require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors" require 'set' module ActiveRecord # Exception that can be raised to stop migrations from going backwards. class IrreversibleMigration < ActiveRecordError end class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc: def initialize(version) super("Multiple migrations have the version number #{version}") end end class DuplicateMigrationNameError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc: def initialize(name) super("Multiple migrations have the name #{name}") end end class UnknownMigrationVersionError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(version) super("No migration with version number #{version}") end end class IllegalMigrationNameError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc: def initialize(name) super("Illegal name for migration file: #{name}\n\t(only lower case letters, numbers, and '_' allowed)") end end class PendingMigrationError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc: def initialize super("Migrations are pending; run 'rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{Rails.env}' to resolve this issue.") end end # = Active Record Migrations # # Migrations can manage the evolution of a schema used by several physical # databases. It's a solution to the common problem of adding a field to make # a new feature work in your local database, but being unsure of how to # push that change to other developers and to the production server. With # migrations, you can describe the transformations in self-contained classes # that can be checked into version control systems and executed against # another database that might be one, two, or five versions behind. # # Example of a simple migration: # # class AddSsl < ActiveRecord::Migration # def up # add_column :accounts, :ssl_enabled, :boolean, default: true # end # # def down # remove_column :accounts, :ssl_enabled # end # end # # This migration will add a boolean flag to the accounts table and remove it # if you're backing out of the migration. It shows how all migrations have # two methods +up+ and +down+ that describes the transformations # required to implement or remove the migration. These methods can consist # of both the migration specific methods like +add_column+ and +remove_column+, # but may also contain regular Ruby code for generating data needed for the # transformations. # # Example of a more complex migration that also needs to initialize data: # # class AddSystemSettings < ActiveRecord::Migration # def up # create_table :system_settings do |t| # t.string :name # t.string :label # t.text :value # t.string :type # t.integer :position # end # # SystemSetting.create name: 'notice', # label: 'Use notice?', # value: 1 # end # # def down # drop_table :system_settings # end # end # # This migration first adds the +system_settings+ table, then creates the very # first row in it using the Active Record model that relies on the table. It # also uses the more advanced +create_table+ syntax where you can specify a # complete table schema in one block call. # # == Available transformations # # * create_table(name, options): Creates a table called +name+ and # makes the table object available to a block that can then add columns to it, # following the same format as +add_column+. See example above. The options hash # is for fragments like "DEFAULT CHARSET=UTF-8" that are appended to the create # table definition. # * drop_table(name): Drops the table called +name+. # * change_table(name, options): Allows to make column alterations to # the table called +name+. It makes the table object available to a block that # can then add/remove columns, indexes or foreign keys to it. # * rename_table(old_name, new_name): Renames the table called +old_name+ # to +new_name+. # * add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options): Adds a new column # to the table called +table_name+ # named +column_name+ specified to be one of the following types: # :string, :text, :integer, :float, # :decimal, :datetime, :timestamp, :time, # :date, :binary, :boolean. A default value can be # specified by passing an +options+ hash like { default: 11 }. # Other options include :limit and :null (e.g. # { limit: 50, null: false }) -- see # ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition#column for details. # * rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name): Renames # a column but keeps the type and content. # * change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options): Changes # the column to a different type using the same parameters as add_column. # * remove_column(table_name, column_names): Removes the column listed in # +column_names+ from the table called +table_name+. # * add_index(table_name, column_names, options): Adds a new index # with the name of the column. Other options include # :name, :unique (e.g. # { name: 'users_name_index', unique: true }) and :order # (e.g. { order: { name: :desc } }). # * remove_index(table_name, column: column_name): Removes the index # specified by +column_name+. # * remove_index(table_name, name: index_name): Removes the index # specified by +index_name+. # # == Irreversible transformations # # Some transformations are destructive in a manner that cannot be reversed. # Migrations of that kind should raise an ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration # exception in their +down+ method. # # == Running migrations from within Rails # # The Rails package has several tools to help create and apply migrations. # # To generate a new migration, you can use # rails generate migration MyNewMigration # # where MyNewMigration is the name of your migration. The generator will # create an empty migration file timestamp_my_new_migration.rb # in the db/migrate/ directory where timestamp is the # UTC formatted date and time that the migration was generated. # # You may then edit the up and down methods of # MyNewMigration. # # There is a special syntactic shortcut to generate migrations that add fields to a table. # # rails generate migration add_fieldname_to_tablename fieldname:string # # This will generate the file timestamp_add_fieldname_to_tablename, which will look like this: # class AddFieldnameToTablename < ActiveRecord::Migration # def up # add_column :tablenames, :fieldname, :string # end # # def down # remove_column :tablenames, :fieldname # end # end # # To run migrations against the currently configured database, use # rake db:migrate. This will update the database by running all of the # pending migrations, creating the schema_migrations table # (see "About the schema_migrations table" section below) if missing. It will also # invoke the db:schema:dump task, which will update your db/schema.rb file # to match the structure of your database. # # To roll the database back to a previous migration version, use # rake db:migrate VERSION=X where X is the version to which # you wish to downgrade. If any of the migrations throw an # ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration exception, that step will fail and you'll # have some manual work to do. # # == Database support # # Migrations are currently supported in MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, # SQL Server, Sybase, and Oracle (all supported databases except DB2). # # == More examples # # Not all migrations change the schema. Some just fix the data: # # class RemoveEmptyTags < ActiveRecord::Migration # def up # Tag.all.each { |tag| tag.destroy if tag.pages.empty? } # end # # def down # # not much we can do to restore deleted data # raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "Can't recover the deleted tags" # end # end # # Others remove columns when they migrate up instead of down: # # class RemoveUnnecessaryItemAttributes < ActiveRecord::Migration # def up # remove_column :items, :incomplete_items_count # remove_column :items, :completed_items_count # end # # def down # add_column :items, :incomplete_items_count # add_column :items, :completed_items_count # end # end # # And sometimes you need to do something in SQL not abstracted directly by migrations: # # class MakeJoinUnique < ActiveRecord::Migration # def up # execute "ALTER TABLE `pages_linked_pages` ADD UNIQUE `page_id_linked_page_id` (`page_id`,`linked_page_id`)" # end # # def down # execute "ALTER TABLE `pages_linked_pages` DROP INDEX `page_id_linked_page_id`" # end # end # # == Using a model after changing its table # # Sometimes you'll want to add a column in a migration and populate it # immediately after. In that case, you'll need to make a call to # Base#reset_column_information in order to ensure that the model has the # latest column data from after the new column was added. Example: # # class AddPeopleSalary < ActiveRecord::Migration # def up # add_column :people, :salary, :integer # Person.reset_column_information # Person.all.each do |p| # p.update_attribute :salary, SalaryCalculator.compute(p) # end # end # end # # == Controlling verbosity # # By default, migrations will describe the actions they are taking, writing # them to the console as they happen, along with benchmarks describing how # long each step took. # # You can quiet them down by setting ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false. # # You can also insert your own messages and benchmarks by using the +say_with_time+ # method: # # def up # ... # say_with_time "Updating salaries..." do # Person.all.each do |p| # p.update_attribute :salary, SalaryCalculator.compute(p) # end # end # ... # end # # The phrase "Updating salaries..." would then be printed, along with the # benchmark for the block when the block completes. # # == About the schema_migrations table # # Rails versions 2.0 and prior used to create a table called # schema_info when using migrations. This table contained the # version of the schema as of the last applied migration. # # Starting with Rails 2.1, the schema_info table is # (automatically) replaced by the schema_migrations table, which # contains the version numbers of all the migrations applied. # # As a result, it is now possible to add migration files that are numbered # lower than the current schema version: when migrating up, those # never-applied "interleaved" migrations will be automatically applied, and # when migrating down, never-applied "interleaved" migrations will be skipped. # # == Timestamped Migrations # # By default, Rails generates migrations that look like: # # 20080717013526_your_migration_name.rb # # The prefix is a generation timestamp (in UTC). # # If you'd prefer to use numeric prefixes, you can turn timestamped migrations # off by setting: # # config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false # # In application.rb. # # == Reversible Migrations # # Starting with Rails 3.1, you will be able to define reversible migrations. # Reversible migrations are migrations that know how to go +down+ for you. # You simply supply the +up+ logic, and the Migration system will figure out # how to execute the down commands for you. # # To define a reversible migration, define the +change+ method in your # migration like this: # # class TenderloveMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration # def change # create_table(:horses) do |t| # t.column :content, :text # t.column :remind_at, :datetime # end # end # end # # This migration will create the horses table for you on the way up, and # automatically figure out how to drop the table on the way down. # # Some commands like +remove_column+ cannot be reversed. If you care to # define how to move up and down in these cases, you should define the +up+ # and +down+ methods as before. # # If a command cannot be reversed, an # ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration exception will be raised when # the migration is moving down. # # For a list of commands that are reversible, please see # ActiveRecord::Migration::CommandRecorder. # # == Transactional Migrations # # If the database adapter supports DDL transactions, all migrations will # automatically be wrapped in a transaction. There are queries that you # can't execute inside a transaction though, and for these situations # you can turn the automatic transactions off. # # class ChangeEnum < ActiveRecord::Migration # disable_ddl_transaction! # # def up # execute "ALTER TYPE model_size ADD VALUE 'new_value'" # end # end # # Remember that you can still open your own transactions, even if you # are in a Migration with self.disable_ddl_transaction!. class Migration autoload :CommandRecorder, 'active_record/migration/command_recorder' # This class is used to verify that all migrations have been run before # loading a web page if config.active_record.migration_error is set to :page_load class CheckPending def initialize(app) @app = app end def call(env) ActiveRecord::Base.logger.silence do ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending! end @app.call(env) end end class << self attr_accessor :delegate # :nodoc: attr_accessor :disable_ddl_transaction # :nodoc: end def self.check_pending! raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration? end def self.method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc: (delegate || superclass.delegate).send(name, *args, &block) end def self.migrate(direction) new.migrate direction end # Disable DDL transactions for this migration. def self.disable_ddl_transaction! @disable_ddl_transaction = true end def disable_ddl_transaction # :nodoc: self.class.disable_ddl_transaction end cattr_accessor :verbose attr_accessor :name, :version def initialize(name = self.class.name, version = nil) @name = name @version = version @connection = nil end self.verbose = true # instantiate the delegate object after initialize is defined self.delegate = new # Reverses the migration commands for the given block and # the given migrations. # # The following migration will remove the table 'horses' # and create the table 'apples' on the way up, and the reverse # on the way down. # # class FixTLMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration # def change # revert do # create_table(:horses) do |t| # t.text :content # t.datetime :remind_at # end # end # create_table(:apples) do |t| # t.string :variety # end # end # end # # Or equivalently, if +TenderloveMigration+ is defined as in the # documentation for Migration: # # require_relative '2012121212_tenderlove_migration' # # class FixupTLMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration # def change # revert TenderloveMigration # # create_table(:apples) do |t| # t.string :variety # end # end # end # # This command can be nested. def revert(*migration_classes) run(*migration_classes.reverse, revert: true) unless migration_classes.empty? if block_given? if @connection.respond_to? :revert @connection.revert { yield } else recorder = CommandRecorder.new(@connection) @connection = recorder suppress_messages do @connection.revert { yield } end @connection = recorder.delegate recorder.commands.each do |cmd, args, block| send(cmd, *args, &block) end end end end def reverting? @connection.respond_to?(:reverting) && @connection.reverting end class ReversibleBlockHelper < Struct.new(:reverting) # :nodoc: def up yield unless reverting end def down yield if reverting end end # Used to specify an operation that can be run in one direction or another. # Call the methods +up+ and +down+ of the yielded object to run a block # only in one given direction. # The whole block will be called in the right order within the migration. # # In the following example, the looping on users will always be done # when the three columns 'first_name', 'last_name' and 'full_name' exist, # even when migrating down: # # class SplitNameMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration # def change # add_column :users, :first_name, :string # add_column :users, :last_name, :string # # reversible do |dir| # User.reset_column_information # User.all.each do |u| # dir.up { u.first_name, u.last_name = u.full_name.split(' ') } # dir.down { u.full_name = "#{u.first_name} #{u.last_name}" } # u.save # end # end # # revert { add_column :users, :full_name, :string } # end # end def reversible helper = ReversibleBlockHelper.new(reverting?) execute_block{ yield helper } end # Runs the given migration classes. # Last argument can specify options: # - :direction (default is :up) # - :revert (default is false) def run(*migration_classes) opts = migration_classes.extract_options! dir = opts[:direction] || :up dir = (dir == :down ? :up : :down) if opts[:revert] if reverting? # If in revert and going :up, say, we want to execute :down without reverting, so revert { run(*migration_classes, direction: dir, revert: true) } else migration_classes.each do |migration_class| migration_class.new.exec_migration(@connection, dir) end end end def up self.class.delegate = self return unless self.class.respond_to?(:up) self.class.up end def down self.class.delegate = self return unless self.class.respond_to?(:down) self.class.down end # Execute this migration in the named direction def migrate(direction) return unless respond_to?(direction) case direction when :up then announce "migrating" when :down then announce "reverting" end time = nil ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection do |conn| time = Benchmark.measure do exec_migration(conn, direction) end end case direction when :up then announce "migrated (%.4fs)" % time.real; write when :down then announce "reverted (%.4fs)" % time.real; write end end def exec_migration(conn, direction) @connection = conn if respond_to?(:change) if direction == :down revert { change } else change end else send(direction) end ensure @connection = nil end def write(text="") puts(text) if verbose end def announce(message) text = "#{version} #{name}: #{message}" length = [0, 75 - text.length].max write "== %s %s" % [text, "=" * length] end def say(message, subitem=false) write "#{subitem ? " ->" : "--"} #{message}" end def say_with_time(message) say(message) result = nil time = Benchmark.measure { result = yield } say "%.4fs" % time.real, :subitem say("#{result} rows", :subitem) if result.is_a?(Integer) result end def suppress_messages save, self.verbose = verbose, false yield ensure self.verbose = save end def connection @connection || ActiveRecord::Base.connection end def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block) arg_list = arguments.map{ |a| a.inspect } * ', ' say_with_time "#{method}(#{arg_list})" do unless @connection.respond_to? :revert unless arguments.empty? || method == :execute arguments[0] = Migrator.proper_table_name(arguments.first) arguments[1] = Migrator.proper_table_name(arguments.second) if method == :rename_table end end return super unless connection.respond_to?(method) connection.send(method, *arguments, &block) end end def copy(destination, sources, options = {}) copied = [] FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination) unless File.exists?(destination) destination_migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(destination) last = destination_migrations.last sources.each do |scope, path| source_migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(path) source_migrations.each do |migration| source = File.binread(migration.filename) inserted_comment = "# This migration comes from #{scope} (originally #{migration.version})\n" if /\A#.*\b(?:en)?coding:\s*\S+/ =~ source # If we have a magic comment in the original migration, # insert our comment after the first newline(end of the magic comment line) # so the magic keep working. # Note that magic comments must be at the first line(except sh-bang). source[/\n/] = "\n#{inserted_comment}" else source = "#{inserted_comment}#{source}" end if duplicate = destination_migrations.detect { |m| m.name == migration.name } if options[:on_skip] && duplicate.scope != scope.to_s options[:on_skip].call(scope, migration) end next end migration.version = next_migration_number(last ? last.version + 1 : 0).to_i new_path = File.join(destination, "#{migration.version}_#{migration.name.underscore}.#{scope}.rb") old_path, migration.filename = migration.filename, new_path last = migration File.binwrite(migration.filename, source) copied << migration options[:on_copy].call(scope, migration, old_path) if options[:on_copy] destination_migrations << migration end end copied end def next_migration_number(number) if ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations [Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S"), "%.14d" % number].max else "%.3d" % number end end private def execute_block if connection.respond_to? :execute_block super # use normal delegation to record the block else yield end end end # MigrationProxy is used to defer loading of the actual migration classes # until they are needed class MigrationProxy < Struct.new(:name, :version, :filename, :scope) def initialize(name, version, filename, scope) super @migration = nil end def basename File.basename(filename) end delegate :migrate, :announce, :write, :disable_ddl_transaction, to: :migration private def migration @migration ||= load_migration end def load_migration require(File.expand_path(filename)) name.constantize.new end end class Migrator#:nodoc: class << self attr_writer :migrations_paths alias :migrations_path= :migrations_paths= def migrate(migrations_paths, target_version = nil, &block) case when target_version.nil? up(migrations_paths, target_version, &block) when current_version == 0 && target_version == 0 [] when current_version > target_version down(migrations_paths, target_version, &block) else up(migrations_paths, target_version, &block) end end def rollback(migrations_paths, steps=1) move(:down, migrations_paths, steps) end def forward(migrations_paths, steps=1) move(:up, migrations_paths, steps) end def up(migrations_paths, target_version = nil) migrations = migrations(migrations_paths) migrations.select! { |m| yield m } if block_given? self.new(:up, migrations, target_version).migrate end def down(migrations_paths, target_version = nil, &block) migrations = migrations(migrations_paths) migrations.select! { |m| yield m } if block_given? self.new(:down, migrations, target_version).migrate end def run(direction, migrations_paths, target_version) self.new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths), target_version).run end def open(migrations_paths) self.new(:up, migrations(migrations_paths), nil) end def schema_migrations_table_name SchemaMigration.table_name end def get_all_versions SchemaMigration.all.map { |x| x.version.to_i }.sort end def current_version sm_table = schema_migrations_table_name if Base.connection.table_exists?(sm_table) get_all_versions.max || 0 else 0 end end def needs_migration? current_version < last_version end def last_version migrations(migrations_paths).last.try(:version)||0 end def proper_table_name(name) # Use the Active Record objects own table_name, or pre/suffix from ActiveRecord::Base if name is a symbol/string if name.respond_to? :table_name name.table_name else "#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix}#{name}#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix}" end end def migrations_paths @migrations_paths ||= ['db/migrate'] # just to not break things if someone uses: migration_path = some_string Array(@migrations_paths) end def migrations_path migrations_paths.first end def migrations(paths) paths = Array(paths) files = Dir[*paths.map { |p| "#{p}/**/[0-9]*_*.rb" }] migrations = files.map do |file| version, name, scope = file.scan(/([0-9]+)_([_a-z0-9]*)\.?([_a-z0-9]*)?\.rb\z/).first raise IllegalMigrationNameError.new(file) unless version version = version.to_i name = name.camelize MigrationProxy.new(name, version, file, scope) end migrations.sort_by(&:version) end private def move(direction, migrations_paths, steps) migrator = self.new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths)) start_index = migrator.migrations.index(migrator.current_migration) if start_index finish = migrator.migrations[start_index + steps] version = finish ? finish.version : 0 send(direction, migrations_paths, version) end end end def initialize(direction, migrations, target_version = nil) raise StandardError.new("This database does not yet support migrations") unless Base.connection.supports_migrations? @direction = direction @target_version = target_version @migrated_versions = nil if Array(migrations).grep(String).empty? @migrations = migrations else ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "instantiate this class with a list of migrations" @migrations = self.class.migrations(migrations) end validate(@migrations) ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table end def current_version migrated.max || 0 end def current_migration migrations.detect { |m| m.version == current_version } end alias :current :current_migration def run migration = migrations.detect { |m| m.version == @target_version } raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version) if migration.nil? unless (up? && migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i)) || (down? && !migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i)) begin execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, @direction) rescue => e canceled_msg = use_transaction?(migration) ? ", this migration was canceled" : "" raise StandardError, "An error has occurred#{canceled_msg}:\n\n#{e}", e.backtrace end end end def migrate if !target && @target_version && @target_version > 0 raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version) end running = runnable if block_given? message = "block argument to migrate is deprecated, please filter migrations before constructing the migrator" ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message running.select! { |m| yield m } end running.each do |migration| Base.logger.info "Migrating to #{migration.name} (#{migration.version})" if Base.logger begin execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, @direction) rescue => e canceled_msg = use_transaction?(migration) ? "this and " : "" raise StandardError, "An error has occurred, #{canceled_msg}all later migrations canceled:\n\n#{e}", e.backtrace end end end def runnable runnable = migrations[start..finish] if up? runnable.reject { |m| ran?(m) } else # skip the last migration if we're headed down, but not ALL the way down runnable.pop if target runnable.find_all { |m| ran?(m) } end end def migrations down? ? @migrations.reverse : @migrations.sort_by(&:version) end def pending_migrations already_migrated = migrated migrations.reject { |m| already_migrated.include?(m.version) } end def migrated @migrated_versions ||= Set.new(self.class.get_all_versions) end private def ran?(migration) migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i) end def execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, direction) ddl_transaction(migration) do migration.migrate(direction) record_version_state_after_migrating(migration.version) end end def target migrations.detect { |m| m.version == @target_version } end def finish migrations.index(target) || migrations.size - 1 end def start up? ? 0 : (migrations.index(current) || 0) end def validate(migrations) name ,= migrations.group_by(&:name).find { |_,v| v.length > 1 } raise DuplicateMigrationNameError.new(name) if name version ,= migrations.group_by(&:version).find { |_,v| v.length > 1 } raise DuplicateMigrationVersionError.new(version) if version end def record_version_state_after_migrating(version) if down? migrated.delete(version) ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.where(:version => version.to_s).delete_all else migrated << version ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => version.to_s) end end def up? @direction == :up end def down? @direction == :down end # Wrap the migration in a transaction only if supported by the adapter. def ddl_transaction(migration) if use_transaction?(migration) Base.transaction { yield } else yield end end def use_transaction?(migration) !migration.disable_ddl_transaction && Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions? end end end