Merge branch 'master' into nested_has_many_through

Conflicts:
	activerecord/CHANGELOG
	activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
	activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
	activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb

39 files changed, 811 insertions, 209 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
index 191890aefc..06c1428217 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 * Associations with a :through option can now use *any* association as the through or source association, including other associations which have a :through option and has_and_belongs_to_many associations #1812 [Jon Leighton]
 
+* has_one maintains the association with separate after_create/after_update instead
+  of a single after_save. [fxn]
+
 * The following code:
 
     Model.limit(10).scoping { Model.count }
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
index 664b0a7d59..bafd59fc02 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
@@ -254,8 +254,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias_method :preload_has_many_association, :preload_has_one_or_has_many_association
 
       def preload_through_records(records, reflection, through_association)
-        through_reflection = reflections[through_association]
-
         # If the same through record is loaded twice, we want to return exactly the same
         # object in the result, rather than two separate instances representing the same
         # record. This is so that we can preload the source association for each record,
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 25be9a52ff..ee2e2765bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               association_proxy = record.send("set_#{join_part.reflection.name}_target", association)
               association_proxy.__send__(:set_inverse_instance, association, record)
             end
-          
+
           # A JoinPart represents a part of a JoinDependency. It is an abstract class, inherited
           # by JoinBase and JoinAssociation. A JoinBase represents the Active Record which 
           # everything else is being joined onto. A JoinAssociation represents an association which
@@ -2055,38 +2055,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
             # this is the actual base model, for a JoinAssociation this is the target model of the
             # association.
             attr_reader :active_record
-            
+
             delegate :table_name, :column_names, :primary_key, :reflections, :sanitize_sql, :arel_engine, :to => :active_record
-            
+
             def initialize(active_record)
               @active_record = active_record
               @cached_record = {}
             end
-            
+
             def ==(other)
               raise NotImplementedError
             end
-            
+
             # An Arel::Table for the active_record
             def table
               raise NotImplementedError
             end
-            
+
             # The prefix to be used when aliasing columns in the active_record's table
             def aliased_prefix
               raise NotImplementedError
             end
-            
+
             # The alias for the active_record's table
             def aliased_table_name
               raise NotImplementedError
             end
-            
+
             # The alias for the primary key of the active_record's table
             def aliased_primary_key
               "#{aliased_prefix}_r0"
             end
-            
+
             # An array of [column_name, alias] pairs for the table
             def column_names_with_alias
               unless defined?(@column_names_with_alias)
@@ -2116,7 +2116,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           class JoinBase < JoinPart # :nodoc:
             # Extra joins provided when the JoinDependency was created
             attr_reader :table_joins
-            
+
             def initialize(active_record, joins = nil)
               super(active_record)
               @table_joins = joins
@@ -2144,16 +2144,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           class JoinAssociation < JoinPart # :nodoc:
             # The reflection of the association represented
             attr_reader :reflection
-            
+
             # The JoinDependency object which this JoinAssociation exists within. This is mainly
             # relevant for generating aliases which do not conflict with other joins which are 
             # part of the query.
             attr_reader :join_dependency
-            
+
             # A JoinBase instance representing the active record we are joining onto.
             # (So in Author.has_many :posts, the Author would be that base record.)
             attr_reader :parent
-            
+
             # What type of join will be generated, either Arel::InnerJoin (default) or Arel::OuterJoin
             attr_accessor :join_type
             
@@ -2165,7 +2165,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             def initialize(reflection, join_dependency, parent = nil)
               reflection.check_validity!
-              
+
               if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
                 raise EagerLoadPolymorphicError.new(reflection)
               end
@@ -2192,7 +2192,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 self.parent == join_part
               end
             end
-            
+
             def join_to(relation)
               # The chain starts with the target table, but we want to end with it here (makes 
               # more sense in this context)
@@ -2282,7 +2282,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               self.join_type = Arel::OuterJoin
               joining_relation.joins(self)
             end
-            
+
             def table
               if @tables.last.is_a?(Array)
                 @tables.last.first
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
index f3f89fe7c3..0b89a49896 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
@@ -167,7 +167,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             if reflection.macro == :has_one
               define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) }
-              after_save save_method
+              # Configures two callbacks instead of a single after_save so that
+              # the model may rely on their execution order relative to its
+              # own callbacks.
+              #
+              # For example, given that after_creates run before after_saves, if
+              # we configured instead an after_save there would be no way to fire
+              # a custom after_create callback after the child association gets
+              # created.
+              after_create save_method
+              after_update save_method
             else
               define_method(save_method) { save_belongs_to_association(reflection) }
               before_save save_method
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index 78b3507dd9..06a388cd21 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -448,8 +448,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       #   # You can use the same string replacement techniques as you can with ActiveRecord#find
       #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT title FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date]
       #   > [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"first_name"=>"The Cheap Man Buys Twice"}>, ...]
-      def find_by_sql(sql)
-        connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load").collect! { |record| instantiate(record) }
+      def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [])
+        connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds).collect! { |record| instantiate(record) }
       end
 
       # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
@@ -718,6 +718,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       #    end
       #  end
       def reset_column_information
+        connection.clear_cache!
         undefine_attribute_methods
         @column_names = @columns = @columns_hash = @content_columns = @dynamic_methods_hash = @inheritance_column = nil
         @arel_engine = @relation = @arel_table = nil
@@ -972,14 +973,11 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
             super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
             if match.scope?
               self.class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                def self.#{method_id}(*args)                        # def self.scoped_by_user_name_and_password(*args)
-                  options = args.extract_options!                   #   options = args.extract_options!
-                  attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments( #   attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments(
-                    [:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args          #     [:user_name, :password], args
-                  )                                                 #   )
-                                                                    #
-                  scoped(:conditions => attributes)                 #   scoped(:conditions => attributes)
-                end                                                 # end
+                def self.#{method_id}(*args)                                    # def self.scoped_by_user_name_and_password(*args)
+                  attributes = Hash[[:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}].zip(args)] #   attributes = Hash[[:user_name, :password].zip(args)]
+                                                                                #
+                  scoped(:conditions => attributes)                             #   scoped(:conditions => attributes)
+                end                                                             # end
               METHOD
               send(method_id, *arguments)
             end
@@ -988,31 +986,22 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
           end
         end
 
-        def construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
-          attributes = {}
-          attribute_names.each_with_index { |name, idx| attributes[name] = arguments[idx] }
-          attributes
-        end
-
         # Similar in purpose to +expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates+.
         def expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
-          expanded_attribute_names = []
-          attribute_names.each do |attribute_name|
+          attribute_names.map { |attribute_name|
             unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attribute_name.to_sym)).nil?
-              aggregate_mapping(aggregation).each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-                expanded_attribute_names << field_attr
+              aggregate_mapping(aggregation).map do |field_attr, _|
+                field_attr.to_sym
               end
             else
-              expanded_attribute_names << attribute_name
+              attribute_name.to_sym
             end
-          end
-          expanded_attribute_names
+          }.flatten
         end
 
         def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-          expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names).all? { |name|
-            column_methods_hash.include?(name.to_sym)
-          }
+          (expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names) -
+           column_methods_hash.keys).empty?
         end
 
       protected
@@ -1139,11 +1128,17 @@ MSG
         #   Article.new.published    # => true
         #   Article.create.published # => true
         def default_scope(options = {})
+          reset_scoped_methods
           self.default_scoping << construct_finder_arel(options, default_scoping.pop)
         end
 
         def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-          scoped_methods.last
+          method = scoped_methods.last
+          if method.respond_to?(:call)
+            relation.scoping { method.call }
+          else
+            method
+          end
         end
 
         def reset_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
index 646a78622c..6178130c00 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module DatabaseStatements
       # Returns an array of record hashes with the column names as keys and
       # column values as values.
-      def select_all(sql, name = nil)
-        select(sql, name)
+      def select_all(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+        if supports_statement_cache?
+          select(sql, name, binds)
+        else
+          return select(sql, name) if binds.empty?
+          binds = binds.dup
+          select sql.gsub('?') {
+            quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
+          }, name
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns a record hash with the column names as keys and column values
@@ -39,6 +47,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       undef_method :execute
 
+      # Executes +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
+      # +binds+ as the bind substitutes.  +name+ is logged along with
+      # the executed +sql+ statement.
+      def exec(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
+      end
+
       # Returns the last auto-generated ID from the affected table.
       def insert(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
         insert_sql(sql, name, pk, id_value, sequence_name)
@@ -68,6 +82,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         nil
       end
 
+      # Returns +true+ when the connection adapter supports prepared statement
+      # caching, otherwise returns +false+
+      def supports_statement_cache?
+        false
+      end
+
       # Runs the given block in a database transaction, and returns the result
       # of the block.
       #
@@ -254,7 +274,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       protected
         # Returns an array of record hashes with the column names as keys and
         # column values as values.
-        def select(sql, name = nil)
+        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         end
         undef_method :select
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
index 0ee61d0b6f..d555308485 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
     module QueryCache
@@ -49,32 +47,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @query_cache.clear
       end
 
-      def select_all(*args)
+      def select_all(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         if @query_cache_enabled
-          cache_sql(args.first) { super }
+          cache_sql(sql, binds) { super }
         else
           super
         end
       end
 
       private
-        def cache_sql(sql)
+        def cache_sql(sql, binds)
           result =
-            if @query_cache.has_key?(sql)
+            if @query_cache[sql].key?(binds)
               ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("sql.active_record",
                 :sql => sql, :name => "CACHE", :connection_id => self.object_id)
-              @query_cache[sql]
+              @query_cache[sql][binds]
             else
-              @query_cache[sql] = yield
+              @query_cache[sql][binds] = yield
             end
 
-          if Array === result
-            result.collect { |row| row.dup }
-          else
-            result.duplicable? ? result.dup : result
-          end
-        rescue TypeError
-          result
+          result.collect { |row| row.dup }
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index d8c92d0ad3..f3fba9a3a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_specification'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits'
+require 'active_record/result'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @active = nil
         @connection, @logger = connection, logger
         @query_cache_enabled = false
-        @query_cache = {}
+        @query_cache = Hash.new { |h,sql| h[sql] = {} }
         @instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
       end
 
@@ -97,6 +98,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         quote_column_name(name)
       end
 
+      # Returns a bind substitution value given a +column+ and list of current
+      # +binds+
+      def substitute_for(column, binds)
+        Arel.sql '?'
+      end
+
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
 
       # Override to turn off referential integrity while executing <tt>&block</tt>.
@@ -135,6 +142,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # this should be overridden by concrete adapters
       end
 
+      ###
+      # Clear any caching the database adapter may be doing, for example
+      # clearing the prepared statement cache.  This is database specific.
+      def clear_cache!
+        # this should be overridden by concrete adapters
+      end
+
       # Returns true if its required to reload the connection between requests for development mode.
       # This is not the case for Ruby/MySQL and it's not necessary for any adapters except SQLite.
       def requires_reloading?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
index a4b336dfaf..7d47d06ae1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,28 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/requires'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'set'
 
+begin
+  require 'mysql'
+rescue LoadError
+  raise "!!! Missing the mysql gem. Add it to your Gemfile: gem 'mysql'"
+end
+
+unless defined?(Mysql::Result) && Mysql::Result.method_defined?(:each_hash)
+  raise "!!! Outdated mysql gem. Upgrade to 2.8.1 or later. In your Gemfile: gem 'mysql', '2.8.1'. Or use gem 'mysql2'"
+end
+
+class Mysql
+  class Time
+    ###
+    # This monkey patch is for test_additional_columns_from_join_table
+    def to_date
+      Date.new(year, month, day)
+    end
+  end
+  class Stmt; include Enumerable end
+  class Result; include Enumerable end
+end
+
 module ActiveRecord
   class Base
     # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects.
@@ -15,18 +37,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       password = config[:password].to_s
       database = config[:database]
 
-      unless defined? Mysql
-        begin
-          require 'mysql'
-        rescue LoadError
-          raise "!!! Missing the mysql2 gem. Add it to your Gemfile: gem 'mysql2'"
-        end
-
-        unless defined?(Mysql::Result) && Mysql::Result.method_defined?(:each_hash)
-          raise "!!! Outdated mysql gem. Upgrade to 2.8.1 or later. In your Gemfile: gem 'mysql', '2.8.1'. Or use gem 'mysql2'"
-        end
-      end
-
       mysql = Mysql.init
       mysql.ssl_set(config[:sslkey], config[:sslcert], config[:sslca], config[:sslcapath], config[:sslcipher]) if config[:sslca] || config[:sslkey]
 
@@ -39,6 +49,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class MysqlColumn < Column #:nodoc:
+      class << self
+        def string_to_time(value)
+          return super unless Mysql::Time === value
+          new_time(
+            value.year,
+            value.month,
+            value.day,
+            value.hour,
+            value.minute,
+            value.second,
+            value.second_part)
+        end
+
+        def string_to_dummy_time(v)
+          return super unless Mysql::Time === v
+          new_time(2000, 01, 01, v.hour, v.minute, v.second, v.second_part)
+        end
+
+        def string_to_date(v)
+          return super unless Mysql::Time === v
+          new_date(v.year, v.month, v.day)
+        end
+      end
+
       def extract_default(default)
         if sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text
           if default.blank?
@@ -161,6 +195,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super(connection, logger)
         @connection_options, @config = connection_options, config
         @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}
+        @statements = {}
         connect
       end
 
@@ -168,6 +203,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ADAPTER_NAME
       end
 
+      # Returns +true+ when the connection adapter supports prepared statement
+      # caching, otherwise returns +false+
+      def supports_statement_cache?
+        true
+      end
+
       def supports_migrations? #:nodoc:
         true
       end
@@ -252,6 +293,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def reconnect!
         disconnect!
+        clear_cache!
         connect
       end
 
@@ -272,14 +314,63 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
         @connection.query_with_result = true
-        result = execute(sql, name)
-        rows = []
-        result.each { |row| rows << row }
-        result.free
+        rows = exec_without_stmt(sql, name).rows
         @connection.more_results && @connection.next_result    # invoking stored procedures with CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS requires this to tidy up else connection will be dropped
         rows
       end
 
+      def clear_cache!
+        @statements.values.each do |cache|
+          cache[:stmt].close
+        end
+        @statements.clear
+      end
+
+      def exec(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
+        log(sql, name) do
+          result = nil
+
+          cache = {}
+          if binds.empty?
+            stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
+          else
+            cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
+              :stmt => @connection.prepare(sql)
+            }
+            stmt = cache[:stmt]
+          end
+
+          stmt.execute(*binds.map { |col, val|
+            col ? col.type_cast(val) : val
+          })
+          if metadata = stmt.result_metadata
+            cols = cache[:cols] ||= metadata.fetch_fields.map { |field|
+              field.name
+            }
+
+            metadata.free
+            result = ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a)
+          end
+
+          stmt.free_result
+          stmt.close if binds.empty?
+
+          result
+        end
+      end
+
+      def exec_without_stmt(sql, name = 'SQL') # :nodoc:
+        # Some queries, like SHOW CREATE TABLE don't work through the prepared
+        # statement API.  For those queries, we need to use this method. :'(
+        log(sql, name) do
+          result = @connection.query(sql)
+          cols = result.fetch_fields.map { |field| field.name }
+          rows = result.to_a
+          result.free
+          ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, rows)
+        end
+      end
+
       # Executes an SQL query and returns a MySQL::Result object. Note that you have to free
       # the Result object after you're done using it.
       def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
@@ -308,7 +399,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-        execute "BEGIN"
+        exec_without_stmt "BEGIN"
       rescue Exception
         # Transactions aren't supported
       end
@@ -360,7 +451,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         select_all(sql).map do |table|
           table.delete('Table_type')
-          select_one("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table.to_a.first.last)}")["Create Table"] + ";\n\n"
+          sql = "SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table.to_a.first.last)}"
+          exec_without_stmt(sql).first['Create Table'] + ";\n\n"
         end.join("")
       end
 
@@ -614,12 +706,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           execute("SET SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL=0", :skip_logging)
         end
 
-        def select(sql, name = nil)
+        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
           @connection.query_with_result = true
-          result = execute(sql, name)
-          rows = []
-          result.each_hash { |row| rows << row }
-          result.free
+          rows = exec(sql, name, binds).to_a
           @connection.more_results && @connection.next_result    # invoking stored procedures with CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS requires this to tidy up else connection will be dropped
           rows
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index 5949985e4d..58c0f85dc2 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -211,6 +211,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ADAPTER_NAME
       end
 
+      # Returns +true+ when the connection adapter supports prepared statement
+      # caching, otherwise returns +false+
+      def supports_statement_cache?
+        true
+      end
+
       # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
         super(connection, logger)
@@ -220,11 +226,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @local_tz = nil
         @table_alias_length = nil
         @postgresql_version = nil
+        @statements = {}
 
         connect
         @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE').first["TimeZone"]
       end
 
+      def clear_cache!
+        @statements.each_value do |value|
+          @connection.query "DEALLOCATE #{value}"
+        end
+        @statements.clear
+      end
+
       # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
       def active?
         if @connection.respond_to?(:status)
@@ -242,6 +256,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Close then reopen the connection.
       def reconnect!
         if @connection.respond_to?(:reset)
+          clear_cache!
           @connection.reset
           configure_connection
         else
@@ -250,8 +265,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def reset!
+        clear_cache!
+        super
+      end
+
       # Close the connection.
       def disconnect!
+        clear_cache!
         @connection.close rescue nil
       end
 
@@ -374,6 +395,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Set the authorized user for this session
+      def session_auth=(user)
+        clear_cache!
+        exec "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}"
+      end
+
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
 
       def supports_disable_referential_integrity?() #:nodoc:
@@ -501,6 +528,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def substitute_for(column, current_values)
+        Arel.sql("$#{current_values.length + 1}")
+      end
+
+      def exec(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
+        return exec_no_cache(sql, name) if binds.empty?
+
+        log(sql, name) do
+          unless @statements.key? sql
+            nextkey = "a#{@statements.length + 1}"
+            @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
+            @statements[sql] = nextkey
+          end
+
+          key = @statements[sql]
+
+          # Clear the queue
+          @connection.get_last_result
+          @connection.send_query_prepared(key, binds.map { |col, val|
+            col ? col.type_cast(val) : val
+          })
+          @connection.block
+          result = @connection.get_last_result
+          ret = ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result_as_array(result))
+          result.clear
+          return ret
+        end
+      end
+
       # Executes an UPDATE query and returns the number of affected tuples.
       def update_sql(sql, name = nil)
         super.cmd_tuples
@@ -920,6 +976,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
       private
+      def exec_no_cache(sql, name)
+        log(sql, name) do
+          result = @connection.async_exec(sql)
+          ret = ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result_as_array(result))
+          result.clear
+          ret
+        end
+      end
+
         # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the money data type.
         MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
         # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the BYTEA data type.
@@ -974,11 +1039,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Executes a SELECT query and returns the results, performing any data type
         # conversions that are required to be performed here instead of in PostgreSQLColumn.
-        def select(sql, name = nil)
-          fields, rows = select_raw(sql, name)
-          rows.map do |row|
-            Hash[fields.zip(row)]
-          end
+        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+          exec(sql, name, binds).to_a
         end
 
         def select_raw(sql, name = nil)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
index c0cc7ba20d..a4d7d12298 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(connection, logger, config)
         super(connection, logger)
+        @statements = {}
         @config = config
       end
 
@@ -61,6 +62,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         sqlite_version >= '2.0.0'
       end
 
+      # Returns +true+ when the connection adapter supports prepared statement
+      # caching, otherwise returns +false+
+      def supports_statement_cache?
+        true
+      end
+
       def supports_migrations? #:nodoc:
         true
       end
@@ -79,9 +86,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def disconnect!
         super
+        clear_cache!
         @connection.close rescue nil
       end
 
+      def clear_cache!
+        @statements.clear
+      end
+
       def supports_count_distinct? #:nodoc:
         sqlite_version >= '3.2.6'
       end
@@ -121,7 +133,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
       # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
       def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
-        if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:usec)
+        if value.respond_to?(:usec)
           "#{super}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
         else
           super
@@ -131,6 +143,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
 
+      def exec(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+        log(sql, name) do
+
+          # Don't cache statements without bind values
+          if binds.empty?
+            stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
+            cols = stmt.columns
+          else
+            cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
+              :stmt => @connection.prepare(sql)
+            }
+            stmt = cache[:stmt]
+            cols = cache[:cols] ||= stmt.columns
+            stmt.reset!
+            stmt.bind_params binds.map { |col, val|
+              col ? col.type_cast(val) : val
+            }
+          end
+
+          ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a)
+        end
+      end
+
       def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
         log(sql, name) { @connection.execute(sql) }
       end
@@ -151,9 +186,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
       def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
-        execute(sql, name).map do |row|
-          (0...(row.size / 2)).map { |i| row[i] }
-        end
+        exec(sql, name).rows
       end
 
       def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
@@ -177,7 +210,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           WHERE type = 'table' AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence'
         SQL
 
-        execute(sql, name).map do |row|
+        exec(sql, name).map do |row|
           row['name']
         end
       end
@@ -189,12 +222,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        execute("PRAGMA index_list(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", name).map do |row|
+        exec("PRAGMA index_list(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", name).map do |row|
           IndexDefinition.new(
             table_name,
             row['name'],
             row['unique'].to_i != 0,
-            execute("PRAGMA index_info('#{row['name']}')").map { |col|
+            exec("PRAGMA index_info('#{row['name']}')").map { |col|
               col['name']
             })
         end
@@ -208,11 +241,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
-        execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)}"
+        exec "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)}"
       end
 
       def rename_table(name, new_name)
-        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+        exec "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
       end
 
       # See: http://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html
@@ -249,7 +282,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
         unless null || default.nil?
-          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+          exec("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
         end
         alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
           definition[column_name].null = null
@@ -280,8 +313,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-        def select(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-          execute(sql, name).map do |row|
+        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = []) #:nodoc:
+          exec(sql, name, binds).map do |row|
             record = {}
             row.each do |key, value|
               record[key.sub(/^"?\w+"?\./, '')] = value if key.is_a?(String)
@@ -367,11 +400,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           quoted_columns = columns.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ','
 
           quoted_to = quote_table_name(to)
-          @connection.execute "SELECT * FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}" do |row|
+          exec("SELECT * FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}").each do |row|
             sql = "INSERT INTO #{quoted_to} (#{quoted_columns}) VALUES ("
             sql << columns.map {|col| quote row[column_mappings[col]]} * ', '
             sql << ')'
-            @connection.execute sql
+            exec sql
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
index 6ab84df25b..0b92ba5caa 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
@@ -97,14 +97,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   Article.published.new.published    # => true
       #   Article.published.create.published # => true
-      def scope(name, scope_options = {}, &block)
+      def scope(name, scope_options = {})
         name = name.to_sym
         valid_scope_name?(name)
 
-        extension = Module.new(&block) if block_given?
+        extension = Module.new(&Proc.new) if block_given?
 
         scopes[name] = lambda do |*args|
-          options = scope_options.is_a?(Proc) ? scope_options.call(*args) : scope_options
+          options = scope_options.respond_to?(:call) ? scope_options.call(*args) : scope_options
 
           relation = if options.is_a?(Hash)
             scoped.apply_finder_options(options)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index 824674ee1d..6eb2057f66 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns an array of AggregateReflection objects for all the aggregations in the class.
       def reflect_on_all_aggregations
-        reflections.values.select { |reflection| reflection.is_a?(AggregateReflection) }
+        reflections.values.grep(AggregateReflection)
       end
 
       # Returns the AggregateReflection object for the named +aggregation+ (use the symbol).
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many)  # returns an array of all has_many associations
       #
       def reflect_on_all_associations(macro = nil)
-        association_reflections = reflections.values.select { |reflection| reflection.is_a?(AssociationReflection) }
+        association_reflections = reflections.values.grep(AssociationReflection)
         macro ? association_reflections.select { |reflection| reflection.macro == macro } : association_reflections
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index f129b54f9a..58f7b74198 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Relation
     JoinOperation = Struct.new(:relation, :join_class, :on)
     ASSOCIATION_METHODS = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload]
-    MULTI_VALUE_METHODS = [:select, :group, :order, :joins, :where, :having]
+    MULTI_VALUE_METHODS = [:select, :group, :order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind]
     SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :create_with, :from]
 
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def to_a
       return @records if loaded?
 
-      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel.to_sql)
+      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel.to_sql, @bind_values)
 
       preload = @preload_values
       preload +=  @includes_values unless eager_loading?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
index b763e22ec6..fe1ef2e2e3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
@@ -288,7 +288,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def find_one(id)
       id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Base === id
 
-      record = where(primary_key.eq(id)).first
+      column = primary_key.column
+
+      substitute = connection.substitute_for(column, @bind_values)
+      relation = where(primary_key.eq(substitute))
+      relation.bind_values = [[column, id]]
+      record = relation.first
 
       unless record
         conditions = arel.where_sql
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index 59ce76ea42..9c399d3333 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     attr_accessor :includes_values, :eager_load_values, :preload_values,
-                  :select_values, :group_values, :order_values, :joins_values, :where_values, :having_values,
+                  :select_values, :group_values, :order_values, :joins_values,
+                  :where_values, :having_values, :bind_values,
                   :limit_value, :offset_value, :lock_value, :readonly_value, :create_with_value, :from_value
 
     def includes(*args)
@@ -62,6 +63,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       relation
     end
 
+    def bind(value)
+      relation = clone
+      relation.bind_values += [value]
+      relation
+    end
+
     def where(opts, *rest)
       relation = clone
       relation.where_values += build_where(opts, rest) unless opts.blank?
@@ -117,8 +124,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       relation
     end
 
-    def extending(*modules, &block)
-      modules << Module.new(&block) if block_given?
+    def extending(*modules)
+      modules << Module.new(&Proc.new) if block_given?
+
+      return self if modules.empty?
 
       relation = clone
       relation.send(:apply_modules, modules.flatten)
@@ -233,7 +242,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @implicit_readonly = false
         arel.project(*selects)
       else
-        arel.project(Arel::SqlLiteral.new(@klass.quoted_table_name + '.*'))
+        arel.project(Arel.sql(@klass.quoted_table_name + '.*'))
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
index dcddc3dac4..648a02f1cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -26,19 +26,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       merged_relation = merged_relation.joins(r.joins_values)
 
-      merged_wheres = @where_values
+      merged_wheres = @where_values + r.where_values
 
-      r.where_values.each do |w|
+      # Remove duplicates, last one wins.
+      seen = {}
+      merged_wheres = merged_wheres.reverse.reject { |w|
+        nuke = false
         if w.respond_to?(:operator) && w.operator == :==
-          merged_wheres = merged_wheres.reject {|p| p.respond_to?(:operator) && p.operator == :== && p.operand1.name == w.operand1.name }
+          name       = w.left.name
+          nuke       = seen[name]
+          seen[name] = true
         end
-
-        merged_wheres += [w]
-      end
+        nuke
+      }.reverse
 
       merged_relation.where_values = merged_wheres
 
-      Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.reject {|m| m == :lock}.each do |method|
+      (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:lock]).each do |method|
         value = r.send(:"#{method}_value")
         merged_relation.send(:"#{method}_value=", value) unless value.nil?
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8deff1478f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  ###
+  # This class encapsulates a Result returned from calling +exec+ on any
+  # database connection adapter.  For example:
+  #
+  #   x = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec('SELECT * FROM foo')
+  #   x # => #<ActiveRecord::Result:0xdeadbeef>
+  class Result
+    include Enumerable
+
+    attr_reader :columns, :rows
+
+    def initialize(columns, rows)
+      @columns   = columns
+      @rows      = rows
+      @hash_rows = nil
+    end
+
+    def each
+      hash_rows.each { |row| yield row }
+    end
+
+    private
+    def hash_rows
+      @hash_rows ||= @rows.map { |row|
+        ActiveSupport::OrderedHash[@columns.zip(row)]
+      }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
index f76a23a8ad..67bd8ec7e0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,64 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert @connection.active?
   end
 
+  def test_bind_value_substitute
+    bind_param = @connection.substitute_for('foo', [])
+    assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param
+  end
+
+  def test_exec_no_binds
+    @connection.exec('drop table if exists ex')
+    @connection.exec(<<-eosql)
+      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+        `data` varchar(255))
+    eosql
+    result = @connection.exec('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+    assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+    assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+
+    @connection.exec('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+    result = @connection.exec('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+  end
+
+  def test_exec_with_binds
+    @connection.exec('drop table if exists ex')
+    @connection.exec(<<-eosql)
+      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+        `data` varchar(255))
+    eosql
+    @connection.exec('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+    result = @connection.exec(
+      'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+
+    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+  end
+
+  def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
+    @connection.exec('drop table if exists ex')
+    @connection.exec(<<-eosql)
+      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+        `data` varchar(255))
+    eosql
+    @connection.exec('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+    column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+
+    result = @connection.exec(
+      'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+
+    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+  end
+
   # Test that MySQL allows multiple results for stored procedures
   if Mysql.const_defined?(:CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS)
     def test_multi_results
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index 7b72151b57..b0fd2273df 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class PostgreSQLAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @connection.exec('drop table if exists ex')
+        @connection.exec('create table ex(id serial primary key, data character varying(255))')
       end
 
       def test_table_alias_length
@@ -12,6 +14,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connection.table_alias_length
         end
       end
+
+      def test_exec_no_binds
+        result = @connection.exec('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+        assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+        assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+
+        string = @connection.quote('foo')
+        @connection.exec("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+        result = @connection.exec('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_with_binds
+        string = @connection.quote('foo')
+        @connection.exec("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+        result = @connection.exec(
+          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
+        string = @connection.quote('foo')
+        @connection.exec("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+
+        column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+        result = @connection.exec(
+          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+      end
+
+      def test_substitute_for
+        bind = @connection.substitute_for(nil, [])
+        assert_equal Arel.sql('$1'), bind
+
+        bind = @connection.substitute_for(nil, [nil])
+        assert_equal Arel.sql('$2'), bind
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
index 6f372edc38..881631fb19 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,36 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_session_auth=
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      @connection.session_auth = 'DEFAULT'
+      @connection.execute "SELECT * FROM #{TABLE_NAME}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_auth_clears_stmt_cache
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      set_session_auth
+      USERS.each do |u|
+        set_session_auth u
+        assert_equal u, @connection.exec("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [[nil, 1]]).first['name']
+        set_session_auth
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_auth_with_bind
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      set_session_auth
+      USERS.each do |u|
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+        set_session_auth u
+        assert_equal u, @connection.exec("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [[nil, 1]]).first['name']
+        set_session_auth
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_schema_uniqueness
     assert_nothing_raised do
       set_session_auth
@@ -78,7 +108,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   private
     def set_session_auth auth = nil
-       @connection.execute "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{auth || 'default'}"
+       @connection.session_auth =  auth || 'default'
     end
 
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index 934cf72f72..973c51f3d7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@ require "cases/helper"
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SQLite3AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
+                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
+                                       :timeout => 100
+      end
+
       def test_connection_no_db
         assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
           Base.sqlite3_connection {}
@@ -38,18 +44,58 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_connect
-        conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                       :timeout => 100
-        assert conn, 'should have connection'
+        assert @conn, 'should have connection'
       end
 
       # sqlite3 defaults to UTF-8 encoding
       def test_encoding
-        conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                       :timeout => 100
-        assert_equal 'UTF-8', conn.encoding
+        assert_equal 'UTF-8', @conn.encoding
+      end
+
+      def test_bind_value_substitute
+        bind_param = @conn.substitute_for('foo', [])
+        assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_no_binds
+        @conn.exec('create table ex(id int, data string)')
+        result = @conn.exec('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+        assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+        assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+
+        @conn.exec('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+        result = @conn.exec('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_with_binds
+        @conn.exec('create table ex(id int, data string)')
+        @conn.exec('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+        result = @conn.exec(
+          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
+        @conn.exec('create table ex(id int, data string)')
+        @conn.exec('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+        column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+
+        result = @conn.exec(
+          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
index 15537d6940..6a30e2905b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_many_callbacks_for_save_on_parent
     jack = Author.new :name => "Jack"
-    post = jack.posts_with_callbacks.build :title => "Call me back!", :body => "Before you wake up and after you sleep"
+    jack.posts_with_callbacks.build :title => "Call me back!", :body => "Before you wake up and after you sleep"
 
     callback_log = ["before_adding<new>", "after_adding#{jack.posts_with_callbacks.first.id}"]
     assert_equal callback_log, jack.post_log
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@david.unchangable_posts.include?(@authorless)
     begin
       @david.unchangable_posts << @authorless
-    rescue Exception => e
+    rescue Exception
     end
     assert @david.post_log.empty?
     assert !@david.unchangable_posts.include?(@authorless)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 1750bf004a..ab9a65944f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
     def test_read_attributes_before_type_cast_on_boolean
       bool = Boolean.create({ "value" => false })
-      assert_equal "0", bool.reload.attributes_before_type_cast["value"]
+      assert_equal 0, bool.reload.attributes_before_type_cast["value"]
     end
   end
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       developer = Developer.find(:first)
       # Oracle adapter returns Time before type cast
       unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-        assert_equal developer.created_at.to_s(:db) , developer.attributes_before_type_cast["created_at"]
+        assert_equal developer.created_at.to_s(:db) , developer.attributes_before_type_cast["created_at"].to_s
       else
         assert_equal developer.created_at.to_s(:db) , developer.attributes_before_type_cast["created_at"].to_s(:db)
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         assert_equal developer.created_at, nil
 
         developer.created_at = "2010-03-21 21:23:32"
-        assert_equal developer.created_at_before_type_cast, "2010-03-21 21:23:32"
+        assert_equal developer.created_at_before_type_cast.to_s, "2010-03-21 21:23:32"
         assert_equal developer.created_at, Time.parse("2010-03-21 21:23:32")
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index 52382f5afc..89be94c81f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/company'
+require 'models/eye'
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_autosave_should_be_a_valid_option_for_has_one
@@ -170,6 +171,25 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCas
     firm.account = Account.find(:first).clone
     assert_queries(2) { firm.save! }
   end
+  
+  def test_callbacks_firing_order_on_create
+    eye = Eye.create(:iris_attributes => {:color => 'honey'})
+    assert_equal [true, false], eye.after_create_callbacks_stack
+  end
+
+  def test_callbacks_firing_order_on_update
+    eye = Eye.create(:iris_attributes => {:color => 'honey'})
+    eye.update_attributes(:iris_attributes => {:color => 'green'})
+    assert_equal [true, false], eye.after_update_callbacks_stack
+  end
+
+  def test_callbacks_firing_order_on_save
+    eye = Eye.create(:iris_attributes => {:color => 'honey'})
+    assert_equal [false, false], eye.after_save_callbacks_stack
+
+    eye.update_attributes(:iris_attributes => {:color => 'blue'})
+    assert_equal [false, false, false, false], eye.after_save_callbacks_stack
+  end
 end
 
 class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index 8acee9ac71..e63e1fbe09 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -1150,6 +1150,12 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, scoped_developers.size
   end
 
+  def test_no_limit_offset
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Developer.find(:all, :offset => 2)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_scoped_find_limit_offset
     scoped_developers = Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :limit => 3, :offset => 2 }) do
       Developer.find(:all, :order => 'id')
@@ -1456,6 +1462,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     UnloadablePost.class_eval do
       default_scope order('posts.comments_count ASC')
     end
+    UnloadablePost.scoped_methods # make Thread.current[:UnloadablePost_scoped_methods] not nil
 
     UnloadablePost.unloadable
     assert_not_nil Thread.current[:UnloadablePost_scoped_methods]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index 2d3047c875..f6ef155d66 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -55,6 +55,14 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class.class_eval do
   end
 
   alias_method_chain :execute, :query_record
+
+  def exec_with_query_record(sql, name = nil, binds = [], &block)
+    $queries_executed ||= []
+    $queries_executed << sql unless IGNORED_SQL.any? { |r| sql =~ r }
+    exec_without_query_record(sql, name, binds, &block)
+  end
+
+  alias_method_chain :exec, :query_record
 end
 
 ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class.class_eval {
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index ef949300b0..e6eef805cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
 
     # Sybase, and SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
     # column to a table without a default value.
-    unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :SQLiteAdapter)
+    unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
       def test_add_column_not_null_without_default
         Person.connection.create_table :testings do |t|
           t.column :foo, :string
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       end
     end
 
-    if current_adapter?(:SQLiteAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
       def test_rename_table_for_sqlite_should_work_with_reserved_words
         begin
           assert_nothing_raised do
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
         # so this happens there too
         assert_kind_of BigDecimal, b.value_of_e
         assert_equal BigDecimal("2.7182818284590452353602875"), b.value_of_e
-      elsif current_adapter?(:SQLiteAdapter)
+      elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
         # - SQLite3 stores a float, in violation of SQL
         assert_kind_of BigDecimal, b.value_of_e
         assert_in_delta BigDecimal("2.71828182845905"), b.value_of_e, 0.00000000000001
@@ -1588,7 +1588,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       end
     end
 
-    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) || current_adapter?(:SQLiteAdapter) || current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) || current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) || current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
       def test_xml_creates_xml_column
         type = current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) ? 'xml' : :text
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
index cc4438395e..fb24c65fff 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
@@ -125,6 +125,12 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal posts_with_authors_at_address_titles, Post.with_authors_at_address(address).find(:all, :select => 'title')
   end
 
+  def test_scope_with_object
+    objects = Topic.with_object
+    assert_operator objects.length, :>, 0
+    assert objects.all?(&:approved?), 'all objects should be approved'
+  end
+
   def test_extensions
     assert_equal 1, Topic.anonymous_extension.one
     assert_equal 2, Topic.named_extension.two
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index 594db1d0ab..5bb21a54bd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_find_queries_with_cache_multi_record
+    Task.cache do
+      assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1); Task.find(2) }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_count_queries_with_cache
     Task.cache do
       assert_queries(1) { Task.count; Task.count }
@@ -57,7 +63,7 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       # Oracle adapter returns count() as Fixnum or Float
       if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
         assert_kind_of Numeric, Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
-      elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) && SQLite3::Version::VERSION > '1.2.5' or current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+      elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) && SQLite3::Version::VERSION > '1.2.5' || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) || current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
         # Future versions of the sqlite3 adapter will return numeric
         assert_instance_of Fixnum,
          Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
index 64365c1d75..bf41199b77 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -311,6 +311,35 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
+  def test_default_scope_with_lambda
+    expected = Post.find_all_by_author_id(2)
+    PostForAuthor.selected_author = 2
+    received = PostForAuthor.all
+    assert_equal expected, received
+    expected = Post.find_all_by_author_id(1)
+    PostForAuthor.selected_author = 1
+    received = PostForAuthor.all
+    assert_equal expected, received
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_thing_that_responds_to_call
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'posts'
+    end
+
+    klass.class_eval do
+      default_scope Class.new(Struct.new(:klass)) {
+        def call
+          klass.where(:author_id => 2)
+        end
+      }.new(self)
+    end
+
+    records = klass.all
+    assert_equal 3, records.length
+    assert_equal 2, records.first.author_id
+  end
+
   def test_default_scope_is_unscoped_on_find
     assert_equal 1, DeveloperCalledDavid.count
     assert_equal 11, DeveloperCalledDavid.unscoped.count
@@ -364,6 +393,23 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 100000,  klass.first.salary
   end
 
+  def test_default_scope_called_twice_in_different_place_merges_where_clause
+    Developer.destroy_all
+    Developer.create!(:name => "David", :salary => 80000)
+    Developer.create!(:name => "David", :salary => 100000)
+    Developer.create!(:name => "Brian", :salary => 100000)
+
+    klass = Class.new(Developer)
+    klass.class_eval do
+      default_scope where("name = 'David'")
+      default_scope where("salary = 100000")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1,       klass.count
+    assert_equal "David", klass.first.name
+    assert_equal 100000,  klass.first.salary
+  end
+
   def test_method_scope
     expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all_ordered_by_name.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index 0b143224be..b47ef7592d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -19,19 +19,21 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :companies, :developers_projects, :accounts, :categories, :categorizations, :posts, :comments,
     :taggings, :cars
 
+  def test_bind_values
+    relation = Post.scoped
+    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
+
+    relation2 = relation.bind 'foo'
+    assert_equal %w{ foo }, relation2.bind_values
+    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
+  end
+
   def test_two_named_scopes_with_includes_should_not_drop_any_include
     car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
     assert_no_queries { car.tyres.length }
     assert_no_queries { car.engines.length }
   end
 
-  def test_apply_relation_as_where_id
-    posts = Post.arel_table
-    post_authors = posts.where(posts[:author_id].eq(1)).project(posts[:id])
-    assert_equal 5, post_authors.to_a.size
-    assert_equal 5, Post.where(:id => post_authors).size
-  end
-
   def test_dynamic_finder
     x = Post.where('author_id = ?', 1)
     assert x.klass.respond_to?(:find_by_id), '@klass should handle dynamic finders'
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index 66446b6b7e..9b2c7c00df 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
       assert_match %r{c_int_4.*}, output
       assert_no_match %r{c_int_4.*:limit}, output
-    elsif current_adapter?(:SQLiteAdapter)
+    elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
       assert_match %r{c_int_1.*:limit => 1}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_2.*:limit => 2}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_3.*:limit => 3}, output
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*}, output
     assert_no_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*:limit}, output
 
-    if current_adapter?(:SQLiteAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
       assert_match %r{c_int_5.*:limit => 5}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_6.*:limit => 6}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_7.*:limit => 7}, output
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index 44af54b143..0fbcef4091 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_sqlite_add_column_in_transaction
-    return true unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter, :SQLiteAdapter)
+    return true unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
 
     # Test first if column creation/deletion works correctly when no
     # transaction is in place.
diff --git a/activerecord/test/connections/native_oracle/connection.rb b/activerecord/test/connections/native_oracle/connection.rb
index 9a717018b2..c942036128 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/connections/native_oracle/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/connections/native_oracle/connection.rb
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ Course.establish_connection 'arunit2'
 ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class.class_eval do
   IGNORED_SELECT_SQL = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from ((all|user)_tab_columns|(all|user)_triggers|(all|user)_constraints)/im]
 
-  def select_with_query_record(sql, name = nil, return_column_names = false)
+  def select_with_query_record(sql, name = nil)
     $queries_executed ||= []
     $queries_executed << sql unless IGNORED_SELECT_SQL.any? { |r| sql =~ r }
-    select_without_query_record(sql, name, return_column_names)
+    select_without_query_record(sql, name)
   end
 
   alias_method_chain :select, :query_record
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/eye.rb b/activerecord/test/models/eye.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77f17b578e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/eye.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+class Eye < ActiveRecord::Base
+  attr_reader :after_create_callbacks_stack
+  attr_reader :after_update_callbacks_stack
+  attr_reader :after_save_callbacks_stack
+
+  # Callbacks configured before the ones has_one sets up.
+  after_create :trace_after_create
+  after_update :trace_after_update
+  after_save   :trace_after_save
+
+  has_one :iris
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :iris
+
+  # Callbacks configured after the ones has_one sets up.
+  after_create :trace_after_create2
+  after_update :trace_after_update2
+  after_save   :trace_after_save2
+  
+  def trace_after_create
+    (@after_create_callbacks_stack ||= []) << iris.new_record?
+  end
+  alias trace_after_create2 trace_after_create
+
+  def trace_after_update
+    (@after_update_callbacks_stack ||= []) << iris.changed?
+  end
+  alias trace_after_update2 trace_after_update
+
+  def trace_after_save
+    (@after_save_callbacks_stack ||= []) << iris.changed?
+  end
+  alias trace_after_save2 trace_after_save
+end
+
+class Iris < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :eye
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index 7c919a55eb..68d2b79a3b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -121,3 +121,9 @@ class PostWithComment < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   default_scope where("posts.comments_count > 0").order("posts.comments_count ASC")
 end
+
+class PostForAuthor < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  cattr_accessor :selected_author
+  default_scope lambda { where(:author_id => PostForAuthor.selected_author) }
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
index ba2fe1987b..82d4b5997f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
       1
     end
   end
+
+  scope :with_object, Class.new(Struct.new(:klass)) {
+    def call
+      klass.where(:approved => true)
+    end
+  }.new(self)
+
   module NamedExtension
     def two
       2
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index c77651a782..7ad08869f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
 
-  # Please keep these create table statements in alphabetical order
-  # unless the ordering matters.  In which case, define them below
+  # ------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+  #                                                                     #
+  #   Please keep these create table statements in alphabetical order   #
+  #   unless the ordering matters.  In which case, define them below.   #
+  #                                                                     #
+  # ------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
   create_table :accounts, :force => true do |t|
     t.integer :firm_id
     t.string  :firm_name
@@ -56,7 +61,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :favorite_author_id, :integer
   end
 
-
   create_table :auto_id_tests, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
     t.primary_key :auto_id
     t.integer     :value
@@ -81,6 +85,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.boolean :value
   end
 
+  create_table :bulbs, :force => true do |t|
+    t.integer :car_id
+    t.string  :name
+  end
+
   create_table "CamelCase", :force => true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
@@ -198,15 +207,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :car_id
   end
 
-  create_table :tyres, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :car_id
-  end
-
-  create_table :bulbs, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :car_id
-    t.string  :name
-  end
-
   create_table :entrants, :force => true do |t|
     t.string  :name, :null => false
     t.integer :course_id, :null => false
@@ -224,6 +224,9 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :title, :limit => 5
   end
 
+  create_table :eyes, :force => true do |t|
+  end
+
   create_table :funny_jokes, :force => true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
@@ -233,13 +236,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :info
   end
 
-  create_table :invoices, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :balance
-    t.datetime :updated_at
-  end
-
-  create_table :items, :force => true do |t|
-    t.column :name, :string
+  create_table :guids, :force => true do |t|
+    t.column :key, :string
   end
 
   create_table :inept_wizards, :force => true do |t|
@@ -248,6 +246,26 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :type, :string
   end
 
+  create_table :integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
+    t.integer :"c_int_without_limit"
+    (1..8).each do |i|
+      t.integer :"c_int_#{i}", :limit => i
+    end
+  end
+
+  create_table :invoices, :force => true do |t|
+    t.integer :balance
+    t.datetime :updated_at
+  end
+
+  create_table :iris, :force => true do |t|
+    t.references :eye
+    t.string     :color
+  end
+
+  create_table :items, :force => true do |t|
+    t.column :name, :string
+  end
 
   create_table :jobs, :force => true do |t|
     t.integer :ideal_reference_id
@@ -304,13 +322,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :references, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :person_id
-    t.integer :job_id
-    t.boolean :favourite
-    t.integer :lock_version, :default => 0
-  end
-
   create_table :minivans, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
     t.string :minivan_id
     t.string :name
@@ -374,7 +385,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :essay_id
   end
 
-
   create_table :paint_colors, :force => true do |t|
     t.integer :non_poly_one_id
   end
@@ -466,6 +476,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.boolean :skimmer, :default => false
   end
 
+  create_table :references, :force => true do |t|
+    t.integer :person_id
+    t.integer :job_id
+    t.boolean :favourite
+    t.integer :lock_version, :default => 0
+  end
+
   create_table :shape_expressions, :force => true do |t|
     t.string  :paint_type
     t.integer :paint_id
@@ -510,6 +527,19 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :book_id
   end
 
+  create_table :tags, :force => true do |t|
+    t.column :name, :string
+    t.column :taggings_count, :integer, :default => 0
+  end
+
+  create_table :taggings, :force => true do |t|
+    t.column :tag_id, :integer
+    t.column :super_tag_id, :integer
+    t.column :taggable_type, :string
+    t.column :taggable_id, :integer
+    t.string :comment
+  end
+
   create_table :tasks, :force => true do |t|
     t.datetime :starting
     t.datetime :ending
@@ -537,19 +567,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string   :group
   end
 
-  create_table :taggings, :force => true do |t|
-    t.column :tag_id, :integer
-    t.column :super_tag_id, :integer
-    t.column :taggable_type, :string
-    t.column :taggable_id, :integer
-    t.string :comment
-  end
-
-  create_table :tags, :force => true do |t|
-    t.column :name, :string
-    t.column :taggings_count, :integer, :default => 0
-  end
-
   create_table :toys, :primary_key => :toy_id ,:force => true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :pet_id, :integer
@@ -569,6 +586,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :looter_type, :string
   end
 
+  create_table :tyres, :force => true do |t|
+    t.integer :car_id
+  end
+
   create_table :variants, :force => true do |t|
     t.references :product
     t.string     :name
@@ -586,17 +607,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     create_table(t, :force => true) { }
   end
 
-  create_table :guids, :force => true do |t|
-    t.column :key, :string
-  end
-
-  create_table :integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :"c_int_without_limit"
-    (1..8).each do |i|
-      t.integer :"c_int_#{i}", :limit => i
-    end
-  end
-
   # NOTE - the following 4 tables are used by models that have :inverse_of options on the associations
   create_table :men, :force => true do |t|
     t.string  :name
@@ -652,7 +662,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :name
   end
 
-
   except 'SQLite' do
     # fk_test_has_fk should be before fk_test_has_pk
     create_table :fk_test_has_fk, :force => true do |t|