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Rails Routing from the Outside In
=================================

This guide covers the user-facing features of Rails routing.

After reading this guide, you will know:

* How to interpret the code in `config/routes.rb`.
* How to construct your own routes, using either the preferred resourceful style or the `match` method.
* How to declare route parameters, which are passed onto controller actions.
* How to automatically create paths and URLs using route helpers.
* Advanced techniques such as creating constraints and mounting Rack endpoints.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Purpose of the Rails Router
-------------------------------

The Rails router recognizes URLs and dispatches them to a controller's action, or to a Rack application. It can also generate paths and URLs, avoiding the need to hardcode strings in your views.

### Connecting URLs to Code

When your Rails application receives an incoming request for:

```
GET /patients/17
```

it asks the router to match it to a controller action. If the first matching route is:

```ruby
get '/patients/:id', to: 'patients#show'
```

the request is dispatched to the `patients` controller's `show` action with `{ id: '17' }` in `params`.

NOTE: Rails uses snake_case for controller names here, if you have a multiple word controller like `MonsterTrucksController`, you want to use `monster_trucks#show` for example.

### Generating Paths and URLs from Code

You can also generate paths and URLs. If the route above is modified to be:

```ruby
get '/patients/:id', to: 'patients#show', as: 'patient'
```

and your application contains this code in the controller:

```ruby
@patient = Patient.find(params[:id])
```

and this in the corresponding view:

```erb
<%= link_to 'Patient Record', patient_path(@patient) %>
```

then the router will generate the path `/patients/17`. This reduces the brittleness of your view and makes your code easier to understand. Note that the id does not need to be specified in the route helper.

### Configuring the Rails Router

The routes for your application or engine live in the file `config/routes.rb` and typically looks like this:

```ruby
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  resources :brands, only: [:index, :show] do
    resources :products, only: [:index, :show]
  end

  resource :basket, only: [:show, :update, :destroy]

  resolve("Basket") { route_for(:basket) }
end
```

Since this is a regular Ruby source file you can use all of its features to help you define your routes but be careful with variable names as they can clash with the DSL methods of the router.

NOTE: The `Rails.application.routes.draw do ... end` block that wraps your route definitions is required to establish the scope for the router DSL and must not be deleted.

Resource Routing: the Rails Default
-----------------------------------

Resource routing allows you to quickly declare all of the common routes for a given resourceful controller. Instead of declaring separate routes for your `index`, `show`, `new`, `edit`, `create`, `update` and `destroy` actions, a resourceful route declares them in a single line of code.

### Resources on the Web

Browsers request pages from Rails by making a request for a URL using a specific HTTP method, such as `GET`, `POST`, `PATCH`, `PUT` and `DELETE`. Each method is a request to perform an operation on the resource. A resource route maps a number of related requests to actions in a single controller.

When your Rails application receives an incoming request for:

```
DELETE /photos/17
```

it asks the router to map it to a controller action. If the first matching route is:

```ruby
resources :photos
```

Rails would dispatch that request to the `destroy` action on the `photos` controller with `{ id: '17' }` in `params`.

### CRUD, Verbs, and Actions

In Rails, a resourceful route provides a mapping between HTTP verbs and URLs to
controller actions. By convention, each action also maps to a specific CRUD
operation in a database. A single entry in the routing file, such as:

```ruby
resources :photos
```

creates seven different routes in your application, all mapping to the `Photos` controller:

| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Used for                                     |
| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
| GET       | /photos          | photos#index      | display a list of all photos                 |
| GET       | /photos/new      | photos#new        | return an HTML form for creating a new photo |
| POST      | /photos          | photos#create     | create a new photo                           |
| GET       | /photos/:id      | photos#show       | display a specific photo                     |
| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | photos#edit       | return an HTML form for editing a photo      |
| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | photos#update     | update a specific photo                      |
| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | photos#destroy    | delete a specific photo                      |

NOTE: Because the router uses the HTTP verb and URL to match inbound requests, four URLs map to seven different actions.

NOTE: Rails routes are matched in the order they are specified, so if you have a `resources :photos` above a `get 'photos/poll'` the `show` action's route for the `resources` line will be matched before the `get` line. To fix this, move the `get` line **above** the `resources` line so that it is matched first.

### Path and URL Helpers

Creating a resourceful route will also expose a number of helpers to the controllers in your application. In the case of `resources :photos`:

* `photos_path` returns `/photos`
* `new_photo_path` returns `/photos/new`
* `edit_photo_path(:id)` returns `/photos/:id/edit` (for instance, `edit_photo_path(10)` returns `/photos/10/edit`)
* `photo_path(:id)` returns `/photos/:id` (for instance, `photo_path(10)` returns `/photos/10`)

Each of these helpers has a corresponding `_url` helper (such as `photos_url`) which returns the same path prefixed with the current host, port, and path prefix.

### Defining Multiple Resources at the Same Time

If you need to create routes for more than one resource, you can save a bit of typing by defining them all with a single call to `resources`:

```ruby
resources :photos, :books, :videos
```

This works exactly the same as:

```ruby
resources :photos
resources :books
resources :videos
```

### Singular Resources

Sometimes, you have a resource that clients always look up without referencing an ID. For example, you would like `/profile` to always show the profile of the currently logged in user. In this case, you can use a singular resource to map `/profile` (rather than `/profile/:id`) to the `show` action:

```ruby
get 'profile', to: 'users#show'
```

Passing a `String` to `to:` will expect a `controller#action` format. When using a `Symbol`, the `to:` option should be replaced with `action:`. When using a `String` without a `#`, the `to:` option should be replaced with `controller:`:

```ruby
get 'profile', action: :show, controller: 'users'
```

This resourceful route:

```ruby
resource :geocoder
resolve('Geocoder') { [:geocoder] }
```

creates six different routes in your application, all mapping to the `Geocoders` controller:

| HTTP Verb | Path           | Controller#Action | Used for                                      |
| --------- | -------------- | ----------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
| GET       | /geocoder/new  | geocoders#new     | return an HTML form for creating the geocoder |
| POST      | /geocoder      | geocoders#create  | create the new geocoder                       |
| GET       | /geocoder      | geocoders#show    | display the one and only geocoder resource    |
| GET       | /geocoder/edit | geocoders#edit    | return an HTML form for editing the geocoder  |
| PATCH/PUT | /geocoder      | geocoders#update  | update the one and only geocoder resource     |
| DELETE    | /geocoder      | geocoders#destroy | delete the geocoder resource                  |

NOTE: Because you might want to use the same controller for a singular route (`/account`) and a plural route (`/accounts/45`), singular resources map to plural controllers. So that, for example, `resource :photo` and `resources :photos` creates both singular and plural routes that map to the same controller (`PhotosController`).

A singular resourceful route generates these helpers:

* `new_geocoder_path` returns `/geocoder/new`
* `edit_geocoder_path` returns `/geocoder/edit`
* `geocoder_path` returns `/geocoder`

As with plural resources, the same helpers ending in `_url` will also include the host, port, and path prefix.

### Controller Namespaces and Routing

You may wish to organize groups of controllers under a namespace. Most commonly, you might group a number of administrative controllers under an `Admin::` namespace. You would place these controllers under the `app/controllers/admin` directory, and you can group them together in your router:

```ruby
namespace :admin do
  resources :articles, :comments
end
```

This will create a number of routes for each of the `articles` and `comments` controller. For `Admin::ArticlesController`, Rails will create:

| HTTP Verb | Path                     | Controller#Action      | Named Route Helper           |
| --------- | ------------------------ | ---------------------- | ---------------------------- |
| GET       | /admin/articles          | admin/articles#index   | admin_articles_path          |
| GET       | /admin/articles/new      | admin/articles#new     | new_admin_article_path       |
| POST      | /admin/articles          | admin/articles#create  | admin_articles_path          |
| GET       | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#show    | admin_article_path(:id)      |
| GET       | /admin/articles/:id/edit | admin/articles#edit    | edit_admin_article_path(:id) |
| PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#update  | admin_article_path(:id)      |
| DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#destroy | admin_article_path(:id)      |

If you want to route `/articles` (without the prefix `/admin`) to `Admin::ArticlesController`, you could use:

```ruby
scope module: 'admin' do
  resources :articles, :comments
end
```

or, for a single case:

```ruby
resources :articles, module: 'admin'
```

If you want to route `/admin/articles` to `ArticlesController` (without the `Admin::` module prefix), you could use:

```ruby
scope '/admin' do
  resources :articles, :comments
end
```

or, for a single case:

```ruby
resources :articles, path: '/admin/articles'
```

In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `ArticlesController`:

| HTTP Verb | Path                     | Controller#Action    | Named Route Helper     |
| --------- | ------------------------ | -------------------- | ---------------------- |
| GET       | /admin/articles          | articles#index       | articles_path          |
| GET       | /admin/articles/new      | articles#new         | new_article_path       |
| POST      | /admin/articles          | articles#create      | articles_path          |
| GET       | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#show        | article_path(:id)      |
| GET       | /admin/articles/:id/edit | articles#edit        | edit_article_path(:id) |
| PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#update      | article_path(:id)      |
| DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#destroy     | article_path(:id)      |

TIP: _If you need to use a different controller namespace inside a `namespace` block you can specify an absolute controller path, e.g: `get '/foo', to: '/foo#index'`._

### Nested Resources

It's common to have resources that are logically children of other resources. For example, suppose your application includes these models:

```ruby
class Magazine < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :ads
end

class Ad < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :magazine
end
```

Nested routes allow you to capture this relationship in your routing. In this case, you could include this route declaration:

```ruby
resources :magazines do
  resources :ads
end
```

In addition to the routes for magazines, this declaration will also route ads to an `AdsController`. The ad URLs require a magazine:

| HTTP Verb | Path                                 | Controller#Action | Used for                                                                   |
| --------- | ------------------------------------ | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads          | ads#index         | display a list of all ads for a specific magazine                          |
| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/new      | ads#new           | return an HTML form for creating a new ad belonging to a specific magazine |
| POST      | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads          | ads#create        | create a new ad belonging to a specific magazine                           |
| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#show          | display a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                     |
| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id/edit | ads#edit          | return an HTML form for editing an ad belonging to a specific magazine     |
| PATCH/PUT | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#update        | update a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
| DELETE    | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#destroy       | delete a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |

This will also create routing helpers such as `magazine_ads_url` and `edit_magazine_ad_path`. These helpers take an instance of Magazine as the first parameter (`magazine_ads_url(@magazine)`).

#### Limits to Nesting

You can nest resources within other nested resources if you like. For example:

```ruby
resources :publishers do
  resources :magazines do
    resources :photos
  end
end
```

Deeply-nested resources quickly become cumbersome. In this case, for example, the application would recognize paths such as:

```
/publishers/1/magazines/2/photos/3
```

The corresponding route helper would be `publisher_magazine_photo_url`, requiring you to specify objects at all three levels. Indeed, this situation is confusing enough that a popular [article](http://weblog.jamisbuck.org/2007/2/5/nesting-resources) by Jamis Buck proposes a rule of thumb for good Rails design:

TIP: _Resources should never be nested more than 1 level deep._

#### Shallow Nesting

One way to avoid deep nesting (as recommended above) is to generate the collection actions scoped under the parent, so as to get a sense of the hierarchy, but to not nest the member actions. In other words, to only build routes with the minimal amount of information to uniquely identify the resource, like this:

```ruby
resources :articles do
  resources :comments, only: [:index, :new, :create]
end
resources :comments, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
```

This idea strikes a balance between descriptive routes and deep nesting. There exists shorthand syntax to achieve just that, via the `:shallow` option:

```ruby
resources :articles do
  resources :comments, shallow: true
end
```

This will generate the exact same routes as the first example. You can also specify the `:shallow` option in the parent resource, in which case all of the nested resources will be shallow:

```ruby
resources :articles, shallow: true do
  resources :comments
  resources :quotes
  resources :drafts
end
```

The `shallow` method of the DSL creates a scope inside of which every nesting is shallow. This generates the same routes as the previous example:

```ruby
shallow do
  resources :articles do
    resources :comments
    resources :quotes
    resources :drafts
  end
end
```

There exist two options for `scope` to customize shallow routes. `:shallow_path` prefixes member paths with the specified parameter:

```ruby
scope shallow_path: "sekret" do
  resources :articles do
    resources :comments, shallow: true
  end
end
```

The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:

| HTTP Verb | Path                                         | Controller#Action | Named Route Helper       |
| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------ |
| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | article_comments_path    |
| POST      | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | article_comments_path    |
| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_article_comment_path |
| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id/edit(.:format)          | comments#edit     | edit_comment_path        |
| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#show     | comment_path             |
| PATCH/PUT | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#update   | comment_path             |
| DELETE    | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#destroy  | comment_path             |

The `:shallow_prefix` option adds the specified parameter to the named route helpers:

```ruby
scope shallow_prefix: "sekret" do
  resources :articles do
    resources :comments, shallow: true
  end
end
```

The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:

| HTTP Verb | Path                                         | Controller#Action | Named Route Helper          |
| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | --------------------------- |
| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | article_comments_path       |
| POST      | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | article_comments_path       |
| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_article_comment_path    |
| GET       | /comments/:id/edit(.:format)                 | comments#edit     | edit_sekret_comment_path    |
| GET       | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#show     | sekret_comment_path         |
| PATCH/PUT | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#update   | sekret_comment_path         |
| DELETE    | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#destroy  | sekret_comment_path         |

### Routing concerns

Routing concerns allow you to declare common routes that can be reused inside other resources and routes. To define a concern:

```ruby
concern :commentable do
  resources :comments
end

concern :image_attachable do
  resources :images, only: :index
end
```

These concerns can be used in resources to avoid code duplication and share behavior across routes:

```ruby
resources :messages, concerns: :commentable

resources :articles, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
```

The above is equivalent to:

```ruby
resources :messages do
  resources :comments
end

resources :articles do
  resources :comments
  resources :images, only: :index
end
```

Also you can use them in any place that you want inside the routes, for example in a `scope` or `namespace` call:

```ruby
namespace :articles do
  concerns :commentable
end
```

### Creating Paths and URLs From Objects

In addition to using the routing helpers, Rails can also create paths and URLs from an array of parameters. For example, suppose you have this set of routes:

```ruby
resources :magazines do
  resources :ads
end
```

When using `magazine_ad_path`, you can pass in instances of `Magazine` and `Ad` instead of the numeric IDs:

```erb
<%= link_to 'Ad details', magazine_ad_path(@magazine, @ad) %>
```

You can also use `url_for` with a set of objects, and Rails will automatically determine which route you want:

```erb
<%= link_to 'Ad details', url_for([@magazine, @ad]) %>
```

In this case, Rails will see that `@magazine` is a `Magazine` and `@ad` is an `Ad` and will therefore use the `magazine_ad_path` helper. In helpers like `link_to`, you can specify just the object in place of the full `url_for` call:

```erb
<%= link_to 'Ad details', [@magazine, @ad] %>
```

If you wanted to link to just a magazine:

```erb
<%= link_to 'Magazine details', @magazine %>
```

For other actions, you just need to insert the action name as the first element of the array:

```erb
<%= link_to 'Edit Ad', [:edit, @magazine, @ad] %>
```

This allows you to treat instances of your models as URLs, and is a key advantage to using the resourceful style.

### Adding More RESTful Actions

You are not limited to the seven routes that RESTful routing creates by default. If you like, you may add additional routes that apply to the collection or individual members of the collection.

#### Adding Member Routes

To add a member route, just add a `member` block into the resource block:

```ruby
resources :photos do
  member do
    get 'preview'
  end
end
```

This will recognize `/photos/1/preview` with GET, and route to the `preview` action of `PhotosController`, with the resource id value passed in `params[:id]`. It will also create the `preview_photo_url` and `preview_photo_path` helpers.

Within the block of member routes, each route name specifies the HTTP verb that
will be recognized. You can use `get`, `patch`, `put`, `post`, or `delete` here
. If you don't have multiple `member` routes, you can also pass `:on` to a
route, eliminating the block:

```ruby
resources :photos do
  get 'preview', on: :member
end
```

You can leave out the `:on` option, this will create the same member route except that the resource id value will be available in `params[:photo_id]` instead of `params[:id]`. Route helpers will also be renamed from `preview_photo_url` and `preview_photo_path` to `photo_preview_url` and `photo_preview_path`.

#### Adding Collection Routes

To add a route to the collection:

```ruby
resources :photos do
  collection do
    get 'search'
  end
end
```

This will enable Rails to recognize paths such as `/photos/search` with GET, and route to the `search` action of `PhotosController`. It will also create the `search_photos_url` and `search_photos_path` route helpers.

Just as with member routes, you can pass `:on` to a route:

```ruby
resources :photos do
  get 'search', on: :collection
end
```

NOTE: If you're defining additional resource routes with a symbol as the first positional argument, be mindful that it is not equivalent to using a string. Symbols infer controller actions while strings infer paths.

#### Adding Routes for Additional New Actions

To add an alternate new action using the `:on` shortcut:

```ruby
resources :comments do
  get 'preview', on: :new
end
```

This will enable Rails to recognize paths such as `/comments/new/preview` with GET, and route to the `preview` action of `CommentsController`. It will also create the `preview_new_comment_url` and `preview_new_comment_path` route helpers.

TIP: If you find yourself adding many extra actions to a resourceful route, it's time to stop and ask yourself whether you're disguising the presence of another resource.

Non-Resourceful Routes
----------------------

In addition to resource routing, Rails has powerful support for routing arbitrary URLs to actions. Here, you don't get groups of routes automatically generated by resourceful routing. Instead, you set up each route separately within your application.

While you should usually use resourceful routing, there are still many places where the simpler routing is more appropriate. There's no need to try to shoehorn every last piece of your application into a resourceful framework if that's not a good fit.

In particular, simple routing makes it very easy to map legacy URLs to new Rails actions.

### Bound Parameters

When you set up a regular route, you supply a series of symbols that Rails maps to parts of an incoming HTTP request. For example, consider this route:

```ruby
get 'photos(/:id)', to: 'photos#display'
```

If an incoming request of `/photos/1` is processed by this route (because it hasn't matched any previous route in the file), then the result will be to invoke the `display` action of the `PhotosController`, and to make the final parameter `"1"` available as `params[:id]`. This route will also route the incoming request of `/photos` to `PhotosController#display`, since `:id` is an optional parameter, denoted by parentheses.

### Dynamic Segments

You can set up as many dynamic segments within a regular route as you like. Any segment will be available to the action as part of `params`. If you set up this route:

```ruby
get 'photos/:id/:user_id', to: 'photos#show'
```

An incoming path of `/photos/1/2` will be dispatched to the `show` action of the `PhotosController`. `params[:id]` will be `"1"`, and `params[:user_id]` will be `"2"`.

TIP: By default, dynamic segments don't accept dots - this is because the dot is used as a separator for formatted routes. If you need to use a dot within a dynamic segment, add a constraint that overrides this – for example, `id: /[^\/]+/` allows anything except a slash.

### Static Segments

You can specify static segments when creating a route by not prepending a colon to a fragment:

```ruby
get 'photos/:id/with_user/:user_id', to: 'photos#show'
```

This route would respond to paths such as `/photos/1/with_user/2`. In this case, `params` would be `{ controller: 'photos', action: 'show', id: '1', user_id: '2' }`.

### The Query String

The `params` will also include any parameters from the query string. For example, with this route:

```ruby
get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show'
```

An incoming path of `/photos/1?user_id=2` will be dispatched to the `show` action of the `Photos` controller. `params` will be `{ controller: 'photos', action: 'show', id: '1', user_id: '2' }`.

### Defining Defaults

You can define defaults in a route by supplying a hash for the `:defaults` option. This even applies to parameters that you do not specify as dynamic segments. For example:

```ruby
get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }
```

Rails would match `photos/12` to the `show` action of `PhotosController`, and set `params[:format]` to `"jpg"`.

You can also use `defaults` in a block format to define the defaults for multiple items:

```ruby
defaults format: :json do
  resources :photos
end
```

NOTE: You cannot override defaults via query parameters - this is for security reasons. The only defaults that can be overridden are dynamic segments via substitution in the URL path.

### Naming Routes

You can specify a name for any route using the `:as` option:

```ruby
get 'exit', to: 'sessions#destroy', as: :logout
```

This will create `logout_path` and `logout_url` as named route helpers in your application. Calling `logout_path` will return `/exit`

You can also use this to override routing methods defined by resources, like this:

```ruby
get ':username', to: 'users#show', as: :user
```

This will define a `user_path` method that will be available in controllers, helpers, and views that will go to a route such as `/bob`. Inside the `show` action of `UsersController`, `params[:username]` will contain the username for the user. Change `:username` in the route definition if you do not want your parameter name to be `:username`.

### HTTP Verb Constraints

In general, you should use the `get`, `post`, `put`, `patch`  and `delete` methods to constrain a route to a particular verb. You can use the `match` method with the `:via` option to match multiple verbs at once:

```ruby
match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: [:get, :post]
```

You can match all verbs to a particular route using `via: :all`:

```ruby
match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: :all
```

NOTE: Routing both `GET` and `POST` requests to a single action has security implications. In general, you should avoid routing all verbs to an action unless you have a good reason to.

NOTE: `GET` in Rails won't check for CSRF token. You should never write to the database from `GET` requests, for more information see the [security guide](security.html#csrf-countermeasures) on CSRF countermeasures.

### Segment Constraints

You can use the `:constraints` option to enforce a format for a dynamic segment:

```ruby
get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }
```

This route would match paths such as `/photos/A12345`, but not `/photos/893`. You can more succinctly express the same route this way:

```ruby
get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/
```

`:constraints` takes regular expressions with the restriction that regexp anchors can't be used. For example, the following route will not work:

```ruby
get '/:id', to: 'articles#show', constraints: { id: /^\d/ }
```

However, note that you don't need to use anchors because all routes are anchored at the start.

For example, the following routes would allow for `articles` with `to_param` values like `1-hello-world` that always begin with a number and `users` with `to_param` values like `david` that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:

```ruby
get '/:id', to: 'articles#show', constraints: { id: /\d.+/ }
get '/:username', to: 'users#show'
```

### Request-Based Constraints

You can also constrain a route based on any method on the [Request object](action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object) that returns a `String`.

You specify a request-based constraint the same way that you specify a segment constraint:

```ruby
get 'photos', to: 'photos#index', constraints: { subdomain: 'admin' }
```

You can also specify constraints in a block form:

```ruby
namespace :admin do
  constraints subdomain: 'admin' do
    resources :photos
  end
end
```

NOTE: Request constraints work by calling a method on the [Request object](action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object) with the same name as the hash key and then compare the return value with the hash value. Therefore, constraint values should match the corresponding Request object method return type. For example: `constraints: { subdomain: 'api' }` will match an `api` subdomain as expected, however using a symbol `constraints: { subdomain: :api }` will not, because `request.subdomain` returns `'api'` as a String.

NOTE: There is an exception for the `format` constraint: while it's a method on the Request object, it's also an implicit optional parameter on every path. Segment constraints take precedence and the `format` constraint is only applied as such when enforced through a hash. For example, `get 'foo', constraints: { format: 'json' }` will match `GET  /foo` because the format is optional by default. However, you can [use a lambda](#advanced-constraints) like in `get 'foo', constraints: lambda { |req| req.format == :json }` and the route will only match explicit JSON requests.

### Advanced Constraints

If you have a more advanced constraint, you can provide an object that responds to `matches?` that Rails should use. Let's say you wanted to route all users on a restricted list to the `RestrictedListController`. You could do:

```ruby
class RestrictedListConstraint
  def initialize
    @ips = RestrictedList.retrieve_ips
  end

  def matches?(request)
    @ips.include?(request.remote_ip)
  end
end

Rails.application.routes.draw do
  get '*path', to: 'restricted_list#index',
    constraints: RestrictedListConstraint.new
end
```

You can also specify constraints as a lambda:

```ruby
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  get '*path', to: 'restricted_list#index',
    constraints: lambda { |request| RestrictedList.retrieve_ips.include?(request.remote_ip) }
end
```

Both the `matches?` method and the lambda gets the `request` object as an argument.

### Route Globbing and Wildcard Segments

Route globbing is a way to specify that a particular parameter should be matched to all the remaining parts of a route. For example:

```ruby
get 'photos/*other', to: 'photos#unknown'
```

This route would match `photos/12` or `/photos/long/path/to/12`, setting `params[:other]` to `"12"` or `"long/path/to/12"`. The fragments prefixed with a star are called "wildcard segments".

Wildcard segments can occur anywhere in a route. For example:

```ruby
get 'books/*section/:title', to: 'books#show'
```

would match `books/some/section/last-words-a-memoir` with `params[:section]` equals `'some/section'`, and `params[:title]` equals `'last-words-a-memoir'`.

Technically, a route can have even more than one wildcard segment. The matcher assigns segments to parameters in an intuitive way. For example:

```ruby
get '*a/foo/*b', to: 'test#index'
```

would match `zoo/woo/foo/bar/baz` with `params[:a]` equals `'zoo/woo'`, and `params[:b]` equals `'bar/baz'`.

NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equal to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this:

```ruby
get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: false
```

NOTE: If you want to make the format segment mandatory, so it cannot be omitted, you can supply `format: true` like this:

```ruby
get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: true
```

### Redirection

You can redirect any path to another path using the `redirect` helper in your router:

```ruby
get '/stories', to: redirect('/articles')
```

You can also reuse dynamic segments from the match in the path to redirect to:

```ruby
get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/articles/%{name}')
```

You can also provide a block to redirect, which receives the symbolized path parameters and the request object:

```ruby
get '/stories/:name', to: redirect { |path_params, req| "/articles/#{path_params[:name].pluralize}" }
get '/stories', to: redirect { |path_params, req| "/articles/#{req.subdomain}" }
```

Please note that default redirection is a 301 "Moved Permanently" redirect. Keep in mind that some web browsers or proxy servers will cache this type of redirect, making the old page inaccessible. You can use the `:status` option to change the response status:

```ruby
get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/articles/%{name}', status: 302)
```

In all of these cases, if you don't provide the leading host (`http://www.example.com`), Rails will take those details from the current request.

### Routing to Rack Applications

Instead of a String like `'articles#index'`, which corresponds to the `index` action in the `ArticlesController`, you can specify any [Rack application](rails_on_rack.html) as the endpoint for a matcher:

```ruby
match '/application.js', to: MyRackApp, via: :all
```

As long as `MyRackApp` responds to `call` and returns a `[status, headers, body]`, the router won't know the difference between the Rack application and an action. This is an appropriate use of `via: :all`, as you will want to allow your Rack application to handle all verbs as it considers appropriate.

NOTE: For the curious, `'articles#index'` actually expands out to `ArticlesController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application.

If you specify a Rack application as the endpoint for a matcher, remember that
the route will be unchanged in the receiving application. With the following
route your Rack application should expect the route to be `/admin`:

```ruby
match '/admin', to: AdminApp, via: :all
```

If you would prefer to have your Rack application receive requests at the root
path instead, use `mount`:

```ruby
mount AdminApp, at: '/admin'
```

### Using `root`

You can specify what Rails should route `'/'` to with the `root` method:

```ruby
root to: 'pages#main'
root 'pages#main' # shortcut for the above
```

You should put the `root` route at the top of the file, because it is the most popular route and should be matched first.

NOTE: The `root` route only routes `GET` requests to the action.

You can also use root inside namespaces and scopes as well. For example:

```ruby
namespace :admin do
  root to: "admin#index"
end

root to: "home#index"
```

### Unicode character routes

You can specify unicode character routes directly. For example:

```ruby
get 'こんにちは', to: 'welcome#index'
```

### Direct routes

You can create custom URL helpers directly. For example:

```ruby
direct :homepage do
  "http://www.rubyonrails.org"
end

# >> homepage_url
# => "http://www.rubyonrails.org"
```

The return value of the block must be a valid argument for the `url_for` method. So, you can pass a valid string URL, Hash, Array, an Active Model instance, or an Active Model class.

```ruby
direct :commentable do |model|
  [ model, anchor: model.dom_id ]
end

direct :main do
  { controller: 'pages', action: 'index', subdomain: 'www' }
end
```

### Using `resolve`

The `resolve` method allows customizing polymorphic mapping of models. For example:

``` ruby
resource :basket

resolve("Basket") { [:basket] }
```

``` erb
<%= form_for @basket do |form| %>
  <!-- basket form -->
<% end %>
```

This will generate the singular URL `/basket` instead of the usual `/baskets/:id`.

Customizing Resourceful Routes
------------------------------

While the default routes and helpers generated by `resources :articles` will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.

### Specifying a Controller to Use

The `:controller` option lets you explicitly specify a controller to use for the resource. For example:

```ruby
resources :photos, controller: 'images'
```

will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` but route to the `Images` controller:

| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Named Route Helper   |
| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- |
| GET       | /photos          | images#index      | photos_path          |
| GET       | /photos/new      | images#new        | new_photo_path       |
| POST      | /photos          | images#create     | photos_path          |
| GET       | /photos/:id      | images#show       | photo_path(:id)      |
| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | images#edit       | edit_photo_path(:id) |
| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | images#update     | photo_path(:id)      |
| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | images#destroy    | photo_path(:id)      |

NOTE: Use `photos_path`, `new_photo_path`, etc. to generate paths for this resource.

For namespaced controllers you can use the directory notation. For example:

```ruby
resources :user_permissions, controller: 'admin/user_permissions'
```

This will route to the `Admin::UserPermissions` controller.

NOTE: Only the directory notation is supported. Specifying the
controller with Ruby constant notation (eg. `controller: 'Admin::UserPermissions'`)
can lead to routing problems and results in
a warning.

### Specifying Constraints

You can use the `:constraints` option to specify a required format on the implicit `id`. For example:

```ruby
resources :photos, constraints: { id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/ }
```

This declaration constrains the `:id` parameter to match the supplied regular expression. So, in this case, the router would no longer match `/photos/1` to this route. Instead, `/photos/RR27` would match.

You can specify a single constraint to apply to a number of routes by using the block form:

```ruby
constraints(id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/) do
  resources :photos
  resources :accounts
end
```

NOTE: Of course, you can use the more advanced constraints available in non-resourceful routes in this context.

TIP: By default the `:id` parameter doesn't accept dots - this is because the dot is used as a separator for formatted routes. If you need to use a dot within an `:id` add a constraint which overrides this - for example `id: /[^\/]+/` allows anything except a slash.

### Overriding the Named Route Helpers

The `:as` option lets you override the normal naming for the named route helpers. For example:

```ruby
resources :photos, as: 'images'
```

will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the `:as` option to name the helpers.

| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Named Route Helper   |
| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- |
| GET       | /photos          | photos#index      | images_path          |
| GET       | /photos/new      | photos#new        | new_image_path       |
| POST      | /photos          | photos#create     | images_path          |
| GET       | /photos/:id      | photos#show       | image_path(:id)      |
| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | photos#edit       | edit_image_path(:id) |
| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | photos#update     | image_path(:id)      |
| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | photos#destroy    | image_path(:id)      |

### Overriding the `new` and `edit` Segments

The `:path_names` option lets you override the automatically-generated `new` and `edit` segments in paths:

```ruby
resources :photos, path_names: { new: 'make', edit: 'change' }
```

This would cause the routing to recognize paths such as:

```
/photos/make
/photos/1/change
```

NOTE: The actual action names aren't changed by this option. The two paths shown would still route to the `new` and `edit` actions.

TIP: If you find yourself wanting to change this option uniformly for all of your routes, you can use a scope.

```ruby
scope path_names: { new: 'make' } do
  # rest of your routes
end
```

### Prefixing the Named Route Helpers

You can use the `:as` option to prefix the named route helpers that Rails generates for a route. Use this option to prevent name collisions between routes using a path scope. For example:

```ruby
scope 'admin' do
  resources :photos, as: 'admin_photos'
end

resources :photos
```

This will provide route helpers such as `admin_photos_path`, `new_admin_photo_path`, etc.

To prefix a group of route helpers, use `:as` with `scope`:

```ruby
scope 'admin', as: 'admin' do
  resources :photos, :accounts
end

resources :photos, :accounts
```

This will generate routes such as `admin_photos_path` and `admin_accounts_path` which map to `/admin/photos` and `/admin/accounts` respectively.

NOTE: The `namespace` scope will automatically add `:as` as well as `:module` and `:path` prefixes.

You can prefix routes with a named parameter also:

```ruby
scope ':username' do
  resources :articles
end
```

This will provide you with URLs such as `/bob/articles/1` and will allow you to reference the `username` part of the path as `params[:username]` in controllers, helpers, and views.

### Restricting the Routes Created

By default, Rails creates routes for the seven default actions (`index`, `show`, `new`, `create`, `edit`, `update`, and `destroy`) for every RESTful route in your application. You can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune this behavior. The `:only` option tells Rails to create only the specified routes:

```ruby
resources :photos, only: [:index, :show]
```

Now, a `GET` request to `/photos` would succeed, but a `POST` request to `/photos` (which would ordinarily be routed to the `create` action) will fail.

The `:except` option specifies a route or list of routes that Rails should _not_ create:

```ruby
resources :photos, except: :destroy
```

In this case, Rails will create all of the normal routes except the route for `destroy` (a `DELETE` request to `/photos/:id`).

TIP: If your application has many RESTful routes, using `:only` and `:except` to generate only the routes that you actually need can cut down on memory use and speed up the routing process.

### Translated Paths

Using `scope`, we can alter path names generated by `resources`:

```ruby
scope(path_names: { new: 'neu', edit: 'bearbeiten' }) do
  resources :categories, path: 'kategorien'
end
```

Rails now creates routes to the `CategoriesController`.

| HTTP Verb | Path                       | Controller#Action  | Named Route Helper      |
| --------- | -------------------------- | ------------------ | ----------------------- |
| GET       | /kategorien                | categories#index   | categories_path         |
| GET       | /kategorien/neu            | categories#new     | new_category_path       |
| POST      | /kategorien                | categories#create  | categories_path         |
| GET       | /kategorien/:id            | categories#show    | category_path(:id)      |
| GET       | /kategorien/:id/bearbeiten | categories#edit    | edit_category_path(:id) |
| PATCH/PUT | /kategorien/:id            | categories#update  | category_path(:id)      |
| DELETE    | /kategorien/:id            | categories#destroy | category_path(:id)      |

### Overriding the Singular Form

If you want to define the singular form of a resource, you should add additional rules to the `Inflector`:

```ruby
ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
  inflect.irregular 'tooth', 'teeth'
end
```

### Using `:as` in Nested Resources

The `:as` option overrides the automatically-generated name for the resource in nested route helpers. For example:

```ruby
resources :magazines do
  resources :ads, as: 'periodical_ads'
end
```

This will create routing helpers such as `magazine_periodical_ads_url` and `edit_magazine_periodical_ad_path`.

### Overriding Named Route Parameters

The `:param` option overrides the default resource identifier `:id` (name of
the [dynamic segment](routing.html#dynamic-segments) used to generate the
routes). You can access that segment from your controller using
`params[<:param>]`.

```ruby
resources :videos, param: :identifier
```

```
    videos GET  /videos(.:format)                  videos#index
           POST /videos(.:format)                  videos#create
 new_video GET  /videos/new(.:format)              videos#new
edit_video GET  /videos/:identifier/edit(.:format) videos#edit
```

```ruby
Video.find_by(identifier: params[:identifier])
```

You can override `ActiveRecord::Base#to_param` of a related model to construct
a URL:

```ruby
class Video < ApplicationRecord
  def to_param
    identifier
  end
end

video = Video.find_by(identifier: "Roman-Holiday")
edit_video_path(video) # => "/videos/Roman-Holiday/edit"
```

Inspecting and Testing Routes
-----------------------------

Rails offers facilities for inspecting and testing your routes.

### Listing Existing Routes

To get a complete list of the available routes in your application, visit `http://localhost:3000/rails/info/routes` in your browser while your server is running in the **development** environment. You can also execute the `rails routes` command in your terminal to produce the same output.

Both methods will list all of your routes, in the same order that they appear in `config/routes.rb`. For each route, you'll see:

* The route name (if any)
* The HTTP verb used (if the route doesn't respond to all verbs)
* The URL pattern to match
* The routing parameters for the route

For example, here's a small section of the `rails routes` output for a RESTful route:

```
    users GET    /users(.:format)          users#index
          POST   /users(.:format)          users#create
 new_user GET    /users/new(.:format)      users#new
edit_user GET    /users/:id/edit(.:format) users#edit
```

You can also use the `--expanded` option to turn on the expanded table formatting mode.

```
$ rails routes --expanded

--[ Route 1 ]----------------------------------------------------
Prefix            | users
Verb              | GET
URI               | /users(.:format)
Controller#Action | users#index
--[ Route 2 ]----------------------------------------------------
Prefix            |
Verb              | POST
URI               | /users(.:format)
Controller#Action | users#create
--[ Route 3 ]----------------------------------------------------
Prefix            | new_user
Verb              | GET
URI               | /users/new(.:format)
Controller#Action | users#new
--[ Route 4 ]----------------------------------------------------
Prefix            | edit_user
Verb              | GET
URI               | /users/:id/edit(.:format)
Controller#Action | users#edit
```

You can search through your routes with the grep option: -g. This outputs any routes that partially match the URL helper method name, the HTTP verb, or the URL path.

```
$ rails routes -g new_comment
$ rails routes -g POST
$ rails routes -g admin
```

If you only want to see the routes that map to a specific controller, there's the -c option.

```
$ rails routes -c users
$ rails routes -c admin/users
$ rails routes -c Comments
$ rails routes -c Articles::CommentsController
```

TIP: You'll find that the output from `rails routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap.

### Testing Routes

Routes should be included in your testing strategy (just like the rest of your application). Rails offers three [built-in assertions](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html) designed to make testing routes simpler:

* `assert_generates`
* `assert_recognizes`
* `assert_routing`

#### The `assert_generates` Assertion

`assert_generates` asserts that a particular set of options generate a particular path and can be used with default routes or custom routes. For example:

```ruby
assert_generates '/photos/1', { controller: 'photos', action: 'show', id: '1' }
assert_generates '/about', controller: 'pages', action: 'about'
```

#### The `assert_recognizes` Assertion

`assert_recognizes` is the inverse of `assert_generates`. It asserts that a given path is recognized and routes it to a particular spot in your application. For example:

```ruby
assert_recognizes({ controller: 'photos', action: 'show', id: '1' }, '/photos/1')
```

You can supply a `:method` argument to specify the HTTP verb:

```ruby
assert_recognizes({ controller: 'photos', action: 'create' }, { path: 'photos', method: :post })
```

#### The `assert_routing` Assertion

The `assert_routing` assertion checks the route both ways: it tests that the path generates the options, and that the options generate the path. Thus, it combines the functions of `assert_generates` and `assert_recognizes`:

```ruby
assert_routing({ path: 'photos', method: :post }, { controller: 'photos', action: 'create' })
```