b1189f87d3a76111064f86c8bbf2"
+  integrity sha1-1RQsDK7msRifh9OnYREGT4bIu/I=
+
+fast-levenshtein@~2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fast-levenshtein/-/fast-levenshtein-2.0.6.tgz#3d8a5c66883a16a30ca8643e851f19baa7797917"
+  integrity sha1-PYpcZog6FqMMqGQ+hR8Zuqd5eRc=
+
+fb-watchman@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fb-watchman/-/fb-watchman-2.0.0.tgz#54e9abf7dfa2f26cd9b1636c588c1afc05de5d58"
+  integrity sha1-VOmr99+i8mzZsWNsWIwa/AXeXVg=
+  dependencies:
+    bser "^2.0.0"
+
+figgy-pudding@^3.1.0, figgy-pudding@^3.5.1:
+  version "3.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/figgy-pudding/-/figgy-pudding-3.5.1.tgz#862470112901c727a0e495a80744bd5baa1d6790"
+  integrity sha512-vNKxJHTEKNThjfrdJwHc7brvM6eVevuO5nTj6ez8ZQ1qbXTvGthucRF7S4vf2cr71QVnT70V34v0S1DyQsti0w==
+
+figures@^1.3.5:
+  version "1.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/figures/-/figures-1.7.0.tgz#cbe1e3affcf1cd44b80cadfed28dc793a9701d2e"
+  integrity sha1-y+Hjr/zxzUS4DK3+0o3Hk6lwHS4=
+  dependencies:
+    escape-string-regexp "^1.0.5"
+    object-assign "^4.1.0"
+
+figures@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/figures/-/figures-2.0.0.tgz#3ab1a2d2a62c8bfb431a0c94cb797a2fce27c962"
+  integrity sha1-OrGi0qYsi/tDGgyUy3l6L84nyWI=
+  dependencies:
+    escape-string-regexp "^1.0.5"
+
+file-entry-cache@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/file-entry-cache/-/file-entry-cache-1.3.1.tgz#44c61ea607ae4be9c1402f41f44270cbfe334ff8"
+  integrity sha1-RMYepgeuS+nBQC9B9EJwy/4zT/g=
+  dependencies:
+    flat-cache "^1.2.1"
+    object-assign "^4.0.1"
+
+file-entry-cache@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/file-entry-cache/-/file-entry-cache-2.0.0.tgz#c392990c3e684783d838b8c84a45d8a048458361"
+  integrity sha1-w5KZDD5oR4PYOLjISkXYoEhFg2E=
+  dependencies:
+    flat-cache "^1.2.1"
+    object-assign "^4.0.1"
+
+filename-regex@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/filename-regex/-/filename-regex-2.0.1.tgz#c1c4b9bee3e09725ddb106b75c1e301fe2f18b26"
+  integrity sha1-wcS5vuPglyXdsQa3XB4wH+LxiyY=
+
+fill-range@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fill-range/-/fill-range-2.2.4.tgz#eb1e773abb056dcd8df2bfdf6af59b8b3a936565"
+  integrity sha512-cnrcCbj01+j2gTG921VZPnHbjmdAf8oQV/iGeV2kZxGSyfYjjTyY79ErsK1WJWMpw6DaApEX72binqJE+/d+5Q==
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^2.1.0"
+    isobject "^2.0.0"
+    randomatic "^3.0.0"
+    repeat-element "^1.1.2"
+    repeat-string "^1.5.2"
+
+fill-range@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fill-range/-/fill-range-4.0.0.tgz#d544811d428f98eb06a63dc402d2403c328c38f7"
+  integrity sha1-1USBHUKPmOsGpj3EAtJAPDKMOPc=
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    repeat-string "^1.6.1"
+    to-regex-range "^2.1.0"
+
+finalhandler@1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/finalhandler/-/finalhandler-1.1.0.tgz#ce0b6855b45853e791b2fcc680046d88253dd7f5"
+  integrity sha1-zgtoVbRYU+eRsvzGgARtiCU91/U=
+  dependencies:
+    debug "2.6.9"
+    encodeurl "~1.0.1"
+    escape-html "~1.0.3"
+    on-finished "~2.3.0"
+    parseurl "~1.3.2"
+    statuses "~1.3.1"
+    unpipe "~1.0.0"
+
+find-cache-dir@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-cache-dir/-/find-cache-dir-2.0.0.tgz#4c1faed59f45184530fb9d7fa123a4d04a98472d"
+  integrity sha512-LDUY6V1Xs5eFskUVYtIwatojt6+9xC9Chnlk/jYOOvn3FAFfSaWddxahDGyNHh0b2dMXa6YW2m0tk8TdVaXHlA==
+  dependencies:
+    commondir "^1.0.1"
+    make-dir "^1.0.0"
+    pkg-dir "^3.0.0"
+
+find-up@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-up/-/find-up-1.1.2.tgz#6b2e9822b1a2ce0a60ab64d610eccad53cb24d0f"
+  integrity sha1-ay6YIrGizgpgq2TWEOzK1TyyTQ8=
+  dependencies:
+    path-exists "^2.0.0"
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+find-up@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-up/-/find-up-2.1.0.tgz#45d1b7e506c717ddd482775a2b77920a3c0c57a7"
+  integrity sha1-RdG35QbHF93UgndaK3eSCjwMV6c=
+  dependencies:
+    locate-path "^2.0.0"
+
+find-up@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/find-up/-/find-up-3.0.0.tgz#49169f1d7993430646da61ecc5ae355c21c97b73"
+  integrity sha512-1yD6RmLI1XBfxugvORwlck6f75tYL+iR0jqwsOrOxMZyGYqUuDhJ0l4AXdO1iX/FTs9cBAMEk1gWSEx1kSbylg==
+  dependencies:
+    locate-path "^3.0.0"
+
+findup-sync@2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/findup-sync/-/findup-sync-2.0.0.tgz#9326b1488c22d1a6088650a86901b2d9a90a2cbc"
+  integrity sha1-kyaxSIwi0aYIhlCoaQGy2akKLLw=
+  dependencies:
+    detect-file "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^3.1.0"
+    micromatch "^3.0.4"
+    resolve-dir "^1.0.1"
+
+flat-cache@^1.2.1:
+  version "1.3.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flat-cache/-/flat-cache-1.3.4.tgz#2c2ef77525cc2929007dfffa1dd314aa9c9dee6f"
+  integrity sha512-VwyB3Lkgacfik2vhqR4uv2rvebqmDvFu4jlN/C1RzWoJEo8I7z4Q404oiqYCkq41mni8EzQnm95emU9seckwtg==
+  dependencies:
+    circular-json "^0.3.1"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    rimraf "~2.6.2"
+    write "^0.2.1"
+
+flatted@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flatted/-/flatted-2.0.0.tgz#55122b6536ea496b4b44893ee2608141d10d9916"
+  integrity sha512-R+H8IZclI8AAkSBRQJLVOsxwAoHd6WC40b4QTNWIjzAa6BXOBfQcM587MXDTVPeYaopFNWHUFLx7eNmHDSxMWg==
+
+flush-write-stream@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flush-write-stream/-/flush-write-stream-1.0.3.tgz#c5d586ef38af6097650b49bc41b55fabb19f35bd"
+  integrity sha512-calZMC10u0FMUqoiunI2AiGIIUtUIvifNwkHhNupZH4cbNnW1Itkoh/Nf5HFYmDrwWPjrUxpkZT0KhuCq0jmGw==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.4"
+
+follow-redirects@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.5.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/follow-redirects/-/follow-redirects-1.5.10.tgz#7b7a9f9aea2fdff36786a94ff643ed07f4ff5e2a"
+  integrity sha512-0V5l4Cizzvqt5D44aTXbFZz+FtyXV1vrDN6qrelxtfYQKW0KO0W2T/hkE8xvGa/540LkZlkaUjO4ailYTFtHVQ==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "=3.1.0"
+
+for-in@^1.0.1, for-in@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/for-in/-/for-in-1.0.2.tgz#81068d295a8142ec0ac726c6e2200c30fb6d5e80"
+  integrity sha1-gQaNKVqBQuwKxybG4iAMMPttXoA=
+
+for-own@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/for-own/-/for-own-0.1.5.tgz#5265c681a4f294dabbf17c9509b6763aa84510ce"
+  integrity sha1-UmXGgaTylNq78XyVCbZ2OqhFEM4=
+  dependencies:
+    for-in "^1.0.1"
+
+forever-agent@~0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/forever-agent/-/forever-agent-0.6.1.tgz#fbc71f0c41adeb37f96c577ad1ed42d8fdacca91"
+  integrity sha1-+8cfDEGt6zf5bFd60e1C2P2sypE=
+
+form-data@~2.3.2:
+  version "2.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/form-data/-/form-data-2.3.3.tgz#dcce52c05f644f298c6a7ab936bd724ceffbf3a6"
+  integrity sha512-1lLKB2Mu3aGP1Q/2eCOx0fNbRMe7XdwktwOruhfqqd0rIJWwN4Dh+E3hrPSlDCXnSR7UtZ1N38rVXm+6+MEhJQ==
+  dependencies:
+    asynckit "^0.4.0"
+    combined-stream "^1.0.6"
+    mime-types "^2.1.12"
+
+fragment-cache@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fragment-cache/-/fragment-cache-0.2.1.tgz#4290fad27f13e89be7f33799c6bc5a0abfff0d19"
+  integrity sha1-QpD60n8T6Jvn8zeZxrxaCr//DRk=
+  dependencies:
+    map-cache "^0.2.2"
+
+from2@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/from2/-/from2-2.3.0.tgz#8bfb5502bde4a4d36cfdeea007fcca21d7e382af"
+  integrity sha1-i/tVAr3kpNNs/e6gB/zKIdfjgq8=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"
+
+fs-access@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs-access/-/fs-access-1.0.1.tgz#d6a87f262271cefebec30c553407fb995da8777a"
+  integrity sha1-1qh/JiJxzv6+wwxVNAf7mV2od3o=
+  dependencies:
+    null-check "^1.0.0"
+
+fs-constants@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs-constants/-/fs-constants-1.0.0.tgz#6be0de9be998ce16af8afc24497b9ee9b7ccd9ad"
+  integrity sha512-y6OAwoSIf7FyjMIv94u+b5rdheZEjzR63GTyZJm5qh4Bi+2YgwLCcI/fPFZkL5PSixOt6ZNKm+w+Hfp/Bciwow==
+
+fs-minipass@^1.2.5:
+  version "1.2.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs-minipass/-/fs-minipass-1.2.5.tgz#06c277218454ec288df77ada54a03b8702aacb9d"
+  integrity sha512-JhBl0skXjUPCFH7x6x61gQxrKyXsxB5gcgePLZCwfyCGGsTISMoIeObbrvVeP6Xmyaudw4TT43qV2Gz+iyd2oQ==
+  dependencies:
+    minipass "^2.2.1"
+
+fs-write-stream-atomic@^1.0.8:
+  version "1.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs-write-stream-atomic/-/fs-write-stream-atomic-1.0.10.tgz#b47df53493ef911df75731e70a9ded0189db40c9"
+  integrity sha1-tH31NJPvkR33VzHnCp3tAYnbQMk=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    iferr "^0.1.5"
+    imurmurhash "^0.1.4"
+    readable-stream "1 || 2"
+
+fs.realpath@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fs.realpath/-/fs.realpath-1.0.0.tgz#1504ad2523158caa40db4a2787cb01411994ea4f"
+  integrity sha1-FQStJSMVjKpA20onh8sBQRmU6k8=
+
+fsevents@^1.2.2:
+  version "1.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fsevents/-/fsevents-1.2.4.tgz#f41dcb1af2582af3692da36fc55cbd8e1041c426"
+  integrity sha512-z8H8/diyk76B7q5wg+Ud0+CqzcAF3mBBI/bA5ne5zrRUUIvNkJY//D3BqyH571KuAC4Nr7Rw7CjWX4r0y9DvNg==
+  dependencies:
+    nan "^2.9.2"
+    node-pre-gyp "^0.10.0"
+
+function-bind@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/function-bind/-/function-bind-1.1.1.tgz#a56899d3ea3c9bab874bb9773b7c5ede92f4895d"
+  integrity sha512-yIovAzMX49sF8Yl58fSCWJ5svSLuaibPxXQJFLmBObTuCr0Mf1KiPopGM9NiFjiYBCbfaa2Fh6breQ6ANVTI0A==
+
+functional-red-black-tree@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/functional-red-black-tree/-/functional-red-black-tree-1.0.1.tgz#1b0ab3bd553b2a0d6399d29c0e3ea0b252078327"
+  integrity sha1-GwqzvVU7Kg1jmdKcDj6gslIHgyc=
+
+gauge@~2.7.3:
+  version "2.7.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/gauge/-/gauge-2.7.4.tgz#2c03405c7538c39d7eb37b317022e325fb018bf7"
+  integrity sha1-LANAXHU4w51+s3sxcCLjJfsBi/c=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.0.3"
+    console-control-strings "^1.0.0"
+    has-unicode "^2.0.0"
+    object-assign "^4.1.0"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.0"
+    string-width "^1.0.1"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.1"
+    wide-align "^1.1.0"
+
+generate-function@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/generate-function/-/generate-function-2.3.1.tgz#f069617690c10c868e73b8465746764f97c3479f"
+  integrity sha512-eeB5GfMNeevm/GRYq20ShmsaGcmI81kIX2K9XQx5miC8KdHaC6Jm0qQ8ZNeGOi7wYB8OsdxKs+Y2oVuTFuVwKQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-property "^1.0.2"
+
+generate-object-property@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/generate-object-property/-/generate-object-property-1.2.0.tgz#9c0e1c40308ce804f4783618b937fa88f99d50d0"
+  integrity sha1-nA4cQDCM6AT0eDYYuTf6iPmdUNA=
+  dependencies:
+    is-property "^1.0.0"
+
+get-stream@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-stream/-/get-stream-4.1.0.tgz#c1b255575f3dc21d59bfc79cd3d2b46b1c3a54b5"
+  integrity sha512-GMat4EJ5161kIy2HevLlr4luNjBgvmj413KaQA7jt4V8B4RDsfpHk7WQ9GVqfYyyx8OS/L66Kox+rJRNklLK7w==
+  dependencies:
+    pump "^3.0.0"
+
+get-value@^2.0.3, get-value@^2.0.6:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/get-value/-/get-value-2.0.6.tgz#dc15ca1c672387ca76bd37ac0a395ba2042a2c28"
+  integrity sha1-3BXKHGcjh8p2vTesCjlbogQqLCg=
+
+getpass@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/getpass/-/getpass-0.1.7.tgz#5eff8e3e684d569ae4cb2b1282604e8ba62149fa"
+  integrity sha1-Xv+OPmhNVprkyysSgmBOi6YhSfo=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+
+glob-base@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob-base/-/glob-base-0.3.0.tgz#dbb164f6221b1c0b1ccf82aea328b497df0ea3c4"
+  integrity sha1-27Fk9iIbHAscz4Kuoyi0l98Oo8Q=
+  dependencies:
+    glob-parent "^2.0.0"
+    is-glob "^2.0.0"
+
+glob-parent@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob-parent/-/glob-parent-2.0.0.tgz#81383d72db054fcccf5336daa902f182f6edbb28"
+  integrity sha1-gTg9ctsFT8zPUzbaqQLxgvbtuyg=
+  dependencies:
+    is-glob "^2.0.0"
+
+glob-parent@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob-parent/-/glob-parent-3.1.0.tgz#9e6af6299d8d3bd2bd40430832bd113df906c5ae"
+  integrity sha1-nmr2KZ2NO9K9QEMIMr0RPfkGxa4=
+  dependencies:
+    is-glob "^3.1.0"
+    path-dirname "^1.0.0"
+
+glob@^7.0.0, glob@^7.0.3, glob@^7.0.5, glob@^7.0.6, glob@^7.1.1, glob@^7.1.2:
+  version "7.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/glob/-/glob-7.1.3.tgz#3960832d3f1574108342dafd3a67b332c0969df1"
+  integrity sha512-vcfuiIxogLV4DlGBHIUOwI0IbrJ8HWPc4MU7HzviGeNho/UJDfi6B5p3sHeWIQ0KGIU0Jpxi5ZHxemQfLkkAwQ==
+  dependencies:
+    fs.realpath "^1.0.0"
+    inflight "^1.0.4"
+    inherits "2"
+    minimatch "^3.0.4"
+    once "^1.3.0"
+    path-is-absolute "^1.0.0"
+
+global-modules@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/global-modules/-/global-modules-1.0.0.tgz#6d770f0eb523ac78164d72b5e71a8877265cc3ea"
+  integrity sha512-sKzpEkf11GpOFuw0Zzjzmt4B4UZwjOcG757PPvrfhxcLFbq0wpsgpOqxpxtxFiCG4DtG93M6XRVbF2oGdev7bg==
+  dependencies:
+    global-prefix "^1.0.1"
+    is-windows "^1.0.1"
+    resolve-dir "^1.0.0"
+
+global-prefix@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/global-prefix/-/global-prefix-1.0.2.tgz#dbf743c6c14992593c655568cb66ed32c0122ebe"
+  integrity sha1-2/dDxsFJklk8ZVVoy2btMsASLr4=
+  dependencies:
+    expand-tilde "^2.0.2"
+    homedir-polyfill "^1.0.1"
+    ini "^1.3.4"
+    is-windows "^1.0.1"
+    which "^1.2.14"
+
+globals@^11.0.1:
+  version "11.9.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/globals/-/globals-11.9.0.tgz#bde236808e987f290768a93d065060d78e6ab249"
+  integrity sha512-5cJVtyXWH8PiJPVLZzzoIizXx944O4OmRro5MWKx5fT4MgcN7OfaMutPeaTdJCCURwbWdhhcCWcKIffPnmTzBg==
+
+globals@^9.18.0, globals@^9.2.0:
+  version "9.18.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/globals/-/globals-9.18.0.tgz#aa3896b3e69b487f17e31ed2143d69a8e30c2d8a"
+  integrity sha512-S0nG3CLEQiY/ILxqtztTWH/3iRRdyBLw6KMDxnKMchrtbj2OFmehVh0WUCfW3DUrIgx/qFrJPICrq4Z4sTR9UQ==
+
+graceful-fs@^4.1.0, graceful-fs@^4.1.11, graceful-fs@^4.1.2:
+  version "4.1.15"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/graceful-fs/-/graceful-fs-4.1.15.tgz#ffb703e1066e8a0eeaa4c8b80ba9253eeefbfb00"
+  integrity sha512-6uHUhOPEBgQ24HM+r6b/QwWfZq+yiFcipKFrOFiBEnWdy5sdzYoi+pJeQaPI5qOLRFqWmAXUPQNsielzdLoecA==
+
+har-schema@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/har-schema/-/har-schema-2.0.0.tgz#a94c2224ebcac04782a0d9035521f24735b7ec92"
+  integrity sha1-qUwiJOvKwEeCoNkDVSHyRzW37JI=
+
+har-validator@~5.1.0:
+  version "5.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/har-validator/-/har-validator-5.1.3.tgz#1ef89ebd3e4996557675eed9893110dc350fa080"
+  integrity sha512-sNvOCzEQNr/qrvJgc3UG/kD4QtlHycrzwS+6mfTrrSq97BvaYcPZZI1ZSqGSPR73Cxn4LKTD4PttRwfU7jWq5g==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^6.5.5"
+    har-schema "^2.0.0"
+
+has-ansi@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-ansi/-/has-ansi-2.0.0.tgz#34f5049ce1ecdf2b0649af3ef24e45ed35416d91"
+  integrity sha1-NPUEnOHs3ysGSa8+8k5F7TVBbZE=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^2.0.0"
+
+has-binary2@~1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-binary2/-/has-binary2-1.0.3.tgz#7776ac627f3ea77250cfc332dab7ddf5e4f5d11d"
+  integrity sha512-G1LWKhDSvhGeAQ8mPVQlqNcOB2sJdwATtZKl2pDKKHfpf/rYj24lkinxf69blJbnsvtqqNU+L3SL50vzZhXOnw==
+  dependencies:
+    isarray "2.0.1"
+
+has-cors@1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-cors/-/has-cors-1.1.0.tgz#5e474793f7ea9843d1bb99c23eef49ff126fff39"
+  integrity sha1-XkdHk/fqmEPRu5nCPu9J/xJv/zk=
+
+has-flag@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-flag/-/has-flag-3.0.0.tgz#b5d454dc2199ae225699f3467e5a07f3b955bafd"
+  integrity sha1-tdRU3CGZriJWmfNGfloH87lVuv0=
+
+has-unicode@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-unicode/-/has-unicode-2.0.1.tgz#e0e6fe6a28cf51138855e086d1691e771de2a8b9"
+  integrity sha1-4Ob+aijPUROIVeCG0Wkedx3iqLk=
+
+has-value@^0.3.1:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-value/-/has-value-0.3.1.tgz#7b1f58bada62ca827ec0a2078025654845995e1f"
+  integrity sha1-ex9YutpiyoJ+wKIHgCVlSEWZXh8=
+  dependencies:
+    get-value "^2.0.3"
+    has-values "^0.1.4"
+    isobject "^2.0.0"
+
+has-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-value/-/has-value-1.0.0.tgz#18b281da585b1c5c51def24c930ed29a0be6b177"
+  integrity sha1-GLKB2lhbHFxR3vJMkw7SmgvmsXc=
+  dependencies:
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    has-values "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+has-values@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-values/-/has-values-0.1.4.tgz#6d61de95d91dfca9b9a02089ad384bff8f62b771"
+  integrity sha1-bWHeldkd/Km5oCCJrThL/49it3E=
+
+has-values@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-values/-/has-values-1.0.0.tgz#95b0b63fec2146619a6fe57fe75628d5a39efe4f"
+  integrity sha1-lbC2P+whRmGab+V/51Yo1aOe/k8=
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    kind-of "^4.0.0"
+
+has@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has/-/has-1.0.3.tgz#722d7cbfc1f6aa8241f16dd814e011e1f41e8796"
+  integrity sha512-f2dvO0VU6Oej7RkWJGrehjbzMAjFp5/VKPp5tTpWIV4JHHZK1/BxbFRtf/siA2SWTe09caDmVtYYzWEIbBS4zw==
+  dependencies:
+    function-bind "^1.1.1"
+
+hash-base@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hash-base/-/hash-base-3.0.4.tgz#5fc8686847ecd73499403319a6b0a3f3f6ae4918"
+  integrity sha1-X8hoaEfs1zSZQDMZprCj8/auSRg=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+hash.js@^1.0.0, hash.js@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.1.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hash.js/-/hash.js-1.1.7.tgz#0babca538e8d4ee4a0f8988d68866537a003cf42"
+  integrity sha512-taOaskGt4z4SOANNseOviYDvjEJinIkRgmp7LbKP2YTTmVxWBl87s/uzK9r+44BclBSp2X7K1hqeNfz9JbBeXA==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.1"
+
+hmac-drbg@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hmac-drbg/-/hmac-drbg-1.0.1.tgz#d2745701025a6c775a6c545793ed502fc0c649a1"
+  integrity sha1-0nRXAQJabHdabFRXk+1QL8DGSaE=
+  dependencies:
+    hash.js "^1.0.3"
+    minimalistic-assert "^1.0.0"
+    minimalistic-crypto-utils "^1.0.1"
+
+home-or-tmp@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/home-or-tmp/-/home-or-tmp-2.0.0.tgz#e36c3f2d2cae7d746a857e38d18d5f32a7882db8"
+  integrity sha1-42w/LSyufXRqhX440Y1fMqeILbg=
+  dependencies:
+    os-homedir "^1.0.0"
+    os-tmpdir "^1.0.1"
+
+homedir-polyfill@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/homedir-polyfill/-/homedir-polyfill-1.0.1.tgz#4c2bbc8a758998feebf5ed68580f76d46768b4bc"
+  integrity sha1-TCu8inWJmP7r9e1oWA921GdotLw=
+  dependencies:
+    parse-passwd "^1.0.0"
+
+hosted-git-info@^2.1.4:
+  version "2.7.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hosted-git-info/-/hosted-git-info-2.7.1.tgz#97f236977bd6e125408930ff6de3eec6281ec047"
+  integrity sha512-7T/BxH19zbcCTa8XkMlbK5lTo1WtgkFi3GvdWEyNuc4Vex7/9Dqbnpsf4JMydcfj9HCg4zUWFTL3Za6lapg5/w==
+
+http-errors@1.6.3, http-errors@~1.6.3:
+  version "1.6.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-errors/-/http-errors-1.6.3.tgz#8b55680bb4be283a0b5bf4ea2e38580be1d9320d"
+  integrity sha1-i1VoC7S+KDoLW/TqLjhYC+HZMg0=
+  dependencies:
+    depd "~1.1.2"
+    inherits "2.0.3"
+    setprototypeof "1.1.0"
+    statuses ">= 1.4.0 < 2"
+
+http-proxy@^1.13.0:
+  version "1.17.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-proxy/-/http-proxy-1.17.0.tgz#7ad38494658f84605e2f6db4436df410f4e5be9a"
+  integrity sha512-Taqn+3nNvYRfJ3bGvKfBSRwy1v6eePlm3oc/aWVxZp57DQr5Eq3xhKJi7Z4hZpS8PC3H4qI+Yly5EmFacGuA/g==
+  dependencies:
+    eventemitter3 "^3.0.0"
+    follow-redirects "^1.0.0"
+    requires-port "^1.0.0"
+
+http-signature@~1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/http-signature/-/http-signature-1.2.0.tgz#9aecd925114772f3d95b65a60abb8f7c18fbace1"
+  integrity sha1-muzZJRFHcvPZW2WmCruPfBj7rOE=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    jsprim "^1.2.2"
+    sshpk "^1.7.0"
+
+https-browserify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/https-browserify/-/https-browserify-1.0.0.tgz#ec06c10e0a34c0f2faf199f7fd7fc78fffd03c73"
+  integrity sha1-7AbBDgo0wPL68Zn3/X/Hj//QPHM=
+
+https-proxy-agent@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/https-proxy-agent/-/https-proxy-agent-2.2.1.tgz#51552970fa04d723e04c56d04178c3f92592bbc0"
+  integrity sha512-HPCTS1LW51bcyMYbxUIOO4HEOlQ1/1qRaFWcyxvwaqUS9TY88aoEuHUY33kuAh1YhVVaDQhLZsnPd+XNARWZlQ==
+  dependencies:
+    agent-base "^4.1.0"
+    debug "^3.1.0"
+
+iconv-lite@0.4.23:
+  version "0.4.23"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iconv-lite/-/iconv-lite-0.4.23.tgz#297871f63be507adcfbfca715d0cd0eed84e9a63"
+  integrity sha512-neyTUVFtahjf0mB3dZT77u+8O0QB89jFdnBkd5P1JgYPbPaia3gXXOVL2fq8VyU2gMMD7SaN7QukTB/pmXYvDA==
+  dependencies:
+    safer-buffer ">= 2.1.2 < 3"
+
+iconv-lite@^0.4.17, iconv-lite@^0.4.4:
+  version "0.4.24"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iconv-lite/-/iconv-lite-0.4.24.tgz#2022b4b25fbddc21d2f524974a474aafe733908b"
+  integrity sha512-v3MXnZAcvnywkTUEZomIActle7RXXeedOR31wwl7VlyoXO4Qi9arvSenNQWne1TcRwhCL1HwLI21bEqdpj8/rA==
+  dependencies:
+    safer-buffer ">= 2.1.2 < 3"
+
+ieee754@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.1.12"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.1.12.tgz#50bf24e5b9c8bb98af4964c941cdb0918da7b60b"
+  integrity sha512-GguP+DRY+pJ3soyIiGPTvdiVXjZ+DbXOxGpXn3eMvNW4x4irjqXm4wHKscC+TfxSJ0yw/S1F24tqdMNsMZTiLA==
+
+iferr@^0.1.5:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/iferr/-/iferr-0.1.5.tgz#c60eed69e6d8fdb6b3104a1fcbca1c192dc5b501"
+  integrity sha1-xg7taebY/bazEEofy8ocGS3FtQE=
+
+ignore-walk@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ignore-walk/-/ignore-walk-3.0.1.tgz#a83e62e7d272ac0e3b551aaa82831a19b69f82f8"
+  integrity sha512-DTVlMx3IYPe0/JJcYP7Gxg7ttZZu3IInhuEhbchuqneY9wWe5Ojy2mXLBaQFUQmo0AW2r3qG7m1mg86js+gnlQ==
+  dependencies:
+    minimatch "^3.0.4"
+
+ignore@^3.0.9, ignore@^3.1.2, ignore@^3.3.3:
+  version "3.3.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ignore/-/ignore-3.3.10.tgz#0a97fb876986e8081c631160f8f9f389157f0043"
+  integrity sha512-Pgs951kaMm5GXP7MOvxERINe3gsaVjUWFm+UZPSq9xYriQAksyhg0csnS0KXSNRD5NmNdapXEpjxG49+AKh/ug==
+
+imurmurhash@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/imurmurhash/-/imurmurhash-0.1.4.tgz#9218b9b2b928a238b13dc4fb6b6d576f231453ea"
+  integrity sha1-khi5srkoojixPcT7a21XbyMUU+o=
+
+indexof@0.0.1:
+  version "0.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/indexof/-/indexof-0.0.1.tgz#82dc336d232b9062179d05ab3293a66059fd435d"
+  integrity sha1-gtwzbSMrkGIXnQWrMpOmYFn9Q10=
+
+inflight@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inflight/-/inflight-1.0.6.tgz#49bd6331d7d02d0c09bc910a1075ba8165b56df9"
+  integrity sha1-Sb1jMdfQLQwJvJEKEHW6gWW1bfk=
+  dependencies:
+    once "^1.3.0"
+    wrappy "1"
+
+inherits@2, inherits@2.0.3, inherits@^2.0.1, inherits@^2.0.3, inherits@~2.0.1, inherits@~2.0.3:
+  version "2.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inherits/-/inherits-2.0.3.tgz#633c2c83e3da42a502f52466022480f4208261de"
+  integrity sha1-Yzwsg+PaQqUC9SRmAiSA9CCCYd4=
+
+inherits@2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inherits/-/inherits-2.0.1.tgz#b17d08d326b4423e568eff719f91b0b1cbdf69f1"
+  integrity sha1-sX0I0ya0Qj5Wjv9xn5GwscvfafE=
+
+ini@^1.3.4, ini@~1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ini/-/ini-1.3.5.tgz#eee25f56db1c9ec6085e0c22778083f596abf927"
+  integrity sha512-RZY5huIKCMRWDUqZlEi72f/lmXKMvuszcMBduliQ3nnWbx9X/ZBQO7DijMEYS9EhHBb2qacRUMtC7svLwe0lcw==
+
+inquirer@^0.12.0:
+  version "0.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inquirer/-/inquirer-0.12.0.tgz#1ef2bfd63504df0bc75785fff8c2c41df12f077e"
+  integrity sha1-HvK/1jUE3wvHV4X/+MLEHfEvB34=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-escapes "^1.1.0"
+    ansi-regex "^2.0.0"
+    chalk "^1.0.0"
+    cli-cursor "^1.0.1"
+    cli-width "^2.0.0"
+    figures "^1.3.5"
+    lodash "^4.3.0"
+    readline2 "^1.0.1"
+    run-async "^0.1.0"
+    rx-lite "^3.1.2"
+    string-width "^1.0.1"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.0"
+    through "^2.3.6"
+
+inquirer@^3.0.6:
+  version "3.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/inquirer/-/inquirer-3.3.0.tgz#9dd2f2ad765dcab1ff0443b491442a20ba227dc9"
+  integrity sha512-h+xtnyk4EwKvFWHrUYsWErEVR+igKtLdchu+o0Z1RL7VU/jVMFbYir2bp6bAj8efFNxWqHX0dIss6fJQ+/+qeQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-escapes "^3.0.0"
+    chalk "^2.0.0"
+    cli-cursor "^2.1.0"
+    cli-width "^2.0.0"
+    external-editor "^2.0.4"
+    figures "^2.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.3.0"
+    mute-stream "0.0.7"
+    run-async "^2.2.0"
+    rx-lite "^4.0.8"
+    rx-lite-aggregates "^4.0.8"
+    string-width "^2.1.0"
+    strip-ansi "^4.0.0"
+    through "^2.3.6"
+
+invariant@^2.2.2:
+  version "2.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/invariant/-/invariant-2.2.4.tgz#610f3c92c9359ce1db616e538008d23ff35158e6"
+  integrity sha512-phJfQVBuaJM5raOpJjSfkiD6BpbCE4Ns//LaXl6wGYtUBY83nWS6Rf9tXm2e8VaK60JEjYldbPif/A2B1C2gNA==
+  dependencies:
+    loose-envify "^1.0.0"
+
+is-accessor-descriptor@^0.1.6:
+  version "0.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-accessor-descriptor/-/is-accessor-descriptor-0.1.6.tgz#a9e12cb3ae8d876727eeef3843f8a0897b5c98d6"
+  integrity sha1-qeEss66Nh2cn7u84Q/igiXtcmNY=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-accessor-descriptor@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-accessor-descriptor/-/is-accessor-descriptor-1.0.0.tgz#169c2f6d3df1f992618072365c9b0ea1f6878656"
+  integrity sha512-m5hnHTkcVsPfqx3AKlyttIPb7J+XykHvJP2B9bZDjlhLIoEq4XoK64Vg7boZlVWYK6LUY94dYPEE7Lh0ZkZKcQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+
+is-arrayish@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-arrayish/-/is-arrayish-0.2.1.tgz#77c99840527aa8ecb1a8ba697b80645a7a926a9d"
+  integrity sha1-d8mYQFJ6qOyxqLppe4BkWnqSap0=
+
+is-binary-path@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-binary-path/-/is-binary-path-1.0.1.tgz#75f16642b480f187a711c814161fd3a4a7655898"
+  integrity sha1-dfFmQrSA8YenEcgUFh/TpKdlWJg=
+  dependencies:
+    binary-extensions "^1.0.0"
+
+is-buffer@^1.1.5:
+  version "1.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-buffer/-/is-buffer-1.1.6.tgz#efaa2ea9daa0d7ab2ea13a97b2b8ad51fefbe8be"
+  integrity sha512-NcdALwpXkTm5Zvvbk7owOUSvVvBKDgKP5/ewfXEznmQFfs4ZRmanOeKBTjRVjka3QFoN6XJ+9F3USqfHqTaU5w==
+
+is-builtin-module@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-builtin-module/-/is-builtin-module-1.0.0.tgz#540572d34f7ac3119f8f76c30cbc1b1e037affbe"
+  integrity sha1-VAVy0096wxGfj3bDDLwbHgN6/74=
+  dependencies:
+    builtin-modules "^1.0.0"
+
+is-data-descriptor@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-data-descriptor/-/is-data-descriptor-0.1.4.tgz#0b5ee648388e2c860282e793f1856fec3f301b56"
+  integrity sha1-C17mSDiOLIYCgueT8YVv7D8wG1Y=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-data-descriptor@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-data-descriptor/-/is-data-descriptor-1.0.0.tgz#d84876321d0e7add03990406abbbbd36ba9268c7"
+  integrity sha512-jbRXy1FmtAoCjQkVmIVYwuuqDFUbaOeDjmed1tOGPrsMhtJA4rD9tkgA0F1qJ3gRFRXcHYVkdeaP50Q5rE/jLQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+
+is-descriptor@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-descriptor/-/is-descriptor-0.1.6.tgz#366d8240dde487ca51823b1ab9f07a10a78251ca"
+  integrity sha512-avDYr0SB3DwO9zsMov0gKCESFYqCnE4hq/4z3TdUlukEy5t9C0YRq7HLrsN52NAcqXKaepeCD0n+B0arnVG3Hg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-accessor-descriptor "^0.1.6"
+    is-data-descriptor "^0.1.4"
+    kind-of "^5.0.0"
+
+is-descriptor@^1.0.0, is-descriptor@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-descriptor/-/is-descriptor-1.0.2.tgz#3b159746a66604b04f8c81524ba365c5f14d86ec"
+  integrity sha512-2eis5WqQGV7peooDyLmNEPUrps9+SXX5c9pL3xEB+4e9HnGuDa7mB7kHxHw4CbqS9k1T2hOH3miL8n8WtiYVtg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-accessor-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+    is-data-descriptor "^1.0.0"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+
+is-dotfile@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-dotfile/-/is-dotfile-1.0.3.tgz#a6a2f32ffd2dfb04f5ca25ecd0f6b83cf798a1e1"
+  integrity sha1-pqLzL/0t+wT1yiXs0Pa4PPeYoeE=
+
+is-equal-shallow@^0.1.3:
+  version "0.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-equal-shallow/-/is-equal-shallow-0.1.3.tgz#2238098fc221de0bcfa5d9eac4c45d638aa1c534"
+  integrity sha1-IjgJj8Ih3gvPpdnqxMRdY4qhxTQ=
+  dependencies:
+    is-primitive "^2.0.0"
+
+is-extendable@^0.1.0, is-extendable@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extendable/-/is-extendable-0.1.1.tgz#62b110e289a471418e3ec36a617d472e301dfc89"
+  integrity sha1-YrEQ4omkcUGOPsNqYX1HLjAd/Ik=
+
+is-extendable@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extendable/-/is-extendable-1.0.1.tgz#a7470f9e426733d81bd81e1155264e3a3507cab4"
+  integrity sha512-arnXMxT1hhoKo9k1LZdmlNyJdDDfy2v0fXjFlmok4+i8ul/6WlbVge9bhM74OpNPQPMGUToDtz+KXa1PneJxOA==
+  dependencies:
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.4"
+
+is-extglob@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extglob/-/is-extglob-1.0.0.tgz#ac468177c4943405a092fc8f29760c6ffc6206c0"
+  integrity sha1-rEaBd8SUNAWgkvyPKXYMb/xiBsA=
+
+is-extglob@^2.1.0, is-extglob@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-extglob/-/is-extglob-2.1.1.tgz#a88c02535791f02ed37c76a1b9ea9773c833f8c2"
+  integrity sha1-qIwCU1eR8C7TfHahueqXc8gz+MI=
+
+is-finite@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-finite/-/is-finite-1.0.2.tgz#cc6677695602be550ef11e8b4aa6305342b6d0aa"
+  integrity sha1-zGZ3aVYCvlUO8R6LSqYwU0K20Ko=
+  dependencies:
+    number-is-nan "^1.0.0"
+
+is-fullwidth-code-point@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-fullwidth-code-point/-/is-fullwidth-code-point-1.0.0.tgz#ef9e31386f031a7f0d643af82fde50c457ef00cb"
+  integrity sha1-754xOG8DGn8NZDr4L95QxFfvAMs=
+  dependencies:
+    number-is-nan "^1.0.0"
+
+is-fullwidth-code-point@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-fullwidth-code-point/-/is-fullwidth-code-point-2.0.0.tgz#a3b30a5c4f199183167aaab93beefae3ddfb654f"
+  integrity sha1-o7MKXE8ZkYMWeqq5O+764937ZU8=
+
+is-glob@^2.0.0, is-glob@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-glob/-/is-glob-2.0.1.tgz#d096f926a3ded5600f3fdfd91198cb0888c2d863"
+  integrity sha1-0Jb5JqPe1WAPP9/ZEZjLCIjC2GM=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extglob "^1.0.0"
+
+is-glob@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-glob/-/is-glob-3.1.0.tgz#7ba5ae24217804ac70707b96922567486cc3e84a"
+  integrity sha1-e6WuJCF4BKxwcHuWkiVnSGzD6Eo=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extglob "^2.1.0"
+
+is-glob@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-glob/-/is-glob-4.0.0.tgz#9521c76845cc2610a85203ddf080a958c2ffabc0"
+  integrity sha1-lSHHaEXMJhCoUgPd8ICpWML/q8A=
+  dependencies:
+    is-extglob "^2.1.1"
+
+is-module@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-module/-/is-module-1.0.0.tgz#3258fb69f78c14d5b815d664336b4cffb6441591"
+  integrity sha1-Mlj7afeMFNW4FdZkM2tM/7ZEFZE=
+
+is-my-ip-valid@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-my-ip-valid/-/is-my-ip-valid-1.0.0.tgz#7b351b8e8edd4d3995d4d066680e664d94696824"
+  integrity sha512-gmh/eWXROncUzRnIa1Ubrt5b8ep/MGSnfAUI3aRp+sqTCs1tv1Isl8d8F6JmkN3dXKc3ehZMrtiPN9eL03NuaQ==
+
+is-my-json-valid@^2.10.0:
+  version "2.19.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-my-json-valid/-/is-my-json-valid-2.19.0.tgz#8fd6e40363cd06b963fa877d444bfb5eddc62175"
+  integrity sha512-mG0f/unGX1HZ5ep4uhRaPOS8EkAY8/j6mDRMJrutq4CqhoJWYp7qAlonIPy3TV7p3ju4TK9fo/PbnoksWmsp5Q==
+  dependencies:
+    generate-function "^2.0.0"
+    generate-object-property "^1.1.0"
+    is-my-ip-valid "^1.0.0"
+    jsonpointer "^4.0.0"
+    xtend "^4.0.0"
+
+is-number@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-number/-/is-number-0.1.1.tgz#69a7af116963d47206ec9bd9b48a14216f1e3806"
+  integrity sha1-aaevEWlj1HIG7JvZtIoUIW8eOAY=
+
+is-number@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-number/-/is-number-2.1.0.tgz#01fcbbb393463a548f2f466cce16dece49db908f"
+  integrity sha1-Afy7s5NGOlSPL0ZszhbezknbkI8=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-number@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-number/-/is-number-3.0.0.tgz#24fd6201a4782cf50561c810276afc7d12d71195"
+  integrity sha1-JP1iAaR4LPUFYcgQJ2r8fRLXEZU=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+is-number@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-number/-/is-number-4.0.0.tgz#0026e37f5454d73e356dfe6564699867c6a7f0ff"
+  integrity sha512-rSklcAIlf1OmFdyAqbnWTLVelsQ58uvZ66S/ZyawjWqIviTWCjg2PzVGw8WUA+nNuPTqb4wgA+NszrJ+08LlgQ==
+
+is-plain-object@^2.0.1, is-plain-object@^2.0.3, is-plain-object@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-plain-object/-/is-plain-object-2.0.4.tgz#2c163b3fafb1b606d9d17928f05c2a1c38e07677"
+  integrity sha512-h5PpgXkWitc38BBMYawTYMWJHFZJVnBquFE57xFpjB8pJFiF6gZ+bU+WyI/yqXiFR5mdLsgYNaPe8uao6Uv9Og==
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+is-posix-bracket@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-posix-bracket/-/is-posix-bracket-0.1.1.tgz#3334dc79774368e92f016e6fbc0a88f5cd6e6bc4"
+  integrity sha1-MzTceXdDaOkvAW5vvAqI9c1ua8Q=
+
+is-primitive@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-primitive/-/is-primitive-2.0.0.tgz#207bab91638499c07b2adf240a41a87210034575"
+  integrity sha1-IHurkWOEmcB7Kt8kCkGochADRXU=
+
+is-promise@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-promise/-/is-promise-2.1.0.tgz#79a2a9ece7f096e80f36d2b2f3bc16c1ff4bf3fa"
+  integrity sha1-eaKp7OfwlugPNtKy87wWwf9L8/o=
+
+is-property@^1.0.0, is-property@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-property/-/is-property-1.0.2.tgz#57fe1c4e48474edd65b09911f26b1cd4095dda84"
+  integrity sha1-V/4cTkhHTt1lsJkR8msc1Ald2oQ=
+
+is-resolvable@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-resolvable/-/is-resolvable-1.1.0.tgz#fb18f87ce1feb925169c9a407c19318a3206ed88"
+  integrity sha512-qgDYXFSR5WvEfuS5dMj6oTMEbrrSaM0CrFk2Yiq/gXnBvD9pMa2jGXxyhGLfvhZpuMZe18CJpFxAt3CRs42NMg==
+
+is-stream@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-stream/-/is-stream-1.1.0.tgz#12d4a3dd4e68e0b79ceb8dbc84173ae80d91ca44"
+  integrity sha1-EtSj3U5o4Lec6428hBc66A2RykQ=
+
+is-typedarray@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-typedarray/-/is-typedarray-1.0.0.tgz#e479c80858df0c1b11ddda6940f96011fcda4a9a"
+  integrity sha1-5HnICFjfDBsR3dppQPlgEfzaSpo=
+
+is-windows@^1.0.1, is-windows@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/is-windows/-/is-windows-1.0.2.tgz#d1850eb9791ecd18e6182ce12a30f396634bb19d"
+  integrity sha512-eXK1UInq2bPmjyX6e3VHIzMLobc4J94i4AWn+Hpq3OU5KkrRC96OAcR3PRJ/pGu6m8TRnBHP9dkXQVsT/COVIA==
+
+isarray@1.0.0, isarray@^1.0.0, isarray@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isarray/-/isarray-1.0.0.tgz#bb935d48582cba168c06834957a54a3e07124f11"
+  integrity sha1-u5NdSFgsuhaMBoNJV6VKPgcSTxE=
+
+isarray@2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isarray/-/isarray-2.0.1.tgz#a37d94ed9cda2d59865c9f76fe596ee1f338741e"
+  integrity sha1-o32U7ZzaLVmGXJ92/llu4fM4dB4=
+
+isbinaryfile@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isbinaryfile/-/isbinaryfile-3.0.3.tgz#5d6def3edebf6e8ca8cae9c30183a804b5f8be80"
+  integrity sha512-8cJBL5tTd2OS0dM4jz07wQd5g0dCCqIhUxPIGtZfa5L6hWlvV5MHTITy/DBAsF+Oe2LS1X3krBUhNwaGUWpWxw==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-alloc "^1.2.0"
+
+isexe@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isexe/-/isexe-2.0.0.tgz#e8fbf374dc556ff8947a10dcb0572d633f2cfa10"
+  integrity sha1-6PvzdNxVb/iUehDcsFctYz8s+hA=
+
+isobject@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isobject/-/isobject-2.1.0.tgz#f065561096a3f1da2ef46272f815c840d87e0c89"
+  integrity sha1-8GVWEJaj8dou9GJy+BXIQNh+DIk=
+  dependencies:
+    isarray "1.0.0"
+
+isobject@^3.0.0, isobject@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isobject/-/isobject-3.0.1.tgz#4e431e92b11a9731636aa1f9c8d1ccbcfdab78df"
+  integrity sha1-TkMekrEalzFjaqH5yNHMvP2reN8=
+
+isstream@~0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/isstream/-/isstream-0.1.2.tgz#47e63f7af55afa6f92e1500e690eb8b8529c099a"
+  integrity sha1-R+Y/evVa+m+S4VAOaQ64uFKcCZo=
+
+js-reporters@1.2.1:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-reporters/-/js-reporters-1.2.1.tgz#f88c608e324a3373a95bcc45ad305e5c979c459b"
+  integrity sha1-+IxgjjJKM3OpW8xFrTBeXJecRZs=
+
+"js-tokens@^3.0.0 || ^4.0.0":
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-tokens/-/js-tokens-4.0.0.tgz#19203fb59991df98e3a287050d4647cdeaf32499"
+  integrity sha512-RdJUflcE3cUzKiMqQgsCu06FPu9UdIJO0beYbPhHN4k6apgJtifcoCtT9bcxOpYBtpD2kCM6Sbzg4CausW/PKQ==
+
+js-tokens@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-tokens/-/js-tokens-3.0.2.tgz#9866df395102130e38f7f996bceb65443209c25b"
+  integrity sha1-mGbfOVECEw449/mWvOtlRDIJwls=
+
+js-yaml@^3.5.1, js-yaml@^3.9.1:
+  version "3.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-3.12.0.tgz#eaed656ec8344f10f527c6bfa1b6e2244de167d1"
+  integrity sha512-PIt2cnwmPfL4hKNwqeiuz4bKfnzHTBv6HyVgjahA6mPLwPDzjDWrplJBMjHUFxku/N3FlmrbyPclad+I+4mJ3A==
+  dependencies:
+    argparse "^1.0.7"
+    esprima "^4.0.0"
+
+jsbn@~0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsbn/-/jsbn-0.1.1.tgz#a5e654c2e5a2deb5f201d96cefbca80c0ef2f513"
+  integrity sha1-peZUwuWi3rXyAdls77yoDA7y9RM=
+
+jsesc@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsesc/-/jsesc-1.3.0.tgz#46c3fec8c1892b12b0833db9bc7622176dbab34b"
+  integrity sha1-RsP+yMGJKxKwgz25vHYiF226s0s=
+
+jsesc@~0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsesc/-/jsesc-0.5.0.tgz#e7dee66e35d6fc16f710fe91d5cf69f70f08911d"
+  integrity sha1-597mbjXW/Bb3EP6R1c9p9w8IkR0=
+
+json-parse-better-errors@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-parse-better-errors/-/json-parse-better-errors-1.0.2.tgz#bb867cfb3450e69107c131d1c514bab3dc8bcaa9"
+  integrity sha512-mrqyZKfX5EhL7hvqcV6WG1yYjnjeuYDzDhhcAAUrq8Po85NBQBJP+ZDUT75qZQ98IkUoBqdkExkukOU7Ts2wrw==
+
+json-schema-traverse@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema-traverse/-/json-schema-traverse-0.3.1.tgz#349a6d44c53a51de89b40805c5d5e59b417d3340"
+  integrity sha1-NJptRMU6Ud6JtAgFxdXlm0F9M0A=
+
+json-schema-traverse@^0.4.1:
+  version "0.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema-traverse/-/json-schema-traverse-0.4.1.tgz#69f6a87d9513ab8bb8fe63bdb0979c448e684660"
+  integrity sha512-xbbCH5dCYU5T8LcEhhuh7HJ88HXuW3qsI3Y0zOZFKfZEHcpWiHU/Jxzk629Brsab/mMiHQti9wMP+845RPe3Vg==
+
+json-schema@0.2.3:
+  version "0.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema/-/json-schema-0.2.3.tgz#b480c892e59a2f05954ce727bd3f2a4e882f9e13"
+  integrity sha1-tIDIkuWaLwWVTOcnvT8qTogvnhM=
+
+json-stable-stringify-without-jsonify@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-stable-stringify-without-jsonify/-/json-stable-stringify-without-jsonify-1.0.1.tgz#9db7b59496ad3f3cfef30a75142d2d930ad72651"
+  integrity sha1-nbe1lJatPzz+8wp1FC0tkwrXJlE=
+
+json-stable-stringify@^1.0.0, json-stable-stringify@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-stable-stringify/-/json-stable-stringify-1.0.1.tgz#9a759d39c5f2ff503fd5300646ed445f88c4f9af"
+  integrity sha1-mnWdOcXy/1A/1TAGRu1EX4jE+a8=
+  dependencies:
+    jsonify "~0.0.0"
+
+json-stringify-safe@~5.0.1:
+  version "5.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-stringify-safe/-/json-stringify-safe-5.0.1.tgz#1296a2d58fd45f19a0f6ce01d65701e2c735b6eb"
+  integrity sha1-Epai1Y/UXxmg9s4B1lcB4sc1tus=
+
+json5@^0.5.0, json5@^0.5.1:
+  version "0.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json5/-/json5-0.5.1.tgz#1eade7acc012034ad84e2396767ead9fa5495821"
+  integrity sha1-Hq3nrMASA0rYTiOWdn6tn6VJWCE=
+
+jsonify@~0.0.0:
+  version "0.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsonify/-/jsonify-0.0.0.tgz#2c74b6ee41d93ca51b7b5aaee8f503631d252a73"
+  integrity sha1-LHS27kHZPKUbe1qu6PUDYx0lKnM=
+
+jsonpointer@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsonpointer/-/jsonpointer-4.0.1.tgz#4fd92cb34e0e9db3c89c8622ecf51f9b978c6cb9"
+  integrity sha1-T9kss04OnbPInIYi7PUfm5eMbLk=
+
+jsprim@^1.2.2:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/jsprim/-/jsprim-1.4.1.tgz#313e66bc1e5cc06e438bc1b7499c2e5c56acb6a2"
+  integrity sha1-MT5mvB5cwG5Di8G3SZwuXFastqI=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "1.0.0"
+    extsprintf "1.3.0"
+    json-schema "0.2.3"
+    verror "1.10.0"
+
+karma-chrome-launcher@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/karma-chrome-launcher/-/karma-chrome-launcher-2.2.0.tgz#cf1b9d07136cc18fe239327d24654c3dbc368acf"
+  integrity sha512-uf/ZVpAabDBPvdPdveyk1EPgbnloPvFFGgmRhYLTDH7gEB4nZdSBk8yTU47w1g/drLSx5uMOkjKk7IWKfWg/+w==
+  dependencies:
+    fs-access "^1.0.0"
+    which "^1.2.1"
+
+karma-qunit@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/karma-qunit/-/karma-qunit-2.1.0.tgz#135ee8f6ceb68d6a08b2c151e9302ef615090e65"
+  integrity sha512-QFt2msjpFNx1ZqB1EcD7rXaFRa3P+kLrgm6uRDYV/1MO7qGMxnTDgsFB1KyAKCpMreOmB5MMpEm5sX52j4c0aw==
+
+karma-sauce-launcher@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/karma-sauce-launcher/-/karma-sauce-launcher-1.2.0.tgz#6f2558ddef3cf56879fa27540c8ae9f8bfd16bca"
+  integrity sha512-lEhtGRGS+3Yw6JSx/vJY9iQyHNtTjcojrSwNzqNUOaDceKDu9dPZqA/kr69bUO9G2T6GKbu8AZgXqy94qo31Jg==
+  dependencies:
+    q "^1.5.0"
+    sauce-connect-launcher "^1.2.2"
+    saucelabs "^1.4.0"
+    wd "^1.4.0"
+
+karma@^3.1.1:
+  version "3.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/karma/-/karma-3.1.3.tgz#6e251648e3aff900927bc1126dbcbcb92d3edd61"
+  integrity sha512-JU4FYUtFEGsLZd6ZJzLrivcPj0TkteBiIRDcXWFsltPMGgZMDtby/MIzNOzgyZv/9dahs9vHpSxerC/ZfeX9Qw==
+  dependencies:
+    bluebird "^3.3.0"
+    body-parser "^1.16.1"
+    chokidar "^2.0.3"
+    colors "^1.1.0"
+    combine-lists "^1.0.0"
+    connect "^3.6.0"
+    core-js "^2.2.0"
+    di "^0.0.1"
+    dom-serialize "^2.2.0"
+    expand-braces "^0.1.1"
+    flatted "^2.0.0"
+    glob "^7.1.1"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    http-proxy "^1.13.0"
+    isbinaryfile "^3.0.0"
+    lodash "^4.17.5"
+    log4js "^3.0.0"
+    mime "^2.3.1"
+    minimatch "^3.0.2"
+    optimist "^0.6.1"
+    qjobs "^1.1.4"
+    range-parser "^1.2.0"
+    rimraf "^2.6.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+    socket.io "2.1.1"
+    source-map "^0.6.1"
+    tmp "0.0.33"
+    useragent "2.3.0"
+
+kind-of@^3.0.2, kind-of@^3.0.3, kind-of@^3.2.0:
+  version "3.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-3.2.2.tgz#31ea21a734bab9bbb0f32466d893aea51e4a3c64"
+  integrity sha1-MeohpzS6ubuw8yRm2JOupR5KPGQ=
+  dependencies:
+    is-buffer "^1.1.5"
+
+kind-of@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-4.0.0.tgz#20813df3d712928b207378691a45066fae72dd57"
+  integrity sha1-IIE989cSkosgc3hpGkUGb65y3Vc=
+  dependencies:
+    is-buffer "^1.1.5"
+
+kind-of@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-5.1.0.tgz#729c91e2d857b7a419a1f9aa65685c4c33f5845d"
+  integrity sha512-NGEErnH6F2vUuXDh+OlbcKW7/wOcfdRHaZ7VWtqCztfHri/++YKmP51OdWeGPuqCOba6kk2OTe5d02VmTB80Pw==
+
+kind-of@^6.0.0, kind-of@^6.0.2:
+  version "6.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/kind-of/-/kind-of-6.0.2.tgz#01146b36a6218e64e58f3a8d66de5d7fc6f6d051"
+  integrity sha512-s5kLOcnH0XqDO+FvuaLX8DDjZ18CGFk7VygH40QoKPUQhW4e2rvM0rwUq0t8IQDOwYSeLK01U90OjzBTme2QqA==
+
+lazystream@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lazystream/-/lazystream-1.0.0.tgz#f6995fe0f820392f61396be89462407bb77168e4"
+  integrity sha1-9plf4PggOS9hOWvolGJAe7dxaOQ=
+  dependencies:
+    readable-stream "^2.0.5"
+
+levn@^0.3.0, levn@~0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/levn/-/levn-0.3.0.tgz#3b09924edf9f083c0490fdd4c0bc4421e04764ee"
+  integrity sha1-OwmSTt+fCDwEkP3UwLxEIeBHZO4=
+  dependencies:
+    prelude-ls "~1.1.2"
+    type-check "~0.3.2"
+
+load-json-file@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/load-json-file/-/load-json-file-2.0.0.tgz#7947e42149af80d696cbf797bcaabcfe1fe29ca8"
+  integrity sha1-eUfkIUmvgNaWy/eXvKq8/h/inKg=
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    parse-json "^2.2.0"
+    pify "^2.0.0"
+    strip-bom "^3.0.0"
+
+loader-runner@^2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loader-runner/-/loader-runner-2.3.1.tgz#026f12fe7c3115992896ac02ba022ba92971b979"
+  integrity sha512-By6ZFY7ETWOc9RFaAIb23IjJVcM4dvJC/N57nmdz9RSkMXvAXGI7SyVlAw3v8vjtDRlqThgVDVmTnr9fqMlxkw==
+
+loader-utils@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loader-utils/-/loader-utils-1.1.0.tgz#c98aef488bcceda2ffb5e2de646d6a754429f5cd"
+  integrity sha1-yYrvSIvM7aL/teLeZG1qdUQp9c0=
+  dependencies:
+    big.js "^3.1.3"
+    emojis-list "^2.0.0"
+    json5 "^0.5.0"
+
+locate-path@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/locate-path/-/locate-path-2.0.0.tgz#2b568b265eec944c6d9c0de9c3dbbbca0354cd8e"
+  integrity sha1-K1aLJl7slExtnA3pw9u7ygNUzY4=
+  dependencies:
+    p-locate "^2.0.0"
+    path-exists "^3.0.0"
+
+locate-path@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/locate-path/-/locate-path-3.0.0.tgz#dbec3b3ab759758071b58fe59fc41871af21400e"
+  integrity sha512-7AO748wWnIhNqAuaty2ZWHkQHRSNfPVIsPIfwEOWO22AmaoVrWavlOcMR5nzTLNYvp36X220/maaRsrec1G65A==
+  dependencies:
+    p-locate "^3.0.0"
+    path-exists "^3.0.0"
+
+lodash.debounce@^4.0.8:
+  version "4.0.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash.debounce/-/lodash.debounce-4.0.8.tgz#82d79bff30a67c4005ffd5e2515300ad9ca4d7af"
+  integrity sha1-gteb/zCmfEAF/9XiUVMArZyk168=
+
+lodash@4.17.11, lodash@^4.0.0, lodash@^4.16.6, lodash@^4.17.10, lodash@^4.17.4, lodash@^4.17.5, lodash@^4.3.0, lodash@^4.5.0, lodash@^4.8.0:
+  version "4.17.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash/-/lodash-4.17.11.tgz#b39ea6229ef607ecd89e2c8df12536891cac9b8d"
+  integrity sha512-cQKh8igo5QUhZ7lg38DYWAxMvjSAKG0A8wGSVimP07SIUEK2UO+arSRKbRZWtelMtN5V0Hkwh5ryOto/SshYIg==
+
+log4js@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/log4js/-/log4js-3.0.6.tgz#e6caced94967eeeb9ce399f9f8682a4b2b28c8ff"
+  integrity sha512-ezXZk6oPJCWL483zj64pNkMuY/NcRX5MPiB0zE6tjZM137aeusrOnW1ecxgF9cmwMWkBMhjteQxBPoZBh9FDxQ==
+  dependencies:
+    circular-json "^0.5.5"
+    date-format "^1.2.0"
+    debug "^3.1.0"
+    rfdc "^1.1.2"
+    streamroller "0.7.0"
+
+loose-envify@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/loose-envify/-/loose-envify-1.4.0.tgz#71ee51fa7be4caec1a63839f7e682d8132d30caf"
+  integrity sha512-lyuxPGr/Wfhrlem2CL/UcnUc1zcqKAImBDzukY7Y5F/yQiNdko6+fRLevlw1HgMySw7f611UIY408EtxRSoK3Q==
+  dependencies:
+    js-tokens "^3.0.0 || ^4.0.0"
+
+lru-cache@4.1.x, lru-cache@^4.0.1, lru-cache@^4.1.3:
+  version "4.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lru-cache/-/lru-cache-4.1.5.tgz#8bbe50ea85bed59bc9e33dcab8235ee9bcf443cd"
+  integrity sha512-sWZlbEP2OsHNkXrMl5GYk/jKk70MBng6UU4YI/qGDYbgf6YbP4EvmqISbXCoJiRKs+1bSpFHVgQxvJ17F2li5g==
+  dependencies:
+    pseudomap "^1.0.2"
+    yallist "^2.1.2"
+
+magic-string@^0.25.1:
+  version "0.25.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/magic-string/-/magic-string-0.25.1.tgz#b1c248b399cd7485da0fe7385c2fc7011843266e"
+  integrity sha512-sCuTz6pYom8Rlt4ISPFn6wuFodbKMIHUMv4Qko9P17dpxb7s52KJTmRuZZqHdGmLCK9AOcDare039nRIcfdkEg==
+  dependencies:
+    sourcemap-codec "^1.4.1"
+
+make-dir@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/make-dir/-/make-dir-1.3.0.tgz#79c1033b80515bd6d24ec9933e860ca75ee27f0c"
+  integrity sha512-2w31R7SJtieJJnQtGc7RVL2StM2vGYVfqUOvUDxH6bC6aJTxPxTF0GnIgCyu7tjockiUWAYQRbxa7vKn34s5sQ==
+  dependencies:
+    pify "^3.0.0"
+
+makeerror@1.0.x:
+  version "1.0.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/makeerror/-/makeerror-1.0.11.tgz#e01a5c9109f2af79660e4e8b9587790184f5a96c"
+  integrity sha1-4BpckQnyr3lmDk6LlYd5AYT1qWw=
+  dependencies:
+    tmpl "1.0.x"
+
+map-cache@^0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-cache/-/map-cache-0.2.2.tgz#c32abd0bd6525d9b051645bb4f26ac5dc98a0dbf"
+  integrity sha1-wyq9C9ZSXZsFFkW7TyasXcmKDb8=
+
+map-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/map-visit/-/map-visit-1.0.0.tgz#ecdca8f13144e660f1b5bd41f12f3479d98dfb8f"
+  integrity sha1-7Nyo8TFE5mDxtb1B8S80edmN+48=
+  dependencies:
+    object-visit "^1.0.0"
+
+matcher-collection@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/matcher-collection/-/matcher-collection-1.0.5.tgz#2ee095438372cb8884f058234138c05c644ec339"
+  integrity sha512-nUCmzKipcJEwYsBVAFh5P+d7JBuhJaW1xs85Hara9xuMLqtCVUrW6DSC0JVIkluxEH2W45nPBM/wjHtBXa/tYA==
+  dependencies:
+    minimatch "^3.0.2"
+
+math-random@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/math-random/-/math-random-1.0.1.tgz#8b3aac588b8a66e4975e3cdea67f7bb329601fac"
+  integrity sha1-izqsWIuKZuSXXjzepn97sylgH6w=
+
+md5.js@^1.3.4:
+  version "1.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/md5.js/-/md5.js-1.3.5.tgz#b5d07b8e3216e3e27cd728d72f70d1e6a342005f"
+  integrity sha512-xitP+WxNPcTTOgnTJcrhM0xvdPepipPSf3I8EIpGKeFLjt3PlJLIDG3u8EX53ZIubkb+5U2+3rELYpEhHhzdkg==
+  dependencies:
+    hash-base "^3.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+
+media-typer@0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/media-typer/-/media-typer-0.3.0.tgz#8710d7af0aa626f8fffa1ce00168545263255748"
+  integrity sha1-hxDXrwqmJvj/+hzgAWhUUmMlV0g=
+
+memory-fs@^0.4.0, memory-fs@~0.4.1:
+  version "0.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/memory-fs/-/memory-fs-0.4.1.tgz#3a9a20b8462523e447cfbc7e8bb80ed667bfc552"
+  integrity sha1-OpoguEYlI+RHz7x+i7gO1me/xVI=
+  dependencies:
+    errno "^0.1.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.1"
+
+merge@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/merge/-/merge-1.2.1.tgz#38bebf80c3220a8a487b6fcfb3941bb11720c145"
+  integrity sha512-VjFo4P5Whtj4vsLzsYBu5ayHhoHJ0UqNm7ibvShmbmoz7tGi0vXaoJbGdB+GmDMLUdg8DpQXEIeVDAe8MaABvQ==
+
+micromatch@^2.3.11:
+  version "2.3.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/micromatch/-/micromatch-2.3.11.tgz#86677c97d1720b363431d04d0d15293bd38c1565"
+  integrity sha1-hmd8l9FyCzY0MdBNDRUpO9OMFWU=
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^2.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.2.1"
+    braces "^1.8.2"
+    expand-brackets "^0.1.4"
+    extglob "^0.3.1"
+    filename-regex "^2.0.0"
+    is-extglob "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^2.0.1"
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+    normalize-path "^2.0.1"
+    object.omit "^2.0.0"
+    parse-glob "^3.0.4"
+    regex-cache "^0.4.2"
+
+micromatch@^3.0.4, micromatch@^3.1.10, micromatch@^3.1.4, micromatch@^3.1.8:
+  version "3.1.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/micromatch/-/micromatch-3.1.10.tgz#70859bc95c9840952f359a068a3fc49f9ecfac23"
+  integrity sha512-MWikgl9n9M3w+bpsY3He8L+w9eF9338xRl8IAO5viDizwSzziFEyUzo2xrrloB64ADbTf8uA8vRqqttDTOmccg==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^4.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    braces "^2.3.1"
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    extglob "^2.0.4"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+    nanomatch "^1.2.9"
+    object.pick "^1.3.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.2"
+
+miller-rabin@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/miller-rabin/-/miller-rabin-4.0.1.tgz#f080351c865b0dc562a8462966daa53543c78a4d"
+  integrity sha512-115fLhvZVqWwHPbClyntxEVfVDfl9DLLTuJvq3g2O/Oxi8AiNouAHvDSzHS0viUJc+V5vm3eq91Xwqn9dp4jRA==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.0.0"
+    brorand "^1.0.1"
+
+mime-db@~1.37.0:
+  version "1.37.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-db/-/mime-db-1.37.0.tgz#0b6a0ce6fdbe9576e25f1f2d2fde8830dc0ad0d8"
+  integrity sha512-R3C4db6bgQhlIhPU48fUtdVmKnflq+hRdad7IyKhtFj06VPNVdk2RhiYL3UjQIlso8L+YxAtFkobT0VK+S/ybg==
+
+mime-types@^2.1.12, mime-types@~2.1.18, mime-types@~2.1.19:
+  version "2.1.21"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime-types/-/mime-types-2.1.21.tgz#28995aa1ecb770742fe6ae7e58f9181c744b3f96"
+  integrity sha512-3iL6DbwpyLzjR3xHSFNFeb9Nz/M8WDkX33t1GFQnFOllWk8pOrh/LSrB5OXlnlW5P9LH73X6loW/eogc+F5lJg==
+  dependencies:
+    mime-db "~1.37.0"
+
+mime@^2.3.1:
+  version "2.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mime/-/mime-2.4.0.tgz#e051fd881358585f3279df333fe694da0bcffdd6"
+  integrity sha512-ikBcWwyqXQSHKtciCcctu9YfPbFYZ4+gbHEmE0Q8jzcTYQg5dHCr3g2wwAZjPoJfQVXZq6KXAjpXOTf5/cjT7w==
+
+mimic-fn@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mimic-fn/-/mimic-fn-1.2.0.tgz#820c86a39334640e99516928bd03fca88057d022"
+  integrity sha512-jf84uxzwiuiIVKiOLpfYk7N46TSy8ubTonmneY9vrpHNAnp0QBt2BxWV9dO3/j+BoVAb+a5G6YDPW3M5HOdMWQ==
+
+minimalistic-assert@^1.0.0, minimalistic-assert@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimalistic-assert/-/minimalistic-assert-1.0.1.tgz#2e194de044626d4a10e7f7fbc00ce73e83e4d5c7"
+  integrity sha512-UtJcAD4yEaGtjPezWuO9wC4nwUnVH/8/Im3yEHQP4b67cXlD/Qr9hdITCU1xDbSEXg2XKNaP8jsReV7vQd00/A==
+
+minimalistic-crypto-utils@^1.0.0, minimalistic-crypto-utils@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimalistic-crypto-utils/-/minimalistic-crypto-utils-1.0.1.tgz#f6c00c1c0b082246e5c4d99dfb8c7c083b2b582a"
+  integrity sha1-9sAMHAsIIkblxNmd+4x8CDsrWCo=
+
+minimatch@^3.0.2, minimatch@^3.0.3, minimatch@^3.0.4:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimatch/-/minimatch-3.0.4.tgz#5166e286457f03306064be5497e8dbb0c3d32083"
+  integrity sha512-yJHVQEhyqPLUTgt9B83PXu6W3rx4MvvHvSUvToogpwoGDOUQ+yDrR0HRot+yOCdCO7u4hX3pWft6kWBBcqh0UA==
+  dependencies:
+    brace-expansion "^1.1.7"
+
+minimist@0.0.8:
+  version "0.0.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimist/-/minimist-0.0.8.tgz#857fcabfc3397d2625b8228262e86aa7a011b05d"
+  integrity sha1-hX/Kv8M5fSYluCKCYuhqp6ARsF0=
+
+minimist@^1.1.1, minimist@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimist/-/minimist-1.2.0.tgz#a35008b20f41383eec1fb914f4cd5df79a264284"
+  integrity sha1-o1AIsg9BOD7sH7kU9M1d95omQoQ=
+
+minimist@~0.0.1:
+  version "0.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minimist/-/minimist-0.0.10.tgz#de3f98543dbf96082be48ad1a0c7cda836301dcf"
+  integrity sha1-3j+YVD2/lggr5IrRoMfNqDYwHc8=
+
+minipass@^2.2.1, minipass@^2.3.4:
+  version "2.3.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minipass/-/minipass-2.3.5.tgz#cacebe492022497f656b0f0f51e2682a9ed2d848"
+  integrity sha512-Gi1W4k059gyRbyVUZQ4mEqLm0YIUiGYfvxhF6SIlk3ui1WVxMTGfGdQ2SInh3PDrRTVvPKgULkpJtT4RH10+VA==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    yallist "^3.0.0"
+
+minizlib@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/minizlib/-/minizlib-1.1.1.tgz#6734acc045a46e61d596a43bb9d9cd326e19cc42"
+  integrity sha512-TrfjCjk4jLhcJyGMYymBH6oTXcWjYbUAXTHDbtnWHjZC25h0cdajHuPE1zxb4DVmu8crfh+HwH/WMuyLG0nHBg==
+  dependencies:
+    minipass "^2.2.1"
+
+mississippi@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mississippi/-/mississippi-3.0.0.tgz#ea0a3291f97e0b5e8776b363d5f0a12d94c67022"
+  integrity sha512-x471SsVjUtBRtcvd4BzKE9kFC+/2TeWgKCgw0bZcw1b9l2X3QX5vCWgF+KaZaYm87Ss//rHnWryupDrgLvmSkA==
+  dependencies:
+    concat-stream "^1.5.0"
+    duplexify "^3.4.2"
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    flush-write-stream "^1.0.0"
+    from2 "^2.1.0"
+    parallel-transform "^1.1.0"
+    pump "^3.0.0"
+    pumpify "^1.3.3"
+    stream-each "^1.1.0"
+    through2 "^2.0.0"
+
+mixin-deep@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mixin-deep/-/mixin-deep-1.3.1.tgz#a49e7268dce1a0d9698e45326c5626df3543d0fe"
+  integrity sha512-8ZItLHeEgaqEvd5lYBXfm4EZSFCX29Jb9K+lAHhDKzReKBQKj3R+7NOF6tjqYi9t4oI8VUfaWITJQm86wnXGNQ==
+  dependencies:
+    for-in "^1.0.2"
+    is-extendable "^1.0.1"
+
+mkdirp@^0.5.0, mkdirp@^0.5.1, mkdirp@~0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mkdirp/-/mkdirp-0.5.1.tgz#30057438eac6cf7f8c4767f38648d6697d75c903"
+  integrity sha1-MAV0OOrGz3+MR2fzhkjWaX11yQM=
+  dependencies:
+    minimist "0.0.8"
+
+mock-socket@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mock-socket/-/mock-socket-2.0.0.tgz#d2f941eb8010c2beaa97983e4827fbc62111abcb"
+  integrity sha1-0vlB64AQwr6ql5g+SCf7xiERq8s=
+  dependencies:
+    urijs "~1.17.0"
+
+move-concurrently@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/move-concurrently/-/move-concurrently-1.0.1.tgz#be2c005fda32e0b29af1f05d7c4b33214c701f92"
+  integrity sha1-viwAX9oy4LKa8fBdfEszIUxwH5I=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+    copy-concurrently "^1.0.0"
+    fs-write-stream-atomic "^1.0.8"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    rimraf "^2.5.4"
+    run-queue "^1.0.3"
+
+ms@2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ms/-/ms-2.0.0.tgz#5608aeadfc00be6c2901df5f9861788de0d597c8"
+  integrity sha1-VgiurfwAvmwpAd9fmGF4jeDVl8g=
+
+ms@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ms/-/ms-2.1.1.tgz#30a5864eb3ebb0a66f2ebe6d727af06a09d86e0a"
+  integrity sha512-tgp+dl5cGk28utYktBsrFqA7HKgrhgPsg6Z/EfhWI4gl1Hwq8B/GmY/0oXZ6nF8hDVesS/FpnYaD/kOWhYQvyg==
+
+mute-stream@0.0.5:
+  version "0.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mute-stream/-/mute-stream-0.0.5.tgz#8fbfabb0a98a253d3184331f9e8deb7372fac6c0"
+  integrity sha1-j7+rsKmKJT0xhDMfno3rc3L6xsA=
+
+mute-stream@0.0.7:
+  version "0.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/mute-stream/-/mute-stream-0.0.7.tgz#3075ce93bc21b8fab43e1bc4da7e8115ed1e7bab"
+  integrity sha1-MHXOk7whuPq0PhvE2n6BFe0ee6s=
+
+nan@^2.9.2:
+  version "2.11.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nan/-/nan-2.11.1.tgz#90e22bccb8ca57ea4cd37cc83d3819b52eea6766"
+  integrity sha512-iji6k87OSXa0CcrLl9z+ZiYSuR2o+c0bGuNmXdrhTQTakxytAFsC56SArGYoiHlJlFoHSnvmhpceZJaXkVuOtA==
+
+nanomatch@^1.2.9:
+  version "1.2.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nanomatch/-/nanomatch-1.2.13.tgz#b87a8aa4fc0de8fe6be88895b38983ff265bd119"
+  integrity sha512-fpoe2T0RbHwBTBUOftAfBPaDEi06ufaUai0mE6Yn1kacc3SnTErfb/h+X94VXzI64rKFHYImXSvdwGGCmwOqCA==
+  dependencies:
+    arr-diff "^4.0.0"
+    array-unique "^0.3.2"
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    fragment-cache "^0.2.1"
+    is-windows "^1.0.2"
+    kind-of "^6.0.2"
+    object.pick "^1.3.0"
+    regex-not "^1.0.0"
+    snapdragon "^0.8.1"
+    to-regex "^3.0.1"
+
+natural-compare@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/natural-compare/-/natural-compare-1.4.0.tgz#4abebfeed7541f2c27acfb29bdbbd15c8d5ba4f7"
+  integrity sha1-Sr6/7tdUHywnrPspvbvRXI1bpPc=
+
+needle@^2.2.1:
+  version "2.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/needle/-/needle-2.2.4.tgz#51931bff82533b1928b7d1d69e01f1b00ffd2a4e"
+  integrity sha512-HyoqEb4wr/rsoaIDfTH2aVL9nWtQqba2/HvMv+++m8u0dz808MaagKILxtfeSN7QU7nvbQ79zk3vYOJp9zsNEA==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "^2.1.2"
+    iconv-lite "^0.4.4"
+    sax "^1.2.4"
+
+negotiator@0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/negotiator/-/negotiator-0.6.1.tgz#2b327184e8992101177b28563fb5e7102acd0ca9"
+  integrity sha1-KzJxhOiZIQEXeyhWP7XnECrNDKk=
+
+neo-async@^2.5.0:
+  version "2.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/neo-async/-/neo-async-2.6.0.tgz#b9d15e4d71c6762908654b5183ed38b753340835"
+  integrity sha512-MFh0d/Wa7vkKO3Y3LlacqAEeHK0mckVqzDieUKTT+KGxi+zIpeVsFxymkIiRpbpDziHc290Xr9A1O4Om7otoRA==
+
+next-tick@1:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/next-tick/-/next-tick-1.0.0.tgz#ca86d1fe8828169b0120208e3dc8424b9db8342c"
+  integrity sha1-yobR/ogoFpsBICCOPchCS524NCw=
+
+nice-try@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nice-try/-/nice-try-1.0.5.tgz#a3378a7696ce7d223e88fc9b764bd7ef1089e366"
+  integrity sha512-1nh45deeb5olNY7eX82BkPO7SSxR5SSYJiPTrTdFUVYwAl8CKMA5N9PjTYkHiRjisVcxcQ1HXdLhx2qxxJzLNQ==
+
+node-int64@^0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-int64/-/node-int64-0.4.0.tgz#87a9065cdb355d3182d8f94ce11188b825c68a3b"
+  integrity sha1-h6kGXNs1XTGC2PlM4RGIuCXGijs=
+
+node-libs-browser@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-libs-browser/-/node-libs-browser-2.1.0.tgz#5f94263d404f6e44767d726901fff05478d600df"
+  integrity sha512-5AzFzdoIMb89hBGMZglEegffzgRg+ZFoUmisQ8HI4j1KDdpx13J0taNp2y9xPbur6W61gepGDDotGBVQ7mfUCg==
+  dependencies:
+    assert "^1.1.1"
+    browserify-zlib "^0.2.0"
+    buffer "^4.3.0"
+    console-browserify "^1.1.0"
+    constants-browserify "^1.0.0"
+    crypto-browserify "^3.11.0"
+    domain-browser "^1.1.1"
+    events "^1.0.0"
+    https-browserify "^1.0.0"
+    os-browserify "^0.3.0"
+    path-browserify "0.0.0"
+    process "^0.11.10"
+    punycode "^1.2.4"
+    querystring-es3 "^0.2.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.3"
+    stream-browserify "^2.0.1"
+    stream-http "^2.7.2"
+    string_decoder "^1.0.0"
+    timers-browserify "^2.0.4"
+    tty-browserify "0.0.0"
+    url "^0.11.0"
+    util "^0.10.3"
+    vm-browserify "0.0.4"
+
+node-pre-gyp@^0.10.0:
+  version "0.10.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/node-pre-gyp/-/node-pre-gyp-0.10.3.tgz#3070040716afdc778747b61b6887bf78880b80fc"
+  integrity sha512-d1xFs+C/IPS8Id0qPTZ4bUT8wWryfR/OzzAFxweG+uLN85oPzyo2Iw6bVlLQ/JOdgNonXLCoRyqDzDWq4iw72A==
+  dependencies:
+    detect-libc "^1.0.2"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    needle "^2.2.1"
+    nopt "^4.0.1"
+    npm-packlist "^1.1.6"
+    npmlog "^4.0.2"
+    rc "^1.2.7"
+    rimraf "^2.6.1"
+    semver "^5.3.0"
+    tar "^4"
+
+nopt@^4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/nopt/-/nopt-4.0.1.tgz#d0d4685afd5415193c8c7505602d0d17cd64474d"
+  integrity sha1-0NRoWv1UFRk8jHUFYC0NF81kR00=
+  dependencies:
+    abbrev "1"
+    osenv "^0.1.4"
+
+normalize-package-data@^2.3.2:
+  version "2.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-package-data/-/normalize-package-data-2.4.0.tgz#12f95a307d58352075a04907b84ac8be98ac012f"
+  integrity sha512-9jjUFbTPfEy3R/ad/2oNbKtW9Hgovl5O1FvFWKkKblNXoN/Oou6+9+KKohPK13Yc3/TyunyWhJp6gvRNR/PPAw==
+  dependencies:
+    hosted-git-info "^2.1.4"
+    is-builtin-module "^1.0.0"
+    semver "2 || 3 || 4 || 5"
+    validate-npm-package-license "^3.0.1"
+
+normalize-path@^2.0.0, normalize-path@^2.0.1, normalize-path@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/normalize-path/-/normalize-path-2.1.1.tgz#1ab28b556e198363a8c1a6f7e6fa20137fe6aed9"
+  integrity sha1-GrKLVW4Zg2Oowab35vogE3/mrtk=
+  dependencies:
+    remove-trailing-separator "^1.0.1"
+
+npm-bundled@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-bundled/-/npm-bundled-1.0.5.tgz#3c1732b7ba936b3a10325aef616467c0ccbcc979"
+  integrity sha512-m/e6jgWu8/v5niCUKQi9qQl8QdeEduFA96xHDDzFGqly0OOjI7c+60KM/2sppfnUU9JJagf+zs+yGhqSOFj71g==
+
+npm-packlist@^1.1.6:
+  version "1.1.12"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-packlist/-/npm-packlist-1.1.12.tgz#22bde2ebc12e72ca482abd67afc51eb49377243a"
+  integrity sha512-WJKFOVMeAlsU/pjXuqVdzU0WfgtIBCupkEVwn+1Y0ERAbUfWw8R4GjgVbaKnUjRoD2FoQbHOCbOyT5Mbs9Lw4g==
+  dependencies:
+    ignore-walk "^3.0.1"
+    npm-bundled "^1.0.1"
+
+npm-run-path@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npm-run-path/-/npm-run-path-2.0.2.tgz#35a9232dfa35d7067b4cb2ddf2357b1871536c5f"
+  integrity sha1-NakjLfo11wZ7TLLd8jV7GHFTbF8=
+  dependencies:
+    path-key "^2.0.0"
+
+npmlog@^4.0.2:
+  version "4.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/npmlog/-/npmlog-4.1.2.tgz#08a7f2a8bf734604779a9efa4ad5cc717abb954b"
+  integrity sha512-2uUqazuKlTaSI/dC8AzicUck7+IrEaOnN/e0jd3Xtt1KcGpwx30v50mL7oPyr/h9bL3E4aZccVwpwP+5W9Vjkg==
+  dependencies:
+    are-we-there-yet "~1.1.2"
+    console-control-strings "~1.1.0"
+    gauge "~2.7.3"
+    set-blocking "~2.0.0"
+
+null-check@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/null-check/-/null-check-1.0.0.tgz#977dffd7176012b9ec30d2a39db5cf72a0439edd"
+  integrity sha1-l33/1xdgErnsMNKjnbXPcqBDnt0=
+
+number-is-nan@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/number-is-nan/-/number-is-nan-1.0.1.tgz#097b602b53422a522c1afb8790318336941a011d"
+  integrity sha1-CXtgK1NCKlIsGvuHkDGDNpQaAR0=
+
+oauth-sign@~0.9.0:
+  version "0.9.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/oauth-sign/-/oauth-sign-0.9.0.tgz#47a7b016baa68b5fa0ecf3dee08a85c679ac6455"
+  integrity sha512-fexhUFFPTGV8ybAtSIGbV6gOkSv8UtRbDBnAyLQw4QPKkgNlsH2ByPGtMUqdWkos6YCRmAqViwgZrJc/mRDzZQ==
+
+object-assign@^4.0.1, object-assign@^4.1.0:
+  version "4.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-assign/-/object-assign-4.1.1.tgz#2109adc7965887cfc05cbbd442cac8bfbb360863"
+  integrity sha1-IQmtx5ZYh8/AXLvUQsrIv7s2CGM=
+
+object-component@0.0.3:
+  version "0.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-component/-/object-component-0.0.3.tgz#f0c69aa50efc95b866c186f400a33769cb2f1291"
+  integrity sha1-8MaapQ78lbhmwYb0AKM3acsvEpE=
+
+object-copy@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-copy/-/object-copy-0.1.0.tgz#7e7d858b781bd7c991a41ba975ed3812754e998c"
+  integrity sha1-fn2Fi3gb18mRpBupde04EnVOmYw=
+  dependencies:
+    copy-descriptor "^0.1.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    kind-of "^3.0.3"
+
+object-visit@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object-visit/-/object-visit-1.0.1.tgz#f79c4493af0c5377b59fe39d395e41042dd045bb"
+  integrity sha1-95xEk68MU3e1n+OdOV5BBC3QRbs=
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+object.omit@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.omit/-/object.omit-2.0.1.tgz#1a9c744829f39dbb858c76ca3579ae2a54ebd1fa"
+  integrity sha1-Gpx0SCnznbuFjHbKNXmuKlTr0fo=
+  dependencies:
+    for-own "^0.1.4"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+
+object.pick@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/object.pick/-/object.pick-1.3.0.tgz#87a10ac4c1694bd2e1cbf53591a66141fb5dd747"
+  integrity sha1-h6EKxMFpS9Lhy/U1kaZhQftd10c=
+  dependencies:
+    isobject "^3.0.1"
+
+on-finished@~2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/on-finished/-/on-finished-2.3.0.tgz#20f1336481b083cd75337992a16971aa2d906947"
+  integrity sha1-IPEzZIGwg811M3mSoWlxqi2QaUc=
+  dependencies:
+    ee-first "1.1.1"
+
+once@^1.3.0, once@^1.3.1, once@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/once/-/once-1.4.0.tgz#583b1aa775961d4b113ac17d9c50baef9dd76bd1"
+  integrity sha1-WDsap3WWHUsROsF9nFC6753Xa9E=
+  dependencies:
+    wrappy "1"
+
+onetime@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/onetime/-/onetime-1.1.0.tgz#a1f7838f8314c516f05ecefcbc4ccfe04b4ed789"
+  integrity sha1-ofeDj4MUxRbwXs78vEzP4EtO14k=
+
+onetime@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/onetime/-/onetime-2.0.1.tgz#067428230fd67443b2794b22bba528b6867962d4"
+  integrity sha1-BnQoIw/WdEOyeUsiu6UotoZ5YtQ=
+  dependencies:
+    mimic-fn "^1.0.0"
+
+optimist@^0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/optimist/-/optimist-0.6.1.tgz#da3ea74686fa21a19a111c326e90eb15a0196686"
+  integrity sha1-2j6nRob6IaGaERwybpDrFaAZZoY=
+  dependencies:
+    minimist "~0.0.1"
+    wordwrap "~0.0.2"
+
+optionator@^0.8.1, optionator@^0.8.2:
+  version "0.8.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/optionator/-/optionator-0.8.2.tgz#364c5e409d3f4d6301d6c0b4c05bba50180aeb64"
+  integrity sha1-NkxeQJ0/TWMB1sC0wFu6UBgK62Q=
+  dependencies:
+    deep-is "~0.1.3"
+    fast-levenshtein "~2.0.4"
+    levn "~0.3.0"
+    prelude-ls "~1.1.2"
+    type-check "~0.3.2"
+    wordwrap "~1.0.0"
+
+os-browserify@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-browserify/-/os-browserify-0.3.0.tgz#854373c7f5c2315914fc9bfc6bd8238fdda1ec27"
+  integrity sha1-hUNzx/XCMVkU/Jv8a9gjj92h7Cc=
+
+os-homedir@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-homedir/-/os-homedir-1.0.2.tgz#ffbc4988336e0e833de0c168c7ef152121aa7fb3"
+  integrity sha1-/7xJiDNuDoM94MFox+8VISGqf7M=
+
+os-tmpdir@^1.0.0, os-tmpdir@^1.0.1, os-tmpdir@~1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/os-tmpdir/-/os-tmpdir-1.0.2.tgz#bbe67406c79aa85c5cfec766fe5734555dfa1274"
+  integrity sha1-u+Z0BseaqFxc/sdm/lc0VV36EnQ=
+
+osenv@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/osenv/-/osenv-0.1.5.tgz#85cdfafaeb28e8677f416e287592b5f3f49ea410"
+  integrity sha512-0CWcCECdMVc2Rw3U5w9ZjqX6ga6ubk1xDVKxtBQPK7wis/0F2r9T6k4ydGYhecl7YUBxBVxhL5oisPsNxAPe2g==
+  dependencies:
+    os-homedir "^1.0.0"
+    os-tmpdir "^1.0.0"
+
+p-finally@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-finally/-/p-finally-1.0.0.tgz#3fbcfb15b899a44123b34b6dcc18b724336a2cae"
+  integrity sha1-P7z7FbiZpEEjs0ttzBi3JDNqLK4=
+
+p-limit@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-limit/-/p-limit-1.3.0.tgz#b86bd5f0c25690911c7590fcbfc2010d54b3ccb8"
+  integrity sha512-vvcXsLAJ9Dr5rQOPk7toZQZJApBl2K4J6dANSsEuh6QI41JYcsS/qhTGa9ErIUUgK3WNQoJYvylxvjqmiqEA9Q==
+  dependencies:
+    p-try "^1.0.0"
+
+p-limit@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-limit/-/p-limit-2.0.0.tgz#e624ed54ee8c460a778b3c9f3670496ff8a57aec"
+  integrity sha512-fl5s52lI5ahKCernzzIyAP0QAZbGIovtVHGwpcu1Jr/EpzLVDI2myISHwGqK7m8uQFugVWSrbxH7XnhGtvEc+A==
+  dependencies:
+    p-try "^2.0.0"
+
+p-locate@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-locate/-/p-locate-2.0.0.tgz#20a0103b222a70c8fd39cc2e580680f3dde5ec43"
+  integrity sha1-IKAQOyIqcMj9OcwuWAaA893l7EM=
+  dependencies:
+    p-limit "^1.1.0"
+
+p-locate@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-locate/-/p-locate-3.0.0.tgz#322d69a05c0264b25997d9f40cd8a891ab0064a4"
+  integrity sha512-x+12w/To+4GFfgJhBEpiDcLozRJGegY+Ei7/z0tSLkMmxGZNybVMSfWj9aJn8Z5Fc7dBUNJOOVgPv2H7IwulSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    p-limit "^2.0.0"
+
+p-try@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-try/-/p-try-1.0.0.tgz#cbc79cdbaf8fd4228e13f621f2b1a237c1b207b3"
+  integrity sha1-y8ec26+P1CKOE/Yh8rGiN8GyB7M=
+
+p-try@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/p-try/-/p-try-2.0.0.tgz#85080bb87c64688fa47996fe8f7dfbe8211760b1"
+  integrity sha512-hMp0onDKIajHfIkdRk3P4CdCmErkYAxxDtP3Wx/4nZ3aGlau2VKh3mZpcuFkH27WQkL/3WBCPOktzA9ZOAnMQQ==
+
+pako@~1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pako/-/pako-1.0.7.tgz#2473439021b57f1516c82f58be7275ad8ef1bb27"
+  integrity sha512-3HNK5tW4x8o5mO8RuHZp3Ydw9icZXx0RANAOMzlMzx7LVXhMJ4mo3MOBpzyd7r/+RUu8BmndP47LXT+vzjtWcQ==
+
+parallel-transform@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parallel-transform/-/parallel-transform-1.1.0.tgz#d410f065b05da23081fcd10f28854c29bda33b06"
+  integrity sha1-1BDwZbBdojCB/NEPKIVMKb2jOwY=
+  dependencies:
+    cyclist "~0.2.2"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    readable-stream "^2.1.5"
+
+parse-asn1@^5.0.0:
+  version "5.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-asn1/-/parse-asn1-5.1.1.tgz#f6bf293818332bd0dab54efb16087724745e6ca8"
+  integrity sha512-KPx7flKXg775zZpnp9SxJlz00gTd4BmJ2yJufSc44gMCRrRQ7NSzAcSJQfifuOLgW6bEi+ftrALtsgALeB2Adw==
+  dependencies:
+    asn1.js "^4.0.0"
+    browserify-aes "^1.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    evp_bytestokey "^1.0.0"
+    pbkdf2 "^3.0.3"
+
+parse-glob@^3.0.4:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-glob/-/parse-glob-3.0.4.tgz#b2c376cfb11f35513badd173ef0bb6e3a388391c"
+  integrity sha1-ssN2z7EfNVE7rdFz7wu246OIORw=
+  dependencies:
+    glob-base "^0.3.0"
+    is-dotfile "^1.0.0"
+    is-extglob "^1.0.0"
+    is-glob "^2.0.0"
+
+parse-json@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-json/-/parse-json-2.2.0.tgz#f480f40434ef80741f8469099f8dea18f55a4dc9"
+  integrity sha1-9ID0BDTvgHQfhGkJn43qGPVaTck=
+  dependencies:
+    error-ex "^1.2.0"
+
+parse-passwd@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parse-passwd/-/parse-passwd-1.0.0.tgz#6d5b934a456993b23d37f40a382d6f1666a8e5c6"
+  integrity sha1-bVuTSkVpk7I9N/QKOC1vFmao5cY=
+
+parseqs@0.0.5:
+  version "0.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parseqs/-/parseqs-0.0.5.tgz#d5208a3738e46766e291ba2ea173684921a8b89d"
+  integrity sha1-1SCKNzjkZ2bikbouoXNoSSGouJ0=
+  dependencies:
+    better-assert "~1.0.0"
+
+parseuri@0.0.5:
+  version "0.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parseuri/-/parseuri-0.0.5.tgz#80204a50d4dbb779bfdc6ebe2778d90e4bce320a"
+  integrity sha1-gCBKUNTbt3m/3G6+J3jZDkvOMgo=
+  dependencies:
+    better-assert "~1.0.0"
+
+parseurl@~1.3.2:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/parseurl/-/parseurl-1.3.2.tgz#fc289d4ed8993119460c156253262cdc8de65bf3"
+  integrity sha1-/CidTtiZMRlGDBViUyYs3I3mW/M=
+
+pascalcase@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pascalcase/-/pascalcase-0.1.1.tgz#b363e55e8006ca6fe21784d2db22bd15d7917f14"
+  integrity sha1-s2PlXoAGym/iF4TS2yK9FdeRfxQ=
+
+path-browserify@0.0.0:
+  version "0.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-browserify/-/path-browserify-0.0.0.tgz#a0b870729aae214005b7d5032ec2cbbb0fb4451a"
+  integrity sha1-oLhwcpquIUAFt9UDLsLLuw+0RRo=
+
+path-dirname@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-dirname/-/path-dirname-1.0.2.tgz#cc33d24d525e099a5388c0336c6e32b9160609e0"
+  integrity sha1-zDPSTVJeCZpTiMAzbG4yuRYGCeA=
+
+path-exists@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-exists/-/path-exists-2.1.0.tgz#0feb6c64f0fc518d9a754dd5efb62c7022761f4b"
+  integrity sha1-D+tsZPD8UY2adU3V77YscCJ2H0s=
+  dependencies:
+    pinkie-promise "^2.0.0"
+
+path-exists@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-exists/-/path-exists-3.0.0.tgz#ce0ebeaa5f78cb18925ea7d810d7b59b010fd515"
+  integrity sha1-zg6+ql94yxiSXqfYENe1mwEP1RU=
+
+path-is-absolute@^1.0.0, path-is-absolute@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-is-absolute/-/path-is-absolute-1.0.1.tgz#174b9268735534ffbc7ace6bf53a5a9e1b5c5f5f"
+  integrity sha1-F0uSaHNVNP+8es5r9TpanhtcX18=
+
+path-is-inside@^1.0.1, path-is-inside@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-is-inside/-/path-is-inside-1.0.2.tgz#365417dede44430d1c11af61027facf074bdfc53"
+  integrity sha1-NlQX3t5EQw0cEa9hAn+s8HS9/FM=
+
+path-key@^2.0.0, path-key@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-key/-/path-key-2.0.1.tgz#411cadb574c5a140d3a4b1910d40d80cc9f40b40"
+  integrity sha1-QRyttXTFoUDTpLGRDUDYDMn0C0A=
+
+path-parse@^1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-parse/-/path-parse-1.0.6.tgz#d62dbb5679405d72c4737ec58600e9ddcf06d24c"
+  integrity sha512-GSmOT2EbHrINBf9SR7CDELwlJ8AENk3Qn7OikK4nFYAu3Ote2+JYNVvkpAEQm3/TLNEJFD/xZJjzyxg3KBWOzw==
+
+path-type@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/path-type/-/path-type-2.0.0.tgz#f012ccb8415b7096fc2daa1054c3d72389594c73"
+  integrity sha1-8BLMuEFbcJb8LaoQVMPXI4lZTHM=
+  dependencies:
+    pify "^2.0.0"
+
+pbkdf2@^3.0.3:
+  version "3.0.17"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pbkdf2/-/pbkdf2-3.0.17.tgz#976c206530617b14ebb32114239f7b09336e93a6"
+  integrity sha512-U/il5MsrZp7mGg3mSQfn742na2T+1/vHDCG5/iTI3X9MKUuYUZVLQhyRsg06mCgDBTd57TxzgZt7P+fYfjRLtA==
+  dependencies:
+    create-hash "^1.1.2"
+    create-hmac "^1.1.4"
+    ripemd160 "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+    sha.js "^2.4.8"
+
+performance-now@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/performance-now/-/performance-now-2.1.0.tgz#6309f4e0e5fa913ec1c69307ae364b4b377c9e7b"
+  integrity sha1-Ywn04OX6kT7BxpMHrjZLSzd8nns=
+
+pify@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pify/-/pify-2.3.0.tgz#ed141a6ac043a849ea588498e7dca8b15330e90c"
+  integrity sha1-7RQaasBDqEnqWISY59yosVMw6Qw=
+
+pify@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pify/-/pify-3.0.0.tgz#e5a4acd2c101fdf3d9a4d07f0dbc4db49dd28176"
+  integrity sha1-5aSs0sEB/fPZpNB/DbxNtJ3SgXY=
+
+pinkie-promise@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pinkie-promise/-/pinkie-promise-2.0.1.tgz#2135d6dfa7a358c069ac9b178776288228450ffa"
+  integrity sha1-ITXW36ejWMBprJsXh3YogihFD/o=
+  dependencies:
+    pinkie "^2.0.0"
+
+pinkie@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pinkie/-/pinkie-2.0.4.tgz#72556b80cfa0d48a974e80e77248e80ed4f7f870"
+  integrity sha1-clVrgM+g1IqXToDnckjoDtT3+HA=
+
+pkg-dir@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pkg-dir/-/pkg-dir-1.0.0.tgz#7a4b508a8d5bb2d629d447056ff4e9c9314cf3d4"
+  integrity sha1-ektQio1bstYp1EcFb/TpyTFM89Q=
+  dependencies:
+    find-up "^1.0.0"
+
+pkg-dir@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pkg-dir/-/pkg-dir-3.0.0.tgz#2749020f239ed990881b1f71210d51eb6523bea3"
+  integrity sha512-/E57AYkoeQ25qkxMj5PBOVgF8Kiu/h7cYS30Z5+R7WaiCCBfLq58ZI/dSeaEKb9WVJV5n/03QwrN3IeWIFllvw==
+  dependencies:
+    find-up "^3.0.0"
+
+pluralize@^1.2.1:
+  version "1.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pluralize/-/pluralize-1.2.1.tgz#d1a21483fd22bb41e58a12fa3421823140897c45"
+  integrity sha1-0aIUg/0iu0HlihL6NCGCMUCJfEU=
+
+pluralize@^7.0.0:
+  version "7.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pluralize/-/pluralize-7.0.0.tgz#298b89df8b93b0221dbf421ad2b1b1ea23fc6777"
+  integrity sha512-ARhBOdzS3e41FbkW/XWrTEtukqqLoK5+Z/4UeDaLuSW+39JPeFgs4gCGqsrJHVZX0fUrx//4OF0K1CUGwlIFow==
+
+posix-character-classes@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/posix-character-classes/-/posix-character-classes-0.1.1.tgz#01eac0fe3b5af71a2a6c02feabb8c1fef7e00eab"
+  integrity sha1-AerA/jta9xoqbAL+q7jB/vfgDqs=
+
+prelude-ls@~1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/prelude-ls/-/prelude-ls-1.1.2.tgz#21932a549f5e52ffd9a827f570e04be62a97da54"
+  integrity sha1-IZMqVJ9eUv/ZqCf1cOBL5iqX2lQ=
+
+preserve@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/preserve/-/preserve-0.2.0.tgz#815ed1f6ebc65926f865b310c0713bcb3315ce4b"
+  integrity sha1-gV7R9uvGWSb4ZbMQwHE7yzMVzks=
+
+private@^0.1.6, private@^0.1.8:
+  version "0.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/private/-/private-0.1.8.tgz#2381edb3689f7a53d653190060fcf822d2f368ff"
+  integrity sha512-VvivMrbvd2nKkiG38qjULzlc+4Vx4wm/whI9pQD35YrARNnhxeiRktSOhSukRLFNlzg6Br/cJPet5J/u19r/mg==
+
+process-nextick-args@~2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/process-nextick-args/-/process-nextick-args-2.0.0.tgz#a37d732f4271b4ab1ad070d35508e8290788ffaa"
+  integrity sha512-MtEC1TqN0EU5nephaJ4rAtThHtC86dNN9qCuEhtshvpVBkAW5ZO7BASN9REnF9eoXGcRub+pFuKEpOHE+HbEMw==
+
+process@^0.11.10:
+  version "0.11.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/process/-/process-0.11.10.tgz#7332300e840161bda3e69a1d1d91a7d4bc16f182"
+  integrity sha1-czIwDoQBYb2j5podHZGn1LwW8YI=
+
+progress@^1.1.8:
+  version "1.1.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/progress/-/progress-1.1.8.tgz#e260c78f6161cdd9b0e56cc3e0a85de17c7a57be"
+  integrity sha1-4mDHj2Fhzdmw5WzD4Khd4Xx6V74=
+
+progress@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/progress/-/progress-2.0.1.tgz#c9242169342b1c29d275889c95734621b1952e31"
+  integrity sha512-OE+a6vzqazc+K6LxJrX5UPyKFvGnL5CYmq2jFGNIBWHpc4QyE49/YOumcrpQFJpfejmvRtbJzgO1zPmMCqlbBg==
+
+promise-inflight@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/promise-inflight/-/promise-inflight-1.0.1.tgz#98472870bf228132fcbdd868129bad12c3c029e3"
+  integrity sha1-mEcocL8igTL8vdhoEputEsPAKeM=
+
+prr@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/prr/-/prr-1.0.1.tgz#d3fc114ba06995a45ec6893f484ceb1d78f5f476"
+  integrity sha1-0/wRS6BplaRexok/SEzrHXj19HY=
+
+pseudomap@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pseudomap/-/pseudomap-1.0.2.tgz#f052a28da70e618917ef0a8ac34c1ae5a68286b3"
+  integrity sha1-8FKijacOYYkX7wqKw0wa5aaChrM=
+
+psl@^1.1.24:
+  version "1.1.29"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/psl/-/psl-1.1.29.tgz#60f580d360170bb722a797cc704411e6da850c67"
+  integrity sha512-AeUmQ0oLN02flVHXWh9sSJF7mcdFq0ppid/JkErufc3hGIV/AMa8Fo9VgDo/cT2jFdOWoFvHp90qqBH54W+gjQ==
+
+public-encrypt@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/public-encrypt/-/public-encrypt-4.0.3.tgz#4fcc9d77a07e48ba7527e7cbe0de33d0701331e0"
+  integrity sha512-zVpa8oKZSz5bTMTFClc1fQOnyyEzpl5ozpi1B5YcvBrdohMjH2rfsBtyXcuNuwjsDIXmBYlF2N5FlJYhR29t8Q==
+  dependencies:
+    bn.js "^4.1.0"
+    browserify-rsa "^4.0.0"
+    create-hash "^1.1.0"
+    parse-asn1 "^5.0.0"
+    randombytes "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+
+pump@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pump/-/pump-2.0.1.tgz#12399add6e4cf7526d973cbc8b5ce2e2908b3909"
+  integrity sha512-ruPMNRkN3MHP1cWJc9OWr+T/xDP0jhXYCLfJcBuX54hhfIBnaQmAUMfDcG4DM5UMWByBbJY69QSphm3jtDKIkA==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    once "^1.3.1"
+
+pump@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pump/-/pump-3.0.0.tgz#b4a2116815bde2f4e1ea602354e8c75565107a64"
+  integrity sha512-LwZy+p3SFs1Pytd/jYct4wpv49HiYCqd9Rlc5ZVdk0V+8Yzv6jR5Blk3TRmPL1ft69TxP0IMZGJ+WPFU2BFhww==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    once "^1.3.1"
+
+pumpify@^1.3.3:
+  version "1.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/pumpify/-/pumpify-1.5.1.tgz#36513be246ab27570b1a374a5ce278bfd74370ce"
+  integrity sha512-oClZI37HvuUJJxSKKrC17bZ9Cu0ZYhEAGPsPUy9KlMUmv9dKX2o77RUmq7f3XjIxbwyGwYzbzQ1L2Ks8sIradQ==
+  dependencies:
+    duplexify "^3.6.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.3"
+    pump "^2.0.0"
+
+punycode@1.3.2:
+  version "1.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-1.3.2.tgz#9653a036fb7c1ee42342f2325cceefea3926c48d"
+  integrity sha1-llOgNvt8HuQjQvIyXM7v6jkmxI0=
+
+punycode@^1.2.4, punycode@^1.4.1:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-1.4.1.tgz#c0d5a63b2718800ad8e1eb0fa5269c84dd41845e"
+  integrity sha1-wNWmOycYgArY4esPpSachN1BhF4=
+
+punycode@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-2.1.1.tgz#b58b010ac40c22c5657616c8d2c2c02c7bf479ec"
+  integrity sha512-XRsRjdf+j5ml+y/6GKHPZbrF/8p2Yga0JPtdqTIY2Xe5ohJPD9saDJJLPvp9+NSBprVvevdXZybnj2cv8OEd0A==
+
+q@1.4.1:
+  version "1.4.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/q/-/q-1.4.1.tgz#55705bcd93c5f3673530c2c2cbc0c2b3addc286e"
+  integrity sha1-VXBbzZPF82c1MMLCy8DCs63cKG4=
+
+q@^1.5.0:
+  version "1.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/q/-/q-1.5.1.tgz#7e32f75b41381291d04611f1bf14109ac00651d7"
+  integrity sha1-fjL3W0E4EpHQRhHxvxQQmsAGUdc=
+
+qjobs@^1.1.4:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/qjobs/-/qjobs-1.2.0.tgz#c45e9c61800bd087ef88d7e256423bdd49e5d071"
+  integrity sha512-8YOJEHtxpySA3fFDyCRxA+UUV+fA+rTWnuWvylOK/NCjhY+b4ocCtmu8TtsWb+mYeU+GCHf/S66KZF/AsteKHg==
+
+qs@6.5.2, qs@~6.5.2:
+  version "6.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/qs/-/qs-6.5.2.tgz#cb3ae806e8740444584ef154ce8ee98d403f3e36"
+  integrity sha512-N5ZAX4/LxJmF+7wN74pUD6qAh9/wnvdQcjq9TZjevvXzSUo7bfmw91saqMjzGS2xq91/odN2dW/WOl7qQHNDGA==
+
+querystring-es3@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/querystring-es3/-/querystring-es3-0.2.1.tgz#9ec61f79049875707d69414596fd907a4d711e73"
+  integrity sha1-nsYfeQSYdXB9aUFFlv2Qek1xHnM=
+
+querystring@0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/querystring/-/querystring-0.2.0.tgz#b209849203bb25df820da756e747005878521620"
+  integrity sha1-sgmEkgO7Jd+CDadW50cAWHhSFiA=
+
+qunit@^2.8.0:
+  version "2.8.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/qunit/-/qunit-2.8.0.tgz#007474727cdba323c35f9526e21c0687f8ea04b3"
+  integrity sha512-bT7vvvE4Xvk6c/uSbvP11uZXlzPJINURQyG9zj5I0EXXycW9oeDCodvAOK3GuYZ+GoXiTAMsxVSXCPGeXlTWzg==
+  dependencies:
+    commander "2.12.2"
+    exists-stat "1.0.0"
+    findup-sync "2.0.0"
+    js-reporters "1.2.1"
+    resolve "1.5.0"
+    sane "^4.0.0"
+    walk-sync "0.3.2"
+
+randomatic@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/randomatic/-/randomatic-3.1.1.tgz#b776efc59375984e36c537b2f51a1f0aff0da1ed"
+  integrity sha512-TuDE5KxZ0J461RVjrJZCJc+J+zCkTb1MbH9AQUq68sMhOMcy9jLcb3BrZKgp9q9Ncltdg4QVqWrH02W2EFFVYw==
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^4.0.0"
+    kind-of "^6.0.0"
+    math-random "^1.0.1"
+
+randombytes@^2.0.0, randombytes@^2.0.1, randombytes@^2.0.5:
+  version "2.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/randombytes/-/randombytes-2.0.6.tgz#d302c522948588848a8d300c932b44c24231da80"
+  integrity sha512-CIQ5OFxf4Jou6uOKe9t1AOgqpeU5fd70A8NPdHSGeYXqXsPe6peOwI0cUl88RWZ6sP1vPMV3avd/R6cZ5/sP1A==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.0"
+
+randomfill@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/randomfill/-/randomfill-1.0.4.tgz#c92196fc86ab42be983f1bf31778224931d61458"
+  integrity sha512-87lcbR8+MhcWcUiQ+9e+Rwx8MyR2P7qnt15ynUlbm3TU/fjbgz4GsvfSUDTemtCCtVCqb4ZcEFlyPNTh9bBTLw==
+  dependencies:
+    randombytes "^2.0.5"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.0"
+
+range-parser@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/range-parser/-/range-parser-1.2.0.tgz#f49be6b487894ddc40dcc94a322f611092e00d5e"
+  integrity sha1-9JvmtIeJTdxA3MlKMi9hEJLgDV4=
+
+raw-body@2.3.3:
+  version "2.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/raw-body/-/raw-body-2.3.3.tgz#1b324ece6b5706e153855bc1148c65bb7f6ea0c3"
+  integrity sha512-9esiElv1BrZoI3rCDuOuKCBRbuApGGaDPQfjSflGxdy4oyzqghxu6klEkkVIvBje+FF0BX9coEv8KqW6X/7njw==
+  dependencies:
+    bytes "3.0.0"
+    http-errors "1.6.3"
+    iconv-lite "0.4.23"
+    unpipe "1.0.0"
+
+rc@^1.2.7:
+  version "1.2.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rc/-/rc-1.2.8.tgz#cd924bf5200a075b83c188cd6b9e211b7fc0d3ed"
+  integrity sha512-y3bGgqKj3QBdxLbLkomlohkvsA8gdAiUQlSBJnBhfn+BPxg4bc62d8TcBW15wavDfgexCgccckhcZvywyQYPOw==
+  dependencies:
+    deep-extend "^0.6.0"
+    ini "~1.3.0"
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+    strip-json-comments "~2.0.1"
+
+read-pkg-up@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/read-pkg-up/-/read-pkg-up-2.0.0.tgz#6b72a8048984e0c41e79510fd5e9fa99b3b549be"
+  integrity sha1-a3KoBImE4MQeeVEP1en6mbO1Sb4=
+  dependencies:
+    find-up "^2.0.0"
+    read-pkg "^2.0.0"
+
+read-pkg@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/read-pkg/-/read-pkg-2.0.0.tgz#8ef1c0623c6a6db0dc6713c4bfac46332b2368f8"
+  integrity sha1-jvHAYjxqbbDcZxPEv6xGMysjaPg=
+  dependencies:
+    load-json-file "^2.0.0"
+    normalize-package-data "^2.3.2"
+    path-type "^2.0.0"
+
+"readable-stream@1 || 2", readable-stream@^2.0.0, readable-stream@^2.0.1, readable-stream@^2.0.2, readable-stream@^2.0.4, readable-stream@^2.0.5, readable-stream@^2.0.6, readable-stream@^2.1.5, readable-stream@^2.2.2, readable-stream@^2.3.0, readable-stream@^2.3.3, readable-stream@^2.3.5, readable-stream@^2.3.6, readable-stream@~2.3.6:
+  version "2.3.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-2.3.6.tgz#b11c27d88b8ff1fbe070643cf94b0c79ae1b0aaf"
+  integrity sha512-tQtKA9WIAhBF3+VLAseyMqZeBjW0AHJoxOtYqSUZNJxauErmLbVm2FW1y+J/YA9dUrAC39ITejlZWhVIwawkKw==
+  dependencies:
+    core-util-is "~1.0.0"
+    inherits "~2.0.3"
+    isarray "~1.0.0"
+    process-nextick-args "~2.0.0"
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.1"
+    string_decoder "~1.1.1"
+    util-deprecate "~1.0.1"
+
+readdirp@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readdirp/-/readdirp-2.2.1.tgz#0e87622a3325aa33e892285caf8b4e846529a525"
+  integrity sha512-1JU/8q+VgFZyxwrJ+SVIOsh+KywWGpds3NTqikiKpDMZWScmAYyKIgqkO+ARvNWJfXeXR1zxz7aHF4u4CyH6vQ==
+  dependencies:
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.11"
+    micromatch "^3.1.10"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.2"
+
+readline2@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/readline2/-/readline2-1.0.1.tgz#41059608ffc154757b715d9989d199ffbf372e35"
+  integrity sha1-QQWWCP/BVHV7cV2ZidGZ/783LjU=
+  dependencies:
+    code-point-at "^1.0.0"
+    is-fullwidth-code-point "^1.0.0"
+    mute-stream "0.0.5"
+
+regenerate@^1.2.1:
+  version "1.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerate/-/regenerate-1.4.0.tgz#4a856ec4b56e4077c557589cae85e7a4c8869a11"
+  integrity sha512-1G6jJVDWrt0rK99kBjvEtziZNCICAuvIPkSiUFIQxVP06RCVpq3dmDo2oi6ABpYaDYaTRr67BEhL8r1wgEZZKg==
+
+regenerator-runtime@^0.11.0:
+  version "0.11.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerator-runtime/-/regenerator-runtime-0.11.1.tgz#be05ad7f9bf7d22e056f9726cee5017fbf19e2e9"
+  integrity sha512-MguG95oij0fC3QV3URf4V2SDYGJhJnJGqvIIgdECeODCT98wSWDAJ94SSuVpYQUoTcGUIL6L4yNB7j1DFFHSBg==
+
+regenerator-transform@^0.10.0:
+  version "0.10.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regenerator-transform/-/regenerator-transform-0.10.1.tgz#1e4996837231da8b7f3cf4114d71b5691a0680dd"
+  integrity sha512-PJepbvDbuK1xgIgnau7Y90cwaAmO/LCLMI2mPvaXq2heGMR3aWW5/BQvYrhJ8jgmQjXewXvBjzfqKcVOmhjZ6Q==
+  dependencies:
+    babel-runtime "^6.18.0"
+    babel-types "^6.19.0"
+    private "^0.1.6"
+
+regex-cache@^0.4.2:
+  version "0.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regex-cache/-/regex-cache-0.4.4.tgz#75bdc58a2a1496cec48a12835bc54c8d562336dd"
+  integrity sha512-nVIZwtCjkC9YgvWkpM55B5rBhBYRZhAaJbgcFYXXsHnbZ9UZI9nnVWYZpBlCqv9ho2eZryPnWrZGsOdPwVWXWQ==
+  dependencies:
+    is-equal-shallow "^0.1.3"
+
+regex-not@^1.0.0, regex-not@^1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regex-not/-/regex-not-1.0.2.tgz#1f4ece27e00b0b65e0247a6810e6a85d83a5752c"
+  integrity sha512-J6SDjUgDxQj5NusnOtdFxDwN/+HWykR8GELwctJ7mdqhcyy1xEc4SRFHUXvxTp661YaVKAjfRLZ9cCqS6tn32A==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    safe-regex "^1.1.0"
+
+regexpp@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regexpp/-/regexpp-1.1.0.tgz#0e3516dd0b7904f413d2d4193dce4618c3a689ab"
+  integrity sha512-LOPw8FpgdQF9etWMaAfG/WRthIdXJGYp4mJ2Jgn/2lpkbod9jPn0t9UqN7AxBOKNfzRbYyVfgc7Vk4t/MpnXgw==
+
+regexpu-core@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regexpu-core/-/regexpu-core-2.0.0.tgz#49d038837b8dcf8bfa5b9a42139938e6ea2ae240"
+  integrity sha1-SdA4g3uNz4v6W5pCE5k45uoq4kA=
+  dependencies:
+    regenerate "^1.2.1"
+    regjsgen "^0.2.0"
+    regjsparser "^0.1.4"
+
+regjsgen@^0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regjsgen/-/regjsgen-0.2.0.tgz#6c016adeac554f75823fe37ac05b92d5a4edb1f7"
+  integrity sha1-bAFq3qxVT3WCP+N6wFuS1aTtsfc=
+
+regjsparser@^0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/regjsparser/-/regjsparser-0.1.5.tgz#7ee8f84dc6fa792d3fd0ae228d24bd949ead205c"
+  integrity sha1-fuj4Tcb6eS0/0K4ijSS9lJ6tIFw=
+  dependencies:
+    jsesc "~0.5.0"
+
+remove-trailing-separator@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/remove-trailing-separator/-/remove-trailing-separator-1.1.0.tgz#c24bce2a283adad5bc3f58e0d48249b92379d8ef"
+  integrity sha1-wkvOKig62tW8P1jg1IJJuSN52O8=
+
+repeat-element@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeat-element/-/repeat-element-1.1.3.tgz#782e0d825c0c5a3bb39731f84efee6b742e6b1ce"
+  integrity sha512-ahGq0ZnV5m5XtZLMb+vP76kcAM5nkLqk0lpqAuojSKGgQtn4eRi4ZZGm2olo2zKFH+sMsWaqOCW1dqAnOru72g==
+
+repeat-string@^0.2.2:
+  version "0.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeat-string/-/repeat-string-0.2.2.tgz#c7a8d3236068362059a7e4651fc6884e8b1fb4ae"
+  integrity sha1-x6jTI2BoNiBZp+RlH8aITosftK4=
+
+repeat-string@^1.5.2, repeat-string@^1.6.1:
+  version "1.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeat-string/-/repeat-string-1.6.1.tgz#8dcae470e1c88abc2d600fff4a776286da75e637"
+  integrity sha1-jcrkcOHIirwtYA//Sndihtp15jc=
+
+repeating@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/repeating/-/repeating-2.0.1.tgz#5214c53a926d3552707527fbab415dbc08d06dda"
+  integrity sha1-UhTFOpJtNVJwdSf7q0FdvAjQbdo=
+  dependencies:
+    is-finite "^1.0.0"
+
+request@2.88.0:
+  version "2.88.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/request/-/request-2.88.0.tgz#9c2fca4f7d35b592efe57c7f0a55e81052124fef"
+  integrity sha512-NAqBSrijGLZdM0WZNsInLJpkJokL72XYjUpnB0iwsRgxh7dB6COrHnTBNwN0E+lHDAJzu7kLAkDeY08z2/A0hg==
+  dependencies:
+    aws-sign2 "~0.7.0"
+    aws4 "^1.8.0"
+    caseless "~0.12.0"
+    combined-stream "~1.0.6"
+    extend "~3.0.2"
+    forever-agent "~0.6.1"
+    form-data "~2.3.2"
+    har-validator "~5.1.0"
+    http-signature "~1.2.0"
+    is-typedarray "~1.0.0"
+    isstream "~0.1.2"
+    json-stringify-safe "~5.0.1"
+    mime-types "~2.1.19"
+    oauth-sign "~0.9.0"
+    performance-now "^2.1.0"
+    qs "~6.5.2"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    tough-cookie "~2.4.3"
+    tunnel-agent "^0.6.0"
+    uuid "^3.3.2"
+
+require-uncached@^1.0.2, require-uncached@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/require-uncached/-/require-uncached-1.0.3.tgz#4e0d56d6c9662fd31e43011c4b95aa49955421d3"
+  integrity sha1-Tg1W1slmL9MeQwEcS5WqSZVUIdM=
+  dependencies:
+    caller-path "^0.1.0"
+    resolve-from "^1.0.0"
+
+requires-port@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/requires-port/-/requires-port-1.0.0.tgz#925d2601d39ac485e091cf0da5c6e694dc3dcaff"
+  integrity sha1-kl0mAdOaxIXgkc8NpcbmlNw9yv8=
+
+resolve-dir@^1.0.0, resolve-dir@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-dir/-/resolve-dir-1.0.1.tgz#79a40644c362be82f26effe739c9bb5382046f43"
+  integrity sha1-eaQGRMNivoLybv/nOcm7U4IEb0M=
+  dependencies:
+    expand-tilde "^2.0.0"
+    global-modules "^1.0.0"
+
+resolve-from@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-from/-/resolve-from-1.0.1.tgz#26cbfe935d1aeeeabb29bc3fe5aeb01e93d44226"
+  integrity sha1-Jsv+k10a7uq7Kbw/5a6wHpPUQiY=
+
+resolve-url@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve-url/-/resolve-url-0.2.1.tgz#2c637fe77c893afd2a663fe21aa9080068e2052a"
+  integrity sha1-LGN/53yJOv0qZj/iGqkIAGjiBSo=
+
+resolve@1.5.0:
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve/-/resolve-1.5.0.tgz#1f09acce796c9a762579f31b2c1cc4c3cddf9f36"
+  integrity sha512-hgoSGrc3pjzAPHNBg+KnFcK2HwlHTs/YrAGUr6qgTVUZmXv1UEXXl0bZNBKMA9fud6lRYFdPGz0xXxycPzmmiw==
+  dependencies:
+    path-parse "^1.0.5"
+
+resolve@^0.6.3:
+  version "0.6.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve/-/resolve-0.6.3.tgz#dd957982e7e736debdf53b58a4dd91754575dd46"
+  integrity sha1-3ZV5gufnNt699TtYpN2RdUV13UY=
+
+resolve@^1.1.6, resolve@^1.5.0, resolve@^1.6.0, resolve@^1.8.1:
+  version "1.8.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/resolve/-/resolve-1.8.1.tgz#82f1ec19a423ac1fbd080b0bab06ba36e84a7a26"
+  integrity sha512-AicPrAC7Qu1JxPCZ9ZgCZlY35QgFnNqc+0LtbRNxnVw4TXvjQ72wnuL9JQcEBgXkI9JM8MsT9kaQoHcpCRJOYA==
+  dependencies:
+    path-parse "^1.0.5"
+
+restore-cursor@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/restore-cursor/-/restore-cursor-1.0.1.tgz#34661f46886327fed2991479152252df92daa541"
+  integrity sha1-NGYfRohjJ/7SmRR5FSJS35LapUE=
+  dependencies:
+    exit-hook "^1.0.0"
+    onetime "^1.0.0"
+
+restore-cursor@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/restore-cursor/-/restore-cursor-2.0.0.tgz#9f7ee287f82fd326d4fd162923d62129eee0dfaf"
+  integrity sha1-n37ih/gv0ybU/RYpI9YhKe7g368=
+  dependencies:
+    onetime "^2.0.0"
+    signal-exit "^3.0.2"
+
+ret@~0.1.10:
+  version "0.1.15"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ret/-/ret-0.1.15.tgz#b8a4825d5bdb1fc3f6f53c2bc33f81388681c7bc"
+  integrity sha512-TTlYpa+OL+vMMNG24xSlQGEJ3B/RzEfUlLct7b5G/ytav+wPrplCpVMFuwzXbkecJrb6IYo1iFb0S9v37754mg==
+
+rfdc@^1.1.2:
+  version "1.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rfdc/-/rfdc-1.1.2.tgz#e6e72d74f5dc39de8f538f65e00c36c18018e349"
+  integrity sha512-92ktAgvZhBzYTIK0Mja9uen5q5J3NRVMoDkJL2VMwq6SXjVCgqvQeVP2XAaUY6HT+XpQYeLSjb3UoitBryKmdA==
+
+rimraf@^2.5.4, rimraf@^2.6.0, rimraf@^2.6.1, rimraf@^2.6.2, rimraf@~2.6.2:
+  version "2.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rimraf/-/rimraf-2.6.2.tgz#2ed8150d24a16ea8651e6d6ef0f47c4158ce7a36"
+  integrity sha512-lreewLK/BlghmxtfH36YYVg1i8IAce4TI7oao75I1g245+6BctqTVQiBP3YUJ9C6DQOXJmkYR9X9fCLtCOJc5w==
+  dependencies:
+    glob "^7.0.5"
+
+ripemd160@^2.0.0, ripemd160@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ripemd160/-/ripemd160-2.0.2.tgz#a1c1a6f624751577ba5d07914cbc92850585890c"
+  integrity sha512-ii4iagi25WusVoiC4B4lq7pbXfAp3D9v5CwfkY33vffw2+pkDjY1D8GaN7spsxvCSx8dkPqOZCEZyfxcmJG2IA==
+  dependencies:
+    hash-base "^3.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+
+rollup-plugin-babel@^3.0.4:
+  version "3.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup-plugin-babel/-/rollup-plugin-babel-3.0.7.tgz#5b13611f1ab8922497e9d15197ae5d8a23fe3b1e"
+  integrity sha512-bVe2y0z/V5Ax1qU8NX/0idmzIwJPdUGu8Xx3vXH73h0yGjxfv2gkFI82MBVg49SlsFlLTBadBHb67zy4TWM3hA==
+  dependencies:
+    rollup-pluginutils "^1.5.0"
+
+rollup-plugin-commonjs@^9.1.0:
+  version "9.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup-plugin-commonjs/-/rollup-plugin-commonjs-9.2.0.tgz#4604e25069e0c78a09e08faa95dc32dec27f7c89"
+  integrity sha512-0RM5U4Vd6iHjL6rLvr3lKBwnPsaVml+qxOGaaNUWN1lSq6S33KhITOfHmvxV3z2vy9Mk4t0g4rNlVaJJsNQPWA==
+  dependencies:
+    estree-walker "^0.5.2"
+    magic-string "^0.25.1"
+    resolve "^1.8.1"
+    rollup-pluginutils "^2.3.3"
+
+rollup-plugin-node-resolve@^3.3.0:
+  version "3.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup-plugin-node-resolve/-/rollup-plugin-node-resolve-3.4.0.tgz#908585eda12e393caac7498715a01e08606abc89"
+  integrity sha512-PJcd85dxfSBWih84ozRtBkB731OjXk0KnzN0oGp7WOWcarAFkVa71cV5hTJg2qpVsV2U8EUwrzHP3tvy9vS3qg==
+  dependencies:
+    builtin-modules "^2.0.0"
+    is-module "^1.0.0"
+    resolve "^1.1.6"
+
+rollup-plugin-uglify@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup-plugin-uglify/-/rollup-plugin-uglify-3.0.0.tgz#a34eca24617709c6bf1778e9653baafa06099b86"
+  integrity sha512-dehLu9eRRoV4l09aC+ySntRw1OAfoyKdbk8Nelblj03tHoynkSybqyEpgavemi1LBOH6S1vzI58/mpxkZIe1iQ==
+  dependencies:
+    uglify-es "^3.3.7"
+
+rollup-pluginutils@^1.5.0:
+  version "1.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup-pluginutils/-/rollup-pluginutils-1.5.2.tgz#1e156e778f94b7255bfa1b3d0178be8f5c552408"
+  integrity sha1-HhVud4+UtyVb+hs9AXi+j1xVJAg=
+  dependencies:
+    estree-walker "^0.2.1"
+    minimatch "^3.0.2"
+
+rollup-pluginutils@^2.3.3:
+  version "2.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup-pluginutils/-/rollup-pluginutils-2.3.3.tgz#3aad9b1eb3e7fe8262820818840bf091e5ae6794"
+  integrity sha512-2XZwja7b6P5q4RZ5FhyX1+f46xi1Z3qBKigLRZ6VTZjwbN0K1IFGMlwm06Uu0Emcre2Z63l77nq/pzn+KxIEoA==
+  dependencies:
+    estree-walker "^0.5.2"
+    micromatch "^2.3.11"
+
+rollup@^0.58.2:
+  version "0.58.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rollup/-/rollup-0.58.2.tgz#2feddea8c0c022f3e74b35c48e3c21b3433803ce"
+  integrity sha512-RZVvCWm9BHOYloaE6LLiE/ibpjv1CmI8F8k0B0Cp+q1eezo3cswszJH1DN0djgzSlo0hjuuCmyeI+1XOYLl4wg==
+  dependencies:
+    "@types/estree" "0.0.38"
+    "@types/node" "*"
+
+rsvp@^3.3.3:
+  version "3.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rsvp/-/rsvp-3.6.2.tgz#2e96491599a96cde1b515d5674a8f7a91452926a"
+  integrity sha512-OfWGQTb9vnwRjwtA2QwpG2ICclHC3pgXZO5xt8H2EfgDquO0qVdSb5T88L4qJVAEugbS56pAuV4XZM58UX8ulw==
+
+run-async@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/run-async/-/run-async-0.1.0.tgz#c8ad4a5e110661e402a7d21b530e009f25f8e389"
+  integrity sha1-yK1KXhEGYeQCp9IbUw4AnyX444k=
+  dependencies:
+    once "^1.3.0"
+
+run-async@^2.2.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/run-async/-/run-async-2.3.0.tgz#0371ab4ae0bdd720d4166d7dfda64ff7a445a6c0"
+  integrity sha1-A3GrSuC91yDUFm19/aZP96RFpsA=
+  dependencies:
+    is-promise "^2.1.0"
+
+run-queue@^1.0.0, run-queue@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/run-queue/-/run-queue-1.0.3.tgz#e848396f057d223f24386924618e25694161ec47"
+  integrity sha1-6Eg5bwV9Ij8kOGkkYY4laUFh7Ec=
+  dependencies:
+    aproba "^1.1.1"
+
+rx-lite-aggregates@^4.0.8:
+  version "4.0.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rx-lite-aggregates/-/rx-lite-aggregates-4.0.8.tgz#753b87a89a11c95467c4ac1626c4efc4e05c67be"
+  integrity sha1-dTuHqJoRyVRnxKwWJsTvxOBcZ74=
+  dependencies:
+    rx-lite "*"
+
+rx-lite@*, rx-lite@^4.0.8:
+  version "4.0.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rx-lite/-/rx-lite-4.0.8.tgz#0b1e11af8bc44836f04a6407e92da42467b79444"
+  integrity sha1-Cx4Rr4vESDbwSmQH6S2kJGe3lEQ=
+
+rx-lite@^3.1.2:
+  version "3.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/rx-lite/-/rx-lite-3.1.2.tgz#19ce502ca572665f3b647b10939f97fd1615f102"
+  integrity sha1-Gc5QLKVyZl87ZHsQk5+X/RYV8QI=
+
+safe-buffer@^5.0.1, safe-buffer@^5.1.0, safe-buffer@^5.1.1, safe-buffer@^5.1.2, safe-buffer@~5.1.0, safe-buffer@~5.1.1:
+  version "5.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safe-buffer/-/safe-buffer-5.1.2.tgz#991ec69d296e0313747d59bdfd2b745c35f8828d"
+  integrity sha512-Gd2UZBJDkXlY7GbJxfsE8/nvKkUEU1G38c1siN6QP6a9PT9MmHB8GnpscSmMJSoF8LOIrt8ud/wPtojys4G6+g==
+
+safe-regex@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safe-regex/-/safe-regex-1.1.0.tgz#40a3669f3b077d1e943d44629e157dd48023bf2e"
+  integrity sha1-QKNmnzsHfR6UPURinhV91IAjvy4=
+  dependencies:
+    ret "~0.1.10"
+
+"safer-buffer@>= 2.1.2 < 3", safer-buffer@^2.0.2, safer-buffer@^2.1.0, safer-buffer@~2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/safer-buffer/-/safer-buffer-2.1.2.tgz#44fa161b0187b9549dd84bb91802f9bd8385cd6a"
+  integrity sha512-YZo3K82SD7Riyi0E1EQPojLz7kpepnSQI9IyPbHHg1XXXevb5dJI7tpyN2ADxGcQbHG7vcyRHk0cbwqcQriUtg==
+
+sane@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sane/-/sane-4.0.2.tgz#5bd4a3f1268fd7a921a2dc657047de635c8f8f25"
+  integrity sha512-/3STCUfNSgMVpoREJc1i6ajKFlYZ5OflzZTOhlqPLa+01Ey+QR9iGZK7K5/qIRsQbEDCvqEJH/PL7yZywmnWsA==
+  dependencies:
+    anymatch "^2.0.0"
+    capture-exit "^1.2.0"
+    exec-sh "^0.3.2"
+    execa "^1.0.0"
+    fb-watchman "^2.0.0"
+    micromatch "^3.1.4"
+    minimist "^1.1.1"
+    walker "~1.0.5"
+    watch "~0.18.0"
+
+sauce-connect-launcher@^1.2.2:
+  version "1.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sauce-connect-launcher/-/sauce-connect-launcher-1.2.4.tgz#8d38f85242a9fbede1b2303b559f7e20c5609a1c"
+  integrity sha512-X2vfwulR6brUGiicXKxPm1GJ7dBEeP1II450Uv4bHGrcGOapZNgzJvn9aioea5IC5BPp/7qjKdE3xbbTBIVXMA==
+  dependencies:
+    adm-zip "~0.4.3"
+    async "^2.1.2"
+    https-proxy-agent "^2.2.1"
+    lodash "^4.16.6"
+    rimraf "^2.5.4"
+
+saucelabs@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/saucelabs/-/saucelabs-1.5.0.tgz#9405a73c360d449b232839919a86c396d379fd9d"
+  integrity sha512-jlX3FGdWvYf4Q3LFfFWS1QvPg3IGCGWxIc8QBFdPTbpTJnt/v17FHXYVAn7C8sHf1yUXo2c7yIM0isDryfYtHQ==
+  dependencies:
+    https-proxy-agent "^2.2.1"
+
+sax@^1.2.4:
+  version "1.2.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sax/-/sax-1.2.4.tgz#2816234e2378bddc4e5354fab5caa895df7100d9"
+  integrity sha512-NqVDv9TpANUjFm0N8uM5GxL36UgKi9/atZw+x7YFnQ8ckwFGKrl4xX4yWtrey3UJm5nP1kUbnYgLopqWNSRhWw==
+
+schema-utils@^0.4.4:
+  version "0.4.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/schema-utils/-/schema-utils-0.4.7.tgz#ba74f597d2be2ea880131746ee17d0a093c68187"
+  integrity sha512-v/iwU6wvwGK8HbU9yi3/nhGzP0yGSuhQMzL6ySiec1FSrZZDkhm4noOSWzrNFo/jEc+SJY6jRTwuwbSXJPDUnQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^6.1.0"
+    ajv-keywords "^3.1.0"
+
+schema-utils@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/schema-utils/-/schema-utils-1.0.0.tgz#0b79a93204d7b600d4b2850d1f66c2a34951c770"
+  integrity sha512-i27Mic4KovM/lnGsy8whRCHhc7VicJajAjTrYg11K9zfZXnYIt4k5F+kZkwjnrhKzLic/HLU4j11mjsz2G/75g==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^6.1.0"
+    ajv-errors "^1.0.0"
+    ajv-keywords "^3.1.0"
+
+"semver@2 || 3 || 4 || 5", semver@^5.3.0, semver@^5.5.0:
+  version "5.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/semver/-/semver-5.6.0.tgz#7e74256fbaa49c75aa7c7a205cc22799cac80004"
+  integrity sha512-RS9R6R35NYgQn++fkDWaOmqGoj4Ek9gGs+DPxNUZKuwE183xjJroKvyo1IzVFeXvUrvmALy6FWD5xrdJT25gMg==
+
+serialize-javascript@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/serialize-javascript/-/serialize-javascript-1.5.0.tgz#1aa336162c88a890ddad5384baebc93a655161fe"
+  integrity sha512-Ga8c8NjAAp46Br4+0oZ2WxJCwIzwP60Gq1YPgU+39PiTVxyed/iKE/zyZI6+UlVYH5Q4PaQdHhcegIFPZTUfoQ==
+
+set-blocking@~2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-blocking/-/set-blocking-2.0.0.tgz#045f9782d011ae9a6803ddd382b24392b3d890f7"
+  integrity sha1-BF+XgtARrppoA93TgrJDkrPYkPc=
+
+set-value@^0.4.3:
+  version "0.4.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-value/-/set-value-0.4.3.tgz#7db08f9d3d22dc7f78e53af3c3bf4666ecdfccf1"
+  integrity sha1-fbCPnT0i3H945Trzw79GZuzfzPE=
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.1"
+    to-object-path "^0.3.0"
+
+set-value@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/set-value/-/set-value-2.0.0.tgz#71ae4a88f0feefbbf52d1ea604f3fb315ebb6274"
+  integrity sha512-hw0yxk9GT/Hr5yJEYnHNKYXkIA8mVJgd9ditYZCe16ZczcaELYYcfvaXesNACk2O8O0nTiPQcQhGUQj8JLzeeg==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    is-plain-object "^2.0.3"
+    split-string "^3.0.1"
+
+setimmediate@^1.0.4:
+  version "1.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/setimmediate/-/setimmediate-1.0.5.tgz#290cbb232e306942d7d7ea9b83732ab7856f8285"
+  integrity sha1-KQy7Iy4waULX1+qbg3Mqt4VvgoU=
+
+setprototypeof@1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/setprototypeof/-/setprototypeof-1.1.0.tgz#d0bd85536887b6fe7c0d818cb962d9d91c54e656"
+  integrity sha512-BvE/TwpZX4FXExxOxZyRGQQv651MSwmWKZGqvmPcRIjDqWub67kTKuIMx43cZZrS/cBBzwBcNDWoFxt2XEFIpQ==
+
+sha.js@^2.4.0, sha.js@^2.4.8:
+  version "2.4.11"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sha.js/-/sha.js-2.4.11.tgz#37a5cf0b81ecbc6943de109ba2960d1b26584ae7"
+  integrity sha512-QMEp5B7cftE7APOjk5Y6xgrbWu+WkLVQwk8JNjZ8nKRciZaByEW6MubieAiToS7+dwvrjGhH8jRXz3MVd0AYqQ==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+shebang-command@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shebang-command/-/shebang-command-1.2.0.tgz#44aac65b695b03398968c39f363fee5deafdf1ea"
+  integrity sha1-RKrGW2lbAzmJaMOfNj/uXer98eo=
+  dependencies:
+    shebang-regex "^1.0.0"
+
+shebang-regex@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shebang-regex/-/shebang-regex-1.0.0.tgz#da42f49740c0b42db2ca9728571cb190c98efea3"
+  integrity sha1-2kL0l0DAtC2yypcoVxyxkMmO/qM=
+
+shelljs@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/shelljs/-/shelljs-0.6.1.tgz#ec6211bed1920442088fe0f70b2837232ed2c8a8"
+  integrity sha1-7GIRvtGSBEIIj+D3Cyg3Iy7SyKg=
+
+signal-exit@^3.0.0, signal-exit@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/signal-exit/-/signal-exit-3.0.2.tgz#b5fdc08f1287ea1178628e415e25132b73646c6d"
+  integrity sha1-tf3AjxKH6hF4Yo5BXiUTK3NkbG0=
+
+slash@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/slash/-/slash-1.0.0.tgz#c41f2f6c39fc16d1cd17ad4b5d896114ae470d55"
+  integrity sha1-xB8vbDn8FtHNF61LXYlhFK5HDVU=
+
+slice-ansi@0.0.4:
+  version "0.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/slice-ansi/-/slice-ansi-0.0.4.tgz#edbf8903f66f7ce2f8eafd6ceed65e264c831b35"
+  integrity sha1-7b+JA/ZvfOL46v1s7tZeJkyDGzU=
+
+slice-ansi@1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/slice-ansi/-/slice-ansi-1.0.0.tgz#044f1a49d8842ff307aad6b505ed178bd950134d"
+  integrity sha512-POqxBK6Lb3q6s047D/XsDVNPnF9Dl8JSaqe9h9lURl0OdNqy/ujDrOiIHtsqXMGbWWTIomRzAMaTyawAU//Reg==
+  dependencies:
+    is-fullwidth-code-point "^2.0.0"
+
+snapdragon-node@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon-node/-/snapdragon-node-2.1.1.tgz#6c175f86ff14bdb0724563e8f3c1b021a286853b"
+  integrity sha512-O27l4xaMYt/RSQ5TR3vpWCAB5Kb/czIcqUFOM/C4fYcLnbZUc1PkjTAMjof2pBWaSTwOUd6qUHcFGVGj7aIwnw==
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^1.0.0"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+    snapdragon-util "^3.0.1"
+
+snapdragon-util@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon-util/-/snapdragon-util-3.0.1.tgz#f956479486f2acd79700693f6f7b805e45ab56e2"
+  integrity sha512-mbKkMdQKsjX4BAL4bRYTj21edOf8cN7XHdYUJEe+Zn99hVEYcMvKPct1IqNe7+AZPirn8BCDOQBHQZknqmKlZQ==
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.2.0"
+
+snapdragon@^0.8.1:
+  version "0.8.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/snapdragon/-/snapdragon-0.8.2.tgz#64922e7c565b0e14204ba1aa7d6964278d25182d"
+  integrity sha512-FtyOnWN/wCHTVXOMwvSv26d+ko5vWlIDD6zoUJ7LW8vh+ZBC8QdljveRP+crNrtBwioEUWy/4dMtbBjA4ioNlg==
+  dependencies:
+    base "^0.11.1"
+    debug "^2.2.0"
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    extend-shallow "^2.0.1"
+    map-cache "^0.2.2"
+    source-map "^0.5.6"
+    source-map-resolve "^0.5.0"
+    use "^3.1.0"
+
+socket.io-adapter@~1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/socket.io-adapter/-/socket.io-adapter-1.1.1.tgz#2a805e8a14d6372124dd9159ad4502f8cb07f06b"
+  integrity sha1-KoBeihTWNyEk3ZFZrUUC+MsH8Gs=
+
+socket.io-client@2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/socket.io-client/-/socket.io-client-2.1.1.tgz#dcb38103436ab4578ddb026638ae2f21b623671f"
+  integrity sha512-jxnFyhAuFxYfjqIgduQlhzqTcOEQSn+OHKVfAxWaNWa7ecP7xSNk2Dx/3UEsDcY7NcFafxvNvKPmmO7HTwTxGQ==
+  dependencies:
+    backo2 "1.0.2"
+    base64-arraybuffer "0.1.5"
+    component-bind "1.0.0"
+    component-emitter "1.2.1"
+    debug "~3.1.0"
+    engine.io-client "~3.2.0"
+    has-binary2 "~1.0.2"
+    has-cors "1.1.0"
+    indexof "0.0.1"
+    object-component "0.0.3"
+    parseqs "0.0.5"
+    parseuri "0.0.5"
+    socket.io-parser "~3.2.0"
+    to-array "0.1.4"
+
+socket.io-parser@~3.2.0:
+  version "3.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/socket.io-parser/-/socket.io-parser-3.2.0.tgz#e7c6228b6aa1f814e6148aea325b51aa9499e077"
+  integrity sha512-FYiBx7rc/KORMJlgsXysflWx/RIvtqZbyGLlHZvjfmPTPeuD/I8MaW7cfFrj5tRltICJdgwflhfZ3NVVbVLFQA==
+  dependencies:
+    component-emitter "1.2.1"
+    debug "~3.1.0"
+    isarray "2.0.1"
+
+socket.io@2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/socket.io/-/socket.io-2.1.1.tgz#a069c5feabee3e6b214a75b40ce0652e1cfb9980"
+  integrity sha512-rORqq9c+7W0DAK3cleWNSyfv/qKXV99hV4tZe+gGLfBECw3XEhBy7x85F3wypA9688LKjtwO9pX9L33/xQI8yA==
+  dependencies:
+    debug "~3.1.0"
+    engine.io "~3.2.0"
+    has-binary2 "~1.0.2"
+    socket.io-adapter "~1.1.0"
+    socket.io-client "2.1.1"
+    socket.io-parser "~3.2.0"
+
+source-list-map@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-list-map/-/source-list-map-2.0.1.tgz#3993bd873bfc48479cca9ea3a547835c7c154b34"
+  integrity sha512-qnQ7gVMxGNxsiL4lEuJwe/To8UnK7fAnmbGEEH8RpLouuKbeEm0lhbQVFIrNSuB+G7tVrAlVsZgETT5nljf+Iw==
+
+source-map-resolve@^0.5.0:
+  version "0.5.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-resolve/-/source-map-resolve-0.5.2.tgz#72e2cc34095543e43b2c62b2c4c10d4a9054f259"
+  integrity sha512-MjqsvNwyz1s0k81Goz/9vRBe9SZdB09Bdw+/zYyO+3CuPk6fouTaxscHkgtE8jKvf01kVfl8riHzERQ/kefaSA==
+  dependencies:
+    atob "^2.1.1"
+    decode-uri-component "^0.2.0"
+    resolve-url "^0.2.1"
+    source-map-url "^0.4.0"
+    urix "^0.1.0"
+
+source-map-support@^0.4.15:
+  version "0.4.18"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-support/-/source-map-support-0.4.18.tgz#0286a6de8be42641338594e97ccea75f0a2c585f"
+  integrity sha512-try0/JqxPLF9nOjvSta7tVondkP5dwgyLDjVoyMDlmjugT2lRZ1OfsrYTkCd2hkDnJTKRbO/Rl3orm8vlsUzbA==
+  dependencies:
+    source-map "^0.5.6"
+
+source-map-support@~0.5.6:
+  version "0.5.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-support/-/source-map-support-0.5.9.tgz#41bc953b2534267ea2d605bccfa7bfa3111ced5f"
+  integrity sha512-gR6Rw4MvUlYy83vP0vxoVNzM6t8MUXqNuRsuBmBHQDu1Fh6X015FrLdgoDKcNdkwGubozq0P4N0Q37UyFVr1EA==
+  dependencies:
+    buffer-from "^1.0.0"
+    source-map "^0.6.0"
+
+source-map-url@^0.4.0:
+  version "0.4.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map-url/-/source-map-url-0.4.0.tgz#3e935d7ddd73631b97659956d55128e87b5084a3"
+  integrity sha1-PpNdfd1zYxuXZZlW1VEo6HtQhKM=
+
+source-map@^0.5.6, source-map@^0.5.7:
+  version "0.5.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.5.7.tgz#8a039d2d1021d22d1ea14c80d8ea468ba2ef3fcc"
+  integrity sha1-igOdLRAh0i0eoUyA2OpGi6LvP8w=
+
+source-map@^0.6.0, source-map@^0.6.1, source-map@~0.6.1:
+  version "0.6.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/source-map/-/source-map-0.6.1.tgz#74722af32e9614e9c287a8d0bbde48b5e2f1a263"
+  integrity sha512-UjgapumWlbMhkBgzT7Ykc5YXUT46F0iKu8SGXq0bcwP5dz/h0Plj6enJqjz1Zbq2l5WaqYnrVbwWOWMyF3F47g==
+
+sourcemap-codec@^1.4.1:
+  version "1.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sourcemap-codec/-/sourcemap-codec-1.4.4.tgz#c63ea927c029dd6bd9a2b7fa03b3fec02ad56e9f"
+  integrity sha512-CYAPYdBu34781kLHkaW3m6b/uUSyMOC2R61gcYMWooeuaGtjof86ZA/8T+qVPPt7np1085CR9hmMGrySwEc8Xg==
+
+spark-md5@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spark-md5/-/spark-md5-3.0.0.tgz#3722227c54e2faf24b1dc6d933cc144e6f71bfef"
+  integrity sha1-NyIifFTi+vJLHcbZM8wUTm9xv+8=
+
+spdx-correct@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-correct/-/spdx-correct-3.0.2.tgz#19bb409e91b47b1ad54159243f7312a858db3c2e"
+  integrity sha512-q9hedtzyXHr5S0A1vEPoK/7l8NpfkFYTq6iCY+Pno2ZbdZR6WexZFtqeVGkGxW3TEJMN914Z55EnAGMmenlIQQ==
+  dependencies:
+    spdx-expression-parse "^3.0.0"
+    spdx-license-ids "^3.0.0"
+
+spdx-exceptions@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-exceptions/-/spdx-exceptions-2.2.0.tgz#2ea450aee74f2a89bfb94519c07fcd6f41322977"
+  integrity sha512-2XQACfElKi9SlVb1CYadKDXvoajPgBVPn/gOQLrTvHdElaVhr7ZEbqJaRnJLVNeaI4cMEAgVCeBMKF6MWRDCRA==
+
+spdx-expression-parse@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-expression-parse/-/spdx-expression-parse-3.0.0.tgz#99e119b7a5da00e05491c9fa338b7904823b41d0"
+  integrity sha512-Yg6D3XpRD4kkOmTpdgbUiEJFKghJH03fiC1OPll5h/0sO6neh2jqRDVHOQ4o/LMea0tgCkbMgea5ip/e+MkWyg==
+  dependencies:
+    spdx-exceptions "^2.1.0"
+    spdx-license-ids "^3.0.0"
+
+spdx-license-ids@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/spdx-license-ids/-/spdx-license-ids-3.0.2.tgz#a59efc09784c2a5bada13cfeaf5c75dd214044d2"
+  integrity sha512-qky9CVt0lVIECkEsYbNILVnPvycuEBkXoMFLRWsREkomQLevYhtRKC+R91a5TOAQ3bCMjikRwhyaRqj1VYatYg==
+
+split-string@^3.0.1, split-string@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/split-string/-/split-string-3.1.0.tgz#7cb09dda3a86585705c64b39a6466038682e8fe2"
+  integrity sha512-NzNVhJDYpwceVVii8/Hu6DKfD2G+NrQHlS/V/qgv763EYudVwEcMQNxd2lh+0VrUByXN/oJkl5grOhYWvQUYiw==
+  dependencies:
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.0"
+
+sprintf-js@~1.0.2:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sprintf-js/-/sprintf-js-1.0.3.tgz#04e6926f662895354f3dd015203633b857297e2c"
+  integrity sha1-BOaSb2YolTVPPdAVIDYzuFcpfiw=
+
+sshpk@^1.7.0:
+  version "1.15.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/sshpk/-/sshpk-1.15.2.tgz#c946d6bd9b1a39d0e8635763f5242d6ed6dcb629"
+  integrity sha512-Ra/OXQtuh0/enyl4ETZAfTaeksa6BXks5ZcjpSUNrjBr0DvrJKX+1fsKDPpT9TBXgHAFsa4510aNVgI8g/+SzA==
+  dependencies:
+    asn1 "~0.2.3"
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    bcrypt-pbkdf "^1.0.0"
+    dashdash "^1.12.0"
+    ecc-jsbn "~0.1.1"
+    getpass "^0.1.1"
+    jsbn "~0.1.0"
+    safer-buffer "^2.0.2"
+    tweetnacl "~0.14.0"
+
+ssri@^6.0.0:
+  version "6.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ssri/-/ssri-6.0.1.tgz#2a3c41b28dd45b62b63676ecb74001265ae9edd8"
+  integrity sha512-3Wge10hNcT1Kur4PDFwEieXSCMCJs/7WvSACcrMYrNp+b8kDL1/0wJch5Ni2WrtwEa2IO8OsVfeKIciKCDx/QA==
+  dependencies:
+    figgy-pudding "^3.5.1"
+
+static-extend@^0.1.1:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/static-extend/-/static-extend-0.1.2.tgz#60809c39cbff55337226fd5e0b520f341f1fb5c6"
+  integrity sha1-YICcOcv/VTNyJv1eC1IPNB8ftcY=
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^0.2.5"
+    object-copy "^0.1.0"
+
+"statuses@>= 1.4.0 < 2":
+  version "1.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/statuses/-/statuses-1.5.0.tgz#161c7dac177659fd9811f43771fa99381478628c"
+  integrity sha1-Fhx9rBd2Wf2YEfQ3cfqZOBR4Yow=
+
+statuses@~1.3.1:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/statuses/-/statuses-1.3.1.tgz#faf51b9eb74aaef3b3acf4ad5f61abf24cb7b93e"
+  integrity sha1-+vUbnrdKrvOzrPStX2Gr8ky3uT4=
+
+stream-browserify@^2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-browserify/-/stream-browserify-2.0.1.tgz#66266ee5f9bdb9940a4e4514cafb43bb71e5c9db"
+  integrity sha1-ZiZu5fm9uZQKTkUUyvtDu3Hlyds=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "~2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.2"
+
+stream-each@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-each/-/stream-each-1.2.3.tgz#ebe27a0c389b04fbcc233642952e10731afa9bae"
+  integrity sha512-vlMC2f8I2u/bZGqkdfLQW/13Zihpej/7PmSiMQsbYddxuTsJp8vRe2x2FvVExZg7FaOds43ROAuFJwPR4MTZLw==
+  dependencies:
+    end-of-stream "^1.1.0"
+    stream-shift "^1.0.0"
+
+stream-http@^2.7.2:
+  version "2.8.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-http/-/stream-http-2.8.3.tgz#b2d242469288a5a27ec4fe8933acf623de6514fc"
+  integrity sha512-+TSkfINHDo4J+ZobQLWiMouQYB+UVYFttRA94FpEzzJ7ZdqcL4uUUQ7WkdkI4DSozGmgBUE/a47L+38PenXhUw==
+  dependencies:
+    builtin-status-codes "^3.0.0"
+    inherits "^2.0.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.6"
+    to-arraybuffer "^1.0.0"
+    xtend "^4.0.0"
+
+stream-shift@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/stream-shift/-/stream-shift-1.0.0.tgz#d5c752825e5367e786f78e18e445ea223a155952"
+  integrity sha1-1cdSgl5TZ+eG944Y5EXqIjoVWVI=
+
+streamroller@0.7.0:
+  version "0.7.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/streamroller/-/streamroller-0.7.0.tgz#a1d1b7cf83d39afb0d63049a5acbf93493bdf64b"
+  integrity sha512-WREzfy0r0zUqp3lGO096wRuUp7ho1X6uo/7DJfTlEi0Iv/4gT7YHqXDjKC2ioVGBZtE8QzsQD9nx1nIuoZ57jQ==
+  dependencies:
+    date-format "^1.2.0"
+    debug "^3.1.0"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.0"
+
+string-width@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string-width/-/string-width-1.0.2.tgz#118bdf5b8cdc51a2a7e70d211e07e2b0b9b107d3"
+  integrity sha1-EYvfW4zcUaKn5w0hHgfisLmxB9M=
+  dependencies:
+    code-point-at "^1.0.0"
+    is-fullwidth-code-point "^1.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^3.0.0"
+
+"string-width@^1.0.2 || 2", string-width@^2.0.0, string-width@^2.1.0, string-width@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string-width/-/string-width-2.1.1.tgz#ab93f27a8dc13d28cac815c462143a6d9012ae9e"
+  integrity sha512-nOqH59deCq9SRHlxq1Aw85Jnt4w6KvLKqWVik6oA9ZklXLNIOlqg4F2yrT1MVaTjAqvVwdfeZ7w7aCvJD7ugkw==
+  dependencies:
+    is-fullwidth-code-point "^2.0.0"
+    strip-ansi "^4.0.0"
+
+string_decoder@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.2.0.tgz#fe86e738b19544afe70469243b2a1ee9240eae8d"
+  integrity sha512-6YqyX6ZWEYguAxgZzHGL7SsCeGx3V2TtOTqZz1xSTSWnqsbWwbptafNyvf/ACquZUXV3DANr5BDIwNYe1mN42w==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.0"
+
+string_decoder@~1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.1.1.tgz#9cf1611ba62685d7030ae9e4ba34149c3af03fc8"
+  integrity sha512-n/ShnvDi6FHbbVfviro+WojiFzv+s8MPMHBczVePfUpDJLwoLT0ht1l4YwBCbi8pJAveEEdnkHyPyTP/mzRfwg==
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.0"
+
+strip-ansi@^3.0.0, strip-ansi@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-3.0.1.tgz#6a385fb8853d952d5ff05d0e8aaf94278dc63dcf"
+  integrity sha1-ajhfuIU9lS1f8F0Oiq+UJ43GPc8=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^2.0.0"
+
+strip-ansi@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-4.0.0.tgz#a8479022eb1ac368a871389b635262c505ee368f"
+  integrity sha1-qEeQIusaw2iocTibY1JixQXuNo8=
+  dependencies:
+    ansi-regex "^3.0.0"
+
+strip-bom@^3.0.0:
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-bom/-/strip-bom-3.0.0.tgz#2334c18e9c759f7bdd56fdef7e9ae3d588e68ed3"
+  integrity sha1-IzTBjpx1n3vdVv3vfprj1YjmjtM=
+
+strip-eof@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-eof/-/strip-eof-1.0.0.tgz#bb43ff5598a6eb05d89b59fcd129c983313606bf"
+  integrity sha1-u0P/VZim6wXYm1n80SnJgzE2Br8=
+
+strip-json-comments@^1.0.2, strip-json-comments@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-json-comments/-/strip-json-comments-1.0.4.tgz#1e15fbcac97d3ee99bf2d73b4c656b082bbafb91"
+  integrity sha1-HhX7ysl9Pumb8tc7TGVrCCu6+5E=
+
+strip-json-comments@~2.0.1:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/strip-json-comments/-/strip-json-comments-2.0.1.tgz#3c531942e908c2697c0ec344858c286c7ca0a60a"
+  integrity sha1-PFMZQukIwml8DsNEhYwobHygpgo=
+
+supports-color@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-2.0.0.tgz#535d045ce6b6363fa40117084629995e9df324c7"
+  integrity sha1-U10EXOa2Nj+kARcIRimZXp3zJMc=
+
+supports-color@^5.3.0:
+  version "5.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-5.5.0.tgz#e2e69a44ac8772f78a1ec0b35b689df6530efc8f"
+  integrity sha512-QjVjwdXIt408MIiAqCX4oUKsgU2EqAGzs2Ppkm4aQYbjm+ZEWEcW4SfFNTr4uMNZma0ey4f5lgLrkB0aX0QMow==
+  dependencies:
+    has-flag "^3.0.0"
+
+table@4.0.2:
+  version "4.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/table/-/table-4.0.2.tgz#a33447375391e766ad34d3486e6e2aedc84d2e36"
+  integrity sha512-UUkEAPdSGxtRpiV9ozJ5cMTtYiqz7Ni1OGqLXRCynrvzdtR1p+cfOWe2RJLwvUG8hNanaSRjecIqwOjqeatDsA==
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^5.2.3"
+    ajv-keywords "^2.1.0"
+    chalk "^2.1.0"
+    lodash "^4.17.4"
+    slice-ansi "1.0.0"
+    string-width "^2.1.1"
+
+table@^3.7.8:
+  version "3.8.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/table/-/table-3.8.3.tgz#2bbc542f0fda9861a755d3947fefd8b3f513855f"
+  integrity sha1-K7xULw/amGGnVdOUf+/Ys/UThV8=
+  dependencies:
+    ajv "^4.7.0"
+    ajv-keywords "^1.0.0"
+    chalk "^1.1.1"
+    lodash "^4.0.0"
+    slice-ansi "0.0.4"
+    string-width "^2.0.0"
+
+tapable@^1.0.0, tapable@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tapable/-/tapable-1.1.1.tgz#4d297923c5a72a42360de2ab52dadfaaec00018e"
+  integrity sha512-9I2ydhj8Z9veORCw5PRm4u9uebCn0mcCa6scWoNcbZ6dAtoo2618u9UUzxgmsCOreJpqDDuv61LvwofW7hLcBA==
+
+tar-stream@^1.5.0:
+  version "1.6.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tar-stream/-/tar-stream-1.6.2.tgz#8ea55dab37972253d9a9af90fdcd559ae435c555"
+  integrity sha512-rzS0heiNf8Xn7/mpdSVVSMAWAoy9bfb1WOTYC78Z0UQKeKa/CWS8FOq0lKGNa8DWKAn9gxjCvMLYc5PGXYlK2A==
+  dependencies:
+    bl "^1.0.0"
+    buffer-alloc "^1.2.0"
+    end-of-stream "^1.0.0"
+    fs-constants "^1.0.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.3.0"
+    to-buffer "^1.1.1"
+    xtend "^4.0.0"
+
+tar@^4:
+  version "4.4.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tar/-/tar-4.4.8.tgz#b19eec3fde2a96e64666df9fdb40c5ca1bc3747d"
+  integrity sha512-LzHF64s5chPQQS0IYBn9IN5h3i98c12bo4NCO7e0sGM2llXQ3p2FGC5sdENN4cTW48O915Sh+x+EXx7XW96xYQ==
+  dependencies:
+    chownr "^1.1.1"
+    fs-minipass "^1.2.5"
+    minipass "^2.3.4"
+    minizlib "^1.1.1"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.0"
+    safe-buffer "^5.1.2"
+    yallist "^3.0.2"
+
+terser-webpack-plugin@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/terser-webpack-plugin/-/terser-webpack-plugin-1.1.0.tgz#cf7c25a1eee25bf121f4a587bb9e004e3f80e528"
+  integrity sha512-61lV0DSxMAZ8AyZG7/A4a3UPlrbOBo8NIQ4tJzLPAdGOQ+yoNC7l5ijEow27lBAL2humer01KLS6bGIMYQxKoA==
+  dependencies:
+    cacache "^11.0.2"
+    find-cache-dir "^2.0.0"
+    schema-utils "^1.0.0"
+    serialize-javascript "^1.4.0"
+    source-map "^0.6.1"
+    terser "^3.8.1"
+    webpack-sources "^1.1.0"
+    worker-farm "^1.5.2"
+
+terser@^3.8.1:
+  version "3.10.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/terser/-/terser-3.10.13.tgz#00a8b2e9c1bec3f681257d90f96c3b1292ada97a"
+  integrity sha512-AgdHqw2leuADuHiP4Kkk1i40m10RMGguPaiCw6MVD6jtDR7N94zohGqAS2lkDXIS7eIkGit3ief3eQGh/Md+GQ==
+  dependencies:
+    commander "~2.17.1"
+    source-map "~0.6.1"
+    source-map-support "~0.5.6"
+
+text-table@~0.2.0:
+  version "0.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/text-table/-/text-table-0.2.0.tgz#7f5ee823ae805207c00af2df4a84ec3fcfa570b4"
+  integrity sha1-f17oI66AUgfACvLfSoTsP8+lcLQ=
+
+through2@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/through2/-/through2-2.0.5.tgz#01c1e39eb31d07cb7d03a96a70823260b23132cd"
+  integrity sha512-/mrRod8xqpA+IHSLyGCQ2s8SPHiCDEeQJSep1jqLYeEUClOFG2Qsh+4FU6G9VeqpZnGW/Su8LQGc4YKni5rYSQ==
+  dependencies:
+    readable-stream "~2.3.6"
+    xtend "~4.0.1"
+
+through@^2.3.6:
+  version "2.3.8"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/through/-/through-2.3.8.tgz#0dd4c9ffaabc357960b1b724115d7e0e86a2e1f5"
+  integrity sha1-DdTJ/6q8NXlgsbckEV1+Doai4fU=
+
+timers-browserify@^2.0.4:
+  version "2.0.10"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/timers-browserify/-/timers-browserify-2.0.10.tgz#1d28e3d2aadf1d5a5996c4e9f95601cd053480ae"
+  integrity sha512-YvC1SV1XdOUaL6gx5CoGroT3Gu49pK9+TZ38ErPldOWW4j49GI1HKs9DV+KGq/w6y+LZ72W1c8cKz2vzY+qpzg==
+  dependencies:
+    setimmediate "^1.0.4"
+
+tmp@0.0.33, tmp@0.0.x, tmp@^0.0.33:
+  version "0.0.33"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tmp/-/tmp-0.0.33.tgz#6d34335889768d21b2bcda0aa277ced3b1bfadf9"
+  integrity sha512-jRCJlojKnZ3addtTOjdIqoRuPEKBvNXcGYqzO6zWZX8KfKEpnGY5jfggJQ3EjKuu8D4bJRr0y+cYJFmYbImXGw==
+  dependencies:
+    os-tmpdir "~1.0.2"
+
+tmpl@1.0.x:
+  version "1.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tmpl/-/tmpl-1.0.4.tgz#23640dd7b42d00433911140820e5cf440e521dd1"
+  integrity sha1-I2QN17QtAEM5ERQIIOXPRA5SHdE=
+
+to-array@0.1.4:
+  version "0.1.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-array/-/to-array-0.1.4.tgz#17e6c11f73dd4f3d74cda7a4ff3238e9ad9bf890"
+  integrity sha1-F+bBH3PdTz10zaek/zI46a2b+JA=
+
+to-arraybuffer@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-arraybuffer/-/to-arraybuffer-1.0.1.tgz#7d229b1fcc637e466ca081180836a7aabff83f43"
+  integrity sha1-fSKbH8xjfkZsoIEYCDanqr/4P0M=
+
+to-buffer@^1.1.1:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-buffer/-/to-buffer-1.1.1.tgz#493bd48f62d7c43fcded313a03dcadb2e1213a80"
+  integrity sha512-lx9B5iv7msuFYE3dytT+KE5tap+rNYw+K4jVkb9R/asAb+pbBSM17jtunHplhBe6RRJdZx3Pn2Jph24O32mOVg==
+
+to-fast-properties@^1.0.3:
+  version "1.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-fast-properties/-/to-fast-properties-1.0.3.tgz#b83571fa4d8c25b82e231b06e3a3055de4ca1a47"
+  integrity sha1-uDVx+k2MJbguIxsG46MFXeTKGkc=
+
+to-object-path@^0.3.0:
+  version "0.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-object-path/-/to-object-path-0.3.0.tgz#297588b7b0e7e0ac08e04e672f85c1f4999e17af"
+  integrity sha1-KXWIt7Dn4KwI4E5nL4XB9JmeF68=
+  dependencies:
+    kind-of "^3.0.2"
+
+to-regex-range@^2.1.0:
+  version "2.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-regex-range/-/to-regex-range-2.1.1.tgz#7c80c17b9dfebe599e27367e0d4dd5590141db38"
+  integrity sha1-fIDBe53+vlmeJzZ+DU3VWQFB2zg=
+  dependencies:
+    is-number "^3.0.0"
+    repeat-string "^1.6.1"
+
+to-regex@^3.0.1, to-regex@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/to-regex/-/to-regex-3.0.2.tgz#13cfdd9b336552f30b51f33a8ae1b42a7a7599ce"
+  integrity sha512-FWtleNAtZ/Ki2qtqej2CXTOayOH9bHDQF+Q48VpWyDXjbYxA4Yz8iDB31zXOBUlOHHKidDbqGVrTUvQMPmBGBw==
+  dependencies:
+    define-property "^2.0.2"
+    extend-shallow "^3.0.2"
+    regex-not "^1.0.2"
+    safe-regex "^1.1.0"
+
+tough-cookie@~2.4.3:
+  version "2.4.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tough-cookie/-/tough-cookie-2.4.3.tgz#53f36da3f47783b0925afa06ff9f3b165280f781"
+  integrity sha512-Q5srk/4vDM54WJsJio3XNn6K2sCG+CQ8G5Wz6bZhRZoAe/+TxjWB/GlFAnYEbkYVlON9FMk/fE3h2RLpPXo4lQ==
+  dependencies:
+    psl "^1.1.24"
+    punycode "^1.4.1"
+
+trim-right@^1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/trim-right/-/trim-right-1.0.1.tgz#cb2e1203067e0c8de1f614094b9fe45704ea6003"
+  integrity sha1-yy4SAwZ+DI3h9hQJS5/kVwTqYAM=
+
+tslib@^1.9.0:
+  version "1.9.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tslib/-/tslib-1.9.3.tgz#d7e4dd79245d85428c4d7e4822a79917954ca286"
+  integrity sha512-4krF8scpejhaOgqzBEcGM7yDIEfi0/8+8zDRZhNZZ2kjmHJ4hv3zCbQWxoJGz1iw5U0Jl0nma13xzHXcncMavQ==
+
+tty-browserify@0.0.0:
+  version "0.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tty-browserify/-/tty-browserify-0.0.0.tgz#a157ba402da24e9bf957f9aa69d524eed42901a6"
+  integrity sha1-oVe6QC2iTpv5V/mqadUk7tQpAaY=
+
+tunnel-agent@^0.6.0:
+  version "0.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tunnel-agent/-/tunnel-agent-0.6.0.tgz#27a5dea06b36b04a0a9966774b290868f0fc40fd"
+  integrity sha1-J6XeoGs2sEoKmWZ3SykIaPD8QP0=
+  dependencies:
+    safe-buffer "^5.0.1"
+
+tweetnacl@^0.14.3, tweetnacl@~0.14.0:
+  version "0.14.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/tweetnacl/-/tweetnacl-0.14.5.tgz#5ae68177f192d4456269d108afa93ff8743f4f64"
+  integrity sha1-WuaBd/GS1EViadEIr6k/+HQ/T2Q=
+
+type-check@~0.3.2:
+  version "0.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/type-check/-/type-check-0.3.2.tgz#5884cab512cf1d355e3fb784f30804b2b520db72"
+  integrity sha1-WITKtRLPHTVeP7eE8wgEsrUg23I=
+  dependencies:
+    prelude-ls "~1.1.2"
+
+type-is@~1.6.16:
+  version "1.6.16"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/type-is/-/type-is-1.6.16.tgz#f89ce341541c672b25ee7ae3c73dee3b2be50194"
+  integrity sha512-HRkVv/5qY2G6I8iab9cI7v1bOIdhm94dVjQCPFElW9W+3GeDOSHmy2EBYe4VTApuzolPcmgFTN3ftVJRKR2J9Q==
+  dependencies:
+    media-typer "0.3.0"
+    mime-types "~2.1.18"
+
+typedarray@^0.0.6:
+  version "0.0.6"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/typedarray/-/typedarray-0.0.6.tgz#867ac74e3864187b1d3d47d996a78ec5c8830777"
+  integrity sha1-hnrHTjhkGHsdPUfZlqeOxciDB3c=
+
+uglify-es@^3.3.7:
+  version "3.3.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uglify-es/-/uglify-es-3.3.9.tgz#0c1c4f0700bed8dbc124cdb304d2592ca203e677"
+  integrity sha512-r+MU0rfv4L/0eeW3xZrd16t4NZfK8Ld4SWVglYBb7ez5uXFWHuVRs6xCTrf1yirs9a4j4Y27nn7SRfO6v67XsQ==
+  dependencies:
+    commander "~2.13.0"
+    source-map "~0.6.1"
+
+ultron@~1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ultron/-/ultron-1.1.1.tgz#9fe1536a10a664a65266a1e3ccf85fd36302bc9c"
+  integrity sha512-UIEXBNeYmKptWH6z8ZnqTeS8fV74zG0/eRU9VGkpzz+LIJNs8W/zM/L+7ctCkRrgbNnnR0xxw4bKOr0cW0N0Og==
+
+union-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/union-value/-/union-value-1.0.0.tgz#5c71c34cb5bad5dcebe3ea0cd08207ba5aa1aea4"
+  integrity sha1-XHHDTLW61dzr4+oM0IIHulqhrqQ=
+  dependencies:
+    arr-union "^3.1.0"
+    get-value "^2.0.6"
+    is-extendable "^0.1.1"
+    set-value "^0.4.3"
+
+unique-filename@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unique-filename/-/unique-filename-1.1.1.tgz#1d69769369ada0583103a1e6ae87681b56573230"
+  integrity sha512-Vmp0jIp2ln35UTXuryvjzkjGdRyf9b2lTXuSYUiPmzRcl3FDtYqAwOnTJkAngD9SWhnoJzDbTKwaOrZ+STtxNQ==
+  dependencies:
+    unique-slug "^2.0.0"
+
+unique-slug@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unique-slug/-/unique-slug-2.0.1.tgz#5e9edc6d1ce8fb264db18a507ef9bd8544451ca6"
+  integrity sha512-n9cU6+gITaVu7VGj1Z8feKMmfAjEAQGhwD9fE3zvpRRa0wEIx8ODYkVGfSc94M2OX00tUFV8wH3zYbm1I8mxFg==
+  dependencies:
+    imurmurhash "^0.1.4"
+
+unpipe@1.0.0, unpipe@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unpipe/-/unpipe-1.0.0.tgz#b2bf4ee8514aae6165b4817829d21b2ef49904ec"
+  integrity sha1-sr9O6FFKrmFltIF4KdIbLvSZBOw=
+
+unset-value@^1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/unset-value/-/unset-value-1.0.0.tgz#8376873f7d2335179ffb1e6fc3a8ed0dfc8ab559"
+  integrity sha1-g3aHP30jNRef+x5vw6jtDfyKtVk=
+  dependencies:
+    has-value "^0.3.1"
+    isobject "^3.0.0"
+
+upath@^1.0.5:
+  version "1.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/upath/-/upath-1.1.0.tgz#35256597e46a581db4793d0ce47fa9aebfc9fabd"
+  integrity sha512-bzpH/oBhoS/QI/YtbkqCg6VEiPYjSZtrHQM6/QnJS6OL9pKUFLqb3aFh4Scvwm45+7iAgiMkLhSbaZxUqmrprw==
+
+uri-js@^4.2.2:
+  version "4.2.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uri-js/-/uri-js-4.2.2.tgz#94c540e1ff772956e2299507c010aea6c8838eb0"
+  integrity sha512-KY9Frmirql91X2Qgjry0Wd4Y+YTdrdZheS8TFwvkbLWf/G5KNJDCh6pKL5OZctEW4+0Baa5idK2ZQuELRwPznQ==
+  dependencies:
+    punycode "^2.1.0"
+
+urijs@~1.17.0:
+  version "1.17.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/urijs/-/urijs-1.17.1.tgz#0a28bf2e00dfc24eeb0974feb8268a238c7bac2d"
+  integrity sha1-Cii/LgDfwk7rCXT+uCaKI4x7rC0=
+
+urix@^0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/urix/-/urix-0.1.0.tgz#da937f7a62e21fec1fd18d49b35c2935067a6c72"
+  integrity sha1-2pN/emLiH+wf0Y1Js1wpNQZ6bHI=
+
+url@^0.11.0:
+  version "0.11.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/url/-/url-0.11.0.tgz#3838e97cfc60521eb73c525a8e55bfdd9e2e28f1"
+  integrity sha1-ODjpfPxgUh63PFJajlW/3Z4uKPE=
+  dependencies:
+    punycode "1.3.2"
+    querystring "0.2.0"
+
+use@^3.1.0:
+  version "3.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/use/-/use-3.1.1.tgz#d50c8cac79a19fbc20f2911f56eb973f4e10070f"
+  integrity sha512-cwESVXlO3url9YWlFW/TA9cshCEhtu7IKJ/p5soJ/gGpj7vbvFrAY/eIioQ6Dw23KjZhYgiIo8HOs1nQ2vr/oQ==
+
+user-home@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/user-home/-/user-home-2.0.0.tgz#9c70bfd8169bc1dcbf48604e0f04b8b49cde9e9f"
+  integrity sha1-nHC/2Babwdy/SGBODwS4tJzenp8=
+  dependencies:
+    os-homedir "^1.0.0"
+
+useragent@2.3.0:
+  version "2.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/useragent/-/useragent-2.3.0.tgz#217f943ad540cb2128658ab23fc960f6a88c9972"
+  integrity sha512-4AoH4pxuSvHCjqLO04sU6U/uE65BYza8l/KKBS0b0hnUPWi+cQ2BpeTEwejCSx9SPV5/U03nniDTrWx5NrmKdw==
+  dependencies:
+    lru-cache "4.1.x"
+    tmp "0.0.x"
+
+util-deprecate@~1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util-deprecate/-/util-deprecate-1.0.2.tgz#450d4dc9fa70de732762fbd2d4a28981419a0ccf"
+  integrity sha1-RQ1Nyfpw3nMnYvvS1KKJgUGaDM8=
+
+util@0.10.3:
+  version "0.10.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util/-/util-0.10.3.tgz#7afb1afe50805246489e3db7fe0ed379336ac0f9"
+  integrity sha1-evsa/lCAUkZInj23/g7TeTNqwPk=
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "2.0.1"
+
+util@^0.10.3:
+  version "0.10.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/util/-/util-0.10.4.tgz#3aa0125bfe668a4672de58857d3ace27ecb76901"
+  integrity sha512-0Pm9hTQ3se5ll1XihRic3FDIku70C+iHUdT/W926rSgHV5QgXsYbKZN8MSC3tJtSkhuROzvsQjAaFENRXr+19A==
+  dependencies:
+    inherits "2.0.3"
+
+utils-merge@1.0.1:
+  version "1.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/utils-merge/-/utils-merge-1.0.1.tgz#9f95710f50a267947b2ccc124741c1028427e713"
+  integrity sha1-n5VxD1CiZ5R7LMwSR0HBAoQn5xM=
+
+uuid@^3.3.2:
+  version "3.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/uuid/-/uuid-3.3.2.tgz#1b4af4955eb3077c501c23872fc6513811587131"
+  integrity sha512-yXJmeNaw3DnnKAOKJE51sL/ZaYfWJRl1pK9dr19YFCu0ObS231AB1/LbqTKRAQ5kw8A90rA6fr4riOUpTZvQZA==
+
+validate-npm-package-license@^3.0.1:
+  version "3.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/validate-npm-package-license/-/validate-npm-package-license-3.0.4.tgz#fc91f6b9c7ba15c857f4cb2c5defeec39d4f410a"
+  integrity sha512-DpKm2Ui/xN7/HQKCtpZxoRWBhZ9Z0kqtygG8XCgNQ8ZlDnxuQmWhj566j8fN4Cu3/JmbhsDo7fcAJq4s9h27Ew==
+  dependencies:
+    spdx-correct "^3.0.0"
+    spdx-expression-parse "^3.0.0"
+
+vargs@0.1.0:
+  version "0.1.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vargs/-/vargs-0.1.0.tgz#6b6184da6520cc3204ce1b407cac26d92609ebff"
+  integrity sha1-a2GE2mUgzDIEzhtAfKwm2SYJ6/8=
+
+verror@1.10.0:
+  version "1.10.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/verror/-/verror-1.10.0.tgz#3a105ca17053af55d6e270c1f8288682e18da400"
+  integrity sha1-OhBcoXBTr1XW4nDB+CiGguGNpAA=
+  dependencies:
+    assert-plus "^1.0.0"
+    core-util-is "1.0.2"
+    extsprintf "^1.2.0"
+
+vm-browserify@0.0.4:
+  version "0.0.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/vm-browserify/-/vm-browserify-0.0.4.tgz#5d7ea45bbef9e4a6ff65f95438e0a87c357d5a73"
+  integrity sha1-XX6kW7755Kb/ZflUOOCofDV9WnM=
+  dependencies:
+    indexof "0.0.1"
+
+void-elements@^2.0.0:
+  version "2.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/void-elements/-/void-elements-2.0.1.tgz#c066afb582bb1cb4128d60ea92392e94d5e9dbec"
+  integrity sha1-wGavtYK7HLQSjWDqkjkulNXp2+w=
+
+walk-sync@0.3.2:
+  version "0.3.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/walk-sync/-/walk-sync-0.3.2.tgz#4827280afc42d0e035367c4a4e31eeac0d136f75"
+  integrity sha512-FMB5VqpLqOCcqrzA9okZFc0wq0Qbmdm396qJxvQZhDpyu0W95G9JCmp74tx7iyYnyOcBtUuKJsgIKAqjozvmmQ==
+  dependencies:
+    ensure-posix-path "^1.0.0"
+    matcher-collection "^1.0.0"
+
+walker@~1.0.5:
+  version "1.0.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/walker/-/walker-1.0.7.tgz#2f7f9b8fd10d677262b18a884e28d19618e028fb"
+  integrity sha1-L3+bj9ENZ3JisYqITijRlhjgKPs=
+  dependencies:
+    makeerror "1.0.x"
+
+watch@~0.18.0:
+  version "0.18.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/watch/-/watch-0.18.0.tgz#28095476c6df7c90c963138990c0a5423eb4b986"
+  integrity sha1-KAlUdsbffJDJYxOJkMClQj60uYY=
+  dependencies:
+    exec-sh "^0.2.0"
+    minimist "^1.2.0"
+
+watchpack@^1.5.0:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/watchpack/-/watchpack-1.6.0.tgz#4bc12c2ebe8aa277a71f1d3f14d685c7b446cd00"
+  integrity sha512-i6dHe3EyLjMmDlU1/bGQpEw25XSjkJULPuAVKCbNRefQVq48yXKUpwg538F7AZTf9kyr57zj++pQFltUa5H7yA==
+  dependencies:
+    chokidar "^2.0.2"
+    graceful-fs "^4.1.2"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+
+wd@^1.4.0:
+  version "1.11.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wd/-/wd-1.11.1.tgz#21a33e21977ad20522bb189f6529c3b55ac3862c"
+  integrity sha512-XNK6EbOrXF7cG8f3pbps6mb/+xPGZH2r1AL1zGJluGynA/Xt6ip1Tvqj2AkavyDFworreaGXoe+0AP/r7EX9pg==
+  dependencies:
+    archiver "2.1.1"
+    async "2.0.1"
+    lodash "4.17.11"
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+    q "1.4.1"
+    request "2.88.0"
+    vargs "0.1.0"
+
+webpack-sources@^1.1.0, webpack-sources@^1.3.0:
+  version "1.3.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack-sources/-/webpack-sources-1.3.0.tgz#2a28dcb9f1f45fe960d8f1493252b5ee6530fa85"
+  integrity sha512-OiVgSrbGu7NEnEvQJJgdSFPl2qWKkWq5lHMhgiToIiN9w34EBnjYzSYs+VbL5KoYiLNtFFa7BZIKxRED3I32pA==
+  dependencies:
+    source-list-map "^2.0.0"
+    source-map "~0.6.1"
+
+webpack@^4.17.1:
+  version "4.26.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/webpack/-/webpack-4.26.1.tgz#ff3a9283d363c07b3494dfa702d08f4f2ef6cb39"
+  integrity sha512-i2oOvEvuvLLSuSCkdVrknaxAhtUZ9g+nLSoHCWV0gDzqGX2DXaCrMmMUpbRsTSSLrUqAI56PoEiyMUZIZ1msug==
+  dependencies:
+    "@webassemblyjs/ast" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/helper-module-context" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-edit" "1.7.11"
+    "@webassemblyjs/wasm-parser" "1.7.11"
+    acorn "^5.6.2"
+    acorn-dynamic-import "^3.0.0"
+    ajv "^6.1.0"
+    ajv-keywords "^3.1.0"
+    chrome-trace-event "^1.0.0"
+    enhanced-resolve "^4.1.0"
+    eslint-scope "^4.0.0"
+    json-parse-better-errors "^1.0.2"
+    loader-runner "^2.3.0"
+    loader-utils "^1.1.0"
+    memory-fs "~0.4.1"
+    micromatch "^3.1.8"
+    mkdirp "~0.5.0"
+    neo-async "^2.5.0"
+    node-libs-browser "^2.0.0"
+    schema-utils "^0.4.4"
+    tapable "^1.1.0"
+    terser-webpack-plugin "^1.1.0"
+    watchpack "^1.5.0"
+    webpack-sources "^1.3.0"
+
+which@^1.2.1, which@^1.2.14, which@^1.2.9:
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/which/-/which-1.3.1.tgz#a45043d54f5805316da8d62f9f50918d3da70b0a"
+  integrity sha512-HxJdYWq1MTIQbJ3nw0cqssHoTNU267KlrDuGZ1WYlxDStUtKUhOaJmh112/TZmHxxUfuJqPXSOm7tDyas0OSIQ==
+  dependencies:
+    isexe "^2.0.0"
+
+wide-align@^1.1.0:
+  version "1.1.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wide-align/-/wide-align-1.1.3.tgz#ae074e6bdc0c14a431e804e624549c633b000457"
+  integrity sha512-QGkOQc8XL6Bt5PwnsExKBPuMKBxnGxWWW3fU55Xt4feHozMUhdUMaBCk290qpm/wG5u/RSKzwdAC4i51YigihA==
+  dependencies:
+    string-width "^1.0.2 || 2"
+
+wordwrap@~0.0.2:
+  version "0.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wordwrap/-/wordwrap-0.0.3.tgz#a3d5da6cd5c0bc0008d37234bbaf1bed63059107"
+  integrity sha1-o9XabNXAvAAI03I0u68b7WMFkQc=
+
+wordwrap@~1.0.0:
+  version "1.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wordwrap/-/wordwrap-1.0.0.tgz#27584810891456a4171c8d0226441ade90cbcaeb"
+  integrity sha1-J1hIEIkUVqQXHI0CJkQa3pDLyus=
+
+worker-farm@^1.5.2:
+  version "1.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/worker-farm/-/worker-farm-1.6.0.tgz#aecc405976fab5a95526180846f0dba288f3a4a0"
+  integrity sha512-6w+3tHbM87WnSWnENBUvA2pxJPLhQUg5LKwUQHq3r+XPhIM+Gh2R5ycbwPCyuGbNg+lPgdcnQUhuC02kJCvffQ==
+  dependencies:
+    errno "~0.1.7"
+
+wrappy@1:
+  version "1.0.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz#b5243d8f3ec1aa35f1364605bc0d1036e30ab69f"
+  integrity sha1-tSQ9jz7BqjXxNkYFvA0QNuMKtp8=
+
+write@^0.2.1:
+  version "0.2.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/write/-/write-0.2.1.tgz#5fc03828e264cea3fe91455476f7a3c566cb0757"
+  integrity sha1-X8A4KOJkzqP+kUVUdvejxWbLB1c=
+  dependencies:
+    mkdirp "^0.5.1"
+
+ws@~3.3.1:
+  version "3.3.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ws/-/ws-3.3.3.tgz#f1cf84fe2d5e901ebce94efaece785f187a228f2"
+  integrity sha512-nnWLa/NwZSt4KQJu51MYlCcSQ5g7INpOrOMt4XV8j4dqTXdmlUmSHQ8/oLC069ckre0fRsgfvsKwbTdtKLCDkA==
+  dependencies:
+    async-limiter "~1.0.0"
+    safe-buffer "~5.1.0"
+    ultron "~1.1.0"
+
+xmlhttprequest-ssl@~1.5.4:
+  version "1.5.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/xmlhttprequest-ssl/-/xmlhttprequest-ssl-1.5.5.tgz#c2876b06168aadc40e57d97e81191ac8f4398b3e"
+  integrity sha1-wodrBhaKrcQOV9l+gRkayPQ5iz4=
+
+xtend@^4.0.0, xtend@~4.0.1:
+  version "4.0.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/xtend/-/xtend-4.0.1.tgz#a5c6d532be656e23db820efb943a1f04998d63af"
+  integrity sha1-pcbVMr5lbiPbgg77lDofBJmNY68=
+
+y18n@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/y18n/-/y18n-4.0.0.tgz#95ef94f85ecc81d007c264e190a120f0a3c8566b"
+  integrity sha512-r9S/ZyXu/Xu9q1tYlpsLIsa3EeLXXk0VwlxqTcFRfg9EhMW+17kbt9G0NrgCmhGb5vT2hyhJZLfDGx+7+5Uj/w==
+
+yallist@^2.1.2:
+  version "2.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yallist/-/yallist-2.1.2.tgz#1c11f9218f076089a47dd512f93c6699a6a81d52"
+  integrity sha1-HBH5IY8HYImkfdUS+TxmmaaoHVI=
+
+yallist@^3.0.0, yallist@^3.0.2:
+  version "3.0.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yallist/-/yallist-3.0.3.tgz#b4b049e314be545e3ce802236d6cd22cd91c3de9"
+  integrity sha512-S+Zk8DEWE6oKpV+vI3qWkaK+jSbIK86pCwe2IF/xwIpQ8jEuxpw9NyaGjmp9+BoJv5FV2piqCDcoCtStppiq2A==
+
+yeast@0.1.2:
+  version "0.1.2"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/yeast/-/yeast-0.1.2.tgz#008e06d8094320c372dbc2f8ed76a0ca6c8ac419"
+  integrity sha1-AI4G2AlDIMNy28L47XagymyKxBk=
+
+zip-stream@^1.2.0:
+  version "1.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/zip-stream/-/zip-stream-1.2.0.tgz#a8bc45f4c1b49699c6b90198baacaacdbcd4ba04"
+  integrity sha1-qLxF9MG0lpnGuQGYuqyqzbzUugQ=
+  dependencies:
+    archiver-utils "^1.3.0"
+    compress-commons "^1.2.0"
+    lodash "^4.8.0"
+    readable-stream "^2.0.0"