module ActiveRecord module Validations class UniquenessValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator # :nodoc: def initialize(options) if options[:conditions] && !options[:conditions].respond_to?(:call) raise ArgumentError, "#{options[:conditions]} was passed as :conditions but is not callable. " \ "Pass a callable instead: `conditions: -> { where(approved: true) }`" end super({ case_sensitive: true }.merge!(options)) @klass = options[:class] end def validate_each(record, attribute, value) finder_class = find_finder_class_for(record) table = finder_class.arel_table value = map_enum_attribute(finder_class, attribute, value) relation = build_relation(finder_class, table, attribute, value) if record.persisted? if finder_class.primary_key relation = relation.where.not(finder_class.primary_key => record.id_was || record.id) else raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(finder_class, "Can not validate uniqueness for persisted record without primary key.") end end relation = scope_relation(record, table, relation) relation = relation.merge(options[:conditions]) if options[:conditions] if relation.exists? error_options = options.except(:case_sensitive, :scope, :conditions) error_options[:value] = value record.errors.add(attribute, :taken, error_options) end end protected # The check for an existing value should be run from a class that # isn't abstract. This means working down from the current class # (self), to the first non-abstract class. Since classes don't know # their subclasses, we have to build the hierarchy between self and # the record's class. def find_finder_class_for(record) #:nodoc: class_hierarchy = [record.class] while class_hierarchy.first != @klass class_hierarchy.unshift(class_hierarchy.first.superclass) end class_hierarchy.detect { |klass| !klass.abstract_class? } end def build_relation(klass, table, attribute, value) #:nodoc: if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(attribute) attribute = reflection.foreign_key value = value.attributes[reflection.klass.primary_key] unless value.nil? end # the attribute may be an aliased attribute if klass.attribute_alias?(attribute) attribute = klass.attribute_alias(attribute) end attribute_name = attribute.to_s column = klass.columns_hash[attribute_name] cast_type = klass.type_for_attribute(attribute_name) value = cast_type.serialize(value) value = klass.connection.type_cast(value) comparison = if !options[:case_sensitive] && !value.nil? # will use SQL LOWER function before comparison, unless it detects a case insensitive collation klass.connection.case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value) else klass.connection.case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value) end if value.nil? klass.unscoped.where(comparison) else bind = Relation::QueryAttribute.new(attribute_name, value, Type::Value.new) klass.unscoped.where(comparison, bind) end rescue RangeError klass.none end def scope_relation(record, table, relation) Array(options[:scope]).each do |scope_item| if reflection = record.class._reflect_on_association(scope_item) scope_value = record.send(reflection.foreign_key) scope_item = reflection.foreign_key else scope_value = record._read_attribute(scope_item) end relation = relation.where(scope_item => scope_value) end relation end def map_enum_attribute(klass, attribute, value) mapping = klass.defined_enums[attribute.to_s] value = mapping[value] if value && mapping value end end module ClassMethods # Validates whether the value of the specified attributes are unique # across the system. Useful for making sure that only one user # can be named "davidhh". # # class Person < ActiveRecord::Base # validates_uniqueness_of :user_name # end # # It can also validate whether the value of the specified attributes are # unique based on a :scope parameter: # # class Person < ActiveRecord::Base # validates_uniqueness_of :user_name, scope: :account_id # end # # Or even multiple scope parameters. For example, making sure that a # teacher can only be on the schedule once per semester for a particular # class. # # class TeacherSchedule < ActiveRecord::Base # validates_uniqueness_of :teacher_id, scope: [:semester_id, :class_id] # end # # It is also possible to limit the uniqueness constraint to a set of # records matching certain conditions. In this example archived articles # are not being taken into consideration when validating uniqueness # of the title attribute: # # class Article < ActiveRecord::Base # validates_uniqueness_of :title, conditions: -> { where.not(status: 'archived') } # end # # When the record is created, a check is performed to make sure that no # record exists in the database with the given value for the specified # attribute (that maps to a column). When the record is updated, # the same check is made but disregarding the record itself. # # Configuration options: # # * :message - Specifies a custom error message (default is: # "has already been taken"). # * :scope - One or more columns by which to limit the scope of # the uniqueness constraint. # * :conditions - Specify the conditions to be included as a # WHERE SQL fragment to limit the uniqueness constraint lookup # (e.g. conditions: -> { where(status: 'active') }). # * :case_sensitive - Looks for an exact match. Ignored by # non-text columns (+true+ by default). # * :allow_nil - If set to +true+, skips this validation if the # attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+). # * :allow_blank - If set to +true+, skips this validation if the # attribute is blank (default is +false+). # * :if - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine # if the validation should occur (e.g. if: :allow_validation, # or if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }). The method, # proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+ value. # * :unless - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to # determine if the validation should not occur (e.g. unless: :skip_validation, # or unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }). The # method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+ # value. # # === Concurrency and integrity # # Using this validation method in conjunction with # {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] # does not guarantee the absence of duplicate record insertions, because # uniqueness checks on the application level are inherently prone to race # conditions. For example, suppose that two users try to post a Comment at # the same time, and a Comment's title must be unique. At the database-level, # the actions performed by these users could be interleaved in the following manner: # # User 1 | User 2 # ------------------------------------+-------------------------------------- # # User 1 checks whether there's | # # already a comment with the title | # # 'My Post'. This is not the case. | # SELECT * FROM comments | # WHERE title = 'My Post' | # | # | # User 2 does the same thing and also # | # infers that their title is unique. # | SELECT * FROM comments # | WHERE title = 'My Post' # | # # User 1 inserts their comment. | # INSERT INTO comments | # (title, content) VALUES | # ('My Post', 'hi!') | # | # | # User 2 does the same thing. # | INSERT INTO comments # | (title, content) VALUES # | ('My Post', 'hello!') # | # | # ^^^^^^ # | # Boom! We now have a duplicate # | # title! # # This could even happen if you use transactions with the 'serializable' # isolation level. The best way to work around this problem is to add a unique # index to the database table using # {connection.add_index}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_index]. # In the rare case that a race condition occurs, the database will guarantee # the field's uniqueness. # # When the database catches such a duplicate insertion, # {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] will raise an ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid # exception. You can either choose to let this error propagate (which # will result in the default Rails exception page being shown), or you # can catch it and restart the transaction (e.g. by telling the user # that the title already exists, and asking them to re-enter the title). # This technique is also known as # {optimistic concurrency control}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic_concurrency_control]. # # The bundled ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters distinguish unique index # constraint errors from other types of database errors by throwing an # ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique exception. For other adapters you will # have to parse the (database-specific) exception message to detect such # a case. # # The following bundled adapters throw the ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique exception: # # * ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter. # * ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter. # * ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter. def validates_uniqueness_of(*attr_names) validates_with UniquenessValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names) end end end end