path: root/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb

require 'mail'
require 'action_mailer/collector'
require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'

require 'action_mailer/log_subscriber'

module ActionMailer
  # Action Mailer allows you to send email from your application using a mailer model and views.
  #
  # = Mailer Models
  #
  # To use Action Mailer, you need to create a mailer model.
  #
  #   $ rails generate mailer Notifier
  #
  # The generated model inherits from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. A mailer model defines methods
  # used to generate an email message. In these methods, you can setup variables to be used in
  # the mailer views, options on the mail itself such as the <tt>:from</tt> address, and attachments.
  #
  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  #     default from: 'no-reply@example.com',
  #             return_path: 'system@example.com'
  #
  #     def welcome(recipient)
  #       @account = recipient
  #       mail(to: recipient.email_address_with_name,
  #            bcc: ["bcc@example.com", "Order Watcher <watcher@example.com>"])
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # Within the mailer method, you have access to the following methods:
  #
  # * <tt>attachments[]=</tt> - Allows you to add attachments to your email in an intuitive
  #   manner; <tt>attachments['filename.png'] = File.read('path/to/filename.png')</tt>
  #
  # * <tt>attachments.inline[]=</tt> - Allows you to add an inline attachment to your email
  #   in the same manner as <tt>attachments[]=</tt>
  #
  # * <tt>headers[]=</tt> - Allows you to specify any header field in your email such
  #   as <tt>headers['X-No-Spam'] = 'True'</tt>. Note, while most fields like <tt>To:</tt>
  #   <tt>From:</tt> can only appear once in an email header, other fields like <tt>X-Anything</tt>
  #   can appear multiple times. If you want to change a field that can appear multiple times,
  #   you need to set it to nil first so that Mail knows you are replacing it and not adding
  #   another field of the same name.
  #
  # * <tt>headers(hash)</tt> - Allows you to specify multiple headers in your email such
  #   as <tt>headers({'X-No-Spam' => 'True', 'In-Reply-To' => '1234@message.id'})</tt>
  #
  # * <tt>mail</tt> - Allows you to specify email to be sent.
  #
  # The hash passed to the mail method allows you to specify any header that a <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
  # will accept (any valid email header including optional fields).
  #
  # The mail method, if not passed a block, will inspect your views and send all the views with
  # the same name as the method, so the above action would send the +welcome.text.erb+ view
  # file as well as the +welcome.text.html.erb+ view file in a +multipart/alternative+ email.
  #
  # If you want to explicitly render only certain templates, pass a block:
  #
  #   mail(to: user.email) do |format|
  #     format.text
  #     format.html
  #   end
  #
  # The block syntax is also useful in providing information specific to a part:
  #
  #   mail(to: user.email) do |format|
  #     format.text(content_transfer_encoding: "base64")
  #     format.html
  #   end
  #
  # Or even to render a special view:
  #
  #   mail(to: user.email) do |format|
  #     format.text
  #     format.html { render "some_other_template" }
  #   end
  #
  # = Mailer views
  #
  # Like Action Controller, each mailer class has a corresponding view directory in which each
  # method of the class looks for a template with its name.
  #
  # To define a template to be used with a mailing, create an <tt>.erb</tt> file with the same
  # name as the method in your mailer model. For example, in the mailer defined above, the template at
  # <tt>app/views/notifier/welcome.text.erb</tt> would be used to generate the email.
  #
  # Variables defined in the model are accessible as instance variables in the view.
  #
  # Emails by default are sent in plain text, so a sample view for our model example might look like this:
  #
  #   Hi <%= @account.name %>,
  #   Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often.
  #
  # You can even use Action View helpers in these views. For example:
  #
  #   You got a new note!
  #   <%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %>
  #
  # If you need to access the subject, from or the recipients in the view, you can do that through message object:
  #
  #   You got a new note from <%= message.from %>!
  #   <%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %>
  #
  #
  # = Generating URLs
  #
  # URLs can be generated in mailer views using <tt>url_for</tt> or named routes. Unlike controllers from
  # Action Pack, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the incoming request, so you'll need
  # to provide all of the details needed to generate a URL.
  #
  # When using <tt>url_for</tt> you'll need to provide the <tt>:host</tt>, <tt>:controller</tt>, and <tt>:action</tt>:
  #
  #   <%= url_for(host: "example.com", controller: "welcome", action: "greeting") %>
  #
  # When using named routes you only need to supply the <tt>:host</tt>:
  #
  #   <%= users_url(host: "example.com") %>
  #
  # You should use the <tt>named_route_url</tt> style (which generates absolute URLs) and avoid using the
  # <tt>named_route_path</tt> style (which generates relative URLs), since clients reading the mail will
  # have no concept of a current URL from which to determine a relative path.
  #
  # It is also possible to set a default host that will be used in all mailers by setting the <tt>:host</tt>
  # option as a configuration option in <tt>config/application.rb</tt>:
  #
  #   config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "example.com" }
  #
  # When you decide to set a default <tt>:host</tt> for your mailers, then you need to make sure to use the
  # <tt>only_path: false</tt> option when using <tt>url_for</tt>. Since the <tt>url_for</tt> view helper
  # will generate relative URLs by default when a <tt>:host</tt> option isn't explicitly provided, passing
  # <tt>only_path: false</tt> will ensure that absolute URLs are generated.
  #
  # = Sending mail
  #
  # Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or create it and save it
  # for delivery later:
  #
  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now # sends the email
  #   mail = Notifier.welcome(User.first)      # => an ActionMailer::MessageDelivery object
  #   mail.deliver_now                    # sends the email
  #
  # The <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> class is a wrapper around a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object. If
  # you want direct access to the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object you can call the <tt>message</tt> method on
  # the <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> object.
  #
  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).message     # => a Mail::Message object
  #
  # Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails in the background (example: outside
  # of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it):
  #
  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later # enqueue the email sending to Active Job
  #
  # You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, you just call the method you defined on the class itself.
  #
  # = Multipart Emails
  #
  # Multipart messages can also be used implicitly because Action Mailer will automatically detect and use
  # multipart templates, where each template is named after the name of the action, followed by the content
  # type. Each such detected template will be added as a separate part to the message.
  #
  # For example, if the following templates exist:
  # * signup_notification.text.erb
  # * signup_notification.html.erb
  # * signup_notification.xml.builder
  # * signup_notification.yml.erb
  #
  # Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with the corresponding content
  # type. The content type for the entire message is automatically set to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>,
  # which indicates that the email contains multiple different representations of the same email
  # body. The same instance variables defined in the action are passed to all email templates.
  #
  # Implicit template rendering is not performed if any attachments or parts have been added to the email.
  # This means that you'll have to manually add each part to the email and set the content type of the email
  # to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>.
  #
  # = Attachments
  #
  # Sending attachment in emails is easy:
  #
  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  #     def welcome(recipient)
  #       attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
  #       mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information")
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # Which will (if it had both a <tt>welcome.text.erb</tt> and <tt>welcome.html.erb</tt>
  # template in the view directory), send a complete <tt>multipart/mixed</tt> email with two parts,
  # the first part being a <tt>multipart/alternative</tt> with the text and HTML email parts inside,
  # and the second being a <tt>application/pdf</tt> with a Base64 encoded copy of the file.pdf book
  # with the filename +free_book.pdf+.
  #
  # If you need to send attachments with no content, you need to create an empty view for it,
  # or add an empty body parameter like this:
  #
  #     class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  #       def welcome(recipient)
  #         attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
  #         mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information", body: "")
  #       end
  #     end
  #
  # = Inline Attachments
  #
  # You can also specify that a file should be displayed inline with other HTML. This is useful
  # if you want to display a corporate logo or a photo.
  #
  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  #     def welcome(recipient)
  #       attachments.inline['photo.png'] = File.read('path/to/photo.png')
  #       mail(to: recipient, subject: "Here is what we look like")
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # And then to reference the image in the view, you create a <tt>welcome.html.erb</tt> file and
  # make a call to +image_tag+ passing in the attachment you want to display and then call
  # +url+ on the attachment to get the relative content id path for the image source:
  #
  #   <h1>Please Don't Cringe</h1>
  #
  #   <%= image_tag attachments['photo.png'].url -%>
  #
  # As we are using Action View's +image_tag+ method, you can pass in any other options you want:
  #
  #   <h1>Please Don't Cringe</h1>
  #
  #   <%= image_tag attachments['photo.png'].url, alt: 'Our Photo', class: 'photo' -%>
  #
  # = Observing and Intercepting Mails
  #
  # Action Mailer provides hooks into the Mail observer and interceptor methods. These allow you to
  # register classes that are called during the mail delivery life cycle.
  #
  # An observer class must implement the <tt>:delivered_email(message)</tt> method which will be
  # called once for every email sent after the email has been sent.
  #
  # An interceptor class must implement the <tt>:delivering_email(message)</tt> method which will be
  # called before the email is sent, allowing you to make modifications to the email before it hits
  # the delivery agents. Your class should make any needed modifications directly to the passed
  # in <tt>Mail::Message</tt> instance.
  #
  # = Default Hash
  #
  # Action Mailer provides some intelligent defaults for your emails, these are usually specified in a
  # default method inside the class definition:
  #
  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  #     default sender: 'system@example.com'
  #   end
  #
  # You can pass in any header value that a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> accepts. Out of the box,
  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt> sets the following:
  #
  # * <tt>mime_version: "1.0"</tt>
  # * <tt>charset:      "UTF-8",</tt>
  # * <tt>content_type: "text/plain",</tt>
  # * <tt>parts_order:  [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ]</tt>
  #
  # <tt>parts_order</tt> and <tt>charset</tt> are not actually valid <tt>Mail::Message</tt> header fields,
  # but Action Mailer translates them appropriately and sets the correct values.
  #
  # As you can pass in any header, you need to either quote the header as a string, or pass it in as
  # an underscored symbol, so the following will work:
  #
  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  #     default 'Content-Transfer-Encoding' => '7bit',
  #             content_description: 'This is a description'
  #   end
  #
  # Finally, Action Mailer also supports passing <tt>Proc</tt> objects into the default hash, so you
  # can define methods that evaluate as the message is being generated:
  #
  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  #     default 'X-Special-Header' => Proc.new { my_method }
  #
  #     private
  #
  #       def my_method
  #         'some complex call'
  #       end
  #   end
  #
  # Note that the proc is evaluated right at the start of the mail message generation, so if you
  # set something in the defaults using a proc, and then set the same thing inside of your
  # mailer method, it will get over written by the mailer method.
  #
  # It is also possible to set these default options that will be used in all mailers through
  # the <tt>default_options=</tt> configuration in <tt>config/application.rb</tt>:
  #
  #    config.action_mailer.default_options = { from: "no-reply@example.org" }
  #
  # = Callbacks
  #
  # You can specify callbacks using before_action and after_action for configuring your messages.
  # This may be useful, for example, when you want to add default inline attachments for all
  # messages sent out by a certain mailer class:
  #
  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  #     before_action :add_inline_attachment!
  #
  #     def welcome
  #       mail
  #     end
  #
  #     private
  #
  #       def add_inline_attachment!
  #         attachments.inline["footer.jpg"] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')
  #       end
  #   end
  #
  # Callbacks in Action Mailer are implemented using
  # <tt>AbstractController::Callbacks</tt>, so you can define and configure
  # callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in classes that
  # inherit from <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>.
  #
  # Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer using before_action
  # rather than after_action in your Action Mailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
  #
  # = Previewing emails
  #
  # You can preview your email templates visually by adding a mailer preview file to the
  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base.preview_path</tt>. Since most emails do something interesting
  # with database data, you'll need to write some scenarios to load messages with fake data:
  #
  #   class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
  #     def welcome
  #       Notifier.welcome(User.first)
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # Methods must return a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object which can be generated by calling the mailer
  # method without the additional <tt>deliver_now</tt> / <tt>deliver_later</tt>. The location of the
  # mailer previews directory can be configured using the <tt>preview_path</tt> option which has a default
  # of <tt>test/mailers/previews</tt>:
  #
  #   config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
  #
  # An overview of all previews is accessible at <tt>http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers</tt>
  # on a running development server instance.
  #
  # Previews can also be intercepted in a similar manner as deliveries can be by registering
  # a preview interceptor that has a <tt>previewing_email</tt> method:
  #
  #   class CssInlineStyler
  #     def self.previewing_email(message)
  #       # inline CSS styles
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  #   config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors :css_inline_styler
  #
  # Note that interceptors need to be registered both with <tt>register_interceptor</tt>
  # and <tt>register_preview_interceptor</tt> if they should operate on both sending and
  # previewing emails.
  #
  # = Configuration options
  #
  # These options are specified on the class level, like
  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base.raise_delivery_errors = true</tt>
  #
  # * <tt>default_options</tt> - You can pass this in at a class level as well as within the class itself as
  #   per the above section.
  #
  # * <tt>logger</tt> - the logger is used for generating information on the mailing run if available.
  #   Can be set to +nil+ for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own +Logger+ and Log4r loggers.
  #
  # * <tt>smtp_settings</tt> - Allows detailed configuration for <tt>:smtp</tt> delivery method:
  #   * <tt>:address</tt> - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default
  #     "localhost" setting.
  #   * <tt>:port</tt> - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.
  #   * <tt>:domain</tt> - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.
  #   * <tt>:user_name</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.
  #   * <tt>:password</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.
  #   * <tt>:authentication</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the
  #     authentication type here.
  #     This is a symbol and one of <tt>:plain</tt> (will send the password in the clear), <tt>:login</tt> (will
  #     send password Base64 encoded) or <tt>:cram_md5</tt> (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange
  #     information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information)
  #   * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts
  #     to use it. Defaults to <tt>true</tt>.
  #   * <tt>:openssl_verify_mode</tt> - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is
  #     really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name
  #     of an OpenSSL verify constant (<tt>'none'</tt>, <tt>'peer'</tt>, <tt>'client_once'</tt>,
  #     <tt>'fail_if_no_peer_cert'</tt>) or directly the constant (<tt>OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE</tt>,
  #     <tt>OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER</tt>, ...).
  #
  # * <tt>sendmail_settings</tt> - Allows you to override options for the <tt>:sendmail</tt> delivery method.
  #   * <tt>:location</tt> - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to <tt>/usr/sbin/sendmail</tt>.
  #   * <tt>:arguments</tt> - The command line arguments. Defaults to <tt>-i -t</tt> with <tt>-f sender@address</tt>
  #     added automatically before the message is sent.
  #
  # * <tt>file_settings</tt> - Allows you to override options for the <tt>:file</tt> delivery method.
  #   * <tt>:location</tt> - The directory into which emails will be written. Defaults to the application
  #     <tt>tmp/mails</tt>.
  #
  # * <tt>raise_delivery_errors</tt> - Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered.
  #
  # * <tt>delivery_method</tt> - Defines a delivery method. Possible values are <tt>:smtp</tt> (default),
  #   <tt>:sendmail</tt>, <tt>:test</tt>, and <tt>:file</tt>. Or you may provide a custom delivery method
  #   object e.g. +MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass+. See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to
  #   implement for a custom delivery agent.
  #
  # * <tt>perform_deliveries</tt> - Determines whether emails are actually sent from Action Mailer when you
  #   call <tt>.deliver</tt> on an email message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can
  #   be turned off to aid in functional testing.
  #
  # * <tt>deliveries</tt> - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with
  #   <tt>delivery_method :test</tt>. Most useful for unit and functional testing.
  class Base < AbstractController::Base
    include DeliveryMethods
    include Previews

    abstract!

    include AbstractController::Rendering

    include AbstractController::Logger
    include AbstractController::Helpers
    include AbstractController::Translation
    include AbstractController::AssetPaths
    include AbstractController::Callbacks

    include ActionView::Layouts

    PROTECTED_IVARS = AbstractController::Rendering::DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES + [:@_action_has_layout]

    def _protected_ivars # :nodoc:
      PROTECTED_IVARS
    end

    helper ActionMailer::MailHelper

    private_class_method :new #:nodoc:

    class_attribute :default_params
    self.default_params = {
      mime_version: "1.0",
      charset:      "UTF-8",
      content_type: "text/plain",
      parts_order:  [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ]
    }.freeze

    class << self
      # Register one or more Observers which will be notified when mail is delivered.
      def register_observers(*observers)
        observers.flatten.compact.each { |observer| register_observer(observer) }
      end

      # Register one or more Interceptors which will be called before mail is sent.
      def register_interceptors(*interceptors)
        interceptors.flatten.compact.each { |interceptor| register_interceptor(interceptor) }
      end

      # Register an Observer which will be notified when mail is delivered.
      # Either a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Observer.
      # If a string or symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.
      def register_observer(observer)
        delivery_observer = case observer
          when String, Symbol
            observer.to_s.camelize.constantize
          else
            observer
          end

        Mail.register_observer(delivery_observer)
      end

      # Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is sent.
      # Either a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Interceptor.
      # If a string or symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.
      def register_interceptor(interceptor)
        delivery_interceptor = case interceptor
          when String, Symbol
            interceptor.to_s.camelize.constantize
          else
            interceptor
          end

        Mail.register_interceptor(delivery_interceptor)
      end

      # Returns the name of current mailer. This method is also being used as a path for a view lookup.
      # If this is an anonymous mailer, this method will return +anonymous+ instead.
      def mailer_name
        @mailer_name ||= anonymous? ? "anonymous" : name.underscore
      end
      # Allows to set the name of current mailer.
      attr_writer :mailer_name
      alias :controller_path :mailer_name

      # Sets the defaults through app configuration:
      #
      #     config.action_mailer.default { from: "no-reply@example.org" }
      #
      # Aliased by ::default_options=
      def default(value = nil)
        self.default_params = default_params.merge(value).freeze if value
        default_params
      end
      # Allows to set defaults through app configuration:
      #
      #    config.action_mailer.default_options = { from: "no-reply@example.org" }
      alias :default_options= :default

      # Receives a raw email, parses it into an email object, decodes it,
      # instantiates a new mailer, and passes the email object to the mailer
      # object's +receive+ method.
      #
      # If you want your mailer to be able to process incoming messages, you'll
      # need to implement a +receive+ method that accepts the raw email string
      # as a parameter:
      #
      #   class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base
      #     def receive(mail)
      #       # ...
      #     end
      #   end
      def receive(raw_mail)
        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("receive.action_mailer") do |payload|
          mail = Mail.new(raw_mail)
          set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail)
          new.receive(mail)
        end
      end

      # Wraps an email delivery inside of <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications</tt> instrumentation.
      #
      # This method is actually called by the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object itself
      # through a callback when you call <tt>:deliver</tt> on the <tt>Mail::Message</tt>,
      # calling +deliver_mail+ directly and passing a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> will do
      # nothing except tell the logger you sent the email.
      def deliver_mail(mail) #:nodoc:
        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("deliver.action_mailer") do |payload|
          set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail)
          yield # Let Mail do the delivery actions
        end
      end

      def respond_to?(method, include_private = false) #:nodoc:
        super || action_methods.include?(method.to_s)
      end

    protected

      def set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail) #:nodoc:
        payload[:mailer]     = name
        payload[:message_id] = mail.message_id
        payload[:subject]    = mail.subject
        payload[:to]         = mail.to
        payload[:from]       = mail.from
        payload[:bcc]        = mail.bcc if mail.bcc.present?
        payload[:cc]         = mail.cc  if mail.cc.present?
        payload[:date]       = mail.date
        payload[:mail]       = mail.encoded
      end

      def method_missing(method_name, *args) # :nodoc:
        if action_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
          MessageDelivery.new(self, method_name, *args)
        else
          super
        end
      end
    end

    attr_internal :message

    # Instantiate a new mailer object. If +method_name+ is not +nil+, the mailer
    # will be initialized according to the named method. If not, the mailer will
    # remain uninitialized (useful when you only need to invoke the "receive"
    # method, for instance).
    def initialize(method_name=nil, *args)
      super()
      @_mail_was_called = false
      @_message = Mail.new
      process(method_name, *args) if method_name
    end

    def process(method_name, *args) #:nodoc:
      payload = {
        mailer: self.class.name,
        action: method_name
      }

      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("process.action_mailer", payload) do
        lookup_context.skip_default_locale!

        super
        @_message = NullMail.new unless @_mail_was_called
      end
    end

    class NullMail #:nodoc:
      def body; '' end

      def respond_to?(string, include_all=false)
        true
      end

      def method_missing(*args)
        nil
      end
    end

    # Returns the name of the mailer object.
    def mailer_name
      self.class.mailer_name
    end

    # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
    # object which will add them to itself.
    #
    #   headers['X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header'] = "SecretValue"
    #
    # You can also pass a hash into headers of header field names and values,
    # which will then be set on the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object:
    #
    #   headers 'X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header' => "SecretValue",
    #           'In-Reply-To' => incoming.message_id
    #
    # The resulting <tt>Mail::Message</tt> will have the following in its header:
    #
    #   X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header: SecretValue
    def headers(args = nil)
      if args
        @_message.headers(args)
      else
        @_message
      end
    end

    # Allows you to add attachments to an email, like so:
    #
    #  mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')
    #
    # If you do this, then Mail will take the file name and work out the mime type
    # set the Content-Type, Content-Disposition, Content-Transfer-Encoding and
    # base64 encode the contents of the attachment all for you.
    #
    # You can also specify overrides if you want by passing a hash instead of a string:
    #
    #  mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
    #                                      content: File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')}
    #
    # If you want to use a different encoding than Base64, you can pass an encoding in,
    # but then it is up to you to pass in the content pre-encoded, and don't expect
    # Mail to know how to decode this data:
    #
    #  file_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
    #  mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
    #                                      encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
    #                                      content: file_content }
    #
    # You can also search for specific attachments:
    #
    #  # By Filename
    #  mail.attachments['filename.jpg']   # => Mail::Part object or nil
    #
    #  # or by index
    #  mail.attachments[0]                # => Mail::Part (first attachment)
    #
    def attachments
      if @_mail_was_called
        LateAttachmentsProxy.new(@_message.attachments)
      else
        @_message.attachments
      end
    end

    class LateAttachmentsProxy < SimpleDelegator
      def inline; _raise_error end
      def []=(_name, _content); _raise_error end

      private
        def _raise_error
          raise RuntimeError, "Can't add attachments after `mail` was called.\n" \
                              "Make sure to use `attachments[]=` before calling `mail`."
        end
    end

    # The main method that creates the message and renders the email templates. There are
    # two ways to call this method, with a block, or without a block.
    #
    # Both methods accept a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify the most used headers
    # in an email message, these are:
    #
    # * +:subject+ - The subject of the message, if this is omitted, Action Mailer will
    #   ask the Rails I18n class for a translated +:subject+ in the scope of
    #   <tt>[mailer_scope, action_name]</tt> or if this is missing, will translate the
    #   humanized version of the +action_name+
    # * +:to+ - Who the message is destined for, can be a string of addresses, or an array
    #   of addresses.
    # * +:from+ - Who the message is from
    # * +:cc+ - Who you would like to Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of addresses,
    #   or an array of addresses.
    # * +:bcc+ - Who you would like to Blind-Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of
    #   addresses, or an array of addresses.
    # * +:reply_to+ - Who to set the Reply-To header of the email to.
    # * +:date+ - The date to say the email was sent on.
    #
    # You can set default values for any of the above headers (except +:date+)
    # by using the ::default class method:
    #
    #  class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
    #    default from: 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net',
    #            bcc: 'email_logger@test.lindsaar.net',
    #            reply_to: 'bounces@test.lindsaar.net'
    #  end
    #
    # If you need other headers not listed above, you can either pass them in
    # as part of the headers hash or use the <tt>headers['name'] = value</tt>
    # method.
    #
    # When a +:return_path+ is specified as header, that value will be used as
    # the 'envelope from' address for the Mail message. Setting this is useful
    # when you want delivery notifications sent to a different address than the
    # one in +:from+. Mail will actually use the +:return_path+ in preference
    # to the +:sender+ in preference to the +:from+ field for the 'envelope
    # from' value.
    #
    # If you do not pass a block to the +mail+ method, it will find all
    # templates in the view paths using by default the mailer name and the
    # method name that it is being called from, it will then create parts for
    # each of these templates intelligently, making educated guesses on correct
    # content type and sequence, and return a fully prepared <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
    # ready to call <tt>:deliver</tt> on to send.
    #
    # For example:
    #
    #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
    #     default from: 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net'
    #
    #     def welcome
    #       mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net')
    #     end
    #   end
    #
    # Will look for all templates at "app/views/notifier" with name "welcome".
    # If no welcome template exists, it will raise an ActionView::MissingTemplate error.
    #
    # However, those can be customized:
    #
    #   mail(template_path: 'notifications', template_name: 'another')
    #
    # And now it will look for all templates at "app/views/notifications" with name "another".
    #
    # If you do pass a block, you can render specific templates of your choice:
    #
    #   mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
    #     format.text
    #     format.html
    #   end
    #
    # You can even render plain text directly without using a template:
    #
    #   mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
    #     format.text { render plain: "Hello Mikel!" }
    #     format.html { render html: "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>".html_safe }
    #   end
    #
    # Which will render a +multipart/alternative+ email with +text/plain+ and
    # +text/html+ parts.
    #
    # The block syntax also allows you to customize the part headers if desired:
    #
    #   mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
    #     format.text(content_transfer_encoding: "base64")
    #     format.html
    #   end
    #
    def mail(headers = {}, &block)
      return @_message if @_mail_was_called && headers.blank? && !block

      @_mail_was_called = true
      m = @_message

      # At the beginning, do not consider class default for content_type
      content_type = headers[:content_type]

      # Call all the procs (if any)
      default_values = {}
      self.class.default.each do |k,v|
        default_values[k] = v.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&v) : v
      end

      # Handle defaults
      headers = headers.reverse_merge(default_values)
      headers[:subject] ||= default_i18n_subject

      # Apply charset at the beginning so all fields are properly quoted
      m.charset = charset = headers[:charset]

      # Set configure delivery behavior
      wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers.delete(:delivery_method), headers.delete(:delivery_method_options))

      # Assign all headers except parts_order, content_type and body
      assignable = headers.except(:parts_order, :content_type, :body, :template_name, :template_path)
      assignable.each { |k, v| m[k] = v }

      # Render the templates and blocks
      responses = collect_responses(headers, &block)
      create_parts_from_responses(m, responses)

      # Setup content type, reapply charset and handle parts order
      m.content_type = set_content_type(m, content_type, headers[:content_type])
      m.charset      = charset

      if m.multipart?
        m.body.set_sort_order(headers[:parts_order])
        m.body.sort_parts!
      end

      m
    end

  protected

    # Used by #mail to set the content type of the message.
    #
    # It will use the given +user_content_type+, or multipart if the mail
    # message has any attachments. If the attachments are inline, the content
    # type will be "multipart/related", otherwise "multipart/mixed".
    #
    # If there is no content type passed in via headers, and there are no
    # attachments, or the message is multipart, then the default content type is
    # used.
    def set_content_type(m, user_content_type, class_default)
      params = m.content_type_parameters || {}
      case
      when user_content_type.present?
        user_content_type
      when m.has_attachments?
        if m.attachments.detect { |a| a.inline? }
          ["multipart", "related", params]
        else
          ["multipart", "mixed", params]
        end
      when m.multipart?
        ["multipart", "alternative", params]
      else
        m.content_type || class_default
      end
    end

    # Translates the +subject+ using Rails I18n class under <tt>[mailer_scope, action_name]</tt> scope.
    # If it does not find a translation for the +subject+ under the specified scope it will default to a
    # humanized version of the <tt>action_name</tt>.
    # If the subject has interpolations, you can pass them through the +interpolations+ parameter.
    def default_i18n_subject(interpolations = {})
      mailer_scope = self.class.mailer_name.tr('/', '.')
      I18n.t(:subject, interpolations.merge(scope: [mailer_scope, action_name], default: action_name.humanize))
    end

    def collect_responses(headers) #:nodoc:
      responses = []

      if block_given?
        collector = ActionMailer::Collector.new(lookup_context) { render(action_name) }
        yield(collector)
        responses = collector.responses
      elsif headers[:body]
        responses << {
          body: headers.delete(:body),
          content_type: self.class.default[:content_type] || "text/plain"
        }
      else
        templates_path = headers.delete(:template_path) || self.class.mailer_name
        templates_name = headers.delete(:template_name) || action_name

        each_template(Array(templates_path), templates_name) do |template|
          self.formats = template.formats

          responses << {
            body: render(template: template),
            content_type: template.type.to_s
          }
        end
      end

      responses
    end

    def each_template(paths, name, &block) #:nodoc:
      templates = lookup_context.find_all(name, paths)
      if templates.empty?
        raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new(paths, name, paths, false, 'mailer')
      else
        templates.uniq { |t| t.formats }.each(&block)
      end
    end

    def create_parts_from_responses(m, responses) #:nodoc:
      if responses.size == 1 && !m.has_attachments?
        responses[0].each { |k,v| m[k] = v }
      elsif responses.size > 1 && m.has_attachments?
        container = Mail::Part.new
        container.content_type = "multipart/alternative"
        responses.each { |r| insert_part(container, r, m.charset) }
        m.add_part(container)
      else
        responses.each { |r| insert_part(m, r, m.charset) }
      end
    end

    def insert_part(container, response, charset) #:nodoc:
      response[:charset] ||= charset
      part = Mail::Part.new(response)
      container.add_part(part)
    end

    # Emails do not support relative path links.
    def self.supports_path?
      false
    end

    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_mailer, self)
  end
end