module Enumerable
  # Calculates a sum from the elements. Examples:
  #
  #  payments.sum { |p| p.price * p.tax_rate }
  #  payments.sum(&:price)
  #
  # The latter is a shortcut for:
  #
  #  payments.inject(0) { |sum, p| sum + p.price }
  #
  # It can also calculate the sum without the use of a block.
  #
  #  [5, 15, 10].sum # => 30
  #  ["foo", "bar"].sum # => "foobar"
  #  [[1, 2], [3, 1, 5]].sum => [1, 2, 3, 1, 5]
  #
  # The default sum of an empty list is zero. You can override this default:
  #
  #  [].sum(Payment.new(0)) { |i| i.amount } # => Payment.new(0)
  #
  def sum(identity = 0, &block)
    if block_given?
      map(&block).sum(identity)
    else
      inject { |sum, element| sum + element } || identity
    end
  end

  # Plucks the value of the passed method for each element and returns the result as an array. Example:
  #
  #   people.pluck(:name) # => [ "David Heinemeier Hansson", "Jamie Heinemeier Hansson" ]
  def pluck(method)
    collect { |element| element.send(method) }
  end

  # Iterates over a collection, passing the current element *and* the
  # +memo+ to the block. Handy for building up hashes or
  # reducing collections down to one object. Examples:
  #
  #   %w(foo bar).each_with_object({}) { |str, hsh| hsh[str] = str.upcase }
  #   # => {'foo' => 'FOO', 'bar' => 'BAR'}
  #
  # *Note* that you can't use immutable objects like numbers, true or false as
  # the memo. You would think the following returns 120, but since the memo is
  # never changed, it does not.
  #
  #   (1..5).each_with_object(1) { |value, memo| memo *= value } # => 1
  #
  def each_with_object(memo)
    return to_enum :each_with_object, memo unless block_given?
    each do |element|
      yield element, memo
    end
    memo
  end unless [].respond_to?(:each_with_object)

  # Convert an enumerable to a hash. Examples:
  #
  #   people.index_by(&:login)
  #     => { "nextangle" => <Person ...>, "chade-" => <Person ...>, ...}
  #   people.index_by { |person| "#{person.first_name} #{person.last_name}" }
  #     => { "Chade- Fowlersburg-e" => <Person ...>, "David Heinemeier Hansson" => <Person ...>, ...}
  #
  def index_by
    return to_enum :index_by unless block_given?
    Hash[map { |elem| [yield(elem), elem] }]
  end

  # Returns true if the enumerable has more than 1 element. Functionally equivalent to enum.to_a.size > 1.
  # Can be called with a block too, much like any?, so <tt>people.many? { |p| p.age > 26 }</tt> returns true if more than one person is over 26.
  def many?
    cnt = 0
    if block_given?
      any? do |element|
        cnt += 1 if yield element
        cnt > 1
      end
    else
      any?{ (cnt += 1) > 1 }
    end
  end

  # The negative of the <tt>Enumerable#include?</tt>. Returns true if the collection does not include the object.
  def exclude?(object)
    !include?(object)
  end
end

class Range #:nodoc:
  # Optimize range sum to use arithmetic progression if a block is not given and
  # we have a range of numeric values.
  def sum(identity = 0)
    return super if block_given? || !(first.instance_of?(Integer) && last.instance_of?(Integer))
    actual_last = exclude_end? ? (last - 1) : last
    (actual_last - first + 1) * (actual_last + first) / 2
  end
end