A Guide to Active Record Associations

This guide covers the association features of Active Record. By referring to this guide, you will be able to:

Declare associations between Active Record models
Understand the various types of Active Record associations
Use the methods added to your models by creating associations

1. Why Associations?

Why do we need associations between models? Because they make common operations simpler and easier in your code. For example, consider a simple Rails application that includes a model for customers and a model for orders. Each customer can have many orders. Without associations, the model declarations would look like this:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
end

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
end

Now, suppose we wanted to add a new order for an existing customer. We’d need to do something like this:

@order = Order.create(:order_date => Time.now, :customer_id => @customer.id)

Or consider deleting a customer, and ensuring that all of its orders get deleted as well:

@orders = Order.find_by_customer_id(@customer.id)
@orders.each do |order|
  order.destroy
end
@customer.destroy

With Active Record associations, we can streamline these - and other - operations by declaratively telling Rails that there is a connection between the two models. Here’s the revised code for setting up customers and orders:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
end

With this change, creating a new order for a particular customer is easier:

@order = @customer.orders.create(:order_date => Time.now)

Deleting a customer and all of its orders is much easier:

@customer.destroy

To learn more about the different types of associations, read the next section of this Guide. That’s followed by some tips and tricks for working with associations, and then by a complete reference to the methods and options for associations in Rails.

2. The Types of Associations

In Rails, an association is a connection between two Active Record models. Associations are implemented using macro-style calls, so that you can declaratively add features to your models. For example, by declaring that one model belongs_to another, you instruct Rails to maintain Primary Key-Foreign Key information between instances of the two models, and you also get a number of utility methods added to your model. Rails supports six types of association:

belongs_to
has_one
has_many
has_many :through
has_one :through
has_and_belongs_to_many

In the remainder of this guide, you’ll learn how to declare and use the various forms of associations. But first, a quick introduction to the situations where each association type is appropriate.

2.1. The `belongs_to` Association

A belongs_to association sets up a one-to-one connection with another model, such that each instance of the declaring model "belongs to" one instance of the other model. For example, if your application includes customers and orders, and each order can be assigned to exactly one customer, you’d declare the order model this way:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
end

belongs_to Association Diagram

2.2. The `has_one` Association

A has_one association also sets up a one-to-one connection with another model, but with somewhat different semantics (and consequences). This association indicates that each instance of a model contains or possesses one instance of another model. For example, if each supplier in your application has only one account, you’d declare the supplier model like this:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account
end

has_one Association Diagram

2.3. The `has_many` Association

A has_many association indicates a one-to-many connection with another model. You’ll often find this association on the "other side" of a belongs_to association. This association indicates that each instance of the model has zero or more instances of another model. For example, in an application containing customers and orders, the customer model could be declared like this:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end

The name of the other model is pluralized when declaring a has_many association.

has_many Association Diagram

2.4. The `has_many :through` Association

A has_many :through association is often used to set up a many-to-many connection with another model. This association indicates that the declaring model can be matched with zero or more instances of another model by proceeding through a third model. For example, consider a medical practice where patients make appointments to see physicians. The relevant association declarations could look like this:

class Physician < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :appointments
  has_many :patients, :through => :appointments
end

class Appointment < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :physician
  belongs_to :patient
end

class Patient < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :appointments
  has_many :physicians, :through => :appointments
end

has_many :through Association Diagram

The has_many :through association is also useful for setting up "shortcuts" through nested :has_many associations. For example, if a document has many sections, and a section has many paragraphs, you may sometimes want to get a simple collection of all paragraphs in the document. You could set that up this way:

class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :sections
  has_many :paragraphs, :through => :sections
end

class Section < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :document
  has_many :paragraphs
end

class Paragraph < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :section
end

2.5. The `has_one :through` Association

A has_one :through association sets up a one-to-one connection with another model. This association indicates that the declaring model can be matched with one instance of another model by proceeding through a third model. For example, if each supplier has one account, and each account is associated with one account history, then the customer model could look like this:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account
  has_one :account_history, :through => :account
end

class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :supplier
  has_one :account_history
end

class AccountHistory < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :account
end

has_one :through Association Diagram

2.6. The `has_and_belongs_to_many` Association

A has_and_belongs_to_many association creates a direct many-to-many connection with another model, with no intervening model. For example, if your application includes assemblies and parts, with each assembly having many parts and each part appearing in many assemblies, you could declare the models this way:

class Assembly < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
end

class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
end

has_and_belongs_to_many Association Diagram

2.7. Choosing Between `belongs_to` and `has_one`

If you want to set up a 1-1 relationship between two models, you’ll need to add belongs_to to one, and has_one to the other. How do you know which is which?

The distinction is in where you place the foreign key (it goes on the table for the class declaring the belongs_to association), but you should give some thought to the actual meaning of the data as well. The has_one relationship says that one of something is yours - that is, that something points back to you. For example, it makes more sense to say that a supplier owns an account than that an account owns a supplier. This suggests that the correct relationships are like this:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account
end

class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :supplier
end

The corresponding migration might look like this:

class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    create_table :suppliers do |t|
      t.string  :name
      t.timestamps
    end

    create_table :accounts do |t|
      t.integer :supplier_id
      t.string  :account_number
      t.timestamps
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table :accounts
    drop_table :suppliers
  end
end

Using t.integer :supplier_id makes the foreign key naming obvious and implicit. In current versions of Rails, you can abstract away this implementation detail by using t.references :supplier instead.

2.8. Choosing Between `has_many :through` and `has_and_belongs_to_many`

Rails offers two different ways to declare a many-to-many relationship between models. The simpler way is to use has_and_belongs_to_many, which allows you to make the association directly:

class Assembly < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
end

class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
end

The second way to declare a many-to-many relationship is to use has_many :through. This makes the association indirectly, through a join model:

class Assembly < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :manifests
  has_many :parts, :through => :manifests
end

class Manifest < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :assembly
  belongs_to :part
end

class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :manifests
  has_many :assemblies, :through => :manifests
end

The simplest rule of thumb is that you should set up a has_many :through relationship if you need to work with the relationship model as an independent entity. If you don’t need to do anything with the relationship model, it may be simpler to set up a has_and_belongs_to_many relationship (though you’ll need to remember to create the joining table).

You should use has_many :through if you need validations, callbacks, or extra attributes on the join model.

2.9. Polymorphic Associations

A slightly more advanced twist on associations is the polymorphic association. With polymorphic associations, a model can belong to more than one other model, on a single association. For example, you might have a picture model that belongs to either an employee model or a product model. Here’s how this could be declared:

class Picture < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :imageable, :polymorphic => true
end

class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :pictures, :as => :imageable
end

class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :pictures, :as => :imageable
end

You can think of a polymorphic belongs_to declaration as setting up an interface that any other model can use. From an instance of the Employee model, you can retrieve a collection of pictures: @employee.pictures. Similarly, you can retrieve @product.pictures. If you have an instance of the Picture model, you can get to its parent via @picture.imageable. To make this work, you need to declare both a foreign key column and a type column in the model that declares the polymorphic interface:

class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    create_table :pictures do |t|
      t.string  :name
      t.integer :imageable_id
      t.string  :imageable_type
      t.timestamps
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table :pictures
  end
end

This migration can be simplified by using the t.references form:

class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    create_table :pictures do |t|
      t.string  :name
      t.references :imageable, :polymorphic => true
      t.timestamps
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table :pictures
  end
end

Polymorphic Association Diagram

2.10. Self Joins

In designing a data model, you will sometimes find a model that should have a relation to itself. For example, you may want to store all employees in a single database model, but be able to trace relationships such as manager and subordinates. This situation can be modeled with self-joining associations:

class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :subordinates, :class_name => "Employee", :foreign_key => "manager_id"
  belongs_to :manager, :class_name => "Employee"
end

With this setup, you can retrieve @employee.subordinates and @employee.manager.

3. Tips, Tricks, and Warnings

Here are a few things you should know to make efficient use of Active Record associations in your Rails applications:

Controlling caching
Avoiding name collisions
Updating the schema
Controlling association scope

3.1. Controlling Caching

All of the association methods are built around caching that keeps the result of the most recent query available for further operations. The cache is even shared across methods. For example:

customer.orders                 # retrieves orders from the database
customer.orders.size            # uses the cached copy of orders
customer.orders.empty?          # uses the cached copy of orders

But what if you want to reload the cache, because data might have been changed by some other part of the application? Just pass true to the association call:

customer.orders                 # retrieves orders from the database
customer.orders.size            # uses the cached copy of orders
customer.orders(true).empty?    # discards the cached copy of orders and goes back to the database

3.2. Avoiding Name Collisions

You are not free to use just any name for your associations. Because creating an association adds a method with that name to the model, it is a bad idea to give an association a name that is already used for an instance method of ActiveRecord::Base. The association method would override the base method and break things. For instance, attributes or connection are bad names for associations.

3.3. Updating the Schema

Associations are extremely useful, but they are not magic. You are responsible for maintaining your database schema to match your associations. In practice, this means two things, depending on what sort of associations you are creating. For belongs_to associations you need to create foreign keys, and for has_and_belongs_to_many associations you need to create the appropriate join table.

3.3.1. Creating Foreign Keys for `belongs_to` Associations

When you declare a belongs_to association, you need to create foreign keys as appropriate. For example, consider this model:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
end

This declaration needs to be backed up by the proper foreign key declaration on the orders table:

class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    create_table :orders do |t|
      t.datetime   :order_date
      t.string     :order_number
      t.integer    :customer_id
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table :orders
  end
end

If you create an association some time after you build the underlying model, you need to remember to create an add_column migration to provide the necessary foreign key.

3.3.2. Creating Join Tables for `has_and_belongs_to_many` Associations

If you create a has_and_belongs_to_many association, you need to explicitly create the joining table. Unless the name of the join table is explicitly specified by using the :join_table option, Active Record create the name by using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between customer and order models will give the default join table name of "customers_orders" because "c" outranks "o" in lexical ordering.

The precedence between model names is calculated using the < operator for String. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers".

Whatever the name, you must manually generate the join table with an appropriate migration. For example, consider these associations:

class Assembly < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
end

class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
end

These need to be backed up by a migration to create the assemblies_parts table. This table should be created without a primary key:

class CreateAssemblyPartJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    create_table :assemblies_parts, :id => false do |t|
      t.integer :assembly_id
      t.integer :part_id
    end
  end

  def self.down
    drop_table :assemblies_parts
  end
end

3.4. Controlling Association Scope

By default, associations look for objects only within the current module’s scope. This can be important when you declare Active Record models within a module. For example:

module MyApplication
  module Business
    class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
       has_one :account
    end

    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
       belongs_to :supplier
    end
  end
end

This will work fine, because both the Supplier and the Account class are defined within the same scope. But this will not work, because Supplier and Account are defined in different scopes:

module MyApplication
  module Business
    class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
       has_one :account
    end
  end

  module Billing
    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
       belongs_to :supplier
    end
  end
end

To associate a model with a model in a different scope, you must specify the complete class name in your association declaration:

module MyApplication
  module Business
    class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
       has_one :account, :class_name => "MyApplication::Billing::Account"
    end
  end

  module Billing
    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
       belongs_to :supplier, :class_name => "MyApplication::Business::Supplier"
    end
  end
end

4. Detailed Association Reference

The following sections give the details of each type of association, including the methods that they add and the options that you can use when declaring an association.

4.1. The `belongs_to` Association

The belongs_to association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In database terms, this association says that this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key, then you should use has_one instead.

4.1.1. Methods Added by `belongs_to`

When you declare a belongs_to assocation, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:

association(force_reload = false)
association=(associate)
association.nil?
build_association(attributes = {})
create_association(attributes = {})

In all of these methods, association is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to belongs_to. For example, given the declaration:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
end

Each instance of the order model will have these methods:

customer
customer=
customer.nil?
build_customer
create_customer

`association(force_reload = false)`

The association method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated object is found, it returns nil.

@customer = @order.customer

If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), pass true as the force_reload argument.

`association=(associate)`

The association= method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from the associate object and setting this object’s foreign key to the same value.

@order.customer = @customer

`association.nil?`

The association.nil? method returns true if there is no associated object.

if @order.customer.nil?
  @msg = "No customer found for this order"
end

`build_association(attributes = {})`

The build_association method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through this object’s foreign key will be set, but the associated object will not yet be saved.

@customer = @order.build_customer({:customer_number => 123, :customer_name => "John Doe"})

`create_association(attributes = {})`

The create_association method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through this object’s foreign key will be set. In addition, the associated object will be saved (assuming that it passes any validations).

@customer = @order.create_customer({:customer_number => 123, :customer_name => "John Doe"})

4.1.2. Options for `belongs_to`

In many situations, you can use the default behavior of belongs_to without any customization. But despite Rails' emphasis of convention over customization, you can alter that behavior in a number of ways. This section covers the options that you can pass when you create a belongs_to association. For example, an association with several options might look like this:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer, :counter_cache => true, :conditions => "active = 1"
end

The belongs_to association supports these options:

:class_name
:conditions
:counter_cache
:dependent
:foreign_key
:include
:polymorphic
:readonly
:select
:validate

`:class_name`

If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the :class_name option to supply the model name. For example, if an order belongs to a customer, but the actual name of the model containing customers is Patron, you’d set things up this way:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer, :class_name => "Patron"
end

`:conditions`

The :conditions option lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet (in the syntax used by a SQL WHERE clause).

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer, :conditions => "active = 1"
end

`:counter_cache`

The :counter_cache option can be used to make finding the number of belonging objects more efficient. Consider these models:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
end
class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end

With these declarations, asking for the value of @customer.orders.size requires making a call to the database to perform a COUNT(*) query. To avoid this call, you can add a counter cache to the belonging model:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer, :counter_cache => true
end
class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end

With this declaration, Rails will keep the cache value up to date, and then return that value in response to the .size method.

Although the :counter_cache option is specified on the model that includes the belongs_to declaration, the actual column must be added to the associated model. In the case above, you would need to add a column named orders_count to the Customer model. You can override the default column name if you need to:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer, :counter_cache => :count_of_orders
end
class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end

Counter cache columns are added to the containing model’s list of read-only attributes through attr_readonly.

`:dependent`

You should not specify this option on a belongs_to association that is connected with a has_many association on the other class. Doing so can lead to orphaned records in your database.

`:foreign_key`

By convention, Rails guesses that the column used to hold the foreign key on this model is the name of the association with the suffix _id added. The :foreign_key option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:

class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer, :class_name => "Patron", :foreign_key => "patron_id"
end

In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.

`:include`

You can use the :include option to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:

class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :order
end
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
  has_many :line_items
end
class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end

If you frequently retrieve customers directly from line items (@line_item.order.customer), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including customers in the association from line items to orders:

class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :order, :include => :customer
end
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
  has_many :line_items
end
class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end

There’s no need to use :include for immediate associations - that is, if you have Order belongs_to :customer, then the customer is eager-loaded automatically when it’s needed.

`:polymorphic`

Passing true to the :polymorphic option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail earlier in this guide.

`:readonly`

If you set the :readonly option to true, then the associated object will be read-only when retrieved via the association.

`:select`

The :select option lets you override the SQL SELECT clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated object. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.

If you set the :select option on a belongs_to association, you should also set the foreign_key option to guarantee the correct results.

`:validate`

If you set the :validate option to true, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is false: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved.

4.1.3. When are Objects Saved?

Assigning an object to a belongs_to association does not automatically save the object. It does not save the associated object either.

4.2. The has_one Association

The has_one association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In database terms, this association says that the other class contains the foreign key. If this class contains the foreign key, then you should use belongs_to instead.

4.2.1. Methods Added by `has_one`

When you declare a has_one association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:

association(force_reload = false)
association=(associate)
association.nil?
build_association(attributes = {})
create_association(attributes = {})

In all of these methods, association is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to has_one. For example, given the declaration:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account
end

Each instance of the Supplier model will have these methods:

account
account=
account.nil?
build_account
create_account

`association(force_reload = false)`

The association method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated object is found, it returns nil.

@account = @supplier.account

`association=(associate)`

The association= method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from this object and setting the associate object’s foreign key to the same value.

@suppler.account = @account

`association.nil?`

The association.nil? method returns true if there is no associated object.

if @supplier.account.nil?
  @msg = "No account found for this supplier"
end

`build_association(attributes = {})`

The build_association method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through its foreign key will be set, but the associated object will not yet be saved.

@account = @supplier.build_account({:terms => "Net 30"})

`create_association(attributes = {})`

The create_association method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through its foreign key will be set. In addition, the associated object will be saved (assuming that it passes any validations).

@account = @supplier.create_account({:terms => "Net 30"})

4.2.2. Options for `has_one`

In many situations, you can use the default behavior of has_one without any customization. But despite Rails' emphasis of convention over customization, you can alter that behavior in a number of ways. This section covers the options that you can pass when you create a has_one association. For example, an association with several options might look like this:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account, :class_name => "Billing", :dependent => :nullify
end

The has_one association supports these options:

:as
:class_name
:conditions
:dependent
:foreign_key
:include
:order
:primary_key
:readonly
:select
:source
:source_type
:through
:validate

`:as`

Setting the :as option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations are discussed in detail later in this guide.

`:class_name`

If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the :class_name option to supply the model name. For example, if a supplier has an account, but the actual name of the model containing accounts is Billing, you’d set things up this way:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account, :class_name => "Billing"
end

`:conditions`

The :conditions option lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet (in the syntax used by a SQL WHERE clause).

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account, :conditions => "confirmed = 1"
end

`:dependent`

If you set the :dependent option to :destroy, then deleting this object will call the destroy method on the associated object to delete that object. If you set the :dependent option to :delete, then deleting this object will delete the associated object without calling its destroy method. If you set the :dependent option to :nullify, then deleting this object will set the foreign key in the association object to NULL.

`:foreign_key`

By convention, Rails guesses that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix _id added. The :foreign_key option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account, :foreign_key => "supp_id"
end

In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.

`:include`

You can use the :include option to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account
end
class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :supplier
  belongs_to :representative
end
class Representative < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :accounts
end

If you frequently retrieve representatives directly from suppliers (@supplier.account.representative), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including representatives in the association from suppliers to accounts:

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :account, :include => :representative
end
class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :supplier
  belongs_to :representative
end
class Representative < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :accounts
end

`:order`

The :order option dictates the order in which associated objects will be received (in the syntax used by a SQL ORDER BY clause). Because a has_one association will only retrieve a single associated object, this option should not be needed.

`:primary_key`

By convention, Rails guesses that the column used to hold the primary key of this model is id. You can override this and explicitly specify the primary key with the :primary_key option.

`:readonly`

If you set the :readonly option to true, then the associated object will be read-only when retrieved via the association.

`:select`

The :select option lets you override the SQL SELECT clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated object. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.

`:source`

The :source option specifies the source association name for a has_one :through association.

`:source_type`

The :source_type option specifies the source association type for a has_one :through association that proceeds through a polymorphic association.

`:through`

The :through option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. has_one :through associations are discussed in detail later in this guide.

`:validate`

4.2.3. When are Objects Saved?

When you assign an object to a has_one association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update its foreign key). In addition, any object being replaced is also automatically saved, because its foreign key will change too.

If either of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns false and the assignment itself is cancelled.

If the parent object (the one declaring the has_one association) is unsaved (that is, new_record? returns true) then the child objects are not saved.

If you want to assign an object to a has_one association without saving the object, use the association.build method.

4.3. The has_many Association

The has_many association creates a one-to-many relationship with another model. In database terms, this association says that the other class will have a foreign key that refers to instances of this class.

4.3.1. Methods Added

When you declare a has_many association, the declaring class automatically gains 13 methods related to the association:

collection(force_reload = false)
collection<<(object, ...)
collection.delete(object, ...)
collection=objects
collection\_singular\_ids
collection\_singular\_ids=ids
collection.clear
collection.empty?
collection.size
collection.find(...)
collection.exist?(...)
collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)
collection.create(attributes = {})

In all of these methods, collection is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to has_many, and collection\_singular is replaced with the singularized version of that symbol.. For example, given the declaration:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end

Each instance of the customer model will have these methods:

orders(force_reload = false)
orders<<(object, ...)
orders.delete(object, ...)
orders=objects
order_ids
order_ids=ids
orders.clear
orders.empty?
orders.size
orders.find(...)
orders.exist?(...)
orders.build(attributes = {}, ...)
orders.create(attributes = {})

`collection(force_reload = false)`

The collection method returns an array of all of the associated objects. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty array.

@orders = @customer.orders

`collection<<(object, ...)`

The collection<< method adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the primary key of the calling model.

@customer.orders << @order1

`collection.delete(object, ...)`

The collection.delete method removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to NULL.

@customer.orders.delete(@order1)

Objects will be in addition destroyed if they’re associated with :dependent => :destroy, and deleted if they’re associated with :dependent => :delete_all.

`collection=objects`

The collection= method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.

`collection\_singular\_ids`

The collection\_singular\_ids method returns an array of the ids of the objects in the collection.

@order_ids = @customer.order_ids

`_collection\_singular\_ids=ids`

The _collection\_singular\_ids= method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.

`collection.clear`

The collection.clear method removes every object from the collection. This destroys the associated objects if they are associated with :dependent => :destroy, deletes them directly from the database if :dependent => :delete_all, and otherwise sets their foreign keys to NULL.

`collection.empty?`

The collection.empty? method returns true if the collection does not contain any associated objects.

<% if @customer.orders.empty? %>
  No Orders Found
<% end %>

`collection.size`

The collection.size method returns the number of objects in the collection.

@order_count = @customer.orders.size

`collection.find(...)`

The collection.find method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as ActiveRecord::Base.find.

@open_orders = @customer.orders.find(:all, :conditions => "open = 1")

`collection.exist?(...)`

The collection.exist? method checks whether an object meeting the supplied conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as ActiveRecord::Base.exists?.

`collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)`

The collection.build method returns one or more new objects of the associated type. These objects will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through their foreign key will be created, but the associated objects will not yet be saved.

@order = @customer.orders.build({:order_date => Time.now, :order_number => "A12345"})

`collection.create(attributes = {})`

The collection.create method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through its foreign key will be created, and the associated object will be saved (assuming that it passes any validations).

@order = @customer.orders.create({:order_date => Time.now, :order_number => "A12345"})

4.3.2. Options for has_many

In many situations, you can use the default behavior for has_many without any customization. But you can alter that behavior in a number of ways. This section covers the options that you can pass when you create a has_many association. For example, an association with several options might look like this:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :dependent => :delete_all, :validate => :false
end

The has_many association supports these options:

:as
:class_name
:conditions
:counter_sql
:dependent
:extend
:finder_sql
:foreign_key
:group
:include
:limit
:offset
:order
:primary_key
:readonly
:select
:source
:source_type
:through
:uniq
:validate

`:as`

Setting the :as option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed earlier in this guide.

`:class_name`

If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the :class_name option to supply the model name. For example, if a customer has many orders, but the actual name of the model containing orders is Transaction, you’d set things up this way:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :class_name => "Transaction"
end

`:conditions`

The :conditions option lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet (in the syntax used by a SQL WHERE clause).

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :confirmed_orders, :class_name => "Order", :conditions => "confirmed = 1"
end

You can also set conditions via a hash:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :confirmed_orders, :class_name => "Order", :conditions => { :confirmed => true }
end

If you use a hash-style :conditions option, then record creation via this association will be automatically scoped using the hash. In this case, using @customer.confirmed_orders.create or @customer.confirmed_orders.build will create orders where the confirmed column has the value true.

`:counter_sql`

Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to count the association members. With the :counter_sql option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to count them yourself.

If you specify :finder_sql but not :counter_sql, then the counter SQL will be generated by substituting SELECT COUNT(*) FROM for the SELECT ... FROM clause of your :finder_sql statement.

`:dependent`

If you set the :dependent option to :destroy, then deleting this object will call the destroy method on the associated objects to delete those objects. If you set the :dependent option to :delete_all, then deleting this object will delete the associated objects without calling their destroy method. If you set the :dependent option to :nullify, then deleting this object will set the foreign key in the associated objects to NULL.

This option is ignored when you use the :through option on the association.

`:extend`

The :extend option specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail later in this guide.

`:finder_sql`

Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to fetch the association members. With the :finder_sql option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to fetch them yourself. If fetching objects requires complex multi-table SQL, this may be necessary.

`:foreign_key`

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :foreign_key => "cust_id"
end

In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.

`:group`

The :group option supplies an attribute name to group the result set by, using a GROUP BY clause in the finder SQL.

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :line_items, :through => :orders, :group => "orders.id"
end

`:include`

You can use the :include option to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders
end
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
  has_many :line_items
end
class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :order
end

If you frequently retrieve line items directly from customers (@customer.orders.line_items), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including line items in the association from customers to orders:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :include => :line_items
end
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :customer
  has_many :line_items
end
class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :order
end

`:limit`

The :limit option lets you restrict the total number of objects that will be fetched through an association.

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :recent_orders, :class_name => "Order", :order => "order_date DESC", :limit => 100
end

`:offset`

The :offset option lets you specify the starting offset for fetching objects via an association. For example, if you set :offset => 11, it will skip the first 11 records.

`:order`

The :order option dictates the order in which associated objects will be received (in the syntax used by a SQL ORDER BY clause).

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :order => "date_confirmed DESC"
end

`:primary_key`

By convention, Rails guesses that the column used to hold the primary key of this model is id. You can override this and explicitly specify the primary key with the :primary_key option.

`:readonly`

If you set the :readonly option to true, then the associated objects will be read-only when retrieved via the association.

`:select`

The :select option lets you override the SQL SELECT clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated objects. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.

If you specify your own :select, be sure to include the primary key and foreign key columns of the associated model. If you do not, Rails will throw an error.

`:source`

The :source option specifies the source association name for a has_many :through association. You only need to use this option if the name of the source association cannot be automatically inferred from the association name.

`:source_type`

The :source_type option specifies the source association type for a has_many :through association that proceeds through a polymorphic association.

`:through`

The :through option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. has_many :through associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed earlier in this guide.

`:uniq`

Specify the :uniq => true option to remove duplicates from the collection. This is most useful in conjunction with the :through option.

`:validate`

If you set the :validate option to false, then associated objects will not be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is true: associated objects will be validated when this object is saved.

4.3.3. When are Objects Saved?

When you assign an object to a has_many association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update its foreign key). If you assign multiple objects in one statement, then they are all saved.

If any of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns false and the assignment itself is cancelled.

If the parent object (the one declaring the has_many association) is unsaved (that is, new_record? returns true) then the child objects are not saved when they are added. All unsaved members of the association will automatically be saved when the parent is saved.

If you want to assign an object to a has_many association without saving the object, use the collection.build method.

4.4. The `has_and_belongs_to_many` Association

The has_and_belongs_to_many association creates a many-to-many relationship with another model. In database terms, this associates two classes via an intermediate join table that includes foreign keys referring to each of the classes.

4.4.1. Methods Added

When you declare a has_and_belongs_to_many association, the declaring class automatically gains 13 methods related to the association:

collection(force_reload = false)
collection<<(object, ...)
collection.delete(object, ...)
collection=objects
collection\_singular\_ids
collection\_singular\_ids=ids
collection.clear
collection.empty?
collection.size
collection.find(...)
collection.exist?(...)
collection.build(attributes = {})
collection.create(attributes = {})

class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
end

Each instance of the part model will have these methods:

assemblies(force_reload = false)
assemblies<<(object, ...)
assemblies.delete(object, ...)
assemblies=objects
assembly_ids
assembly_ids=ids
assemblies.clear
assemblies.empty?
assemblies.size
assemblies.find(...)
assemblies.exist?(...)
assemblies.build(attributes = {}, ...)
assemblies.create(attributes = {})

Additional Column Methods

If the join table for a has_and_belongs_to_many association has additional columns beyond the two foreign keys, these columns will be added as attributes to records retrieved via that association. Records returned with additional attributes will always be read-only, because Rails cannot save changes to those attributes.

The use of extra attributes on the join table in a has_and_belongs_to_many association is deprecated. If you require this sort of complex behavior on the table that joins two models in a many-to-many relationship, you should use a has_many :through association instead of has_and_belongs_to_many.

`collection(force_reload = false)`

The collection method returns an array of all of the associated objects. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty array.

@assemblies = @part.assemblies

`collection<<(object, ...)`

The collection<< method adds one or more objects to the collection by creating records in the join table.

@part.assemblies << @assembly1

This method is aliased as collection.concat and collection.push.

`collection.delete(object, ...)`

The collection.delete method removes one or more objects from the collection by deleting records in the join table. This does not destroy the objects.

@part.assemblies.delete(@assembly1)

`collection=objects`

The collection= method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.

`collection\_singular\_ids`

# Returns an array of the associated objects' ids

The collection\_singular\_ids method returns an array of the ids of the objects in the collection.

@assembly_ids = @part.assembly_ids

`collection\_singular\_ids=ids`

The collection\_singular\_ids= method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.

`collection.clear`

The collection.clear method removes every object from the collection by deleting the rows from the joining tableassociation. This does not destroy the associated objects.

`collection.empty?`

The collection.empty? method returns true if the collection does not contain any associated objects.

<% if @part.assemblies.empty? %>
  This part is not used in any assemblies
<% end %>

`collection.size`

The collection.size method returns the number of objects in the collection.

@assembly_count = @part.assemblies.size

`collection.find(...)`

The collection.find method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as ActiveRecord::Base.find. It also adds the additional condition that the object must be in the collection.

@new_assemblies = @part.assemblies.find(:all, :conditions => ["created_at > ?", 2.days.ago])

`collection.exist?(...)`

The collection.exist? method checks whether an object meeting the supplied conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as ActiveRecord::Base.exists?.

`collection.build(attributes = {})`

The collection.build method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through the join table will be created, but the associated object will not yet be saved.

@assembly = @part.assemblies.build({:assembly_name => "Transmission housing"})

`collection.create(attributes = {})`

The collection.create method returns a new object of the associated type. This objects will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through the join table will be created, and the associated object will be saved (assuming that it passes any validations).

@assembly = @part.assemblies.create({:assembly_name => "Transmission housing"})

4.4.2. Options for has_and_belongs_to_many

In many situations, you can use the default behavior for has_and_belongs_to_many without any customization. But you can alter that behavior in a number of ways. This section cover the options that you can pass when you create a has_and_belongs_to_many association. For example, an association with several options might look like this:

class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, :uniq => true, :read_only => true
end

The has_and_belongs_to_many association supports these options:

:association_foreign_key
:class_name
:conditions
:counter_sql
:delete_sql
:extend
:finder_sql
:foreign_key
:group
:include
:insert_sql
:join_table
:limit
:offset
:order
:readonly
:select
:uniq
:validate

`:association_foreign_key`

By convention, Rails guesses that the column in the join table used to hold the foreign key pointing to the other model is the name of that model with the suffix _id added. The :association_foreign_key option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:

The :foreign_key and :association_foreign_key options are useful when setting up a many-to-many self-join. For example:

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :friends, :class_name => "User",
    :foreign_key => "this_user_id", :association_foreign_key => "other_user_id"
end

`:class_name`

If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the :class_name option to supply the model name. For example, if a part has many assemblies, but the actual name of the model containing assemblies is Gadget, you’d set things up this way:

class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, :class_name => "Gadget"
end

`:conditions`

The :conditions option lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet (in the syntax used by a SQL WHERE clause).

class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, :conditions => "factory = 'Seattle'"
end

You can also set conditions via a hash:

class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, :conditions => { :factory => 'Seattle' }
end

If you use a hash-style :conditions option, then record creation via this association will be automatically scoped using the hash. In this case, using @parts.assemblies.create or @parts.assemblies.build will create orders where the factory column has the value "Seattle".

`:counter_sql`

Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to count the association members. With the :counter_sql option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to count them yourself.

If you specify :finder_sql but not :counter_sql, then the counter SQL will be generated by substituting SELECT COUNT(*) FROM for the SELECT ... FROM clause of your :finder_sql statement.

`:delete_sql`

Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to remove links between the associated classes. With the :delete_sql option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to delete them yourself.

`:extend`

The :extend option specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail later in this guide.

`:finder_sql`

`:foreign_key`

By convention, Rails guesses that the column in the join table used to hold the foreign key pointing to this model is the name of this model with the suffix _id added. The :foreign_key option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :friends, :class_name => "User",
    :foreign_key => "this_user_id", :association_foreign_key => "other_user_id"
end

`:group`

The :group option supplies an attribute name to group the result set by, using a GROUP BY clause in the finder SQL.

class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, :group => "factory"
end

`:include`

You can use the :include option to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used.

`:insert_sql`

Normally Rails automatically generates the proper SQL to create links between the associated classes. With the :insert_sql option, you can specify a complete SQL statement to insert them yourself.

`:join_table`

If the default name of the join table, based on lexical ordering, is not what you want, you can use the :join_table option to override the default.

`:limit`

The :limit option lets you restrict the total number of objects that will be fetched through an association.

class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, :order => "created_at DESC", :limit => 50
end

`:offset`

The :offset option lets you specify the starting offset for fetching objects via an association. For example, if you set :offset => 11, it will skip the first 11 records.

`:order`

The :order option dictates the order in which associated objects will be received (in the syntax used by a SQL ORDER BY clause).

class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, :order => "assembly_name ASC"
end

`:readonly`

If you set the :readonly option to true, then the associated objects will be read-only when retrieved via the association.

`:select`

The :select option lets you override the SQL SELECT clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated objects. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.

`:uniq`

Specify the :uniq => true option to remove duplicates from the collection.

`:validate`

4.4.3. When are Objects Saved?

When you assign an object to a has_and_belongs_to_many association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update the join table). If you assign multiple objects in one statement, then they are all saved.

If any of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns false and the assignment itself is cancelled.

If the parent object (the one declaring the has_and_belongs_to_many association) is unsaved (that is, new_record? returns true) then the child objects are not saved when they are added. All unsaved members of the association will automatically be saved when the parent is saved.

If you want to assign an object to a has_and_belongs_to_many association without saving the object, use the collection.build method.

4.5. Association Callbacks

Normal callbacks hook into the lifecycle of Active Record objects, allowing you to work with those objects at various points. For example, you can use a :before_save callback to cause something to happen just before an object is saved.

Association callbacks are similar to normal callbacks, but they are triggered by events in the lifecycle of a collection. There are four available association callbacks:

before_add
after_add
before_remove
after_remove

You define association callbacks by adding options to the association declaration. For example:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :before_add => :check_credit_limit

  def check_credit_limit(order)
    ...
  end
end

Rails passes the object being added or removed to the callback.

You can stack callbacks on a single event by passing them as an array:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :before_add => [:check_credit_limit, :calculate_shipping_charges]

  def check_credit_limit(order)
    ...
  end

  def calculate_shipping_charges(order)
    ...
  end
end

If a before_add callback throws an exception, the object does not get added to the collection. Similarly, if a before_remove callback throws an exception, the object does not get removed from the collection.

4.6. Association Extensions

You’re not limited to the functionality that Rails automatically builds into association proxy objects. You can also extend these objects through anonymous modules, adding new finders, creators, or other methods. For example:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders do
    def find_by_order_prefix(order_number)
      find_by_region_id(order_number[0..2])
    end
  end
end

If you have an extension that should be shared by many associations, you can use a named extension module. For example:

module FindRecentExtension
  def find_recent
    find(:all, :conditions => ["created_at > ?", 5.days.ago])
  end
end

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :extend => FindRecentExtension
end

class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :deliveries, :extend => FindRecentExtension
end

To include more than one extension module in a single association, specify an array of names:

class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :orders, :extend => [FindRecentExtension, FindActiveExtension]
end

Extensions can refer to the internals of the association proxy using these three accessors:

proxy_owner returns the object that the association is a part of.
proxy_reflection returns the reflection object that describes the association.
proxy_target returns the associated object for belongs_to or has_one, or the collection of associated objects for has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many.

5. Changelog

Lighthouse ticket

September 28, 2008: Corrected has_many :through diagram, added polymorphic diagram, some reorganization by Mike Gunderloy . First release version.
September 22, 2008: Added diagrams, misc. cleanup by Mike Gunderloy (not yet approved for publication)
September 14, 2008: initial version by Mike Gunderloy (not yet approved for publication)

Ruby on Rails

Sustainable productivity for web-application development

Chapters

A Guide to Active Record Associations

1. Why Associations?

2. The Types of Associations

2.1. The belongs_to Association

2.2. The has_one Association

2.3. The has_many Association

2.4. The has_many :through Association

2.5. The has_one :through Association

2.6. The has_and_belongs_to_many Association

2.7. Choosing Between belongs_to and has_one

2.8. Choosing Between has_many :through and has_and_belongs_to_many

2.9. Polymorphic Associations

2.10. Self Joins

3. Tips, Tricks, and Warnings

3.1. Controlling Caching

3.2. Avoiding Name Collisions

3.3. Updating the Schema

3.3.1. Creating Foreign Keys for belongs_to Associations

3.3.2. Creating Join Tables for has_and_belongs_to_many Associations

3.4. Controlling Association Scope

4. Detailed Association Reference

4.1. The belongs_to Association

4.1.1. Methods Added by belongs_to

association(force_reload = false)

association=(associate)

association.nil?

build_association(attributes = {})

create_association(attributes = {})

4.1.2. Options for belongs_to

:class_name

:conditions

:counter_cache

:dependent

:foreign_key

:include

:polymorphic

:readonly

:select

:validate

4.1.3. When are Objects Saved?

4.2. The has_one Association

4.2.1. Methods Added by has_one

association(force_reload = false)

association=(associate)

association.nil?

build_association(attributes = {})

create_association(attributes = {})

4.2.2. Options for has_one

:as

:class_name

:conditions

:dependent

:foreign_key

:include

:order

:primary_key

:readonly

:select

:source

:source_type

:through

:validate

4.2.3. When are Objects Saved?

4.3. The has_many Association

4.3.1. Methods Added

collection(force_reload = false)

collection<<(object, ...)

collection.delete(object, ...)

collection=objects

collection\_singular\_ids

_collection\_singular\_ids=ids

collection.clear

collection.empty?

collection.size

collection.find(...)

collection.exist?(...)

collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)

2.1. The `belongs_to` Association

2.2. The `has_one` Association

2.3. The `has_many` Association

2.4. The `has_many :through` Association

2.5. The `has_one :through` Association

2.6. The `has_and_belongs_to_many` Association

2.7. Choosing Between `belongs_to` and `has_one`

2.8. Choosing Between `has_many :through` and `has_and_belongs_to_many`

3.3.1. Creating Foreign Keys for `belongs_to` Associations

3.3.2. Creating Join Tables for `has_and_belongs_to_many` Associations

4.1. The `belongs_to` Association

4.1.1. Methods Added by `belongs_to`

`association(force_reload = false)`

`association=(associate)`

`association.nil?`

`build_association(attributes = {})`

`create_association(attributes = {})`

4.1.2. Options for `belongs_to`

`:class_name`

`:conditions`

`:counter_cache`

`:dependent`

`:foreign_key`

`:include`

`:polymorphic`

`:readonly`

`:select`

`:validate`

4.2.1. Methods Added by `has_one`

`association(force_reload = false)`

`association=(associate)`

`association.nil?`

`build_association(attributes = {})`

`create_association(attributes = {})`

4.2.2. Options for `has_one`

`:as`

`:class_name`

`:conditions`

`:dependent`

`:foreign_key`

`:include`

`:order`

`:primary_key`

`:readonly`

`:select`

`:source`

`:source_type`

`:through`

`:validate`

`collection(force_reload = false)`

`collection<<(object, ...)`

`collection.delete(object, ...)`

`collection=objects`

`collection\_singular\_ids`

`_collection\_singular\_ids=ids`

`collection.clear`

`collection.empty?`

`collection.size`

`collection.find(...)`

`collection.exist?(...)`

`collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)`

`collection.create(attributes = {})`

`:as`

`:class_name`

`:conditions`

`:counter_sql`

`:dependent`

`:extend`

`:finder_sql`

`:foreign_key`

`:group`

`:include`

`:limit`

`:offset`

`:order`

`:primary_key`

`:readonly`

`:select`

`:source`

`:source_type`