merge forward to current rails/master

25 files changed, 312 insertions, 147 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
index 49f5270396..174ec95de2 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
@@ -188,7 +188,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         through_records
       end
 
-      # FIXME: quoting
       def preload_belongs_to_association(records, reflection, preload_options={})
         options = reflection.options
         primary_key_name = reflection.primary_key_name
@@ -227,9 +226,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           table_name = klass.quoted_table_name
           primary_key = klass.primary_key
-          conditions = "#{table_name}.#{primary_key} IN (?)"
+          conditions = "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} IN (?)"
           conditions << append_conditions(options, preload_options)
-          associated_records = klass.find(:all, :conditions => [conditions, id_map.keys.uniq],
+          column_type = klass.columns.detect{|c| c.name == primary_key}.type
+          ids = id_map.keys.uniq.map do |id|
+            if column_type == :integer
+              id.to_i
+            elsif column_type == :float
+              id.to_f
+            else
+              id
+            end
+          end
+          associated_records = klass.find(:all, :conditions => [conditions, ids],
                                           :include => options[:include],
                                           :select => options[:select],
                                           :joins => options[:joins],
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 5f42b5a459..7ad7802cbc 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -663,6 +663,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>:foreign_key</tt> - Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
       #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_many+ association will use "person_id"
       #   as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:primary_key</tt> - Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+.
       # * <tt>:dependent</tt> - If set to <tt>:destroy</tt> all the associated objects are destroyed
       #   alongside this object by calling their +destroy+ method.  If set to <tt>:delete_all</tt> all associated
       #   objects are deleted *without* calling their +destroy+ method.  If set to <tt>:nullify</tt> all associated
@@ -678,7 +679,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>:limit</tt> - An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
       # * <tt>:offset</tt> - An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, it would skip the first 4 rows.
       # * <tt>:select</tt> - By default, this is <tt>*</tt> as in <tt>SELECT * FROM</tt>, but can be changed if you, for example, want to do a join
-      #   but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will rise an error.
+      #   but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
       # * <tt>:as</tt> - Specifies a polymorphic interface (See <tt>belongs_to</tt>).
       # * <tt>:through</tt> - Specifies a Join Model through which to perform the query.  Options for <tt>:class_name</tt> and <tt>:foreign_key</tt>
       #   are ignored, as the association uses the source reflection. You can only use a <tt>:through</tt> query through a <tt>belongs_to</tt>
@@ -691,6 +692,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>:uniq</tt> - If true, duplicates will be omitted from the collection. Useful in conjunction with <tt>:through</tt>.
       # * <tt>:readonly</tt> - If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
       # * <tt>:validate</tt> - If false, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. true by default.
+      # * <tt>:accessible</tt> - Mass assignment is allowed for this assocation (similar to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attr_accessible</tt>).
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_many :comments, :order => "posted_on"
@@ -711,7 +713,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         configure_dependency_for_has_many(reflection)
 
-        add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(reflection.name) unless options[:validate] == false
+        add_multiple_associated_validation_callbacks(reflection.name) unless options[:validate] == false
+        add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(reflection.name)
         add_association_callbacks(reflection.name, reflection.options)
 
         if options[:through]
@@ -757,6 +760,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>:foreign_key</tt> - Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
       #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_one+ association will use "person_id"
       #   as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:primary_key</tt> - Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+.
       # * <tt>:include</tt> - Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when this object is loaded.
       # * <tt>:as</tt> - Specifies a polymorphic interface (See <tt>belongs_to</tt>).
       # * <tt>:select</tt> - By default, this is <tt>*</tt> as in <tt>SELECT * FROM</tt>, but can be changed if, for example, you want to do a join
@@ -771,6 +775,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   association is a polymorphic +belongs_to+.      
       # * <tt>:readonly</tt> - If true, the associated object is readonly through the association.
       # * <tt>:validate</tt> - If false, don't validate the associated object when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
+      # * <tt>:accessible</tt> - Mass assignment is allowed for this assocation (similar to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attr_accessible</tt>).
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_one :credit_card, :dependent => :destroy  # destroys the associated credit card
@@ -801,7 +806,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
           after_save method_name
 
-          add_single_associated_save_callbacks(reflection.name) if options[:validate] == true
+          add_single_associated_validation_callbacks(reflection.name) if options[:validate] == true
           association_accessor_methods(reflection, HasOneAssociation)
           association_constructor_method(:build,  reflection, HasOneAssociation)
           association_constructor_method(:create, reflection, HasOneAssociation)
@@ -860,6 +865,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   to the +attr_readonly+ list in the associated classes (e.g. <tt>class Post; attr_readonly :comments_count; end</tt>).
       # * <tt>:readonly</tt> - If true, the associated object is readonly through the association.
       # * <tt>:validate</tt> - If false, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
+      # * <tt>:accessible</tt> - Mass assignment is allowed for this assocation (similar to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attr_accessible</tt>).
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   belongs_to :firm, :foreign_key => "client_of"
@@ -940,7 +946,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           )
         end
 
-        add_single_associated_save_callbacks(reflection.name) if options[:validate] == true
+        add_single_associated_validation_callbacks(reflection.name) if options[:validate] == true
 
         configure_dependency_for_belongs_to(reflection)
       end
@@ -1031,6 +1037,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
       # * <tt>:readonly</tt> - If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
       # * <tt>:validate</tt> - If false, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +true+ by default.
+      # * <tt>:accessible</tt> - Mass assignment is allowed for this assocation (similar to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attr_accessible</tt>).
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
@@ -1043,7 +1050,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def has_and_belongs_to_many(association_id, options = {}, &extension)
         reflection = create_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension)
 
-        add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(reflection.name) unless options[:validate] == false
+        add_multiple_associated_validation_callbacks(reflection.name) unless options[:validate] == false
+        add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(reflection.name)
         collection_accessor_methods(reflection, HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation)
 
         # Don't use a before_destroy callback since users' before_destroy
@@ -1105,6 +1113,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
               association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
             end
 
+            new_value = reflection.klass.new(new_value) if reflection.options[:accessible] && new_value.is_a?(Hash)
+
             if association_proxy_class == HasOneThroughAssociation
               association.create_through_record(new_value)
               self.send(reflection.name, new_value)
@@ -1141,7 +1151,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           define_method("#{reflection.name.to_s.singularize}_ids") do
-            send(reflection.name).map(&:id)
+            send(reflection.name).map { |record| record.id }
           end
         end
 
@@ -1163,7 +1173,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
         
-        def add_single_associated_save_callbacks(association_name)
+        def add_single_associated_validation_callbacks(association_name)
           method_name = "validate_associated_records_for_#{association_name}".to_sym
           define_method(method_name) do
             association = instance_variable_get("@#{association_name}")
@@ -1175,7 +1185,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           validate method_name
         end
         
-        def add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(association_name)
+        def add_multiple_associated_validation_callbacks(association_name)
           method_name = "validate_associated_records_for_#{association_name}".to_sym
           ivar = "@#{association_name}"
 
@@ -1196,6 +1206,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           validate method_name
+        end
+
+        def add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(association_name)
+          ivar = "@#{association_name}"
 
           method_name = "before_save_associated_records_for_#{association_name}".to_sym
           define_method(method_name) do
@@ -1217,7 +1231,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
             else
               []
             end
-
             records_to_save.each { |record| association.send(:insert_record, record) } unless records_to_save.blank?
 
             # reconstruct the SQL queries now that we know the owner's id
@@ -1342,7 +1355,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def create_has_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension)
           options.assert_valid_keys(
-            :class_name, :table_name, :foreign_key,
+            :class_name, :table_name, :foreign_key, :primary_key,
             :dependent,
             :select, :conditions, :include, :order, :group, :limit, :offset,
             :as, :through, :source, :source_type,
@@ -1350,7 +1363,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             :finder_sql, :counter_sql,
             :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove,
             :extend, :readonly,
-            :validate
+            :validate, :accessible
           )
 
           options[:extend] = create_extension_modules(association_id, extension, options[:extend])
@@ -1360,7 +1373,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def create_has_one_reflection(association_id, options)
           options.assert_valid_keys(
-            :class_name, :foreign_key, :remote, :select, :conditions, :order, :include, :dependent, :counter_cache, :extend, :as, :readonly, :validate
+            :class_name, :foreign_key, :remote, :select, :conditions, :order, :include, :dependent, :counter_cache, :extend, :as, :readonly, :validate, :primary_key, :accessible
           )
 
           create_reflection(:has_one, association_id, options, self)
@@ -1376,7 +1389,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def create_belongs_to_reflection(association_id, options)
           options.assert_valid_keys(
             :class_name, :foreign_key, :foreign_type, :remote, :select, :conditions, :include, :dependent,
-            :counter_cache, :extend, :polymorphic, :readonly, :validate
+            :counter_cache, :extend, :polymorphic, :readonly, :validate, :accessible
           )
 
           reflection = create_reflection(:belongs_to, association_id, options, self)
@@ -1396,7 +1409,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             :finder_sql, :delete_sql, :insert_sql,
             :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove,
             :extend, :readonly,
-            :validate
+            :validate, :accessible
           )
 
           options[:extend] = create_extension_modules(association_id, extension, options[:extend])
@@ -1473,25 +1486,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
             join_dependency.joins_for_table_name(table)
           }.flatten.compact.uniq
 
+          order = options[:order]
+          if scoped_order = (scope && scope[:order])
+            order = order ? "#{order}, #{scoped_order}" : scoped_order
+          end
+
           is_distinct = !options[:joins].blank? || include_eager_conditions?(options, tables_from_conditions) || include_eager_order?(options, tables_from_order)
           sql = "SELECT "
           if is_distinct
-            sql << connection.distinct("#{connection.quote_table_name table_name}.#{primary_key}", options[:order])
+            sql << connection.distinct("#{connection.quote_table_name table_name}.#{primary_key}", order)
           else
             sql << primary_key
           end
           sql << " FROM #{connection.quote_table_name table_name} "
 
           if is_distinct
-            sql << distinct_join_associations.collect(&:association_join).join
+            sql << distinct_join_associations.collect { |assoc| assoc.association_join }.join
             add_joins!(sql, options, scope)
           end
 
           add_conditions!(sql, options[:conditions], scope)
           add_group!(sql, options[:group], scope)
 
-          if options[:order] && is_distinct
-            connection.add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, options)
+          if order && is_distinct
+            connection.add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, :order => order)
           else
             add_order!(sql, options[:order], scope)
           end
@@ -1514,7 +1532,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def order_tables(options)
-          order = options[:order]
+          order = [options[:order], scope(:find, :order) ].join(", ")
           return [] unless order && order.is_a?(String)
           order.scan(/([\.\w]+).?\./).flatten
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
index 52d2a9864e..a28be9eed1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # If using a custom finder_sql, scan the entire collection.
         if @reflection.options[:finder_sql]
           expects_array = args.first.kind_of?(Array)
-          ids           = args.flatten.compact.uniq.map(&:to_i)
+          ids           = args.flatten.compact.uniq.map { |arg| arg.to_i }
 
           if ids.size == 1
             id = ids.first
@@ -78,11 +78,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @loaded = false
       end
 
-      def build(attributes = {})
+      def build(attributes = {}, &block)
         if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr) }
+          attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr, &block) }
         else
-          build_record(attributes) { |record| set_belongs_to_association_for(record) }
+          build_record(attributes) do |record|
+            block.call(record) if block_given?
+            set_belongs_to_association_for(record)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -94,6 +97,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @owner.transaction do
           flatten_deeper(records).each do |record|
+            record = @reflection.klass.new(record) if @reflection.options[:accessible] && record.is_a?(Hash)
+
             raise_on_type_mismatch(record)
             add_record_to_target_with_callbacks(record) do |r|
               result &&= insert_record(record) unless @owner.new_record?
@@ -187,7 +192,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if @owner.new_record? || (loaded? && !@reflection.options[:uniq])
           @target.size
         elsif !loaded? && !@reflection.options[:uniq] && @target.is_a?(Array)
-          unsaved_records = Array(@target.detect { |r| r.new_record? })
+          unsaved_records = @target.select { |r| r.new_record? }
           unsaved_records.size + count_records
         else
           count_records
@@ -226,6 +231,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Replace this collection with +other_array+
       # This will perform a diff and delete/add only records that have changed.
       def replace(other_array)
+        other_array.map! do |val|
+          val.is_a?(Hash) ? @reflection.klass.new(val) : val
+        end if @reflection.options[:accessible]
+
         other_array.each { |val| raise_on_type_mismatch(val) }
 
         load_target
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_proxy.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_proxy.rb
index 11c64243a2..77fc827e11 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_proxy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_proxy.rb
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def conditions
-        @conditions ||= interpolate_sql(sanitize_sql(@reflection.options[:conditions])) if @reflection.options[:conditions]
+        @conditions ||= interpolate_sql(@reflection.sanitized_conditions) if @reflection.sanitized_conditions
       end
       alias :sql_conditions :conditions
 
@@ -219,6 +219,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def flatten_deeper(array)
           array.collect { |element| element.respond_to?(:flatten) ? element.flatten : element }.flatten
         end
+
+        def owner_quoted_id
+          @owner.quoted_id
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
index 4fa8e9d0a8..d516d54151 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             attributes = columns.inject({}) do |attrs, column|
               case column.name.to_s
                 when @reflection.primary_key_name.to_s
-                  attrs[column.name] = @owner.quoted_id
+                  attrs[column.name] = owner_quoted_id
                 when @reflection.association_foreign_key.to_s
                   attrs[column.name] = record.quoted_id
                 else
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             records.each { |record| @owner.connection.delete(interpolate_sql(sql, record)) }
           else
             ids = quoted_record_ids(records)
-            sql = "DELETE FROM #{@owner.connection.quote_table_name @reflection.options[:join_table]} WHERE #{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{@owner.quoted_id} AND #{@reflection.association_foreign_key} IN (#{ids})"
+            sql = "DELETE FROM #{@owner.connection.quote_table_name @reflection.options[:join_table]} WHERE #{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{owner_quoted_id} AND #{@reflection.association_foreign_key} IN (#{ids})"
             @owner.connection.delete(sql)
           end
         end
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if @reflection.options[:finder_sql]
             @finder_sql = @reflection.options[:finder_sql]
           else
-            @finder_sql = "#{@owner.connection.quote_table_name @reflection.options[:join_table]}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{@owner.quoted_id} "
+            @finder_sql = "#{@owner.connection.quote_table_name @reflection.options[:join_table]}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{owner_quoted_id} "
             @finder_sql << " AND (#{conditions})" if conditions
           end
 
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                         :joins => @join_sql,
                         :readonly => false,
                         :order => @reflection.options[:order],
+                        :include => @reflection.options[:include],
                         :limit => @reflection.options[:limit] } }
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
index f584a97cbb..e6fa15c173 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
+        def owner_quoted_id
+          if @reflection.options[:primary_key]
+            quote_value(@owner.send(@reflection.options[:primary_key]))
+          else
+            @owner.quoted_id
+          end
+        end
+
         def count_records
           count = if has_cached_counter?
             @owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
@@ -53,14 +61,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def delete_records(records)
           case @reflection.options[:dependent]
             when :destroy
-              records.each(&:destroy)
+              records.each { |r| r.destroy }
             when :delete_all
-              @reflection.klass.delete(records.map(&:id))
+              @reflection.klass.delete(records.map { |record| record.id })
             else
               ids = quoted_record_ids(records)
               @reflection.klass.update_all(
                 "#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = NULL", 
-                "#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{@owner.quoted_id} AND #{@reflection.klass.primary_key} IN (#{ids})"
+                "#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{owner_quoted_id} AND #{@reflection.klass.primary_key} IN (#{ids})"
               )
           end
         end
@@ -76,12 +84,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             when @reflection.options[:as]
               @finder_sql = 
-                "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_id = #{@owner.quoted_id} AND " +
+                "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_id = #{owner_quoted_id} AND " +
                 "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_type = #{@owner.class.quote_value(@owner.class.base_class.name.to_s)}"
               @finder_sql << " AND (#{conditions})" if conditions
             
             else
-              @finder_sql = "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{@owner.quoted_id}"
+              @finder_sql = "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{owner_quoted_id}"
               @finder_sql << " AND (#{conditions})" if conditions
           end
 
@@ -100,7 +108,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           create_scoping = {}
           set_belongs_to_association_for(create_scoping)
           {
-            :find => { :conditions => @finder_sql, :readonly => false, :order => @reflection.options[:order], :limit => @reflection.options[:limit] },
+            :find => { :conditions => @finder_sql, :readonly => false, :order => @reflection.options[:order], :limit => @reflection.options[:limit], :include => @reflection.options[:include]},
             :create => create_scoping
           }
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
index 52ced36d16..e1bfff5923 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Associate attributes pointing to owner, quoted.
         def construct_quoted_owner_attributes(reflection)
           if as = reflection.options[:as]
-            { "#{as}_id" => @owner.quoted_id,
+            { "#{as}_id" => owner_quoted_id,
               "#{as}_type" => reflection.klass.quote_value(
                 @owner.class.base_class.name.to_s,
                 reflection.klass.columns_hash["#{as}_type"]) }
           else
-            { reflection.primary_key_name => @owner.quoted_id }
+            { reflection.primary_key_name => owner_quoted_id }
           end
         end
 
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             when @reflection.options[:finder_sql]
               @finder_sql = interpolate_sql(@reflection.options[:finder_sql])
 
-              @finder_sql = "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{@owner.quoted_id}"
+              @finder_sql = "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{owner_quoted_id}"
               @finder_sql << " AND (#{conditions})" if conditions
             else
               @finder_sql = construct_conditions
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
index c2b3503e0d..fdc0fa52c9 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return (obj.nil? ? nil : self)
         end
       end
-            
+
+      protected
+        def owner_quoted_id
+          if @reflection.options[:primary_key]
+            quote_value(@owner.send(@reflection.options[:primary_key]))
+          else
+            @owner.quoted_id
+          end
+        end
+
       private
         def find_target
           @reflection.klass.find(:first, 
@@ -63,10 +72,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           case
             when @reflection.options[:as]
               @finder_sql = 
-                "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_id = #{@owner.quoted_id} AND " +
+                "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_id = #{owner_quoted_id} AND " +
                 "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_type = #{@owner.class.quote_value(@owner.class.base_class.name.to_s)}"
             else
-              @finder_sql = "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{@owner.quoted_id}"
+              @finder_sql = "#{@reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{owner_quoted_id}"
           end
           @finder_sql << " AND (#{conditions})" if conditions
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index 8fca34e524..8ca5a85ad8 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       def update_counters(id, counters)
         updates = counters.inject([]) { |list, (counter_name, increment)|
           sign = increment < 0 ? "-" : "+"
-          list << "#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} = #{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} #{sign} #{increment.abs}"
+          list << "#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} = COALESCE(#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)}, 0) #{sign} #{increment.abs}"
         }.join(", ")
         update_all(updates, "#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id)}")
       end
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
 
         def construct_finder_sql(options)
           scope = scope(:find)
-          sql  = "SELECT #{options[:select] || (scope && scope[:select]) || (options[:joins] && quoted_table_name + '.*') || '*'} "
+          sql  = "SELECT #{options[:select] || (scope && scope[:select]) || ((options[:joins] || (scope && scope[:joins])) && quoted_table_name + '.*') || '*'} "
           sql << "FROM #{(scope && scope[:from]) || options[:from] || quoted_table_name} "
 
           add_joins!(sql, options, scope)
@@ -1999,24 +1999,28 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         #     # => "age BETWEEN 13 AND 18"
         #   { 'other_records.id' => 7 }
         #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
+        #   { :other_records => { :id => 7 } }
+        #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
         # And for value objects on a composed_of relationship:
         #   { :address => Address.new("123 abc st.", "chicago") }
         #     # => "address_street='123 abc st.' and address_city='chicago'"
-        def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs)
+        def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs, table_name = quoted_table_name)
           attrs = expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
 
           conditions = attrs.map do |attr, value|
-            attr = attr.to_s
+            unless value.is_a?(Hash)
+              attr = attr.to_s
+
+              # Extract table name from qualified attribute names.
+              if attr.include?('.')
+                table_name, attr = attr.split('.', 2)
+                table_name = connection.quote_table_name(table_name)
+              end
 
-            # Extract table name from qualified attribute names.
-            if attr.include?('.')
-              table_name, attr = attr.split('.', 2)
-              table_name = connection.quote_table_name(table_name)
+              "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(attr)} #{attribute_condition(value)}"
             else
-              table_name = quoted_table_name
+              sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(value, connection.quote_table_name(attr.to_s))
             end
-
-            "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(attr)} #{attribute_condition(value)}"
           end.join(' AND ')
 
           replace_bind_variables(conditions, expand_range_bind_variables(attrs.values))
@@ -2055,9 +2059,10 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         end
 
         def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) #:nodoc:
-          statement.gsub(/:([a-zA-Z]\w*)/) do
-            match = $1.to_sym
-            if bind_vars.include?(match)
+          statement.gsub(/(:?):([a-zA-Z]\w*)/) do
+            if $1 == ':' # skip postgresql casts
+              $& # return the whole match
+            elsif bind_vars.include?(match = $2.to_sym)
               quote_bound_value(bind_vars[match])
             else
               raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "missing value for :#{match} in #{statement}"
@@ -2069,6 +2074,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
           expanded = []
 
           bind_vars.each do |var|
+            next if var.is_a?(Hash)
+
             if var.is_a?(Range)
               expanded << var.first
               expanded << var.last
@@ -2169,11 +2176,11 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       def cache_key
         case
         when new_record?
-          "#{self.class.name.tableize}/new"
-        when self[:updated_at]
-          "#{self.class.name.tableize}/#{id}-#{updated_at.to_s(:number)}"
+          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new"
+        when timestamp = self[:updated_at]
+          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp.to_s(:number)}"
         else
-          "#{self.class.name.tableize}/#{id}"
+          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
index 4edc209c65..1e385fb128 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def valid_with_callbacks? #:nodoc:
       return false if callback(:before_validation) == false
       if new_record? then result = callback(:before_validation_on_create) else result = callback(:before_validation_on_update) end
-      return false if result == false
+      return false if false == result
 
       result = valid_without_callbacks?
 
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
       def callback(method)
-        result = run_callbacks(method) { |result, object| result == false }
+        result = run_callbacks(method) { |result, object| false == result }
 
         if result != false && respond_to_without_attributes?(method)
           result = send(method)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
index f968b9b173..31d6c7942c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'date'
+require 'set'
 require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'bigdecimal/util'
 
@@ -6,6 +7,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
     # An abstract definition of a column in a table.
     class Column
+      TRUE_VALUES = [true, 1, '1', 't', 'T', 'true', 'TRUE'].to_set
+
       module Format
         ISO_DATE = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d)\z/
         ISO_DATETIME = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)(\.\d+)?\z/
@@ -30,11 +33,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def text?
-        [:string, :text].include? type
+        type == :string || type == :text
       end
 
       def number?
-        [:float, :integer, :decimal].include? type
+        type == :integer || type == :float || type == :decimal
       end
 
       # Returns the Ruby class that corresponds to the abstract data type.
@@ -135,11 +138,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # convert something to a boolean
         def value_to_boolean(value)
-          if value == true || value == false
-            value
-          else
-            %w(true t 1).include?(value.to_s.downcase)
-          end
+          TRUE_VALUES.include?(value)
         end
 
         # convert something to a BigDecimal
@@ -257,7 +256,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def to_sql
         column_sql = "#{base.quote_column_name(name)} #{sql_type}"
-        add_column_options!(column_sql, :null => null, :default => default) unless type.to_sym == :primary_key
+        column_options = {}
+        column_options[:null] = null unless null.nil?
+        column_options[:default] = default unless default.nil?
+        add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options) unless type.to_sym == :primary_key
         column_sql
       end
       alias to_s :to_sql
@@ -304,8 +306,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Available options are (none of these exists by default):
       # * <tt>:limit</tt> -
-      #   Requests a maximum column length (<tt>:string</tt>, <tt>:text</tt>,
-      #   <tt>:binary</tt> or <tt>:integer</tt> columns only)
+      #   Requests a maximum column length. This is number of characters for <tt>:string</tt> and <tt>:text</tt> columns and number of bytes for :binary and :integer columns.
       # * <tt>:default</tt> -
       #   The column's default value. Use nil for NULL.
       # * <tt>:null</tt> -
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index f48b107a2a..47dbf5a5f3 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -118,6 +118,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection
       end
 
+      def open_transactions
+        @open_transactions ||= 0
+      end
+
+      def increment_open_transactions
+        @open_transactions ||= 0
+        @open_transactions += 1
+      end
+
+      def decrement_open_transactions
+        @open_transactions -= 1
+      end
+
       def log_info(sql, name, runtime)
         if @logger && @logger.debug?
           name = "#{name.nil? ? "SQL" : name} (#{sprintf("%f", runtime)})"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
index 93aafaaad1..35b9ed4746 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       MysqlCompat.define_all_hashes_method!
 
       mysql = Mysql.init
-      mysql.ssl_set(config[:sslkey], config[:sslcert], config[:sslca], config[:sslcapath], config[:sslcipher]) if config[:sslkey]
+      mysql.ssl_set(config[:sslkey], config[:sslcert], config[:sslca], config[:sslcapath], config[:sslcipher]) if config[:sslca] || config[:sslkey]
 
       ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.new(mysql, logger, [host, username, password, database, port, socket], config)
     end
@@ -99,7 +99,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          if sql_type =~ /blob|text/i
+          case sql_type
+          when /blob|text/i
             case sql_type
             when /tiny/i
               255
@@ -110,6 +111,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
             else
               super # we could return 65535 here, but we leave it undecorated by default
             end
+          when /^bigint/i;    8
+          when /^int/i;       4
+          when /^mediumint/i; 3
+          when /^smallint/i;  2
+          when /^tinyint/i;   1
           else
             super
           end
@@ -139,6 +145,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * <tt>:password</tt> - Defaults to nothing.
     # * <tt>:database</tt> - The name of the database. No default, must be provided.
     # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - (Optional) Sets the client encoding by executing "SET NAMES <encoding>" after connection.
+    # * <tt>:sslca</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslkey</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslcert</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslcapath</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
@@ -168,7 +175,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         :primary_key => "int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY".freeze,
         :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
         :text        => { :name => "text" },
-        :integer     => { :name => "int"},
+        :integer     => { :name => "int", :limit => 4 },
         :float       => { :name => "float" },
         :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
         :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
@@ -430,18 +437,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) #:nodoc:
-        current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'")["Type"]
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :default => default
+      end
+
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
 
-        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{current_type} DEFAULT #{quote(default)}")
+        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :null => null
       end
 
       def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+
         unless options_include_default?(options)
-          if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-            options[:default] = column.default
-          else
-            raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-          end
+          options[:default] = column.default
+        end
+
+        unless options.has_key?(:null)
+          options[:null] = column.null
         end
 
         change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
@@ -450,8 +468,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
+        options = {}
+        if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+          options[:default] = column.default
+          options[:null] = column.null
+        else
+          raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+        end
         current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'")["Type"]
-        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)} #{current_type}"
+        rename_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)} #{current_type}"
+        add_column_options!(rename_column_sql, options)
+        execute(rename_column_sql)
       end
 
       # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
@@ -459,14 +486,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         return super unless type.to_s == 'integer'
 
         case limit
-        when 0..3
-          "smallint(#{limit})"
-        when 4..8
-          "int(#{limit})"
-        when 9..20
-          "bigint(#{limit})"
-        else
-          'int(11)'
+        when 1; 'tinyint'
+        when 2; 'smallint'
+        when 3; 'mediumint'
+        when nil, 4, 11; 'int(11)'  # compatibility with MySQL default
+        when 5..8; 'bigint'
+        else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}")
         end
       end
 
@@ -495,7 +520,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
             @connection.options(Mysql::SET_CHARSET_NAME, encoding) rescue nil
           end
 
-          @connection.ssl_set(@config[:sslkey], @config[:sslcert], @config[:sslca], @config[:sslcapath], @config[:sslcipher]) if @config[:sslkey]
+          if @config[:sslca] || @config[:sslkey]
+            @connection.ssl_set(@config[:sslkey], @config[:sslcert], @config[:sslca], @config[:sslcapath], @config[:sslcipher])
+          end
 
           @connection.real_connect(*@connection_options)
 
@@ -521,6 +548,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def version
           @version ||= @connection.server_info.scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
         end
+
+        def column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          unless column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+            raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+          end
+          column
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index 294f4c1929..6d16d72dea 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -47,6 +47,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+        def extract_limit(sql_type)
+          case sql_type
+          when /^bigint/i;    8
+          when /^smallint/i;  2
+          else super
+          end
+        end
+
         # Extracts the scale from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
         def extract_scale(sql_type)
           # Money type has a fixed scale of 2.
@@ -324,12 +332,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def supports_insert_with_returning?
-        unless defined? @supports_insert_with_returning
-          @supports_insert_with_returning =
-            @connection.respond_to?(:server_version) &&
-            @connection.server_version >= 80200
-        end
-        @supports_insert_with_returning
+        postgresql_version >= 80200
       end
 
       # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL,
@@ -553,7 +556,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Example:
       #   drop_database 'matt_development'
       def drop_database(name) #:nodoc:
-        execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
+        if postgresql_version >= 80200
+          execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
+        else
+          begin
+            execute "DROP DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)}"
+          rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+            @logger.warn "#{name} database doesn't exist." if @logger
+          end
+        end
       end
 
 
@@ -611,6 +622,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns the current database name.
+      def current_database
+        query('select current_database()')[0][0]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current database encoding format.
+      def encoding
+        query(<<-end_sql)[0][0]
+          SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(pg_database.encoding) FROM pg_database
+          WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
+        end_sql
+      end
+
       # Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names.
       # Names beginning with $ have to be quoted (e.g. $user => '$user').
       # See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html
@@ -782,15 +806,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
         return super unless type.to_s == 'integer'
 
-        if limit.nil? || limit == 4
-          'integer'
-        elsif limit < 4
-          'smallint'
-        else
-          'bigint'
+        case limit
+          when 1..2;      'smallint'
+          when 3..4, nil; 'integer'
+          when 5..8;      'bigint'
+          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
         end
       end
-      
+
       # Returns a SELECT DISTINCT clause for a given set of columns and a given ORDER BY clause.
       #
       # PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
index 51cfd10e5c..84f8c0284e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
@@ -238,6 +238,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
+        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
+          definition[column_name].null = null
+        end
+      end
+
       def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
         alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
           include_default = options_include_default?(options)
@@ -251,6 +260,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
+        unless columns(table_name).detect{|c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+          raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "Missing column #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+        end
         alter_table(table_name, :rename => {column_name.to_s => new_column_name.to_s})
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dirty.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dirty.rb
index b32e17e990..a7d767486c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dirty.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dirty.rb
@@ -142,9 +142,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def field_changed?(attr, old, value)
         if column = column_for_attribute(attr)
-          if column.type == :integer && column.null && old.nil?
+          if column.type == :integer && column.null && (old.nil? || old == 0)
             # For nullable integer columns, NULL gets stored in database for blank (i.e. '') values.
             # Hence we don't record it as a change if the value changes from nil to ''.
+            # If an old value of 0 is set to '' we want this to get changed to nil as otherwise it'll
+            # be typecast back to 0 (''.to_i => 0)
             value = nil if value.blank?
           else
             value = column.type_cast(value)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index e19614e31f..622cfc3c3f 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ class Fixtures < (RUBY_VERSION < '1.9' ? YAML::Omap : Hash)
 
           all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
 
-          connection.transaction(Thread.current['open_transactions'].to_i == 0) do
+          connection.transaction(connection.open_transactions.zero?) do
             fixtures.reverse.each { |fixture| fixture.delete_existing_fixtures }
             fixtures.each { |fixture| fixture.insert_fixtures }
 
@@ -541,10 +541,11 @@ class Fixtures < (RUBY_VERSION < '1.9' ? YAML::Omap : Hash)
     label.to_s.hash.abs
   end
 
-  attr_reader :table_name
+  attr_reader :table_name, :name
 
   def initialize(connection, table_name, class_name, fixture_path, file_filter = DEFAULT_FILTER_RE)
     @connection, @table_name, @fixture_path, @file_filter = connection, table_name, fixture_path, file_filter
+    @name = table_name # preserve fixture base name
     @class_name = class_name ||
                   (ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names ? @table_name.singularize.camelize : @table_name.camelize)
     @table_name = "#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix}#{@table_name}#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix}"
@@ -929,7 +930,7 @@ module Test #:nodoc:
             load_fixtures
             @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class] = @loaded_fixtures
           end
-          ActiveRecord::Base.send :increment_open_transactions
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.increment_open_transactions
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.begin_db_transaction
         # Load fixtures for every test.
         else
@@ -950,9 +951,9 @@ module Test #:nodoc:
         end
 
         # Rollback changes if a transaction is active.
-        if use_transactional_fixtures? && Thread.current['open_transactions'] != 0
+        if use_transactional_fixtures? && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.open_transactions != 0
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.rollback_db_transaction
-          Thread.current['open_transactions'] = 0
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.decrement_open_transactions
         end
         ActiveRecord::Base.verify_active_connections!
       end
@@ -963,9 +964,9 @@ module Test #:nodoc:
           fixtures = Fixtures.create_fixtures(fixture_path, fixture_table_names, fixture_class_names)
           unless fixtures.nil?
             if fixtures.instance_of?(Fixtures)
-              @loaded_fixtures[fixtures.table_name] = fixtures
+              @loaded_fixtures[fixtures.name] = fixtures
             else
-              fixtures.each { |f| @loaded_fixtures[f.table_name] = f }
+              fixtures.each { |f| @loaded_fixtures[f.name] = f }
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
index c66034d18b..ff9899d032 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def update_with_lock(attribute_names = @attributes.keys) #:nodoc:
           return update_without_lock(attribute_names) unless locking_enabled?
+          return 0 if attribute_names.empty?
 
           lock_col = self.class.locking_column
           previous_value = send(lock_col).to_i
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
index b47b01e99a..e095b3c766 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -399,7 +399,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def run
       target = migrations.detect { |m| m.version == @target_version }
       raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version) if target.nil?
-      target.migrate(@direction)
+      unless (up? && migrated.include?(target.version.to_i)) || (down? && !migrated.include?(target.version.to_i))
+        target.migrate(@direction)
+        record_version_state_after_migrating(target.version)
+      end
     end
 
     def migrate
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
index b0c8a8b815..080e3d0f5e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   expected_options = { :conditions => { :colored => 'red' } }
       #   assert_equal expected_options, Shirt.colored('red').proxy_options
       def named_scope(name, options = {}, &block)
+        name = name.to_sym
         scopes[name] = lambda do |parent_scope, *args|
           Scope.new(parent_scope, case options
             when Hash
@@ -149,7 +150,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if scopes.include?(method)
           scopes[method].call(self, *args)
         else
-          with_scope :find => proxy_options do
+          with_scope :find => proxy_options, :create => proxy_options[:conditions].is_a?(Hash) ?  proxy_options[:conditions] : {} do
+            method = :new if method == :build
             proxy_scope.send(method, *args, &block)
           end
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
index 25e0e61c69..c96e5f9d51 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   ActiveRecord::Base.observers = Cacher, GarbageCollector
       #
       # Note: Setting this does not instantiate the observers yet. +instantiate_observers+ is
-      # called during startup, and before each development request.  
+      # called during startup, and before each development request.
       def observers=(*observers)
         @observers = observers.flatten
       end
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Observers register themselves in the model class they observe, since it is the class that
   # notifies them of events when they occur. As a side-effect, when an observer is loaded its
   # corresponding model class is loaded.
-  # 
+  #
   # Up to (and including) Rails 2.0.2 observers were instantiated between plugins and
-  # application initializers. Now observers are loaded after application initializers, 
+  # application initializers. Now observers are loaded after application initializers,
   # so observed models can make use of extensions.
-  # 
+  #
   # If by any chance you are using observed models in the initialization you can still
   # load their observers by calling <tt>ModelObserver.instance</tt> before. Observers are
   # singletons and that call instantiates and registers them.
@@ -189,7 +189,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def add_observer!(klass)
         klass.add_observer(self)
-        klass.class_eval 'def after_find() end' unless klass.method_defined?(:after_find)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index 8614ef8751..3f74c03714 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -112,6 +112,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         name == other_aggregation.name && other_aggregation.options && active_record == other_aggregation.active_record
       end
 
+      def sanitized_conditions #:nodoc:
+        @sanitized_conditions ||= klass.send(:sanitize_sql, options[:conditions]) if options[:conditions]
+      end
+
       private
         def derive_class_name
           name.to_s.camelize
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
index 7dee962c8a..ca5591ae35 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
@@ -22,11 +22,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+      $queries_executed = []
+      yield
+    ensure
+      failed_patterns = []
+      patterns_to_match.each do |pattern|
+        failed_patterns << pattern unless $queries_executed.any?{ |sql| pattern === sql }
+      end
+      assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map(&:inspect).join(', ')} not found."
+    end
+
     def assert_queries(num = 1)
-      $query_count = 0
+      $queries_executed = []
       yield
     ensure
-      assert_equal num, $query_count, "#{$query_count} instead of #{num} queries were executed."
+      assert_equal num, $queries_executed.size, "#{$queries_executed.size} instead of #{num} queries were executed."
     end
 
     def assert_no_queries(&block)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index 3b6835762c..354a6c83a2 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -73,25 +73,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # trigger a ROLLBACK when raised, but not be re-raised by the transaction block.
     module ClassMethods
       def transaction(&block)
-        increment_open_transactions
+        connection.increment_open_transactions
 
         begin
-          connection.transaction(Thread.current['start_db_transaction'], &block)
+          connection.transaction(connection.open_transactions == 1, &block)
         ensure
-          decrement_open_transactions
+          connection.decrement_open_transactions
         end
       end
-
-      private
-        def increment_open_transactions #:nodoc:
-          open = Thread.current['open_transactions'] ||= 0
-          Thread.current['start_db_transaction'] = open.zero?
-          Thread.current['open_transactions'] = open + 1
-        end
-
-        def decrement_open_transactions #:nodoc:
-          Thread.current['open_transactions'] -= 1
-        end
     end
 
     def transaction(&block)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
index 83d55f23ea..38b2f38a3d 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             record.errors.add(attr_name, message) 
           end
         end
-      end 
+      end
 
       # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate the acceptance of a terms of service check box (or similar agreement). Example:
       #
@@ -488,8 +488,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     validates_length_of :fax, :in => 7..32, :allow_nil => true
       #     validates_length_of :phone, :in => 7..32, :allow_blank => true
       #     validates_length_of :user_name, :within => 6..20, :too_long => "pick a shorter name", :too_short => "pick a longer name"
-      #     validates_length_of :fav_bra_size, :minimum=>1, :too_short=>"please enter at least %d character"
-      #     validates_length_of :smurf_leader, :is=>4, :message=>"papa is spelled with %d characters... don't play me."
+      #     validates_length_of :fav_bra_size, :minimum => 1, :too_short => "please enter at least %d character"
+      #     validates_length_of :smurf_leader, :is => 4, :message => "papa is spelled with %d characters... don't play me."
+      #     validates_length_of :essay, :minimum => 100, :too_short => "Your essay must be at least %d words."), :tokenizer => lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/) }
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
@@ -500,7 +501,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:within</tt>.
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Attribute may be +nil+; skip validation.
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Attribute may be blank; skip validation.
-      #
       # * <tt>:too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the maximum (default is: "is too long (maximum is %d characters)").
       # * <tt>:too_short</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes under the minimum (default is: "is too short (min is %d characters)").
       # * <tt>:wrong_length</tt> - The error message if using the <tt>:is</tt> method and the attribute is the wrong size (default is: "is the wrong length (should be %d characters)").
@@ -512,9 +512,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:tokenizer</tt> - Specifies how to split up the attribute string. (e.g. <tt>:tokenizer => lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/)}</tt> to
+      #   count words as in above example.)
+      #   Defaults to <tt>lambda{ |value| value.split(//) }</tt> which counts individual characters.
       def validates_length_of(*attrs)
         # Merge given options with defaults.
-        options = {}.merge(DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS)
+        options = {
+          :tokenizer => lambda {|value| value.split(//)}
+        }.merge(DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS)
         options.update(attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys)
 
         # Ensure that one and only one range option is specified.
@@ -537,7 +542,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a Range" unless option_value.is_a?(Range)
 
             validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
-              value = value.split(//) if value.kind_of?(String)
+              value = options[:tokenizer].call(value) if value.kind_of?(String)
               if value.nil? or value.size < option_value.begin
                 message = record.errors.generate_message(attr, :too_short, :default => options[:too_short], :count => option_value.begin)                
                 record.errors.add(attr, message)
@@ -554,7 +559,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             message_options = { :is => :wrong_length, :minimum => :too_short, :maximum => :too_long }
 
             validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
-              value = value.split(//) if value.kind_of?(String)
+              value = options[:tokenizer].call(value) if value.kind_of?(String)
               unless !value.nil? and value.size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
                 key = message_options[option]
                 custom_message = options[:message] || options[key]
@@ -728,7 +733,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save, :with => nil }
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
@@ -763,7 +768,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save, :with => nil }
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]