require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
module ActiveRecord
module FinderMethods
# Find operates with four different retrieval approaches:
#
# * Find by id - This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
# If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised.
# * Find first - This will return the first record matched by the options used. These options can either be specific
# conditions or merely an order. If no record can be matched, +nil+ is returned. Use
# Model.find(:first, *args) or its shortcut Model.first(*args).
# * Find last - This will return the last record matched by the options used. These options can either be specific
# conditions or merely an order. If no record can be matched, +nil+ is returned. Use
# Model.find(:last, *args) or its shortcut Model.last(*args).
# * Find all - This will return all the records matched by the options used.
# If no records are found, an empty array is returned. Use
# Model.find(:all, *args) or its shortcut Model.all(*args).
#
# All approaches accept an options hash as their last parameter.
#
# ==== Options
#
# * :conditions - An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1", ["user_name = ?", username],
# or ["user_name = :user_name", { :user_name => user_name }]. See conditions in the intro.
# * :order - An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name".
# * :group - An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
# * :having - Combined with +:group+ this can be used to filter the records that a
# GROUP BY returns. Uses the HAVING SQL-clause.
# * :limit - An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
# * :offset - An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5,
# it would skip rows 0 through 4.
# * :joins - Either an SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id" (rarely needed),
# named associations in the same form used for the :include option, which will perform an
# INNER JOIN on the associated table(s),
# or an array containing a mixture of both strings and named associations.
# If the value is a string, then the records will be returned read-only since they will
# have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns.
# Pass :readonly => false to override.
# * :include - Names associations that should be loaded alongside. The symbols named refer
# to already defined associations. See eager loading under Associations.
# * :select - By default, this is "*" as in "SELECT * FROM", but can be changed if you,
# for example, want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Takes a string with the SELECT SQL fragment (e.g. "id, name").
# * :from - By default, this is the table name of the class, but can be changed
# to an alternate table name (or even the name of a database view).
# * :readonly - Mark the returned records read-only so they cannot be saved or updated.
# * :lock - An SQL fragment like "FOR UPDATE" or "LOCK IN SHARE MODE".
# :lock => true gives connection's default exclusive lock, usually "FOR UPDATE".
#
# ==== Examples
#
# # find by id
# Person.find(1) # returns the object for ID = 1
# Person.find(1, 2, 6) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
# Person.find([7, 17]) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
# Person.find([1]) # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
# Person.where("administrator = 1").order("created_on DESC").find(1)
#
# Note that returned records may not be in the same order as the ids you
# provide since database rows are unordered. Give an explicit :order
# to ensure the results are sorted.
#
# ==== Examples
#
# # find first
# Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
# Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).first
# Person.where(["user_name = :u", { :u => user_name }]).first
# Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).first
#
# # find last
# Person.last # returns the last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
# Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).last
# Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).last
#
# # find all
# Person.all # returns an array of objects for all the rows fetched by SELECT * FROM people
# Person.where(["category IN (?)", categories]).limit(50).all
# Person.where({ :friends => ["Bob", "Steve", "Fred"] }).all
# Person.offset(10).limit(10).all
# Person.includes([:account, :friends]).all
# Person.group("category").all
#
# Example for find with a lock: Imagine two concurrent transactions:
# each will read person.visits == 2, add 1 to it, and save, resulting
# in two saves of person.visits = 3. By locking the row, the second
# transaction has to wait until the first is finished; we get the
# expected person.visits == 4.
#
# Person.transaction do
# person = Person.lock(true).find(1)
# person.visits += 1
# person.save!
# end
def find(*args)
return to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) } if block_given?
options = args.extract_options!
if options.present?
apply_finder_options(options).find(*args)
else
case args.first
when :first, :last, :all
send(args.first)
else
find_with_ids(*args)
end
end
end
# A convenience wrapper for find(:first, *args). You can pass in all the
# same arguments to this method as you can to find(:first).
def first(*args)
if args.any?
if args.first.kind_of?(Integer) || (loaded? && !args.first.kind_of?(Hash))
to_a.first(*args)
else
apply_finder_options(args.first).first
end
else
find_first
end
end
# Same as +first+ but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
# is found. Note that first! accepts no arguments.
def first!
first or raise RecordNotFound
end
# A convenience wrapper for find(:last, *args). You can pass in all the
# same arguments to this method as you can to find(:last).
def last(*args)
if args.any?
if args.first.kind_of?(Integer) || (loaded? && !args.first.kind_of?(Hash))
to_a.last(*args)
else
apply_finder_options(args.first).last
end
else
find_last
end
end
# Same as +last+ but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
# is found. Note that last! accepts no arguments.
def last!
last or raise RecordNotFound
end
# A convenience wrapper for find(:all, *args). You can pass in all the
# same arguments to this method as you can to find(:all).
def all(*args)
args.any? ? apply_finder_options(args.first).to_a : to_a
end
# Returns true if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
# conditions given, or false otherwise. The argument can take five forms:
#
# * Integer - Finds the record with this primary key.
# * String - Finds the record with a primary key corresponding to this
# string (such as '5').
# * Array - Finds the record that matches these +find+-style conditions
# (such as ['color = ?', 'red']).
# * Hash - Finds the record that matches these +find+-style conditions
# (such as {:color => 'red'}).
# * No args - Returns false if the table is empty, true otherwise.
#
# For more information about specifying conditions as a Hash or Array,
# see the Conditions section in the introduction to ActiveRecord::Base.
#
# Note: You can't pass in a condition as a string (like name =
# 'Jamie'), since it would be sanitized and then queried against
# the primary key column, like id = 'name = \'Jamie\''.
#
# ==== Examples
# Person.exists?(5)
# Person.exists?('5')
# Person.exists?(:name => "David")
# Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
# Person.exists?
def exists?(id = nil)
id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Base === id
join_dependency = construct_join_dependency_for_association_find
relation = construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
relation = relation.except(:select).select("1").limit(1)
case id
when Array, Hash
relation = relation.where(id)
else
relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].eq(id)) if id
end
connection.select_value(relation.to_sql) ? true : false
end
protected
def find_with_associations
join_dependency = construct_join_dependency_for_association_find
relation = construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
rows = connection.select_all(relation.to_sql, 'SQL', relation.bind_values)
join_dependency.instantiate(rows)
rescue ThrowResult
[]
end
def construct_join_dependency_for_association_find
including = (@eager_load_values + @includes_values).uniq
ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, [])
end
def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
including = (@eager_load_values + @includes_values).uniq
join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, arel.froms.first)
relation = except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload)
apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
end
def construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
relation = except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select).select(join_dependency.columns)
apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
end
def apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
for association in join_dependency.join_associations
relation = association.join_relation(relation)
end
limitable_reflections = using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections)
if !limitable_reflections && relation.limit_value
limited_id_condition = construct_limited_ids_condition(relation.except(:select))
relation = relation.where(limited_id_condition)
end
relation = relation.except(:limit, :offset) unless limitable_reflections
relation
end
def construct_limited_ids_condition(relation)
orders = relation.order_values
values = @klass.connection.distinct("#{@klass.connection.quote_table_name table_name}.#{primary_key}", orders)
relation = relation.dup
ids_array = relation.select(values).collect {|row| row[primary_key]}
ids_array.empty? ? raise(ThrowResult) : table[primary_key].in(ids_array)
end
def find_by_attributes(match, attributes, *args)
conditions = Hash[attributes.map {|a| [a, args[attributes.index(a)]]}]
result = where(conditions).send(match.finder)
if match.bang? && result.blank?
raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with #{conditions.to_a.collect {|p| p.join(' = ')}.join(', ')}"
else
result
end
end
def find_or_instantiator_by_attributes(match, attributes, *args)
protected_attributes_for_create, unprotected_attributes_for_create = {}, {}
args.each_with_index do |arg, i|
if arg.is_a?(Hash)
protected_attributes_for_create = args[i].with_indifferent_access
else
unprotected_attributes_for_create[attributes[i]] = args[i]
end
end
conditions = (protected_attributes_for_create.merge(unprotected_attributes_for_create)).slice(*attributes).symbolize_keys
record = where(conditions).first
unless record
record = @klass.new do |r|
r.assign_attributes(protected_attributes_for_create)
r.assign_attributes(unprotected_attributes_for_create, :without_protection => true)
end
yield(record) if block_given?
record.save if match.instantiator == :create
end
record
end
def find_with_ids(*ids)
return to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) } if block_given?
expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
return ids.first if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
ids = ids.flatten.compact.uniq
case ids.size
when 0
raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} without an ID"
when 1
result = find_one(ids.first)
expects_array ? [ result ] : result
else
find_some(ids)
end
end
def find_one(id)
id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Base === id
if IdentityMap.enabled? && where_values.blank? &&
limit_value.blank? && order_values.blank? &&
includes_values.blank? && preload_values.blank? &&
readonly_value.nil? && joins_values.blank? &&
!@klass.locking_enabled? &&
record = IdentityMap.get(@klass, id)
return record
end
column = columns_hash[primary_key]
substitute = connection.substitute_at(column, @bind_values.length)
relation = where(table[primary_key].eq(substitute))
relation.bind_values = [[column, id]]
record = relation.first
unless record
conditions = arel.where_sql
conditions = " [#{conditions}]" if conditions
raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with #{primary_key}=#{id}#{conditions}"
end
record
end
def find_some(ids)
result = where(table[primary_key].in(ids)).all
expected_size =
if @limit_value && ids.size > @limit_value
@limit_value
else
ids.size
end
# 11 ids with limit 3, offset 9 should give 2 results.
if @offset_value && (ids.size - @offset_value < expected_size)
expected_size = ids.size - @offset_value
end
if result.size == expected_size
result
else
conditions = arel.where_sql
conditions = " [#{conditions}]" if conditions
error = "Couldn't find all #{@klass.name.pluralize} with IDs "
error << "(#{ids.join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result.size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})"
raise RecordNotFound, error
end
end
def find_first
if loaded?
@records.first
else
@first ||= limit(1).to_a[0]
end
end
def find_last
if loaded?
@records.last
else
@last ||=
if offset_value || limit_value
to_a.last
else
reverse_order.limit(1).to_a[0]
end
end
end
def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
reflections.none? { |r| r.collection? }
end
end
end