Merge branch 'master' into app

Conflicts:
	railties/lib/rails/application.rb

55 files changed, 303 insertions, 890 deletions

diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
index 826e82c8c6..a168b1b4c5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
@@ -98,18 +98,9 @@ module AbstractController
       _view_paths
     end
 
-    # Normalize options, by converting render "foo" to render :template => "foo"
-    # and render "/foo" to render :file => "/foo".
-    def _normalize_options(action=nil, options={})
-      case action
-      when Hash
-        options, action = action, nil
-      when String
-        key = (action.index("/") == 0 ? :file : :template)
-        options.merge!(key => action)
-      end
-
-      options
+    # The prefix used in render "foo" shortcuts.
+    def _prefix
+      controller_path
     end
 
     # Return a string representation of a Rack-compatible response body.
@@ -126,6 +117,28 @@ module AbstractController
 
   private
 
+    # Normalize options, by converting render "foo" to render :template => "prefix/foo"
+    # and render "/foo" to render :file => "/foo".
+    def _normalize_options(action=nil, options={})
+      case action
+      when Hash
+        options, action = action, nil
+      when String, Symbol
+        action = action.to_s
+        case action.index("/")
+        when NilClass
+          options[:_prefix] = _prefix
+          options[:_template_name] = action
+        when 0
+          options[:file] = action
+        else
+          options[:template] = action
+        end
+      end
+
+      options
+    end
+
     # Take in a set of options and determine the template to render
     #
     # ==== Options
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index a66aafd80e..f46231d72b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -81,28 +81,5 @@ module ActionController
       filter << block if block
       filter
     end
-
-    def _normalize_options(action=nil, options={}, &blk)
-      case action
-      when NilClass
-      when Hash, String
-        options = super
-      when Symbol
-        options.merge! :action => action
-      else
-        options.merge! :partial => action
-      end
-
-      if options.key?(:action) && options[:action].to_s.index("/")
-        options[:template] = options.delete(:action)
-      end
-
-      if options[:status]
-        options[:status] = Rack::Utils.status_code(options[:status])
-      end
-
-      options[:update] = blk if block_given?
-      options
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
index 475ed54167..72e2bbd00e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
@@ -25,18 +25,6 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     private
-      def _prefix
-        controller_path
-      end
-
-      def _determine_template(options)
-        if (options.keys & [:partial, :file, :template, :text, :inline]).empty?
-          options[:_template_name] ||= options[:action]
-          options[:_prefix] = _prefix
-        end
-
-        super
-      end
 
       def _render_partial(options)
         options[:partial] = action_name if options[:partial] == true
@@ -54,5 +42,29 @@ module ActionController
         self.content_type = content_type if content_type
         self.headers["Location"] = url_for(location) if location
       end
+
+      def _normalize_options(action=nil, options={}, &blk)
+        case action
+        when NilClass
+        when Hash
+          options = super(action.delete(:action), action)
+        when String, Symbol
+          options = super
+        else
+          options.merge! :partial => action
+        end
+
+        if (options.keys & [:partial, :file, :template, :text, :inline]).empty?
+          options[:_template_name] ||= options[:action]
+          options[:_prefix] = _prefix
+        end
+
+        if options[:status]
+          options[:status] = Rack::Utils.status_code(options[:status])
+        end
+
+        options[:update] = blk if block_given?
+        options
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
index 4970c768e8..c4b0455c2a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -181,7 +181,6 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Memoizable
 
     attr_accessor :base_path, :assigns, :template_extension, :formats
-    attr_accessor :controller
     attr_internal :captures
 
     def reset_formats(formats)
@@ -277,13 +276,13 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       @config = nil
       @formats = formats
       @assigns = assigns_for_first_render.each { |key, value| instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value) }
-      @controller = controller
+      @_controller = controller
       @helpers = self.class.helpers || Module.new
       @_content_for = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = ActionView::SafeBuffer.new }
       self.view_paths = view_paths
     end
 
-    attr_internal :template
+    attr_internal :controller, :template
     attr_reader :view_paths
 
     def view_paths=(paths)
@@ -298,12 +297,11 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
     # Evaluates the local assigns and controller ivars, pushes them to the view.
     def _evaluate_assigns_and_ivars #:nodoc:
-      if @controller
-        variables = @controller.instance_variable_names
-        variables -= @controller.protected_instance_variables if @controller.respond_to?(:protected_instance_variables)
-        variables.each { |name| instance_variable_set(name, @controller.instance_variable_get(name)) }
+      if controller
+        variables = controller.instance_variable_names
+        variables -= controller.protected_instance_variables if controller.respond_to?(:protected_instance_variables)
+        variables.each { |name| instance_variable_set(name, controller.instance_variable_get(name)) }
       end
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
index 15b70ecff5..83357dd76f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
@@ -634,8 +634,8 @@ module ActionView
         # Prefix with <tt>/dir/</tt> if lacking a leading +/+. Account for relative URL
         # roots. Rewrite the asset path for cache-busting asset ids. Include
         # asset host, if configured, with the correct request protocol.
-        def compute_public_path(source, dir, ext = nil, include_host = true)          
-          has_request = @controller.respond_to?(:request)
+        def compute_public_path(source, dir, ext = nil, include_host = true)
+          has_request = controller.respond_to?(:request)
 
           source_ext = File.extname(source)[1..-1]
           if ext && !is_uri?(source) && (source_ext.blank? || (ext != source_ext && File.exist?(File.join(config.assets_dir, dir, "#{source}.#{ext}"))))
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ module ActionView
             host = compute_asset_host(source)
 
             if has_request && !host.blank? && !is_uri?(host)
-              host = "#{@controller.request.protocol}#{host}"
+              host = "#{controller.request.protocol}#{host}"
             end
 
             "#{host}#{source}"
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ module ActionView
             if host.is_a?(Proc) || host.respond_to?(:call)
               case host.is_a?(Proc) ? host.arity : host.method(:call).arity
               when 2
-                request = @controller.respond_to?(:request) && @controller.request
+                request = controller.respond_to?(:request) && controller.request
                 host.call(source, request)
               else
                 host.call(source)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
index 64d1ad2715..d5cc14b29a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActionView
       #      <i>Topics listed alphabetically</i>
       #    <% end %>
       def cache(name = {}, options = nil, &block)
-        @controller.fragment_for(output_buffer, name, options, &block)
+        controller.fragment_for(output_buffer, name, options, &block)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
index 14628c5404..511386fede 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Need to map default url options to controller one.
       def default_url_options(*args) #:nodoc:
-        @controller.send(:default_url_options, *args)
+        controller.send(:default_url_options, *args)
       end
 
       # Returns the URL for the set of +options+ provided. This takes the
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ module ActionView
         when Hash
           options = { :only_path => options[:host].nil? }.update(options.symbolize_keys)
           escape  = options.key?(:escape) ? options.delete(:escape) : false
-          @controller.send(:url_for, options)
+          controller.send(:url_for, options)
         when :back
           escape = false
-          @controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"] || 'javascript:history.back()'
+          controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"] || 'javascript:history.back()'
         else
           escape = false
           polymorphic_path(options)
@@ -546,10 +546,10 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => false
       def current_page?(options)
         url_string = CGI.unescapeHTML(url_for(options))
-        request = @controller.request
-        # We ignore any extra parameters in the request_uri if the 
+        request = controller.request
+        # We ignore any extra parameters in the request_uri if the
         # submitted url doesn't have any either.  This lets the function
-        # work with things like ?order=asc 
+        # work with things like ?order=asc
         if url_string.index("?")
           request_uri = request.request_uri
         else
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
index ec278ca783..7c33f1334a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
+
 module ActionView
   module Rendering
     # Returns the result of a render that's dictated by the options hash. The primary options are:
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/render_test.rb
index 4bec44c9ae..ffd430fa86 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/render_test.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,16 @@ module AbstractController
     class ControllerRenderer < AbstractController::Base
       include AbstractController::Rendering
 
+      def _prefix
+        "renderer"
+      end
+
       self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
         "default.erb" => "With Default",
         "template.erb" => "With Template",
+        "renderer/string.erb" => "With String",
+        "renderer/symbol.erb" => "With Symbol",
+        "string/with_path.erb" => "With String With Path",
         "some/file.erb" => "With File",
         "template_name.erb" => "With Template Name"
       )]
@@ -33,8 +40,16 @@ module AbstractController
         render
       end
 
-      def shortcut
-        render "template"
+      def string
+        render "string"
+      end
+
+      def string_with_path
+        render "string/with_path"
+      end
+
+      def symbol
+        render :symbol
       end
 
       def template_name
@@ -77,9 +92,19 @@ module AbstractController
         assert_equal "With Default", @controller.response_body
       end
 
-      def test_render_template_through_shortcut
-        @controller.process(:shortcut)
-        assert_equal "With Template", @controller.response_body
+      def test_render_string
+        @controller.process(:string)
+        assert_equal "With String", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_symbol
+        @controller.process(:symbol)
+        assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_string_with_path
+        @controller.process(:string_with_path)
+        assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_template_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index 58673ab7bd..cc0accf90e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :AssociationPreload
     autoload :Associations
     autoload :AttributeMethods
-    autoload :Attributes
     autoload :AutosaveAssociation
 
     autoload :Relation
@@ -77,7 +76,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :StateMachine
     autoload :Timestamp
     autoload :Transactions
-    autoload :Types
     autoload :Validations
   end
 
@@ -95,28 +93,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  module Attributes
-    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-    eager_autoload do
-      autoload :Aliasing
-      autoload :Store
-      autoload :Typecasting
-    end
-  end
-
-  module Type
-    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-    eager_autoload do
-      autoload :Number, 'active_record/types/number'
-      autoload :Object, 'active_record/types/object'
-      autoload :Serialize, 'active_record/types/serialize'
-      autoload :TimeWithZone, 'active_record/types/time_with_zone'
-      autoload :Unknown, 'active_record/types/unknown'
-    end
-  end
-
   module Locking
     extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
index 74921241f7..a4e144f233 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
@@ -8,18 +8,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-        _attributes.without_typecast[attr_name]
+        @attributes[attr_name]
       end
 
       # Returns a hash of attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
       def attributes_before_type_cast
-        _attributes.without_typecast
+        self.attribute_names.inject({}) do |attrs, name|
+          attrs[name] = read_attribute_before_type_cast(name)
+          attrs
+        end
       end
 
       private
         # Handle *_before_type_cast for method_missing.
         def attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
-          read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
+          if attribute_name == 'id'
+            read_attribute_before_type_cast(self.class.primary_key)
+          else
+            read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
+          end
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
index 0154ee35f8..a949d80120 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def query_attribute(attr_name)
-        _attributes.has?(attr_name)
+        unless value = read_attribute(attr_name)
+          false
+        else
+          column = self.class.columns_hash[attr_name]
+          if column.nil?
+            if Numeric === value || value !~ /[^0-9]/
+              !value.to_i.zero?
+            else
+              return false if ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column::FALSE_VALUES.include?(value)
+              !value.blank?
+            end
+          elsif column.number?
+            !value.zero?
+          else
+            !value.blank?
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       private
@@ -19,5 +35,3 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 end
-
-
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
index 97caec7744..3da3d9d8cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         protected
           def define_method_attribute(attr_name)
-            define_read_method(attr_name.to_sym, attr_name, columns_hash[attr_name])
+            if self.serialized_attributes[attr_name]
+              define_read_method_for_serialized_attribute(attr_name)
+            else
+              define_read_method(attr_name.to_sym, attr_name, columns_hash[attr_name])
+            end
 
             if attr_name == primary_key && attr_name != "id"
               define_read_method(:id, attr_name, columns_hash[attr_name])
@@ -45,12 +49,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
         private
+          # Define read method for serialized attribute.
+          def define_read_method_for_serialized_attribute(attr_name)
+            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval("def #{attr_name}; unserialize_attribute('#{attr_name}'); end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+          end
 
           # Define an attribute reader method.  Cope with nil column.
           def define_read_method(symbol, attr_name, column)
-            access_code = "_attributes['#{attr_name}']"
+            cast_code = column.type_cast_code('v') if column
+            access_code = cast_code ? "(v=@attributes['#{attr_name}']) && #{cast_code}" : "@attributes['#{attr_name}']"
+
             unless attr_name.to_s == self.primary_key.to_s
-              access_code = access_code.insert(0, "missing_attribute('#{attr_name}', caller) unless _attributes.key?('#{attr_name}'); ")
+              access_code = access_code.insert(0, "missing_attribute('#{attr_name}', caller) unless @attributes.has_key?('#{attr_name}'); ")
             end
 
             if cache_attribute?(attr_name)
@@ -63,7 +73,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
       # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
       def read_attribute(attr_name)
-        _attributes[attr_name]
+        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id'
+        if !(value = @attributes[attr_name]).nil?
+          if column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
+            if unserializable_attribute?(attr_name, column)
+              unserialize_attribute(attr_name)
+            else
+              column.type_cast(value)
+            end
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the attribute is of a text column and marked for serialization.
+      def unserializable_attribute?(attr_name, column)
+        column.text? && self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the unserialized object of the attribute.
+      def unserialize_attribute(attr_name)
+        unserialized_object = object_from_yaml(@attributes[attr_name])
+
+        if unserialized_object.is_a?(self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]) || unserialized_object.nil?
+          @attributes.frozen? ? unserialized_object : @attributes[attr_name] = unserialized_object
+        else
+          raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
+            "#{attr_name} was supposed to be a #{self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]}, but was a #{unserialized_object.class.to_s}"
+        end
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
index 4ac0c7f608..a8e3e28a7a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
@@ -12,20 +12,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
-
-        def cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-          time_zone_aware?(attr_name) || super
-        end
-
         protected
+          # Defined for all +datetime+ and +timestamp+ attributes when +time_zone_aware_attributes+ are enabled.
+          # This enhanced read method automatically converts the UTC time stored in the database to the time zone stored in Time.zone.
+          def define_method_attribute(attr_name)
+            if create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(attr_name, columns_hash[attr_name])
+              method_body = <<-EOV
+                def #{attr_name}(reload = false)
+                  cached = @attributes_cache['#{attr_name}']
+                  return cached if cached && !reload
+                  time = read_attribute('#{attr_name}')
+                  @attributes_cache['#{attr_name}'] = time.acts_like?(:time) ? time.in_time_zone : time
+                end
+              EOV
+              generated_attribute_methods.module_eval(method_body, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
 
-          def time_zone_aware?(attr_name)
-            column = columns_hash[attr_name]
-            time_zone_aware_attributes &&
-              !skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(attr_name.to_sym) &&
-                [:datetime, :timestamp].include?(column.type)
+          # Defined for all +datetime+ and +timestamp+ attributes when +time_zone_aware_attributes+ are enabled.
+          # This enhanced write method will automatically convert the time passed to it to the zone stored in Time.zone.
+          def define_method_attribute=(attr_name)
+            if create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(attr_name, columns_hash[attr_name])
+              method_body = <<-EOV
+                def #{attr_name}=(time)
+                  unless time.acts_like?(:time)
+                    time = time.is_a?(String) ? Time.zone.parse(time) : time.to_time rescue time
+                  end
+                  time = time.in_time_zone rescue nil if time
+                  write_attribute(:#{attr_name}, time)
+                end
+              EOV
+              generated_attribute_methods.module_eval(method_body, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           end
 
+        private
+          def create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, column)
+            time_zone_aware_attributes && !skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(name.to_sym) && [:datetime, :timestamp].include?(column.type)
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
index 37eadbe0a9..e31acac050 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
@@ -17,9 +17,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+. Empty strings for fixnum and float
       # columns are turned into +nil+.
       def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-        attr_name = _attributes.unalias(attr_name)
+        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id'
         @attributes_cache.delete(attr_name)
-        _attributes[attr_name] = value
+        if (column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)) && column.number?
+          @attributes[attr_name] = convert_number_column_value(value)
+        else
+          @attributes[attr_name] = value
+        end
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e4d9e89821..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Attributes
-
-     # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
-     def has_attribute?(attr_name)
-       _attributes.key?(attr_name)
-     end
-
-     # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
-     def attribute_names
-       _attributes.keys.sort!
-     end
-
-     # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values.
-     def attributes
-       attributes = _attributes.dup
-       attributes.typecast! unless _attributes.frozen?
-       attributes.to_h
-     end
-
-     protected
-
-     # Not to be confused with the public #attributes method, which returns a typecasted Hash.
-     def _attributes
-       @attributes
-     end
-
-     def initialize_attribute_store(merge_attributes = nil)
-       @attributes = ActiveRecord::Attributes::Store.new
-       @attributes.merge!(merge_attributes) if merge_attributes
-       @attributes.types.merge!(self.class.attribute_types)
-       @attributes.aliases.merge!('id' => self.class.primary_key) unless 'id' == self.class.primary_key
-       @attributes
-     end
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/aliasing.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/aliasing.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index db77739d1f..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/aliasing.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Attributes
-    module Aliasing
-      # Allows access to keys using aliased names.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      # class Attributes < Hash
-      #   include Aliasing
-      # end
-      #
-      # attributes = Attributes.new
-      # attributes.aliases['id'] = 'fancy_primary_key'
-      # attributes['fancy_primary_key'] = 2020
-      #
-      # attributes['id']
-      # => 2020
-      #
-      # Additionally, symbols are always aliases of strings:
-      # attributes[:fancy_primary_key]
-      # => 2020
-      #
-      def [](key)
-        super(unalias(key))
-      end
-
-      def []=(key, value)
-        super(unalias(key), value)
-      end
-
-      def aliases
-        @aliases ||= {}
-      end
-
-      def unalias(key)
-        key = key.to_s
-        aliases[key] || key
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/store.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/store.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 61109f4acc..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/store.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Attributes
-    class Store < Hash
-      include ActiveRecord::Attributes::Typecasting
-      include ActiveRecord::Attributes::Aliasing
-
-      # Attributes not mapped to a column are handled using Type::Unknown,
-      # which enables boolean typecasting for unmapped keys.
-      def types
-        @types ||= Hash.new(Type::Unknown.new)
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/typecasting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/typecasting.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 56c32f9895..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes/typecasting.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Attributes
-    module Typecasting
-      # Typecasts values during access based on their key mapping to a Type.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      # class Attributes < Hash
-      #   include Typecasting
-      # end
-      #
-      # attributes = Attributes.new
-      # attributes.types['comments_count'] = Type::Integer
-      # attributes['comments_count'] = '5'
-      #
-      # attributes['comments_count']
-      # => 5
-      #
-      # To support keys not mapped to a typecaster, add a default to types.
-      # attributes.types.default = Type::Unknown
-      # attributes['age'] = '25'
-      # attributes['age']
-      # => '25'
-      #
-      # A valid type supports #cast, #precast, #boolean, and #appendable? methods.
-      #
-      def [](key)
-        value = super(key)
-        typecast_read(key, value)
-      end
-
-      def []=(key, value)
-        super(key, typecast_write(key, value))
-      end
-
-      def to_h
-        hash = {}
-        hash.merge!(self)
-        hash
-      end
-      
-      def dup # :nodoc:
-        copy = super
-        copy.types = types.dup
-        copy
-      end
-
-      # Provides a duplicate with typecasting disabled.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      # attributes = Attributes.new
-      # attributes.types['comments_count'] = Type::Integer
-      # attributes['comments_count'] = '5'
-      #
-      # attributes.without_typecast['comments_count']
-      # => '5'
-      #
-      def without_typecast
-        dup.without_typecast!
-      end
-
-      def without_typecast!
-        types.clear
-        self
-      end
-
-      def typecast!
-        keys.each { |key| self[key] = self[key] }
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Check if key has a value that typecasts to true.
-      #
-      # attributes = Attributes.new
-      # attributes.types['comments_count'] = Type::Integer
-      #
-      # attributes['comments_count'] = 0
-      # attributes.has?('comments_count')
-      # => false
-      #
-      # attributes['comments_count'] = 1
-      # attributes.has?('comments_count')
-      # => true
-      #
-      def has?(key)
-        value = self[key]
-        boolean_typecast(key, value)
-      end
-
-      def types
-        @types ||= {}
-      end
-
-      protected
-
-      def types=(other_types)
-        @types = other_types
-      end
-
-      def boolean_typecast(key, value)
-        value ? types[key].boolean(value) : false
-      end
-
-      def typecast_read(key, value)
-        type  = types[key]
-        value = type.cast(value)
-        self[key] = value if type.appendable? && !frozen?
-
-        value
-      end
-
-      def typecast_write(key, value)
-        types[key].precast(value)
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index bc1b0bde31..12feef4849 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -1200,7 +1200,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         def instantiate(record)
           object = find_sti_class(record[inheritance_column]).allocate
 
-          object.send(:initialize_attribute_store, record)
+          object.instance_variable_set(:'@attributes', record)
           object.instance_variable_set(:'@attributes_cache', {})
 
           object.send(:_run_find_callbacks)
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         end
 
         def construct_finder_arel(options = {}, scope = nil)
-          relation = unscoped.apply_finder_options(options)
+          relation = options.is_a?(Hash) ? unscoped.apply_finder_options(options) : unscoped.merge(options)
           relation = scope.merge(relation) if scope
           relation
         end
@@ -1450,7 +1450,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         end
 
         def scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-          Thread.current[:"#{self}_scoped_methods"] ||= self.default_scoping.dup
+          key = :"#{self}_scoped_methods"
+          Thread.current[key] = Thread.current[key].presence || self.default_scoping.dup
         end
 
         def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
@@ -1663,7 +1664,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       # In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table --
       # hence you can't have attributes that aren't part of the table columns.
       def initialize(attributes = nil)
-        initialize_attribute_store(attributes_from_column_definition)
+        @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition
         @attributes_cache = {}
         @new_record = true
         ensure_proper_type
@@ -1694,7 +1695,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         callback(:after_initialize) if respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
         cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast)
         cloned_attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
-        initialize_attribute_store(cloned_attributes)
+        @attributes = cloned_attributes
         clear_aggregation_cache
         @attributes_cache = {}
         @new_record = true
@@ -1924,11 +1925,21 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       def reload(options = nil)
         clear_aggregation_cache
         clear_association_cache
-        _attributes.update(self.class.find(self.id, options).instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
+        @attributes.update(self.class.find(self.id, options).instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
         @attributes_cache = {}
         self
       end
 
+      # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
+      def has_attribute?(attr_name)
+        @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
+      def attribute_names
+        @attributes.keys.sort
+      end
+
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
       # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
       # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
@@ -2262,7 +2273,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def instantiate_time_object(name, values)
-        if self.class.send(:time_zone_aware?, name)
+        if self.class.send(:create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?, name, column_for_attribute(name))
           Time.zone.local(*values)
         else
           Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(@@default_timezone, *values)
@@ -2345,6 +2356,22 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         comma_pair_list(quote_columns(quoter, hash))
       end
 
+      def convert_number_column_value(value)
+        if value == false
+          0
+        elsif value == true
+          1
+        elsif value.is_a?(String) && value.blank?
+          nil
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def object_from_yaml(string)
+        return string unless string.is_a?(String) && string =~ /^---/
+        YAML::load(string) rescue string
+      end
   end
 
   Base.class_eval do
@@ -2359,7 +2386,6 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include AttributeMethods::PrimaryKey
     include AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion
     include AttributeMethods::Dirty
-    include Attributes, Types
     include Callbacks, ActiveModel::Observing, Timestamp
     include Associations, AssociationPreload, NamedScope
     include ActiveModel::Conversion
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index 04b85119cb..1a96cdad17 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
-      return true if arel.respond_to?(method, include_private) || Array.method_defined?(method)
+      return true if arel.respond_to?(method, include_private) || Array.method_defined?(method) || @klass.respond_to?(method, include_private)
 
       if match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method)
         return true if @klass.send(:all_attributes_exists?, match.attribute_names)
@@ -301,6 +301,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
       if Array.method_defined?(method)
         to_a.send(method, *args, &block)
+      elsif @klass.respond_to?(method)
+        @klass.send(:with_scope, self) { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
       elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
         arel.send(method, *args, &block)
       elsif match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index ce3e4e8eed..8954f2d12b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -8,11 +8,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         class_eval <<-CEVAL
           def #{query_method}(*args)
-            spawn.tap do |new_relation|
-              new_relation.#{query_method}_values ||= []
-              value = Array.wrap(args.flatten).reject {|x| x.blank? }
-              new_relation.#{query_method}_values += value if value.present?
-            end
+            new_relation = spawn
+            value = Array.wrap(args.flatten).reject {|x| x.blank? }
+            new_relation.#{query_method}_values += value if value.present?
+            new_relation
           end
         CEVAL
       end
@@ -20,11 +19,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       [:where, :having].each do |query_method|
         class_eval <<-CEVAL
           def #{query_method}(*args)
-            spawn.tap do |new_relation|
-              new_relation.#{query_method}_values ||= []
-              value = build_where(*args)
-              new_relation.#{query_method}_values += [*value] if value.present?
-            end
+            new_relation = spawn
+            value = build_where(*args)
+            new_relation.#{query_method}_values += [*value] if value.present?
+            new_relation
           end
         CEVAL
       end
@@ -34,9 +32,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         class_eval <<-CEVAL
           def #{query_method}(value = true)
-            spawn.tap do |new_relation|
-              new_relation.#{query_method}_value = value
-            end
+            new_relation = spawn
+            new_relation.#{query_method}_value = value
+            new_relation
           end
         CEVAL
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/types.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 74f569352b..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Types
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    module ClassMethods
-
-      def attribute_types
-        attribute_types = {}
-        columns.each do |column|
-          options = {}
-          options[:time_zone_aware] = time_zone_aware?(column.name)
-          options[:serialize]       = serialized_attributes[column.name]
-
-          attribute_types[column.name] = to_type(column, options)
-        end
-        attribute_types
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def to_type(column, options = {})
-        type_class = if options[:time_zone_aware]
-          Type::TimeWithZone
-        elsif options[:serialize]
-          Type::Serialize
-        elsif [ :integer, :float, :decimal ].include?(column.type)
-          Type::Number
-        else
-          Type::Object
-        end
-
-        type_class.new(column, options)
-      end
-
-    end
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/number.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/number.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cfbe877575..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/number.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Type
-    class Number < Object
-
-      def boolean(value)
-        value = cast(value)
-        !(value.nil? || value.zero?)
-      end
-
-      def precast(value)
-        convert_number_column_value(value)
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def convert_number_column_value(value)
-        if value == false
-          0
-        elsif value == true
-          1
-        elsif value.is_a?(String) && value.blank?
-          nil
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/object.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/object.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ec3f861abd..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/object.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Type
-    module Casting
-
-       def cast(value)
-         typecaster.type_cast(value)
-       end
-
-       def precast(value)
-         value
-       end
-
-       def boolean(value)
-         cast(value).present?
-       end
-
-       # Attributes::Typecasting stores appendable? types (e.g. serialized Arrays) when typecasting reads.
-       def appendable?
-         false
-       end
-
-    end
-
-    class Object
-      include Casting
-
-      attr_reader :name, :options
-      attr_reader :typecaster
-
-      def initialize(typecaster = nil, options = {})
-        @typecaster, @options = typecaster, options
-      end
-
-    end
-
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/serialize.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/serialize.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b6af1981f..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/serialize.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Type
-    class Serialize < Object
-
-      def cast(value)
-        unserialize(value)
-      end
-
-      def appendable?
-        true
-      end
-
-      protected
-
-      def unserialize(value)
-        unserialized_object = object_from_yaml(value)
-
-        if unserialized_object.is_a?(@options[:serialize]) || unserialized_object.nil?
-          unserialized_object
-        else
-          raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
-            "#{name} was supposed to be a #{@options[:serialize]}, but was a #{unserialized_object.class.to_s}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def object_from_yaml(string)
-        return string unless string.is_a?(String) && string =~ /^---/
-        YAML::load(string) rescue string
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/time_with_zone.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/time_with_zone.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a8b9292f9..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/time_with_zone.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Type
-    class TimeWithZone < Object
-
-      def cast(time)
-        time = super(time)
-        time.acts_like?(:time) ? time.in_time_zone : time
-      end
-
-      def precast(time)
-        unless time.acts_like?(:time)
-          time = time.is_a?(String) ? ::Time.zone.parse(time) : time.to_time rescue time
-        end
-        time = time.in_time_zone rescue nil if time
-        super(time)
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/unknown.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/unknown.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f832c7b304..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/types/unknown.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Type
-    # Useful for handling attributes not mapped to types. Performs some boolean typecasting,
-    # but otherwise leaves the value untouched.
-    class Unknown
-
-      def cast(value)
-        value
-      end
-
-      def precast(value)
-        value
-      end
-
-      # Attempts typecasting to handle numeric, false and blank values.
-      def boolean(value)
-        empty = (numeric?(value) && value.to_i.zero?) || false?(value) || value.blank?
-        !empty
-      end
-
-      def appendable?
-        false
-      end
-
-      protected
-
-      def false?(value)
-        ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column::FALSE_VALUES.include?(value)
-      end
-
-      def numeric?(value)
-        Numeric === value || value !~ /[^0-9]/
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes/aliasing_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes/aliasing_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ee25779f1..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes/aliasing_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class AliasingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  class AliasingAttributes < Hash
-    include ActiveRecord::Attributes::Aliasing
-  end
-
-  test "attribute access with aliasing" do
-    attributes = AliasingAttributes.new
-    attributes[:name] = 'Batman'
-    attributes.aliases['nickname'] = 'name'
-
-    assert_equal 'Batman', attributes[:name], "Symbols should point to Strings"
-    assert_equal 'Batman', attributes['name']
-    assert_equal 'Batman', attributes['nickname']
-    assert_equal 'Batman', attributes[:nickname]
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes/typecasting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes/typecasting_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a3b551375..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes/typecasting_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class TypecastingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  class TypecastingAttributes < Hash
-    include ActiveRecord::Attributes::Typecasting
-  end
-
-  module MockType
-    class Object
-
-      def cast(value)
-        value
-      end
-
-      def precast(value)
-        value
-      end
-
-      def boolean(value)
-        !value.blank?
-      end
-
-      def appendable?
-        false
-      end
-
-    end
-
-    class Integer < Object
-
-      def cast(value)
-        value.to_i
-      end
-
-      def precast(value)
-        value ? value : 0
-      end
-
-      def boolean(value)
-        !Float(value).zero?
-      end
-
-    end
-
-    class Serialize < Object
-
-      def cast(value)
-        YAML::load(value) rescue value
-      end
-
-      def precast(value)
-        value
-      end
-
-      def appendable?
-        true
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @attributes = TypecastingAttributes.new
-    @attributes.types.default = MockType::Object.new
-    @attributes.types['comments_count'] = MockType::Integer.new
-  end
-
-  test "typecast on read" do
-    attributes = @attributes.merge('comments_count' => '5')
-    assert_equal 5, attributes['comments_count']
-  end
-
-  test "typecast on write" do
-    @attributes['comments_count'] = false
-
-    assert_equal 0, @attributes.to_h['comments_count']
-  end
-
-  test "serialized objects" do
-    attributes = @attributes.merge('tags' => [ 'peanut butter' ].to_yaml)
-    attributes.types['tags'] = MockType::Serialize.new
-    attributes['tags'] << 'jelly'
-
-    assert_equal [ 'peanut butter', 'jelly' ], attributes['tags']
-  end
-
-  test "without typecasting" do
-    @attributes.merge!('comments_count' => '5')
-    attributes = @attributes.without_typecast
-    
-    assert_equal '5', attributes['comments_count']
-    assert_equal  5,  @attributes['comments_count'], "Original attributes should typecast"
-  end
-
-
-  test "typecast all attributes" do
-    attributes = @attributes.merge('title' => 'I love sandwiches', 'comments_count' => '5')
-    attributes.typecast!
-
-    assert_equal({ 'title' => 'I love sandwiches', 'comments_count' => 5 }, attributes)
-  end
-
-  test "query for has? value" do
-    attributes = @attributes.merge('comments_count' => '1')
-
-    assert_equal true,  attributes.has?('comments_count')
-    attributes['comments_count'] = '0'
-    assert_equal false,  attributes.has?('comments_count')
-  end
-
-  test "attributes to Hash" do
-    attributes_hash = { 'title' => 'I love sandwiches', 'comments_count' => '5' }
-    attributes = @attributes.merge(attributes_hash)
-
-    assert_equal Hash, attributes.to_h.class
-    assert_equal attributes_hash, attributes.to_h
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb
index fbd1adf088..1081aa40a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :developers
+  fixtures :developers, :posts
 
   def test_default_scope
     expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
@@ -657,6 +657,12 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all, :order => 'salary').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
+
+  def test_default_scope_using_relation
+    posts = PostWithComment.scoped
+    assert_equal 2, posts.count
+    assert_equal posts(:thinking), posts.first
+  end
 end
 
 =begin
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
index 2c34ab787d..894d96346e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
@@ -380,6 +380,15 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_deprecated('named_scope has been deprecated') { Topic.named_scope :deprecated_named_scope }
   end
 
+  def test_named_scopes_on_relations
+    # Topic.replied
+    approved_topics = Topic.scoped.approved.order('id DESC')
+    assert_equal topics(:fourth), approved_topics.first
+
+    replied_approved_topics = approved_topics.replied
+    assert_equal topics(:third), replied_approved_topics.first
+  end
+
   def test_index_on_named_scope
     approved = Topic.approved.order('id ASC')
     assert_equal topics(:second), approved[0]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index d34c9b4895..1e345399f5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -164,6 +164,11 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_respond_to_class_methods_and_named_scopes
+    assert DeveloperOrderedBySalary.scoped.respond_to?(:all_ordered_by_name)
+    assert Topic.scoped.respond_to?(:by_lifo)
+  end
+
   def test_find_with_readonly_option
     Developer.scoped.each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
     Developer.scoped.readonly.each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types/number_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types/number_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ee7216a0f1..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/types/number_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class NumberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  def setup
-    @column = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new('comments_count', 0, 'integer')
-    @number = ActiveRecord::Type::Number.new(@column)
-  end
-
-  test "typecast" do
-    assert_equal 1, @number.cast(1)
-    assert_equal 1, @number.cast('1')
-    assert_equal 0, @number.cast('')
-
-    assert_equal 0,   @number.precast(false)
-    assert_equal 1,   @number.precast(true)
-    assert_equal nil, @number.precast('')
-    assert_equal 0,   @number.precast(0)
-  end
-
-  test "cast as boolean" do
-    assert_equal true, @number.boolean('1')
-    assert_equal true, @number.boolean(1)
-
-    assert_equal false, @number.boolean(0)
-    assert_equal false, @number.boolean('0')
-    assert_equal false, @number.boolean(nil)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types/object_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types/object_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f2667a9b00..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/types/object_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class ObjectTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  def setup
-    @column = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new('name', '', 'date')
-    @object = ActiveRecord::Type::Object.new(@column)
-  end
-
-  test "typecast with column" do
-    date = Date.new(2009, 7, 10)
-    assert_equal date, @object.cast('10-07-2009')
-    assert_equal nil,  @object.cast('')
-
-    assert_equal date, @object.precast(date)
-  end
-
-  test "cast as boolean" do
-    assert_equal false, @object.boolean(nil)
-    assert_equal false, @object.boolean('false')
-    assert_equal true,  @object.boolean('10-07-2009')
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types/serialize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types/serialize_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e9423a5b9d..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/types/serialize_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class SerializeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  test "typecast" do
-    serializer = ActiveRecord::Type::Serialize.new(column = nil, :serialize => Array)
-
-    assert_equal [],    serializer.cast([].to_yaml)
-    assert_equal ['1'], serializer.cast(['1'].to_yaml)
-    assert_equal nil,   serializer.cast(nil.to_yaml)
-  end
-
-  test "cast as boolean" do
-    serializer = ActiveRecord::Type::Serialize.new(column = nil, :serialize => Array)
-
-    assert_equal true,  serializer.boolean(['1'].to_yaml)
-    assert_equal false, serializer.boolean([].to_yaml)
-  end
-
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types/time_with_zone_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types/time_with_zone_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b3de79a6c8..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/types/time_with_zone_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  def setup
-    @column = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new('created_at', 0, 'datetime')
-    @time_with_zone = ActiveRecord::Type::TimeWithZone.new(@column)
-  end
-
-  test "typecast" do
-    Time.use_zone("Pacific Time (US & Canada)") do
-      time_string = "2009-10-07 21:29:10"
-      time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
-
-      # assert_equal time, @time_with_zone.cast(time_string)
-      assert_equal nil, @time_with_zone.cast('')
-      assert_equal nil, @time_with_zone.cast(nil)
-
-      assert_equal time, @time_with_zone.precast(time)
-      assert_equal time, @time_with_zone.precast(time_string)
-      assert_equal time, @time_with_zone.precast(time.to_time)
-      # assert_equal "#{time.to_date.to_s} 00:00:00 -0700", @time_with_zone.precast(time.to_date).to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "cast as boolean" do
-    Time.use_zone('Central Time (US & Canada)') do
-      time = Time.zone.now
-
-      assert_equal true, @time_with_zone.boolean(time)
-      assert_equal true, @time_with_zone.boolean(time.to_date)
-      assert_equal true, @time_with_zone.boolean(time.to_time)
-
-      assert_equal true, @time_with_zone.boolean(time.to_s)
-      assert_equal true, @time_with_zone.boolean(time.to_date.to_s)
-      assert_equal true, @time_with_zone.boolean(time.to_time.to_s)
-
-      assert_equal false, @time_with_zone.boolean('')
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types/unknown_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types/unknown_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 230d67b2fb..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/types/unknown_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class UnknownTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  test "typecast attributes does't modify values" do
-    unkown = ActiveRecord::Type::Unknown.new
-    person = { 'name' => '0' }
-
-    assert_equal person['name'], unkown.cast(person['name'])
-    assert_equal person['name'], unkown.precast(person['name'])
-  end
-
-  test "cast as boolean" do
-    person =  { 'id' => 0, 'name' => ' ', 'admin' => 'false', 'votes' => '0' }
-    unkown = ActiveRecord::Type::Unknown.new
-
-    assert_equal false, unkown.boolean(person['votes'])
-    assert_equal false, unkown.boolean(person['admin'])
-    assert_equal false, unkown.boolean(person['name'])
-    assert_equal false, unkown.boolean(person['id'])
-
-    person = { 'id' => 5, 'name' => 'Eric', 'admin' => 'true', 'votes' => '25' }
-    assert_equal true, unkown.boolean(person['votes'])
-    assert_equal true, unkown.boolean(person['admin'])
-    assert_equal true, unkown.boolean(person['name'])
-    assert_equal true, unkown.boolean(person['id'])
-  end
-
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 403a9a6e02..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/topic'
-
-class TypesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  test "attribute types from columns" do
-    begin
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    attribute_type_classes = {}
-    Topic.attribute_types.each { |key, type| attribute_type_classes[key] = type.class }
-
-    expected = { "id"            => ActiveRecord::Type::Number,
-                  "replies_count" => ActiveRecord::Type::Number,
-                  "parent_id"     => ActiveRecord::Type::Number,
-                  "content"       => ActiveRecord::Type::Serialize,
-                  "written_on"    => ActiveRecord::Type::TimeWithZone,
-                  "title"         => ActiveRecord::Type::Object,
-                  "author_name"   => ActiveRecord::Type::Object,
-                  "approved"      => ActiveRecord::Type::Object,
-                  "parent_title"  => ActiveRecord::Type::Object,
-                  "bonus_time"    => ActiveRecord::Type::Object,
-                  "type"          => ActiveRecord::Type::Object,
-                  "last_read"     => ActiveRecord::Type::Object,
-                  "author_email_address" => ActiveRecord::Type::Object }
-
-    assert_equal expected, attribute_type_classes
-   ensure
-     ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-   end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index f48b35486c..704313649a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -100,3 +100,8 @@ end
 class SubStiPost < StiPost
   self.table_name = Post.table_name
 end
+
+class PostWithComment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  default_scope where("posts.comments_count > 0").order("posts.comments_count ASC")
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
index 2ab821e38d..fcfbc6b07a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
 
 require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
-run <%= app_const %>.instance
+run <%= app_const %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
index a9716ddb44..2cecb5c879 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ production:
   #account:     my_account
   #app_user:    my_app_user
   #application: my_application
-  #workstation: my_workstation
\ No newline at end of file
+  #workstation: my_workstation
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
index b10103b436..177ce44d41 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@
 
   # Don't care if the mailer can't send
   config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
index 543a40108c..ee071df63b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
@@ -30,4 +30,4 @@
 
   # Enable threaded mode
   # config.threadsafe!
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
index 428fa35633..f6c38f3c0d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@
   # This is necessary if your schema can't be completely dumped by the schema dumper,
   # like if you have constraints or database-specific column types
   # config.active_record.schema_format = :sql
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
index 839d4cde19..59385cdf37 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
 # Rails.backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /my_noisy_library/ }
 
 # You can also remove all the silencers if you're trying to debug a problem that might stem from framework code.
-# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
\ No newline at end of file
+# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/locales/en.yml b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/locales/en.yml
index f265c068d8..a747bfa698 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/locales/en.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/config/locales/en.yml
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 # See http://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails%2Flocale for starting points.
 
 en:
-  hello: "Hello world"
\ No newline at end of file
+  hello: "Hello world"
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb
index bc8695e6f0..664d8c74c8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 # The data can then be loaded with the rake db:seed (or created alongside the db with db:setup).
 #
 # Examples:
-#   
+#
 #   cities = City.create([{ :name => 'Chicago' }, { :name => 'Copenhagen' }])
 #   Mayor.create(:name => 'Daley', :city => cities.first)
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/script/console.tt b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/script/console.tt
index daba8ba2f1..915c5b8294 100755
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/script/console.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/script/console.tt
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ require File.expand_path('../../config/boot',  __FILE__)
 require 'rails/commands/console'
 require File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
 
-Rails::Console.start(<%= app_const %>.instance)
+Rails::Console.start(<%= app_const %>)
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/script/dbconsole.tt b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/script/dbconsole.tt
index a7f114a97f..a92f6f2844 100755
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/script/dbconsole.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/app/templates/script/dbconsole.tt
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ require File.expand_path('../../config/boot',  __FILE__)
 require 'rails/commands/dbconsole'
 require File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
 
-Rails::DBConsole.start(<%= app_const %>.instance)
+Rails::DBConsole.start(<%= app_const %>)
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/metal/templates/metal.rb b/railties/lib/generators/rails/metal/templates/metal.rb
index e94982b69a..2f5d4e7593 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/metal/templates/metal.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/metal/templates/metal.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # Allow the metal piece to run in isolation
-require(File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../../config/environment") unless defined?(Rails)
+require File.expand_path('../../../config/environment',  __FILE__)
 
 class <%= class_name %>
   def self.call(env)
     if env["PATH_INFO"] =~ /^\/<%= file_name %>/
       [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["Hello, World!"]]
     else
-      [404, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["Not Found"]]
+      [404, {"Content-Type" => "text/html", "X-Cascade" => "pass"}, ["Not Found"]]
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile.tt b/railties/lib/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile.tt
index 23c2245a41..e94c0bfc77 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile.tt
@@ -1,22 +1,10 @@
-require 'rake'
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rake/rdoctask'
 
 desc 'Default: run unit tests.'
 task :default => :test
 
 desc 'Test the <%= file_name %> plugin.'
 Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
-  t.libs << 'lib'
   t.libs << 'test'
   t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
 end
-
-desc 'Generate documentation for the <%= file_name %> plugin.'
-Rake::RDocTask.new(:rdoc) do |rdoc|
-  rdoc.rdoc_dir = 'rdoc'
-  rdoc.title    = '<%= class_name %>'
-  rdoc.options << '--line-numbers' << '--inline-source'
-  rdoc.rdoc_files.include('README')
-  rdoc.rdoc_files.include('lib/**/*.rb')
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/generators/rails/stylesheets/templates/scaffold.css b/railties/lib/generators/rails/stylesheets/templates/scaffold.css
index d9fa2cf2dc..de6669ad9e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/generators/rails/stylesheets/templates/scaffold.css
+++ b/railties/lib/generators/rails/stylesheets/templates/scaffold.css
@@ -59,4 +59,3 @@ div.field, div.actions {
   font-size: 12px;
   list-style: square;
 }
-
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
index 8c4247e840..31696598ce 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def middleware
-        AppTemplate::Application.instance.middleware.active.map(&:klass).map(&:name)
+        AppTemplate::Application.middleware.active.map(&:klass).map(&:name)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
index 4bfe210efb..0a79e2cfb8 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       vendor/plugins/plugin_fu/uninstall.rb
       vendor/plugins/plugin_fu/lib
       vendor/plugins/plugin_fu/lib/plugin_fu.rb
+      vendor/plugins/plugin_fu/Rakefile
     ).each{ |path| assert_file path }
 
     %w(
       vendor/plugins/plugin_fu/README
-      vendor/plugins/plugin_fu/Rakefile
     ).each{ |path| assert_file path, /PluginFu/ }
 
     %w(