require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank' require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try' module ActiveRecord module Calculations # Count operates using three different approaches. # # * Count all: By not passing any parameters to count, it will return a count of all the rows for the model. # * Count using column: By passing a column name to count, it will return a count of all the # rows for the model with supplied column present. # * Count using options will find the row count matched by the options used. # # The third approach, count using options, accepts an option hash as the only parameter. The options are: # # * :conditions: An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ]. # See conditions in the intro to ActiveRecord::Base. # * :joins: Either an SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id" # (rarely needed) or named associations in the same form used for the :include option, which will # perform an INNER JOIN on the associated table(s). If the value is a string, then the records # will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns. # Pass :readonly => false to override. # * :include: Named associations that should be loaded alongside using LEFT OUTER JOINs. # The symbols named refer to already defined associations. When using named associations, count # returns the number of DISTINCT items for the model you're counting. # See eager loading under Associations. # * :order: An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name" (really only used with GROUP BY calculations). # * :group: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause. # * :select: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you, for example, # want to do a join but not include the joined columns. # * :distinct: Set this to true to make this a distinct calculation, such as # SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT posts.id) ... # * :from - By default, this is the table name of the class, but can be changed to an # alternate table name (or even the name of a database view). # # Examples for counting all: # Person.count # returns the total count of all people # # Examples for counting by column: # Person.count(:age) # returns the total count of all people whose age is present in database # # Examples for count with options: # Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26") # # # because of the named association, it finds the DISTINCT count using LEFT OUTER JOIN. # Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26 AND job.salary > 60000", :include => :job) # # # finds the number of rows matching the conditions and joins. # Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26 AND job.salary > 60000", # :joins => "LEFT JOIN jobs on jobs.person_id = person.id") # # Person.count('id', :conditions => "age > 26") # Performs a COUNT(id) # Person.count(:all, :conditions => "age > 26") # Performs a COUNT(*) (:all is an alias for '*') # # Note: Person.count(:all) will not work because it will use :all as the condition. # Use Person.count instead. def count(column_name = nil, options = {}) column_name, options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash) calculate(:count, column_name, options) end # Calculates the average value on a given column. Returns +nil+ if there's # no row. See +calculate+ for examples with options. # # Person.average('age') # => 35.8 def average(column_name, options = {}) calculate(:average, column_name, options) end # Calculates the minimum value on a given column. The value is returned # with the same data type of the column, or +nil+ if there's no row. See # +calculate+ for examples with options. # # Person.minimum('age') # => 7 def minimum(column_name, options = {}) calculate(:minimum, column_name, options) end # Calculates the maximum value on a given column. The value is returned # with the same data type of the column, or +nil+ if there's no row. See # +calculate+ for examples with options. # # Person.maximum('age') # => 93 def maximum(column_name, options = {}) calculate(:maximum, column_name, options) end # Calculates the sum of values on a given column. The value is returned # with the same data type of the column, 0 if there's no row. See # +calculate+ for examples with options. # # Person.sum('age') # => 4562 def sum(*args) if block_given? self.to_a.sum(*args) {|*block_args| yield(*block_args)} else calculate(:sum, *args) end end # This calculates aggregate values in the given column. Methods for count, sum, average, # minimum, and maximum have been added as shortcuts. Options such as :conditions, # :order, :group, :having, and :joins can be passed to customize the query. # # There are two basic forms of output: # * Single aggregate value: The single value is type cast to Fixnum for COUNT, Float # for AVG, and the given column's type for everything else. # * Grouped values: This returns an ordered hash of the values and groups them by the # :group option. It takes either a column name, or the name of a belongs_to association. # # values = Person.maximum(:age, :group => 'last_name') # puts values["Drake"] # => 43 # # drake = Family.find_by_last_name('Drake') # values = Person.maximum(:age, :group => :family) # Person belongs_to :family # puts values[drake] # => 43 # # values.each do |family, max_age| # ... # end # # Options: # * :conditions - An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ]. # See conditions in the intro to ActiveRecord::Base. # * :include: Eager loading, see Associations for details. Since calculations don't load anything, # the purpose of this is to access fields on joined tables in your conditions, order, or group clauses. # * :joins - An SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id". # (Rarely needed). # The records will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the # table's columns. # * :order - An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name" (really only used with GROUP BY calculations). # * :group - An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause. # * :select - By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you for example # want to do a join, but not include the joined columns. # * :distinct - Set this to true to make this a distinct calculation, such as # SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT posts.id) ... # # Examples: # Person.calculate(:count, :all) # The same as Person.count # Person.average(:age) # SELECT AVG(age) FROM people... # Person.minimum(:age, :conditions => ['last_name != ?', 'Drake']) # Selects the minimum age for # # everyone with a last name other than 'Drake' # # # Selects the minimum age for any family without any minors # Person.minimum(:age, :having => 'min(age) > 17', :group => :last_name) # # Person.sum("2 * age") def calculate(operation, column_name, options = {}) if options.except(:distinct).present? apply_finder_options(options.except(:distinct)).calculate(operation, column_name, :distinct => options[:distinct]) else relation = with_default_scope if relation.equal?(self) if eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && references_eager_loaded_tables?) construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name, options) else perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options) end else relation.calculate(operation, column_name, options) end end rescue ThrowResult 0 end # This method is designed to perform select by a single column as direct SQL query # Returns Array with values of the specified column name # The values has same data type as column. # # Examples: # # Person.pluck(:id) # SELECT people.id FROM people # Person.uniq.pluck(:role) # SELECT DISTINCT role FROM people # Person.where(:confirmed => true).limit(5).pluck(:id) # def pluck(column_name) scope = self.select(column_name) self.connection.select_values(scope.to_sql).map! do |value| type_cast_using_column(value, column_for(column_name)) end end private def perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options = {}) operation = operation.to_s.downcase distinct = options[:distinct] if operation == "count" column_name ||= (select_for_count || :all) unless arel.ast.grep(Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).empty? distinct = true end column_name = primary_key if column_name == :all && distinct distinct = nil if column_name =~ /\s*DISTINCT\s+/i end if @group_values.any? execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) else execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) end end def aggregate_column(column_name) if @klass.column_names.include?(column_name.to_s) Arel::Attribute.new(@klass.unscoped.table, column_name) else Arel.sql(column_name == :all ? "*" : column_name.to_s) end end def operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct) operation == 'count' ? column.count(distinct) : column.send(operation) end def execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) #:nodoc: # Postgresql doesn't like ORDER BY when there are no GROUP BY relation = reorder(nil) if operation == "count" && (relation.limit_value || relation.offset_value) # Shortcut when limit is zero. return 0 if relation.limit_value == 0 query_builder = build_count_subquery(relation, column_name, distinct) else column = aggregate_column(column_name) select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct) relation.select_values = [select_value] query_builder = relation.arel end type_cast_calculated_value(@klass.connection.select_value(query_builder), column_for(column_name), operation) end def execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) #:nodoc: group_attr = @group_values association = @klass.reflect_on_association(group_attr.first.to_sym) associated = group_attr.size == 1 && association && association.macro == :belongs_to # only count belongs_to associations group_fields = Array(associated ? association.foreign_key : group_attr) group_aliases = group_fields.map { |field| column_alias_for(field) } group_columns = group_aliases.zip(group_fields).map { |aliaz,field| [aliaz, column_for(field)] } group = @klass.connection.adapter_name == 'FrontBase' ? group_aliases : group_fields if operation == 'count' && column_name == :all aggregate_alias = 'count_all' else aggregate_alias = column_alias_for(operation, column_name) end select_values = [ operation_over_aggregate_column( aggregate_column(column_name), operation, distinct).as(aggregate_alias) ] select_values += @select_values unless @having_values.empty? select_values.concat group_fields.zip(group_aliases).map { |field,aliaz| "#{field} AS #{aliaz}" } relation = except(:group).group(group.join(',')) relation.select_values = select_values calculated_data = @klass.connection.select_all(relation) if association key_ids = calculated_data.collect { |row| row[group_aliases.first] } key_records = association.klass.base_class.find(key_ids) key_records = Hash[key_records.map { |r| [r.id, r] }] end ActiveSupport::OrderedHash[calculated_data.map do |row| key = group_columns.map { |aliaz, column| type_cast_calculated_value(row[aliaz], column) } key = key.first if key.size == 1 key = key_records[key] if associated [key, type_cast_calculated_value(row[aggregate_alias], column_for(column_name), operation)] end] end # Converts the given keys to the value that the database adapter returns as # a usable column name: # # column_alias_for("users.id") # => "users_id" # column_alias_for("sum(id)") # => "sum_id" # column_alias_for("count(distinct users.id)") # => "count_distinct_users_id" # column_alias_for("count(*)") # => "count_all" # column_alias_for("count", "id") # => "count_id" def column_alias_for(*keys) table_name = keys.join(' ') table_name.downcase! table_name.gsub!(/\*/, 'all') table_name.gsub!(/\W+/, ' ') table_name.strip! table_name.gsub!(/ +/, '_') @klass.connection.table_alias_for(table_name) end def column_for(field) field_name = field.to_s.split('.').last @klass.columns.detect { |c| c.name.to_s == field_name } end def type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation = nil) case operation when 'count' then value.to_i when 'sum' then type_cast_using_column(value || '0', column) when 'average' then value.respond_to?(:to_d) ? value.to_d : value else type_cast_using_column(value, column) end end def type_cast_using_column(value, column) column ? column.type_cast(value) : value end def select_for_count if @select_values.present? select = @select_values.join(", ") select if select !~ /(,|\*)/ end end def build_count_subquery(relation, column_name, distinct) column_alias = Arel.sql('count_column') subquery_alias = Arel.sql('subquery_for_count') aliased_column = aggregate_column(column_name == :all ? 1 : column_name).as(column_alias) relation.select_values = [aliased_column] subquery = relation.arel.as(subquery_alias) sm = Arel::SelectManager.new relation.engine select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column_alias, 'count', distinct) sm.project(select_value).from(subquery) end end end