require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap' require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable' require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation' require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank' require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions' require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method' require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute' require 'active_record/associations/class_methods/join_dependency' module ActiveRecord class InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(reflection, associated_class = nil) super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})") end end class HasManyThroughAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection) super("Could not find the association #{reflection.options[:through].inspect} in model #{owner_class_name}") end end class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicSourceError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, source_reflection) super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' on the polymorphic object '#{source_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}'.") end end class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection) super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.") end end class HasManyThroughAssociationPointlessSourceTypeError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, source_reflection) super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' with a :source_type option if the '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' is not polymorphic. Try removing :source_type on your association.") end end class HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughCollection < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, through_reflection) super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' where the :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{through_reflection.name}' is a collection. Specify a has_one or belongs_to association in the :through option instead.") end end class HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(reflection) through_reflection = reflection.through_reflection source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names source_associations = reflection.through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.collect { |a| a.name.inspect } super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect{ |a| a.inspect }.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => '. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?") end end class HasManyThroughSourceAssociationMacroError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(reflection) through_reflection = reflection.through_reflection source_reflection = reflection.source_reflection super("Invalid source reflection macro :#{source_reflection.macro}#{" :through" if source_reflection.options[:through]} for has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}. Use :source to specify the source reflection.") end end class HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(owner, reflection) super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because the source reflection class '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name}' is associated to '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}' via :#{reflection.source_reflection.macro}.") end end class HasManyThroughCantAssociateNewRecords < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(owner, reflection) super("Cannot associate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to create the has_many :through record associating them.") end end class HasManyThroughCantDissociateNewRecords < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(owner, reflection) super("Cannot dissociate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to delete the has_many :through record associating them.") end end class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationWithPrimaryKeyError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(reflection) super("Primary key is not allowed in a has_and_belongs_to_many join table (#{reflection.options[:join_table]}).") end end class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(reflection) super("Cannot create self referential has_and_belongs_to_many association on '#{reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.name rescue nil}'. :association_foreign_key cannot be the same as the :foreign_key.") end end class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(reflection) super("Can not eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}") end end class ReadOnlyAssociation < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(reflection) super("Can not add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.") end end # This error is raised when trying to destroy a parent instance in N:1 or 1:1 associations # (has_many, has_one) when there is at least 1 child associated instance. # ex: if @project.tasks.size > 0, DeleteRestrictionError will be raised when trying to destroy @project class DeleteRestrictionError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc: def initialize(reflection) super("Cannot delete record because of dependent #{reflection.name}") end end # See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods for documentation. module Associations # :nodoc: extend ActiveSupport::Concern # These classes will be loaded when associations are created. # So there is no need to eager load them. autoload :AssociationCollection, 'active_record/associations/association_collection' autoload :SingularAssociation, 'active_record/associations/singular_association' autoload :AssociationProxy, 'active_record/associations/association_proxy' autoload :ThroughAssociation, 'active_record/associations/through_association' autoload :BelongsToAssociation, 'active_record/associations/belongs_to_association' autoload :BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation, 'active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association' autoload :HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation, 'active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association' autoload :HasManyAssociation, 'active_record/associations/has_many_association' autoload :HasManyThroughAssociation, 'active_record/associations/has_many_through_association' autoload :HasOneAssociation, 'active_record/associations/has_one_association' autoload :HasOneThroughAssociation, 'active_record/associations/has_one_through_association' # Clears out the association cache. def clear_association_cache #:nodoc: @association_cache.clear if persisted? end # :nodoc: attr_reader :association_cache protected # Returns the proxy for the given association name, instantiating it if it doesn't # already exist def association_proxy(name) association = association_instance_get(name) if association.nil? reflection = self.class.reflect_on_association(name) association = reflection.proxy_class.new(self, reflection) association_instance_set(name, association) end association end private # Returns the specified association instance if it responds to :loaded?, nil otherwise. def association_instance_get(name) if @association_cache.key? name association = @association_cache[name] association if association.respond_to?(:loaded?) end end # Set the specified association instance. def association_instance_set(name, association) @association_cache[name] = association end # Associations are a set of macro-like class methods for tying objects together through # foreign keys. They express relationships like "Project has one Project Manager" # or "Project belongs to a Portfolio". Each macro adds a number of methods to the # class which are specialized according to the collection or association symbol and the # options hash. It works much the same way as Ruby's own attr* # methods. # # class Project < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :portfolio # has_one :project_manager # has_many :milestones # has_and_belongs_to_many :categories # end # # The project class now has the following methods (and more) to ease the traversal and # manipulation of its relationships: # * Project#portfolio, Project#portfolio=(portfolio), Project#portfolio.nil? # * Project#project_manager, Project#project_manager=(project_manager), Project#project_manager.nil?, # * Project#milestones.empty?, Project#milestones.size, Project#milestones, Project#milestones<<(milestone), # Project#milestones.delete(milestone), Project#milestones.find(milestone_id), Project#milestones.find(:all, options), # Project#milestones.build, Project#milestones.create # * Project#categories.empty?, Project#categories.size, Project#categories, Project#categories<<(category1), # Project#categories.delete(category1) # # === A word of warning # # Don't create associations that have the same name as instance methods of # ActiveRecord::Base. Since the association adds a method with that name to # its model, it will override the inherited method and break things. # For instance, +attributes+ and +connection+ would be bad choices for association names. # # == Auto-generated methods # # === Singular associations (one-to-one) # | | belongs_to | # generated methods | belongs_to | :polymorphic | has_one # ----------------------------------+------------+--------------+--------- # other | X | X | X # other=(other) | X | X | X # build_other(attributes={}) | X | | X # create_other(attributes={}) | X | | X # create_other!(attributes={}) | X | | X # # ===Collection associations (one-to-many / many-to-many) # | | | has_many # generated methods | habtm | has_many | :through # ----------------------------------+-------+----------+---------- # others | X | X | X # others=(other,other,...) | X | X | X # other_ids | X | X | X # other_ids=(id,id,...) | X | X | X # others<< | X | X | X # others.push | X | X | X # others.concat | X | X | X # others.build(attributes={}) | X | X | X # others.create(attributes={}) | X | X | X # others.create!(attributes={}) | X | X | X # others.size | X | X | X # others.length | X | X | X # others.count | X | X | X # others.sum(args*,&block) | X | X | X # others.empty? | X | X | X # others.clear | X | X | X # others.delete(other,other,...) | X | X | X # others.delete_all | X | X | X # others.destroy_all | X | X | X # others.find(*args) | X | X | X # others.exists? | X | X | X # others.uniq | X | X | X # others.reset | X | X | X # # == Cardinality and associations # # Active Record associations can be used to describe one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many # relationships between models. Each model uses an association to describe its role in # the relation. The +belongs_to+ association is always used in the model that has # the foreign key. # # === One-to-one # # Use +has_one+ in the base, and +belongs_to+ in the associated model. # # class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base # has_one :office # end # class Office < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :employee # foreign key - employee_id # end # # === One-to-many # # Use +has_many+ in the base, and +belongs_to+ in the associated model. # # class Manager < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :employees # end # class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :manager # foreign key - manager_id # end # # === Many-to-many # # There are two ways to build a many-to-many relationship. # # The first way uses a +has_many+ association with the :through option and a join model, so # there are two stages of associations. # # class Assignment < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :programmer # foreign key - programmer_id # belongs_to :project # foreign key - project_id # end # class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :assignments # has_many :projects, :through => :assignments # end # class Project < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :assignments # has_many :programmers, :through => :assignments # end # # For the second way, use +has_and_belongs_to_many+ in both models. This requires a join table # that has no corresponding model or primary key. # # class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base # has_and_belongs_to_many :projects # foreign keys in the join table # end # class Project < ActiveRecord::Base # has_and_belongs_to_many :programmers # foreign keys in the join table # end # # Choosing which way to build a many-to-many relationship is not always simple. # If you need to work with the relationship model as its own entity, # use has_many :through. Use +has_and_belongs_to_many+ when working with legacy schemas or when # you never work directly with the relationship itself. # # == Is it a +belongs_to+ or +has_one+ association? # # Both express a 1-1 relationship. The difference is mostly where to place the foreign # key, which goes on the table for the class declaring the +belongs_to+ relationship. # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # # I reference an account. # belongs_to :account # end # # class Account < ActiveRecord::Base # # One user references me. # has_one :user # end # # The tables for these classes could look something like: # # CREATE TABLE users ( # id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, # account_id int(11) default NULL, # name varchar default NULL, # PRIMARY KEY (id) # ) # # CREATE TABLE accounts ( # id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, # name varchar default NULL, # PRIMARY KEY (id) # ) # # == Unsaved objects and associations # # You can manipulate objects and associations before they are saved to the database, but # there is some special behavior you should be aware of, mostly involving the saving of # associated objects. # # You can set the :autosave option on a has_one, belongs_to, # has_many, or has_and_belongs_to_many association. Setting it # to +true+ will _always_ save the members, whereas setting it to +false+ will # _never_ save the members. More details about :autosave option is available at # autosave_association.rb . # # === One-to-one associations # # * Assigning an object to a +has_one+ association automatically saves that object and # the object being replaced (if there is one), in order to update their foreign # keys - except if the parent object is unsaved (new_record? == true). # * If either of these saves fail (due to one of the objects being invalid), an # ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved exception is raised and the assignment is # cancelled. # * If you wish to assign an object to a +has_one+ association without saving it, # use the build_association method (documented below). The object being # replaced will still be saved to update its foreign key. # * Assigning an object to a +belongs_to+ association does not save the object, since # the foreign key field belongs on the parent. It does not save the parent either. # # === Collections # # * Adding an object to a collection (+has_many+ or +has_and_belongs_to_many+) automatically # saves that object, except if the parent object (the owner of the collection) is not yet # stored in the database. # * If saving any of the objects being added to a collection (via push or similar) # fails, then push returns +false+. # * If saving fails while replacing the collection (via association=), an # ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved exception is raised and the assignment is # cancelled. # * You can add an object to a collection without automatically saving it by using the # collection.build method (documented below). # * All unsaved (new_record? == true) members of the collection are automatically # saved when the parent is saved. # # === Association callbacks # # Similar to the normal callbacks that hook into the life cycle of an Active Record object, # you can also define callbacks that get triggered when you add an object to or remove an # object from an association collection. # # class Project # has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, :after_add => :evaluate_velocity # # def evaluate_velocity(developer) # ... # end # end # # It's possible to stack callbacks by passing them as an array. Example: # # class Project # has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, # :after_add => [:evaluate_velocity, Proc.new { |p, d| p.shipping_date = Time.now}] # end # # Possible callbacks are: +before_add+, +after_add+, +before_remove+ and +after_remove+. # # Should any of the +before_add+ callbacks throw an exception, the object does not get # added to the collection. Same with the +before_remove+ callbacks; if an exception is # thrown the object doesn't get removed. # # === Association extensions # # The proxy objects that control the access to associations can be extended through anonymous # modules. This is especially beneficial for adding new finders, creators, and other # factory-type methods that are only used as part of this association. # # class Account < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :people do # def find_or_create_by_name(name) # first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2) # find_or_create_by_first_name_and_last_name(first_name, last_name) # end # end # end # # person = Account.find(:first).people.find_or_create_by_name("David Heinemeier Hansson") # person.first_name # => "David" # person.last_name # => "Heinemeier Hansson" # # If you need to share the same extensions between many associations, you can use a named # extension module. # # module FindOrCreateByNameExtension # def find_or_create_by_name(name) # first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2) # find_or_create_by_first_name_and_last_name(first_name, last_name) # end # end # # class Account < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :people, :extend => FindOrCreateByNameExtension # end # # class Company < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :people, :extend => FindOrCreateByNameExtension # end # # If you need to use multiple named extension modules, you can specify an array of modules # with the :extend option. # In the case of name conflicts between methods in the modules, methods in modules later # in the array supercede those earlier in the array. # # class Account < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :people, :extend => [FindOrCreateByNameExtension, FindRecentExtension] # end # # Some extensions can only be made to work with knowledge of the association proxy's internals. # Extensions can access relevant state using accessors on the association proxy: # # * +proxy_owner+ - Returns the object the association is part of. # * +proxy_reflection+ - Returns the reflection object that describes the association. # * +proxy_target+ - Returns the associated object for +belongs_to+ and +has_one+, or # the collection of associated objects for +has_many+ and +has_and_belongs_to_many+. # # === Association Join Models # # Has Many associations can be configured with the :through option to use an # explicit join model to retrieve the data. This operates similarly to a # +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association. The advantage is that you're able to add validations, # callbacks, and extra attributes on the join model. Consider the following schema: # # class Author < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :authorships # has_many :books, :through => :authorships # end # # class Authorship < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :author # belongs_to :book # end # # @author = Author.find :first # @author.authorships.collect { |a| a.book } # selects all books that the author's authorships belong to # @author.books # selects all books by using the Authorship join model # # You can also go through a +has_many+ association on the join model: # # class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :clients # has_many :invoices, :through => :clients # end # # class Client < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :firm # has_many :invoices # end # # class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :client # end # # @firm = Firm.find :first # @firm.clients.collect { |c| c.invoices }.flatten # select all invoices for all clients of the firm # @firm.invoices # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model # # Similarly you can go through a +has_one+ association on the join model: # # class Group < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :users # has_many :avatars, :through => :users # end # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :group # has_one :avatar # end # # class Avatar < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :user # end # # @group = Group.first # @group.users.collect { |u| u.avatar }.flatten # select all avatars for all users in the group # @group.avatars # selects all avatars by going through the User join model. # # An important caveat with going through +has_one+ or +has_many+ associations on the # join model is that these associations are *read-only*. For example, the following # would not work following the previous example: # # @group.avatars << Avatar.new # this would work if User belonged_to Avatar rather than the other way around # @group.avatars.delete(@group.avatars.last) # so would this # # === Polymorphic Associations # # Polymorphic associations on models are not restricted on what types of models they # can be associated with. Rather, they specify an interface that a +has_many+ association # must adhere to. # # class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true # end # # class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :assets, :as => :attachable # The :as option specifies the polymorphic interface to use. # end # # @asset.attachable = @post # # This works by using a type column in addition to a foreign key to specify the associated # record. In the Asset example, you'd need an +attachable_id+ integer column and an # +attachable_type+ string column. # # Using polymorphic associations in combination with single table inheritance (STI) is # a little tricky. In order for the associations to work as expected, ensure that you # store the base model for the STI models in the type column of the polymorphic # association. To continue with the asset example above, suppose there are guest posts # and member posts that use the posts table for STI. In this case, there must be a +type+ # column in the posts table. # # class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true # # def attachable_type=(sType) # super(sType.to_s.classify.constantize.base_class.to_s) # end # end # # class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # # because we store "Post" in attachable_type now :dependent => :destroy will work # has_many :assets, :as => :attachable, :dependent => :destroy # end # # class GuestPost < Post # end # # class MemberPost < Post # end # # == Caching # # All of the methods are built on a simple caching principle that will keep the result # of the last query around unless specifically instructed not to. The cache is even # shared across methods to make it even cheaper to use the macro-added methods without # worrying too much about performance at the first go. # # project.milestones # fetches milestones from the database # project.milestones.size # uses the milestone cache # project.milestones.empty? # uses the milestone cache # project.milestones(true).size # fetches milestones from the database # project.milestones # uses the milestone cache # # == Eager loading of associations # # Eager loading is a way to find objects of a certain class and a number of named associations. # This is one of the easiest ways of to prevent the dreaded 1+N problem in which fetching 100 # posts that each need to display their author triggers 101 database queries. Through the # use of eager loading, the 101 queries can be reduced to 2. # # class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :author # has_many :comments # end # # Consider the following loop using the class above: # # for post in Post.all # puts "Post: " + post.title # puts "Written by: " + post.author.name # puts "Last comment on: " + post.comments.first.created_on # end # # To iterate over these one hundred posts, we'll generate 201 database queries. Let's # first just optimize it for retrieving the author: # # for post in Post.find(:all, :include => :author) # # This references the name of the +belongs_to+ association that also used the :author # symbol. After loading the posts, find will collect the +author_id+ from each one and load # all the referenced authors with one query. Doing so will cut down the number of queries # from 201 to 102. # # We can improve upon the situation further by referencing both associations in the finder with: # # for post in Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ]) # # This will load all comments with a single query. This reduces the total number of queries # to 3. More generally the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations # named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic +belongs_to+ - see below). # # To include a deep hierarchy of associations, use a hash: # # for post in Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, { :comments => { :author => :gravatar } } ]) # # That'll grab not only all the comments but all their authors and gravatar pictures. # You can mix and match symbols, arrays and hashes in any combination to describe the # associations you want to load. # # All of this power shouldn't fool you into thinking that you can pull out huge amounts # of data with no performance penalty just because you've reduced the number of queries. # The database still needs to send all the data to Active Record and it still needs to # be processed. So it's no catch-all for performance problems, but it's a great way to # cut down on the number of queries in a situation as the one described above. # # Since only one table is loaded at a time, conditions or orders cannot reference tables # other than the main one. If this is the case Active Record falls back to the previously # used LEFT OUTER JOIN based strategy. For example # # Post.includes([:author, :comments]).where(['comments.approved = ?', true]).all # # This will result in a single SQL query with joins along the lines of: # LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id and # LEFT OUTER JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id. Note that using conditions # like this can have unintended consequences. # In the above example posts with no approved comments are not returned at all, because # the conditions apply to the SQL statement as a whole and not just to the association. # You must disambiguate column references for this fallback to happen, for example # :order => "author.name DESC" will work but :order => "name DESC" will not. # # If you do want eager load only some members of an association it is usually more natural # to :include an association which has conditions defined on it: # # class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :approved_comments, :class_name => 'Comment', :conditions => ['approved = ?', true] # end # # Post.find(:all, :include => :approved_comments) # # This will load posts and eager load the +approved_comments+ association, which contains # only those comments that have been approved. # # If you eager load an association with a specified :limit option, it will be ignored, # returning all the associated objects: # # class Picture < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :most_recent_comments, :class_name => 'Comment', :order => 'id DESC', :limit => 10 # end # # Picture.find(:first, :include => :most_recent_comments).most_recent_comments # => returns all associated comments. # # When eager loaded, conditions are interpolated in the context of the model class, not # the model instance. Conditions are lazily interpolated before the actual model exists. # # Eager loading is supported with polymorphic associations. # # class Address < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :addressable, :polymorphic => true # end # # A call that tries to eager load the addressable model # # Address.find(:all, :include => :addressable) # # This will execute one query to load the addresses and load the addressables with one # query per addressable type. # For example if all the addressables are either of class Person or Company then a total # of 3 queries will be executed. The list of addressable types to load is determined on # the back of the addresses loaded. This is not supported if Active Record has to fallback # to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError. # The reason is that the parent model's type is a column value so its corresponding table # name cannot be put in the +FROM+/+JOIN+ clauses of that query. # # == Table Aliasing # # Active Record uses table aliasing in the case that a table is referenced multiple times # in a join. If a table is referenced only once, the standard table name is used. The # second time, the table is aliased as #{reflection_name}_#{parent_table_name}. # Indexes are appended for any more successive uses of the table name. # # Post.find :all, :joins => :comments # # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ... # Post.find :all, :joins => :special_comments # STI # # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ... AND comments.type = 'SpecialComment' # Post.find :all, :joins => [:comments, :special_comments] # special_comments is the reflection name, posts is the parent table name # # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ... INNER JOIN comments special_comments_posts # # Acts as tree example: # # TreeMixin.find :all, :joins => :children # # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ... # TreeMixin.find :all, :joins => {:children => :parent} # # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ... # INNER JOIN parents_mixins ... # TreeMixin.find :all, :joins => {:children => {:parent => :children}} # # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ... # INNER JOIN parents_mixins ... # INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins_2 # # Has and Belongs to Many join tables use the same idea, but add a _join suffix: # # Post.find :all, :joins => :categories # # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ... # Post.find :all, :joins => {:categories => :posts} # # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ... # INNER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join INNER JOIN posts posts_categories # Post.find :all, :joins => {:categories => {:posts => :categories}} # # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ... # INNER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join INNER JOIN posts posts_categories # INNER JOIN categories_posts categories_posts_join INNER JOIN categories categories_posts_2 # # If you wish to specify your own custom joins using a :joins option, those table # names will take precedence over the eager associations: # # Post.find :all, :joins => :comments, :joins => "inner join comments ..." # # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments_posts ON ... INNER JOIN comments ... # Post.find :all, :joins => [:comments, :special_comments], :joins => "inner join comments ..." # # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments comments_posts ON ... # INNER JOIN comments special_comments_posts ... # INNER JOIN comments ... # # Table aliases are automatically truncated according to the maximum length of table identifiers # according to the specific database. # # == Modules # # By default, associations will look for objects within the current module scope. Consider: # # module MyApplication # module Business # class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :clients # end # # class Client < ActiveRecord::Base; end # end # end # # When Firm#clients is called, it will in turn call # MyApplication::Business::Client.find_all_by_firm_id(firm.id). # If you want to associate with a class in another module scope, this can be done by # specifying the complete class name. # # module MyApplication # module Business # class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base; end # end # # module Billing # class Account < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :firm, :class_name => "MyApplication::Business::Firm" # end # end # end # # == Bi-directional associations # # When you specify an association there is usually an association on the associated model # that specifies the same relationship in reverse. For example, with the following models: # # class Dungeon < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :traps # has_one :evil_wizard # end # # class Trap < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :dungeon # end # # class EvilWizard < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :dungeon # end # # The +traps+ association on +Dungeon+ and the the +dungeon+ association on +Trap+ are # the inverse of each other and the inverse of the +dungeon+ association on +EvilWizard+ # is the +evil_wizard+ association on +Dungeon+ (and vice-versa). By default, # Active Record doesn't know anything about these inverse relationships and so no object # loading optimisation is possible. For example: # # d = Dungeon.first # t = d.traps.first # d.level == t.dungeon.level # => true # d.level = 10 # d.level == t.dungeon.level # => false # # The +Dungeon+ instances +d+ and t.dungeon in the above example refer to # the same object data from the database, but are actually different in-memory copies # of that data. Specifying the :inverse_of option on associations lets you tell # Active Record about inverse relationships and it will optimise object loading. For # example, if we changed our model definitions to: # # class Dungeon < ActiveRecord::Base # has_many :traps, :inverse_of => :dungeon # has_one :evil_wizard, :inverse_of => :dungeon # end # # class Trap < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :dungeon, :inverse_of => :traps # end # # class EvilWizard < ActiveRecord::Base # belongs_to :dungeon, :inverse_of => :evil_wizard # end # # Then, from our code snippet above, +d+ and t.dungeon are actually the same # in-memory instance and our final d.level == t.dungeon.level will return +true+. # # There are limitations to :inverse_of support: # # * does not work with :through associations. # * does not work with :polymorphic associations. # * for +belongs_to+ associations +has_many+ inverse associations are ignored. # # == Deleting from associations # # === Dependent associations # # +has_many+, +has_one+ and +belongs_to+ associations support the :dependent option. # This allows you to specify that associated records should be deleted when the owner is # deleted. # # For example: # # class Author # has_many :posts, :dependent => :destroy # end # Author.find(1).destroy # => Will destroy all of the author's posts, too # # The :dependent option can have different values which specify how the deletion # is done. For more information, see the documentation for this option on the different # specific association types. # # === Delete or destroy? # # +has_many+ and +has_and_belongs_to_many+ associations have the methods destroy, # delete, destroy_all and delete_all. # # For +has_and_belongs_to_many+, delete and destroy are the same: they # cause the records in the join table to be removed. # # For +has_many+, destroy will always call the destroy method of the # record(s) being removed so that callbacks are run. However delete will either # do the deletion according to the strategy specified by the :dependent option, or # if no :dependent option is given, then it will follow the default strategy. # The default strategy is :nullify (set the foreign keys to nil), except for # +has_many+ :through, where the default strategy is delete_all (delete # the join records, without running their callbacks). # # There is also a clear method which is the same as delete_all, except that # it returns the association rather than the records which have been deleted. # # === What gets deleted? # # There is a potential pitfall here: +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+ :through # associations have records in join tables, as well as the associated records. So when we # call one of these deletion methods, what exactly should be deleted? # # The answer is that it is assumed that deletion on an association is about removing the # link between the owner and the associated object(s), rather than necessarily the # associated objects themselves. So with +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+ # :through, the join records will be deleted, but the associated records won't. # # This makes sense if you think about it: if you were to call post.tags.delete(Tag.find_by_name('food')) # you would want the 'food' tag to be unlinked from the post, rather than for the tag itself # to be removed from the database. # # However, there are examples where this strategy doesn't make sense. For example, suppose # a person has many projects, and each project has many tasks. If we deleted one of a person's # tasks, we would probably not want the project to be deleted. In this scenario, the delete method # won't actually work: it can only be used if the association on the join model is a # +belongs_to+. In other situations you are expected to perform operations directly on # either the associated records or the :through association. # # With a regular +has_many+ there is no distinction between the "associated records" # and the "link", so there is only one choice for what gets deleted. # # With +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+ :through, if you want to delete the # associated records themselves, you can always do something along the lines of # person.tasks.each(&:destroy). # # == Type safety with ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch # # If you attempt to assign an object to an association that doesn't match the inferred # or specified :class_name, you'll get an ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch. # # == Options # # All of the association macros can be specialized through options. This makes cases # more complex than the simple and guessable ones possible. module ClassMethods # Specifies a one-to-many association. The following methods for retrieval and query of # collections of associated objects will be added: # # [collection(force_reload = false)] # Returns an array of all the associated objects. # An empty array is returned if none are found. # [collection<<(object, ...)] # Adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the collection's primary key. # Note that this operation instantly fires update sql without waiting for the save or update call on the # parent object. # [collection.delete(object, ...)] # Removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to +NULL+. # Objects will be in addition destroyed if they're associated with :dependent => :destroy, # and deleted if they're associated with :dependent => :delete_all. # # If the :through option is used, then the join records are deleted (rather than # nullified) by default, but you can specify :dependent => :destroy or # :dependent => :nullify to override this. # [collection=objects] # Replaces the collections content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate. If the :through # option is true callbacks in the join models are triggered except destroy callbacks, since deletion is # direct. # [collection_singular_ids] # Returns an array of the associated objects' ids # [collection_singular_ids=ids] # Replace the collection with the objects identified by the primary keys in +ids+. This # method loads the models and calls collection=. See above. # [collection.clear] # Removes every object from the collection. This destroys the associated objects if they # are associated with :dependent => :destroy, deletes them directly from the # database if :dependent => :delete_all, otherwise sets their foreign keys to +NULL+. # If the :through option is true no destroy callbacks are invoked on the join models. # Join models are directly deleted. # [collection.empty?] # Returns +true+ if there are no associated objects. # [collection.size] # Returns the number of associated objects. # [collection.find(...)] # Finds an associated object according to the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.find. # [collection.exists?(...)] # Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists. # Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.exists?. # [collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)] # Returns one or more new objects of the collection type that have been instantiated # with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but have not yet # been saved. # [collection.create(attributes = {})] # Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated # with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that has already # been saved (if it passed the validation). *Note*: This only works if the base model # already exists in the DB, not if it is a new (unsaved) record! # # (*Note*: +collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so # has_many :clients would add among others clients.empty?.) # # === Example # # Example: A Firm class declares has_many :clients, which will add: # * Firm#clients (similar to Clients.find :all, :conditions => ["firm_id = ?", id]) # * Firm#clients<< # * Firm#clients.delete # * Firm#clients= # * Firm#client_ids # * Firm#client_ids= # * Firm#clients.clear # * Firm#clients.empty? (similar to firm.clients.size == 0) # * Firm#clients.size (similar to Client.count "firm_id = #{id}") # * Firm#clients.find (similar to Client.find(id, :conditions => "firm_id = #{id}")) # * Firm#clients.exists?(:name => 'ACME') (similar to Client.exists?(:name => 'ACME', :firm_id => firm.id)) # * Firm#clients.build (similar to Client.new("firm_id" => id)) # * Firm#clients.create (similar to c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save; c) # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association. # # === Options # [:class_name] # Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred # from the association name. So has_many :products will by default be linked # to the Product class, but if the real class name is SpecialProduct, you'll have to # specify it with this option. # [:conditions] # Specify the conditions that the associated objects must meet in order to be included as a +WHERE+ # SQL fragment, such as price > 5 AND name LIKE 'B%'. Record creations from # the association are scoped if a hash is used. # has_many :posts, :conditions => {:published => true} will create published # posts with @blog.posts.create or @blog.posts.build. # [:order] # Specify the order in which the associated objects are returned as an ORDER BY SQL fragment, # such as last_name, first_name DESC. # [:foreign_key] # Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name # of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_many+ # association will use "person_id" as the default :foreign_key. # [:primary_key] # Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+. # [:dependent] # If set to :destroy all the associated objects are destroyed # alongside this object by calling their +destroy+ method. If set to :delete_all all associated # objects are deleted *without* calling their +destroy+ method. If set to :nullify all associated # objects' foreign keys are set to +NULL+ *without* calling their +save+ callbacks. If set to # :restrict this object cannot be deleted if it has any associated object. # # If using with the :through option, the association on the join model must be # a +belongs_to+, and the records which get deleted are the join records, rather than # the associated records. # # [:finder_sql] # Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the association. This is a good way to go for complex # associations that depend on multiple tables. Note: When this option is used, +find_in_collection+ # is _not_ added. # [:counter_sql] # Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the size of the association. If :finder_sql is # specified but not :counter_sql, :counter_sql will be generated by # replacing SELECT ... FROM with SELECT COUNT(*) FROM. # [:extend] # Specify a named module for extending the proxy. See "Association extensions". # [:include] # Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when the collection is loaded. # [:group] # An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause. # [:having] # Combined with +:group+ this can be used to filter the records that a GROUP BY # returns. Uses the HAVING SQL-clause. # [:limit] # An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned. # [:offset] # An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, # it would skip the first 4 rows. # [:select] # By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if # you, for example, want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget # to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error. # [:as] # Specifies a polymorphic interface (See belongs_to). # [:through] # Specifies a join model through which to perform the query. Options for :class_name # and :foreign_key are ignored, as the association uses the source reflection. You # can only use a :through query through a belongs_to, has_one # or has_many association on the join model. The collection of join models # can be managed via the collection API. For example, new join models are created for # newly associated objects, and if some are gone their rows are deleted (directly, # no destroy callbacks are triggered). # [:source] # Specifies the source association name used by has_many :through queries. # Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association. # has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions will look for either :subscribers or # :subscriber on Subscription, unless a :source is given. # [:source_type] # Specifies type of the source association used by has_many :through queries where the source # association is a polymorphic +belongs_to+. # [:uniq] # If true, duplicates will be omitted from the collection. Useful in conjunction with :through. # [:readonly] # If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association. # [:validate] # If +false+, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. true by default. # [:autosave] # If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction, # when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated objects. # By default, only save associated objects that are new records. # [:inverse_of] # Specifies the name of the belongs_to association on the associated object # that is the inverse of this has_many association. Does not work in combination # with :through or :as options. # See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail. # # Option examples: # has_many :comments, :order => "posted_on" # has_many :comments, :include => :author # has_many :people, :class_name => "Person", :conditions => "deleted = 0", :order => "name" # has_many :tracks, :order => "position", :dependent => :destroy # has_many :comments, :dependent => :nullify # has_many :tags, :as => :taggable # has_many :reports, :readonly => true # has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions, :source => :user # has_many :subscribers, :class_name => "Person", :finder_sql => # 'SELECT DISTINCT people.* ' + # 'FROM people p, post_subscriptions ps ' + # 'WHERE ps.post_id = #{id} AND ps.person_id = p.id ' + # 'ORDER BY p.first_name' def has_many(association_id, options = {}, &extension) reflection = create_has_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension) configure_dependency_for_has_many(reflection) add_association_callbacks(reflection.name, reflection.options) collection_accessor_methods(reflection) end # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used # if the other class contains the foreign key. If the current class contains the foreign key, # then you should use +belongs_to+ instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview # on when to use has_one and when to use belongs_to. # # The following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object will be added: # # [association(force_reload = false)] # Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found. # [association=(associate)] # Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, sets it as the foreign key, # and saves the associate object. # [build_association(attributes = {})] # Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated # with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not # yet been saved. # [create_association(attributes = {})] # Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated # with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that # has already been saved (if it passed the validation). # [create_association!(attributes = {})] # Does the same as create_association, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid # if the record is invalid. # # (+association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so # has_one :manager would add among others manager.nil?.) # # === Example # # An Account class declares has_one :beneficiary, which will add: # * Account#beneficiary (similar to Beneficiary.find(:first, :conditions => "account_id = #{id}")) # * Account#beneficiary=(beneficiary) (similar to beneficiary.account_id = account.id; beneficiary.save) # * Account#build_beneficiary (similar to Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id)) # * Account#create_beneficiary (similar to b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save; b) # * Account#create_beneficiary! (similar to b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save!; b) # # === Options # # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association. # # Options are: # [:class_name] # Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred # from the association name. So has_one :manager will by default be linked to the Manager class, but # if the real class name is Person, you'll have to specify it with this option. # [:conditions] # Specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a +WHERE+ # SQL fragment, such as rank = 5. Record creation from the association is scoped if a hash # is used. has_one :account, :conditions => {:enabled => true} will create # an enabled account with @company.create_account or @company.build_account. # [:order] # Specify the order in which the associated objects are returned as an ORDER BY SQL fragment, # such as last_name, first_name DESC. # [:dependent] # If set to :destroy, the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to # :delete, the associated object is deleted *without* calling its destroy method. # If set to :nullify, the associated object's foreign key is set to +NULL+. # Also, association is assigned. # [:foreign_key] # Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name # of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_one+ association # will use "person_id" as the default :foreign_key. # [:primary_key] # Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+. # [:include] # Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when this object is loaded. # [:as] # Specifies a polymorphic interface (See belongs_to). # [:select] # By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if, for example, # you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the # primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error. # [:through] # Specifies a Join Model through which to perform the query. Options for :class_name # and :foreign_key are ignored, as the association uses the source reflection. You # can only use a :through query through a has_one or belongs_to # association on the join model. # [:source] # Specifies the source association name used by has_one :through queries. # Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association. # has_one :favorite, :through => :favorites will look for a # :favorite on Favorite, unless a :source is given. # [:source_type] # Specifies type of the source association used by has_one :through queries where the source # association is a polymorphic +belongs_to+. # [:readonly] # If true, the associated object is readonly through the association. # [:validate] # If +false+, don't validate the associated object when saving the parent object. +false+ by default. # [:autosave] # If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction, # when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated object. # By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record. # [:inverse_of] # Specifies the name of the belongs_to association on the associated object # that is the inverse of this has_one association. Does not work in combination # with :through or :as options. # See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail. # # Option examples: # has_one :credit_card, :dependent => :destroy # destroys the associated credit card # has_one :credit_card, :dependent => :nullify # updates the associated records foreign # # key value to NULL rather than destroying it # has_one :last_comment, :class_name => "Comment", :order => "posted_on" # has_one :project_manager, :class_name => "Person", :conditions => "role = 'project_manager'" # has_one :attachment, :as => :attachable # has_one :boss, :readonly => :true # has_one :club, :through => :membership # has_one :primary_address, :through => :addressables, :conditions => ["addressable.primary = ?", true], :source => :addressable def has_one(association_id, options = {}) if options[:through] reflection = create_has_one_through_reflection(association_id, options) else reflection = create_has_one_reflection(association_id, options) association_constructor_methods(reflection) configure_dependency_for_has_one(reflection) end association_accessor_methods(reflection) end # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used # if this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key, # then you should use +has_one+ instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview # on when to use +has_one+ and when to use +belongs_to+. # # Methods will be added for retrieval and query for a single associated object, for which # this object holds an id: # # [association(force_reload = false)] # Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found. # [association=(associate)] # Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, and sets it as the foreign key. # [build_association(attributes = {})] # Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated # with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not yet been saved. # [create_association(attributes = {})] # Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated # with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that # has already been saved (if it passed the validation). # [create_association!(attributes = {})] # Does the same as create_association, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid # if the record is invalid. # # (+association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so # belongs_to :author would add among others author.nil?.) # # === Example # # A Post class declares belongs_to :author, which will add: # * Post#author (similar to Author.find(author_id)) # * Post#author=(author) (similar to post.author_id = author.id) # * Post#build_author (similar to post.author = Author.new) # * Post#create_author (similar to post.author = Author.new; post.author.save; post.author) # * Post#create_author! (similar to post.author = Author.new; post.author.save!; post.author) # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association. # # === Options # # [:class_name] # Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred # from the association name. So has_one :author will by default be linked to the Author class, but # if the real class name is Person, you'll have to specify it with this option. # [:conditions] # Specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a +WHERE+ # SQL fragment, such as authorized = 1. # [:select] # By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed # if, for example, you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not # forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error. # [:foreign_key] # Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name # of the association with an "_id" suffix. So a class that defines a belongs_to :person # association will use "person_id" as the default :foreign_key. Similarly, # belongs_to :favorite_person, :class_name => "Person" will use a foreign key # of "favorite_person_id". # [:foreign_type] # Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic # association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the association with a "_type" # suffix. So a class that defines a belongs_to :taggable, :polymorphic => true # association will use "taggable_type" as the default :foreign_type. # [:primary_key] # Specify the method that returns the primary key of associated object used for the association. # By default this is id. # [:dependent] # If set to :destroy, the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to # :delete, the associated object is deleted *without* calling its destroy method. # This option should not be specified when belongs_to is used in conjunction with # a has_many relationship on another class because of the potential to leave # orphaned records behind. # [:counter_cache] # Caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through the use of +increment_counter+ # and +decrement_counter+. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this # class is created and decremented when it's destroyed. This requires that a column # named #{table_name}_count (such as +comments_count+ for a belonging Comment class) # is used on the associate class (such as a Post class). You can also specify a custom counter # cache column by providing a column name instead of a +true+/+false+ value to this # option (e.g., :counter_cache => :my_custom_counter.) # Note: Specifying a counter cache will add it to that model's list of readonly attributes # using +attr_readonly+. # [:include] # Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when this object is loaded. # [:polymorphic] # Specify this association is a polymorphic association by passing +true+. # Note: If you've enabled the counter cache, then you may want to add the counter cache attribute # to the +attr_readonly+ list in the associated classes (e.g. class Post; attr_readonly :comments_count; end). # [:readonly] # If true, the associated object is readonly through the association. # [:validate] # If +false+, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +false+ by default. # [:autosave] # If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction, when # saving the parent object. # If false, never save or destroy the associated object. # By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record. # [:touch] # If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to now) # when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute # will be updated with the current time instead of the updated_at/on attribute. # [:inverse_of] # Specifies the name of the has_one or has_many association on the associated # object that is the inverse of this belongs_to association. Does not work in # combination with the :polymorphic options. # See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail. # # Option examples: # belongs_to :firm, :foreign_key => "client_of" # belongs_to :person, :primary_key => "name", :foreign_key => "person_name" # belongs_to :author, :class_name => "Person", :foreign_key => "author_id" # belongs_to :valid_coupon, :class_name => "Coupon", :foreign_key => "coupon_id", # :conditions => 'discounts > #{payments_count}' # belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true # belongs_to :project, :readonly => true # belongs_to :post, :counter_cache => true # belongs_to :company, :touch => true # belongs_to :company, :touch => :employees_last_updated_at def belongs_to(association_id, options = {}) reflection = create_belongs_to_reflection(association_id, options) association_accessor_methods(reflection) unless reflection.options[:polymorphic] association_constructor_methods(reflection) end add_counter_cache_callbacks(reflection) if options[:counter_cache] add_touch_callbacks(reflection, options[:touch]) if options[:touch] configure_dependency_for_belongs_to(reflection) end # Specifies a many-to-many relationship with another class. This associates two classes via an # intermediate join table. Unless the join table is explicitly specified as an option, it is # guessed using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between Developer and Project # will give the default join table name of "developers_projects" because "D" outranks "P". # Note that this precedence is calculated using the < operator for String. This # means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared # up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher # lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers" # to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes", # but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers". Be aware of this caveat, and use the # custom :join_table option if you need to. # # The join table should not have a primary key or a model associated with it. You must manually generate the # join table with a migration such as this: # # class CreateDevelopersProjectsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration # def self.up # create_table :developers_projects, :id => false do |t| # t.integer :developer_id # t.integer :project_id # end # end # # def self.down # drop_table :developers_projects # end # end # # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query: # # [collection(force_reload = false)] # Returns an array of all the associated objects. # An empty array is returned if none are found. # [collection<<(object, ...)] # Adds one or more objects to the collection by creating associations in the join table # (collection.push and collection.concat are aliases to this method). # Note that this operation instantly fires update sql without waiting for the save or update call on the # parent object. # [collection.delete(object, ...)] # Removes one or more objects from the collection by removing their associations from the join table. # This does not destroy the objects. # [collection=objects] # Replaces the collection's content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate. # [collection_singular_ids] # Returns an array of the associated objects' ids. # [collection_singular_ids=ids] # Replace the collection by the objects identified by the primary keys in +ids+. # [collection.clear] # Removes every object from the collection. This does not destroy the objects. # [collection.empty?] # Returns +true+ if there are no associated objects. # [collection.size] # Returns the number of associated objects. # [collection.find(id)] # Finds an associated object responding to the +id+ and that # meets the condition that it has to be associated with this object. # Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.find. # [collection.exists?(...)] # Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists. # Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.exists?. # [collection.build(attributes = {})] # Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated # with +attributes+ and linked to this object through the join table, but has not yet been saved. # [collection.create(attributes = {})] # Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated # with +attributes+, linked to this object through the join table, and that has already been # saved (if it passed the validation). # # (+collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so # has_and_belongs_to_many :categories would add among others categories.empty?.) # # === Example # # A Developer class declares has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, which will add: # * Developer#projects # * Developer#projects<< # * Developer#projects.delete # * Developer#projects= # * Developer#project_ids # * Developer#project_ids= # * Developer#projects.clear # * Developer#projects.empty? # * Developer#projects.size # * Developer#projects.find(id) # * Developer#projects.exists?(...) # * Developer#projects.build (similar to Project.new("project_id" => id)) # * Developer#projects.create (similar to c = Project.new("project_id" => id); c.save; c) # The declaration may include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association. # # === Options # # [:class_name] # Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred # from the association name. So has_and_belongs_to_many :projects will by default be linked to the # Project class, but if the real class name is SuperProject, you'll have to specify it with this option. # [:join_table] # Specify the name of the join table if the default based on lexical order isn't what you want. # WARNING: If you're overwriting the table name of either class, the +table_name+ method # MUST be declared underneath any +has_and_belongs_to_many+ declaration in order to work. # [:foreign_key] # Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name # of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes # a +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association to Project will use "person_id" as the # default :foreign_key. # [:association_foreign_key] # Specify the foreign key used for the association on the receiving side of the association. # By default this is guessed to be the name of the associated class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. # So if a Person class makes a +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association to Project, # the association will use "project_id" as the default :association_foreign_key. # [:conditions] # Specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a +WHERE+ # SQL fragment, such as authorized = 1. Record creations from the association are # scoped if a hash is used. # has_many :posts, :conditions => {:published => true} will create published posts with @blog.posts.create # or @blog.posts.build. # [:order] # Specify the order in which the associated objects are returned as an ORDER BY SQL fragment, # such as last_name, first_name DESC # [:uniq] # If true, duplicate associated objects will be ignored by accessors and query methods. # [:finder_sql] # Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to fetch the association with a manual statement # [:counter_sql] # Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the size of the association. If :finder_sql is # specified but not :counter_sql, :counter_sql will be generated by # replacing SELECT ... FROM with SELECT COUNT(*) FROM. # [:delete_sql] # Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to remove links between the associated # classes with a manual statement. # [:insert_sql] # Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to add links between the associated classes # with a manual statement. # [:extend] # Anonymous module for extending the proxy, see "Association extensions". # [:include] # Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when the collection is loaded. # [:group] # An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause. # [:having] # Combined with +:group+ this can be used to filter the records that a GROUP BY returns. # Uses the HAVING SQL-clause. # [:limit] # An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned. # [:offset] # An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, # it would skip the first 4 rows. # [:select] # By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if, for example, # you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary # and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error. # [:readonly] # If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association. # [:validate] # If +false+, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +true+ by default. # [:autosave] # If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction, when # saving the parent object. # If false, never save or destroy the associated objects. # By default, only save associated objects that are new records. # # Option examples: # has_and_belongs_to_many :projects # has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :include => [ :milestones, :manager ] # has_and_belongs_to_many :nations, :class_name => "Country" # has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :join_table => "prods_cats" # has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :readonly => true # has_and_belongs_to_many :active_projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :delete_sql => # 'DELETE FROM developers_projects WHERE active=1 AND developer_id = #{id} AND project_id = #{record.id}' def has_and_belongs_to_many(association_id, options = {}, &extension) reflection = create_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension) collection_accessor_methods(reflection) # Don't use a before_destroy callback since users' before_destroy # callbacks will be executed after the association is wiped out. include Module.new { class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def destroy # def destroy super # super #{reflection.name}.clear # posts.clear end # end RUBY } add_association_callbacks(reflection.name, options) end private # Generates a join table name from two provided table names. # The names in the join table names end up in lexicographic order. # # join_table_name("members", "clubs") # => "clubs_members" # join_table_name("members", "special_clubs") # => "members_special_clubs" def join_table_name(first_table_name, second_table_name) if first_table_name < second_table_name join_table = "#{first_table_name}_#{second_table_name}" else join_table = "#{second_table_name}_#{first_table_name}" end table_name_prefix + join_table + table_name_suffix end def association_accessor_methods(reflection) redefine_method(reflection.name) do |*params| force_reload = params.first unless params.empty? association = association_proxy(reflection.name) if force_reload reflection.klass.uncached { association.reload } elsif !association.loaded? || association.stale_target? association.reload end association.target.nil? ? nil : association end redefine_method("#{reflection.name}=") do |record| association_proxy(reflection.name).replace(record) end end def collection_reader_method(reflection) redefine_method(reflection.name) do |*params| force_reload = params.first unless params.empty? association = association_proxy(reflection.name) if force_reload reflection.klass.uncached { association.reload } elsif association.stale_target? association.reload end association end redefine_method("#{reflection.name.to_s.singularize}_ids") do if send(reflection.name).loaded? || reflection.options[:finder_sql] send(reflection.name).map { |r| r.id } else send(reflection.name).select("#{reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{reflection.klass.primary_key}").except(:includes).map! { |r| r.id } end end end def collection_accessor_methods(reflection, writer = true) collection_reader_method(reflection) if writer redefine_method("#{reflection.name}=") do |new_value| association_proxy(reflection.name).replace(new_value) end redefine_method("#{reflection.name.to_s.singularize}_ids=") do |new_value| pk_column = reflection.primary_key_column ids = (new_value || []).reject { |nid| nid.blank? } ids.map!{ |i| pk_column.type_cast(i) } send("#{reflection.name}=", reflection.klass.find(ids).index_by{ |r| r.id }.values_at(*ids)) end end end def association_constructor_methods(reflection) constructors = { "build_#{reflection.name}" => "build", "create_#{reflection.name}" => "create", "create_#{reflection.name}!" => "create!" } constructors.each do |name, proxy_name| redefine_method(name) do |*params| attributes = params.first unless params.empty? association_proxy(reflection.name).send(proxy_name, attributes) end end end def add_counter_cache_callbacks(reflection) cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column method_name = "belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create_for_#{reflection.name}".to_sym define_method(method_name) do association = send(reflection.name) association.class.increment_counter(cache_column, association.id) unless association.nil? end after_create(method_name) method_name = "belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy_for_#{reflection.name}".to_sym define_method(method_name) do association = send(reflection.name) association.class.decrement_counter(cache_column, association.id) unless association.nil? end before_destroy(method_name) module_eval( "#{reflection.class_name}.send(:attr_readonly,\"#{cache_column}\".intern) if defined?(#{reflection.class_name}) && #{reflection.class_name}.respond_to?(:attr_readonly)", __FILE__, __LINE__ ) end def add_touch_callbacks(reflection, touch_attribute) method_name = :"belongs_to_touch_after_save_or_destroy_for_#{reflection.name}" redefine_method(method_name) do association = send(reflection.name) if touch_attribute == true association.touch unless association.nil? else association.touch(touch_attribute) unless association.nil? end end after_save(method_name) after_touch(method_name) after_destroy(method_name) end # Creates before_destroy callback methods that nullify, delete or destroy # has_many associated objects, according to the defined :dependent rule. # # See HasManyAssociation#delete_records for more information. In general # - delete children if the option is set to :destroy or :delete_all # - set the foreign key to NULL if the option is set to :nullify # - do not delete the parent record if there is any child record if the # option is set to :restrict def configure_dependency_for_has_many(reflection) if reflection.options[:dependent] method_name = "has_many_dependent_for_#{reflection.name}" case reflection.options[:dependent] when :destroy, :delete_all, :nullify define_method(method_name) do if reflection.options[:dependent] == :destroy send(reflection.name).each do |o| # No point in executing the counter update since we're going to destroy the parent anyway counter_method = ('belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy_for_' + self.class.name.downcase).to_sym if o.respond_to?(counter_method) class << o self end.send(:define_method, counter_method, Proc.new {}) end end end # AssociationProxy#delete_all looks at the :dependent option and acts accordingly send(reflection.name).delete_all end when :restrict define_method(method_name) do unless send(reflection.name).empty? raise DeleteRestrictionError.new(reflection) end end else raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option expects either :destroy, :delete_all, :nullify or :restrict (#{reflection.options[:dependent].inspect})" end before_destroy method_name end end # Creates before_destroy callback methods that nullify, delete or destroy # has_one associated objects, according to the defined :dependent rule. # If the association is marked as :dependent => :restrict, create a callback # that prevents deleting entirely. def configure_dependency_for_has_one(reflection) if reflection.options.include?(:dependent) name = reflection.options[:dependent] method_name = :"has_one_dependent_#{name}_for_#{reflection.name}" case name when :destroy, :delete class_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{method_name} association = #{reflection.name} association.#{name} if association end eoruby when :nullify class_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{method_name} association = #{reflection.name} association.update_attribute(#{reflection.foreign_key.inspect}, nil) if association end eoruby when :restrict method_name = "has_one_dependent_restrict_for_#{reflection.name}".to_sym define_method(method_name) do unless send(reflection.name).nil? raise DeleteRestrictionError.new(reflection) end end before_destroy method_name else raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option expects either :destroy, :delete, :nullify or :restrict (#{reflection.options[:dependent].inspect})" end before_destroy method_name end end def configure_dependency_for_belongs_to(reflection) if reflection.options.include?(:dependent) name = reflection.options[:dependent] unless [:destroy, :delete].include?(name) raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option expects either :destroy or :delete (#{reflection.options[:dependent].inspect})" end method_name = :"belongs_to_dependent_#{name}_for_#{reflection.name}" class_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{method_name} association = #{reflection.name} association.#{name} if association end eoruby after_destroy method_name end end mattr_accessor :valid_keys_for_has_many_association @@valid_keys_for_has_many_association = [ :class_name, :table_name, :foreign_key, :primary_key, :dependent, :select, :conditions, :include, :order, :group, :having, :limit, :offset, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :uniq, :finder_sql, :counter_sql, :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :extend, :readonly, :validate, :inverse_of ] def create_has_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension) options.assert_valid_keys(valid_keys_for_has_many_association) options[:extend] = create_extension_modules(association_id, extension, options[:extend]) create_reflection(:has_many, association_id, options, self) end mattr_accessor :valid_keys_for_has_one_association @@valid_keys_for_has_one_association = [ :class_name, :foreign_key, :remote, :select, :conditions, :order, :include, :dependent, :counter_cache, :extend, :as, :readonly, :validate, :primary_key, :inverse_of ] def create_has_one_reflection(association_id, options) options.assert_valid_keys(valid_keys_for_has_one_association) create_reflection(:has_one, association_id, options, self) end def create_has_one_through_reflection(association_id, options) options.assert_valid_keys( :class_name, :foreign_key, :remote, :select, :conditions, :order, :include, :dependent, :counter_cache, :extend, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :validate ) create_reflection(:has_one, association_id, options, self) end mattr_accessor :valid_keys_for_belongs_to_association @@valid_keys_for_belongs_to_association = [ :class_name, :primary_key, :foreign_key, :foreign_type, :remote, :select, :conditions, :include, :dependent, :counter_cache, :extend, :polymorphic, :readonly, :validate, :touch, :inverse_of ] def create_belongs_to_reflection(association_id, options) options.assert_valid_keys(valid_keys_for_belongs_to_association) create_reflection(:belongs_to, association_id, options, self) end mattr_accessor :valid_keys_for_has_and_belongs_to_many_association @@valid_keys_for_has_and_belongs_to_many_association = [ :class_name, :table_name, :join_table, :foreign_key, :association_foreign_key, :select, :conditions, :include, :order, :group, :having, :limit, :offset, :uniq, :finder_sql, :counter_sql, :delete_sql, :insert_sql, :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :extend, :readonly, :validate ] def create_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension) options.assert_valid_keys(valid_keys_for_has_and_belongs_to_many_association) options[:extend] = create_extension_modules(association_id, extension, options[:extend]) reflection = create_reflection(:has_and_belongs_to_many, association_id, options, self) if reflection.association_foreign_key == reflection.foreign_key raise HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded.new(reflection) end reflection.options[:join_table] ||= join_table_name(undecorated_table_name(self.to_s), undecorated_table_name(reflection.class_name)) if connection.supports_primary_key? && (connection.primary_key(reflection.options[:join_table]) rescue false) raise HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationWithPrimaryKeyError.new(reflection) end reflection end def add_association_callbacks(association_name, options) callbacks = %w(before_add after_add before_remove after_remove) callbacks.each do |callback_name| full_callback_name = "#{callback_name}_for_#{association_name}" defined_callbacks = options[callback_name.to_sym] full_callback_value = options.has_key?(callback_name.to_sym) ? [defined_callbacks].flatten : [] # TODO : why do i need method_defined? I think its because of the inheritance chain class_attribute full_callback_name.to_sym unless method_defined?(full_callback_name) self.send("#{full_callback_name}=", full_callback_value) end end def create_extension_modules(association_id, block_extension, extensions) if block_extension extension_module_name = "#{self.to_s.demodulize}#{association_id.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension" silence_warnings do self.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, Module.new(&block_extension)) end Array.wrap(extensions).push("#{self.parent}::#{extension_module_name}".constantize) else Array.wrap(extensions) end end end end end